Cellular biology (cytology) Books

Book SynopsisAllometry, the study of the growth rate of an organism's parts in relation to the whole, has produced various results in research on animals. This text applies allometry to studies of the evolution, morphology, physiology and reproduction of plants.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"That life is connected to death, and to evolution, is incontrovertible. But what might be the connection between death and evolution? That is, might death be an adaptation? That’s the startling conclusion reached by Durand in this brief volume, which combines philosophy, biological theory, and empirical science in often thrilling ways... Durand thinks big thoughts but is careful, in his prose, to involve readers whose interest in theoretical biology exceeds their grasp. A very important book. Highly recommended." * Choice Connect *"[The Evolutionary Origins of Life and Death] constitutes an impressive effort to integrate into a unified and coherent framework different and dispersed pieces of empirical work about how life and death emerged on Earth, and about how these two phenomena coevolved to become deeply entangled." * History and Philosophy of Life Sciences *“An eye opener for many readers, biologists, and others interested in visiting the frontiers of today’s conceptual thinking on evolution. This book, compact and simple but densely packed with information and ideas, presents the new edifice of evolutionary biology, a vibrant, progressing field that goes far beyond the confines of neo-Darwinism.” -- Eugene V. Koonin, National Center for Biotechnology Information, from the foreword“There is no question that Durand is deeply learned. The way that he lays out his argument linking life and death is certainly innovative and I am sure will attract attention. Insightful and stimulating, The Evolutionary Origins of Life and Death will forward discussion on important issues.” -- Michael Ruse, Florida State UniversityTable of ContentsForeword (by Eugene V. Koonin) Preface List of abbreviations An introduction to the scientific study of life and deathPart One: The origin of life 1 Philosophical considerations and the origin of life 2 The biotic world 3 The theory of life’s origins 4 Life at the very beginning I: the chemistry of the first biomolecules 5 Life at the very beginning II: the emergence of complex RNA molecules 6 The origin of life was an evolutionary transition in individuality 7 A synthesis for the origin of lifePart Two: The origin of death 8 Philosophical considerations and the origin of death 9 Observations of death 10 Mechanisms and measures of programmed cell death in the unicellular world 11 True PCD: when PCD is an adaptation 12 Ersatz PCD: the non-adaptive explanations for PCD 13 Programmed cell death and the levels of selection 14 A synthesis for the origin of programmed cell deathPart Three: Origins of life and death, and their coevolution 15 Group selection and the origins of life and death 16 Life and death coevolution, and the emergence of complexity Postface Additional notes Reference list Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"That life is connected to death, and to evolution, is incontrovertible. But what might be the connection between death and evolution? That is, might death be an adaptation? That’s the startling conclusion reached by Durand in this brief volume, which combines philosophy, biological theory, and empirical science in often thrilling ways... Durand thinks big thoughts but is careful, in his prose, to involve readers whose interest in theoretical biology exceeds their grasp. A very important book. Highly recommended." * Choice Connect *"[The Evolutionary Origins of Life and Death] constitutes an impressive effort to integrate into a unified and coherent framework different and dispersed pieces of empirical work about how life and death emerged on Earth, and about how these two phenomena coevolved to become deeply entangled." * History and Philosophy of Life Sciences *“An eye opener for many readers, biologists, and others interested in visiting the frontiers of today’s conceptual thinking on evolution. This book, compact and simple but densely packed with information and ideas, presents the new edifice of evolutionary biology, a vibrant, progressing field that goes far beyond the confines of neo-Darwinism.” -- Eugene V. Koonin, National Center for Biotechnology Information, from the foreword“There is no question that Durand is deeply learned. The way that he lays out his argument linking life and death is certainly innovative and I am sure will attract attention. Insightful and stimulating, The Evolutionary Origins of Life and Death will forward discussion on important issues.” -- Michael Ruse, Florida State UniversityTable of ContentsForeword (by Eugene V. Koonin) Preface List of abbreviations An introduction to the scientific study of life and deathPart One: The origin of life 1 Philosophical considerations and the origin of life 2 The biotic world 3 The theory of life’s origins 4 Life at the very beginning I: the chemistry of the first biomolecules 5 Life at the very beginning II: the emergence of complex RNA molecules 6 The origin of life was an evolutionary transition in individuality 7 A synthesis for the origin of lifePart Two: The origin of death 8 Philosophical considerations and the origin of death 9 Observations of death 10 Mechanisms and measures of programmed cell death in the unicellular world 11 True PCD: when PCD is an adaptation 12 Ersatz PCD: the non-adaptive explanations for PCD 13 Programmed cell death and the levels of selection 14 A synthesis for the origin of programmed cell deathPart Three: Origins of life and death, and their coevolution 15 Group selection and the origins of life and death 16 Life and death coevolution, and the emergence of complexity Postface Additional notes Reference list Index

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Book SynopsisExplore the miracles of the microscopic world.Find out all about the unique and beautiful kingdoms of life at a microscopic scale and how every organism meets the challenges of survival no matter its size. The perfect book for people who enjoy photography, nature, and biology.Inside the pages of this exciting nature book, you''ll find: - Microscopic life-forms (often neglected), and their larger life-forms in extreme close-ups, revealing details such as nerve cells and hair follicles - Artworks support the beautiful images, providing a deeper insight into structure and function and building a picture of how living organisms work at a microscopic level - Comprehensive coverage of the natural world, including all the main groups of living things- Explores overlooked groups that have a huge role in the natural world: insects, which make up 80 percent of the world''s animal species; and bacteria - of which there are more in a human mouth

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Book SynopsisThis volume brings together essays by an internationally distinguished and diverse group of scholars. Contributors thoughtfully explore the ethical, public policy, and scientific implications of embryonic and adult stem cell research. Part one of the book offers a variety of scientific and public policy perspectives, including essays on stem cell plasticity and using umbilical cord blood as an alternative source of pluripotent stem cells. Part two vigorously examines the ethics of stem cell research and considers issues of social justice, morality, and public policy. Scientific alternatives, a natural law perspective regarding federal funding, and a discussion of the possible moral complicity of Catholic researchers are among the distinctive contributions made to the stem cell research debate by this collection. The objective and balanced discussions contained in this volume serve as an accessible introduction to the bioethical questions, issues, and problems surroundiTrade Review“This collection covers a broad range of scientific, ethical, and public policy issues. Some articles provide general background and information, while others make highly original contributions to the ongoing debate. Ethical issues are discussed knowledgeably from a variety of religious and philosophical perspectives. Thoughtful disagreements among authors illustrate the difficulty of reaching a consensus on public policy.” —Carol A. Tauer, Professor of Philosophy Emerita, The College of St. Catherine, St. Paul, MN"In the book, Stem Cell Research, Nancy Snow provides a collection of essays that discuss different aspects of the stem cell debate. This is an important endeavor. . ." —Dialogue". . . this collection of essays is sure to speak to readers on either side of this divisive issue." —NationalJournal.com"[Stem Cell Research] provides a useful primer for many. . . of the ethical issues presented by the embryonic stem cell debate." —The Quarterly Review of Biology“This collection is an important resource for any bioethics course.” —Theological Studies“. . . so volatile and dynamic are the variables in the debates over this type of research, it would be a mistake not to look upon it as having lasting value. The authors are attentive to cutting edge science to be sure, but they effectively raise up time-tested principles from biomedical ethics and the natural law tradition in an effort to weigh the pros and cons.” —Catholic Library World“Snow’s volume is earnest . . . a plea for ethically informed science.” —Times Literary Supplement“. . . the contributions are thought-provoking and the arguments need to be addressed by proponents of the research.” —Conscience“This volume is a collection of ten essays developed out of a 2001 conference . . . the gathering convened scientists and ethicists to discuss scientific, public policy, and ethical issues concerning human stem cell research . . . the essays offer a wide range of topics, analyses, and arguments, and, as a whole, exhibit some of the complexity of issues involved in discussing human stem cell research-human embryonic stem cell research in particular. As such, the volume is an excellent introduction to the nuanced contours of this contentious realm.” —Pro Ecclesia

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Front Matter; 2 Part I: CURRENT STUDY OF THE MINDBRAIN RELATIONSHIPS; 3 1 Theory of Mind and Darwin's Legacy--John Searle; 4 2 Affiliation, Empathy, and the Origins of Theory of Mind--Robert M. Seyfarth and Dorothy L. Cheney; 5 3 Evolution of Consciousness: Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Emergence from General Anesthesia--George A. Mashour and Michael T. Alkire; 6 Part II: THE PRIMATE EVOLUTIONARY CONTINUITY; 7 4 Similarity in Form and Function of the Hippocampus in Rodents, Monkeys, and Humans--Robert E. Clark and Larry R. Squire; 8 5 Evolution of Working Memory--Peter Carruthers; 9 6 The Evolution of Episodic Memory--Timothy A. Allen and Norbert J. Fortin; 10 7 Neuroethology of Primate Social Behavior--Steve W. C. Chang, Lauren J. N. Brent, Geoffrey K. Adams, Jeffrey T. Klein, John M. Pearson, Karli K. Watson, and Michael L. Platt; 11 8 Synaptogenesis and Development of Pyramidal Neuron Dendritic Morphology in the Chimpanzee Neocortex Resembles Humans--Serena Bianchi, Cheryl D. Stimpson, Tetyana Duka, Michael D. Larsen, William G. M. Janssen, Zachary Collins, Amy L. Bauernfeind, Steven J. Schapiro, Wallace B. Baze, Mark J. McArthur, William D. Hopkins, Derek E. Wildman, Leonard Lipovich, Christopher W. Kuzawa, Bob Jacobs, Patrick R. Hof, and Chet C. Sherwood; 12 Part III: THE HUMAN DIFFERENCE: FROM ETHICS TO AESTHETICS; 13 9 Making Lasting Memories: Remembering the Significant--James L. McGaugh; 14 10 Concepts and Implications of Altruism Bias and Pathological Altruism--Barbara A. Oakley; 15 11 Justice- and Fairness-Related Behaviors in Nonhuman Primates--Sarah F. Brosnan; 16 12 Powering Up with Indirect Reciprocity in a Large-Scale Field Experiment--Erez Yoeli, Moshe Hoffman, David G. Rand, and Martin A. Nowak; 17 13 From Perception to Pleasure: Music and Its Neural Substrates--Robert J. Zatorre and Valorie N. Salimpoor; 18 14 Learning Where to Look for a Hidden Target--Leanne Chukoskie, Joseph Snider, Michael C. Mozer, Richard J. Krauzlis, and Terrence J. Sejnowski; 19 15 Impact of Contour on Aesthetic Judgments and Approach-Avoidance Decisions in Architecture-Oshin Vartanian, Gorka Navarrete, Anjan Chatterjee, Lars Brorson Fich, Helmut Leder, Cristin Modroo, Marcos Nadal, Nicolai Rostrup, and Martin Skov; 20 16 Dynamics of Brain Networks in the Aesthetic Appreciation--Camilo J. Cela-Conde, Juan Garca-Prieto, Jos J. Ramasco, Claudio R. Mirasso, Ricardo Bajo, Enric Munar, Albert Flexas, Francisco del-Pozo, and Fernando Maest; 21 References; 22 Index

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Book SynopsisKey features: High quality full color photographs and descriptive texts on the location and removal of the organs from the mouse Instructive methods and clear visuals for trimming and orienting the organs for paraffin histology to obtain the best possible sections for analysis Full color photomicrographs of the resulting section for each organ stained with hematoxylin and eosin demonstrating important features and landmarks for the histologist to ensure the optimal area for analysis is achieved All in one, easy to use guide organized by individual organs of the laboratory mouse Spiralbound for easy reference in the lab This one-stop guide offers an essential resource for any academic, research or development operation where mouse necropsy and/or histology are performed. Connecting the reader âfrom the mouse to the microscopeâ, it provides a detailed guide for locating, trimming, orientating and embedding of the most frequently investigated tissues collected in the laboratory mouse. It shows where the organs reside in the mouse, how to trim and embed them as well as the resulting optimal sections. This guide brings together the wealth of scattered information into one high-quality text, the emphasis is on providing knowledge that will help histologists and scientists get better results in any downstream assays where ideal sections are needed.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Adrenal glands. Brain. Brain: Trimming for coronal sections. Brain: Trimming for sagittal sections. Diaphragm. Esophagus, Trachea and Thyroid. Eyes. Female: Ovaries. Female: Uterus (uterine horn), cervix, vagina. Femur. Heart. Kidneys. Liver and Gallbladder. Lung (inflated). Lymph nodes: Axillary. Lymph nodes: Mesenteric. Male: Epididymes. Male: Preputial gland. Male: Seminal vesicle, coagulating gland and prostate. Male: Testes. Pancreas. Pituitary gland. Quadriceps. Salivary glands. Sciatic nerve. Skin with (or without) mammary gland. Spinal cord. Spine. Spleen. Sternum. Stomach: Open method. Stomach: Whole method. Stifle joint. Thymus. Tongue. Urinary bladder. Intestines. Small intestine: Duodenum. Small intestine: Jejunum. Small intestine: Ileum. Large intestine: Cecum. Large intestine: Colon. Large intestine: Rectum. Materials and Methods. References.

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Book SynopsisCell Signaling provides undergraduate and graduate students with the conceptual tools needed to make sense of the dizzying array of pathways that cells use to detect, process, and respond to signals from the environment. By emphasizing the common design principles and molecular processes that underlie all signaling mechanisms, the book develops a broad conceptual framework through which students can understand diverse signaling pathways and networks. The book first examines the common currencies of cellular information processing and the core components of the signaling machinery. It then shows how these individual components link together into networks and pathways to perform more sophisticated tasks. Many specific examples are provided throughout to illustrate common principles, and to provide a comprehensive overview of major signaling pathways.Thoroughly revised, this second edition includes two new chapters and substantial updates to the text and figures through

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Book SynopsisFew, if any, genes have had the same level of impact on the field of evolutionary-developmental biology (evo-devo) as the Hox genes. These genes are renowned for their roles in patterning the body plans and development of the animal kingdom. This is complemented by the distinctive organisation of these genes in the genome, with them frequently being found as clusters in which gene position is linked to when and where the individual genes are expressed, particularly during embryogenesis. This book provides the latest overviews of Hox gene organisation and function for major clades of animals from across the animal kingdom. With the rapidly increasing availability of high-quality whole genome sequences from an ever-expanding range of species, it is becoming increasingly evident that there is great diversity in the organisation of Hox genes. These great strides in genome sequencing are wedded to important developments in our ability to detect expression and disrupt gene function in speTable of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. About the Editor. Contributors. Introduction to Hox Modules in Evolution and Development. Multiple Layers of Complexity in the Regulation of the Bithorax Complex of Drosophila. The Role of Hox Genes in the Origins and Diversification of Beetle Horns. Duplication and Evolution of Hox Clusters in Chelicerata (Arthropoda). Structural Constraints in Hox Clusters: Lessons from Sharks and Rays. Evolution of Cyclostome Hox Clusters. Hox Genes in Echinoderms. Hox Genes in Mollusca. The Evolution of Hox Genes in Spiralia. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe origin story and emergence of molecular biology is muddled. The early triumphs in bacterial genetics and the complexity of animal and plant genomes complicate an intricate history. This book documents the many advances, as well as the prejudices and founder fallacies. It highlights the premature relegation of RNA to simply an intermediate between gene and protein, the underestimation of the amount of information required to program the development of multicellular organisms, and the dawning realization that RNA is the cornerstone of cell biology, development, brain function and probably evolution itself. Key personalities, their hubris as well as prescient predictions are richly illustrated with quotes, archival material, photographs, diagrams and references to bring the people, ideas and discoveries to life, from the conceptual cradles of molecular biology to the current revolution in the understanding of genetic information.Key Features Documents the confused early history of DNA, RNA and proteins - a transformative history of molecular biology like no other. Integrates the influences of biochemistry and genetics on the landscape of molecular biology. Chronicles the important discoveries, preconceptions and misconceptions that retarded or misdirected progress. Highlights major pioneers and contributors to molecular biology, with a focus on RNA and noncoding DNA. Summarizes the mounting evidence for the central roles of non-protein-coding RNA in cell and developmental biology. Provides a thought-provoking retrospective and forward-looking perspective for advanced students and professional researchers. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.Trade Review“Thrilling and provocative ... There is a need for such a book... There’s nothing quite like this out there.An epic tale of biology’s central molecule, RNA.DNA does only one thing, store information. RNA has a thrilling plethora of functions, including telling DNA what to do. This book takes the reader on an odyssey through the wonders of RNA and its central role in biology.DNA science dominated the second half of the 20th Century, but it’s clear that the 21st Century belongs to RNA. This long-overdue book reveals the diverse wonders of RNA in a series of thrilling and provocative stories.”Tom Cech, Nobel laureate, University of Colorado Boulder_____________________________________“The book is truly monumental and will be treasured by RNA scientists and others, as well. It beautifully captures the excitement and wonder that I have been lucky to experience working in the RNA field since the early 1960s.”Joan Steitz, Yale University_____________________________________“This book is really disruptive and presents a coherent view of our understanding of biology in terms of the genetic molecules, the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. It covers an immense territory of molecular biology and its history of discoveries, all presented with a clear-cut intellectual thread.... It is very timely by its breadth and emphasis on the role of RNA in biology. It makes a strong case for RNA and its late acceptance... the fight uphill, like that of Sisyphus, was tough and demanded a lot of perseverance. It is really rather complete.”Eric Westhof, University of Strasbourg_____________________________________“The book is unique. It provides the long-overdue correction of the still widespread static views on evolution, development and genome organization and function. It has the potential to induce radical changes in widely held views and attitudes.”Peter Vogt, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla_____________________________________"History is the key to our modern understanding of RNA. This magnum opus describes how science, scientific thought and landmark discoveries revealed the central role of RNA in molecular biology and evolution. The authors are not only modern pioneers of RNA science, but also the best histo-RNA-ians of our time.”John Rinn, University of Colorado, Boulder_____________________________________"RNA, the Epicenter of Genetic Information is much more than what its title might suggest. This epic book by Mattick and Amaral superbly reflects the continuing excitement about RNA research. It is not only a description of our current understanding of the role of RNA in cell and developmental biology but is also a useful history of molecular biology. Each of the eighteen chapters is a brilliantly written semi-autonomous essay on a particular segment of the RNA odyssey. I wholeheartedly recommend this book to anybody interested in the biology of RNA, in evolution, and in the organization and function of complex genomes." Witold Filipowicz, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel_____________________________________"Those who might think that this book is only for the scientists, think again. It is not. It will appeal in equal measure to the thinking generalist and culturally curious interested in the thrilling history of molecular biology, the wonders of the long-overlooked central molecule RNA and its pivotal role in human development and evolution.An epic, provocative, and highly original book that highlights the way science is so often sidetracked by preconceptions and hubris, and explores the struggle to understand all that junk DNA we were told we had. The junk is not junk! The answers are all there. A story and a journey not to be missed!"Gabriel Farago (USA TODAY Bestselling author of the Jack Rogan Mysteries Series) Table of ContentsPreface, Chapter 1. Overview, Chapter 2. The genetic material?, Chapter 3. Halcyon days, Chapter 4. Worlds apart, Chapter 5. Strange genomes, strange genetics, Chapter 6. The Age of Aquarius, Chapter 7. All that junk, Chapter 8. The expanding repertoire of RNA, Chapter 9. Glimpses of a modern RNA world, Chapter 10. Genome sequences and transposable elements, Chapter 11. The human genome, Chapter 12. Small RNAs with mighty functions, Chapter 13. Large RNAs with many functions, Chapter 14. The epigenome, Chapter 15. The programming of development, Chapter 16. RNA and repeats rule, Chapter 17. Plasticity, Chapter 18. Beyond the jungle of dogmas, References

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Book SynopsisGenomes 5 has been completely revised and updated. It is a thoroughly modern textbook about genomes and how they are investigated. As with previous Genomes editions, techniques come first, then genome anatomies, followed by genome function, and finally genome evolution. The genomes of all types of organism are covered: viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, including humans and other hominids.Genome sequencing and assembly methods have been thoroughly revised to include new developments in long-read DNA sequencing. Coverage of genome annotation emphasizes genome-wide RNA mapping, with CRISPR-Cas 9 and GWAS methods of determining gene function covered. The knowledge gained from these techniques forms the basis of the chapters that describe the three main types of genomes: eukaryotic, prokaryotic (including eukaryotic organelles), and viral (including mobile genetic elements). Coverage of genome expression and replication is truly genomic, concentrating on the genome-wide implications of DNA packaging, epigenome modifications, DNA-binding proteins, non-coding RNAs, regulatory genome sequences, and protein-protein interactions. Also included are examples of the applications of metabolomics and systems biology. The final chapter is on genome evolution, including the evolution of the epigenome, using genomics to study human evolution, and using population genomics to advance plant breeding. Established methods of molecular biology are included if they are still relevant today and there is always an explanation as to why the method is still important.Genomes 5 is the ideal text for upper-level courses focused on genomes and genomics.Key Features A highly accessible and well-structured book with chapters organized into four parts to aid navigation Superb artwork illustrates the key concepts and mechanisms Each chapter has a set of short-answer questions and in-depth problems to test the readerâs understanding of the material Thoroughly up to date with references to the latest research from the 2020s Trade Review"… a great resource for students wanting to understand genomes and the tremendous advancements in the field …" Ian Gonzales (Yale School of Medicine)"[The book] does exactly what it is supposed to do, describing the current and ever-expanding filed of genomics. I really liked this book and learned so much from reading it thoroughly. It has certainly updated my own knowledge and I would highly recommend it to all, … I am only disappointed I did not have a book as informative as this when I did my undergraduate study many years ago.” Tony Reynolds (The Biologist)Table of ContentsPART 1: HOW GENOMES ARE STUDIED 1. Genomes, Transcriptomes and Proteomes 2. Studying DNA 3. Mapping Genomes 4. Sequencing Genomes 5. Genome Annotation 6. Identifying Gene Functions PART 2: GENOME ANATOMIES 7. Eukaryotic Nuclear Genomes 8. Genomes of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Organelles 9. Virus Genomes and Mobile Genetic Elements PART 3: HOW GENOMES ARE EXPRESSED 10. Accessing the Genome 11. The Role of DNA-Protein Interactions in Genome Expression 12. Transcriptomes 13. Proteomes 14. Genome Expression in the Context of Cell and Organism PART 4: HOW GENOMES ARE REPLICATED AND EVOLVE 15. Genome Replication 16. Recombination and Transposition 17. Mutations and DNA Repair 18. How Genomes Evolve

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Book SynopsisMolecular Biology: Structure and Dynamics of Genomes and Proteomes second edition illustrates the essential principles behind the transmission and expression of genetic information at the level of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Emphasis is on the experimental basis of discovery and the most recent advances in the field while presenting a rigorous, yet still concise, summary of the structural mechanisms of molecular biology. Topics new to this edition include the CRISPR-Cas gene editing system, Coronaviruses â structure, genome, vaccine and drug development, and newly recognized mechanisms for transcription termination. The text is written for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level courses in molecular biology.Key Features Highlights the experimental basis of important discoveries in molecular biology Thoroughly updated with new information on gene editing tools, viruses, and transcription mechanisms, termination and antisense Provides learning objectives for each chapter Includes a list of relevant videos from the Internet about the topics covered in the chapter Trade Review"The authors draw a seamless connection between the classical molecular and cell biology techniques and numerous recent advances…[Their] efforts toward inculcating a sense of history in every discovery and concept is nailed in every chapter." - The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, December 2016, Volume 89, Issue 4Table of ContentsChapter 1: To the Cell and Beyond: The Realm of Molecular Biology. Chapter 2: From Classical Genetics to Molecular Genetics. Chapter 3: Proteins. Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids. Chapter 5: Recombinant DNA: Principles and Applications. Chapter 6: Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions. Chapter 7: The Genetic Code, Genes, and Genomes. Chapter 8: Physical Structure of the Genomic Material. Chapter 9: Transcription in Bacteria. Chapter 10: Transcription in Eukaryotes. Chapter 11: Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria. Chapter 12: Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes. Chapter 13: Transcription Regulation in the Human Genome. Chapter 14: RNA Processing. Chapter 15: Translation: The Players. Chapter 16: Translation: The Process. Chapter 17: Regulation of Translation. Chapter 18: Protein Processing and Modification. Chapter 19: DNA Replication in Bacteria. Chapter 20: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes. Chapter 21: DNA Recombination. Chapter 22: DNA Repair. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisWritten by world experts in astacology, this book covers a range of aspects of the biology and ecology of freshwater crayfish. With a strong focus on wild crayfish, the book studies the taxonomy and genetics of this interesting group of animals. Under examination also are crayfish growth and reproduction, with detailed illustrations; behavior and chemical ecology of crayfish; diseases of crayfish; holistic understanding of drivers for crayfish population success; and methods for the control of non-native crayfish. Trade ReviewAs indicated in the preface, the editors agree with Thomas Henry Huxley, author of the foundational book The crayfish. An introduction to the Study of Zoology (1880), that "… crayfish are an ideal model organism for study." The editors carry out their intent in ten chapters that cover taxonomy and identification; population genetics; growth and reproduction; behavior; chemical ecology; parasites, commensals, pathogens, and diseases; environmental drivers for population success; field sampling techniques; laboratory methods; and the management of invasive crayfish. Most chapters have multiple authors, the majority of whom are from institutions outside of the United States—this book represents an international endeavor. Each chapter concludes with a helpful overview/summary, followed by many pages of references. The book abounds with diagrams, photos, and tables, all of which are clear and related to the textual material of the chapters. The book includes an adequate index to all chapters. Although the writing style is technical in nature and oriented towards aquatic biologists, hobbyists and field naturalists will find the book useful. Another edited book, published by CRC—Freshwater Crayfish: A Global Overview (2015)—covers many of the same topics as this volume.--L. T. Spencer, Plymouth State University, Appeared in February 2017 issue of CHOICEAs indicated in the preface, the editors agree with Thomas Henry Huxley, author of the foundational book The crayfish. An introduction to the Study of Zoology (1880), that "… crayfish are an ideal model organism for study." The editors carry out their intent in ten chapters that cover taxonomy and identification; population genetics; growth and reproduction; behavior; chemical ecology; parasites, commensals, pathogens, and diseases; environmental drivers for population success; field sampling techniques; laboratory methods; and the management of invasive crayfish. Most chapters have multiple authors, the majority of whom are from institutions outside of the United States—this book represents an international endeavor. Each chapter concludes with a helpful overview/summary, followed by many pages of references. The book abounds with diagrams, photos, and tables, all of which are clear and related to the textual material of the chapters. The book includes an adequate index to all chapters. Although the writing style is technical in nature and oriented towards aquatic biologists, hobbyists and field naturalists will find the book useful. Another edited book, published by CRC—Freshwater Crayfish: A Global Overview (2015)—covers many of the same topics as this volume.--L. T. Spencer, Plymouth State University, Appeared in February 2017 issue of CHOICETable of ContentsTaxonomy and Identification. Population Genetics of Crayfish: Endangered and Invasive Species. Crayfish Growth and Reproduction. Behavior of Freshwater Crayfish. Chemical Ecology of Crayfish. Parasites, Commensals, Pathogens and Diseases of Crayfish. Environmental Drivers for Population Success: Population Biology, Population and Community Dynamics. Sampling Techniques for Crayfish. Laboratory Methods for Crayfish Studies. The Management of Invasive Crayfish.

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Book SynopsisBridging the gap between textbook diagrams and the complex reality of histological preparations, this magnificent atlas of human microanatomy is designed to help students understand the complex structures encountered when viewing microscopic sections of tissues. Instead of simply depicting an individual section, each drawing is a compilation of the key structures and features seen in many preparations from similar tissues or organs. Invaluable to students in a range of life science and medical disciplines including human and veterinary medicine, dentistry, mammalian biology, pharmacy, and nursing.Table of Contents1. Epithelial Tissue.- 2. Connective Tissue.- 3. Cartilage and Bone.- 4. Blood Cells and Hemopoietic Cells.- 5. Muscular Tissue.- 6. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System.- 7. Circulatory System.- 8. Lymphatic Organs.- 9. Respiratory System.- 10. Digestive System.- 11. Urinary System.- 12. Male Reproductive System.- 13. Female Reproductive System.- 14. Endocrine Organs.- 15. The Integument.- 16. The Eye.- 17. The Ear.- References.

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Book SynopsisForty years ago, three medical researchers—Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty—made the discovery that DNA is the genetic material. With this finding was born the modern era of molecular biology and genetics.

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Book SynopsisMetabolic Regulation in Mammals presents the basic principles of metabolic control, based on investigations conducted during the past twenty years. It explains the impact of recent advances in cell biology, molecular biology and genetics on the field. Beginning with the basic concepts, this text covers all angles of metabolic regulation, including blood caloric homeostasis, cardiac and skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver metabolism. Review questions, summary sections and worked examples help break down the complexity of the subject and allow the reader to review the principles and concepts presented. Details of metabolic pathways are provided for each body system, with accompanying charts to provide the reader with an overall perspective. This text is ideal for undergraduates across a range of biological and health science disciplines, particularly those taking one or two semester courses in metabolic regulation.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Metabolism. Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions. Overview of Signal Transduction. Glycolysis. Citric Acid Cycle. Fatty Acid Oxidation. Amino Acid Metabolism. Glycogen. Gluconcogenesis. Synthesis of Triglycerides. Cholesterol. Metabolic Interrelationships of Tissue.

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Book SynopsisThe Nuclear Envelope brings together the major current topics in nuclear envelope structure, transport, transcriptional regulation and cell signaling. The volume is divided into four sections:1. Proteins of the nuclear envelope, including nuclear envelope proteomics, structure and function.2. Nuclear pores and transport at the nuclear envelope, including pore complex structure, assembly and function and import and export pathways.3. Nuclear envelope dynamics, including dynamics of lamina assembly and disassembly.4. Nuclear signaling and transcription regulation, including signaling to the nucleus and spectrin repeat proteins and their implications or communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.Table of Contents1. The Nuclear Envelope: A Comparative Overview. 2. The Nuclear Envelope Proteome. 3. Nuclear Envelope Proteins and Human Disease. 4. Protein Interactions, Right or Wrong, in Emery Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy. 5. Plant Nuclear Envelope Proteins. 6. Structure, Function and Assembly of the Nuclear Pore Complex. 7. Import and Export at the Nuclear Envelope. 8. Regulating Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells: How Nuclear Architecture Influences mRNA Synthesis and Export to the Cytoplasm. 9. Nuclear Shuffling in Plant Cells. 10. Dynamics of Nuclear Lamina Assembly and Disassembly. 11. Spatial and Temporal Control of Nuclear Envelop Assembly. 12. Nuclear Envelope Dynamics During Mitosis. 13. Nuclear Dynamics in Higher Plants. 14. The Nuclear Envelope in the Plant Cycle. 15. Signalling to the Nucleus via A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins. 16. Spectraplakins and Nespins, Giant Spectrin Repeat Proteins Participating in the Organization of the Cytoskeleton and the Nuclear Envelope. 17. Arabidopsis U1 snRNP 70K Protein and its Interacting Proteins: Nuclear Localization and in Vivo Dynamics of a Novel Plant-Specific Serine/Argone-rich Protein. 18. Calcium/Calmodulin-binding transcription activators in Plants and Animals. 19. CAAX-dependent Modifications of the Lamin Proteins in the Organization of the Nuclear Periphery. 20. All in the Family: Evidence for Four New LEM-domain Proteins Lem2 (NET-25), Lem3, Lem4 and Lem5 in the Human Genome.

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Book SynopsisEmerging protozoan pathogens, once thought to be an obscure menace of society, have become a major threat to human health. The last two decades have seen major advances in the understanding of these increasingly important pathogens. Emerging Protozoan Pathogens provides a comprehensive account of up-to-date information on the present status of research in this discipline. Written by experts in their respective subject areas, this book provides a valuable resource for microbiologists and molecular and cell biologists at advanced undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as health professionals and researchers who are interested in these pathogens. The material covered, including biology, genomics, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatments, makes it an ideal platform on which to base further research projects. Trade Review"…any fresh angle that helps reinvigorate our interest in, and understanding of, protozoan infections is to be welcome and Khan’s book certainly fills a niche." ParasitologyTable of ContentsA. Amoebae A1. Acanthamoeba spp. A2. Balamuthia mandrillaris A3. Naegleria fowleri A4. Blastocystis hominis B. Apicomplexans B1. Cryptosporidium spp. B2. Toxoplasma gondii B3. Isospora belli B4. Babesia microti C. Ciliates C1. Balantidium coli D. Flagellates D1. Diplomonadida - Giardia spp. D2. Stramenopila - Trichomonas vaginalis E. Protozoan Pathogens of Major Medical Importance F. Protozoan Biology G. Host Response

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Book SynopsisGenome Duplication provides a comprehensive and readable overview of the underlying principles that govern genome duplication in all forms of life, from the simplest cell to the most complex multicellular organism. Using examples from the three domains of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukarya - Genome Duplication shows how all living organisms store their genome as DNA and how they all use the same evolutionary-conserved mechanism to duplicate it: semi-conservative DNA replication by the replication fork. The text shows how the replication fork determines where organisms begin genome duplication, how they produce a complete copy of their genome each time a cell divides, and how they link genome duplication to cell division. Genome Duplication explains how mistakes in genome duplication are associated with genetic disorders and cancer, and how understanding genome duplication, its regulation, and how the mechanisms differ between different fTrade Review"...an accessible work that undergraduate students in their first molecular genetics class can easily read and understand. At the same time, this book has much to offer graduate students and researchers in the field. Many excellent tables summarize the information in each chapter. The volume also includes a glossary, clear illustrations, and chapter references." - Klevickis, C.A., CHOICE, April 2011 "This book will be very informative for a wide audience—population biologists, molecular epidemiologists, and ecology/evolution instructors, as well as graduate students."- The Quarterly Review of Biology"...an accessible work that undergraduate students in their first molecular genetics class can easily read and understand. At the same time, this book has much to offer graduate students and researchers in the field. Many excellent tables summarize the information in each chapter. The volume also includes a glossary, clear illustrations, and chapter references." - Klevickis, C.A., CHOICE, April 2011 "This book will be very informative for a wide audience—population biologists, molecular epidemiologists, and ecology/evolution instructors, as well as graduate students."- The Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of Contents1. Genomes 2. Three Domains of Life 3. Replication Forks 4. Replication Proteins: Leading-Strand Synthesis 5. Replication Proteins: Lagging-Strand Synthesis 6. Termination 7. Chromatin Assembly, Cohesion, and Modification 8. Replicons 9. Replication Origins 10. Origin Paradigms 11. Initiation 12. Cell Cycles 13. Checkpoints 14. Human Disease 15. Evolution of Cellular Replication Machines

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Book SynopsisFeaturing contributions from many of the leading laboratories of mitochondrial biology worldwide, Novartis Foundation Symposium 287, Mitochondrial Biology: New Perspectives provides a timely summary of the current state-of-the-art in mitochondrial research.Table of ContentsSymposium on New perspectives on mitochondrial biolog y, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, 28–30 November 2006. Editors: Derek J. Chadwick (Organizer) and Jamie Goode. This symposium is based on a proposal by Michael Duchen. David G. Nicholls Chair's introduction. Albert Neutzner, Richard J. Youle and Mariusz Karbowski, Outer mitochondrial membrane protein degradation by the proteasome. Discussion. Sarah E. Haigh, Gilad Twig, Anthony A. J. Molina, Jakob D. Wikstrom, Motti Deutsch and Orian S. Shirihai PA-GFP: a window into the subcellular adventures of the individual mitochondrion. Discussion. Luca Scorrano, Multiple functions of mitochondria-shaping proteins. Discussion. Bruce M. Spiegelman, Transcriptional control of mitochondrial energy metabolism through the PGC1 coactivators. Discussion. Charles Affourtit, Paul G. Crichton, Nadeene Parker and Martin D. Brand, Novel uncoupling proteins. Discussion. Cecilia Giulivi, Mitochondria as generators and targets of nitric oxide. Discussion. György Hajnóczky, Masao Saotome, György Csordás, David Weaver and Muqing Yi, Calcium signalling and mitochondrial motility. Discussion. Anna Romagnoli, Paola Aguiari, Diego De Stefani, Sara Leo, Saverio Marchi, Alessandro Rimessi, Erika Zecchini, Paolo Pinton and Rosario Rizzuto, Endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria calcium cross-talk. Discussion. Brian O’Rourke, Sonia Cortassa, Fadi Akar and Miguel Aon, Mitochondrial ion channels in cardiac function and dysfunction. Discussion. Paolo Bernardi and Michael Forte, The mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Discussion. Dominic James, Philippe A. Parone, Olivier Terradillos, Safa Lucken-Ardjomande, Sylvie Montessuit and Jean-Claude Martinou, Mechanisms of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Discussion. M. Flint Beal, Mitochondria and neurodegeneration. Discussion. Mügen Terzioglu and Nils-Göran Larsson, Mitochondrial dysfunction in mammalian ageing. Discussion. Eric A. Schon and Salvatore DiMauro. Mitochondrial mutations: genotype to phenotype. Discussion. Contributor Index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisBiointerfaces are central to biology and medicine and crucial in research relating to implants, biosensors, drug delivery, proteomics, and many other fields.Trade Review"Ohshima (pharmaceutical science, Tokyo U. of Science) sets out a set of tools for discussing various phenomena at biological interfaces - such as cell surfaces - in terms of biophysical chemistry." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Symbols xv Part I Potential and Charge at Interfaces 1 1 Potential and Charge of a Hard Particle 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 3 1.3 Plate 6 1.3.1 Low Potential 8 1.3.2 Arbitrary Potential: Symmetrical Electrolyte 8 1.3.3 Arbitrary Potential: Asymmetrical Electrolyte 13 1.3.4 Arbitrary Potential: General Electrolyte 14 1.4 Sphere 16 1.4.1 Low Potential 17 1.4.2 Surface Charge Density-Surface Potential Relationship: Symmetrical Electrolyte 18 1.4.3 Surface Charge Density-Surface Potential Relationship: Asymmetrical Electrolyte 21 1.4.4 Surface Charge Density-Surface Potential Relationship: General Electrolyte 22 1.4.5 Potential Distribution Around a Sphere with Arbitrary Potential 25 1.5 Cylinder 31 1.5.1 Low Potential 32 1.5.2 Arbitrary Potential: Symmetrical Electrolyte 33 1.5.3 Arbitrary Potential: General Electrolytes 34 1.6 Asymptotic Behavior of Potential and Effective Surface Potential 37 1.6.1 Plate 38 1.6.2 Sphere 41 1.6.3 Cylinder 42 1.7 Nearly Spherical Particle 43 References 45 2 Potential Distribution Around a Nonuniformly Charged Surface and Discrete Charge Effects 47 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation for a Surface with an Arbitrary Fixed Surface Charge Distribution 47 2.3 Discrete Charge Effect 56 References 62 3 Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-like Divalent Cations 63 3.3 Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-like Zwitterions 70 3.4 Self-atmosphere Potential of Ions 77 References 82 4 Potential and Charge of a Soft Particle 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Planar Soft Surface 83 4.2.1 Poisson–Boltzmann Equation 83 4.2.2 Potential Distribution Across a Surface Charge Layer 87 4.2.3 Thick Surface Charge Layer and Donnan Potential 90 4.2.4 Transition Between Donnan Potential and Surface Potential 91 4.2.5 Donnan Potential in a General Electrolyte 92 4.3 Spherical Soft Particle 93 4.3.1 Low Charge Density Case 93 4.3.2 Surface Potential–Donnan Potential Relationship 95 4.4 Cylindrical Soft Particle 100 4.4.1 Low Charge Density Case 100 4.4.2 Surface Potential–Donnan Potential Relationship 101 4.5 Asymptotic Behavior of Potential and Effective Surface Potential of a Soft Particle 102 4.5.1 Plate 102 4.5.2 Sphere 103 4.5.3 Cylinder 104 4.6 Nonuniformly Charged Surface Layer: Isoelectric Point 104 References 110 5 Free Energy of a Charged Surface 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Helmholtz Free Energy and Tension of a Hard Surface 111 5.2.1 Charged Surface with Ion Adsorption 111 5.2.2 Charged Surface with Dissociable Groups 116 5.3 Calculation of the Free Energy of the Electrical Double Layer 118 5.3.1 Plate 119 5.3.2 Sphere 120 5.3.3 Cylinder 121 5.4 Alternative Expression for Fel 122 5.5 Free Energy of a Soft Surface 123 5.5.1 General Expression 123 5.5.2 Expressions for the Double-Layer Free Energy for a Planar Soft Surface 127 5.5.3 Soft Surface with Dissociable Groups 128 References 130 6 Potential Distribution Around a Charged Particle in a Salt-Free Medium 132 6.1 Introduction 132 6.2 Spherical Particle 133 6.3 Cylindrical Particle 143 6.4 Effects of a Small Amount of Added Salts 146 6.5 Spherical Soft Particle 152 References 162 Part II Interaction Between Surfaces 163 7 Electrostatic Interaction of Point Charges in an Inhomogeneous Medium 165 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Planar Geometry 166 7.3 Cylindrical Geometry 180 References 185 8 Force and Potential Energy of the Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Charged Colloidal Particles 186 8.1 Introduction 186 8.2 Osmotic Pressure and Maxwell Stress 186 8.3 Direct Calculation of Interaction Force 188 8.4 Free Energy of Double-Layer Interaction 198 8.4.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 199 8.4.2 Interaction at Constants Surface Potential 200 8.5 Alternative Expression for the Electric Part of the Free Energy of Double-Layer Interaction 201 8.6 Charge Regulation Model 201 References 202 9 Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Parallel Similar Plates 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Similar Plates 203 9.3 Low Potential Case 207 9.3.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 208 9.3.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 211 9.4 Arbitrary Potential Case 214 9.4.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 214 9.4.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 224 9.5 Comparison Between the Theory of Derjaguin and Landau and the Theory of Verwey and Overbeek 226 9.6 Approximate Analytic Expressions for Moderate Potentials 227 9.7 Alternative Method of Linearization of the Poisson–Boltzmann Equation 231 9.7.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 231 9.7.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 234 References 240 10 Electrostatic Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Plates 241 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Plates 241 10.3 Low Potential Case 244 10.3.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 244 10.3.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 251 10.3.3 Mixed Case 252 10.4 Arbitrary Potential: Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 252 10.4.1 Isodynamic Curves 252 10.4.2 Interaction Energy 258 10.5 Approximate Analytic Expressions for Moderate Potentials 262 References 263 11 Linear Superposition Approximation for the Double-Layer Interaction of Particles at Large Separations 265 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Two Parallel Plates 265 11.2.1 Similar Plates 265 11.2.2 Dissimilar Plates 270 11.2.3 Hypothetical Charge 276 11.3 Two Spheres 278 11.4 Two Cylinders 279 References 281 12 Derjaguin’s Approximation at Small Separations 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Two Spheres 283 12.2.1 Low Potentials 285 12.2.2 Moderate Potentials 286 12.2.3 Arbitrary Potentials: Derjaguin’s Approximation Combined with the Linear Superposition Approximation 288 12.2.4 Curvature Correction to Derjaguin’ Approximation 290 12.3 Two Parallel Cylinders 292 12.4 Two Crossed Cylinders 294 References 297 13 Donnan Potential-Regulated Interaction Between Porous Particles 298 13.1 Introduction 298 13.2 Two Parallel Semi-infinite Ion-penetrable Membranes (Porous Plates) 298 13.3 Two Porous Spheres 306 13.4 Two Parallel Porous Cylinders 310 13.5 Two Parallel Membranes with Arbitrary Potentials 311 13.5.1 Interaction Force and Isodynamic Curves 311 13.5.2 Interaction Energy 317 13.6 pH Dependence of Electrostatic Interaction Between Ion-penetrable Membranes 320 References 322 14 Series Expansion Representations for the Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Particles 323 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Schwartz’s Method 323 14.3 Two Spheres 327 14.4 Plate and Sphere 342 14.5 Two Parallel Cylinders 348 14.6 Plate and Cylinder 353 References 356 15 Electrostatic Interaction Between Soft Particles 357 15.1 Introduction 357 15.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Soft Plates 357 15.3 Interaction Between Two Dissimilar Soft Spheres 363 15.4 Interaction Between Two Dissimilar Soft Cylinders 369 References 374 16 Electrostatic Interaction Between Nonuniformly Charged Membranes 375 16.1 Introduction 375 16.2 Basic Equations 375 16.3 Interaction Force 376 16.4 Isoelectric Points with Respect To Electrolyte Concentration 378 Reference 380 17 Electrostatic Repulsion Between Two Parallel Soft Plates After Their Contact 381 17.1 Introduction 381 17.2 Repulsion Between Intact Brushes 381 17.3 Repulsion Between Compressed Brushes 382 References 387 18 Electrostatic Interaction Between Ion-Penetrable Membranes In a Salt-free Medium 388 18.1 Introduction 388 18.2 Two Parallel Hard Plates 388 18.3 Two Parallel Ion-Penetrable Membranes 391 References 398 19 van der Waals Interaction Between Two Particles 399 19.1 Introduction 399 19.2 Two Molecules 399 19.3 A Molecule and a Plate 401 19.4 Two Parallel Plates 402 19.5 A Molecule and a Sphere 404 19.6 Two Spheres 405 19.7 A Molecule and a Rod 407 19.8 Two Parallel Rods 408 19.9 A Molecule and a Cylinder 408 19.10 Two Parallel Cylinders 410 19.11 Two Crossed Cylinders 412 19.12 Two Parallel Rings 412 19.13 Two Parallel Torus-Shaped Particles 413 19.14 Two Particles Immersed In a Medium 417 19.15 Two Parallel Plates Covered with Surface Layers 418 References 419 20 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability 420 20.1 Introduction 420 20.2 Interaction Between Lipid Bilayers 420 20.3 Interaction Between Soft Spheres 425 References 429 Part III Electrokinetic Phenomena at Interfaces 431 21 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 433 21.1 Introduction 433 21.2 Brief Summary of Electrophoresis of Hard Particles 433 21.3 General Theory of Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 435 21.4 Analytic Approximations for the Electrophoretic Mobility of Spherical Soft Particles 440 21.4.1 Large Spherical Soft Particles 440 21.4.2 Weakly Charged Spherical Soft Particles 444 21.4.3 Cylindrical Soft Particles 447 21.5 Electrokinetic Flow Between Two Parallel Soft Plates 449 21.6 Soft Particle Analysis of the Electrophoretic Mobility of Biological Cells and Their Model Particles 454 21.6.1 RAW117 Lymphosarcoma Cells and Their Variant Cells 454 21.6.2 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel-Coated Latex 455 21.7 Electrophoresis of Nonuniformly Charged Soft Particles 457 21.8 Other Topics of Electrophoresis of Soft Particles 463 References 464 22 Electrophoretic Mobility of Concentrated Soft Particles 468 22.1 Introduction 468 22.2 Electrophoretic Mobility of Concentrated Soft Particles 468 22.3 Electroosmotic Velocity in an Array of Soft Cylinders 475 References 479 23 Electrical Conductivity of a Suspension of Soft Particles 480 23.1 Introduction 480 23.2 Basic Equations 480 23.3 Electrical Conductivity 481 References 484 24 Sedimentation Potential and Velocity in a Suspension of Soft Particles 485 24.1 Introduction 485 24.2 Basic Equations 485 24.3 Sedimentation Velocity of a Soft Particle 490 24.4 Average Electric Current and Potential 490 24.5 Sedimentation Potential 491 24.6 Onsager’s Reciprocal Relation 494 24.7 Diffusion Coefficient of a Soft Particle 495 References 495 25 Dynamic Electrophoretic Mobility of a Soft Particle 497 25.1 Introduction 497 25.2 Basic Equations 497 25.3 Linearized Equations 499 25.4 Equation of Motion of a Soft Particle 501 25.5 General Mobility Expression 501 25.6 Approximate Mobility Formula 503 References 506 26 Colloid Vibration Potential in a Suspension of Soft Particles 508 26.1 Introduction 508 26.2 Colloid Vibration Potential and Ion Vibration Potential 508 References 513 27 Effective Viscosity of a Suspension of Soft Particles 515 27.1 Introduction 515 27.2 Basic Equations 516 27.3 Linearized Equations 518 27.4 Electroviscous Coefficient 520 27.5 Approximation for Low Fixed-Charge Densities 523 27.6 Effective Viscosity of a Concentrated Suspension of Uncharged Porous Spheres 527 Appendix 27a 530 References 531 Part IV other Topics 533 28 Membrane Potential and Donnan Potential 535 28.1 Introduction 535 28.2 Membrane Potential and Donnan Potential 535 References 541 Index 543

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Book SynopsisThis book describes basic cell engineering methods, emphasizing stem cell applications, and use of the genetically modified stem cells in cell therapy and drug discovery. Together, the chapters introduce and offer insights on new techniques for engineering of stem cells and the delivery of transgenes into stem cells via various viral and non-viral systems. The book offers a guide to the types of manipulations currently available to create genetically engineered stem cells that suit any investigator''s purpose, whether it''s basic science investigation, creation of disease models and screens, or cells for therapeutic applications.Trade Review“This is an excellent resource on the new techniques for the engineering of stem cells and the delivery of transgenes into stem cells via various viral and nonviral systems. It provides comprehensive information on the concepts of cell engineering principles and their application in primary and stem cells. Researchers, established stem cell scientists, and graduate students interested in this field will find this book very handy.” (Doody’s, 17 August 2012) Table of ContentsForeword Michele Calos vii Preface ix Contributors xi Part I: Cloning and Gene Delivery 1 1. DNA Assembly Technologies Based on Homologous Recombination 3 Billyana Tsvetanova, Lansha Peng, Xiquan Liang, Ke Li, Jian-Ping Yang, Tony Ho, Josh Shirley, Liewei Xu, Jason Potter, Wieslaw Kudlicki, Todd Peterson, and Federico Katzen 2. Multigene Assembly for Construction of Synthetic Operons: Creation and Delivery of an Optimized All-IN-One Expression Construct for Generating Mouse iPS Cells 19 Takefumi Sone, Yoko Takata, Hiroe Kishine, Taichi Andoh, Fumio Imamoto, and Jonathan D. Chesnut 3. Strategies for the Delivery of Naked DNA 37 Jennifer C. Moore and Ronald P. Hart Part II: Nonintegrating Technologies 49 4. Episomal Vectors 51 Junying Yu 5. Nonintegrating DNA Virus 85 Chris Kemp and David Kuninger 6. Nonintegrating RNA Viruses 103 Noemi Fusaki 7. Protein Delivery 119 Xiao-Jian Han and Kazuhito Tomizawa Part III: Integrating Technologies 135 8. Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Mediated Stable Gene Delivery 137 Andrew Wilber, Xianzheng Zhou, Xin Huang, Dan S. Kaufman, and R. Scott McIvor 9. Integrating Viral Vectors for Gene Modifications 163 Gemma L. Mendel, Brian Paszkiet, and Rafal P. Witek 10. Bacteriophage Integrases for Site-Specific Integration 199 Bhaskar Thyagarajan 11. Improving Gene Targeting Efficiency in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells 211 Sangyoon Han, Anna McCann, Louise C. Laurent, Jeanne F. Loring, and Ying Liu Part IV: Applications 227 12. Modified Stem Cells as Disease Models and in Toxicology Screening 229 Catharina Ellerstr€om, Peter Sartipy, Raimund Strehl, and Johan Hyllner 13. Screening and Drug Discovery 251 Elizabeth A. Davenport and Robert S. Ames Index 273

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Book SynopsisAn integrative view of the evolution of genetics and the natural world Even in this advanced age of genomics, the evolutionary process of unicellular and multicellular organisms is continually in debate. Evolutionary Biology, CellCell Communication, and Complex Disease challenges current wisdom by using physiology to present an integrative view of the nature, origins, and evolution of fundamental biological systems. Providing a deeper understanding of the way genes relate to the traits of living organisms, this book offers useful information applying evolutionary biology, functional genomics, and cell communication studies to complex disease. Examining the 4.5 billion-year evolution process from environment adaptations to cell-cell communication to communication of genetic information for reproduction, Evolutionary Biology hones in on the why and how of evolution by uniquely focusing on the cell as the smallest unit of biologic structure and function. Based on empiricTrade Review"…the book offers the biology-savvy reader with interesting insights into the contribution of cell-cell interactions to the development and evolution of phenotypes. Given the technical nature of the subject, this book will have particular appeal among researchers and students of cellular and molecular biology and among evolutionary biologists interested in the pathways linking genes to phenotypes. In keeping with the complexity of the topic, there is much to digest here, and readers knowledgeable in these fields will find interesting food for thought.” (Quarterly Reviews in Biology, 1 July 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii 1 THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES 1 The Origins of Unicellular Life on Earth 1 Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 4 Coevolution of traits 5 Cholesterol Facilitates Lipid Rafts for Cell–Cell Communication 7 The Endomembrane System 9 The Cellular Mechanism of Evolution 10 Why Evolve? 11 Cell–Cell Communication and Aging 12 2 REDUCING LUNG PHYSIOLOGY TO ITS MOLECULAR PHENOTYPES 17 Hormonal Acceleration of Lung Development 17 Neutral Lipid Traffi cking and Lung Evolution 19 Other Examples of Cellular Cooperativity 23 Summary 24 3 A CELL–MOLECULAR STRATEGY FOR SOLVING THE EVOLUTIONARY PUZZLE 25 Rationale for Cell–Molecular Evolution 25 Mechanism of Mammalian Lung Development 28 Avian Lung Structure–Function Relationship: The Exception that Proves the Rule 32 Does Ontogeny Recapitulate Phylogeny? The Role of PTHrP in Lung Development 32 Interrelationship between PTHrP, Development, Physiology, and Repair: Is Repair a Recapitulation of Ontogeny and Phylogeny? 33 4 THE EVOLUTION OF CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION 35 Cell–Cell Communication as the Mechanistic Basis for Evolutionary Biology 36 The Darwinian Biologic Spacetime Continuum and Einstein’s Vision of the Universe 37 Reverse Engineering of Physiologic Traits as a Portal for Viewing Evolution 38 Cell–Cell Communication as the Basis for the Evolution of Metazoans 41 Understanding Lung Evolution from the Middle Out 42 The Cell–Cell Communication Model of Lung Evolution Traces Contemporary Phenotypes Back to Ancestral Phenotypes 43 Predictive Value of the Lung Cell–Cell Communication Model for Understanding the Evolution of Physiologic Systems 44 Sexual Dimorphism of Lung Development: A Case Study in Cell–Cell Communication and Evolutionary Plasticity 46 Androgen Affects the Expression of Growth Factors Involved in Lung Development 48 Evidence for an Association between Steroid-Resistant/Responsive Phenotypes and Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) Haplotypes 49 5 HOW TO INTEGRATE CELL-MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT, HOMEOSTASIS, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: THE MISSING LINKS 53 Neutral Theory versus Intelligent Design 54 Internal Selection Theory 54 The Counterintuitive Nature of Physiology and Solution to the Dead Sea Scrolls Puzzle 57 The Continuum from Microevolution to Macroevolution 58 cis Regulation and Adaptive Evolution 69 Evolution of cis Regulatory Mechanisms 70 6 FROM CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION TO THE EVOLUTION OF INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY 75 Cell–cell Signaling and Alveolar Development: A Reductionist Approach to the Evolution of Physiologic Traits 77 An Integrated, Empiric, Middle–Out Approach to Physiology 79 A Molecular Evolutionary Link between the Lung and the Kidney? 82 The Berner Hypothesis and Emergence of the Adipocyte: The Evolutionary Origins of the Lipofi broblast 83 Lung Biology as a Cipher for Evolution 85 Do Stretch Effects on PTHrP Expression Reflect Its Role in Adapting to Gravity? 85 Wolff’s Law Works for Both Bone and Lung 88 Functional Relationship between the External and Internal Environments 89 An Evolutionary Vertical Integration of the Phylogeny and Ontogeny of the Thyroid 91 7 EXPLOITING CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION ACROSS SPACETIME TO DECONSTRUCT EVOLUTION 95 Somewhere between the Gene and the Phenotype Lies the Process of Evolution 98 A Functional Genomic Approach to Evolution as an Example of Terminal Addition 100 Seeking Deep Homologies in Lung Evolution 102 Systems Biology Based on Cell–Cell Communication 105 Vertical Integration of Leptin Signaling, Human Evolution, and the Trojan Horse Effect 108 Leptin and Human Evolution: Food for Thought 109 8 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF BIOLOGY 115 The Prospect of a Periodic Table of Biology 115 Cellular Cooperation Is Key 116 Elemental Biology 118 PTHrP as an Archetype 118 Evolution as the Solution 119 Ramping Up a Mathematical Model of Evolution 121 The Anthropic Principle Results from the Evolution of Cell–Cell Interactions 124 9 VALUE ADDED BY THINKING IN TERMS OF THE CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION MODEL FOR EVOLUTION 125 This is Not a Just-So Story 126 Beyond Genomics 128 From Fat Cells to Integrated Physiology 128 Molecular Homologies Distinguish between the Evolutionary Forest and Trees 129 The Oxygen–Cholesterol–Surfactant–Membrane Connection 130 Cholesterol Metabolism as the Data Operating System for Vertebrate Biology? 131 Translation of Genomics into the Periodic Table for Biology 132 Deep Homologies 134 Selection Pressure for Cell–Cell Communication: The Key to Understanding Evolution 135 10 CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AS THE BASIS FOR PRACTICING CLINICAL MEDICINE 139 Cell–Cell Communication Maintenance and Breakdown Represent Heath and Disease, Respectively 140 Cell–Cell Communications as a Framework for Human Evolution 140 Canalization, Decanalization, and the Holistic Approach to the Practice of Medicine 141 Exploiting Lung Evolution to Prevent and Treat Chronic Lung Disease 141 Lung Evolution Explains the Magic of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 142 The Paradox of Infecting the Lung in Order to Treat Lung Disease Caused by Infection 143 Exploiting Lung Evolution to Prevent and Treat Smoking-Related Lung Damage 144 The Trojan Horse Effect of Canalization 145 Impetus for Evolutionary Science as an Integral Part of the Clinical Curriculum 146 Application of Evolutionary Science to Bioethics 147 Evolutionary Science, a Biologic Periodic Table, and a Unifi ed Theory of Biology 148 Summary 149 Name Index 151 Subject Index 153

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Book SynopsisThe ability to culture cells is fundamental for mass propagationand as a baseline for the genetic manipulation of plant nuclei andorganelles.Trade Review"In summary, this book is important for plant scientists as it thoroughly covers elementary technologies, providing the tools for comprehensive plant research." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 September 2011) "For anyone working in the area of plant tissue culture, micro-propagation or transformation this book is essential reading." (The Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1 October 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Plant Micropropagation (Ivan Iliev, Alena Gajdosova, Gabriela Libiakova, Shri Mohan Jain). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Methods and approaches. 1.2.1 Explants and their surface disinfection. 1.2.2 Culture media and their preparation. 1.2.3 Stages of micropropagation. 1.2.4 Techniques of micropropagation. 1.3 Troubleshooting. References. 2 Thin Cell Layers: The Technique (Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva and Michio Tanaka). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Methods and approaches. 2.2.1 TCL. 2.2.2 Choice of material: Cymbidium hybrid. 2.3 Troubleshooting. 2.3.1 General comments. References. 3 Plant Regeneration – Somatic Embryogenesis (Kim E. Nolan, Ray J. Rose). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Methods and approaches. 3.2.1 Selection of the cultivar and type of explant. 3.2.2 Culture media. 3.2.3 Preparation of culture media. 3.2.4 Sterilization of tissues and sterile technique. 3.2.5 Culture and growth of tissue. 3.2.6 Culture and induction of somatic embryos. 3.2.7 Embryo development. 3.2.8 Transfer to soil – the final stage of regeneration. 3.3 Troubleshooting. References. 4 Haploid Plants (Sant S. Bhojwani and Prem K. Dantu). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Methods and approaches. 4.2.1 Androgenesis. 4.2.2 Diploidization. 4.3 Troubleshooting. References. 5 Embryo Rescue (Traud Winkelmann, Antje Doil, Sandra Reinhardt and Aloma Ewald). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Methods and approaches. 5.2.1 Identification of the time and type of barrier in hybridization. 5.2.2 Isolation of plant material after fertilization. 5.2.3 Culture conditions and media. 5.2.4 Confirmation of hybridity and ploidy. 5.2.5 Conditions for regeneration of embryos to plants. 5.3 Troubleshooting. References. 6 In vitro Flowering and Seed Set: Acceleration of Generation Cycles (Sergio J. Ochatt and Rajbir S. Sangwan). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Methods and approaches. 6.2.1 Protein legumes [7]. 6.2.2 Arabidopsis thaliana [13]. 6.3 Troubleshooting. References. 7 Induced Mutagenesis in Plants Using Physical and Chemical Agents (Chikelu Mba, Rownak Afza, Souleymane Bado and Shri Mohan Jain). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Methods and approaches. 7.2.1 Determination of the optimal doses of mutagens for inducing mutations. 7.3 Troubleshooting. 7.3.1 Factors influencing the outcome of mutagenesis using chemical mutagens. 7.3.2 Factors influencing the outcome of mutagenesis using physical mutagens. 7.3.3 Facts about induced mutations. References. 8 Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm (E.R. Joachim Keller and Angelika Senula). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Methods and approaches. 8.2.1 Main principles. 8.2.2 Slow (two-step) freezing. 8.2.3 Vitrification. 8.2.4 Encapsulation–dehydration. 8.2.5 DMSO droplet freezing. 8.2.6 Combined methods. 8.2.7 Freezing of cold-hardened buds. 8.2.8 Freezing of orthodox seeds. 8.2.9 Freezing of pollen and spores. 8.3 Troubleshooting. References. 9 Plant Protoplasts: Isolation, Culture and Plant Regeneration (Michael R. Davey, Paul Anthony, Deval Patel and J. Brian Power). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Methods and approaches. 9.2.1 Protoplast isolation. 9.2.2 Protoplast culture. 9.3 Troubleshooting. References. 10 Protoplast Fusion Technology – Somatic Hybridization and Cybridization (Jude W. Grosser, Milica Calovic and Eliezer S. Louzada). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 General applications of somatic hybridization. 10.3 Methods and approaches. 10.4 Troubleshooting. References. 11 Genetic Transformation – Agrobacterium (Ian S. Curtis). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Methods and approaches. 11.2.1 Agrobacterium as a natural genetic engineer. 11.2.2 Vector systems for transformation. 11.2.3 Inoculation procedures. 11.3 Troubleshooting. References. 12 Genetic Transformation – Biolistics (Fredy Altpeter and Sukhpreet Sandhu). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Methods and approaches. 12.2.1 Biolistic technology. 12.2.2 Optimization of gene delivery parameters. 12.2.3 Target tissues. 12.2.4 Reporter gene assays. 12.2.5 Selection and plant regeneration. 12.3 Troubleshooting. References. 13 Plastid Transformation (Bridget V. Hogg, Cilia L.C. Lelivelt, Aisling Dunne, Kim-Hong Nguyen and Jacqueline M. Nugent). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Methods and approaches. 13.2.1 Principles of plastid transformation. 13.2.2 Biolistic-mediated plastid transformation. 13.2.3 PEG-mediated plastid transformation. 13.2.4 Identification and characterization of transplastomic plants. 13.3 Troubleshooting. 13.3.1 Biolistic-mediated transformation. 13.3.2 PEG-mediated transformation. References. 14 Molecular Characterization of Genetically Manipulated Plants (Cristiano Lacorte, Giovanni Vianna, Francisco J.L. Aragao and El´ıbio L. Rech). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Methods and approaches. 14.2.1 Plant DNA extraction. 14.2.2 Polymerase chain reaction. 14.2.3 Southern blot technique. 14.2.4 Analysis of the integration site: inverse PCR (iPCR) and thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (Tail-PCR). 14.3 Troubleshooting. References. 15 Bioreactors (Spiridon Kintzios). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Methods and approaches. 15.2.1 Medium scale disposable or semidisposable airlift reactors. 15.2.2 The RITA temporary immersion reactor. 15.2.3 The LifeReactor. 15.2.4 Immobilized cell bioreactors. 15.2.5 Mini-bioreactors. 15.3 Troubleshooting. References. 16 Secondary Products (Kexuan Tang, Lei Zhang, Junfeng Chen, Ying Xiao, Wansheng Chen and Xiaofen Sun). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Methods and approaches. 16.2.1 Plant cell cultures. 16.2.2 Scale-up and regulation of secondary metabolite production. 16.2.3 Detection of secondary products. 16.3 Troubleshooting. References. 17 Plant Cell Culture – Present and Future (Jim M. Dunwell). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Micropropagation. 17.3 Embryogenesis. 17.3.1 Background. 17.3.2 Commercial exploitation of somatic embryos. 17.3.3 Molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis. 17.3.4 Microspore derived embryos. 17.4 Haploid methodology. 17.4.1 Haploids and their exploitation. 17.4.2 Induction of haploid plants. 17.4.3 Molecular aspects of haploid induction from microspores. 17.4.4 Ab initio zygotic-like embryogenesis from microspores. 17.5 Somaclonal variation. 17.6 Transgenic methods. 17.6.1 Background. 17.6.2 Regeneration and transformation techniques. 17.6.3 Chloroplast transformation. 17.6.4 Biopharming. 17.7 Protoplasts and somatic hybridization. 17.8 Bioreactors. 17.8.1 Production of plant products. 17.8.2 Production of pharmaceuticals. 17.8.3 Production of food ingredients. 17.8.4 Production of cosmetics. 17.8.5 Analytical methodology. 17.9 Cryopreservation. 17.10 Intellectual property and commercialization. 17.10.1 Background. 17.10.2 Sources of patent and other relevant information. 17.11 Conclusion. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhloem: Molecular Cell Biology, Systemic Communication, Biotic Interactionsis a timely collection of research on the cellular and molecular biology of this plant vascular tissue. Recent advances in phloem research have revealed the centrality of this plant tissue to whole plant development and physiology. Building on advances made through developments of new analytical technologies, this book will provide readers with a current and comprehensive reference on the role of phloem in plant growth and development. Collecting the work of a global team of leading researchers,Phloem will provide the reader with a valuable synthesis of the latest research in a single volume.Table of ContentsContributors vii Section A Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Phloem, the Integrative Avenue 3 Aart J.E. van Bel and Gary A. Thompson Chapter 2 Cell Biology of Sieve Element–Companion Cell Complexes 8 Rosemary G. White Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Phloem Transport Physiology 30 John W. Patrick Section B Functional Aspects of Structural SE Components 61 Chapter 4 Roles of Plasma Membrane Transporters in Phloem Functions 63 Mechthild Tegeder, Yong-Ling Ruan, and John W. Patrick Chapter 5 Regulation of Sucrose Carrier Activities 102 Christina K¨uhn Chapter 6 Cellular Basis of Electrical Potential Waves along the Phloem and Impact of Coincident Ca2+ Fluxes 122 Jens B. Hafke and Aart J.E. van Bel Chapter 7 Sieve Element Occlusion 141 Michael Knoblauch and Daniel Mullendore Section C Long-Distance Signaling 155 Chapter 8 Sieve Elements: Puzzling Activities Deciphered through Proteomics Studies 157 Sylvie Dinant and William J. Lucas Chapter 9 Endogenous RNA Constituents of the Phloem and Their Possible Roles in Long-Distance Signaling 186 Julia Kehr and Anja Buhtz Chapter 10 The Effect of Long-Distance Signaling on Development 209 David J. Hannapel Chapter 11 Plant Defense and Long-Distance Signaling in the Phloem 227 Frank Gaupels and A. Corina Vlot Section D Biotic Interactions with the Phloem 249 Chapter 12 Role of Phloem Metabolites in Plant Defense 251 Jillian M. Hagel, Akpevwe Onoyovwi, Edward C. Yeung, and Peter J. Facchini Chapter 13 Viroids and Phloem-Limited Viruses: Unique Molecular Probes of Phloem Biology 271 Lucy R. Stewart, Biao Ding, and Bryce W. Falk Chapter 14 Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas: The Phytopathogenic Mollicutes of the Phloem 293 Allyson M. MacLean and Saskia A. Hogenhout Chapter 15 Breaching the Sieve Element—The Role of Saliva as the Molecular Interface between Aphids and the Phloem 310 Torsten Will, James C. Carolan, and Thomas L. Wilkinson Chapter 16 Behavioral and Molecular-Genetic Basis of Resistance against Phloem-Feeding Insects 328 Linda L. Walling and Gary A. Thompson Index 353 A color page section appears between pages 40 and 41

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Book SynopsisPlant Cells and Their Organelles provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of plant organelles. The text focuses on subcellular organelles while also providing relevant background on plant cells, tissues and organs.Table of ContentsContributors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xii 1 An introduction to cells and their organelles 1 William V. Dashek Cells 1 Cell organelles – an introduction 6 Ion channels 10 Proton pumps 14 Water channels 14 Carriers 15 Cell death 17 References 18 Further reading 24 2 Isolation and characterization of subcellular organelles from plant cells 25 Milee Agarwal, P. Desai, and Harish Padh Isolation of subcellular organelles 26 Identification and characterization of isolated organelles 33 Summary 39 References 39 Further reading 41 3 Endoplasmic reticulum 42 William V. Dashek Structure 42 Chemical composition 42 Biogenesis 45 Functions 45 Posttranslational events 49 Inhibitors 53 In vitro protein synthesis 54 Other functions 54 References 54 Further reading 60 4 The Golgi apparatus 61 D. Davis, T.E. Wilkop, and Georgia Drakakaki The Golgi apparatus 61 Plant Golgi introduction 66 Structure and organization 69 Golgi‐mediated vesicular trafficking 71 Plant Golgi‐dependent cellular processes 74 Imaging and visualization 76 Isolation and analysis 78 Golgi genetics and genomics 81 Significance 84 Acknowledgment 85 References 85 Further reading 87 5 Microbodies 88 Robert Donaldson Introducing peroxisomes 88 Leaf peroxisomes 89 Peroxisomes in oil seeds and pollen 91 References 107 Further reading 109 6 Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments 110 William V. Dashek Microtubules 110 Intermediate filaments 113 Actin filaments (microfilaments) 116 References 119 Further reading 124 7 The mitochondrion 125 Ray J. Rose, Terence W.‐Y. Tiew, and William V. Dashek Structure and dynamics 125 The mitochondrial genome 128 Comparison of the mitochondrial genome with chloroplast and nuclear genomes 131 The mitochondrial proteome and protein import 132 Respiratory metabolite transporters 133 The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation 133 The alternative electron transfer chain in plant mitochondria 139 Plant mitochondria, stress responses and programmed cell death 139 Other functions of plant mitochondria 140 References 144 Further reading 145 8 Nucleus 146 Yogesh Vikal and Dasmeet Kaur Structural organization of the NE 147 Nuclear pores 152 The nucleolus 157 Chromatin and chromosomes 165 DNA structure 170 DNA replication 173 RNA structure, function, and synthesis 176 Nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear import, and nuclear export 183 The dynamics of NE biogenesis during mitosis 188 The dynamics of nuclear pore complex biogenesis 196 Cell cycle control 200 Summary 205 References 206 Further reading 207 9 Plant cell walls 209 James E. Bidlack and William V. Dashek Introduction 209 Structure 209 Biosynthesis 216 Chemical composition 217 Biogenesis 222 Function 225 References 231 Further reading 238 10 Plastid structure and genomics 239 Gurbachan S. Miglani Plastid structure 239 Different forms of plastids 240 Plastid stromules 248 Chlorophyll biosynthesis 248 Plastid genomics 250 Sequenced plastomes 253 Promiscuous DNA 258 Plastid genome organization 260 Plastid gene organization, expression, and regulation 265 Systems biology approach in understanding chloroplast development 269 Chloroplast genetic engineering 284 Recent trends in chloroplast research 289 Summary 293 References 294 Further reading 299 11 Photosynthesis 300 J. Kenneth Hoober Introduction 300 Evolution of photosynthesis 301 Development of the chloroplast 310 Absorption of light energy 317 Generation of end products 324 Distribution of the photosystems in thylakoid membranes 329 Photoinhibition: damage and repair of the PS II reaction center 332 Protection of PS II by carotenoids 332 Incorporation of carbon as CO2 into carbohydrate 334 End products of carbon assimilation 346 Conclusions for the reactions of photosynthesis 348 References 348 Further reading 350 12 Vacuoles and protein bodies 351 William V. Dashek and Amy M. Clore Vacuoles 351 PBs and other protein storage compartments 359 References 365 Further reading 370 13 Systems biology in plant cells and their organelles 371 Rajdeep Kaur Grewal, Saptarshi Sinha, and Soumen Roy Systems biology—“omics” 371 Genomics 373 Lipidomics 378 Metabolomics 380 Proteomics 382 Transcriptomics 384 Synthetic biology 386 Acknowledgments 388 References 389 Further reading 391 Appendix A 392 Appendix B 400 Appendix C 403 Index 407

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