Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books
Schiffer Publishing Ltd SS HELMETS The History Use and Decoration of the
Book Synopsis
£51.19
Schiffer Publishing Ltd BMW Motorcycles in World War II
Book Synopsis
£23.79
Chelsea Green Publishing Co Mini-Forest Revolution: Using the Miyawaki Method
Book Synopsis‘There may be no single climate solution that has a greater breadth of benefits than mini-forests…[and] can be done by everyone everywhere.’ Paul Hawken, from the foreword Are you ready to join the movement to restore biodiversity in our cities and towns by transforming degraded and underused urban land into forests that can help heal the planet? In Mini-Forest Revolution, Hannah Lewis presents the Miyawaki Method, a unique approach to reforestation devised by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki. Lewis explains how tiny forests, as small as six parking spaces, can grow quickly and offer rich biodiversity and environmental benefits – much more so than forests planted by conventional methods. Today, the Miyawaki Method is witnessing a worldwide surge in popularity. Lewis shares stories of mini-forests that have sprung up across the globe and the people who are planting them – from a ‘Forest of Thanks’ in East London, to a mini-forest along the concrete alley of the Beirut River in Lebanon, to a backyard project planted by tiny-forest champion Shubhendu Sharma in India. Mini-Forest Revolution offers a revolutionary approach to planting trees and a truly accessible solution to the climate crisis that can be implemented by communities, classrooms, cities, companies, clubs, and families everywhere.Trade Review"My late friend and colleague, Professor Akira Miyawaki, wanted nothing more than to repair the forests of the world. He wanted trees in the ground, as do I. This book would make him happy."—Diana Beresford-Kroeger, author of To Speak for the Trees"We cannot solve problems by succumbing to fear and anger, and yet so much of the climate conversation is powered by the fearful narrative of a dying planet. In Mini-Forest Revolution, Hannah Lewis offers a different story—one that is authentic, honest, and powered by love. Her writing provides the inspiration, motivation, and recipe for working with nature rather than against it; for gathering our courage and creating the world we imagine."—Shubhendu Sharma, founder and director of Afforestt"Imagine a world where every modest scrap of worn-out dirt or asphalt—think tennis-court-size—can become a cooling, moisture-circulating, air-cleansing, wildlife-nurturing forest within a few years. Mini-Forest Revolution shows how ordinary citizens can embrace this trowel-ready solution, and are doing so even under the harshest, sun-bleached conditions."—Judith D. Schwartz, author of The Reindeer Chronicles
£15.29
Pearson Education (US) Signal and Power Integrity Simplified
Book SynopsisEric Bogatin received his B.S. in Physics from MIT in 1976 and his M.S. and Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Arizona in Tucson in 1980. For more than 30 years he has been active in the fields of signal integrity and interconnect design. He worked in senior engineering and management roles at AT&T Bell Labs, Raychem Corp, Sun Microsystems, Interconnect Devices Inc., and Teledyne LeCroy. In 2011, his company, Bogatin Enterprises, was acquired by Teledyne LeCroy. Eric currently is a Signal Integrity Evangelist with Teledyne LeCroy, where he creates and presents educational materials related to new applications for high-performance scopes. Eric turns complexity into practical design and measurement principles, leveraging analysis techniques and measurement tools. Since 2012, he has been an adjunct professor at the University of Colorado in Boulder, teaching graduate courses in signal integrity, interconnect design, and PCB design. He has written regular montTable of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xixPreface to the Second Edition xxiPreface to the First Edition xxiii Chapter 1 Signal Integrity Is in Your Future 1 1.1 What Are Signal Integrity, Power Integrity, and Electromagnetic Compatibility? 3 1.2 Signal-Integrity Effects on One Net 7 1.3 Cross Talk 11 1.4 Rail-Collapse Noise 14 1.5 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 17 1.6 Two Important Signal-Integrity Generalizations 19 1.7 Trends in Electronic Products 20 1.8 The Need for a New Design Methodology 26 1.9 A New Product Design Methodology 27 1.10 Simulations 29 1.11 Modeling and Models 34 1.12 Creating Circuit Models from Calculation 36 1.13 Three Types of Measurements 42 1.14 The Role of Measurements 45 1.15 The Bottom Line 48 Review Questions 50 Chapter 2 Time and Frequency Domains 51 2.1 The Time Domain 52 2.2 Sine Waves in the Frequency Domain 54 2.3 Shorter Time to a Solution in the Frequency Domain 56 2.4 Sine-Wave Features 58 2.5 The Fourier Transform 60 2.6 The Spectrum of a Repetitive Signal 62 2.7 The Spectrum of an Ideal Square Wave 64 2.8 From the Frequency Domain to the Time Domain 66 2.9 Effect of Bandwidth on Rise Time 68 2.10 Bandwidth and Rise Time 72 2.11 What Does Significant Mean? 73 2.12 Bandwidth of Real Signals 77 2.13 Bandwidth and Clock Frequency 78 2.14 Bandwidth of a Measurement 80 2.15 Bandwidth of a Model 83 2.16 Bandwidth of an Interconnect 85 2.17 The Bottom Line 89 Review Questions 90 Chapter 3 Impedance and Electrical Models 93 3.1 Describing Signal-Integrity Solutions in Terms of Impedance 94 3.2 What Is Impedance? 97 3.3 Real Versus Ideal Circuit Elements 99 3.4 Impedance of an Ideal Resistor in the Time Domain 102 3.5 Impedance of an Ideal Capacitor in the Time Domain 103 3.6 Impedance of an Ideal Inductor in the Time Domain 107 3.7 Impedance in the Frequency Domain 109 3.8 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models 115 3.9 Circuit Theory and SPICE 117 3.10 Introduction to Measurement-Based Modeling 121 3.11 The Bottom Line 126 Review Questions 128 Chapter 4 The Physical Basis of Resistance 131 4.1 Translating Physical Design into Electrical Performance 132 4.2 The Only Good Approximation for the Resistance of Interconnects 133
£95.94
McGraw-Hill Education Fitzgerald Kingsleys Electric Machinery
Book SynopsisThis seventh edition of Fitzgerald and Kingsley''s Electric Machinery by Stephen Umans was developed recognizing the strength of this classic text since its first edition has been the emphasis on building an understanding of the fundamental physical principles underlying the performance of electric machines. Much has changed since the publication of the first edition, yet the basic physical principles remain the same, and this seventh edition is intended to retain the focus on these principles in the context of today''s technology.Table of ContentsChapter 1 - Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic MaterialsChapter 2 - TransformersChapter 3 - Electromechanical-Energy-Conversion PrinciplesChapter 4 - Introduction to Rotating MachinesChapter 5 - Synchronous MachinesChapter 6 - Polyphase Induction MachinesChapter 7 - DC MachinesChapter 8 - Variable-Reluctance Machines and Stepping MotorsChapter 9 - Single-and Two-Phase MotorsChapter 10 - Speed and Torque ControlAppendix A - Three-Phase CircuitsAppendix B - Voltages, Magnetic Fields, and Inductances of Distributed AC WindingsAppendix C - The dq0 TransformationAppendix D - Engineering Aspects of Practical Electric Machine Performance and OperationAppendix E - Table of Constants and Conversion Factors for SI Units
£56.04
Haynes Publishing Group Case MDLS 1190 1290 1390 1490
Book SynopsisSpecific Models Covered:Diesel models: 1190, 1194, 1290, 1294, 1390, 1394, 1490, 1494, 1594, 1690
£33.00
McGraw-Hill Education Structural Engineering Handbook Fifth Edition
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The industry-standard guide to structural engineeringâfully updated for the latest advances and regulationsFor 50 years, this internationally renowned handbook has been the go-to reference for structural engineering specifications, codes, technologies, and procedures. Featuring contributions from a variety of experts, the book has been revised to align with the codes that govern structural design and materials, including IBC, ASCE 7, ASCE 37, ACI, AISC, AASHTO, NDS, and TMS. Concise, practical, and user-friendly, this one-of-a-kind resource contains real-world examples and detailed descriptions of todayâs design methods.Structural Engineering Handbook, Fifth Edition, covers:â Computer applications in structural engineerinTable of ContentsPreface Chapter 1. Structural Loads Chapter 2. Structural AnalysisPart A. Fundamentals and Applications to Structural FrameworksPart B. Arches and Rigid Frames Chapter 3. The Finite-Element Method Chapter 4. Computer Applications in Structural Engineering Chapter 5. Earthquake-Resistant Design Chapter 6. Fracture and FatiguePart A. Concrete and CompositesPart B. Structural Steels Chapter 7. Soil Mechanics and Foundations Chapter 8. Design of Structural Steel Members Chapter 9. Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Chapter 10. Aluminum Structural Design Chapter 11. Design of Reinforced-Concrete Structural Members Chapter 12. Design of Prestressed-Concrete Structural Members Chapter 13. Masonry Construction Chapter 14. Timber Structures Chapter 15. Bridge EngineeringPart A. Steel and Concrete BridgesPart B. Steel Box-Girder BridgesPart C. Curved Steel I-Girder BridgesPart D. Curved Steel Box-Girder BridgesPart E. Curved Concrete Box-Girder Bridges Chapter 16. Railroad Bridge Design Chapter 17. Industrial Buildings Chapter 18. Tall Buildings Chapter 19. Thin-Shell Concrete Structures Chapter 20. Cable-Supported Roofs Chapter 21. Reinforced-Concrete Silos Chapter 22. Design of Steel Tanks Chapter 23. Electrical Transmission and Substation Structures Chapter 24. Chimneys Chapter 25. Health Monitoring and Nondestructive Testing Chapter 26. Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Structural Engineering Chapter 27. Structural Fire Engineering Chapter 28. Disproportionate Collapse and Blast-Resistant DesignPart A. Structural Robustness and Disproportionate CollapsePart B. Blast-Resistant Design Chapter 29. FRP Strengthening of Reinforced-Concrete Members Chapter 30. Structural Glass and Glazing Chapter 31. Machine Foundations Chapter 32. Value Methodology Chapter 33. Stone Cladding References Index
£134.09
Lean Enterprise Institute,US The Lean Manager: A Novel of Lean Transformation
Book Synopsis
£35.88
O'Reilly Media Applied Embedded Electronics
Book SynopsisThis book guides you through all of the techniques listed, which are required for a reliable integrated system. Through extensive illustrations and minimal equations, anyone with an interest in electronics will quickly grasp the ideas discussed.
£33.74
Pearson Education Limited Electric Circuits Global Edition
Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1. Circuit Variables 2. Circuit Elements 3. Simple Resistive Circuits 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 5. The Operational Amplifier 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 9. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 10. Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 14. Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits 15. Active Filter Circuits 16. Fourier Series 17. The Fourier Transform 18. Two-Port Circuits Appendix A: The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations Appendix B: Complex Numbers Appendix C: More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers Appendix D: The Decibel Appendix E: Bode Diagrams Appendix F: An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities Appendix G: An Abbreviated Table of Integrals Appendix H: Common Standard Component Values
£80.74
Rainsource Press Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond
Book Synopsis2020 Independent Press Award Winner--Home & Garden CategoryTurn water scarcity into water abundance! Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond, Volume 1, 3rd Edition is the best-selling, award-winning guide on how to conceptualize, design, and implement life-enhancing water-, sun-, wind-, and shade-harvesting systems for your home, landscape, and community. This book enables you to assess your on-site resources, gives you a diverse array of strategies to maximize their potential, and empowers you with guiding principles to create an integrated, multi-functional plan specific to your site and needs. Clearly written with more than 290 illustrations, this full-color edition helps bring your site to life, reduce your cost of living, endow yourself and your community with skills of self-reliance and cooperation, and create living air conditioners of vegetation growing beauty, food, and wildlife habitat. Stories of people who are successfully welcoming rain into their life and landscape will invite you to do the same.Trade Review“Brad Lancaster has published a revised, third edition of his authoritative book Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond: Volume 1, Guiding Principles to Welcome Rain into Your Life and Landscape. Lancaster has decades of experience in planting rain in Tucson, Arizona. He began to counter poor waterscape management after meeting water farmer Zephaniah Phiri Maseko. This man’s wisdom, and his practice of long and thoughtful observation of land to understand how rain flows through it and shapes it, is at the core of Lancaster’s rainwater harvesting practice. Tucson receives more water from falling rain than its consumers use. But destruction of the region’s forest, and development of impermeable urban zones has led to water scarcity, as Lancaster explains in this Ted talk. His book addresses this problem. It tweaks Maseko’s principles of water infiltration to fit the needs of his Tucson home. This involves creating mulch-filled depressions in his garden where rainwater infiltrates, and where household greywater can be diverted. It also involves applying these practices in the public arena; for instance, diverting rainwater from streets to irrigate crop-bearing trees on public land. Rainwater Harvesting’s five chapters walk the reader through principles of rainwater infiltration, using Lancaster’s own projects as case studies. The book’s appendices, which have been further developed in this new, colour edition, offer another incredibly valuable resource. They describe, for instance, patterns of water and sediment flow and how to best utilize them; traditional Southwestern rainwater harvesting techniques; a list of plants and their water requirements, and information on the water-energy-carbon nexus and how domestic rainwater harvesting saves energy and money, while reducing CO2 emissions. In short, any household or community committed to living sustainably by conserving and recycling water should read this book.”—International Rainwater Harvesting Alliance (IRHA)“Brad Lancaster has done it again. In revising his excellent book, he has given us a window into the world through the lens of water. Water connects all things. And Brad shows us water as a practical way of considering context and connection. From a world of water as commodity, he takes us to a world of water as moving, enriching exchanges, the stuff of life. A native friend got a job with his local water company, and rather than an engineering job, he saw it as a sacred trust. This is the shift that Brad leads us carefully through. Water is wealth and health—let’s treat it that way, and dance our way from scarcity to abundance.—Joel Glanzberg, author of the The Permaculture Mind; tracker; and teacher / designer of regenerative living systems; PatternMind.org“In a time of escalating resource scarcity and global conflict, this essential book helps us regain control of our water by showing us how to enhance our water and energy supply with simple, fun, and effective strategies at home and beyond.”—Maude Barlow, author of Blue Covenant; Senior Advisor on Water to the President of the United Nations General Assembly“Brad Lancaster clearly defines the differences between the path to scarcity and the path to abundance, both revolving around the wise use of water while avoiding the consequences of careless use. Throughout the book, alternatives are plainly described with illustrations that get to the point. I have worked in the field with Brad. He is unabashedly committed to the parallel causes of water and energy conservation. He asks incisive questions, searches for answers, tests solutions, documents findings, and happily shares his conclusions with all who care to listen. Clearly Mr. Lancaster is an agent for change, a true innovator, providing simple but powerful solutions to difficult questions facing society in both urban and rural situations.”—Bill Zeedyk, Zeedyk Ecological Consulting, LLC; co-author of Let the Water Do the Work“Lancaster’s book on rainwater harvesting is fantastic and an abundant guidebook for a more sane approach to our most precious resource. I highly recommend it.”—Jason F. McLennan, CEO, International Living Future Institute“This book and the thinking behind it should be part of the basic education of civil engineers, architects, landscape architects, and planners everywhere. As a civil engineer working for a progressive municipal water utility in an arid climate, I can see if a majority of our citizens followed these practices, many of our current and future challenges would be alleviated. The positive side benefits in terms of erosion-control, creation of bird habitat, and natural cooling would be exceptional.”—Patricia Eisenberg, P.E., Past president, Arizona Society of Civil Engineers“This wonderful book overflows with effective ways to beneficially cycle and enhance local water supplies, while maximizing power from the sun. It provides much-needed guidance and ideas on how to meet our resource needs, increase household and community potential, and protect the ecosystems upon which we all depend.”—Sandra Postel, founding director, Global Water Policy Project; Freshwater Fellow of the National Geographic Society; and author of Last Oasis“In an age of enormous, industrial questions about resources, this book is an antidote. In these pages are solutions on a human scale, taking water not from massive reservoirs or river diversions but straight from the sky.”—Craig Childs, author of The Secret Knowledge of Water“Though a bizarre irony, rainwater in the arid west is typically deflected away from water-starved land and shunted off to storm drains at great expense. Not so in Brad Lancaster’s universe. He welcomes rainwater into the landscape with creativity, intelligence, and humor, and puts it to use growing and enriching all kinds of resources, while reducing flooding and erosion, and enlivening the urban environment. In this new edition of Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond, he welcomes us to join him in exercising the radical common sense of harvesting rainwater melded with the harvests of sun, wind, carbon, and more.”—Ann Audrey, Environmental Consultant, for integrating rainwater harvesting, habitat restoration, and edible trees“This applies three times as much to the third edition: Buy this book now. If you live in a dry place, buy it. If you live somewhere subject to droughts (which is everywhere), buy it. The simple techniques (and the principles behind them) can help you save bundles of money, and make the landscape around you more productive and beautiful, with less work and upkeep than you can imagine. Lend it to your neighbors, and you’ll benefit as well. (Heck—buy them each a copy.) This how-to manual has enough stories, illustrations, and simple ideas to inspire even the most unhandy among us (such as myself). Buy it, try a couple of projects in your backyard, and in a few years be sure to send Brad and me a thank you note!”—Kevin Dahl, former Executive Director of Native Seeds/SEARCH and author of WildFoods of the Sonoran Desert and Native Harvest: Gardening with Authentic Southwestern Crops
£27.19
Northern Bee Books The Observant Beekeeper
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£36.00
Cambridge University Press Fundamentals of Turbulent Flows
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£71.24
Wiley-Blackwell GaN Power Devices for Efficient Power Conversion
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£97.20
McGraw-Hill Education Introduction to Graphic Communication for
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Graphics Communications for Engineers, Fifth Edition, is a workbook that teaches the fundamentals of sketching and engineering graphics principles in addition to improving the visualization abilities of students. The primary goal of this text is to assist students in learning the techniques and standards of communicating graphically so that design ideas can be clearly communicated and produced. This introductory text is for students in technical drawing and engineering graphics courses at both two- and four-year schools.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Graphics Communications2 Sketching and Text3 Section and Auxiliary Views4 Dimensioning and Tolerancing5 Reading and Constructing6 Design and 3-D ModelingSupplement Design ProblemsAdditional Problems and WorksheetsAppendix: Decimal and Millimeter EquivalentsIndex
£53.09
Taylor & Francis Ltd Steel Corrosion and Degradation of its Mechanical Properties
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£104.50
Astragal Press Horse Drawn Sleighs
Book Synopsis
£18.75
Quercus Publishing Fashion Bags and Accessories: Creative Design and
Book SynopsisFashion Bags and Accessories explores fashion bags and related accessories, such as purses, wallets, clutches, cases, gloves and belts, through various approaches to creative design, product development, technological innovation, materials development, component design (hardware) and branding. Readers will become familiar with key constructions and gain grounding in both traditional craft-making techniques and contemporary digital manufacturing process. Traditional accessory materials like leather are considered alongside new and emerging sustainable materials. Key elements of fashion bags and accessories like component design, signature branding and logo design are also covered in depth. Primarily aimed at students on fashion design, product design, or specialized accessories courses, the book will also be a go-to reference for professionals wishing to move into or evolve in this product area.
£23.80
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Resist and Masking Techniques
Book SynopsisThe use of wax, paper, clay and other materials to prevent the effects of heat, fire, smoke, chemical reactions, colours and glazes from altering or contaminating the surfaces of work is very popular with ceramicists. However, learning to use these techniques can be a long and frustrating process, particularly when complicated by considerations of the state of the clay and which form of glazing is to be used. In this book, Peter Beard discusses the techniques of masking and resist and gives guidance as to how best to use various materials and firing method to achieve a wide range of finishes.Table of Contents1. History and overview of resists and masking 2. Water-based waxes 3. Oil-based waxes 4. Latex wax or latex rubber solutions 5. Spraying - ordinary and airbrush 6. Paper and adhesive tapes, papers and films 7. Exercises in using slips and resists 8. Colloidal slips 9. Acid etching 10. Lustre techniques 11. Masking resists and smoke 12. Grit blasting 13. Recipes
£14.39
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Textile Surface Manipulation
Book SynopsisA practical and inspirational book to learn how to develop a variety of textile techniques from personal visual sources. This book teaches you how to develop a diverse range of textile surface design techniques from personal visual inspiration sources, and apply them to your projects. Discover an assortment of traditional and unconventional methods, from smocking to soldering, through projects such as fashion and interiors items and textile art. The book encourages you to explore visual sources to discover their potential for imagery, texture, structure and manipulation, supporting you in the development and creation of your own unique pieces. Learn how to explore alternative possibilities, manipulate existing textile surfaces or create new ones. Whether you are a student, experienced artist or maker looking for new inspiration and techniques, this is an essential practical book.Trade Review[T]his is an exceedingly useful book that is well presented, with plenty of inspiring images of results you can achieve. * Textile Fibre Forum *Table of ContentsIntroduction Visual Research Repeat Structures Building Surfaces From Scratch Decorating Existing Surfaces Manipulating Surfaces Through Stitch Deconstructing and Disrupting Surfaces Trims and Edges Suppliers Gallery About the Authors Acknowledgements Index
£22.50
Aviation Supplies & Academics Inc The Standard Easa Fcl-Compliant Pilot Log:
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£13.18
John Wiley & Sons Inc Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements
Book SynopsisTheory and Design for Mechanical Measurements provides a well-founded, fundamental background in the theory and practice of engineering measurements. Designed to align with a variety of undergraduate course structures, the book offers a rigorous treatment of the subject with a flexible pedagogical framework for use in graduate studies, independent study, or professional reference. It integrates the necessary elements to conduct engineering measurements through the design of measurement systems and measurement test plans, with an emphasis on the role of statistics and uncertainty analyses in that process. This International Adaptation offers new or expanded material on several topics, mostly under Fundamentals of Measurement, Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties, Sensors and Actuators. Along with extensive coverage of device selection, test procedures, measurement system performance, the book includes practical discussion on real-world methods and techniques. The current applications of measurement theory and design are presented with examples, case studies, and vignettes. The updated end-of-chapter material includes significant number of new problems.Table of Contents1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Measurement System 1.3 Experimental Test Plan 1.4 Calibration 1.5 Standards 1.6 Presenting Data 1.7 Loading Effects 1.8 Applications of Measurement Systems Summary Nomenclature References Problems 2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 2.3 Signal Analysis 2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature, Problems 3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOR 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 3.4 Transfer Functions 3.5 Phase Linearity 3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 3.7 Coupled Systems Summary References Nomenclature Subscripts Problems 4 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 4.5 Hypothesis Testing 4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution 4.7 Regression Analysis 4.8 Data Outlier Detection 4.9 Number of Measurements Required 4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations 4.11. Maximum Likelihood Theory Summary References Nomenclature Problems 5 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Measurement Errors 5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.4 Identifying Error Sources 5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties 5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation 5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval Summary References Nomenclature Problems 6 ANALOG ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters, 6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires Summary References Nomenclature Problems 7 SAMPLING, DIGITAL DEVICES, AND DATA ACQUISITION 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling Concepts 7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 7.5 Voltage Measurements 7.6 Data Acquisition Systems 7.7 Data Acquisition System Components 7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication 7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing Summary References Nomenclature Problems 8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement, Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature Problems 9 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pressure Concepts 9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 9.4 Elastic Pressure Transducers 9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems 9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 9.9 Acoustical Measurements 9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems Summary References Nomenclature Problems 10 FLOWMEASUREMENTS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical Background 10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination 10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 10.7 Mass Flow Meters 10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate Summary References Nomenclature Problems 11 STRAIN MEASUREMENT 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stress and Strain 11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques Summary References Nomenclature Problems 12 MECHATRONICS: SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND CONTROLS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sensors 12.3 Actuators 12.4 Controls Summary References Nomenclature Problems A PROPERTY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS B LAPLACE TRANSFORM BASICS B.1 Final Value Theorem B.2 Laplace Transform Pairs C Standard Normal Table Reference GLOSSARY INDEX
£47.99
The History Press Ltd Explosives History with a Bang
Book SynopsisThis entertaining and informative book tells the dramatic tale of explosives from gunpowder to the H-bomb. Laying the emphasis on the lives of the people involved, on the diverse uses of explosives and on their social and historical impact, the author relates a story of remarkable international and human endeavour. Many of those involved - Roger Bacon, Guy Fawkes, Alfred Nobel, Robert Oppenheimer - are famed worldwide; others, such as C F Schonbein, William Bickford, Sir Frederick Abel and Charles E Munroe, though less well-known, also played critical roles. Alongside their achievements, this book highlights the uses and impact of explosives in both war and terrorism, and in civil engineering, quarrying, mining, demolition, fireworks manufacture and shooting for sport. In many cases explosives are seen to have had a significant historical impact as, for example, in the early use of gunpowder in the American Civil War, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the worldwide opening up of ca
£9.49
Schiffer Publishing Ltd German UBoat Bunkers
Book Synopsis
£9.49
Faber & Faber Complete Herbal Handbook for Farm and Stable
Book SynopsisThe pioneer of herbal veterinary medicine has again thoroughly revised, updated and expanded her book on natural and organic cures and farming methods, first published in 1952 and now a classic in its field. Juliette de Baïracli Levy''s The Complete Herbal Handbook for Farm and Stable contains everything farmers need to know about farm management and animal husbandry. Levy''s groundbreaking work in this insightful guide provides an invaluable resource for farmers and anyone interested in holistic veterinary medicine.
£14.99
Schiffer Publishing Ltd Project Apollo
Book SynopsisVolume 4 is a detailed look at the later years of NASA's Apollo space program from 1968ΓÇô72.
£17.09
CABI Publishing Medicinal Plants of the World
Book SynopsisMedicinal plants and plant-derived medicine are widely used in traditional cultures all over the world and they are becoming increasingly popular in modern society as natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals. As more and more natural remedies are being commercialised, there is a need for a user-friendly reference guide to the plants and their products. The book gives the reader a bird's eye view of more than 350 of the best known medicinal plants of the world and their uses, in a compact, colourful and scientifically accurate reference text. It provides quick answers to the most obvious questions: Where does this plant originate? What does it look like? In which culture is it traditionally used? What is it used for? Which chemical compounds does it contain? How safe is it? What is known about its pharmacological activity? What evidence is there that it is effective? The authors also provide short overviews of the various health conditions for which medicinal plants are used and the active compounds (secondary metabolites) found in the plants and their modes of actions. This new edition has an additional 30 plant species, many new and improved photographs and the text has been fully updated to reflect the latest regulatory status of each plant.Table of Contents1: Preface 2: Introduction 3: Medicine Systems of the World 4: Plant Parts Used 5: Dosage Forms 6: Use of Medicinal Plant Products 7: Active Ingredients 8: Quality Control and Safety 9: Efficacy of Medicinal Plant Products 10: Regulation of Herbal Remedies and Phytomedicines 11: The Plants in Alphabetical Order 12: Health Disorders and Medicinal Plants 13: Overview of Secondary Metabolites and Their Effects 14: Quick Guide to Commercialised Medicinal Plants 15: Glossary
£46.98
Uniformbooks On Listening
Book Synopsis
£14.00
Chicago Review Press Culinary Reactions: The Everyday Chemistry of
Book SynopsisWhen you're cooking, you're a chemist! Every time you follow or modify a recipe, you are experimenting with acids and bases, emulsions and suspensions, gels and foams. In your kitchen you denature proteins, crystallize compounds, react enzymes with substrates, and nurture desired microbial life while suppressing harmful bacteria and fungi. And unlike in a laboratory, you can eat your experiments to verify your hypotheses. In Culinary Reactions, author Simon Quellen Field turns measuring cups, stovetop burners, and mixing bowls into graduated cylinders, Bunsen burners, and beakers. How does altering the ratio of flour, sugar, yeast, salt, butter, and water affect how high bread rises? Why is whipped cream made with nitrous oxide rather than the more common carbon dioxide? And why does Hollandaise sauce call for "clarified" butter? This easy-to-follow primer even includes recipes to demonstrate the concepts being discussed, including: Whipped Creamsicle Topping—a foam; Cherry Dream Cheese—a protein gle; Lemonade with Chameleon Eggs—an acid indicator; and more!
£999.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Virtual Reality Technology
Book Synopsis
£72.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Professional CUDA C Programming
Book SynopsisProfessional CUDA Programming in C provides down to earth coverage of the complex topic of parallel computing, a topic increasingly essential in every day computing. This entry-level programming book for professionals turns complex subjects into easy-to-comprehend concepts and easy-to-follows steps.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1: Heterogeneous Parallel Computing with CUDA 1 Parallel Computing 2 Sequential and Parallel Programming 3 Parallelism 4 Computer Architecture 6 Heterogeneous Computing 8 Heterogeneous Architecture 9 Paradigm of Heterogeneous Computing 12 CUDA: A Platform for Heterogeneous Computing 14 Hello World from GPU 17 Is CUDA C Programming Difficult? 20 Summary 21 Chapter 2: CUDA Programming Model 23 Introducing the CUDA Programming Model 23 CUDA Programming Structure 25 Managing Memory 26 Organizing Threads 30 Launching a CUDA Kernel 36 Writing Your Kernel 37 Verifying Your Kernel 39 Handling Errors 40 Compiling and Executing 40 Timing Your Kernel 43 Timing with CPU Timer 44 Timing with nvprof 47 Organizing Parallel Threads 49 Indexing Matrices with Blocks and Threads 49 Summing Matrices with a 2D Grid and 2D Blocks 53 Summing Matrices with a 1D Grid and 1D Blocks 57 Summing Matrices with a 2D Grid and 1D Blocks 58 Managing Devices 60 Using the Runtime API to Query GPU Information 61 Determining the Best GPU 63 Using nvidia-smi to Query GPU Information 63 Setting Devices at Runtime 64 Summary 65 Chapter 3: CUDA Execution Model 67 Introducing the CUDA Execution Model 67 GPU Architecture Overview 68 The Fermi Architecture 71 The Kepler Architecture 73 Profile-Driven Optimization 78 Understanding the Nature of Warp Execution 80 Warps and Thread Blocks 80 Warp Divergence 82 Resource Partitioning 87 Latency Hiding 90 Occupancy 93 Synchronization 97 Scalability 98 Exposing Parallelism 98 Checking Active Warps with nvprof 100 Checking Memory Operations with nvprof 100 Exposing More Parallelism 101 Avoiding Branch Divergence 104 The Parallel Reduction Problem 104 Divergence in Parallel Reduction 106 Improving Divergence in Parallel Reduction 110 Reducing with Interleaved Pairs 112 Unrolling Loops 114 Reducing with Unrolling 115 Reducing with Unrolled Warps 117 Reducing with Complete Unrolling 119 Reducing with Template Functions 120 Dynamic Parallelism 122 Nested Execution 123 Nested Hello World on the GPU 124 Nested Reduction 128 Summary 132 Chapter 4: Global Memory 135 Introducing the CUDA Memory Model 136 Benefits of a Memory Hierarchy 136 CUDA Memory Model 137 Memory Management 145 Memory Allocation and Deallocation 146 Memory Transfer 146 Pinned Memory 148 Zero-Copy Memory 150 Unified Virtual Addressing 156 Unified Memory 157 Memory Access Patterns 158 Aligned and Coalesced Access 158 Global Memory Reads 160 Global Memory Writes 169 Array of Structures versus Structure of Arrays 171 Performance Tuning 176 What Bandwidth Can a Kernel Achieve? 179 Memory Bandwidth 179 Matrix Transpose Problem 180 Matrix Addition with Unified Memory 195 Summary 199 Chapter 5: Shared Memory and Constant Memory 203 Introducing CUDA Shared Memory 204 Shared Memory 204 Shared Memory Allocation 206 Shared Memory Banks and Access Mode 206 Configuring the Amount of Shared Memory 212 Synchronization 214 Checking the Data Layout of Shared Memory 216 Square Shared Memory 217 Rectangular Shared Memory 225 Reducing Global Memory Access 232 Parallel Reduction with Shared Memory 232 Parallel Reduction with Unrolling 236 Parallel Reduction with Dynamic Shared Memory 238 Effective Bandwidth 239 Coalescing Global Memory Accesses 239 Baseline Transpose Kernel 240 Matrix Transpose with Shared Memory 241 Matrix Transpose with Padded Shared Memory 245 Matrix Transpose with Unrolling 246 Exposing More Parallelism 249 Constant Memory 250 Implementing a 1D Stencil with Constant Memory 250 Comparing with the Read-Only Cache 253 The Warp Shuffle Instruction 255 Variants of the Warp Shuffle Instruction 256 Sharing Data within a Warp 258 Parallel Reduction Using the Warp Shuffle Instruction 262 Summary 264 Chapter 6: Streams and Concurrency 267 Introducing Streams and Events 268 CUDA Streams 269 Stream Scheduling 271 Stream Priorities 273 CUDA Events 273 Stream Synchronization 275 Concurrent Kernel Execution 279 Concurrent Kernels in Non-NULL Streams 279 False Dependencies on Fermi GPUs 281 Dispatching Operations with OpenMP 283 Adjusting Stream Behavior Using Environment Variables 284 Concurrency-Limiting GPU Resources 286 Blocking Behavior of the Default Stream 287 Creating Inter-Stream Dependencies 288 Overlapping Kernel Execution and Data Transfer 289 Overlap Using Depth-First Scheduling 289 Overlap Using Breadth-First Scheduling 293 Overlapping GPU and CPU Execution 294 Stream Callbacks 295 Summary 297 Chapter 7: Tuning Instruction-Level Primitives 299 Introducing CUDA Instructions 300 Floating-Point Instructions 301 Intrinsic and Standard Functions 303 Atomic Instructions 304 Optimizing Instructions for Your Application 306 Single-Precision vs. Double-Precision 306 Standard vs. Intrinsic Functions 309 Understanding Atomic Instructions 315 Bringing It All Together 322 Summary 324 Chapter 8: GPU-Accelerated CUDA Libraries and OpenACC 327 Introducing the CUDA Libraries 328 Supported Domains for CUDA Libraries 329 A Common Library Workflow 330 The CUSPARSE Library 332 cuSPARSE Data Storage Formats 333 Formatting Conversion with cuSPARSE 337 Demonstrating cuSPARSE 338 Important Topics in cuSPARSE Development 340 cuSPARSE Summary 341 The cuBLAS Library 341 Managing cuBLAS Data 342 Demonstrating cuBLAS 343 Important Topics in cuBLAS Development 345 cuBLAS Summary 346 The cuFFT Library 346 Using the cuFFT API 347 Demonstrating cuFFT 348 cuFFT Summary 349 The cuRAND Library 349 Choosing Pseudo- or Quasi- Random Numbers 349 Overview of the cuRAND Library 350 Demonstrating cuRAND 354 Important Topics in cuRAND Development 357 CUDA Library Features Introduced in CUDA 6 358 Drop-In CUDA Libraries 358 Multi-GPU Libraries 359 A Survey of CUDA Library Performance 361 cuSPARSE versus MKL 361 cuBLAS versus MKL BLAS 362 cuFFT versus FFTW versus MKL 363 CUDA Library Performance Summary 364 Using OpenACC 365 Using OpenACC Compute Directives 367 Using OpenACC Data Directives 375 The OpenACC Runtime API 380 Combining OpenACC and the CUDA Libraries 382 Summary of OpenACC 384 Summary 384 Chapter 9: Multi-GPU Programming 387 Moving to Multiple GPUs 388 Executing on Multiple GPUs 389 Peer-to-Peer Communication 391 Synchronizing across Multi-GPUs 392 Subdividing Computation across Multiple GPUs 393 Allocating Memory on Multiple Devices 393 Distributing Work from a Single Host Thread 394 Compiling and Executing 395 Peer-to-Peer Communication on Multiple GPUs 396 Enabling Peer-to-Peer Access 396 Peer-to-Peer Memory Copy 396 Peer-to-Peer Memory Access with Unified Virtual Addressing 398 Finite Difference on Multi-GPU 400 Stencil Calculation for 2D Wave Equation 400 Typical Patterns for Multi-GPU Programs 401 2D Stencil Computation with Multiple GPUs 403 Overlapping Computation and Communication 405 Compiling and Executing 406 Scaling Applications across GPU Clusters 409 CPU-to-CPU Data Transfer 410 GPU-to-GPU Data Transfer Using Traditional MPI 413 GPU-to-GPU Data Transfer with CUDA-aware MPI 416 Intra-Node GPU-to-GPU Data Transfer with CUDA-Aware MPI 417 Adjusting Message Chunk Size 418 GPU to GPU Data Transfer with GPUDirect RDMA 419 Summary 422 Chapter 10: Implementation Considerations 425 The CUDA C Development Process 426 APOD Development Cycle 426 Optimization Opportunities 429 CUDA Code Compilation 432 CUDA Error Handling 437 Profile-Driven Optimization 438 Finding Optimization Opportunities Using nvprof 439 Guiding Optimization Using nvvp 443 NVIDIA Tools Extension 446 CUDA Debugging 448 Kernel Debugging 448 Memory Debugging 456 Debugging Summary 462 A Case Study in Porting C Programs to CUDA C 462 Assessing crypt 463 Parallelizing crypt 464 Optimizing crypt 465 Deploying Crypt 472 Summary of Porting crypt 475 Summary 476 Appendix: Suggested Readings 477 Index 481
£35.62
Haynes Publishing Group International Harvester Farmall 100IH504 Gasoline
Book SynopsisSpecific Models Covered:Gasoline Models: 100, 130, 140, 200, 230, 240, 284, 330, 340, 354, 404, 424, 444, 2404, 2424, 2444, 2504, B-414, F504, IH504. Diesel Models: 274, 284, 340, 354, 364, 384, 424, 444, 2424, 2444, 2504, B-275, B-414, F504, IH504
£24.00
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Manoeuvring
Book SynopsisThis is a unique, practical, hands-on guide to boat manoeuvring - ideal for cockpit use or as an aide-memoire.Manoeuvring a yacht under engine at close quarters in a marina closeto other (expensive!) boats can be a daunting prospect for theinexperienced skipper - but it has to be done in order to take yourboat off a pontoon to go sailing, and to berth her after a day on thewater. Throw in fast flowing tides, and unpredictable wind which might blow from thebow or beam or stern, and the exercise becomes even more of a lottery -even for the experienced boat handler.Here at last is a well organised visual guide to coping in everypossible combination of wind and tide situation. Laid out in a very clear way, with one manoeuvre per page and in a handy wiro format for use when at the helm, thisis the ideal teach yourself guide, and the perfect on-board aidememoire. It will be a godsend to every nervous helmsman, and a good<Trade ReviewThis 'how to tackle any situation' guide, printed on heavyweight paper, covers everything from moorings to rafts, piles, trots, pontoons and marina berths, explaining each manoeuvre with simple text and a clear diagram * Practical Boat Owner *This is the book every sailor need to read before taking up a marina berth * Yachting Monthly *This is the book every sailor need to read before taking up a marina berth * Yachting Monthly *makes for an excellent tutorial, and the sort of guide that might be very handy to have on board! * Sailing *
£15.29
R.S. Means Company Ltd Concrete Repair and Maintenance Illustrated
Book Synopsis
£64.76
HarperCollins Publishers Propellerhead
Book SynopsisJoin the real Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines as they compete in the Round Britain race. .Woodward's warm, wry account of learning to fly will lift hearts everywhere. BBC2 documentary based on the book 30 January 2012.Antony Woodward wasn't interested in flying, he was interested in his image. So in his world of socialising and serial womanising, a microlight plane sounded like the ideal sex aid. So why once he discovers that he has no ability as a pilot, it costs a fortune and its maddening unreliability loses him the one girl he really wants does he get more and more hooked?As he monitors the changes to the others in the syndicate; as he learns that there is a literal down-side to cheating in flying exams, shunning responsibility and pretending to know stuff you don't, the question keeps on surfacing. Why? As the misadventures mount accidents, tussles with Tornadoes, arrest by the RAF he keeps thinking he's worked it out. But it isn't until The Crash, in which he nearlyTrade Review‘Inspirational…one of the best books ever written about flying.’ PILOT, May 2011 ‘What Nick Hornby did for football, Antony Woodward has done for flying … Wonderful.’ OBSERVER ‘Hugely engaging … refreshingly amateur and low-tech … a true love affair, albeit with clouds and air.’ SUNDAY TELEGRAPH ‘Hilarious … chock-full of incident, heartache, historical detail and near-death-experience, in as entertaining a non-fiction narrative as I have read … Woodward has a gift for storytelling and comic timing and his acute awareness of the absurdities of maleness make this an impossible book not to like. INDEPENDENT 'A must-read for all pilots, everywhere, ever. But would I get in a plane with this nutter? F***, no.' (Captain) ALEX JAMES, BLUR 'Nick Hornby meets Jeremy Clarkson in a cockpit. Acutely funny', MARIELLA FROSTRUP 'Woodward's a truly terrible aviator - but his enthusiasm makes even the most timid flier want to take to the skies.' FHM ‘A genuine original–smartly written, eccentric, funny, engaging, with just the right combination of anorak and anarchy…The flying sequences are fabulous, the historic ghosts of Bomber command are strangely moving, and the whole book stays wonderfully airborne throughout. It reminds me of the early lunatic Redmond O’Hanlon, and a bit of Roger Deakin’s weird, soul-searching, swim-across-England book “Waterlog”.’ RICHARD HOLMES 'Lunatic… written so engagingly as to ensnare even those who know nothing about flying.' TIM BINYON, EVENING STANDARD 'Propellerhead is one of the best aviation books of the lot, and it has almost universal appeal…Take it from me, anyone who has even an incipient trace of flying in their blood will want to read Propellerhead.' PHILIP WHITEMAN, GENERAL AVIATION 'This eccentric, charming and poignant book is full of gems…sublime.' COUNTRY LIFE
£9.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Physics of Energy Sources
Book SynopsisPhysics of Energy Sourcesprovides readers with a balanced presentation of the fundamental physics needed to understand and analyze conventional and renewable energy sources including nuclear, solar, wind and water power. It also presents various ways in which energy can be stored for future use.Table of ContentsEditors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xi Author’s preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy consumption 1 1.2 Energy sources 3 1.3 Renewable and non-renewable energy sources 5 1.4 The form and conversion of energy 6 1.4.1 Thermal energy sources 7 1.4.2 Mechanical energy sources 7 1.4.3 Photovoltaic sources 7 1.4.4 Energy storage 8 Problems 1 9 2 The atomic nucleus 11 2.1 The composition and properties of nuclei 12 2.1.1 The composition of nuclei 12 2.1.2 The size of a nucleus 14 2.1.3 The distributions of nuclear matter and charge 19 2.1.4 The mass of a nucleus 21 2.1.5 The charge of a nucleus 24 2.1.6 Nuclear binding energy 27 2.1.7 Binding energy curve of the nuclides 30 2.1.8 The semi-empirical mass formula 32 2.2 Nuclear forces and energies 35 2.2.1 Characteristics of the nuclear force 35 2.2.2 Nuclear energies 36 2.2.3 Quantum mechanical description of a particle in a potential well 39 2.3 Radioactivity and nuclear stability 47 2.3.1 Segré chart of the stable nuclides 48 2.3.2 Decay laws of radioactivity 49 2.3.3 α, β and γ decay 57 Problems 2 67 3 Nuclear power 71 3.1 How to get energy from the nucleus 71 3.2 Nuclear reactions 73 3.2.1 Nuclear reactions 73 3.2.2 Q-value of a nuclear reaction 74 3.2.3 Reaction cross-sections and reaction rates 76 3.3 Nuclear fission 82 3.3.1 Liquid-drop model of nuclear fission 83 3.3.2 Induced nuclear fission 86 3.3.3 Fission cross-sections 87 3.3.4 Fission reactions and products 88 3.3.5 Energy in fission 90 3.3.6 Moderation of fast neutrons 92 3.3.7 Uranium enrichment 93 3.4 Controlled fission reactions 97 3.4.1 Chain reactions 97 3.4.2 Control of fission reactions 101 3.4.3 Fission reactors 103 3.4.4 Commercial nuclear reactors 105 3.4.5 Nuclear waste 107 3.5 Nuclear fusion 109 3.5.1 Fusion reactions 110 3.5.2 Energy in fusion 111 3.5.3 Coulomb barrier for nuclear fusion 113 3.5.4 Fusion reaction rates 113 3.5.5 Performance criteria 115 3.5.6 Controlled thermonuclear fusion 117 Problems 3 123 4 Solar power 127 4.1 Stellar fusion 128 4.1.1 Star formation and evolution 128 4.1.2 Thermonuclear fusion in the Sun: the proton–proton cycle 131 4.1.3 Solar radiation 132 4.2 Blackbody radiation 134 4.2.1 Laws of blackbody radiation 135 4.2.2 Emissivity 137 4.2.3 Birth of the photon 141 4.3 Solar radiation and its interaction with the Earth 145 4.3.1 Characteristics of solar radiation 145 4.3.2 Interaction of solar radiation with Earth and its atmosphere 147 4.3.3 Penetration of solar energy into the ground 155 4.4 Geothermal energy 159 4.4.1 Shallow geothermal energy 160 4.4.2 Deep geothermal energy 161 4.5 Solar heaters 162 4.5.1 Solar water heaters 162 4.5.2 Heat transfer processes 165 4.5.3 Solar thermal power systems 172 4.6 Heat engines: converting heat into work 174 4.6.1 Equation of state of an ideal gas 175 4.6.2 Internal energy, work and heat: the first law of thermodynamics 177 4.6.3 Specific heats of gases 181 4.6.4 Isothermal and adiabatic expansion 183 4.6.5 Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics 185 Problems 4 196 5 Semiconductor solar cells 201 5.1 Introduction 201 5.2 Semiconductors 204 5.2.1 The band structure of crystalline solids 204 5.2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors 208 5.3 The p–n junction 214 5.3.1 The p–n junction in equilibrium 214 5.3.2 The biased p–n junction 217 5.3.3 The current–voltage characteristic of a p–n junction 219 5.3.4 Electron and hole concentrations in a semiconductor 222 5.3.5 The Fermi energy in a p–n junction 227 5.4 Semiconductor solar cells 229 5.4.1 Photon absorption at a p–n junction 229 5.4.2 Power generation by a solar cell 231 5.4.3 Maximum power delivery from a solar cell 235 5.4.4 The Shockley–Queisser limit 238 5.4.5 Solar cell construction 240 5.4.6 Increasing the efficiency of solar cells and alternative solar cell materials 243 Problems 5 248 6 Wind power 251 6.1 A brief history of wind power 251 6.2 Origin and directions of the wind 253 6.2.1 The Coriolis force 253 6.3 The flow of ideal fluids 256 6.3.1 The continuity equation 257 6.3.2 Bernoulli’s equation 258 6.4 Extraction of wind power by a turbine 263 6.4.1 The Betz criterion 265 6.4.2 Action of wind turbine blades 268 6.5 Wind turbine design and operation 271 6.6 Siting of a wind turbine 277 Problems 6 280 7 Water power 283 7.1 Hydroelectric power 284 7.1.1 The hydroelectric plant and its principles of operation 284 7.1.2 Flow of a viscous fluid in a pipe 286 7.1.3 Hydroelectric turbines 288 7.2 Wave power 291 7.2.1 Wave motion 292 7.2.2 Water waves 306 7.2.3 Wave energy converters 319 7.3 Tidal power 324 7.3.1 Origin of the tides 325 7.3.2 Variation and enhancement of tidal range 335 7.3.3 Harnessing tidal power 341 Problems 7 346 8 Energy storage 349 8.1 Types of energy storage 350 8.2 Chemical energy storage 351 8.2.1 Biological energy storage 351 8.2.2 Hydrogen energy storage 351 8.3 Thermal energy storage 352 8.4 Mechanical energy storage 355 8.4.1 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage 355 8.4.2 Compressed air energy storage 357 8.4.3 Flywheel energy storage 361 8.5 Electrical energy storage 364 8.5.1 Capacitors and super-capacitors 365 8.5.2 Superconducting magnetic storage 367 8.5.3 Rechargeable batteries 368 8.5.4 Fuel cells 370 8.6 Distribution of electrical power 372 Problems 8 374 Solutions to problems 377 Index 397
£48.40
Oxford University Press Experimental Techniques for LowTemperature
Book SynopsisThis book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. It is effectively two books in one: A textbook on cryostat design techniques and an appendix data handbook that provides materials-property data for carrying out that design. The main text encompasses a wide range of information, written for specialists, without leaving beginning students behind. After summarizing cooling methods, Part I provides core information in an accessible style on techniques for cryostat design and fabrication - including heat-transfer design, selection of materials, construction, wiring, and thermometry, accompanied by many graphs, data, and clear examples. Part II gives a practical user''s perspective of sample mounting techniques and contact technology. Part III applies the information from Parts I and II to the measurement and analysis of superconductor critical currents, including in-depth measurement techniques and the latest developments in data analysis and scaling theory. The appendix is a ready reference handbook for cryostat design, encompassing seventy tables compiled from the contributions of experts and over fifty years of literature.Trade ReviewThis book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. * Bulletin of the Institute of Refrigeration *Overall, I highly recommend Ekin's book. It is informative and well written, for beginners who are starting research at low temperatures and for veterans who will benefit from the author's experience. George O. Zimmerman, Physics Today, May 2007, page 67This extensively illustrated book presents a step-by-step approach to the design and constuction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. Many recent developments in the field not previously published are covered in this volume. * CERN Courier *I could not wait for this book to appear in print. I will make it required reading for anyone designing cryogenic probes for use in our laboratory. * Bruce Brandt, U.S.National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida *I am very impressed with the mixture of rigour and practicality that the book offers.[...] The charts are a treasure trove of practical information. * Mark Colclough, University of Birmingham *Beginners as well as [specialists] should have such a text, including the copious data on cryogenics ... * Hisayasu Kobayashi, University of Tokyo *I really liked the example calculations [...] If you don't find the information in the text, one can be sure that it's in the Appendix. This makes the text a 'stand-alone' book on cryostat design. * Karsten Guth, Universität Göttingen *Table of ContentsPART I ; PART II ; PART III
£121.12
John Wiley & Sons Inc Practical Electronics
Book SynopsisLearn practical electronics at your own pace What is a semiconductor? How do you lay out circuits to avoid noise and interference? What do inductors and transformers have in common? How does a coaxial cable carry power to an antenna? With Practical Electronics: A Self-Teaching Guide, you''ll discover the answers to these questions and many more about the basics of electricity and electronic components. Thoroughly researched for our digital age, this easy-to-use guide makes familiar the workings of transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors, integrated circuits, and more. Electronics expert Ralph Morrison starts you off with two of the simplest electronic components, showing you how to combine them into circuits and then add more components to create more complex circuits. He includes detailed learning circuits, which are electronic circuits you can build yourself, even if you have had no prior electronics experience. The clearly structured format of Practical Table of ContentsList of the Learning Circuits. A Note to the Reader. 1. Resistors, Capacitors, and Voltage. 2. Inductors, Transformers, and Resonance. 3. Introduction to Semiconductors. 4. More Semiconductor Circuits. 5. Feedback and IC Amplifiers. 6. IC Applications. 7. Circuit Construction, Radiation, and Interference. 8. A Review of Basic Electrical Concepts. Appendix I: Preparing to Use the Learning Circuits. Appendix II: Basic Algebra. Index.
£17.09
The University of Chicago Press The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals
Book SynopsisDescribes the process of erecting the great cathedrals in the Gothic era. This text explains the building equipment and falsework needed, the actual operations undertaken, and the sequence of these operations as far as they can be deduced from manuscript illuminations and pictorial representations.
£20.00
HarperCollins Publishers Inc Elon Musk
Book Synopsis
£15.60
HarperCollins Publishers Inc The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
Book Synopsis
£14.24
John Wiley & Sons Inc PulseWidth Modulated DCDC Power Converters
Book SynopsisPWM DC-DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers. Following the success of Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field. Key features of 2nd edition: Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small-signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode; voltage-mode control of buck converter; small-signal model and characteristics of the boost converter in the discontinuous conduction mode and electromagnetic compatibility EMC. Provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of operation, synthesis, analysis and design of PWM power converters and semiconductor power devices, includinTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxi Preface xxiii Nomenclature xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification of Power Supplies 1 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators 3 1.3 Power Relationships in DC–DC Converters 4 1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC–DC Converters 5 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 6 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators 12 1.7.1 Series Voltage Regulator 13 1.7.2 Shunt Voltage Regulator 14 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC–DC Converters 16 1.9 Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 1.10 Summary 19 References 19 Review Questions 20 Problems 21 2 Buck PWM DC–DC Converter 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 2.2.1 Circuit Description 22 2.2.2 Assumptions 25 2.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 25 2.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 26 2.2.5 Device Stresses for CCM 27 2.2.6 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 27 2.2.7 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 29 2.2.8 Capacitors 31 2.2.9 Ripple Voltage in Buck Converter for CCM 33 2.2.10 Switching Losses with Linear MOSFET Output Capacitance 39 2.2.11 Switching Losses with Nonlinear MOSFET Output Capacitance 40 2.2.12 Power Losses and Efficiency of Buck Converter for CCM 43 2.2.13 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 48 2.2.14 MOSFET Gate-Drive Power 48 2.2.15 Gate Driver 49 2.2.16 Design of Buck Converter for CCM 50 2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 2.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 56 2.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 58 2.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 58 2.3.4 Device Stresses for DCM 59 2.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 59 2.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 62 2.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Buck Converter for DCM 63 2.3.8 Design of Buck Converter for DCM 65 2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter 68 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 2.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79 2.8.1 Tapped-Inductor Common-Diode Buck Converter 79 2.8.2 Tapped-Inductor Common-Transistor Buck Converter 81 2.8.3 Watkins–Johnson Converter 82 2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 2.10 Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85 2.11 Layout 85 2.12 Summary 85 References 87 Review Questions 88 Problems 88 3 Boost PWM DC–DC Converter 90 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90 3.2.1 Circuit Description 90 3.2.2 Assumptions 91 3.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 93 3.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 94 3.2.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 94 3.2.6 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 95 3.2.7 Ripple Voltage in Boost Converter for CCM 98 3.2.8 Power Losses and Efficiency of Boost Converter for CCM 100 3.2.9 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Boost Converter for CCM 102 3.2.10 Design of Boost Converter for CCM 103 3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 3.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 110 3.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 111 3.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 112 3.3.4 Device Stresses for DCM 112 3.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 112 3.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 117 3.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Boost Converter for DCM 117 3.3.8 Design of Boost Converter for DCM 120 3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters 127 3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 3.6 Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129 3.6.1 Tapped-Inductor Common-Diode Boost Converter 131 3.6.2 Tapped-Inductor Common-Load Boost Converter 132 3.7 Duality 133 3.8 Power Factor Correction 134 3.8.1 Power Factor 134 3.8.2 Boost Power Factor Corrector 138 3.8.3 Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps 141 3.9 Summary 141 References 142 Review Questions 143 Problems 143 4 Buck–Boost PWM DC–DC Converter 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 145 4.2.1 Circuit Description 145 4.2.2 Assumptions 146 4.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 146 4.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 148 4.2.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 149 4.2.6 Device Stresses for CCM 150 4.2.7 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 151 4.2.8 Ripple Voltage in Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 152 4.2.9 Power Losses and Efficiency of the Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 155 4.2.10 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 158 4.2.11 Design of Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 159 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 162 4.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 165 4.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 166 4.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 167 4.3.4 Device Stresses of the Buck–Boost Converter in DCM 167 4.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function of the Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 167 4.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 170 4.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of the Buck–Boost Converter in DCM 172 4.3.8 Design of Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 174 4.4 Bidirectional Buck–Boost Converter 180 4.5 Synthesis of Buck–Boost Converter 181 4.6 Synthesis of Boost–Buck (ćuk) Converter 183 4.7 Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184 4.7.1 Cascaded Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184 4.7.2 Four-Transistor Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184 4.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck–Boost Converters 186 4.8.1 Tapped-Inductor Common-Diode Buck–Boost Converter 186 4.8.2 Tapped-Inductor Common-Transistor Buck–Boost Converter 187 4.8.3 Tapped-Inductor Common-Load Buck–Boost Converter 188 4.8.4 Tapped-Inductor Common-Source Buck–Boost Converter 191 4.9 Summary 192 References 192 Review Questions 193 Problems 193 5 Flyback PWM DC–DC Converter 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Transformers 196 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM 197 5.3.1 Derivation of PWM Flyback Converter 197 5.3.2 Circuit Description 197 5.3.3 Assumptions 199 5.3.4 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 200 5.3.5 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 201 5.3.6 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 203 5.3.7 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 204 5.3.8 Ripple Voltage in Flyback Converter for CCM 205 5.3.9 Power Losses and Efficiency of Flyback Converter for CCM 207 5.3.10 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 210 5.3.11 Design of Flyback Converter for CCM 211 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214 5.4.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 217 5.4.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 219 5.4.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 220 5.4.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 221 5.4.5 Maximum Magnetizing Inductance for DCM 222 5.4.6 Ripple Voltage in Flyback Converter for DCM 225 5.4.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Flyback Converter for DCM 226 5.4.8 Design of Flyback Converter for DCM 228 5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter 237 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 5.8 Flyback Converter with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode Voltage Clamp 240 5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 5.11 Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241 5.12 Summary 243 References 244 Review Questions 244 Problems 245 6 Forward PWM DC–DC Converter 246 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 6.2.1 Derivation of Forward PWM Converter 246 6.2.2 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 248 6.2.3 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ DT + tm 251 6.2.4 Time Interval: DT + tm < t ≤ T 253 6.2.5 Maximum Duty Cycle 253 6.2.6 Device Stresses 254 6.2.7 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 255 6.2.8 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 255 6.2.9 Ripple Voltage in Forward Converter for CCM 256 6.2.10 Power Losses and Efficiency of Forward Converter for CCM 258 6.2.11 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 261 6.2.12 Design of Forward Converter for CCM 262 6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 6.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 269 6.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ DT + tm 272 6.3.3 Time Interval: DT + tm < t ≤ (D + D1)T 273 6.3.4 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 273 6.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 274 6.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 277 6.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Forward Converter for DCM 278 6.3.8 Design of Forward Converter for DCM 280 6.4 Multiple-Output Forward Converter 288 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288 6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 6.7 Two-Switch Forward Converter 290 6.8 Forward–Flyback Converter 291 6.9 Summary 292 References 293 Review Questions 293 Problems 294 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter 296 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 296 7.2.1 Circuit Description 296 7.2.2 Assumptions 299 7.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 299 7.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T∕2 301 7.2.5 Time Interval: T∕2 < t ≤ T∕2 + DT 303 7.2.6 Time Interval: T∕2 + DT < t ≤ T 304 7.2.7 Device Stresses 304 7.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 304 7.2.9 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 305 7.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 306 7.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 308 7.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 311 7.2.13 Design of Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 312 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315 7.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 315 7.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 320 7.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T∕2 322 7.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 322 7.3.5 Maximum Inductance for DCM 326 7.4 Summary 326 References 327 Review Questions 327 Problems 328 8 Full-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter 330 8.1 Introduction 330 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 330 8.2.1 Circuit Description 330 8.2.2 Assumptions 332 8.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 332 8.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T∕2 334 8.2.5 Time Interval: T∕2 < t ≤ T∕2 + DT 336 8.2.6 Time Interval: T∕2 + DT < t ≤ T 336 8.2.7 Device Stresses 337 8.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Full-Wave Converter for CCM 337 8.2.9 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 338 8.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 339 8.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 340 8.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 344 8.2.13 Design of Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 345 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM 351 8.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 351 8.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 353 8.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T∕2 355 8.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 356 8.3.5 Maximum Inductance for DCM 359 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361 8.5 Summary 362 References 362 Review Questions 362 Problems 363 9 Small-Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Assumptions 366 9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 9.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances 369 9.5 Model Reduction 375 9.6 Large-Signal Averaged Model for CCM 377 9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM 381 9.7.1 Large-Signal Circuit Model of Switching Network for CCM 381 9.7.2 Linearization of Switching Network Model for CCM 384 9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of PWM DC–DC Converters 385 9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386 9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 9.11 Modeling of Ideal Switching Network for DCM 391 9.11.1 Relationships Among DC Components for DCM 391 9.11.2 Small-Signal Model of Ideal Switching Network for DCM 395 9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM 398 9.13 Summary 400 References 402 Review Questions 405 Problems 405 10 Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 10.1 Introduction 407 10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 10.3 Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408 10.3.1 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 409 10.3.2 Delay in Control-to-Output Transfer Function 416 10.3.3 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Transfer Function 418 10.3.4 Open-Loop Input Impedance 420 10.3.5 Open-Loop Output Impedance 423 10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426 10.4.1 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 426 10.4.2 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle 431 10.4.3 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 433 10.5 Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 10.6 Summary 436 References 436 Review Questions 437 Problems 438 11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM 439 11.1 Introduction 439 11.2 DC Characteristics 439 11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440 11.4 Delay in Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449 11.5 Open-Loop Audio Susceptibility 451 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455 11.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance 457 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461 11.8.1 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 461 11.8.2 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle 464 11.8.3 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 465 11.9 Summary 467 References 467 Review Questions 468 Problems 468 12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck Converter 470 12.1 Introduction 470 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 471 12.3 Stability 474 12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475 12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 12.6 Pulse-Width Modulator 478 12.7 Feedback Network 483 12.8 Transfer Function of Buck Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 12.9 Control Circuits 489 12.9.1 Error Amplifier 489 12.9.2 Proportional Controller 490 12.9.3 Integral Controller 492 12.9.4 Proportional-Integral Controller 493 12.9.5 Integral-Single-Lead Controller 497 12.9.6 Loop Gain 504 12.9.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 504 12.9.8 Closed-Loop Input-to-Output Transfer Function 506 12.9.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance 508 12.9.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 509 12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511 12.10.1 Response to Step Change in Input Voltage 511 12.10.2 Response to Step Change in Reference Voltage 513 12.10.3 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Load Current 515 12.10.4 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 515 12.11 Summary 518 References 519 Review Questions 519 Problems 520 13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost Converter 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage-Mode Control 521 13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 13.4 Integral-Double-Lead Controller 527 13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532 13.6 Loop Gain 536 13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537 13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance 539 13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542 13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses 544 13.11.1 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Input Voltage 544 13.11.2 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Reference Voltage 547 13.11.3 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Load Current 548 13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 13.13 Summary 552 References 552 Review Questions 552 Problems 553 14 Current-Mode Control 554 14.1 Introduction 554 14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak CMC 555 14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current Slopes 559 14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560 14.5 Slope Compensation 564 14.5.1 Analysis of Slope Compensation in Time Domain 564 14.5.2 Boundary of Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck–Boost Converters 569 14.5.3 Boundary Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 570 14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 14.6.1 Natural Response of Inductor Current to Small Perturbation in Closed-Current Loop 572 14.6.2 Forced Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Control Voltage in Closed-Current Loop 575 14.6.3 Relationship Between s-Domain and z-Domain 577 14.6.4 Transfer Function of Closed-Current Loop in z-Domain 578 14.7 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in s-Domain 580 14.7.1 Approximation of Hicl by Rational Transfer Function 582 14.7.2 Step Responses of Closed-Inner Loop 588 14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 14.8.1 Loop Gain of Inner Loop in z-Domain 588 14.8.2 Loop Gain of Inner Loop in s-Domain 590 14.9 Gain-Crossover Frequency of Inner Loop 595 14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 14.11 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters without Slope Compensation 598 14.12 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 14.13 Minimum Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck–Boost Converter 605 14.14 Minimum Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 610 14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 14.17 Alternative Representation of Current Loop 618 14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 14.18.1 Modified Approximation of Current Loop 619 14.19 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624 14.19.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function for Buck Converter 624 14.19.2 Block Diagram of Power Stages of PWM Converters 627 14.19.3 Closed-Voltage Loop Transfer Function of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 628 14.19.4 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 628 14.19.5 Closed-Loop Output Impedance of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 630 14.20 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope Compensation 631 14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 14.22 Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 14.23 Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 14.24 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 14.25 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 14.26 Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639 14.27 Summary 639 References 640 Review Questions 644 Problems 644 14.28 Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645 14.28.1 Sampler of the Control Voltage 645 14.28.2 Zero-Order Hold of Inductor Current 648 14.28.3 Approximations of esTs 650 15 Current-Mode Control of Boost Converter 653 15.1 Introduction 653 15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions 653 15.2.1 Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 653 15.2.2 High-Frequency Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 659 15.2.3 Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 660 15.2.4 Open-Loop Inductor-to-Output Current Transfer Function 665 15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 15.3.1 Open-Loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 667 15.3.2 Open-Loop Response of the Inductor Current to Step Change in the Duty Cycle 670 15.3.3 Open-Loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Load Current 672 15.4 Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675 15.4.1 Forward Gain 675 15.4.2 Loop Gain of Current Loop 675 15.4.3 Closed-Loop Gain of Current Loop 675 15.4.4 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 677 15.4.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 684 15.4.6 Load Current-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 688 15.4.7 Output Impedance of Closed-Current Loop 690 15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop Transfer Functions 695 15.5.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 695 15.5.2 Control Voltage-to-Feedback Voltage Transfer Function 695 15.5.3 Loop Gain of Voltage Loop 697 15.5.4 Closed-Loop Gain of Voltage Loop 701 15.5.5 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility with Integral Controller 703 15.5.6 Closed-Loop Output Impedance with Integral Controller 704 15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706 15.6.1 Closed-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 706 15.6.2 Closed-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 708 15.6.3 Closed-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Reference Voltage 708 15.7 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 710 15.8 Summary 711 References 711 Review Questions 712 Problems 712 16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.1 Introduction 713 16.2 Small-Signal Model of Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 716 16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719 16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724 16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725 16.7 Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 16.7.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 728 16.7.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle 730 16.7.3 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 730 16.8 Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 16.9 Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.10 Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.11 Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 16.11.1 Step Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 738 16.11.2 Step Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Duty Cycle 740 16.11.3 Step Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Load Current 741 16.12 DC Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.12.1 DC-to-DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.12.2 DC-to-DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Boost Converter for DCM 743 16.12.3 Efficiency of Boost Converter for DCM 745 16.13 Summary 745 References 745 Review Questions 746 Problems 746 17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power Diodes 747 17.1 Introduction 747 17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 17.3 Atom 748 17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 17.5 Semiconductors 750 17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 17.7.1 n-Type Semiconductor 756 17.7.2 p-Type Semiconductor 759 17.7.3 Maximum Operating Temperature 761 17.8 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes 764 17.9.1 Formation of Depletion Layer 765 17.9.2 Charge Transport 767 17.10 Static I–V Diode Characteristic 768 17.11 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes 772 17.11.1 Depletion-Layer Width 773 17.11.2 Electric Field Intensity Distribution 775 17.11.3 Avalanche Breakdown Voltage 779 17.11.4 Punch-Through Breakdown Voltage 781 17.11.5 Edge Terminations 782 17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 17.12.1 Junction Capacitance 784 17.12.2 Diffusion Capacitance 787 17.13 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 17.13.1 Qualitative Description 789 17.13.2 Reverse Recovery in Resistive Circuits 790 17.13.3 Charge-Continuity Equation 793 17.13.4 Reverse Recovery in Inductive Circuits 796 17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 17.14.1 Static I–V Characteristic of Schottky Diodes 801 17.14.2 Breakdown Voltages of Schottky Diodes 802 17.14.3 Junction Capacitance of Schottky Diodes 802 17.14.4 Switching Characteristics of Schottky Diodes 802 17.15 Solar Cells 806 17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809 17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810 17.18 Summary 811 References 815 Review Questions 816 Problems 817 18 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2 Integrated MOSFETs 819 18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 18.4 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 18.4.1 Cutoff Region 824 18.4.2 Formation of MOSFET Channel 824 18.4.3 Linear Region 824 18.4.4 Saturation Region 825 18.4.5 Antiparallel Diode 825 18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics 826 18.5.1 Ohmic Region 826 18.5.2 Pinch-off Region 829 18.5.3 Channel-Length Modulation 830 18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 18.7 Mobility of Charge Carriers 833 18.7.1 Effect of Doping Concentration on Mobility 834 18.7.2 Effect of Temperature on Mobility 836 18.7.3 Effect of Electric Field on Mobility 840 18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846 18.8.1 Ohmic Region 846 18.8.2 Pinch-off Region 847 18.9 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs 848 18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 18.11 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 18.12 Specific On-Resistance 852 18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855 18.14 On-Resistance of Power MOSFETs 857 18.14.1 Channel Resistance 857 18.14.2 Accumulation Region Resistance 857 18.14.3 Neck Region Resistance 858 18.14.4 Drift Region Resistance 859 18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 18.15.1 Gate-to-Source Capacitance 862 18.15.2 Drain-to-Source Capacitance 864 18.15.3 Gate-to-Drain Capacitance 864 18.16 Switching Waveforms 875 18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 18.18 IGBTs 879 18.19 Heat Sinks 880 18.20 Summary 886 References 888 Review Questions 888 Problems 889 19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 19.1 Introduction 891 19.2 Definition of EMI 891 19.3 Definition of EMC 892 19.4 EMI Immunity 892 19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 19.6 Classification of EMI 893 19.7 Sources of EMI 895 19.8 Safety Standards 896 19.9 EMC Standards 896 19.10 Near Field and Far Field 897 19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 19.12 Insertion Loss 898 19.13 EMI Filters 898 19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900 19.15 EMI Shielding 900 19.16 Interconnections 902 19.17 Summary 903 References 903 Review Questions 903 Problem 904 A Introduction to SPICE 907 B Introduction to MATLAB® 910 C Physical Constants 915 Answers to Problems 917 Index 925
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