Radio technology Books
Princeton University Press The Land Beneath the Ice
Book SynopsisTrade Review"This personal account adds much piquancy to a story of scientific discovery and ongoing exploration of a compellingly unique continent."---Karen Bordanaro, Library Journal"A meticulously detailed and beautifully illustrated insider account of the pioneering, frequently haphazard radar mapping expeditions [Drewry] and a hardy cohort of glaciologists embarked on during a heady decade of technological advancement during the 1970s."---Duncan Madden, Geographical
£29.75
John Wiley & Sons Inc RFID For Dummies
Book SynopsisRFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a new supply chain management system that will eventually take the place of traditional barcode scanning. Many companies have already announced their shift to RFID technology and even more will shortly follow suit. This means that other businesses will have to implement RFID at their end.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Who This Book Is For 1 You Don’t Need a Slide Rule and Pocket Protector to Use This Book 2 How This Book Is Organized 2 Part I: Now That You Can Spell RFID, Here’s the Rest of the Story 3 Part II: Ride the Electromagnetic Wave: The Physics of RFID 3 Part III: Fitting an RFID Application into Your World 3 Part IV: Raising the Beams for Your Network 4 Part V: How to Speak Bean Counter 4 Part VI: The Part of Tens 4 Icons Used in This Book 5 Part I: Now That You Can Spell RFID, Here’s the Rest of the Story 7 Chapter 1: Taking the Mystery out of RFID 9 What Is RFID? 9 The origins of RFID in inventory tracking 10 Tracking goods with EPC codes 10 Sizing Up the Benefits of RFID 11 Tracking individual items with serialized data 12 Reducing human intervention 13 Moving more goods through the supply chain 14 Capturing information in real time 14 Increasing security 15 Mandates, Womendates, Blind Dates — Forcing Efficiency 16 What are the major mandates? 16 Responding to the mandates 17 Calling All Physicists! Calling All Physicists! 18 Finding a physics expert 19 The basic physics of RFID 19 Finding Success with Four Ps in a Pod 22 Planning 22 Physics 24 Pilot 26 Production 27 A Ride in the Time Machine 28 Chapter 2: Auto-ID Technologies: Why RFID Is King of the Hill 31 Planning an Auto-ID Strategy for the Times 32 Comparing the major players in Auto-ID: Bar codes, contact memory, and RFID 34 Crafting an Auto-ID strategy for your business (Or, why RFID is the wave of the future) 41 To EPC or Not to Be: Unraveling the Words, Words, Words of the Electronic Product Code 44 How EPC is different from UPC 45 Why an EPC RFID tag doesn’t contain more information 47 How the EPC works 48 How the EPC prepared for the future, and who oversees that 52 Addressing Privacy Concerns 53 Chapter 3: Making Basic Decisions about Your RFID System 55 Midas Touch Points: Where RFID Impacts Your Organization 56 Outlining how RFID affects your business processes 57 Determining how RFID will affect your facility 60 Evaluating your technical needs 61 What’s the Frequency, Kenneth? 64 Understanding the difference between licensed and unlicensed frequencies 65 Examining the most common frequencies in RFID 65 Frequencies, power, and countries 67 Beyond UHF: Looking toward the future 68 Speed, Accuracy, or Distance — Pick Two 69 Designing for the right read distance 70 Reads — tell me how fast and how many 71 Reading multiple tags at once — accuracy considerations 72 Now What about the Tags and Objects? 73 Part II: Ride the Electro-magnetic Wave: The Physics of RFID 75 Chapter 4: What Makes Up an RFID Network 77 Elements of a Basic RFID System 77 Everything starts with the tag 79 Antennas send and receive radio waves 79 Readers tell the antennas what to do 80 The middleware transforms the system into a network of objects 80 Time to Make Some Waves — Electromagnetic Waves 81 Frequency is a measurement 83 History may repeat itself, but virginity comes only once 84 Fields: Electrical and magnetic, near and far 84 Creating resonance between the antennas and the field 85 Chapter 5: Understanding How Technology Becomes a Working System 87 Anatomy of a Passive Tag: Understanding How It Works and Choosing the Right One 88 How do tags receive and transmit information? 88 How does a tag antenna work, and how do you choose among the different kinds? 90 How does the integrated circuit affect performance? 92 Some tag examples for the geek in you 94 Tracking the Tags with a Reader 95 Holler back, young ’un — Transmitting and receiving signals 95 The DSP chip: Examining the brain of a reader 96 Ring around the dipole and other bad antenna stories 98 Air in Her Face — Blowing Sweet Nothings 100 Chapter 6: Seeing Different RFID Systems at Work 103 Setting Up RFID Interrogation Zones 103 Coming and going — Reading at a dock door 104 Your gateway to good reads — Other portals 106 Keep on rollin’ — Setting up RFID at a conveyor 108 That’s a wrap — Interrogating at a shrink-wrap station 109 One at a time — Reading objects on a shelf 110 From Ski Resorts to Airlines: Applying RFID in the Real World 112 Ski resorts 112 Law enforcement 113 Pharmaceuticals 113 Additional business applications 114 Part III: Fitting an RFID Application into Your World 117 Chapter 7: Seeing the Invisible: The Site Assessment 119 Planning for Your Site Assessment 120 Getting the right test equipment 122 Setting up for RF testing 124 Measuring for AEN during Normal Operations (And Beyond) 126 Testing key points around the warehouse 127 I’ve been a wild rover for many’s a year 127 I don’t hear anything; time to make my own noise 129 Solving interference problems 130 Testing to Plan Your RFID Installation 130 Gathering your equipment 131 Comparing the perfect signal to the actual signal 132 Setting up the equipment 133 Conducting the test 134 Putting your results to use 136 Chapter 8: Testing One, Two, Three: Developing Your Own Lab 139 To Lab or Not to Lab 140 Beyond a Swanky White Lab Coat: The Tools You Need for Successful Testing 141 Setting Up Your Lab 142 X-ray marks the spot: Find the perfect location 143 Physics eye for the lab guy: Design the physical layout 145 Set up the test equipment 148 Build specific test equipment 151 Develop and implement standardized test procedures 153 Chapter 9: Tag, You’re It: Testing for Best Tag Design and Placement 159 Ready, Set, Test! 160 Looking at the Material Composition of the Items You’re Tagging 162 Examining RF transparent, reflecting, and absorbing materials 163 Using the RF friendliness pyramid to understand the optimal spot for testing 164 Choosing a Tag to Test 166 Testing Tags in an Applications Test Facility 168 Setting up the testing environment 170 Carrying out the test 170 Frequency Response Characterization: Testing Tags with Physics 171 Encoding and Applying Tags 174 Tag and ship 174 Inline production application 176 The Secrets of Read Success 177 Avoiding cross talk 177 Ensuring high-speed reads 178 Executing full pallet reads 178 Chapter 10: Hooked on Phonics: Reader Testing, Selection, and Installation 181 Choosing a Hand-held, Mobile, or Fixed-location Reader 182 Reading between the Lines: Critical Buying Criteria 183 Consider all the costs involved 184 Test reader performance 186 Assess connectivity 192 Evaluate how well the reader can be fine-tuned 196 Installing a Reader and Antennas 201 Mount the reader 202 Mount and connect the antennas 203 Power up the reader 203 Test the interrogation zone for RF path loss 204 Chapter 11: Middle Where? It’s Not Just about the Readers 205 Filter, Smooth, Route: Understanding What You Need Middleware to Do 206 Exploring Middleware Vendors and Their Offerings 208 Piecing Together a Middleware Architecture 210 No more tiers: Grasping the many levels of a middleware architecture 211 Taking stock of existing investments and skills 213 Early bird or late bloomer? Prioritizing your middleware needs 215 Getting the Most from Your RFID Middleware 216 Part IV: Raising the Beams for Your Network 219 Chapter 12: From Pilot to Admiral: Deploying RFID Successfully 221 Creating a Pilot Project Plan 222 Start with your major tasks and timeline 223 Deliverable tracker 224 There’s always an issue with you: Tracking and resolving problems 225 There is no I in team (but there is an M and an E) 226 Factors for a Successful Pilot Test 227 Clearly defined scope 227 Experienced project manager 228 Key executive support 228 User involvement 228 Specific measurements and metrics 229 Risk mitigation 229 Phased approach 229 Moving from Pilot to Production 231 Getting the most of your pilot data: The project debrief 231 Tips for a successful production system 232 Chapter 13: Getting Set to Administer and Maintain Your System 233 Configuring and Setting Up Tag Readers 234 Before you begin 234 Stepping through a reader setup 235 Creating configuration classes 236 Getting the Digits 238 A simple hierarchy for assigning numbers 238 Allocating unique numbers across many lines and locations 239 Applying Tags to Objects 240 Applying tags without breaking them 240 North by northwest as the corrugation travels: Orienting tags on objects 241 Sending Objects through Your Business 242 Lining up tags and readers 242 Just like the neonatal ward: Handle with care 243 School’s in Session — Training Your Staff 244 Starting readers manually 244 Identifying and responding to missed reads 245 Reinforcing processes versus changing them 246 Explaining how RFID affects employees 247 Chapter 14: Ping-pong, the Tags Are Gone: How to Monitor Your RFID Network 249 Why Monitor an RFID Station? 250 Setting up Two Types of Monitoring 251 Checking That a Reader Is Active 251 Choosing the right method 252 A simple human interface: Enabling operators to monitor the system 252 Measuring and Interpreting System Behavior 255 Building a statistical monitoring approach 255 Breaking data into time intervals 257 Measure 1: The average tag traffic volume (ATTV) 259 Measure 2: Read errors to total reads (RETR) 261 Measure 3: Read error change rates (RECR) 262 Measure 4: Actual versus predicted traffic rate (APTR) 262 Measure 5: Mean time between failure (MTBF) 263 Monitoring as you expand your RFID network 265 Setting up a monitoring system 265 Part V: How to Speak Bean Counter 269 Chapter 15: Making the Business Case 271 Finding the First-Round Draft Picks for Your RFID Team 271 A Game Plan Is More Than Xs and Os — Use a Proven Methodology 274 Step 1 Refine the process and conduct team training 275 Step 2 Determine scope and assumptions 276 Step 3 Determine drivers, strategies, and enablers 277 Step 4 Identify and assess business processes and interfaces 279 Step 5 Identify complementary or competing business initiatives 280 Step 6 Identify strategic and economic benefits 281 Step 7 Develop investment requirements 284 Step 8 Develop an implementation road map 285 Step 9 Communicate the business case 286 Chapter 16: Fitting RFID into Strategic Plans 289 Just in Time to Justify: Overcoming Skepticism with Strategic Thinking 290 Calculating ROI — A Tactical Approach to RFID 291 Cha-ching! Finding ways to save with RFID 292 Tallying up the estimated costs 300 Putting together a costs/benefits analysis 303 ROI as a tool for strategic expansion 303 Tag and You’re It: RFID as a Competitive Strategy 304 Chapter 17: What to Look for When Considering Outsourcing 307 Why Outsource Your RFID Network? 308 Identifying and Avoiding the Risks 308 Is Outsourcing Right for You? 309 Do your goals and timeline indicate a clear need to outsource? 310 Do you need to run or own the system? 312 Analyzing your resources 314 Money, money, money: Comparing outsourcing and internal costs 316 Performance anxiety: Can you build a network that works? 317 Finding the Perfect Match 318 Figuring out the RFP process 318 Spelling out your needs in an RFP 320 Selecting potential outsourcing partners 326 Evaluating responses to your RFP 327 Sealing the Deal with an SLA 327 Drafting the initial SLA 328 Negotiating an SLA with a vendor 331 Part VI: The Part of Tens 333 Chapter 18: Ten (Or So) Equipment Vendors 335 Alien Technology 335 ACCU-SORT 336 Applied Wireless Identifications (AWID) 336 FOX IV Technologies 337 Impinj 337 Intermec Technologies 338 MARKEM 339 Symbol Technologies, Inc (Formerly Matrics) 339 ODIN technologies 340 OMRON electronics 340 SAMSys Technologies 341 Texas Instruments (TI) 341 ThingMagic 342 Chapter 19: Ten Web Sites for Information on RFID 343 RFID Journal Online 344 EPCglobal 344 IDTechEx 345 RFID Solutions Online 345 RFID Exchange 345 RFID Update 346 Auto-ID Labs 346 Auto-ID Lab @ Adelaide 346 The RFID Gazette 347 UCLA’s RFID@WINMEC site 347 Slashdot 347 Chapter 20: Ten Tips from the Experts 349 Chris Fennig, ODIN technologies 349 Joe White, Symbol Technologies (Formerly Matrics, Inc.) 350 Duncan McCollum, Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) 351 Dr Daniel Engels, MIT Auto-ID Labs 352 Dr Patrick King, Michelin Tire Corporation 353 Steve Kowalke, ACCU-SORT Systems 353 Team Tag-IT, Texas Instruments 354 Kevin MacDonald, Lead RFID Architect, Sun Microsystems 354 Mark Nelson, Savi Technology 355 Chapter 21: Ten (Or So) RFID Standards and Protocols 357 EAN.UCC 357 EPCglobal 358 UCCnet 358 ISO/IEC JT1/SC17 359 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4 360 AIAG 361 Container Shipments 361 Container Security Initiative (CSI) 361 Smart and Secure Tradelanes 362 Appendix: Glossary of Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Scientific Terms 363 Index 373
£19.54
Johns Hopkins University Press Inventing American Broadcasting 18991922 Johns
Book SynopsisDouglas reveals the origins of a corporate media system that today dominates the content and form of American communication.Trade ReviewA superb portrait of the communications revolution that profoundly altered 20th-century life. It will provide fresh insights, and perhaps generate controversy. Washington Post Book World A successful, at times elegant interdisciplinary work. Douglas combines discussions of technology and of business structure, portraits of inventors and amateurs, and analysis of internal navy organization to construct a convincing narrative on the importance of the 'pre-history' of radio. She draws from an impressive range of contemporary newspapers and technical magazines, government and business reports, and personal correspondence. This is a significant contribution to the understanding of American radio. -- Robert B. Horowitz Business History Review Fascinating detail... A far clearer picture than has been previously available. Journal of CommunicationTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsPreface and AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Marconi and the America's Cup: The Making of an Inventor-Hero, 18992. Competition over Wireless Technology: The Inventors' Struggles for Technical Distinction, 1899-19033. The Visions and Business Realities of the Inventors, 1899-19054. Wireless Telegraphy in the New navy, 1899-19065. Inventors as Entrepreneurs: Success and Failure in the Wireless Business, 1906-19126. Popular Culture and Populist Technology: The Amateur Operators, 1906-19127. The Titanic Disaster and the First Radio Regulation, 1910-19128. The Rise of Military and Corporate Control, 1912-19199. The Social Construction of American Broadcasting, 1912-1922EpilogueNotesIndex
£26.10
University of Nebraska Press Radio in Revolution Wireless Technology and
Book SynopsisOffers an innovative study of early radio technologies and the Mexican Revolution, examining the foundational relationship between electronic wireless technologies, single-party rule, and authoritarian practices in Mexican media. J. Justin Castro bridges the Porfiriato and the Mexican Revolution, discussing technological continuities and change.Trade Review"Radio in Revolution offers a clearly written, meticulously researched, and previously untold chronicle of the role that radio technologies played in revolutionary Mexico."—Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Hispanic American Historical Review"Radio in Revolution is a well-researched and engaging book that covers an understudied aspect of Mexican historiography."—Sarah Foss, Jhistory, H-Net Reviews"In Radio in Revolution, the author uncovers the essential role of radio technologies in the consolidation of state power in Mexico between the late 1890s and the 1930s. . . . Castro compels readers to remember the importance of the technology behind state power, something as consequential in our own times as it was during the early twentieth century."—Historian"This book should be of great interest to historians of Mexico and Latin America, to students of comparative nation-building projects, and of course to historians of radio itself. It is well worth a careful read."—Edward Beatty, Pacific Historical Review“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy Buenas Noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Radio in Revolution fills a major gap in the historiography of Mexico’s telecommunications and early broadcasting industries. Castro raises the bar for studies of media and nation building during Mexico’s tumultuous revolution.”—José Luis Ortiz Garza, author of Una radio entre dos reinos“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy buenas noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Castro depicts a significant continuity from Porfirio Díaz to Plutarco Elías Calles in governmental use of radio technology to consolidate centralization. The Mexican Revolution, prototype for all twentieth-century social revolutions, was also the first war in which radio served a major military purpose.”—Robert H. Claxton, author of From “Parsifal” to Peron: Early Radio in Argentina, 1920–1944 Table of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: A Tale of Two Revolutions1. Porfirian Radio, Imperial Designs, and the Mexican Nation2. Radio in Revolution3. Rebuilding a Nation at War4. Growth and Insecurity5. Invisible Hands6. Broadcasting State Culture and Populist PoliticsConclusion: Early Radio and Its LegaciesNotesBibliographyIndex
£49.30
University of Nebraska Press Radio in Revolution Wireless Technology and
Book SynopsisOffers an innovative study of early radio technologies and the Mexican Revolution, examining the foundational relationship between electronic wireless technologies, single-party rule, and authoritarian practices in Mexican media. J. Justin Castro bridges the Porfiriato and the Mexican Revolution, discussing technological continuities and change.Trade Review"Radio in Revolution offers a clearly written, meticulously researched, and previously untold chronicle of the role that radio technologies played in revolutionary Mexico."—Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Hispanic American Historical Review"Radio in Revolution is a well-researched and engaging book that covers an understudied aspect of Mexican historiography."—Sarah Foss, Jhistory, H-Net Reviews"In Radio in Revolution, the author uncovers the essential role of radio technologies in the consolidation of state power in Mexico between the late 1890s and the 1930s. . . . Castro compels readers to remember the importance of the technology behind state power, something as consequential in our own times as it was during the early twentieth century."—Historian"This book should be of great interest to historians of Mexico and Latin America, to students of comparative nation-building projects, and of course to historians of radio itself. It is well worth a careful read."—Edward Beatty, Pacific Historical Review“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy Buenas Noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Radio in Revolution fills a major gap in the historiography of Mexico’s telecommunications and early broadcasting industries. Castro raises the bar for studies of media and nation building during Mexico’s tumultuous revolution.”—José Luis Ortiz Garza, author of Una radio entre dos reinos“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy buenas noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Castro depicts a significant continuity from Porfirio Díaz to Plutarco Elías Calles in governmental use of radio technology to consolidate centralization. The Mexican Revolution, prototype for all twentieth-century social revolutions, was also the first war in which radio served a major military purpose.”—Robert H. Claxton, author of From “Parsifal” to Peron: Early Radio in Argentina, 1920–1944 Table of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: A Tale of Two Revolutions1. Porfirian Radio, Imperial Designs, and the Mexican Nation2. Radio in Revolution3. Rebuilding a Nation at War4. Growth and Insecurity5. Invisible Hands6. Broadcasting State Culture and Populist PoliticsConclusion: Early Radio and Its LegaciesNotesBibliographyIndex
£22.79
John Wiley & Sons Inc Indoor Radio Planning
Book SynopsisWhy is high performance indoor wireless service needed, and how is it best implemented? As the challenge of providing better service and higher data speeds and quality for mobile applications intensifies, ensuring adequate in-building and tunnel coverage and capacity is increasingly important. A unique, single-source reference on the theoretical and practical knowledge behind indoor and tunnel radio planning, this book provides a detailed overview of mobile networks systems, coverage and capacity solutions with 2G, 3G and 4G cellular system technologies as a backdrop.Table of ContentsForeword by Professor Simon Saunders xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix 7 years! xix Certified DAS Planning Training xix More on 4G, Small Cells, Applications and RF Basics xx Useful Tool? xx Thanks! xx Preface to the Second Edition xxi This is Still Not a Book for Scientists! xxi The Practical Approach xxii Keep the Originals! xxii Preface to the First Edition xxiii This is Not a Book for Scientists xxiii The Practical Approach xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Second Edition xxv First Edition xxvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of Cellular Systems 5 2.1 Mobile Telephony 5 2.1.1 Cellular Systems 5 2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General 8 2.1.3 The Cellular Concept 8 2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems 9 2.2 Introduction to GSM (2G) 10 2.2.1 GSM (2G) 10 2.2.2 2G/GSM Radio Features 11 2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM 16 2.2.4 GSM Signaling 22 2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture 25 2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System/3G 27 2.3.1 The Most Important 3G/UMTS Radio Design Parameters 28 2.3.2 The 3G/UMTS Radio Features 28 2.3.3 3G/UMTS Noise Control 38 2.3.4 3G/UMTS Handovers 42 2.3.5 UMTS/3G Power Control 46 2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation 49 2.3.7 UMTS Signaling 52 2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements 55 2.4 Introduction to HSPA 57 2.4.1 Introduction 57 2.4.2 Wi‐Fi 58 2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA 60 2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage 61 2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance 63 2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network 64 2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA 66 2.4.8 Short Introduction to HSPA+ 68 2.4.9 Conclusion 68 2.5 Modulation 69 2.5.1 Shannon’s Formula 69 2.5.2 BPSK 70 2.5.3 QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 70 2.5.4 Higher Order Modulation 16‐64QAM 70 2.5.5 EVM Error Vector Magnitude 72 2.5.6 Adaptive Modulation, Planning for Highest Data Speed 72 2.6 Advanced Antenna Systems for 3G/4G 74 2.6.1 SISO/MIMO Systems 75 2.6.2 SISO, Single Input Single Output 75 2.6.3 SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output 76 2.6.4 MISO, Multiple Inputs Single Output 76 2.6.5 MIMO, Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs 77 2.6.6 Planning for Optimum Data Speeds Using MIMO 79 2.7 Short Introduction to 4G/LTE 80 2.7.1 Motivation behind LTE and E‐UTRAN 80 2.7.2 Key Features of LTE E‐UTRAN 82 2.7.3 System Architecture Evolution – SAE 84 2.7.4 EPS – Evolved Packet System 84 2.7.5 Evolved Packet Core Network – EPC 85 2.7.6 LTE Reference Points/Interfaces 87 2.7.7 The LTE RF Channel Bandwidth 87 2.7.8 OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 88 2.7.9 OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 89 2.7.10 SC‐FDMA – Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 90 2.7.11 LTE Slot Structure 91 2.7.12 User Scheduling 92 2.7.13 Downlink Reference Signals 92 2.7.14 The 4G/LTE Channel 92 2.7.15 LTE Communication and Control Channels 93 2.7.16 Radio Resource Management in LTE 96 3 Indoor Radio Planning 111 3.1 Why is In‐building Coverage Important? 111 3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation 112 3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors 112 3.1.3 Some 70–80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings 112 3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case 112 3.1.5 Business Evaluation 113 3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level 113 3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution 113 3.2 Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer 114 3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions 114 3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users 115 3.3 The Indoor 3G/HSPA Challenge 117 3.3.1 3G Orthogonality Degradation 117 3.3.2 Power Load per User 120 3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building 120 3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load 120 3.3.5 3G/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion 121 3.4 Common 3G/4G Rollout Mistakes 122 3.4.1 The Macro Mistake 122 3.4.2 Do Not Apply 2G Strategies 123 3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan 3G/4G Indoor Coverage 123 3.5 The Basics of Indoor RF Planning 124 3.5.1 Isolation is the Key 124 3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation 124 3.5.3 The ‘High‐rise Problem’ 125 3.5.4 Radio Service Quality 128 3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels 129 3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept 129 3.6 RF Metrics Basics 131 3.6.1 Gain 132 3.6.2 Gain Factor 132 3.6.3 Decibel (dB) 133 3.6.4 dBm 135 3.6.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP) 136 3.6.6 Delays in the DAS 136 3.6.7 Offset of the Cell Size 139 4 Distributed Antenna Systems 141 4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best? 141 4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS 142 4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools 142 4.1.3 Combine the Tools 143 4.2 Passive Components 143 4.2.1 General 143 4.2.2 Coax Cable 143 4.2.3 Splitters 144 4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters 145 4.2.5 Attenuators 146 4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators 147 4.2.7 Circulators 147 4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90° Hybrid) 148 4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components 150 4.2.10 Filters 151 4.3 The Passive DAS 151 4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS 151 4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS 153 4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS 154 4.4 Active DAS 154 4.4.1 Easy to Plan 155 4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings 155 4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium‐size Buildings 159 4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS 160 4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions 163 4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink 163 4.5.2 DL Antenna Power 163 4.5.3 Antenna Supervision 164 4.5.4 Installation Challenges 164 4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS 164 4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions 166 4.6.1 In‐line BDA Solution 166 4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS 167 4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage 168 4.7 Indoor DAS for MIMO Applications 171 4.7.1 Calculating the Ideal MIMO Antenna Distance Separation for Indoor DAS 171 4.7.2 Make Both MIMO Antennas ‘Visible’ for the Users 173 4.7.3 Passive DAS and MIMO 178 4.7.4 Pure Active DAS for MIMO 179 4.7.5 Hybrid DAS and MIMO 181 4.7.6 Upgrading Existing DAS to MIMO 181 4.8 Using Repeaters for Indoor DAS Coverage 182 4.8.1 Basic Repeater Terms 184 4.8.2 Repeater Types 189 4.8.3 Repeater Considerations in General 192 4.9 Repeaters for Rail Solutions 195 4.9.1 Repeater Principle on a Train 195 4.9.2 Onboard DAS Solutions 197 4.9.3 Repeater Features for Mobile Rail Deployment 197 4.9.4 Practical Concerns with Repeaters on Rail 199 4.10 Active DAS Data 200 4.10.1 Gain and Delay 201 4.10.2 Power Per Carrier 202 4.10.3 Bandwidth, Ripple 202 4.10.4 The 1 dB Compression Point 203 4.10.5 IP3 Third‐order Intercept Point 204 4.10.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter‐modulation 205 4.10.7 Spurious Emissions 205 4.10.8 Noise Figure 205 4.10.9 MTBF 206 4.10.10 Dynamic Range and Near‐far Effect 207 4.11 Electromagnetic Radiation, EMR 211 4.11.1 ICNIRP EMR Guidelines 211 4.11.2 Mobiles are the Strongest Source of EMR 212 4.11.3 Indoor DAS will Provide Lower EMR Levels 213 4.12 Conclusion 214 5 Designing Indoor DAS Solutions 215 5.1 The Indoor Planning Procedure 215 5.1.1 Indoor Planning Process Flow 215 5.1.2 The RF Planning Part of the Process 217 5.1.3 The Site Survey 218 5.1.4 Time Frame for Implementing Indoor DAS 219 5.1.5 Post Implementation 219 5.2 The RF Design Process 220 5.2.1 The Role of the RF Planner 220 5.2.2 RF Measurements 220 5.2.3 The Initial RF Measurements 221 5.2.4 Measurements of Existing Coverage Level 222 5.2.5 RF Survey Measurement 223 5.2.6 Planning the Measurements 224 5.2.7 Post Implementation Measurements 226 5.2.8 Free Space Loss 227 5.2.9 The One Meter Test 227 5.3 Designing the Optimum Indoor Solution 229 5.3.1 Adapt the Design to Reality 229 5.3.2 Learn from the Mistakes of Others 229 5.3.3 Common Mistakes When Designing Indoor Solutions 232 5.3.4 Planning the Antenna Locations 233 5.3.5 The ‘Corridor Effect’ 235 5.3.6 Fire Cells Inside the Building 236 5.3.7 Indoor Antenna Performance 236 5.3.8 The ‘Corner Office Problem’ 243 5.3.9 Interleaving Antennas In‐between Floors 244 5.3.10 Planning for Full Indoor Coverage 247 5.3.11 The Cost of Indoor Design Levels 249 5.4 Indoor Design Strategy 250 5.4.1 Hotspot Planning Inside Buildings 250 5.4.2 Special Design Considerations 255 5.4.3 The Design Flow 256 5.4.4 Placing the Indoor Antennas 256 5.5 Handover Considerations Inside Buildings 257 5.5.1 Indoor 2G Handover Planning 258 5.5.2 Indoor 3G Handover Planning 259 5.5.3 Handover Zone Size 261 5.6 Elevator Coverage 262 5.6.1 Elevator Installation Challenges 262 5.6.2 The Most Common Coverage Elevator Solution 262 5.6.3 Antenna Inside the Shaft 262 5.6.4 Repeater in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.5 DAS Antenna in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.6 Passive Repeaters in Elevators 265 5.6.7 Real‐life Example of a Passive Repeater in an Elevator 266 5.6.8 Control the Elevator HO Zone 267 5.6.9 Elevator HO Zone Size 267 5.6.10 Challenges with Elevator Repeaters for Large Shafts 268 5.7 Multioperator Systems 276 5.7.1 Multioperator DAS Solutions Compatibility 276 5.7.2 The Combiner System 283 5.7.3 Inter‐modulation Distortion 284 5.7.4 How to Minimize PIM 285 5.7.5 IMD Products 286 5.8 Co‐existence Issues for 2G/3G 287 5.8.1 Spurious Emissions 287 5.8.2 Combined DAS for 2G-900 and 3G 288 5.8.3 Combined DAS for 2G-1800 and 3G 288 5.9 Co‐existence Issues for 3G/3G 289 5.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio 290 5.9.2 The ACIR Problem with Indoor DAS 291 5.9.3 Solving the ACIR Problem Inside Buildings 292 5.10 Multioperator Requirements 293 5.10.1 Multioperator Agreement 294 5.10.2 Parties Involved in the Indoor Project 294 5.10.3 The Most Important Aspects to Cover in the MOA 294 6 Traffic Dimensioning 297 6.1 Erlang, the Traffic Measurement 297 6.1.1 What is One Erlang? 298 6.1.2 Call Blocking, Grade of Service 299 6.1.3 The Erlang B Table 299 6.1.4 User Types, User Traffic Profile 301 6.1.5 Save on Cost, Use the Erlang Table 302 6.1.6 When Not to Use Erlang 302 6.1.7 2G Radio Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.8 3G Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.9 Trunking Gain, Resource Sharing 304 6.1.10 Cell Configuration in Indoor Projects 305 6.1.11 Busy Hour and Return on Investment Calculations 307 6.1.12 Base Station Hotels 313 6.2 Data Capacity 315 6.2.1 Application‐driven Data Load 316 6.2.2 Data offload to Wi‐Fi and Small Cells 319 6.2.3 Future‐proof Your DAS to Handle More Data Load 319 6.2.4 Event‐driven Data Load 323 6.2.5 Calculating the Data Load 323 7 Noise 327 7.1 Noise Fundamentals 327 7.1.1 Thermal Noise 328 7.1.2 Noise Factor 329 7.1.3 Noise Figure 329 7.1.4 Noise Floor 329 7.1.5 The Receiver Sensitivity 330 7.1.6 Noise Figure of Amplifiers 331 7.1.7 Noise Factor of Coax Cables 332 7.2 Cascaded Noise 334 7.2.1 The Friis Formula 334 7.2.2 Amplifier After the Cable Loss 335 7.2.3 Amplifier Prior to the Cable Loss 337 7.2.4 Problems with Passive Cables and Passive DAS 339 7.3 Noise Power 341 7.3.1 Calculating the Noise Power of a System 342 7.4 Noise Power from Parallel Systems 346 7.4.1 Calculating Noise Power from Parallel Sources 346 7.5 Noise Control 347 7.5.1 Noise Load on Base Stations 347 7.5.2 Noise and 2G Base Stations 348 7.5.3 Noise and 3G Base Stations 348 7.6 Updating a Passive DAS from 2G to 3G/4G 349 7.6.1 The 3G/4G Challenge 349 7.6.2 The 3G Problem 350 7.6.3 Solution 1, In‐line BDA 351 7.6.4 Solution 2: Active DAS Overlay 355 7.6.5 Conclusions on Noise and Noise Control 359 8 The Link Budget 361 8.1 The Components and Calculations of the RF Link 362 8.1.1 The Maximum Allowable Path Loss 362 8.1.2 The Components in the Link Budget 362 8.1.3 Link Budgets for Indoor Systems 374 8.1.4 Passive DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.5 Active DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.6 The Free Space Loss 377 8.1.7 The Modified Indoor Model 377 8.1.8 The PLS Model 379 8.1.9 Calculating the Antenna Service Radius 380 8.2 4G Link Budget 382 8.2.1 4G Design Levels 383 8.2.2 RSRP, Reference Symbol Transmit Power 384 8.2.3 4G RSSI Signal Power 385 8.2.4 4G Coverage vs. Capacity 385 8.2.5 4G DL RS Link Budget Example 386 9 Tools for Indoor Radio Planning 389 9.1 Live and Learn 389 9.2 Diagram Tools 390 9.2.1 Simple or Advanced? 390 9.3 Radio Survey Tools 391 9.3.1 Use Only Calibrated Equipment 391 9.4 The Simple Tools and Tips 391 9.4.1 Use a Digital Camera 391 9.4.2 Use the World Wide Web 392 9.4.3 Traffic Calculations 392 9.5 Tools for Link Budget Calculations 392 9.6 Tools for Indoor Predictions 392 9.6.1 Spreadsheets Can Do Most of the Job 394 9.6.2 The More Advanced RF Prediction Models 394 9.7 The Advanced Toolkit (iBwave Unity, Design, and Mobile from iBwave.com) 395 9.7.1 Save Time, Keep Costs and Mistakes to a Minimum 396 9.7.2 Collaboration, Visibility, and Revision Controls 396 9.7.3 Multisystem or Multioperator Small Cells, DAS, and Wi‐Fi 397 9.7.4 The Site Survey Tool 397 9.7.5 The Mobile Planning Tool 397 9.7.6 Import Floor Plans 397 9.7.7 Schematic Diagram 398 9.7.8 Floor Plan Diagram 401 9.7.9 Site Documentation 401 9.7.10 Error Detection 401 9.7.11 Component Database 402 9.7.12 RF Propagation 403 9.7.13 RF Optimization 403 9.7.14 Complex Environments 404 9.7.15 Importing an RF Survey 404 9.7.16 Equipment List and Project Cost Report 405 9.7.17 RF and Installation Report 405 9.7.18 Fully Integrated 406 9.7.19 Outputs from the Tool 406 9.7.20 Team Collaboration 407 9.7.21 Make Sure to Learn the Basics 408 9.8 Tools for DAS Verification 408 9.8.1 3G Example Measurement 409 9.8.2 4G Example Measurement 412 9.8.3 Final Word on Tools 412 10 Optimizing the Radio Resource Management Parameters on Node B When Interfacing to an Active DAS, BDA, LNA or TMA 413 10.1 Introduction 413 10.1.1 3G Radio Performance is All About Noise and Power Control 413 10.1.2 3G RF Parameter Reference is Different from 2G 414 10.1.3 Adjust the Parameters 414 10.1.4 How to Adjust this in the RAN 415 10.1.5 Switch Off the LNA in Node B when Using Active DAS 415 10.2 Impact of DL Power Offset 415 10.2.1 Access Burst 415 10.2.2 Power Offset Between Node B and the Active DAS 416 10.2.3 Solution 417 10.2.4 Impact on the UL of Node B 417 10.2.5 Admission Control 417 10.3 Impact of Noise Power 417 10.3.1 The UL Noise Increase on Node B 418 10.4 Delay of the Active DAS 418 10.4.1 Solution 419 10.5 Impact of External Noise Power 419 10.5.1 To Calculate the Noise Power 419 10.5.2 To Calculate the UL Attenuator 419 10.5.3 Affect on Admission Control 421 11 Tunnel Radio Planning 423 11.1 The Typical Tunnel Solution 424 11.1.1 The Penetration Loss into the Train Coach 425 11.2 The Tunnel HO Zone 426 11.2.1 Establishing the HO Zone Size 427 11.2.2 The Link Loss and the Effect on the Handover Zone Design 428 11.2.3 The Handover Challenge Between the Tunnel and Outside Network 429 11.2.4 Possible Solutions for the Tunnel HO Problem to the Outside Network 430 11.3 Covering Tunnels with Antennas 432 11.4 Radiating Cable Solutions 434 11.4.1 The Radiating Cable 435 11.4.2 Calculating the Coverage Level 437 11.4.3 Installation Challenges Using Radiating Cable 442 11.5 Tunnel Solutions, Cascaded BDAs 444 11.5.1 Cascaded Noise Build‐up 444 11.5.2 Example of a Real‐life Cascaded BDA System 445 11.6 Tunnel Solutions, T‐Systems 446 11.6.1 T‐systems, Principle 447 11.6.2 Example of a Real‐life T‐system with BDAs 447 11.6.3 T‐systems with Antenna Distribution 449 11.7 Handover Design inside Tunnels 450 11.7.1 General Considerations 450 11.7.2 Using Antennas for the HO Zone in Tunnels 451 11.7.3 Using Parallel Radiating Cable for the HO Zone 453 11.7.4 Using a Coupler for the HO Zone 454 11.7.5 Avoid Common HO Zone Mistakes 455 11.8 Redundancy in Tunnel Coverage Solutions 455 11.8.1 Multiple Cell Redundancy in Tunnels 457 11.9 Sector Strategy for Larger Metro Tunnel Projects 458 11.9.1 Common Cell Plans for Large Metro Rail Systems 458 11.9.2 Using Distributed Base Station in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.9.3 Using Optical Fibre DAS in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.10 RF Test Specification of Tunnel Projects 463 11.11 Timing Issues in DAS for Tunnels 464 11.11.1 Calculating the Total Delay of a Tunnel Solution 466 11.11.2 Solving the Delay Problem in the Tunnel DAS 468 11.11.3 High Speed Rail Tunnels 468 11.11.4 Road Tunnels 469 12 Covering Indoor Users From the Outdoor Network 471 12.1 The Challenges of Reaching Indoor Users From the Macro Network 471 12.1.1 Micro Cell (Small Cell) Deployment for IB Coverage 472 12.1.2 Antenna Locations for Micro Cells 474 12.1.3 Antenna Clearance for Micro Cells 475 12.1.4 The Canyon Effect 476 12.2 Micro Cell Capacity 476 12.3 ODAS – Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 478 12.3.1 The Base Station Hotel and Remote Units 479 12.3.2 Simulcast and Flexible Capacity 480 12.3.3 Different Sector Plans for Different Services 481 12.4 Digital Distribution on DAS 481 12.4.1 Advantages of ODDAS 482 12.4.2 Remote Radio Heads 483 12.4.3 Integrating the ODAS with the Macro Network 484 12.5 High Speed Rail Solutions 487 12.5.1 Calculating the Required Handover Zone Size for High Speed Rail 487 12.5.2 Distributed Base Stations for High Speed Rail 488 12.5.3 Covering High Speed Rail with Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 490 12.5.4 Optimize the Location of the ODAS and Base Station Antennas for High Speed Rail 491 12.5.5 The Doppler Effect 492 13 Small Cells Indoors 495 13.1 Femtocells 497 13.1.1 Types of Femtocells 499 13.1.2 The Pico/Femtocell Principle 499 13.1.3 Typical Pico Cell Design 501 13.1.4 Extending Pico Cell Coverage with Active DAS 503 13.1.5 Combining Pico Cells into the Same DAS (only 2G) 505 13.1.6 Cost Savings When Combining Capacity of 2G Pico Cells 505 13.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 507 13.3 Implementing Small Cells Indoors 507 13.3.1 Planning Considerations with Indoor Small Cells 510 13.4 Planning Examples with Femtocells 511 13.4.1 Small Office Space 512 13.4.2 Medium‐sized Office Space 513 13.4.3 Large Office/Meeting Space 513 13.4.4 Final Word on Small Cells 516 14 Application Examples 517 14.1 Office Building Design 517 14.1.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Office Buildings 518 14.1.2 Small to Medium‐Sized Office Building 518 14.1.3 Large Office Buildings 520 14.1.4 High‐rises with Open Vertical Cavities 521 14.2 Malls, Warehouses, and Large Structure Design 522 14.2.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Malls, Warehouses and Large Structures 524 14.2.2 The Different Areas of Shopping Malls 524 14.3 Warehouses and Convention Centers 526 14.3.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Warehouses and Convention Center DAS Deployments 528 14.4 Campus Area Design 529 14.4.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Campus DAS Deployments 529 14.4.2 Base Station Hotels Are Ideal for Campus DAS 529 14.5 Airport Design 530 14.5.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Airports 530 14.5.2 The Different Areas in the Airport 531 14.6 Sports Arena Design 534 14.6.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Stadiums and Arenas 535 14.6.2 Arenas Require 3D Coverage and Capacity Planning 535 14.6.3 Capacity Considerations in the Arena 535 14.6.4 RF Design Considerations in the Sports Arena 540 14.6.5 Antenna Locations in the Sports Arena 542 14.6.6 Interference Across the Sports Arena 547 14.6.7 Upgrading Old 2G designs, with 3G and 4G Overlay on a Sports Arena 549 14.6.8 The HO Zone Challenge in the Arena 550 14.6.9 The Ideal DAS Design for a Stadium 553 14.7 Final Remark on Application Examples 554 15 Planning Procedure, Installation, Commissioning, and Documentation 555 15.1 The Design Phase 556 15.1.1 Design Inputs 556 15.1.2 Draft Design Process 558 15.1.3 Site Visit – Survey 558 15.1.4 Update of Draft Design 560 15.2 The Implementation Phase 560 15.2.1 Installation 560 15.2.2 Post‐installation Verification 561 15.2.3 DAS Test 561 15.2.4 Commissioning 562 15.3 The Verification Phase 564 15.3.1 RF Verification 564 15.3.2 Live Traffic Test 564 15.4 Conclusion 565 References 567 Appendix 569 Reference Material 569 Index 581
£91.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Wireless Transceiver Design
Book SynopsisBuilding upon the success of the first edition (2007), Wireless Transceiver Design 2nd Edition is an accessible textbook that explains the concepts of wireless transceiver design in detail. The architectures and the detailed design of both traditional and advanced all-digital wireless transceivers are discussed in a thorough and systematic manner, while carefully watching out for clarity and simplicity. Many practical examples and solved problems at the end of each chapter allow students to thoroughly understand the mechanisms involved, to build confidence, and enable them to readily make correct and practical use of the applicable results and formulas. From the instructors'' perspective, the book will enable the reader to build courses at different levels of depth, starting from the basic understanding, whilst allowing them to focus on particular elements of study. In addition to numerous fully-solved exercises, the authors include actual exemplary examination papers for insTable of ContentsForeword xvi To the Instructor xvii About the Authors xviii Acknowledgment xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Radio Frequency Systems 1 1.1.1 Conceptual RF system 1 1.1.2 The frequency spectrum 2 1.1.3 Cellular concept 3 1.2 Detailed Overview of Wireless Systems and Technologies 4 1.2.1 System types 4 1.2.2 Wireless network architectures 5 1.2.2.1 Wireless Personal Area Network 5 1.2.3 Wireless local area network 11 1.2.3.1 Wi-Fi 13 1.2.3.2 Wi-Fi Direct 14 1.2.4 Wireless wide area network 14 1.2.4.1 Cellular Systems 14 1.2.4.2 The Concept of Frequency Reuse 14 1.2.5 Access methods 20 1.2.5.1 Multiple access 20 1.2.5.2 Frequency division multiple access 20 1.2.5.3 Time division multiple access 21 1.2.5.4 Code division multiple access 21 1.2.5.5 Why to spread? 22 1.2.6 Transmit–receive regimes 24 1.2.6.1 Wireless transmission regimes (or modes) 24 1.2.6.2 Simplex mode 24 1.2.6.3 Half-duplex mode 25 1.2.6.4 Full duplex mode 25 1.2.6.5 Duplexing 25 1.2.6.6 Frequency division duplex 25 1.2.6.7 Time division duplex 26 Bibliography 26 2 Transceiver Architectures 27 2.1 Receiver Architectures 27 2.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 29 2.2.1 What is it and how it works 29 2.2.2 Pros and cons 33 2.2.3 Choosing the IF frequency 34 2.3 Direct Conversion Receiver 35 2.3.1 What is it and how it works 35 2.3.2 Pros and cons 35 2.4 Direct RF Sampling Receiver 36 2.4.1 What is it and how it works 36 2.4.1.1 Exercise: Determining sampling rate 40 2.4.2 Recovering I and Q channels in DRFS 40 2.4.2.1 Exercise: Recovering I and Q with bandwidth oversampling 41 2.5 Transmitter Architectures 42 2.6 Two Step Conversion Transmitter 43 2.6.1 What is it and how it works 43 2.6.2 Pros and cons 45 2.7 Direct Launch Transmitter 46 2.7.1 What is it and how it works 46 2.7.2 Pros and cons 46 2.8 Direct RF Sampling Transmitter 47 2.9 Transceiver Architectures 51 2.10 Full Duplex/Half-duplex Architecture 51 2.11 Simplex Architecture 52 2.12 Solved Exercises 53 2.13 Theory Behind Equations 59 2.13.1 DRFS transmitter 59 2.13.2 Sampling theorem reminder 60 Bibliography 62 3 Receiving Systems 63 3.1 Sensitivity 65 3.1.1 What is it and how it works 65 3.1.1.1 The definition of sensitivity 67 3.1.1.2 Exercise: Estimating a cell phone range 68 3.1.2 Interim sensitivity 69 3.1.2.1 Computing the noise factor of two cascaded stages 70 3.1.2.2 Exercise: Cascaded noise factor 71 3.1.2.3 Exercise: Computing SHR sensitivity 72 3.1.3 Measurement of sensitivity 74 3.1.3.1 Noise doubling approach 75 3.2 Co-channel Rejection 76 3.2.1 What is it and how it works 76 3.2.1.1 Definition of co-channel rejection 76 3.2.2 Measurement of co-channel rejection 77 3.3 Selectivity 78 3.3.1 What is it and how it works 78 3.3.1.1 Oscillator phase noise 78 3.3.1.2 Exercise: L (Δf) estimation 81 3.3.1.3 Selectivity mechanisms 82 3.3.1.4 The definition of selectivity 84 3.3.1.5 Exercise: DCR selectivity 85 3.3.2 Measurement of selectivity 85 3.4 Blocking 86 3.4.1 What is it and how it works 86 3.4.1.1 The definition of blocking 87 3.4.1.2 Exercise: Blocking-free distance 88 3.4.2 Measurement of blocking 89 3.5 Intermodulation Rejection 89 3.5.1 What is it and how it works 89 3.5.1.1 The definition of intermodulation 91 3.5.1.2 Effect of added gain (or loss) 92 3.5.1.3 Exercise: Intermodulation 94 3.5.2 Measurement of intermodulation 94 3.6 Image Rejection 95 3.6.1 What is it and how it works 95 3.6.1.1 The definition of image rejection 97 3.6.1.2 Exercise: IR and front filter 97 3.6.2 Measurement of image rejection 98 3.7 Half-IF Rejection 98 3.7.1 What is it and how it works 98 3.7.1.1 The definition of half-IF rejection 100 3.7.1.2 Exercise: HIFR and front filter 101 3.7.2 Measurement of half-IF rejection 102 3.8 Dynamic Range 102 3.8.1 What is it and how it works 102 3.8.1.1 The definition of dynamic range 103 3.8.2 Measurement of dynamic range 103 3.9 Duplex Desense 103 3.9.1 What is it and how it works 103 3.9.1.1 The definition of duplex desense 105 3.9.1.2 Exercise: Required T-R attenuation to keep DS ≤ 3dB 105 3.9.2 Measurement of duplex desense 106 3.10 Other Duplex Spurs 107 3.10.1 What they are and how they work 107 3.10.1.1 Duplex image rejection 107 3.10.1.2 Half duplex spur 107 3.10.1.3 Phantom duplex spur 108 3.11 Other Receiver Interferences 108 3.11.1 What they are and how they work 108 3.11.1.1 Self quieters 108 3.11.1.2 Able–baker spurs 110 3.11.1.3 Doppler blocking 110 3.11.1.4 Second-order distortion 110 3.11.1.5 Spurious free dynamic range 111 3.12 Solved Exercises 111 3.13 Theory Behind Equations 126 3.13.1 Sensitivity 126 3.13.2 Co-channel rejection 128 3.13.3 Selectivity 128 3.13.4 Intermodulation 129 3.13.5 Image rejection 130 3.13.6 Half-IF rejection 131 3.13.7 Duplexer mechanisms 132 3.13.7.1 Isolation mechanism 132 3.13.7.2 Noise attenuation mechanism 134 3.13.8 Duplex desense 135 3.14 Extension to Direct RF Sampling Receivers 136 3.14.1 ADC noise factor 136 3.14.1.1 Exercise: Computing ADC noise floor and noise figure 137 3.14.1.2 Exercise: Computing DRFS sensitivity 137 3.14.2 SNR, selectivity, and blocking in a DRFS receiver 138 3.14.2.1 Snr 139 3.14.2.2 Selectivity and blocking 140 3.14.2.3 Exercise: DRFS blocking 141 3.14.2.4 Imr 3 142 3.14.2.5 Exercise: Estimating IP3i of an ADC 142 3.14.3 Reminder on quantization noise 142 Bibliography 143 4 Transmitting Systems 145 4.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio 147 4.1.1 What is it and how it works 147 4.1.1.1 Exercise: PAPR of unfiltered 16 QAM 148 4.1.2 Measurement of PAPR 150 4.2 Nonlinearity in RF Power Amplifiers 150 4.2.1 What is it and how it works 150 4.2.2 Third-order dominated PA behavior 154 4.2.2.1 Exercise: Computation of third-order dominated PA coefficients 155 4.2.3 Fifth-order dominated PA behavior 157 4.2.3.1 Exercise: computation of fifth-order dominated PA coefficients 157 4.2.4 In-band spectral picture of PA output 159 4.2.5 Description of PA simulation methodology 160 4.2.5.1 The input signal v(t) 161 4.2.5.2 The output signal V[v(t)] 163 4.2.5.3 The input and output spectral picture 163 4.2.6 N-th order intermodulation distortion 163 4.2.6.1 Exercise: Coefficient-based versus SPICE simulation of spectral re-growth 168 4.2.6.2 Laboratory measurement of IMDN 171 4.2.7 N-th order input intercept point 171 4.2.7.1 Exercise: Estimating IMDN from IPNi 172 4.2.7.2 Exercise: Rule of thumb 173 4.2.7.3 Exercise: IPNi using voltages 173 4.3 Transmitter Specifications 174 4.3.1 Spectral mask 174 4.3.2 Error vector magnitude 174 4.3.2.1 Other causes of EVM degradation 176 4.3.3 Adjacent coupled power ratio 176 4.3.4 PA efficiency 177 4.3.5 Transmitter transients 178 4.3.5.1 Attack time 178 4.3.5.2 Frequency shift upon keying 179 4.3.6 Radiated emission 179 4.3.7 Conducted spurs 179 4.4 Enhancement Techniques 180 4.4.1 Linearization techniques 181 4.4.1.1 Cartesian feedback 181 4.4.1.2 Feed-forward 183 4.4.1.3 Pre-distortion 185 4.4.2 Envelope-tracking supply 186 4.5 Solved Exercises 186 4.6 Theory Behind Equations 198 4.6.1 Computation of PAPR for quasi-static RF signals 198 4.6.2 Analytic models for PA nonlinearity 201 4.6.3 Effects of PA nonlinearity on digital modulation 204 4.6.4 Effects of PA nonlinearity on spectral shape 205 4.6.5 Characterization of PA nonlinearity 210 4.6.5.1 N-th order intermodulation distortion 212 4.6.5.2 N-th order input intercept point 213 Bibliography 214 5 Synthesizers 216 5.1 Integer-N Synthesizer 216 5.1.1 What is it and how it works 216 5.1.1.1 The lock-up mechanism 219 5.1.1.2 Lock-up time 221 5.1.1.3 Exercise: Estimating integer-N lock time 224 5.1.1.4 Something more on reference spurs and pre-integration capacitor 225 5.1.1.5 Exercise: Estimating reference spurs attenuation 225 5.1.1.6 Something more on phase-frequency detector modes 226 5.2 Fractional-N Synthesizer 228 5.2.1 What is it and how it works 228 5.2.1.1 Exercise: Estimating fractional-N lock time 230 5.2.2 Example: Dual-count fractional-N 231 5.3 Direct Digital Synthesizer 232 5.3.1 What is it and how it works 232 5.3.1.1 Exercise: Basic DDS design 234 5.4 Integer-N/DDS Hybrid Synthesizer 235 5.4.1 What is it and how it works 235 5.5 Solved Exercises 236 5.6 Theory Behind Equations 244 5.6.1 Integer-N analysis 244 5.6.1.1 Transient analysis 246 5.6.1.2 Lock time analysis 250 Bibliography 251 6 Oscillators 253 6.1 Low-power Self-limiting Oscillators 254 6.1.1 What is it and how it works 254 6.1.1.1 The self-limiting oscillation mechanism 254 6.1.1.2 Oscillator phase noise 257 6.1.2 Practical circuits 258 6.1.2.1 Exercise: NAND gate-driven oscillator 260 6.1.2.2 Exercise: Bipolar transistor-driven oscillator 264 6.2 Oscillators Using Distributed Resonators 270 6.2.1 What is it and how it works 270 6.2.1.1 Crystal resonators 270 6.2.1.2 Transmission-line resonators 271 6.3 Solved Exercises 273 6.4 Theory Behind Equations 288 6.4.1 General π-topology filter analysis 288 6.4.2 Leeson’s equation 290 6.4.2.1 Narrowband FM 290 6.4.2.2 Narrowband-FM through narrow band-pass filters 291 6.4.2.3 Leeson’s model 293 6.4.2.4 Computing clock jitter from oscillator phase noise 296 6.4.3 Lumped equivalent of resonant transmission lines 299 6.4.3.1 Open-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 300 6.4.3.2 Short-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 301 6.4.4 Voltage controlled oscillators 301 Bibliography 302 7 Functional RF Blocks 303 7.1 Antenna 303 7.1.1 What is it? 303 7.1.2 How it works 303 7.1.3 Basic parameters of antennas 304 7.1.3.1 Radiation pattern 304 7.1.3.2 Directivity 304 7.1.3.3 Efficiency 305 7.1.3.4 Gain 305 7.1.3.5 Effective area 305 7.1.3.6 Input impedance and radiation resistance 305 7.1.3.7 Measurement of antenna input impedance 306 7.1.3.8 Beamwidth 307 7.1.3.9 Polarization 307 7.1.4 Antenna arrays 307 7.1.4.1 Pattern multiplication principle 308 7.1.5 Smart antennas 308 7.1.5.1 Phased array 308 7.1.6 Antenna types 308 7.1.6.1 Isotropic antennas 309 7.1.6.2 Dipole 309 7.1.6.3 Whip 309 7.1.6.4 Planar inverted-F 310 7.1.6.5 Slot 310 7.1.6.6 Microstrip (patch) antennas 311 7.1.7 Solved exercises 312 7.2 Low Noise Amplifier 313 7.2.1 What is it and how it works 313 7.2.2 Noise of two-port networks (classical approach) 314 7.2.2.1 MOS transistor thermal noise 316 7.2.2.2 Stability 317 7.2.2.3 Matching options 317 7.2.3 LNA topologies 318 7.2.3.1 Shunt resistor at input – resistor termination 318 7.2.3.2 Shunt-series feedback 319 7.2.3.3 Common gate LNA 319 7.2.3.4 CS with inductive source degeneration 320 7.3 Filters 323 7.3.1 Filter design 325 7.3.2 Filter families 326 7.3.2.1 Butterworth filter 326 7.3.2.2 Chebyshev filter 326 7.3.2.3 Elliptic filter 327 7.3.2.4 Bessel filter 327 7.3.3 Filter types 327 7.3.3.1 Preselector filter 327 7.3.3.2 Diplexer 328 7.3.3.3 IF filter 328 7.3.3.4 Harmonic filter 328 7.3.4 Filter technologies 328 7.3.4.1 Crystal filters 328 7.3.4.2 Surface acoustic wave filters 329 7.4 Power Amplifier 330 7.4.1 Amplifier classes 331 7.4.1.1 Class A 331 7.4.1.2 Class B 332 7.4.1.3 Class AB 333 7.4.1.4 class c 333 7.4.2 Design 334 7.5 Mixer 341 7.5.1 Performance measures 341 7.5.1.1 Conversion loss/gain 342 7.5.1.2 Noise figure 342 7.5.1.3 Linearity 342 7.5.1.4 Isolation 342 7.5.1.5 Spurs 342 7.5.2 Mixer types 342 7.5.2.1 Unbalanced mixers 343 7.5.2.2 Single-balanced mixers 343 7.5.2.3 Double-balanced mixers 343 7.5.3 MOSFET mixer 343 7.5.4 Bipolar mixer 345 Bibliography 346 8 Useful Reminders 347 8.1 The RF Channel 347 8.1.1 Large and small scale fading 347 8.1.1.1 Multipath fading 347 8.1.1.2 Propagation delay 348 8.1.1.3 Delay spread 348 8.1.1.4 Coherence bandwidth 349 8.1.2 Fade margin 349 8.1.3 Fading classification 349 8.1.3.1 Flat fading 350 8.1.3.2 Frequency-selective fading 350 8.1.3.3 Slow fading 350 8.1.3.4 Fast fading 350 8.1.3.5 Rayleigh fading 350 8.1.3.6 Rice fading 351 8.1.4 Doppler effect 351 8.2 Noise 352 8.2.1 Thermal noise 352 8.2.2 Signal to noise ratio 353 8.2.3 Noise factor and noise figure 353 8.2.3.1 Noise figure of cascaded stages 354 8.2.3.2 Noise floor 354 8.3 Propagation 355 8.3.1 Logarithmic scale 355 8.3.2 Friis formula 355 8.3.3 Two ray model 356 8.4 Path loss 357 8.5 Modulation 357 8.5.1 Amplitude modulation 357 8.5.2 Frequency modulation 359 8.5.2.1 FM transmitter 360 8.5.2.2 FM receiver 360 8.5.3 Modeling carrier phase noise as narrowband FM 361 8.6 Multiple Input Multiple Output 362 8.6.1 How many independent data streams are possible? 363 Bibliography 364 Appendix – Exemplary Exams 365 Index 369
£87.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Interference Analysis
Book SynopsisThe book describes how interference can be managed so that radio systems co-exist, without harmful mutual effects, within a finite amount of spectrum. This is timely in view of the increasing proliferation of wireless systems. It covers both the processes, such as regional or international coordination, as well as the engineering principles. Written by an author with extensive experience in the industry, it describes in detail the main methodologies for calculating or computing the interference between radio systems of the same type, and also between radio systems of different typesTrade ReviewInterference analysis is fundamental to spectrum management and this book provides a comprehensive and detailed guide to this subject. The author is an expert who has chaired ITU-R meetings and contributed to many ITU-R Recommendations. The book builds from the motivations for interference analysis, including national and international regulatory regimes, all the way to sophisticated Monte Carlo analysis and descriptions of how to model specific services and their associated algorithms. It covers a wide range of systems and services, including Wi-Fi, fixed links, private mobile radio (PMR), 2G, 3G, 4G, broadcasting, radar, white space, ultra-wideband and programme making and special events plus science, navigation, maritime, aeronautical and satellite systems, including both GSO and non-GSO. The book describes fundamental concepts such as the link budget, carrier types, access methods, noise calculations, antennas, dynamics, statistics and propagation models and then builds up to details of the interference calculation and interference analysis methodologies. In particular, the book describes how to convolve transmit and receive spectrum masks, construct link budgets with an associated interference margin and use them to derive thresholds, including apportionment. Alternative interference metrics are described together with methods to mitigate against interference. The book is essential for both those new or experienced in the field, to help understand and advance technical studies for system design, frequency assignment, coordination or regulatory analysis. Dr Haim Mazar, IsraelTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations and Target Audience 2 1.2 Book Structure 2 1.3 Chapter Structure and Additional Resources 3 1.4 Case Study: How to Observe Interference 3 2 Motivations 6 2.1 Why Undertake Interference Analysis? 6 2.2 Drivers of Change 7 2.3 The Regulatory Framework 8 2.4 International Regulations 10 2.4.1 History and Structure 10 2.4.2 The Radiocommunication Sector 13 2.4.3 Radio Regulations 15 2.4.4 World Radiocommunication Conference 23 2.4.5 Study Groups and Working Parties 24 2.4.6 Recommendations and Reports 25 2.5 Updating the Radio Regulations and Recommendations 27 2.6 Meetings and Presenting Results 29 2.7 National Regulators 34 2.8 Regional and Industry Organisations 35 2.9 Frequency Assignment and Planning 37 2.10 Coordination 40 2.11 Types of Interference Analysis 42 2.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 42 3 Fundamental Concepts 43 3.1 Radiocommunication Systems 43 3.2 Radio Waves and Decibels 46 3.3 The Power Calculation 49 3.4 Carrier Types and Modulation 52 3.4.1 Overview 52 3.4.2 Analogue Modulation 53 3.4.3 Digital Modulation 55 3.4.4 Frequency Hopping and OFDM 60 3.4.5 Digital Modulation Selection 62 3.4.6 Pulse Modulation and UWB 64 3.4.7 Filtering 64 3.5 Multiple Access Methods 66 3.5.1 Overview 66 3.5.2 Collision Sensing Multiple Access 68 3.5.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access 69 3.5.4 Time Division Multiple Access 70 3.5.5 Code Division Multiple Access 71 3.5.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 75 3.6 Noise Temperature and Reference Points 75 3.7 Antennas 82 3.7.1 Basic Concepts 82 3.7.2 Beams and Beamwidths 85 3.7.3 Common Gain Pattern Types 85 3.7.4 Isotropic Gain Pattern 88 3.7.5 Parabolic Dish Antennas 88 3.7.6 Elliptical Patterns 92 3.7.7 Phased Array Antennas 95 3.7.8 Azimuth Dependent Antennas 96 3.7.9 Elevation Dependent Antennas 98 3.7.10 Azimuth and Elevation Slices 99 3.7.11 3D Gain Tables 100 3.7.12 Antenna Pointing Methods 101 3.8 Geometry and Dynamics 101 3.8.1 Geometric Frameworks 101 3.8.2 Flat Earth Vectors 103 3.8.3 Earth Spherical Coordinates 105 3.8.4 ECI Vector Coordinates 110 3.8.5 Ellipsoidal Earth and Orbit Models 120 3.8.6 Delay and Doppler 121 3.9 Calculation of Angles 122 3.9.1 Azimuth and Elevation 122 3.9.2 Terrestrial 123 3.9.3 Satellite 123 3.9.4 Angles in the Antenna Frame 124 3.9.5 Off-Axis Angle from ECI Vectors 125 3.9.6 Theta Phi Coordinates 127 3.10 Statistics and Distributions 128 3.11 Link Budgets and Metrics 133 3.12 Spectrum Efficiency and Requirements 138 3.13 Worked Example 140 3.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 142 4 Propagation Models 144 4.1 Overview 145 4.2 The Propagation Environment 148 4.2.1 Effective Earth Radius 148 4.2.2 Geoclimatic and Meteorological Parameters 150 4.2.3 Radio Climatic Zones 150 4.2.4 Terrain and Surface Databases 152 4.2.5 Land Use Databases 155 4.2.6 Signal Variation and Fast Fading 156 4.3 Terrestrial Propagation Models 160 4.3.1 P.525: Free Space Path Loss 160 4.3.2 P.526: Diffraction 161 4.3.3 P.530: Multipath and Rain Fade 165 4.3.4 P.452: Interference Prediction 169 4.3.5 P.1546: Point-to-Area Prediction 173 4.3.6 P.1812: Point-to-Area Prediction 177 4.3.7 P.2001: Wide-Range Propagation Model 179 4.3.8 Hata/COST 231 Median Loss Model 182 4.3.9 Appendix 7 184 4.3.10 Generic Models 188 4.3.11 Other Propagation Models 192 4.3.12 Comparing Terrestrial Propagation Models 193 4.4 Earth to Space Propagation Models 199 4.4.1 P.676: Gaseous Attenuation 199 4.4.2 P.618: Rain Loss and Noise Rise 201 4.5 Aeronautical Propagation Models 205 4.6 Additional Attenuations 205 4.7 Radio Path Geometry 208 4.8 Percentages of Time and Correlation 209 4.9 Selection of Propagation Model 214 4.10 Further Reading and Next Steps 216 5 The Interference Calculation 217 5.1 Bandwidths and Domains 218 5.2 Bandwidth Adjustment Factor 221 5.3 Spectrum Masks, Ratios and Guard Bands 224 5.3.1 Transmit Mask and Calculated Bandwidth 224 5.3.2 Standards and Spectrum Emission Masks 228 5.3.3 The Mask Integration Adjustment Factor 232 5.3.4 Frequency-Dependent Rejection and Net Filter Discrimination Terminology 239 5.3.5 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACS and Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 242 5.3.6 Spurious Emissions and dBc 245 5.3.7 Intermodulation 246 5.3.8 Block Edge Masks and Guard Bands 250 5.4 Polarisation 254 5.5 Adaptive Systems: Frequency, Power and Modulation 258 5.5.1 Dynamic Frequency Selection 258 5.5.2 Automatic Power Control 259 5.5.3 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 262 5.6 End-to-End Performance 263 5.7 Modelling Deployment and Traffic 266 5.7.1 Deployment Range 266 5.7.2 Activity Models and Erlangs 269 5.7.3 Traffic Type 272 5.7.4 Deployment Models 273 5.7.5 Aggregation Techniques 275 5.8 Link Design and Margin 276 5.9 Interference Apportionment and Thresholds 281 5.9.1 Interference Margin 281 5.9.2 Interference Apportionment 284 5.9.3 Short-Term and Long-Term Thresholds 286 5.9.4 Thresholds and Bandwidths 289 5.10 Types of Interference Thresholds 292 5.10.1 C/I and W/U Ratios 293 5.10.2 FDP 297 5.10.3 C/(N + I) and BER 301 5.10.4 Unavailability 303 5.10.5 Coverage, Range and Capacity 304 5.10.6 Observation Duration and Locations 307 5.10.7 Radar and Aeronautical Thresholds 307 5.10.8 Channel Sharing Ratio 308 5.10.9 Field Strength, PFD and EPFD 309 5.10.10 Margin over Threshold 312 5.11 Interference Mitigation 314 5.11.1 Transmit Power and Bandwidth 315 5.11.2 Antenna Gain Patterns 316 5.11.3 Antenna Pointing 318 5.11.4 Locations, Zones and Separation Distance 318 5.11.5 Deployment Likelihood 320 5.11.6 Noise, Feed Loss and Interference Margin 320 5.11.7 Receiver Processing 321 5.11.8 Time and Traffic 321 5.11.9 Polarisation 322 5.11.10 Antenna Height 323 5.11.11 Operate Indoors 323 5.11.12 Improved Filtering and Guard Bands 323 5.11.13 Site Shielding 325 5.11.14 Spectrum Sensing and Geodatabases 325 5.11.15 Wanted System Modifications 325 5.11.16 Modelling Methodology 326 5.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 327 6 Interference Analysis Methodologies 328 6.1 Methodologies and Studies 329 6.2 Example Scenarios 331 6.2.1 IMT Sharing with Satellite ES 331 6.2.2 Sharing Between Non-GSO MSS and FS 334 6.3 Static Analysis 338 6.4 Input Variation Analysis 344 6.5 Area and Boundary Analysis 347 6.5.1 Area Analysis 347 6.5.2 Boundary Analysis 351 6.6 Minimum Coupling Loss and Required Separation Distance 353 6.7 Analytic Analysis 357 6.8 Dynamic Analysis 363 6.9 Monte Carlo Analysis 373 6.9.1 Methodology 373 6.9.2 Variation of Inputs 378 6.9.3 Output Statistics and U Parameter Variation 380 6.9.4 Example Monte Carlo Analysis 382 6.9.5 LTE Downlink Link Budget 384 6.9.6 Statistical Significance 385 6.9.7 Deployment Analysis 392 6.9.8 Conclusions 394 6.10 Area and Two-Stage Monte Carlo 395 6.11 Probabilistic Analysis 401 6.12 Selection of Methodology 402 6.13 Study Projects and Working Methods 404 6.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 407 7 Specific Algorithms and Services 408 7.1 Fixed Service Planning 409 7.1.1 Overview 409 7.1.2 Link Planning 410 7.1.3 Interference Thresholds 412 7.1.4 High versus Low Site 415 7.1.5 Channel Selection 416 7.2 Private Mobile Radio 417 7.2.1 Overview 417 7.2.2 Coverage Calculation 418 7.2.3 PSA and Uplink Calculations 422 7.2.4 Thresholds and Propagation Model 422 7.2.5 Compatibility Checks 424 7.2.6 Channel Sharing Ratio 427 7.2.7 Sharing with Other Services 430 7.3 Broadcasting 431 7.3.1 Threshold Calculation 431 7.3.2 Coverage Prediction 434 7.3.3 Statistical Power Summation 437 7.3.4 Single-Frequency Networks 442 7.4 Earth Station Coordination 443 7.5 GSO Satellite Coordination 450 7.5.1 Regulatory Background 450 7.5.2 Coordination Triggers 454 7.5.3 Detailed Coordination 457 7.5.4 Coordination and Regulatory Constraints 464 7.5.5 Gain Patterns 465 7.6 EPFD and Rec. ITU-R S.1503 467 7.6.1 Background 467 7.6.2 Exclusion Zones and the α Angle 471 7.6.3 EPFD Validation Methodology 475 7.6.4 EPFD Calculation 479 7.7 The Radar Equation 483 7.8 N-Systems Methodology 488 7.9 Generic Radio Modelling Tool 494 7.10 White Space Devices 501 7.10.1 Background and Services 501 7.10.2 FCC Methodology 504 7.10.3 Ofcom Methodology 506 7.10.4 Comparison of Approaches 511 7.11 Final Thoughts 514 References 515 Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols 522 Index 530
£87.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc IEEE 802.11ba
Book SynopsisIEEE 802.11ba Discover the latest developments in IEEE 802.11ba and Wake-up Radios In IEEE 802.11ba: Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio Standard, expert engineers Drs. Steve Shellhammer, Alfred Asterjadhi, and Yanjun Sun deliver a detailed discussion of the IEEE 802.11ba standard. The book begins by explaining the concept of a wake-up radio (WUR) and how it fits into the overall 802.11 standard, as well as how a WUR saves power and extends battery life. The authors go on to describe the medium access control (MAC) layer in detail and then talk about the various protocols used to negotiate WUR operation, its uses for different functionalities (like wake up of the main radio, discovery, synchronization, and security). The book offers a detailed description of the physical (PHY) layer packet construction and the rationale for the design, as well as the various design aspects of the medium access control layer. It also includes: A thorough introduction Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 3 1.3 Book Outline 5 2 Overview of IEEE 802.11 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer 10 2.2.1 Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 10 2.2.2 Ofdm 11 2.2.3 Ofdm Ppdu 12 2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer 16 2.3.1 Network Discovery 16 2.3.2 Connection Setup 18 2.3.3 Coordinated Wireless Medium Access 19 2.3.4 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 20 2.3.5 Security 20 2.3.6 Time Synchronization 21 2.3.7 Power- Saving Mechanisms 21 2.3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (ofdma) 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Wake- up Radio Concept 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Primary Sources of Power Consumption in an IEEE 802.11 Station 26 3.2.1 Power Consumption in Transmit Mode 26 3.2.2 Power Consumption in Receive Mode 28 3.2.3 Power Consumption in Sleep Mode 30 3.2.4 Power Consumption in Deep Sleep Mode 30 3.3 Wake- up Radio Concept 31 3.4 Example of Power Consumption Using a Wake- up Radio 37 3.5 Selection of Duty Cycle Values 39 3.6 Conclusions 42 4 Physical Layer Description 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Requirements 45 4.3 Regulations 47 4.4 Link Budget Considerations 50 4.5 Modulation 53 4.6 Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Structure 55 4.6.1 Non- WUR Portion of PPDU 55 4.6.2 Sync Field 58 4.6.3 Data Field 61 4.7 Symbol Randomization 62 4.8 FDMA Operation 66 4.8.1 40 MHz FDMA 66 4.8.2 80 MHz FDMA 67 4.9 Additional Topics 67 4.10 Conclusions 68 References 68 5 Physical Layer Performance 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Generic Non- coherent Receiver 73 5.3 Simulation Description 75 5.3.1 Transmitter Model 76 5.3.2 MC- OOK Symbol Waveform Generation 76 5.3.3 Channel Model 77 5.3.4 Receiver Model 79 5.3.5 Performance Metrics 80 5.4 PHY Performance: Simulation Results 81 5.4.1 Sync Field Detection Rate 82 5.4.2 Sync Field Classification Error Rate 83 5.4.3 Sync Field Timing Error 85 5.4.4 Packet Error Rate 88 5.4.5 Effects of Transmit Diversity 88 5.5 Link Budget Comparison 92 5.5.1 Comparison to the 6 Mb/s OFDM PHY 93 5.5.2 Comparison to the 1 Mb/s Non-OFDM PHY 94 5.6 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Wake- up Radio Medium Access Control 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Network Discovery 97 6.2.1 General 97 6.2.2 WUR Discovery 98 6.3 Connectivity and Synchronization 102 6.3.1 General 102 6.3.2 WUR Beacon Frame Generation 102 6.3.3 WUR Beacon Frame Processing 104 6.4 Power Management 105 6.4.1 General 105 6.4.1.1 MR Power Management 105 6.4.1.2 WUR Power Management 106 6.4.2 WUR Modes 108 6.4.2.1 WUR Mode Setup 108 6.4.2.2 WUR Mode Update 110 6.4.2.3 WUR Mode Suspend and Resume 111 6.4.2.4 WUR Mode Teardown 111 6.4.3 Duty Cycle Operation 112 6.4.3.1 WUR Duty Cycle Period 113 6.4.3.2 WUR Duty Cycle Service Period 114 6.4.3.3 WUR Duty Cycle Start Time 114 6.4.4 WUR Wake Up Operation 116 6.4.4.1 Individual DL BU Delivery Context 116 6.4.4.2 Group Addressed DL BU Delivery Context 119 6.4.4.3 Critical BSS Update Delivery Context 121 6.4.5 Use of WUR Short Wake- up Frames 124 6.4.6 Keep Alive Frames 126 6.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access 127 6.6 Protected Wake- up Frames 129 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 Medium Access Control Frame Design 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Information Elements 131 7.2.1 General 131 7.2.2 Elements Supporting MR Functionalities 132 7.2.2.1 DSSS Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.2 EDCA Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.3 Channel Switch Announcement Element 135 7.2.2.4 Extended Channel Switch Announcement Element 136 7.2.2.5 HT Operation Element 136 7.2.2.6 VHT Operation Element 137 7.2.2.7 Wide Bandwidth Channel Switch Element 138 7.2.2.8 Channel Switch Wrapper Element 139 7.2.2.9 HE Operation Element 139 7.2.3 Elements Supporting WUR Functionalities 142 7.2.3.1 WUR Capabilities Element 142 7.2.3.2 WUR Operation Element 142 7.2.3.3 WUR Mode Element 145 7.2.3.4 WUR Discovery Element 154 7.2.3.5 WUR PN Update Element 155 7.3 Main Radio MAC Frames 155 7.3.1 Beacon Frame 155 7.3.2 Probe Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.3 (Re)Association Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.4 Action Frames 157 7.4 WUR MAC Frames 157 7.4.1 WUR Beacon Frame 161 7.4.2 WUR Wake- up Frame 161 7.4.3 WUR Discovery Frame 164 7.4.4 WUR Vendor-Specific Frame 165 7.4.5 WUR Short Wake- up Frame 166 7.5 Conclusion 167 Index 169
£43.22
Cornell University Press Empire of the Air
Book SynopsisEmpire of the Air tells the story of three American visionariesLee de Forest, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David Sarnoffwhose imagination and dreams turned a hobbyist''s toy into radio, launching the modern communications age. Tom Lewis weaves the story of these men and their achievements into a richly detailed and moving narrative that spans the first half of the twentieth century, a time when the American romance with science and technology was at its peak. Empire of the Air is a tale of pioneers on the frontier of a new technology, of American entrepreneurial spirit, and of the tragic collision between inventor and corporation.Trade ReviewLewis's book, which relates the civil wars between the principal figures in the invention and development of radio, is an achievement in its own right: finely detailed, engagingly written, and unexpectedly dramatic. * Boston Globe *[Lewis] has all of the skills and instincts of a historian, a gift for clear description of complex technologies and a real passion for detail. * Los Angeles Times *A compelling tale that takes readers back to another era and shows us how our lives were transformed forever. * Washington Post *The lives of the two innovative technologists (Lee DeForest and Edwin Armstrong) and the entrepreneur (David Sarnoff) whose work led to the success of radio provide the basis for this well-researched and superbly written volume. * Publishers' Weekly *Empire of the Air is indispensable for anyone curious about the beginnings of broadcasting and there is more than enough personal drama and social and political history to make the book entertaining and informative for the general reader. * Globe & Mail *Alternating between the technical wizardry, personality quirks, and feuds of these men, and the story of the growth of the industry itself and its influence over American life and leisure, the book is fast-paced, fun reading and doubles as a useful teaching tool for teachers of American history and culture, science, and mass communication. * Library Journal *[A] compelling read for anyone with an interest in the history of radio and television. * RadioUser *Table of ContentsPrologue: A New Empire for a New Century 1. The Faith in the Future 2. The Will to Succeed 3. "What Wireless Is Yet to Be" 4. Sarnoff and Marconi: Inventing a Legend 5. Wireless Goes to War 6. Releasing the Art: The Creation of RCA 7. Snapshots from the First Age of Broadcasting 8. CourtFight 9. The Godlike Presence 10. Armstrong and the FM Revolution 11. The Wizard War 12. "Until I'm Dead or Broke" 13. Victories Great and Small Epilogue: The Empire in Decline
£17.99
Purdue University Press WBAA: 100 Years as the Voice of Purdue
Book SynopsisWBAA: 100 Years as the Voice of Purdue documents the fascinating history of WBAA, Indiana's first radio station founded at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, on April 4, 1922. Richly illustrated with more than 150 photos, the book chronicles the station's evolution over the years, while highlighting the staff, students, and volunteers significant to WBAA's success. WBAA began as a lab experiment conducted by Purdue electrical engineering students in 1910. Later, the station became a vital method for Purdue's Cooperative Extension Service to broadcast the knowledge of the university, particularly agricultural news, to the people of the state. From the 1960s to 1980s, WBAA aired Purdue basketball and football games, with station manager John DeCamp as the "Voice of the Boilermakers." In 1971, WBAA became a member station of National Public Radio (NPR), offering popular programming such as All Things Considered and Morning Edition. Listeners tuned into WBAA to hear classical, jazz, and international music, along with in-depth news reporting. Mayors and Purdue presidents aired weekly programs. WBAA gave a voice to arts and community organizations.Read about the invention of the first all-electronic television by pioneering Purdue scientist Roscoe George; WBAA's long-running School of the Air educational program deemed the "invisible textbook"; and the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction (MPATI), an airplane that transmitted videos to schools while flying over six Midwestern states in the 1960s. Famous WBAA alumni include NBC sportscaster Chris Schenkel, comedian Durward Kirby, Today Show newscaster Lew Wood, Indiana State Representative Sheila Klinker, actress Karen Black, and actor George Peppard, among others.From the vacuum tube era to the digital age, this thoroughly researched book brings to light the intriguing backstories of the esteemed one hundred-year history of WBAA.Table of Contents Foreword Preface 1. Mystic Wave 2. Professor Invents All-Electronic Television 3. Educate and Serve 4. Hall of Music Momentum 5. School of the Air 6. Voice 7. A Well-Balanced Radio Day 8. The Natural Resource 9. A Flying Classroom Supersedes FM 10. 1960s Staying Power 11. Civil Disobedience 12. NPR—1970s New Dawn 13. Stewards of the Promise 14. Volunteers, Belief into Action 15. Winds of Change 16. FM and the Loss of NPR—The Untold Stories 17. Rejuvenation 18. Renovation and Expansion 19. Power Up 20. Protecting the License 21. The Next Century Notes on Sources Index
£38.66
Arcler Education Inc Advanced Satellite Technologies
Book SynopsisThe book Introduction to Satellite Technology and Its Applications offers a thorough exploration of modern satellite technologies and their diverse practical uses. It provides a broad overview of applications ranging from military and remote sensing to scientific and navigational purposes. This book provides a brief overview of the many stages in the development of satellites and satellite launch vehicles, starting with the use of hot air balloons and sounding rockets in the late 1940s and early 1950s and ending with current technology. With its eight chapters, each dedicated to a specific topic, the book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and engineering students interested in the field of satellite technology and space sciences. Additionally, it covers the exciting advancements in communication systems using low earth orbit satellites (LEOS), the design considerations for efficient MEO constellations, and the propulsion technologies of cube-satellites (CubeSats). It also touches upon the applications and characteristics of small satellites. Lastly, the book concludes with a glimpse into future trends in satellite technology and satellite communication systems.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Satellites and Their Applications Chapter 2 Classification of Key Satellite Systems Chapter 3 Introduction to Low Earth Orbital (LEO) Satellites Chapter 4 Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Chapter 5 Geostationary Satellites and Their Constellations Chapter 6 An Overview of Cube-Satellite Propulsion Technologies and Trends Chapter 7 Small Satellites Missions Chapter 8 Future Trends in Satellite Communication Systems
£143.20
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Non-Linearities in Passive RFID Systems: Third
Book SynopsisThis book concerns a new paradigm in the field of UHF RFID systems: the positive exploitation of nonlinear signals generated by the chips integrated into the RFID tags. After having recalled the main principles in RFID technology and its current challenges notably with the emergence of Internet of Things or the smart connected environments, the purpose is to focus on the presence of nonlinearities produced by the nonlinear circuits of RFID chips: effects, nuisances and solutions but also and especially use of the phenomena. The presentation covers all aspects from the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of RFID tags and the associated platforms (distinguishing conducted and radiated measurement) to the design of new types of tags where nonlinearities are exploited in order to offer new capabilities or enhanced performance.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1 1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1 1.2 Birth of RFID 2 1.3 Early modern RFID 4 1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7 1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8 1.6 RFID chip age 10 1.7 Maturation of RFID 11 1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15 1.9 Summary 19 Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21 2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21 2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23 2.2.1 Working principle 23 2.2.2 Reader 24 2.2.3 Tag 25 2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29 2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29 2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29 2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32 2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32 2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41 3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41 3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41 3.2.3 RFID air interface 42 3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43 3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45 3.3.1 Tags under test 46 3.3.2 Measurement system 46 3.3.3 Power budget 47 3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48 3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49 3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52 3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58 3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65 3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66 3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68 3.4.2 System operation description 68 3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72 3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75 3.4.5 Result exploitation 79 3.5 Summary 80 Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82 4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82 4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84 4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88 4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f0 88 4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f0 89 4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93 4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93 4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f0 by the HT 95 4.5 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101 5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102 5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104 5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104 5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106 5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108 5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128 5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129 5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129 5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130 5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132 5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141 5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147 5.4 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 155 Index 171
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Radio Frequency Identification and Sensors: From
Book SynopsisThis book deals with the field of identification and sensors, more precisely the possibility of collecting information remotely with RF waves (RFID). The book introduces the technology of chipless RFID starting from classical RFID and barcode, and explores the field of identification and sensors without wire, without batteries, without chip, and with tags that can even be printed on paper. A technique for automatic design of UHF RFID tags is presented , aiming at making the tags as insensitive as possible to the environment (with the ability to increase the reading range reliability), or, conversely, making them sensitive in order to produce sensors, meanwhile keeping their unique ID. The RFID advantages are discussed, along with its numerous features, and comparisons with the barcode technology are presented. After that, the new chipless RFID technology is introduced on the basis of the previous conclusions. Original technological approaches are introduced and discussed in order to demonstrate the practical and economic potential of the chipless technology.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix LIST OF ACRONYMS xi INTRODUCTION xv PART 1. RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO RFID 3 1.1. General introduction to RFID 3 1.2. The RFID market 10 1.3. Issues in RFID 12 1.3.1. Robustness of reading 12 1.3.2. Tag prices 15 1.3.3. From identification toward sensor function 17 1.4. Conclusion 18 1.5. Bibliography 18 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA DESIGN FOR UHF RFID TAGS 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Essential RFID parameters 21 2.2.1. Putting into equation of reader-tag links 24 2.3. Discussions about the two chip impedance states Zic 30 2.4. Rules of design for RFID antennas: classic design approach 33 2.4.1. Classic antenna design approach for passive UHF RFID tags 34 2.5. Robust RFID antenna design methodology 41 2.5.1. Context of study 41 2.5.2. Description of principle applied 41 2.5.3. Principle of co-simulation 42 2.5.4. Taking into account of the environment, design of robust tags 43 2.5.5. Use of the cosimulation principle in the optimization process 45 2.5.6. Generation of antenna forms 47 2.5.7. Application of the automated design tool via an example 50 2.6. Conclusion 56 2.7. Bibliography 57 CHAPTER 3. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UHF RFID 61 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Wireless measurement technique for antenna impedance 62 3.2.1. Characterization of RFID chips and measurement of the two impedance states 64 3.2.2. Theoretical approach to input impedance extraction from a small antenna based on the use of an RFID chip 68 3.3. Toward the use of RFID as a sensor 79 3.3.1. Taking into account of downlink – increase of delta RCS 85 3.3.2. Example of an RFID sensor 90 3.4. Conclusion 92 3.5. Bibliography 93 PART 2. CHIPLESS RFID 97 CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO CHIPLESS RFID 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Operating principle of chipless RFID 101 4.2.1. Description of the principle of chipless RFID 104 4.2.2. Example of C-shaped tag 108 4.3. Positioning of chipless RFID 112 4.3.1. Latest developments 112 4.3.2. Frequential tag and temporal tag: definition 115 4.3.3. Applicative positioning 116 4.4. Advantages 119 4.4.1. Different ideas to take into consideration120 4.5. Conclusion 123 4.6. Bibliography 124 CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CHIPLESS RFID 127 5.1. Introduction 127 5.2. Coding capacity and density of chipless RFID tags 134 5.2.1. Performances of resonant patterns 135 5.2.2. Information coding techniques 136 5.2.3. Transmission and reception standards 137 5.3. Improvement of the robustness of detection of chipless RFID tags 139 5.3.1. REP approach (frequency domain) 142 5.3.2. Temporal approaches 153 5.4. Practical application of chipless RFID technology 164 5.4.1. Design of chipless RFID tags compatible with regulations 164 5.4.2. Cost of tags 165 5.4.3. Production of a reader for chipless technology 169 5.4.4. Chipless RFID at THz – the THID project 174 5.5. Conclusion 178 5.6. Bibliography 180 CHAPTER 6. PERSPECTIVES ON CHIPLESS RFID TECHNOLOGY 185 6.1. Introduction 185 6.2. Securing of information 186 6.3. Multiple readings 188 6.4. Chipless sensors 190 6.4.1. Humidity sensors 190 6.4.2. Deformation sensor 200 6.5. Reconfigurable chipless 208 6.5.1. Operating principle of CBRAM 209 6.5.2. Example of a reconfigurable chipless tag 211 6.6. Conclusion 216 6.7. Bibliography 217 CONCLUSION 223 INDEX 227
£125.06
New India Publishing Agency Management Skills for Successful Agri
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£56.36
Springer Verlag, Singapore Amplifiers in Radio Receivers: Characteristics,
Book SynopsisThis book presents the basics of building various types of amplifiers, the most widely used in the composition of modern specialized radio receivers, as well as the principles of building digital radio receivers. The rapid development of modern telecommunications systems, aviation equipment, and space systems for various functional purposes, as well as new information technologies, is inextricably linked with the theory of building radio receivers. Radio receivers are an integral part of the radio line, which largely determine the quality of its operation, both in normal operating conditions and in a complex interference environment. Since the creation of the first lightning detector in 1895, the technique of radio receiving devices went a long way to the development of modern automated digital systems. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chapter 1. Technical characteristics and block diagrams of radio receivers.- Chapter 2. Noise ratios in the receiving devices.- Chapter 3. Circuit fundamentals of input circuits and selective amplifiers.- Chapter 4. Selective amplifiers. Principles of optimization of their parameters.- Chapter 5. Multi-stage single-circuit selective amplifiers.- Chapter 6. Frequency converters.- Chapter 7. Low-noise amplifiers.- Chapter 8. Radio signal detectors.- Chapter 9. Adjustments in radio receivers.- Chapter 10. Digital radio devices.
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Taylor & Francis Ltd The Art of Sound Reproduction
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Broadcast Engineers Reference Book
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Cognitive Radio Networks
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Wireless Quality of Service
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Practical Analog and RF Electronics
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Security and Auditing of Smart Devices
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Cognitive Radio
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Uncoded Multimedia Transmission
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor Ad Hoc Wireless and PeertoPeer Networks
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Wireless Quality of Service
Book SynopsisFocusing on an important and complicated topic in wireless network design, Wireless Quality of Service: Techniques, Standards, and Applications systematically addresses the quality-of-service (QoS) issues found in many types of popular wireless networks. In each chapter, the book presents numerous QoS challenges encountered in real-world applications and delineates ways to overcome these obstacles. Some of the challenges explored are performance impairments in WLAN hotspots, video streaming applications, and broadband wireless access. The techniques and mechanisms covered to tackle these problems include medium access and call admission control techniques, a parameter tuning algorithm, the QoS-enabling features of IEEE 802.11e, a Markov chain model, a probe-based distributed admission control mechanism, topology-transparent scheduling protocols, and a novel multicast congestion control mechanism. Addressing advanced topics and future directions, the expert contributTable of ContentsQoS Support in Mobile Multimedia Networks. On the Improvement of QoS in WLANS Aspects and Applications. Policy-Based QoS Provision in WLAN Hotspots. QoS for Multimedia Streaming Applications over IEEE 802.11b and 802.11e WLANs. Performance Modeling and Analysis of IEEE 802.11e Contention Free Bursting Scheme under Unsaturated Traffic. QoS Services in WMANs. Soft QoS Support for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on End-to-End Path Probing and IEEE 802.11e Technology. QoS in Wireless Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks: A Cross-Layer Framework. Topology-Transparent Scheduling Protocols for QoS-Robust Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Guaranteeing QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks. Congestion Control for Multicast Transmission over UMTS. QoS Service in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. Index.
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Cambridge University Press Wcdma Design Handbook
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Cambridge University Press XParameters Characterization Modeling and Design of Nonlinear RF and Microwave Components The Cambridge RF and Microwave Engineering Series
Book SynopsisThis is the definitive guide to X-parameters, written by the original inventors and developers of this powerful new paradigm for nonlinear RF and microwave components and systems. Learn how to use X-parameters to overcome intricate problems in nonlinear RF and microwave engineering. The general theory behind X-parameters is carefully and intuitively introduced, and then simplified down to specific, practical cases, providing you with useful approximations that will greatly reduce the complexity of measuring, modeling and designing for nonlinear regimes of operation. Containing real-world case studies, definitions of standard symbols and notation, detailed derivations within the appendices, and exercises with solutions, this is the definitive stand-alone reference for researchers, engineers, scientists and students looking to remain on the cutting-edge of RF and microwave engineering.Trade Review'This book is an excellent treatise by experts from Agilent on the assumption and use of x-parameters.' Alfy Riddle, IEEE Microwave MagazineTable of Contents1. S-parameters; 2. X-parameters; 3. Small-signal sensitivities in the X-parameters; 4. X-parameter measurements; 5. Multi-tone multi-port X-parameters; 6. Memory.
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Cambridge University Press The Propagation of Radio Waves
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Cambridge University Press The Electronics of Radio
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Cambridge University Press The Electronics of Radio
Book SynopsisThis fascinating book provides a stimulating introduction to analog electronics by analysing the design and construction of a radio transceiver. Essential theoretical background is given, along with carefully designed laboratory and homework exercises. The approach ensures a good grasp of basic electronics and an excellent foundation in wireless communications systems.Trade Review"Overall, this text is worthy of serious study for the care with which it combines theory and practice, and for the scope of its development from lowly, Ohm's law beginnings to substantive radio design incorporating gain and frequency stabilization." Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. The wireless world; 2. Components; 3. Phasors; 4. Transmission lines; 5. Filters; 6. Transformers; 7. Acoustics; 8. Transistor switches; 9. Transistor amplifiers; 10. Power amplifiers; 11. Oscillators; 12. Mixers; 13. Audio circuits; 14. Noise and intermodulation; 15. Antennas and propagation; Appendices.
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Cambridge University Press Wcdma Design Handbook
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Cambridge University Press Mobile Wireless Communications
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John Wiley & Sons Inc NonBinary Error Control Coding for Wireless
Book SynopsisComprehensive introduction to non-binary error-correction coding techniques Non-Binary Error Control Coding for Wireless Communication and Data Storage explores non-binary coding schemes that have been developed to provide an alternative to the Reed Solomon codes, which are expected to become unsuitable for use in future data storage and communication devices as the demand for higher data rates increases. This book will look at the other significant non-binary coding schemes, including non-binary block and ring trellis-coded modulation (TCM) codes that perform well in fading conditions without any expansion in bandwidth use, and algebraic-geometric codes which are an extension of Reed-Solomon codes but with better parameters. Key Features: Comprehensive and self-contained reference to non-binary error control coding starting from binary codes and progressing up to the latest non-binary codes Explains the design and constructionTable of ContentsAcknowledgements Preface Chapter 1 - Information, Channel Capacity and Channel Modelling Introduction 1.2. Measure of Information 1.3. Channel Capacity 1.4 Channel Modelling 1.5. Definition of a communications channel and its parameters 1.6. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Channel 1.8. Magnetic Storage Channel Modelling 1.9. Summary References Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of Non-Binary Codes 2.1. Introduction to Algebraic Concepts 2.2. Algebraic Geometry 2.3. Conclusions Chapter 3 - Non-Binary Block Codes 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Fundamentals of Block Codes 3.3. Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) Codes Example 3.3. Constructing a non-binary BCH code over GF(4) of length n = 15 symbols 3.4. Reed-Solomon Codes Example 3.4: Constructing a non-binary BCH code over GF(16) of length n = 15 symbols 3.5. Decoding Reed-Solomon Codes 3.6. Coded Modulation 3.7. Conclusions References Chapter 4 - Algebraic-Geometric Codes 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Construction of Algebraic-Geometric Codes 4.3. Decoding Algebraic-Geometric Codes 4.4. Majority Voting 4.5. Calculating the Error Magnitudes. 4.6. Complete Hard-Decision Decoding Algorithm for Hermitian Codes. 4.8. Simulation Results 4.9. Conclusions References Chapter 5 - List Decoding 5.1. Introduction 5.2. List Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes using the Guruswami-Sudan algorithm 5.3. Soft-Decision List Decoding of Reed-Solomon codes using the Kötter-Vardy Algorithm. 5.4. List Decoding of Algebraic-Geometric Codes 5.5. Determining the Corresponding Coefficients 5.6. Complexity reduction Interpolation 5.7. General Factorisation 5.8. Soft-Decision List Decoding of Hermitian Codes 5.9. Conclusions References Chapter 6 - Non-Binary Low Density Parity Check Codes 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Construction of Binary LDPC Codes – Random and Structured Methods 6.3. Decoding of Binary LDPC Codes using the Belief Propagation Algorithm. 6.4. Construction of Non-Binary LDPC Codes defined over Finite Fields 6.5. Decoding Non-Binary LDPC Codes with the Sum Product Algorithm 6.6.Conclusions References Chapter 7 - Non-Binary Convolutional Codes References Chapter 8 - Non-binary Turbo codes 8.1. Introduction 8.2. The turbo encoder 8.3. The Turbo Decoder 8.4. Non-Binary Turbo Codes 8.5. Conclusion References
£100.65
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analysis and Design of Integrated CircuitAntenna
Book SynopsisWith communications technologies rapidly expanding, the traditional separation of electronic circuits and antenna systems design is no longer feasible. This book covers various design approaches applicable to integrated circuit-antenna modules with the goal of placing the antenna, transmitter, and receiver all on a single chip. It emphasizes analysis and design involving the integration of circuit functions with radiating elements and addresses trends in systems miniaturization.Trade Review"...an important book at this stage in the integrated circuit-antenna module era...an excellent book that is well documented with extensive references. It is recommended for all academic engineering libraries." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2001)Table of ContentsReview of CAD Process (K. Gupta & P. Hall). Circuit Simulator Based Methods (P. Hall, et al.). Multiport Network Method (K. Gupta & R. Parrikar). Full Wave Analysis in the Frequency Domain (R. Gillard, et al.). Full Wave Electromagnetic Analysis in the Time Domain (Y. Qian & T. Itoh). Phase-Locking Dynamics in Integrated Antenna Arrays (R. York). Analysis and Design of Oscillator Grids and Arrays (W. Shiroma, et al.). Analysis and Design Considerations for Monolithic Microwave Circuit Transmit-Receive (T-R) Modules (L. Whicker). Integrated Transmit-Receive Circuit-Antenna Modules for Radio on Fibre Systems (H. Ghafouri-Shiraz). Conclusions (P. Hall & K. Gupta).
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Schiffer Publishing Ltd Radios by HallicraftersÂ
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Schiffer Publishing Ltd ZENITH RADIO THE GLORY YEARS 19361945 HI History
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Schiffer Publishing Ltd ZENITH RADIO THE GLORY YEARS 19361945 IL
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Schiffer Publishing Ltd The Zenith TRANSOCEANIC
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Johns Hopkins University Press Early FM Radio
Book SynopsisHistorians of technology, communication, and media will welcome this important reexamination of the canonic story of early FM radio.Trade ReviewEarly FM Radio is the first serious biography to benefit from the newer documents... a valuable addition to the history of electronics, not least because it relieves Armstrong and Sarnoff of their mythological status as angel and devil and considers them instead as differently gifted practitioners. -- Michael Riezenman IEEE Spectrum Magazine 2010 Frost's unique-I am tempted to write groundbreaking-book now becomes one whose ideas all future historians of FM must absorb. -- David W. Kraeuter AWA Journal 2010 Frost examines the extensive Armstrong archives to paint a more nuanced picture of the complex and tumultuous relationship between Armstrong and RCA, while tracing the 'pre-history' of FM going back to about 1900. Choice 2010Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction: What Do We Know about FM Radio?1. AM and FM Radio before 19202. Congestion and Frequency-Modulation Research, 1913–19333. RCA, Armstrong, and the Acceleration of FM Research, 1926–19334. The Serendipitous Discovery of Staticless Radio, 1915–19355. FM Pioneers, RCA, and the Reshaping of Wideband FM Radio, 1935–1940ConclusionAppendix: FM-Related Patents, 1902-1953NotesGlossaryEssay on SourcesIndex
£54.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Cognitive Radio
Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of cognitive radio networks and the specialized techniques used to improve wireless communications The human brain, as exemplified by cognitive radar, cognitive radio, and cognitive computing, inspires the field of Cognitive Dynamic Systems.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 1 1.2 Cognitive Radio 4 1.3 The Spectrum-Underutilization Problem 7 1.4 Countrywide Measurements of Spectrum Utilization 8 1.5 Why be Interested in Cognitive Radio Networks? 9 1.6 Directed Information Flow 11 1.7 Cognitive Radio Networks 14 1.8 Mathematical Toolbox 17 1.8.1 Game Theory 17 1.8.2 Control Theory 18 1.8.3 Optimization under Uncertainty 19 1.9 Dominant Sources of Uncertainty in Cognitive Radio Networks 20 1.10 Issue of Trustworthiness 22 1.11 Vision for the Book 22 2 GameTheory 25 2.1 Game Theory Terminology 25 2.1.1 Noncooperative Games versus Cooperative Games 26 2.1.2 Static Games versus Dynamic Games 26 2.1.3 One-Shot Games versus Repeated Games 26 2.1.4 Games with Complete Information versus Games with Incomplete Information 26 2.1.5 Games with Perfect Information versus Games with Imperfect Information 26 2.2 Noncooperative Games 27 2.2.1 Nash Equilibrium 28 2.2.2 Variational Inequalities 28 2.3 Cooperative Games 28 2.3.1 Nash Bargaining 29 2.4 Minority Games 29 2.5 Concluding Remarks 30 3 Cognitive Radio Transceiver 31 3.1 Spectrum Sensing 32 3.1.1 Attributes of Reliable Spectrum Sensing 33 3.1.2 The Multitaper Method 33 3.1.3 Space-Time Processing 38 3.1.4 Time-Frequency Analysis 41 3.1.5 Cyclostationarity: Fourier Perspective 50 3.1.6 Rayleigh Fading Channels 54 3.1.7 Remarks on Nonparametric Spectrum Sensing 55 3.1.8 Filter-Bank Implementation of the Multitaper Method 57 3.1.9 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 57 3.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management 58 3.2.1 The Tsigankov–Koulakov Model 60 3.2.2 Self-Organizing Dynamic Spectrum Management 61 3.2.3 Dynamic Spectrum Management Based on Minority Games 68 3.2.4 Self-Organized Maps versus Minority Games 70 3.3 Transmit-Power Control 71 3.3.1 Waterfilling Interpretation of Information Capacity Theorem 75 3.3.2 Iterative Waterfilling Algorithm (IWFA) 77 3.3.3 IWFA as a Multistage Optimization Problem in Light of System Uncertainties 80 3.3.4 Robust IWFA 80 3.3.5 The Price of Robustness 81 3.3.6 Robust IWFA versus Classic IWFA 82 3.4 Information Value 91 3.5 Concluding Remarks 93 4 Cognitive Radio Networks 94 4.1 Cognitive Radio Networks Viewed as Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 94 4.2 Open-access Cognitive Radio Networks 99 4.2.1 Network Dynamics 102 4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Network Viewed as a Hybrid Dynamic System 109 4.2.3 Network Stability in the Presence of Uncertainty and Time Delay 111 4.2.4 Double-layer Dynamics of Cognitive Radio Networks 115 4.3 Market-driven Cognitive Radio Networks 121 4.3.1 Legacy Owners 124 4.3.2 Spectrum Brokers 125 4.3.3 Secondary Users 126 4.3.4 Equilibrium of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 127 4.3.5 Network Dynamics 129 4.3.6 Network Stability 129 4.3.7 The Transportation Network Representation of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 129 4.4 Supply Chain Efficiency 131 4.5 Concluding Remarks 133 4.5.1 Two Regimes of Cognitive Radio Networks 133 4.5.2 Supply Chain Networks 135 4.5.3 Cognitive Radio Commercialization 136 4.5.4 The Role of Cognition in Cognitive Radio Networks 137 5 Sustainability of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 140 5.1 Unlicensed Bands as Public Goods 140 5.2 The Spectrum-Supply Chain Network as an Artificial Economy 142 5.3 Aiming for Lindahl Equilibria 144 5.4 Concluding Remarks 147 6 Cognitive Heterogeneous Networks 148 6.1 Heterogeneous Networks 148 6.2 Horizontal Mergers of Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 151 6.2.1 Premerger Status 151 6.2.2 Spectrum Sharing 154 6.2.3 Infrastructure Sharing 155 6.2.4 Spectrum and Infrastructure Sharing 155 6.3 Synergy Measure for Horizontal Mergers 155 6.4 Concluding Remarks 156 Appendix A Mathematical Model for Open-Access Cognitive Radio Networks 157 Appendix B Proof of Theorems 167 References
£94.50
Crown Publishing Group (NY) Thunderstruck
Book Synopsis
£26.00
Johns Hopkins University Press Information at Sea
Book SynopsisHe argues that the human-machine systems used to coordinate forces were as critical to naval successes in World War II as the ships and commanders more familiar to historians.Trade ReviewThis is an excellent and important book. The author, a U.S. Navy Reserve officer, is well qualified to point to the distinction between the visible side of sea power, as reflected in ships and in naval weapons, and the much less visible but absolutely essential side involving the use of information. -- Norman Friedman Proceedings Wolter's familiarity with naval minutiae and procedures leads to a lively and procedures leads to a lively, highly readable narrative that also maintains scholarly depth and thoroughness. Choice Information at Sea is a wonderful book, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of human-machine integration... a 'must read'! -- Mark Hagerott International Journal of Maritime History Both author and publisher have made this an appealing book. Illustrations of key personalities and equipment not only bring the subject to life, but are all the more helpful in understanding the core issues... This book is a must for any serious student of naval operations, platform design and in particular of the USN. Despite its specialised subject matter it will be valuable to military historians in general, especially those looking at the development and problems associated with command in the twentieth century. -- Dr. Marcus Faulkner British Journal of Military History This book will appeal to a broad cross-section of readers with an interest in naval matters and in particular those officers and sailors of the war-fighting community... Wolters has done a fine job in researching and writing this book and the astute reader will recognise that there are important lessons to be learned in it. -- John Perryman Great Circle The reader interested in a broad history of command and control design and innovation aboard US warships from the Civil War to World War II will be well rewarded. Wolters has mastered the sources surrounding this topic and writes in an easy style... This book is most highly recommended. -- John T. Kuehn International Journal of Naval History An outstanding history of the US Navy from the Civil War through the Second World War... Information at Sea has four particular strengths. First, it reveals the connective tissues and nervous system of shipboard command and control across an eighty-year period through extensive pioneering archival research. Second, its well written chronicle of technological investigation, adaptation, innovation, and combat applications will appeal to experts and general readers alike. Third, it seamlessly interweaves bureaucratic decision-making with matters of laboratory research and development, field experimentation, adjustments in training and education, and the new command and control systems; Wolters explains how, why, and to what effect the Navy made changes to improve its combat efficiency. Fourth, the book challenges the longstanding notion that entrenched naval conservatism time and again retarded innovation. Wolters makes abundantly clear that, on the contrary, the Navy regularly listened, learned, and made intelligent decisions about integrating new communications and detection systems... For all these reasons, Information at Sea should stand as a landmark work of military history. -- Branden Little Michigan War Studies ReviewTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Flags, Flares, and Lights: A World before Wireless2. Sparks and Arcs: The Navy Adopts Radio3. War and Peace: Coordinating Naval Forces4. A Most Complex Problem: Demanding Information5. Creating the Brain of a Warship: Radar and the CICConclusionAbbreviationsNotesEssay on SourcesArchives and Manuscript CollectionsIndex
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Capstone Editions How Science Saved the Eiffel Tower
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Rockridge Press Ham Radio Technician Class Test Study Guide 2022
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ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Book SynopsisTwo new fields have recently appeared: mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks. The emergence of these very promising systems is mainly due to great technological progress in the field of wireless communication protocols; these will make it possible to offer a broad range of new applications in both civilian and militarian domains. The inherent characteristics of these systems imply new challenges. This book deals with several relevant fields related to the evolution of these spontaneous and self-organized networks. The authors tackle critical problems such as the design of unicast/multicast routing protocols, the support of the quality of service, the security mechanisms for routing and data transmission, the service discovery, the techniques of clustering/self-organization, the mobility of code and the fault-tolerance techniques. The discussion adopts an analysis-oriented approach which aims to cover the current cutting-edge aspects of these fields and to highlight some potential future development, making it essential reading for anyone wishing to gain a better understanding of these exciting new areas.Trade Review"This book will provide a very useful reference on the architectural aspects of ad-hoc sensor networks to both students and practioners working in the area." (Computing Reviews, November 19, 2008) "What makes this book worth reading from cover to cover is the successful juxtaposition of state-of-the-art descriptions and concrete research projects related to wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. While many aspects of the study of wireless ad hoc sensor networks are still in flux, the book succeeds in presenting 'a global, realistic, and critical vision of the evolution of spontaneous and autonomous network.' Thus, the book is long on solid scientific research and short on speculation." (Computing Reviews, October 23, 2008)Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Houda LABIOD Chapter 2. Ad Hoc Networks: Principles and Routing 7 Stéphane UBÉDA 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Hertzian connection 12 2.2.1. Physical layer impact 12 2.2.2. Shared access to medium 15 2.2.3. Flooding 19 2.3. Routing 21 2.3.1. Dynamic source routing (DSR) 23 2.3.2. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) 25 2.3.3. Optimized link state routing (OLSR) 26 2.3.4. Topology based on reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF) 28 2.3.5. Zone-based hierarchical link state routing protocol (ZRP) 29 2.3.6. Location-aided routing (LAR) 30 2.4. Conclusion 32 2.5. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Quality of Service Support in MANETs 35 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 35 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 36 3.1.2. Chapter structure 36 3.2. Mobile ad hoc networks and QoS objectives 37 3.2.1. Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks and QoS 37 3.2.2. Routing in mobile ad hoc networks 40 3.2.3. Realistic QoS objectives 48 3.3. QoS architecture and relative QoS state of the art 49 3.3.1. Different QoS components 49 3.3.2. QoS models 51 3.3.3. QoS signaling 53 3.3.4. QoS routing 56 3.4. An example of QoS support: QoS OLSR 57 3.4.1. Description of QoS OLSR 58 3.4.2. Performance evaluation 59 3.5. Conclusion 61 3.5.1. Summary 61 3.5.2. Perspectives 62 3.6. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Multicast Ad Hoc Routing 65 Houda LABIOD 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Multicast routing in MANETs: a brief state of the art 66 4.2.1. Classification 66 4.2.2. Summary 68 4.3. SRMP 69 4.3.1. Description 69 4.3.2. Operation 72 4.3.3. Maintenance procedures 73 4.4. Properties 75 4.5. Simulation results and analysis 76 4.6. Conclusion 77 4.7. Bibliography 77 Chapter 5. Self-organization of Ad Hoc Networks: Concepts and Impacts 81 Fabrice THEOLEYRE and Fabrice VALOIS 5.1. Introduction 81 5.2. Self-organization: definition and objectives 82 5.2.1. Definition 82 5.2.2. Principles and objectives 82 5.2.3. Local or distributed decisions? 84 5.3. Some key points for self-organization 85 5.3.1. Emergence of global behavior from local rules 85 5.3.2. Local interactions and node coordination 86 5.3.3. Minimizing network state information 86 5.3.4. Dynamic environment adaptation 87 5.4. Self-organization: a state of the art 87 5.4.1. Classification 87 5.4.2. Virtual backbone 88 5.4.3. Cauterization techniques 94 5.5. Case study and proposition of a solution 94 5.5.1. Motivations 94 5.5.2. Construction of virtual topology 95 5.5.3. Maintenance of virtual topology 98 5.5.4. Virtual topology properties 101 5.6. Contribution of self-organization 101 5.6.1. Energy saving 102 5.6.2. Influence of self-organization on routing 103 5.7. Conclusion 106 5.8. Bibliography 107 Chapter 6. Approaches to Ubiquitous Computing 111 Mohamed BAKHOUYA and Jaafar GABER 6.1. Introduction 111 6.2. Structured service discovery systems 114 6.2.1. Systems based on an indexing mechanism 114 6.2.2. Systems based on distributed hash 119 6.3. Unstructured service discovery systems 120 6.3.1. Flooding-based mechanism 120 6.3.2. Random walk-based mechanism 123 6.4. Comparison between structured and unstructured systems 124 6.5. Self-organizing and self-adaptive approach 125 6.5.1. Server community construction approach 126 6.5.2. Request resolution 129 6.6. Simulation results 135 6.7. Conclusion 137 6.8. Bibliography 137 Chapter 7. Service Discovery Protocols for MANETs 143 Abdellatif OBAID and Azzedine KHIR 7.1. Introduction 143 7.2. Service discovery protocols 146 7.2.1. Service discovery protocols in wired networks 146 7.2.2. Service discovery in ad hoc networks150 7.2.3. Service discovery with routing 152 7.3. Conclusion 162 7.4. Bibliography 162 Chapter 8. Distributed Clustering in Ad Hoc Networks and Applications 165 Romain MELLIER and Jean-Frédéric MYOUPO 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. State of the art 166 8.2.1. Clustering in two hop clusters 167 8.2.2. Clustering at more than two hops 181 8.3. Clustering in networks where mobile devices may have the same weight 183 8.4. Applications 184 8.4.1. Initialization problem in k hop networks 185 8.4.2. Mutual exclusion in k hop networks 185 8.5. Conclusion 190 8.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 9. Security for Ad Hoc Routing and Forwarding 195 Sylvie LANIEPCE 9.1. Introduction 195 9.2. Reminders on routing protocols in ad hoc networks196 9.2.1. Reactive protocols 196 9.2.2. Proactive protocol 198 9.3. Routing threat model in ad hoc networks 199 9.3.1. Ad hoc network characterization for security 199 9.3.2. Classification of attack objectives 200 9.3.3. Basic attacks and security counter measures 200 9.4. Routing security 202 9.4.1. SRP: secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks 202 9.4.2. Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector (SAODV) routing 204 9.4.3. Ariadne 205 9.4.4. ARAN: authenticated routing protocol for ad hoc networks 209 9.4.5. Secure dynamic source routing (SDSR) 210 9.4.6. EndairA 212 9.5. IP datagram forwarding security 213 9.5.1. Monitoring-based techniques 213 9.5.2. Technique based on packet acknowledgement 219 9.5.3. Cooperative incentive techniques based on virtual money 220 9.6. Conclusion 220 9.7. Acknowledgements 221 9.8. Bibliography 221 Chapter 10. Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithms for Scalable Systems 225 Sébastien TIXEUIL 10.1. Introduction 225 10.2. Distributed algorithms and wireless communications 226 10.3. Fault-tolerant distributed algorithms 228 10.3.1. Fault taxonomy in distributed systems 228 10.3.2. Fault-tolerant algorithm categories 230 10.4. The limits and problems caused by a large-scale system 232 10.4.1. Hypotheses about the system 232 10.4.2. Hypotheses on the applications 235 10.5. Solutions for large-scale self-stabilization 238 10.5.1. Restricting the nature of the faults 238 10.5.2. Limiting the geographic extent of faults 242 10.5.3. Classification 246 10.5.4. Limiting the classes of problems to solve 247 10.6. Conclusion 251 10.7. Bibliography 251 Chapter 11. Code Mobility in Sensor Networks 257 Fabrício A. SILVA, Linnyer B. RUIZ, José M. NOGUEIRA, Thais R. BRAGA and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Introduction 257 11.2. Concepts linked to code mobility 258 11.2.1. Process and object migration 259 11.2.2. Code mobility 259 11.2.3. Wireless sensor networks and code mobility 260 11.3. Project paradigms of code mobility systems 261 11.3.1. Client/server 261 11.3.2. Remote evaluation 262 11.3.3. Code on demand 262 11.3.4. Mobile agent 263 11.4. Mobile agents 263 11.4.1. Mobile agent components 265 11.4.2. Mobile agent system models 266 11.5. Modeling mobile agent systems for wireless sensor networks 268 11.5.1. Agent model 268 11.5.2. Life cycle model 268 11.5.3. Computing model 269 11.5.4. Security model 269 11.5.5. Communication model 270 11.5.6. Navigation model 270 11.6. State of the art 271 11.6.1. Remote and single hop reprogramming 271 11.6.2. Multihop reprogramming 272 11.6.3. Virtual machine reprogramming 274 11.6.4. Mobile target location application 275 11.7. Case study: mobile agents in WSN management 276 11.7.1. Objectives 276 11.7.2. Models 277 11.7.3. Evaluation 278 11.8. Conclusion 282 11.9. Bibliography 282 Chapter 12. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Applications and Perspectives 285 Rabah MERAIHI, Sidi-Mohammed SENOUCI, Djamal-Eddine MEDDOUR and Moez JERBI 12.1. Introduction 285 12.2. Properties and applications 287 12.2.1. Properties of VANETs 287 12.2.2. VANET applications 289 12.3. State of the art and study of the existing situation 292 12.3.1. Projects and consortiums 292 12.3.2. Study of the existing situation 294 12.4. Conclusion 303 12.5. Bibliography 304 List of Authors 309 Index 313
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