Radio technology Books

Book SynopsisUltra Wide Band (UWB) technology consists of transmitting radio signals over frequency bandwidths from 500 MHz to several GHz. Its unique characteristics may be exploited for the design of high data rate wireless communication systems, as well as localization and imaging applications. The development and optimization of such systems require a precise knowledge of the radio transmission medium. This book examines all aspects of the propagation channel for UWB systems. UWB technology is first presented, with a particular emphasis being placed on its applications, spectrum regulation issues, and the different communication techniques. The authors introduce the theoretical bases of radioelectric propagation and give an overview of the channel sounding techniques adapted for UWB signals. The two main principles of UWB channel modeling are finally exposed and illustrated: deterministic channel modeling, based on the simulation of the propagation phenomena in a given environment, and statistical channel modeling, which relies on the experimental analysis of the main channel characteristics.Table of ContentsForeword 11 Acronyms 17 Chapter 1. UWB Technology and its Applications 21 1.1. Introduction 21 1.2. Definition and historical evolution 22 1.2.1. Definition 22 1.2.2. Historical evolution 23 1.3. Specificities of UWB 24 1.4. Considered applications 26 1.5. Regulation evolution 30 1.5.1. Regulation in the USA 31 1.5.2. Regulation in Europe 32 1.5.3. Regulation in Asia 33 1.6. UWB communication system and standardization 34 1.6.1. Impulse radio 35 1.6.1.1. Pulse position modulation 35 1.6.1.2. Pulse amplitude modulation 38 1.6.2. Direct sequence UWB 39 1.6.3.Multiband OFDM 40 1.7. Conclusion 41 Chapter 2. Radio Wave Propagation 43 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Definition of the propagation channel 43 2.2.1. Free space propagation 44 2.2.2. Multipath propagation 45 2.2.3. Propagation channel variations 47 2.2.3.1. Spatial selectivity 48 2.2.3.2. Frequency selectivity 48 2.2.3.3. Doppler effect 50 2.3. Propagation channel representation 51 2.3.1.Mathematical formulation 51 2.3.2. Characterization of deterministic channels 52 2.3.2.1. The time varying impulse response 53 2.3.2.2. The frequency domain function 53 2.3.2.3. The time varying transfer function 54 2.3.2.4. The delay-Doppler spread function 54 2.3.3. Characterization of linear random channels 54 2.3.4. Channel classification 55 2.3.4.1.Wide sense stationary channels 55 2.3.4.2. Uncorrelated scattering channels 56 2.3.4.3. Wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering channels 57 2.4. Channel characteristic parameters 58 2.4.1. Frequency selectivity 58 2.4.1.1. RMS delay spread 59 2.4.1.2. Coherence bandwidth 59 2.4.1.3. Delay window and delay interval 60 2.4.1.4. Exponential decay constants 61 2.4.1.5. Cluster and ray arrival rates 61 2.4.2. Propagation loss 62 2.4.3. Fast fading 63 2.4.4. Spectral analysis 64 2.5. Conclusion 64 Chapter 3. UWB Propagation Channel Sounding 67 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Specificity of UWB channel sounding 67 3.3. Measurement techniques for UWB channel sounding 70 3.3.1. Frequency domain techniques 71 3.3.1.1. Vector network analyzer 71 3.3.1.2. Chirp sounder 72 3.3.2. Time domain techniques 73 3.3.2.1. Pulsed techniques 73 3.3.2.2. Correlation measurements 75 3.3.2.3. Inversion techniques 78 3.3.3. Multiple-band time domain sounder for dynamic channels 78 3.3.3.1. Principle of multiple-band time domain sounding 80 3.3.3.2. Description of the SIMO channel sounder 81 3.3.3.3. Extension towards UWB 81 3.3.3.4. Experimental validation 84 3.4. UWB measurement campaigns 85 3.4.1. Overview of UWB measurement campaigns 85 3.4.2. Illustration of channel sounding experiments 91 3.4.2.1. Static measurement campaign over the 3.1–10.6 GHz band 91 3.4.2.2. Static measurement campaign over the 2–6 GHz band 95 3.4.2.3. Dynamic measurement campaign over the 4–5 GHz band 95 3.5. Conclusion 98 Chapter 4. Deterministic Modeling of the UWB Channel 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Overview of deterministic modeling 99 4.2.1. FDTD based approach 100 4.2.2.MoMbased approach 100 4.2.3. Ray based approach 101 4.3. Specificity of deterministic modeling in UWB 101 4.4. Overview of UWB deterministic modeling 102 4.4.1. Qiu model 102 4.4.2. Yao model 102 4.4.3. Attiya model 103 4.4.4. Uguen and Tchoffo Talom model 104 4.5. Illustration of a deterministic model formalism 104 4.5.1. Received signal synthesis 105 4.5.2. Ray impulse response without delay 105 4.5.3. Ray channel matrix without delay 108 4.5.4. Described model results 110 4.5.4.1. Emitted waveform and considered scenario 110 4.5.4.2. Channel matrix of each emitted waveform in the LOS case 113 4.5.4.3. Received signal with ideal antennas 114 4.6. Consideration of real antenna characteristics in deterministic modeling 118 4.7. Building material effects on channel properties 120 4.8. Simulation and measurement comparisons 124 4.8.1. Evaluation of real antenna consideration 124 4.8.2. Evaluation of impulse response reconstruction 125 4.9. Conclusion 126 Chapter 5. Statistical Modeling of the UWB Channel 133 5.1. Experimental characterization of channel parameters 134 5.1.1. Propagation loss 134 5.1.1.1. Frequency propagation loss 134 5.1.1.2. Distance propagation loss 136 5.1.2. Impulse response characterization 137 5.1.2.1. Delay spread 137 5.1.2.2. Power delay profile decay 141 5.1.2.3. Ray and cluster arrival rate 145 5.1.3. Study of small-scale channel variations 148 5.1.4. Effect of moving people 151 5.1.4.1. Observation of temporal variations 151 5.1.4.2. Slow fading 152 5.1.4.3. Fast fading 153 5.1.4.4. Spectral analysis 156 5.2. Statistical channel modeling 157 5.2.1. Examples of statistical models 158 5.2.1.1. IEEE 802.15.3a model 158 5.2.1.2. IEEE 802.15.4a model 159 5.2.1.3. Other models 160 5.2.2. Empirical modeling principles 162 5.2.2.1. Propagation loss model 162 5.2.2.2. Modeling the channel impulse response over an infinite bandwidth 163 5.2.2.3. Modeling the channel impulse response over a limited bandwidth 166 5.2.2.4. Simulation results 166 5.3. Advanced modeling in a dynamic configuration 169 5.3.1. Space variation modeling 169 5.3.2.Modeling the effect of people 172 5.4. Conclusion 175 Appendices A. Baseband Representation of the Radio Channel 177 B. Statistical Distributions 181 B.1. Definition 181 B.1.1. Rayleigh distribution 181 B.1.2. Rice distribution 182 B.1.3. Nakagami distribution 183 B.1.4.Weibull distribution 184 B.1.5. Normal distribution 184 B.1.6. Log-normal distribution 185 B.1.7. Laplace distribution 185 B.2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test 186 C. Geometric Optics and Uniform Theory of Diffraction 189 C.1. Geometric optics 189 C.1.1. Introduction 189 C.1.2. Field locality principle 190 C.1.3. Field expression in geometric optics 191 C.1.4. Change of local basis 192 C.1.5. Incident field 192 C.1.6. Reflected field 193 C.1.7. Refracted and transmitted field 197 C.2. Uniform theory of diffraction 200 C.2.1. Introduction 200 C.2.2. Diffracted field 200 C.2.3. UTD 2D coefficient 201 C.2.4. UTD 3D coefficient 204 D. Ray Construction Techniques 209 D.1. Ray launching 209 D.2. Ray tracing 209 D.3. Other techniques 211 E. Description of the Time-Frequency Transform 213 Bibliography 219 Index 237

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Book SynopsisUltra Wide Band Technology (UWB) has reached a level of maturity that allows us to offer wireless links with either high or low data rates. These wireless links are frequently associated with a location capability for which ultimate accuracy varies with the inverse of the frequency bandwidth. Using time or frequency domain waveforms, they are currently the subject of international standards facilitating their commercial implementation. Drawing up a complete state of the art, Ultra Wide Band Antennas is aimed at students, engineers and researchers and presents a summary of internationally recognized studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Applications of Ultra Wide Band Systems 1 Serge HÉTHUIN and Isabelle BUCAILLE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. UWB regulation: a complex context 2 1.3. Formal Ultra Wide Band types 8 1.4. Non-formal ultra wide band types 14 1.5. Comparison between the different Ultra Wide Band techniques 20 1.6. Typical UWB-OFDM applications 21 1.7. Specialized UWB-OFDM applications 28 1.8. Typical applications of the Impulse Radio UWB, UWB-FH and UWB-FM 30 1.9. Impact on the antennas 32 Chapter 2. Radiation Characteristics of Antennas 33 Xavier BEGAUD 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. How can we characterize an antenna? 37 2.3. Radiation fields and radiation power 40 2.4. Gain, efficiency and effective aperture 47 2.5. Budget link, transfer function 49 2.6. Equivalent circuits of the antennas 51 2.7. Bandwidth 52 2.8. Example of characterization: the triangular probe antenna in F 52 Chapter 3. Representation, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra Wide Band Antennas 61 Christophe ROBLIN 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Specificities of UWB antennas: stakes and representation 62 3.3. Temporal behavior, distortion 77 3.4. Distortion and ideality 80 3.5. Performance characterization: synthetic indicators 82 3.6. Parsimonious representation by development of singularities and spherical modes 95 Chapter 4. Experimental Characterization of UWB Antennas 113 Christophe DELAVEAUD 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Measurements of the characteristics of radiation 114 4.3. Measurements of the electric characteristics 156 Chapter 5. Overview of UWB Antennas 163 Nicolas FORTINO, Jean-Yves DAUVIGNAC, Georges KOSSIAVAS and Xavier BEGAUD 5.1. Classification of UWB antennas 163 5.2. Frequency independent antennas 164 5.3. Elementary antennas 177 5.4. Miniaturization of UWB antennas 202 5.5. UWB antennas for surface penetrating radars 206 Chapter 6. Antenna-Channel Joint Effects in UWB 213 Alain SIBILLE 6.1. Introduction 213 6.2. Recalls on the UWB radio channel 214 6.3. Impact of the channel on the performance of UWB systems 218 6.4. Effective antenna performance in an ideal channel 220 6.5. Effective performance of non-directional antennas in dispersive channels 225 6.6. Effective performance of directional antennas in dispersive channels 233 6.7. Factorization of antenna patterns 235 6.8. Conclusion 237 APPENDICES 239 Appendix A. Reciprocity of the Antennas in Receptionand Transmission Modes 241 A.1. Reciprocity applied to waveguides 243 A.2. Reciprocity applied to the passive antennas in transmission and reception 245 Appendix B. Method of the Stationary Phase 253 Acronyms and Abbreviations 255 Bibliography 259 List of Authors 273 Index 275

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the stochastic modeling of telecommunication networks, introducing the main mathematical tools for that purpose, such as Markov processes, real and spatial point processes and stochastic recursions, and presenting a wide list of results on stability, performances and comparison of systems. The authors propose a comprehensive mathematical construction of the foundations of stochastic network theory: Markov chains, continuous time Markov chains are extensively studied using an original martingale-based approach. A complete presentation of stochastic recursions from an ergodic theoretical perspective is also provided, as well as spatial point processes. Using these basic tools, stability criteria, performance measures and comparison principles are obtained for a wide class of models, from the canonical M/M/1 and G/G/1 queues to more sophisticated systems, including the current “hot topics” of spatial radio networking, OFDMA and real-time networks. Contents 1. Introduction. Part 1: Discrete-time Modeling 2. Stochastic Recursive Sequences. 3. Markov Chains. 4. Stationary Queues. 5. The M/GI/1 Queue. Part 2: Continuous-time Modeling 6. Poisson Process. 7. Markov Process. 8. Systems with Delay. 9. Loss Systems. Part 3: Spatial Modeling 10. Spatial Point Processes.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Traffic, load, Erlang, etc1 1.2. Notations and nomenclature 7 1.3. Lindley and Bene¡s 10 1.4. Notes and comments 18 PART 1: DISCRETE-TIME MODELING 21 Chapter 2. Stochastic Recursive Sequences 23 2.1. Canonical space 24 2.2. Loynes’s scheme 30 2.3. Coupling 34 2.4. Comparison of stochastic recursive sequences 40 2.5. Notes and comments 43 Chapter 3. Markov Chains 45 3.1. Definition and examples 45 3.2. Strong Markov property 49 3.3. Classification of states 52 3.4. Invariant measures and invariant probability 60 3.5. Effective calculation of the invariant probability 75 3.6. Problems 77 3.7. Notes and comments 80 Chapter 4. Stationary Queues 83 4.1. Single server queues 84 4.2. Processor sharing queue 104 4.3. Parallel queues 106 4.4. The queue with S servers 117 4.5. Infinite servers queue 124 4.6. Queues with impatient customers 127 4.7. Notes and comments 146 Chapter 5. The M/GI/1 Queue 149 5.1. The number of customers in the queue 149 5.2. Pollacek-Khinchin formulas 153 5.3. Sojourn time 156 5.4. Tail distribution of the waiting time 158 5.5. Busy periods 160 PART 2: CONTINUOUS-TIME MODELING 167 Chapter 6. Poisson Process 169 6.1. Definitions 170 6.2. Properties 176 6.3. Discrete analog: the Bernoulli process 181 6.4. Simulation of the Poisson process 183 6.5. Non-homogeneous Poisson process 185 6.6. Cox processes 189 6.7. Problems 189 6.8. Notes and comments 191 Chapter 7. Markov Process 193 7.1. Preliminaries 193 7.2. Pathwise construction 195 7.3. Markovian semi-group and infinitesimal generator 199 7.4. Martingale problem 215 7.5. Reversibility and applications 220 7.6. Markov Modulated Poisson Processes 226 7.7. Problems 232 7.8. Notes and comments 234 Chapter 8. Systems with Delay 237 8.1. Little’s formula 237 8.2. Single server queue 241 8.3. Multiple server queue 245 8.4. Processor sharing queue 252 8.5. The M/M/∞ queue 253 8.6. The departure process 254 8.7. Queuing networks 255 8.8. Problems 265 8.9. Notes and comments 268 Chapter 9. Loss Systems 271 9.1. General 271 9.2. Erlang model 274 9.3. The M/M/1/1 + C queue 276 9.4. The “trunk” effect 279 9.5. Engset model 280 9.6. IPP/M/S/S queue 281 9.7. Generalized Erlang models 285 9.8. Hierarchical networks 289 9.9. A model with balking 294 9.10. A call center with impatient customers 301 9.11. Problems 303 9.12. Notes and comments 304 PART 3: SPATIAL MODELING 307 Chapter 10. Spatial Point Processes 309 10.1. Preliminary 309 10.2. Stochastic geometry 310 10.3. Poisson process 311 10.4. Stochastic analysis 326 10.5. Problems 336 10.6. Notes and comments 337 Appendix A. Mathematical Toolbox 339 A.1. Probability spaces and processes 339 A.2. Conditional expectation 347 A.3. Vector spaces and orders 352 A.4. Bounded variation processes 356 A.5. Martingales 363 A.6. Laplace transform 378 A.7. Notes and comments 379 Bibliography 381 Index 385

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Book SynopsisSoftware radio ideally provides the opportunity to communicate with any radio communication standard by modifying only the software, without any modification to hardware components. However, taking into account the static behavior of current communications protocols, the spectrum efficiency optimization, and flexibility, the radio domain has become an important factor. From this thinking appeared the cognitive radio paradigm. This evolution is today inescapable in the modern radio communication world. It provides an autonomous behavior to the equipment and therefore the adaptation of communication parameters to better match their needs. This collective work provides engineers, researchers and radio designers with the necessary information from mathematical analysis and hardware architectures to design methodology and tools, running platforms and standardization in order to understand this new cognitive radio domain.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Alain BRAVO Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi PART 1. COGNITIVE RADIO 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Cognitive Radio 3 Jacques PALICOT, Christophe MOY and Mérouane DEBBAH 1.1. Joseph Mitola’s cognitive radio 3 1.2. Positioning 7 1.3. Spectrum management 9 1.4. A broader vision of CR 17 1.5. Difficulties of the cognitive cycle 21 Chapter 2. Cognitive Terminals Toward Cognitive Networks 23 Romain COUILLET and Mérouane DEBBAH 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Intelligent terminal 25 2.3. Intelligent networks 32 2.4. Toward a compromise 35 2.5. Conclusion 40 Chapter 3. Cognitive Radio Sensors 43 Renaud SÉGUIER, Jacques PALICOT, Christophe MOY, Romain COUILLET and Mérouane DEBBAH 3.1. Lower layer sensors 43 3.2. Intermediate layer sensors 57 3.3. Higher layer sensors 64 3.4. Conclusion 75 Chapter 4. Decision Making and Learning 77 Romain COUILLET, Mérouane DEBBAH, Hamidou TEMBINE, Wassim JOUINI and Christophe MOY 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. CR equipment: decision and/or learning 78 4.3. Decision design space 81 4.4. Decision making and learning from the equipment’s perspective 82 4.5. Decision making and learning from network perspective: game theory 96 4.6. Brief state of the art: classification of methods for dynamic configuration adaptation 101 4.7. Conclusion 104 Chapter 5. Cognitive Cycle Management 107 Christophe MOY and Jacques PALICOT 5.1. Introduction 107 5.2. Cognitive radio equipment 109 5.3. High-level design approach 122 5.4. HDCRAM’s interfaces (APIs) 127 5.5. Conclusion 139 PART 2. SOFTWARE RADIO AS SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY 141 Chapter 6. Introduction to Software Radio 143 Jacques PALICOT and Christophe MOY 6.1. Introduction 143 6.2. Generalities 145 6.3. Major organizations of software radio 150 6.4. Hardware architectures 153 6.5. Conclusion 159 Chapter 7. Transmitter/Receiver Analog Front End 161 Renaud LOISON, Raphaël GILLARD, Yves LOUËT and Gilles TOURNEUR 7.1. Introduction 161 7.2. Antennas 161 7.3. Nonlinear amplification 172 7.4. Converters 185 7.5. Conclusion 205 Chapter 8. Transmitter/Receiver Digital Front End 207 Jacques PALICOT, Daniel LE GUENNEC and Christophe MOY 8.1. Theoretical principles 208 8.2. DFE functions 210 8.3. Synchronization 229 8.4. The CORDIC algorithm 243 8.5. Conclusion 246 Chapter 9. Processing of Nonlinearities 249 Yves LOUËT and Jacques PALICOT 9.1. Introduction 249 9.2. Crest factor of the signals to be amplified 250 9.3. Variation of crest factor in different contexts 252 9.4. Methods for reducing nonlinearities 264 9.5. Conclusion 269 Chapter 10.Methodology and Tools 271 Pierre LERAY, Christophe MOY and Sufi Tabassum GUL 10.1. Introduction 271 10.2. Methods to identify common operations 273 10.3. Methods and design tools 280 10.4. Conclusion 297 Chapter 11. Implementation Platforms 299 Amor NAFKHA, Pierre LERAY and Christophe MOY 11.1. Introduction 299 11.2. Software radio platform 299 11.3. Hardware architectures 300 11.4. Characterization of the implementation platform 309 11.5. Qualitative assessment 312 11.6. Architectures of software layers 313 11.7. Some platform examples 317 11.8. Conclusion 320 Chapter 12. General Conclusion and Perspectives 323 12.1. General conclusion 323 12.2. Perspectives 323 Appendix A. To Learn More 327 Appendix B. SR and CR Projects 333 Appendix C. International Activity in Standardization and Forums 339 Appendix D. Research at European and International Levels 345 Acronyms and Abbreviations 347 Bibliography 355 List of Authors 373 Index 375

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the evolutions of architecture for mobiles and summarizes the different technologies: – 2G: the GSM (Global System for Mobile) network, the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network and the EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) evolution; – 3G: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network and the HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) evolutions: - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access), - HSPA+; – 4G: the EPS (Evolved Packet System) network. The telephone service and data transmission are the two main services provided by these networks. The evolutions are fundamentally dictated by the increase in the rate of data transmission across the radio interface between the network and mobiles. This book is intended as a readily understandable support to help students and professionals wishing to quickly acquire the main concepts of networks for mobiles understand the technologies deployed.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. The GSM Network 1 1.1. Services 2 1.2. The architecture of the network 3 1.3. The radio interface 17 1.4. Communication management 36 Chapter 2. The GPRS Network 53 2.1. Services 54 2.2. Network architecture 56 2.3. Radio interface 68 2.4. Communication management 85 2.5. The EDGE evolution 95 Chapter 3. The UMTS Network 105 3.1. The services 106 3.2. The architecture of the network 107 3.3. Radio interface 116 3.4. Communication management 138 3.5. HSPA evolutions 145 Chapter 4. The NGN 155 4.1. Network architecture 156 4.2. Communication management 164 Chapter 5. The EPS Network 175 5.1. Network architecture 176 5.2. The radio interface 188 5.3. Communication management 211 Chapter 6. The IMS Network 227 6.1. The SIP 228 6.2. The IMS architecture 236 6.3. Communication management 243 List of Abbreviations 253 Bibliography 263 Index 267

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Book SynopsisWe are currently witnessing an increase in telecommunications norms and standards given the recent advances in this field. The increasing number of normalized standards paves the way for an increase in the range of services available for each consumer. Moreover, the majority of available radio frequencies have already been allocated. This explains the emergence of cognitive radio (CR) – the sharing of the spectrum between a primary user and a secondary user. In this book, we will present the state of the art of the different techniques for spectrum access using cooperation and competition to solve the problem of spectrum allocation and ensure better management of radio resources in a radio cognitive context. The different aspects of research explored up until now on the applications of multi-agent systems (MAS) in the field of cognitive radio are analyzed in this book. The first chapter begins with an insight into wireless networks and mobiles, with special focus on the IEEE 802.22 norm, which is a norm dedicated to CR. Chapter 2 goes into detail about CR, which is a technical field at the boundary between telecommunications and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In Chapter 3, the concept of the “agent” from AI is expanded to MAS and associated applications. Finally, Chapter 4 establishes an overview of the use of AI techniques, in particular MAS, for its allocation of radio resources and dynamic access to the spectrum in CR. Contents 1. Wireless and Mobile Networks. 2. Cognitive Radio. 3. Multi-agent Systems. 4. Dynamic Spectrum Access. About the Authors Badr Benmammar has been Associate Professor at UABT (University Abou Bekr Belkaïd Tlemcen), Algeria since 2010 and was a research fellow at CNRS LaBRI Laboratory of the University of Bordeaux 1 until 2007. He is currently carrying out research at the Laboratory of Telecommunications of Tlemcen (LTT), UABT, Algeria. His main research activities concern the cognitive radio network, Quality of Service on mobile and wireless networks, end-to-end signaling protocols and agent technology. His work on Quality of Service has led to many publications in journals and conference proceedings. Asma Amraoui is currently a PhD candidate; she is preparing a doctoral thesis on a topic of research that explores the use of artificial intelligence techniques in cognitive radio networks. She is attached to the Laboratory of Telecommunications of Tlemcen (LTT) in Algeria.Table of ContentsACRONYMS ix INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORKS 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wireless networks 2 1.2.1. Definition 2 1.2.2. Function of a wireless network 3 1.2.2.1. Network with infrastructure 3 1.2.2.2. Network without infrastructure 4 1.2.3. Types of wireless networks 5 1.2.3.1. Wireless personal area network 6 1.2.3.2. Wireless local area network 6 1.2.3.3. Wireless metropolitan area network 6 1.2.3.4. Wireless wide area network 6 1.2.3.5. Wireless regional area network 6 1.2.4. Different types of existing wireless networks 7 1.2.4.1. Networks using infrared waves 7 1.2.4.2. Networks using radio waves 7 1.2.5. IEEE 802.22 standard 12 1.3. Mobile networks 12 1.3.1. Wireless and mobility 12 1.3.2. Mobility 13 1.3.3. Cellular architecture 13 1.3.4. Architecture of a cellular network 14 1.3.5. Telephony 15 1.3.6. Development of cellular systems 16 1.3.6.1. First generation 16 1.3.6.2. Second generation 16 1.3.6.3. Third generation 18 1.3.6.4. Fourth generation 18 1.4. WiMAX mobile and 4G 19 1.5. Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 2. COGNITIVE RADIO 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Software radio 24 2.2.1. Software-defined radio 24 2.3. Introduction to cognitive radio 24 2.3.1. History 24 2.3.2. Definition 25 2.3.3. Relationship between cognitive radio and software-defined radio 26 2.3.4. Structure 27 2.3.5. Cognition cycle 29 2.3.6. Components of cognitive radio 31 2.3.7. Functions of cognitive radio 32 2.4. Languages of cognitive radio 35 2.5. Domains of cognitive radio applications 36 2.6. Conclusion 38 CHAPTER 3. MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS 39 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Definition of an agent 39 3.2.1. The multidimensional characteristics of an agent 40 3.2.2. An agent’s concrete architecture 41 3.2.2.1. Architecture of logical agents 41 3.2.2.2. Reactive architecture 42 3.2.2.3. BDI architecture 42 3.2.2.4. Multilevel architecture 44 3.2.3. Model of an agent 45 3.3. Multi-agent systems 46 3.3.1. Communication between agents 46 3.3.1.1. Coordination protocols 46 3.3.1.2. Cooperation protocols 47 3.3.1.3. Negotiation 47 3.4. Application of MAS in telecommunications 48 3.4.1. MAS applications on the Web 48 3.4.2. Application of MAS in virtual private networks 49 3.4.3. Using MAS in the setting of third generation mobiles 50 3.4.4. Application of MAS in network supervision and management 50 3.5. Conclusion 50 CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS 53 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Intelligent algorithms 54 4.2.1. Neural networks 55 4.2.2. Fuzzy logic 56 4.2.3. Genetic algorithms 57 4.3. Dynamic spectrum access 58 4.3.1. Spectrum access using the auction approach 58 4.3.2. Spectrum access using game theory 59 4.3.3. Spectrum access using Markov’s approach 60 4.3.4. Spectrum access using multi-agent systems 61 4.4. Conclusion 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 FURTHER READING 75 INDEX 77

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the necessary concepts for the design and testing of radiofrequency and high-speed circuits. Signal and propagation theory is presented for the various circuit levels, from the chip to the PCB. The co-existence of high-speed wideband signals of radiofrequency signals and supply circuits is developed in order to provide design rules for engineers and Masters-level students. The subjects covered include: interconnections and signal integrity; spectral analysis techniques for high-speed signals; design techniques for signal integrity; the transmission-line concept; methods for temporal analysis and techniques for frequency domain analysis for connectics.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. DEGRADATION OF RISE TIME IN INTERCONNECTS 1 1.1. Propagation issues in interconnects 1 1.1.1. Evolution of digital circuits 1 1.1.2. Evolution of signals in interconnects 2 1.1.3. Propagation time on networks 4 1.1.4. Propagation delay in integrated circuits 5 1.1.5. Spectral analysis of signals 6 1.2. Behavior of components at high frequencies 7 1.2.1. Contact wire behavior 7 1.2.2. Resistance behavior at radiofrequencies (RF) 8 1.2.3. RF inductance behavior 8 1.2.4. Capacitance behavior at RF 9 1.2.5. Effects of losses due to conductors: skin effect 11 1.3. Effect on transmission of signals on interconnects 13 1.3.1. Filtering by transmission channel 13 1.3.2. Degradation of rise time in a limited-bandwidth channel 14 1.3.3. Example of a first-order low-pass RC filter 15 1.3.4. Effects of resistive losses from skin effect 16 1.3.5. Rise time in cascading circuits 17 1.3.6. Transmission quality criteria: eye diagram 19 1.4. Measurement of rise time 19 1.4.1. Different definitions of rise time 19 1.4.2. Measurement principle 20 1.4.3. Effect of measuring sensor 20 1.5. Conclusion 21 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF INTERCONNECTS 23 2.1. Global modeling of signal integrity 23 2.1.1. ICEM and ICIM models 23 2.1.2. IBIS models 24 2.1.3. I/V characteristics of buffers 25 2.1.4. I/V characteristics of the IBIS model 25 2.2. RC interconnect model 27 2.2.1. RC model 27 2.2.2. The Elmore constant 28 2.3. Capacitive and inductive modeling 28 2.3.1. Capacitive modeling 29 2.3.2. Inductive modeling 30 2.4. LC line modeling 35 2.5. Application to electronic packages and MCM 37 2.5.1. Different types of electronic packages 37 2.5.2. Multichip modules 39 2.5.3. LC modeling of packages 40 2.5.4. 2.5D and 3D electromagnetic simulations 43 2.6. Conclusion 45 CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED IMPEDANCE INTERCONNECTS 47 3.1. Why control impedance? 47 3.1.1. Effect of interconnect length 47 3.1.2. Classification of interconnects by the signal carried 51 3.2. Influence of rise time on signal degradation 52 3.3. Model of a controlled impedance interconnect 53 3.3.1. Characteristic impedance: definition 53 3.3.2. Configuration of controlled impedance interconnects 54 3.4. Interconnects on PCBs 55 3.4.1. Controlled impedance on PCB 55 3.4.2. Transition between lines and discontinuity 57 3.4.3. Extraction of values from equivalent schema 60 3.5. Impedance control for a microstrip configuration 61 3.5.1. Effect of effective permittivity 61 3.5.2. Limitations on a typical digital circuit 62 3.5.3. Effect of ribbon thickness or protective resin 63 3.6. Analysis of propagation in interconnects 64 3.6.1. Reflection and transmission on termination 64 3.6.2. Reflection and transmission during an impedance break 65 3.6.3. Reflection and transmission on a bus 66 3.7. Effect on data bus configuration 68 3.8. Application to clock distribution 69 3.9. Conclusion 71 CHAPTER 4. PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINES 73 4.1. Transmission line model 73 4.1.1. Modes of propagation on lines 74 4.2. Propagation modes related to substrate 76 4.2.1. Quasi-TEM mode 77 4.2.2. Skin-effect mode 78 4.2.3. Slow wave mode 79 4.2.4. Transition zone 80 4.3. Equation of propagation on transmission lines 81 4.3.1. Propagation equation 82 4.3.2. Input impedance 85 4.3.3. Interconnect behavior according to length and loads 85 4.3.4. Case of electrically short lines 86 4.4. Conclusion 87 CHAPTER 5. THE S-PARAMETERS TESTING TECHNIQUE 89 5.1. Definition of measured parameters 89 5.1.1. Reflection and transmission 89 5.1.2. Reflection coefficient and SWR on interconnects 90 5.2. The S-parameters principle 92 5.2.1. Definitions 92 5.2.2. Input impedance of a circuit terminated by an impedance 93 5.3. Measurement of S parameters 94 5.3.1. Standard calibrations of a vectorial analyzer 96 5.3.2. Short-open-load-thru (SOLT) calibration 96 5.3.3. Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration 98 5.3.4. One-port measurement technique 99 5.4. Measurement of characteristic line impedance 100 5.4.1. Short-circuit and open-circuit method 100 5.4.2. R0-loaded line method 102 5.4.3. Equivalent line based on S parameters 103 5.5. Measurement of line capacitance 104 5.5.1. Short-circuit and open-circuit measurement method 104 5.5.2. Loaded line measurement method 104 5.6. Components on PCB and de-embedding techniques 105 5.6.1. Impedance measurement on PCB 106 5.6.2. T and C series matrices 106 5.6.3. ABCD matrix of a transmission line 107 5.6.4. De-embedding procedure 109 5.7. Characterization of dielectric materials for interconnects 111 5.7.1. Metal–insulating material–metal capacity method for insulating materials in integrated technologies 111 5.7.2. Effective permittivity of a transmission line 113 5.7.3. Case of microribbon, tri-plate or coplanar lines 114 5.8. Conclusion 115 CHAPTER 6. TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY ANALYSIS 117 6.1. Principle of TDR 117 6.2. Reflection and transmission of voltage 118 6.2.1. Observable voltages 118 6.2.2. Effects of multiple reflections in high-speed circuits 120 6.3. Measurement of characteristic impedance 120 6.3.1. Impedance measurement with an impulse generator 120 6.3.2. Impedance measurement with an echelon 122 6.3.3. Case of cascaded impedances 123 6.4. Reflection on reactive loads 124 6.5. Extraction of equivalent schemas 125 6.5.1. Definition of equivalent schema 125 6.5.2. Extraction of an inductive discontinuity or component 127 6.5.3. Case of a capacitive discontinuity or component 129 6.5.4. Case of a series inductance and parallel capacitance 131 6.6. Discontinuities in cascade 133 6.6.1. Spatial resolution 133 6.6.2. Example of inductance and capacitance extraction 133 6.7. Conclusion 135 CHAPTER 7. INTERFERENCE AND CROSS-TALK IN INTERCONNECTS 137 7.1. Coupling and interferences due to substrate 137 7.1.1. ICEM model for substrate coupling 138 7.1.2. Guard ring and insulation well 140 7.2. Theory of coupling between lines 140 7.2.1. Interline coupling model 141 7.2.2. Coupling signals at endings 144 7.2.3. Model of coupling in interconnects on PCB 145 7.3. Application to high-speed cables, buses and connectors 150 7.3.1. Stresses in high-speed buses 150 7.3.2. Standardization of data transmission cables 151 7.3.3. Categories of high-speed ethernet systems 153 7.4. Conclusion 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 INDEX 159

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Book SynopsisDifferent aspects of the reconfigurability of mobile radio systems are analyzed in this book. These include services, object modeling applied to software radio, flexible spectrum management, trade-offs for building a reconfigurable terminal, an example of a pure software radio modem, adaptive MIMO techniques and analog-to-digital converters.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Chapter 1. Services and Adaptive Uses 1 Guillaume DORBES 1.1. New networks and new uses 1 1.1.1. Broadband mobile radio systems: why do it? 1 1.1.2. From Internet services on a voice network to voice services on an Internet network 2 1.1.3. From telephony to interpersonal communication 3 1.1.4. From charged to free: the value evolution 4 1.1.5. From the end-to-end controlled session to the best effort culture 4 1.1.6. The new services of the new networks 5 1.2. Mobile communications customers 5 1.2.1. Mobile service user: a communicating customer 5 1.2.2. The successful teachings of mobile telephony and the Internet for the new generation services 6 1.2.3. The communicating customer and his values 7 1.2.3.1. Compatibility with the present and its practices 7 1.2.3.2. Membership and availability 7 1.2.3.3. Cost optimization 8 1.2.3.4. Security 8 1.2.4. Mobility based acceleration 8 1.2.4.1. Terminal size and its interaction modes 8 1.2.4.2. Multi-network environment 9 1.2.4.3. Service heterogenity 10 1.2.5. Adaptability as a mobility value 10 1.3. Technological and adaptability factors of mobile services 11 1.3.1. A microcomputer inside each pocket 11 1.3.2. An Internet or a juxtaposition of intranets? 12 1.3.3. On the convergence of universal sets or how to contact a person 14 1.3.4. Proximity as a way to address the mobile services 15 1.3.5. The jungle of networks or how can we communicate in a hostile environment? 16 1.3.6. How can we carry our home in our pocket? 17 1.4. Conclusion: “I am a nomad in at least five different ways” 18 1.4.1. A new challenge: reconciling the incompatible 18 1.4.2. A combination of new technologies and new economic models 18 Chapter 2. Object Modeling and Software-defined Radio 21 Antoine DELAUTRE and Yann DENEF 2.1. Introduction 21 2.1.1. History of the software industry 22 2.1.2. Object modeling 24 2.1.3. Modeling and data flow 25 2.1.4. Constituent model 27 2.1.5. Software bus 27 2.1.6. Product line 31 2.2. Applicability of the component-based approach to the field of software-defined radio 33 2.2.1. Software-defined radio 33 2.2.2. Evolution of the industrial tissue 35 2.2.3. Need for stable interfaces 37 2.3. The constraints of the component-based approach 38 2.3.1. Execution time constraints 38 2.3.2. Software – hardware coupling constraints 38 2.3.3. Reminder on the evolution of software technologies 39 2.3.4. Regulatory constraints 40 2.3.5. Deployment constraints 41 2.4. An outline of the works pertaining to the component-based approach for software-defined radio 42 2.4.1. SPEAKeasy and JTRS 42 2.4.2. The weight of the USA 42 2.4.3. The impact of JTRS on industrial sector technologies 43 2.4.4. Communication software architecture 44 2.4.5. Hardware architecture 46 2.4.6. Standardizing activities 46 2.4.7. UML profile for software-defined radio 48 2.4.7.1. Resources metamodel for software-defined radio 48 2.4.7.2. Model of peripheral component 49 2.4.7.3. Communication channel 50 2.4.8. Scope of the UML model 51 2.4.9. The OMPT approach 52 2.5. Conclusion 52 Chapter 3. Trade-offs for Building a Reconfigurable Radio Terminal 55 Marylin ARNDT, Eric BATUT, Jean-Philippe FASSINO, Florence GERMAIN, Tahar JARBOUI, Marc LACOSTE, Christian LEREAU, François MARX, Benoît MISCOPEIN and Jacques PULOU 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Architectures and reconfiguration mechanisms 57 3.2.1. From scenario to architecture 57 3.2.1.1. Recall of needs 57 3.2.1.2. General principles of reconfiguration 58 3.2.2. Architecture and mechanisms for hardware reconfiguration 60 3.2.2.1. Functional architecture of a mobile terminal 60 3.2.2.2. Reconfiguration of RF front-end, an outline on the new technological challenges and the candidate architectures 61 3.2.2.3. Digital reconfigurable architecture 65 3.2.2.4. Comparison 67 3.2.3. Mechanisms for software reconfiguration 67 3.2.3.1. A first stage toward reconfiguration: assembly designing of extensible systems 68 3.2.3.2. A second stage toward reconfiguration: the compositional approach 69 3.3. Compromise for the hardware reconfiguration 70 3.3.1. Baseband: to benefit from the reconfigurability in order to limit consumption 70 3.3.1.1. Equalizer 71 3.3.1.2. Channel coding 74 3.3.1.3. Conclusion 77 3.3.2. Mechanisms of reconfiguration and control: flexibility versus genericity 77 3.3.2.1. Is the absolute separation data/control always accepted? 77 3.3.2.2. Is a fixed functional clipping of the processing still relevant? 79 3.3.2.3. Which degree of exposure of the hardware to the reconfiguration mechanism? 81 3.4. Compromise for software reconfiguration 82 3.4.1. Reconfigurability and compactness of transmitted information 82 3.4.2. Reconfigurability and safety 83 3.4.2.1. Type of kernel 84 3.4.2.2. Security model 86 3.4.2.3. Localization of the protection mechanism 87 3.4.2.4. Degree of assurance 88 3.4.2.5. Perspectives 88 3.4.3. Reconfigurability and performances 88 3.4.3.1. Introduction 88 3.4.3.2. Reconfiguration impact on nominal mode performances for a hierarchical “component-based” system 89 3.5. Some open problems 91 3.5.1. The problem of reversibility 91 3.5.2. The problem of continuity of service 92 3.6. Conclusion 93 3.7. Bibliography 93 Chapter 4. A UMTS-TDD Software Radio Platform 97 Christian BONNET, Hervé CALLEWAERT, Lionel GAUTHIER, Raymond KNOPP, Pascal MAYANI, Aawatif MENOUNI HAYAR, Dominique NUSSBAUM and Michelle WETTERWALD 4.1. Introduction 97 4.2. Hardware architecture 99 4.2.1. Radio gateways 99 4.2.2. Terminal equipment 102 4.2.3. RF emulation 103 4.3. Software architecture 104 4.3.1. RTLinux 104 4.3.2. Programming modes of the processor 105 4.3.3. RF simulation software 105 4.4. Connection to the IPv6 network 106 4.4.1. “Pure-IPv6” architecture 106 4.4.2. Radio protocols 107 4.4.3. Interconnection layers 109 4.4.4. Management of the radio resources 110 4.5. Reconfigurability 111 4.5.1. Functional reconfigurability 111 4.5.2. Operational reconfigurability 111 4.5.3. Software reconfigurability 113 4.6. Conclusion 113 4.7. Bibliography 114 Chapter 5. Iterative Approach for Hardware Reconfigurability: The Rake Receiver 115 Ioannis KRIKIDIS, Lírida NAVINER and Jean-Luc DANGER 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Concept of hardware reconfigurability 117 5.2.1. The “multiplexing” approach 118 5.2.2. The “pagination” approach 118 5.2.3. The “factorization” approach 118 5.2.4. The “iteration” approach 119 5.3. Example 1: reconfigurable rake receiver with an “interference canceller” 120 5.3.1. Formulation of the problem 120 5.3.2. Proposed algorithm 122 5.3.3. Evaluation of performance 124 5.3.4. Reconfigurable architecture 125 5.3.4.1. The data memory 127 5.3.4.2. The arithmetic unit 127 5.3.4.3. The configuration supervisor 130 5.4. Example 2: an interference canceller based on realistic channel estimation 131 5.4.1. Formulation of the problem 131 5.4.2. Proposed algorithm 133 5.4.3. Evaluation of the performance 135 5.4.4. Reconfigurable architecture 137 5.5. Conclusion 140 5.6. Bibliography 141 Chapter 6. Antenna Arrays and Reconfigurable MIMO Systems 143 Sébastien ROY and Jean-Yves CHOUINARD 6.1. Introduction 143 6.2. Large broadband transmission and reconfigurable transceivers 144 6.2.1. General context 144 6.2.1.1. Quality of service 145 6.2.1.2. Interoperability 145 6.2.1.3. Propagation conditions 146 6.2.2. Reconfigurable radios 147 6.3. Space-time processing and MIMO systems 150 6.3.1. Modeling of the wireless channel 151 6.3.2. Space-time processing 151 6.3.3. Multiple reconfigurable antenna systems 155 6.3.4. MIMO systems and matrix channels 157 6.3.5. Capacity of antenna arrays 159 6.3.6. Space-time codes 160 6.4. Existing architectures 163 6.4.1. Frequency diversity and space-time encoding: MIMO-OFDM 163 6.4.2. Spatial multiplexing: BLAST systems 164 6.4.3. Turbo-BLAST systems 166 6.5. Reconfigurable MIMO systems 166 6.6. Case study 167 6.6.1. WCDMA MIMO receiver 167 6.6.2. Receiver architectures for adaptive antenna arrays 170 6.7. Conclusion 172 6.8. Bibliography 173 Chapter 7. Analog-to-Digital Conversion for Software Radio 175 Patrick LOUMEAU, Lírida NAVINER and Jean-François NAVINER 7.1. Introduction 175 7.2. Current ADC performances 176 7.3. Architecture of receivers 177 7.3.1. Sampling in intermediate frequency 178 7.3.2. Zero IF or low IF receiver 180 7.4. ADC architectures 181 7.4.1. Analog-to-digital pipeline converter 182 7.4.1.1. Principle of pipeline conversion 182 7.4.1.2. Errors of pipeline converters 183 7.4.1.3. Redundancy and digital correction 183 7.4.2. Analog-to-digital converter with sigma delta modulation 186 7.4.2.1. Introduction 186 7.4.2.2. Sigma delta modulation and oversampling 186 7.4.2.3. Limitations 187 7.4.2.4. Architectures 188 7.4.3. Analog-to-digital converters and reconfigurability 189 7.4.4. Digital front-end: filtering for ?Ã?´?nconversion and channel selection 190 7.5. ADC evolution 194 7.6. Conclusion 195 7.7. Bibliography 196 Chapter 8. Flexible Spectrum Management 199 David GRANDBLAISE 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. Flexible spectrum management drivers 200 8.2.1. The spectrum is not rare, it is used inappropriately 200 8.2.2. Spectrum reuse, connection opportunities and reconfigurable radio equipment 201 8.2.3. Sporadic use of spectrum in time and space 203 8.2.4. The opportunities for flexible spectrum management 205 8.2.5. Resource sharing and economic impact 207 8.3. Flexible spectrum management models 210 8.3.1. Command and control model 211 8.3.2. Common model 211 8.3.3. Market model 212 8.3.4. Unrestricted usage model 213 8.3.5. Comparison of the models 213 8.3.6. Degrees of freedom and complexity 215 8.4. The technologies 217 8.4.1. Interference temperature 217 8.4.2. Forms of heteromorphic waves 220 8.4.3. Cognitive radio 222 8.4.4. Cognitive radio etiquette 226 8.5. Conclusion 228 8.6. Bibliography 229 List of Authors 233 Index 237

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Book SynopsisDuring the first decade of this new millennium, it is estimated that more than €100 billion will be invested in the third generation (3G) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe. This fact represents an amazing challenge from both a technical and commercial perspective. Written by experts in the field, this book gives a detailed description of the elements in the UMTS network architecture: the User Equipment (UE), the UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and the core network. The completely new protocols based on the needs of the new Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) air interface are highlighted by considering both Frequency- and Time-Division Duplex modes. The book further introduces the key features of existing topics in Releases 5, 6 and 7.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems 1 1.1. Multiple-access techniques used in mobile telephony 2 1.1.1. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) 2 1.1.2. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 3 1.1.3. Time division multiple access (TDMA) 3 1.1.4. Code division multiple access (CDMA) 3 1.1.5. Space division multiple access (SDMA) 5 1.1.6. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) 6 1.2. Evolution from 1G to 2.5G 8 1.2.1. From 1G to 2G 8 1.2.2. Enhancements to 2G radio technologies: 2.5G 8 1.3. 3G systems in IMT-2000 framework 11 1.3.1. IMT-2000 radio interfaces 12 1.3.2. Core network approaches in 3G systems 18 1.4. Standardization process in 3G systems 19 1.5. Worldwide spectrum allocation for IMT-2000 systems 20 1.5.1. WARC-92 20 1.5.2. WARC-2000 22 Chapter 2. Network Evolution from GSM to UMTS 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. UMTS definition and history 25 2.3. Overall description of a UMTS network architecture 27 2.4. Network architecture evolution from GSM to UMTS 28 2.4.1. GSM network architecture of Phases 1 and 2 28 2.4.2. GSM network architecture of Phase 2+ 29 2.4.3. Architecture of UMTS networks: evolutionary revolution of GSM 31 2.5. Bearer services offered by UMTS networks 32 2.6. UMTS protocol architecture based on “stratum” concept 33 2.6.1. Access stratum 34 2.6.2. Non-access stratum 35 Chapter 3. Services in UMTS 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. UMTS mobile terminals 38 3.2.1. UE functional description 38 3.2.2. UE maximum output power 41 3.2.3. Dual-mode GSM/UMTS terminals 42 3.2.4. UE radio access capability 43 3.3. Services offered by UMTS networks 44 3.3.1. Standard UMTS telecommunication services 44 3.3.2. UMTS bearer services 45 3.3.3. Teleservices 49 3.3.4. Supplementary services 52 3.3.5. Operator specific services: service capabilities 54 3.3.6. The virtual home environment 55 3.4. Traffic classes of UMTS bearer services 56 3.4.1. Conversational services 57 3.4.2. Streaming services 57 3.4.3. Interactive services 57 3.4.4. Background services 58 3.5. Service continuity across GSM and UMTS networks 58 Chapter 4. UMTS Core Network 61 4.1. Introduction 61 4.2. UMTS core network architecture 61 4.2.1. Main features of UMTS core network based on Release 99 62 4.2.2. Circuit-switched and packet-switched domains 63 4.3. Network elements and protocols of the CS and PS domains 65 4.3.1. Network elements of the CS domain 65 4.3.2. Protocol architecture in the CS domain 66 4.3.3. Network elements of the PS domain 71 4.3.4. Protocol architecture in the PS domain 72 4.3.5. Integrated UMTS core network 80 4.4. Network elements not included in UMTS reference architecture 81 4.5. Interoperability between UMTS and GSM core networks 82 Chapter 5. Spread Spectrum and WCDMA 85 5.1. Introduction 85 5.2. Spread spectrum principles 85 5.2.1. Processing gain 87 5.2.2. Advantages of spread spectrum 87 5.3. Direct sequence CDMA 88 5.4. Multiple access based on spread spectrum 90 5.5. Maximum capacity of CDMA 91 5.5.1. Effect of background noise and interference 92 5.5.2. Antenna sectorization 93 5.5.3. Voice activity detection 93 5.6. Spreading code sequences 94 5.6.1. Orthogonal code sequences 95 5.6.2. Pseudo-noise code sequences: Gold codes 96 5.6.3. Spreading sequences used in UTRA 98 5.7. Principles of wideband code division multiple access 99 5.7.1. Effects of the propagation channel 100 5.7.2. Techniques used in WCDMA for propagation impairment mitigation 102 Chapter 6. UTRAN Access Network 113 6.1. Introduction 113 6.2. UTRAN architecture 113 6.2.1. The radio network sub-system (RNS) 115 6.2.2. Handling of the mobility in the UTRAN 119 6.2.3. Summary of functions provided by the UTRAN 120 6.3. General model of protocols used in UTRAN interfaces 121 6.3.1. Horizontal layers 122 6.3.2. Vertical planes 122 6.3.3. Control plane of the transport network 124 6.4. Use of ATM in the UTRAN network transport layer 125 6.4.1. ATM cell format 125 6.4.2. ATM and virtual connections 126 6.4.3. ATM reference model 127 6.5. Protocols in the Iu interface 128 6.5.1. Protocol architecture in Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces 128 6.5.2. RANAP 132 6.6. Protocols in internal UTRAN interfaces 134 6.6.1. Iur interface (RNC-RNC) 134 6.6.2. Iub interface (RNC-Node B) 137 6.7. Data exchange in the UTRAN: example of call establishment 139 6.8. Summary of the UTRAN protocol stack 141 Chapter 7. UTRA Radio Protocols 145 7.1. Introduction 145 7.2. Channel typology and description 146 7.2.1. Logical channels 147 7.2.2. Transport channels 147 7.2.3. Physical channels 151 7.3. Physical layer 152 7.3.1. Physical layer functions 153 7.3.2. Mapping of transport channels onto physical channels 154 7.4. MAC 156 7.4.1. Main functions of MAC 157 7.4.2. Mapping of logical channels onto transport channels 157 7.4.3. MAC PDU 158 7.5. RLC 160 7.5.1. Main functions of RLC 161 7.5.2. RLC PDU 162 7.5.3. RLC transmission and reception model 165 7.6. PDCP 166 7.7. BMC 169 7.8. RRC 170 7.8.1. Handling of the RRC connection 170 7.8.2. Handling of RRC service states 171 7.8.3. System information broadcast 173 7.8.4. Handling of the paging 175 7.8.5. Cell selection and reselection 176 7.8.6. UTRAN mobility handling 176 7.8.7. Radio bearer management 179 7.8.8. Measurement control 182 7.8.9. Ciphering and integrity 183 7.8.10. Outer loop power control 185 7.8.11. Protocol layers termination in the UTRAN 185 Chapter 8. Call and Mobility Management 187 8.1. Introduction 187 8.2. PLMN selection 188 8.2.1. Automatic PLMN selection mode 190 8.2.2. Manual PLMN selection mode 190 8.2.3. PLMN reselection 191 8.2.4. Forbidden PLMNs 191 8.3. Principle of mobility management in UMTS 192 8.3.1. Location areas 193 8.3.2. Service states in the core network and the UTRAN 195 8.4. Network access control 195 8.4.1. Allocation of temporary identities 195 8.4.2. UE identification procedure 196 8.4.3. Ciphering and integrity protection activation 197 8.4.4. Authentication 198 8.5. Network registration 201 8.5.1. IMSI attach procedure 201 8.5.2. GPRS attach procedure 202 8.6. UE location updating procedures 205 8.6.1. Location updating procedure 205 8.6.2. Routing area updating procedure 207 8.6.3. SRNS relocation 209 8.6.4. Detach procedures 215 8.7. Call establishment 215 8.7.1. Circuit call 215 8.7.2. Packet call 217 8.8. Intersystem change and handover between GSM and UMTS networks 220 8.8.1. Intersystem handover from UMTS to GSM during a CS connection 220 8.8.2. Intersystem handover from GSM to UMTS during a CS connection 222 8.8.3. Intersystem change from UMTS to GPRS during a PS session 223 8.8.4. Intersystem change from GPRS to UMTS during a PS session 223 Chapter 9. UTRA/FDD Transmission Chain 227 9.1. Introduction 227 9.2. Operations applied to transport channels 228 9.2.1. Multiplexing and channel coding in the uplink 228 9.2.2. Multiplexing and channel coding in the downlink 236 9.3. Operations applied to physical channels 238 9.3.1. Characteristics of physical channels in UTRA/FDD 238 9.3.2. Channelization codes 239 9.3.3. Scrambling codes 241 9.3.4. UTRA/WCDMA transmitter 244 9.4. Spreading and modulation of dedicated physical channels 248 9.4.1. Uplink dedicated channels 248 9.4.2. Downlink dedicated channel 255 9.4.3. Time difference between uplink and downlink DPCHs 260 9.5. Spreading and modulation of common physical channels 261 9.5.1. The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 261 9.5.2. The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) 262 9.5.3. The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) 263 9.5.4. The Synchronization Channel (SCH) 264 9.5.5. The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 265 9.5.6. The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) 266 9.5.7. The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) 267 9.5.8. The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 268 9.5.9. The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 268 9.5.10. Other downlink physical channels associated with the PCPCH 269 Chapter 10. UTRA/FDD Physical Layer Procedures 271 10.1. Introduction 271 10.2. The UE receptor 271 10.3. Synchronization procedure 273 10.3.1. First step: slot synchronization 274 10.3.2. Second step: frame synchronization and code-group identification 275 10.3.3. Third step: primary scrambling code identification 276 10.3.4. Fourth step: system frame synchronization 276 10.4. Random access transmission with the RACH 277 10.5. Random access transmission with the CPCH 279 10.6. Paging decoding procedure 280 10.7. Power control procedures 282 10.7.1. Open loop power control 282 10.7.2. Inner loop and outer loop power control 283 10.8. Transmit diversity procedures 286 10.8.1. Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) 287 10.8.2. Space Time block coding Transmit Diversity (STTD) 288 10.8.3. Closed loop transmit diversity 289 Chapter 11. Measurements and Procedures of the UE in RRC Modes 291 11.1. Introduction 291 11.2. Measurements performed by the physical layer 291 11.2.1. Measurement model for physical layer 292 11.2.2. Types of UE measurements 293 11.3. Cell selection process 294 11.3.1. PLMN search and selection 295 11.3.2. Phases in the cell selection process 296 11.3.3. “S” cell selection criterion 298 11.4. Cell reselection process 299 11.4.1. Types of cell reselection 300 11.4.2. Measurement rules for cell reselection 301 11.4.3. “R” ranking criterion 301 11.4.4. Phases in the cell reselection process 302 11.5. Handover procedures 303 11.5.1. Phases in a handover procedure 304 11.5.2. Intrafrequency handover 305 11.5.3. Interfrequency handover 310 11.5.4. Intersystem UMTS-GSM handover 312 11.6. Measurements in idle and connected RRC modes 312 11.6.1. Measurements in RRC idle, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states 312 11.6.2. Measurements in CELL_FACH state 313 11.6.3. Measurements in the CELL_DCH state: the compressed mode 315 Chapter 12. UTRA/TDD Mode 321 12.1. Introduction 321 12.2. Technical aspects of UTRA/TDD 321 12.2.1. Advantages of UTRA/TDD 322 12.2.2. Drawbacks of UTRA/TDD 324 12.3. Transport and physical channels in UTRA/TDD 325 12.3.1. Physical channel structure 326 12.3.2. Dedicated Physical Data Channels 328 12.3.3. Common physical channels 329 12.4. Service multiplexing and channel coding 334 12.4.1. Examples of UTRA/TDD user bit rates 335 12.5. Physical layer procedures in UTRA/TDD 336 12.5.1. Power control 336 12.5.2. Downlink transmit diversity 338 12.5.3. Timing advance 339 12.5.4. Dynamic channel allocation 339 12.5.5. Handover 340 12.6. UTRA/TDD receiver 340 Chapter 13. UMTS Network Evolution 343 13.1. Introduction 343 13.2. UMTS core network based on Release 4 345 13.3. UMTS core network based on Release 5 347 13.4. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 349 13.4.1. Network aspects 349 13.4.2. MBMS operation modes 350 13.4.3. MBMS future evolution 351 13.5. UMTS-WLAN interworking 352 13.5.1. UMTS-WLAN interworking scenarios 352 13.5.2. Network and UE aspects 354 13.6. UMTS evolution beyond Release 7 355 13.6.1. HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements 356 13.6.2. System Architecture Evolution 356 13.6.3. Long Term Evolution (LTE) 357 Chapter 14. Principles of HSDPA 359 14.1. HSDPA physical layer 359 14.1.1. HS-DSCH transport channel 361 14.1.2. Mapping of HS-DSCH onto HS-PDSCH physical channels 362 14.1.3. Physical channels associated with the HS-DSCH 363 14.1.4. Timing relationship between the HS-PDSCH and associated channels 366 14.2. Adaptive modulation and coding 366 14.3. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ) 367 14.4. H-ARQ process example 369 14.5. Fast scheduling 370 14.6. New architecture requirements for supporting HSDPA 371 14.6.1. Impact on Node B: high-speed MAC entity 371 14.6.2. Impact on the UE: HSDPA terminal capabilities 372 14.7. Future enhancements for HSDPA 373 14.7.1. Enhanced UTRA/FDD uplink 373 14.7.2. Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna processing 374 Appendix 1. AMR Codec in UMTS 375 A1.1. AMR frame structure and operating modes 376 A1.2. Dynamic AMR mode adaptation 378 A1.3. Resource allocation for an AMR speech connection 380 A1.4. AMR wideband 380 Appendix 2. Questions and Answers 383 Bibliography 395 Glossary 399 Index 417

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