Radio technology Books
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc UHF RFID Technologies for Identification and
Book SynopsisUHF Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an electronic tagging technology that allows an object, place or person to be automatically identified at a distance without a direct line-of-sight using a radio wave exchange. Applications include inventory tracking, prescription medication tracking and authentication, secure automobile keys, and access control for secure facilities. This book begins with an overview of UHF RFID challenges describing the applications, markets, trades and basic technologies. It follows this by highlighting the main features distinguishing UHF (860MHz-960MHz) and HF (125 kHz and 13.56 MHz) identifications, in terms of reading range, environmental sensitivity, throughput and safety. The architecture of the integrated circuits and the organization of the memory are then described. One chapter is devoted to the air interface protocol aspects, including coding, modulation, multi readers operation and anti-collision algorithms to manage the tag responses. Focus will be put upon the EPC Gen2 protocol adopted in the ISO 18000 Part 6. The core of the book will cover the design and manufacturing issues of RFID tags. The influence of the propagation medium (warehouse, libraries, etc.), the tag close environment (bottles, linens, containers, carton boxes,etc.) and the coupling between tags will also be carefully addressed. The final chapter is dedicated to an industrial use case in the supply chain management, either in the retail inventory or blood traceability.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Design and Performance of UHF TAG Integrated Circuits 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Integrated circuit atchitecture 2 1.3 RF to DC conversion: modeling the system 3 1.4 RF to DC conversion: proposed circuits and performances 21 1.5 Voltage limiter and regulator 26 1.6 Demodulator 27 1.7 Oscillator 29 1.8 Modulator 30 1.9 Digital blocks 31 1.10 Technology, performances and trends 32 1.11 Bibliography 36 Chapter 2 Design of UHF RFID Tags 41 2.1 Tag antenna design 41 2.2 Matching between the antenna impedance and the microchip impedance 65 2.3 RFID tag antennas using an inductively coupled feed 79 2.4 Combined RFID tag antenna for recipients containing liquids 83 2.5 Tag on metal 89 2.6 Bibliography 106 Chapter 3 The Backscattering Technique and Its Application 111 3.1 Backscattering principle of communication by between-base station and tag 112 3.2 The merit factor of a tag, Δσ e s or ΔRCS 116 3.3 Variations of Δσ e s = ƒ(a) 128 3.4 After the theory, RFID at UHF and SHF realities 128 3.5 Measuring ΔRCS 138 3.6 The "Radar" equation 144 3.7 Appendix: summary of the principal formulas 145 Chapter 4 RFID Markets 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 Market inflection point: users 149 4.3 RFID: what for? 150 4.4 Open- and closed-loop applications 152 4.5 RFID return on investment 153 4.6 Many RFID technologies 156 4.7 Examples 157 4.8 Next RFID: product-embedded and seamless infrastructure 160 Index 169
£132.00
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Radio Frequency Identification and Sensors: From
Book SynopsisThis book deals with the field of identification and sensors, more precisely the possibility of collecting information remotely with RF waves (RFID). The book introduces the technology of chipless RFID starting from classical RFID and barcode, and explores the field of identification and sensors without wire, without batteries, without chip, and with tags that can even be printed on paper. A technique for automatic design of UHF RFID tags is presented , aiming at making the tags as insensitive as possible to the environment (with the ability to increase the reading range reliability), or, conversely, making them sensitive in order to produce sensors, meanwhile keeping their unique ID. The RFID advantages are discussed, along with its numerous features, and comparisons with the barcode technology are presented. After that, the new chipless RFID technology is introduced on the basis of the previous conclusions. Original technological approaches are introduced and discussed in order to demonstrate the practical and economic potential of the chipless technology.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix LIST OF ACRONYMS xi INTRODUCTION xv PART 1. RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO RFID 3 1.1. General introduction to RFID 3 1.2. The RFID market 10 1.3. Issues in RFID 12 1.3.1. Robustness of reading 12 1.3.2. Tag prices 15 1.3.3. From identification toward sensor function 17 1.4. Conclusion 18 1.5. Bibliography 18 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA DESIGN FOR UHF RFID TAGS 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Essential RFID parameters 21 2.2.1. Putting into equation of reader-tag links 24 2.3. Discussions about the two chip impedance states Zic 30 2.4. Rules of design for RFID antennas: classic design approach 33 2.4.1. Classic antenna design approach for passive UHF RFID tags 34 2.5. Robust RFID antenna design methodology 41 2.5.1. Context of study 41 2.5.2. Description of principle applied 41 2.5.3. Principle of co-simulation 42 2.5.4. Taking into account of the environment, design of robust tags 43 2.5.5. Use of the cosimulation principle in the optimization process 45 2.5.6. Generation of antenna forms 47 2.5.7. Application of the automated design tool via an example 50 2.6. Conclusion 56 2.7. Bibliography 57 CHAPTER 3. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UHF RFID 61 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Wireless measurement technique for antenna impedance 62 3.2.1. Characterization of RFID chips and measurement of the two impedance states 64 3.2.2. Theoretical approach to input impedance extraction from a small antenna based on the use of an RFID chip 68 3.3. Toward the use of RFID as a sensor 79 3.3.1. Taking into account of downlink – increase of delta RCS 85 3.3.2. Example of an RFID sensor 90 3.4. Conclusion 92 3.5. Bibliography 93 PART 2. CHIPLESS RFID 97 CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO CHIPLESS RFID 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Operating principle of chipless RFID 101 4.2.1. Description of the principle of chipless RFID 104 4.2.2. Example of C-shaped tag 108 4.3. Positioning of chipless RFID 112 4.3.1. Latest developments 112 4.3.2. Frequential tag and temporal tag: definition 115 4.3.3. Applicative positioning 116 4.4. Advantages 119 4.4.1. Different ideas to take into consideration120 4.5. Conclusion 123 4.6. Bibliography 124 CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CHIPLESS RFID 127 5.1. Introduction 127 5.2. Coding capacity and density of chipless RFID tags 134 5.2.1. Performances of resonant patterns 135 5.2.2. Information coding techniques 136 5.2.3. Transmission and reception standards 137 5.3. Improvement of the robustness of detection of chipless RFID tags 139 5.3.1. REP approach (frequency domain) 142 5.3.2. Temporal approaches 153 5.4. Practical application of chipless RFID technology 164 5.4.1. Design of chipless RFID tags compatible with regulations 164 5.4.2. Cost of tags 165 5.4.3. Production of a reader for chipless technology 169 5.4.4. Chipless RFID at THz – the THID project 174 5.5. Conclusion 178 5.6. Bibliography 180 CHAPTER 6. PERSPECTIVES ON CHIPLESS RFID TECHNOLOGY 185 6.1. Introduction 185 6.2. Securing of information 186 6.3. Multiple readings 188 6.4. Chipless sensors 190 6.4.1. Humidity sensors 190 6.4.2. Deformation sensor 200 6.5. Reconfigurable chipless 208 6.5.1. Operating principle of CBRAM 209 6.5.2. Example of a reconfigurable chipless tag 211 6.6. Conclusion 216 6.7. Bibliography 217 CONCLUSION 223 INDEX 227
£125.06
Special Interest Model Books Scanners 7: Tuning Into Digital & Analogue Communication
The 'Scanners' series of books have been consistent bestsellers, being the UK's leading guides to receiving equipment employed by enthusiasts to monitor the short wave and VHF/UHF wavebands used by airfields, maritime and rescue services, and analogue and digital two-way private mobile radio systems. This new (seventh) edition covers the rapidly increasing trend towards digital two-way radio communications and the latest handheld and mobile/base scanners with some digital modes fitted. It has been fully re-written and updated to include the latest UK radio frequency listings and call signs for airports, maritime and emergency services and other professional organisations. The book covers the latest shifts in the hobby towards digital and PC- and tablet-controlled radio technology and illustrates the very latest commercial radio scanning equipment and accessories. Included are details of an increasing number of 'apps' for smartphones specifically for radio data decoding, including programs for digital scanner communications decoding for which a smartphone can be linked to an existing scanner radio to decode. Other innovations include TETRA as used by police, ambulance, fire and rescue services, and DMR modes such as Mototrbo. It is predicted that by 2016, fifty per cent of two-way radio communication in the UK will use digital modes.
£11.79
Radio Society of Great Britain HF Antennas for All Locations
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Radio Society of Great Britain Backyard Antennas
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Radio Society of Great Britain Digital Modes for All Occasions
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Radio Society of Great Britain RF Design Basics
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Radio Society of Great Britain HF Amateur Radio
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Radio Society of Great Britain Radio Nature
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Radio Society of Great Britain HF Antennas for Everyone
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Radio Society of Great Britain Amateur Radio Astronomy
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Radio Society of Great Britain Valves Revisited
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Radio Society of Great Britain Amateur Radio Mobile Handbook
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£11.39
Radio Society of Great Britain The Birth of British Radar
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Radio Society of Great Britain Successful Wire Antennas
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Radio Society of Great Britain RTTY/PSK31 for Radio Amateurs
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Radio Society of Great Britain LF Today
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Radio Society of Great Britain SWR Explained
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£8.91
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Reconfigurable Mobile Radio Systems: A Snapshot
Book SynopsisDifferent aspects of the reconfigurability of mobile radio systems are analyzed in this book. These include services, object modeling applied to software radio, flexible spectrum management, trade-offs for building a reconfigurable terminal, an example of a pure software radio modem, adaptive MIMO techniques and analog-to-digital converters.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Chapter 1. Services and Adaptive Uses 1 Guillaume DORBES 1.1. New networks and new uses 1 1.1.1. Broadband mobile radio systems: why do it? 1 1.1.2. From Internet services on a voice network to voice services on an Internet network 2 1.1.3. From telephony to interpersonal communication 3 1.1.4. From charged to free: the value evolution 4 1.1.5. From the end-to-end controlled session to the best effort culture 4 1.1.6. The new services of the new networks 5 1.2. Mobile communications customers 5 1.2.1. Mobile service user: a communicating customer 5 1.2.2. The successful teachings of mobile telephony and the Internet for the new generation services 6 1.2.3. The communicating customer and his values 7 1.2.3.1. Compatibility with the present and its practices 7 1.2.3.2. Membership and availability 7 1.2.3.3. Cost optimization 8 1.2.3.4. Security 8 1.2.4. Mobility based acceleration 8 1.2.4.1. Terminal size and its interaction modes 8 1.2.4.2. Multi-network environment 9 1.2.4.3. Service heterogenity 10 1.2.5. Adaptability as a mobility value 10 1.3. Technological and adaptability factors of mobile services 11 1.3.1. A microcomputer inside each pocket 11 1.3.2. An Internet or a juxtaposition of intranets? 12 1.3.3. On the convergence of universal sets or how to contact a person 14 1.3.4. Proximity as a way to address the mobile services 15 1.3.5. The jungle of networks or how can we communicate in a hostile environment? 16 1.3.6. How can we carry our home in our pocket? 17 1.4. Conclusion: “I am a nomad in at least five different ways” 18 1.4.1. A new challenge: reconciling the incompatible 18 1.4.2. A combination of new technologies and new economic models 18 Chapter 2. Object Modeling and Software-defined Radio 21 Antoine DELAUTRE and Yann DENEF 2.1. Introduction 21 2.1.1. History of the software industry 22 2.1.2. Object modeling 24 2.1.3. Modeling and data flow 25 2.1.4. Constituent model 27 2.1.5. Software bus 27 2.1.6. Product line 31 2.2. Applicability of the component-based approach to the field of software-defined radio 33 2.2.1. Software-defined radio 33 2.2.2. Evolution of the industrial tissue 35 2.2.3. Need for stable interfaces 37 2.3. The constraints of the component-based approach 38 2.3.1. Execution time constraints 38 2.3.2. Software – hardware coupling constraints 38 2.3.3. Reminder on the evolution of software technologies 39 2.3.4. Regulatory constraints 40 2.3.5. Deployment constraints 41 2.4. An outline of the works pertaining to the component-based approach for software-defined radio 42 2.4.1. SPEAKeasy and JTRS 42 2.4.2. The weight of the USA 42 2.4.3. The impact of JTRS on industrial sector technologies 43 2.4.4. Communication software architecture 44 2.4.5. Hardware architecture 46 2.4.6. Standardizing activities 46 2.4.7. UML profile for software-defined radio 48 2.4.7.1. Resources metamodel for software-defined radio 48 2.4.7.2. Model of peripheral component 49 2.4.7.3. Communication channel 50 2.4.8. Scope of the UML model 51 2.4.9. The OMPT approach 52 2.5. Conclusion 52 Chapter 3. Trade-offs for Building a Reconfigurable Radio Terminal 55 Marylin ARNDT, Eric BATUT, Jean-Philippe FASSINO, Florence GERMAIN, Tahar JARBOUI, Marc LACOSTE, Christian LEREAU, François MARX, Benoît MISCOPEIN and Jacques PULOU 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Architectures and reconfiguration mechanisms 57 3.2.1. From scenario to architecture 57 3.2.1.1. Recall of needs 57 3.2.1.2. General principles of reconfiguration 58 3.2.2. Architecture and mechanisms for hardware reconfiguration 60 3.2.2.1. Functional architecture of a mobile terminal 60 3.2.2.2. Reconfiguration of RF front-end, an outline on the new technological challenges and the candidate architectures 61 3.2.2.3. Digital reconfigurable architecture 65 3.2.2.4. Comparison 67 3.2.3. Mechanisms for software reconfiguration 67 3.2.3.1. A first stage toward reconfiguration: assembly designing of extensible systems 68 3.2.3.2. A second stage toward reconfiguration: the compositional approach 69 3.3. Compromise for the hardware reconfiguration 70 3.3.1. Baseband: to benefit from the reconfigurability in order to limit consumption 70 3.3.1.1. Equalizer 71 3.3.1.2. Channel coding 74 3.3.1.3. Conclusion 77 3.3.2. Mechanisms of reconfiguration and control: flexibility versus genericity 77 3.3.2.1. Is the absolute separation data/control always accepted? 77 3.3.2.2. Is a fixed functional clipping of the processing still relevant? 79 3.3.2.3. Which degree of exposure of the hardware to the reconfiguration mechanism? 81 3.4. Compromise for software reconfiguration 82 3.4.1. Reconfigurability and compactness of transmitted information 82 3.4.2. Reconfigurability and safety 83 3.4.2.1. Type of kernel 84 3.4.2.2. Security model 86 3.4.2.3. Localization of the protection mechanism 87 3.4.2.4. Degree of assurance 88 3.4.2.5. Perspectives 88 3.4.3. Reconfigurability and performances 88 3.4.3.1. Introduction 88 3.4.3.2. Reconfiguration impact on nominal mode performances for a hierarchical “component-based” system 89 3.5. Some open problems 91 3.5.1. The problem of reversibility 91 3.5.2. The problem of continuity of service 92 3.6. Conclusion 93 3.7. Bibliography 93 Chapter 4. A UMTS-TDD Software Radio Platform 97 Christian BONNET, Hervé CALLEWAERT, Lionel GAUTHIER, Raymond KNOPP, Pascal MAYANI, Aawatif MENOUNI HAYAR, Dominique NUSSBAUM and Michelle WETTERWALD 4.1. Introduction 97 4.2. Hardware architecture 99 4.2.1. Radio gateways 99 4.2.2. Terminal equipment 102 4.2.3. RF emulation 103 4.3. Software architecture 104 4.3.1. RTLinux 104 4.3.2. Programming modes of the processor 105 4.3.3. RF simulation software 105 4.4. Connection to the IPv6 network 106 4.4.1. “Pure-IPv6” architecture 106 4.4.2. Radio protocols 107 4.4.3. Interconnection layers 109 4.4.4. Management of the radio resources 110 4.5. Reconfigurability 111 4.5.1. Functional reconfigurability 111 4.5.2. Operational reconfigurability 111 4.5.3. Software reconfigurability 113 4.6. Conclusion 113 4.7. Bibliography 114 Chapter 5. Iterative Approach for Hardware Reconfigurability: The Rake Receiver 115 Ioannis KRIKIDIS, Lírida NAVINER and Jean-Luc DANGER 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Concept of hardware reconfigurability 117 5.2.1. The “multiplexing” approach 118 5.2.2. The “pagination” approach 118 5.2.3. The “factorization” approach 118 5.2.4. The “iteration” approach 119 5.3. Example 1: reconfigurable rake receiver with an “interference canceller” 120 5.3.1. Formulation of the problem 120 5.3.2. Proposed algorithm 122 5.3.3. Evaluation of performance 124 5.3.4. Reconfigurable architecture 125 5.3.4.1. The data memory 127 5.3.4.2. The arithmetic unit 127 5.3.4.3. The configuration supervisor 130 5.4. Example 2: an interference canceller based on realistic channel estimation 131 5.4.1. Formulation of the problem 131 5.4.2. Proposed algorithm 133 5.4.3. Evaluation of the performance 135 5.4.4. Reconfigurable architecture 137 5.5. Conclusion 140 5.6. Bibliography 141 Chapter 6. Antenna Arrays and Reconfigurable MIMO Systems 143 Sébastien ROY and Jean-Yves CHOUINARD 6.1. Introduction 143 6.2. Large broadband transmission and reconfigurable transceivers 144 6.2.1. General context 144 6.2.1.1. Quality of service 145 6.2.1.2. Interoperability 145 6.2.1.3. Propagation conditions 146 6.2.2. Reconfigurable radios 147 6.3. Space-time processing and MIMO systems 150 6.3.1. Modeling of the wireless channel 151 6.3.2. Space-time processing 151 6.3.3. Multiple reconfigurable antenna systems 155 6.3.4. MIMO systems and matrix channels 157 6.3.5. Capacity of antenna arrays 159 6.3.6. Space-time codes 160 6.4. Existing architectures 163 6.4.1. Frequency diversity and space-time encoding: MIMO-OFDM 163 6.4.2. Spatial multiplexing: BLAST systems 164 6.4.3. Turbo-BLAST systems 166 6.5. Reconfigurable MIMO systems 166 6.6. Case study 167 6.6.1. WCDMA MIMO receiver 167 6.6.2. Receiver architectures for adaptive antenna arrays 170 6.7. Conclusion 172 6.8. Bibliography 173 Chapter 7. Analog-to-Digital Conversion for Software Radio 175 Patrick LOUMEAU, Lírida NAVINER and Jean-François NAVINER 7.1. Introduction 175 7.2. Current ADC performances 176 7.3. Architecture of receivers 177 7.3.1. Sampling in intermediate frequency 178 7.3.2. Zero IF or low IF receiver 180 7.4. ADC architectures 181 7.4.1. Analog-to-digital pipeline converter 182 7.4.1.1. Principle of pipeline conversion 182 7.4.1.2. Errors of pipeline converters 183 7.4.1.3. Redundancy and digital correction 183 7.4.2. Analog-to-digital converter with sigma delta modulation 186 7.4.2.1. Introduction 186 7.4.2.2. Sigma delta modulation and oversampling 186 7.4.2.3. Limitations 187 7.4.2.4. Architectures 188 7.4.3. Analog-to-digital converters and reconfigurability 189 7.4.4. Digital front-end: filtering for ?Ã?´?nconversion and channel selection 190 7.5. ADC evolution 194 7.6. Conclusion 195 7.7. Bibliography 196 Chapter 8. Flexible Spectrum Management 199 David GRANDBLAISE 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. Flexible spectrum management drivers 200 8.2.1. The spectrum is not rare, it is used inappropriately 200 8.2.2. Spectrum reuse, connection opportunities and reconfigurable radio equipment 201 8.2.3. Sporadic use of spectrum in time and space 203 8.2.4. The opportunities for flexible spectrum management 205 8.2.5. Resource sharing and economic impact 207 8.3. Flexible spectrum management models 210 8.3.1. Command and control model 211 8.3.2. Common model 211 8.3.3. Market model 212 8.3.4. Unrestricted usage model 213 8.3.5. Comparison of the models 213 8.3.6. Degrees of freedom and complexity 215 8.4. The technologies 217 8.4.1. Interference temperature 217 8.4.2. Forms of heteromorphic waves 220 8.4.3. Cognitive radio 222 8.4.4. Cognitive radio etiquette 226 8.5. Conclusion 228 8.6. Bibliography 229 List of Authors 233 Index 237
£150.05
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc UMTS
Book SynopsisDuring the first decade of this new millennium, it is estimated that more than €100 billion will be invested in the third generation (3G) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe. This fact represents an amazing challenge from both a technical and commercial perspective. Written by experts in the field, this book gives a detailed description of the elements in the UMTS network architecture: the User Equipment (UE), the UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and the core network. The completely new protocols based on the needs of the new Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) air interface are highlighted by considering both Frequency- and Time-Division Duplex modes. The book further introduces the key features of existing topics in Releases 5, 6 and 7.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems 1 1.1. Multiple-access techniques used in mobile telephony 2 1.1.1. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) 2 1.1.2. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 3 1.1.3. Time division multiple access (TDMA) 3 1.1.4. Code division multiple access (CDMA) 3 1.1.5. Space division multiple access (SDMA) 5 1.1.6. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) 6 1.2. Evolution from 1G to 2.5G 8 1.2.1. From 1G to 2G 8 1.2.2. Enhancements to 2G radio technologies: 2.5G 8 1.3. 3G systems in IMT-2000 framework 11 1.3.1. IMT-2000 radio interfaces 12 1.3.2. Core network approaches in 3G systems 18 1.4. Standardization process in 3G systems 19 1.5. Worldwide spectrum allocation for IMT-2000 systems 20 1.5.1. WARC-92 20 1.5.2. WARC-2000 22 Chapter 2. Network Evolution from GSM to UMTS 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. UMTS definition and history 25 2.3. Overall description of a UMTS network architecture 27 2.4. Network architecture evolution from GSM to UMTS 28 2.4.1. GSM network architecture of Phases 1 and 2 28 2.4.2. GSM network architecture of Phase 2+ 29 2.4.3. Architecture of UMTS networks: evolutionary revolution of GSM 31 2.5. Bearer services offered by UMTS networks 32 2.6. UMTS protocol architecture based on “stratum” concept 33 2.6.1. Access stratum 34 2.6.2. Non-access stratum 35 Chapter 3. Services in UMTS 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. UMTS mobile terminals 38 3.2.1. UE functional description 38 3.2.2. UE maximum output power 41 3.2.3. Dual-mode GSM/UMTS terminals 42 3.2.4. UE radio access capability 43 3.3. Services offered by UMTS networks 44 3.3.1. Standard UMTS telecommunication services 44 3.3.2. UMTS bearer services 45 3.3.3. Teleservices 49 3.3.4. Supplementary services 52 3.3.5. Operator specific services: service capabilities 54 3.3.6. The virtual home environment 55 3.4. Traffic classes of UMTS bearer services 56 3.4.1. Conversational services 57 3.4.2. Streaming services 57 3.4.3. Interactive services 57 3.4.4. Background services 58 3.5. Service continuity across GSM and UMTS networks 58 Chapter 4. UMTS Core Network 61 4.1. Introduction 61 4.2. UMTS core network architecture 61 4.2.1. Main features of UMTS core network based on Release 99 62 4.2.2. Circuit-switched and packet-switched domains 63 4.3. Network elements and protocols of the CS and PS domains 65 4.3.1. Network elements of the CS domain 65 4.3.2. Protocol architecture in the CS domain 66 4.3.3. Network elements of the PS domain 71 4.3.4. Protocol architecture in the PS domain 72 4.3.5. Integrated UMTS core network 80 4.4. Network elements not included in UMTS reference architecture 81 4.5. Interoperability between UMTS and GSM core networks 82 Chapter 5. Spread Spectrum and WCDMA 85 5.1. Introduction 85 5.2. Spread spectrum principles 85 5.2.1. Processing gain 87 5.2.2. Advantages of spread spectrum 87 5.3. Direct sequence CDMA 88 5.4. Multiple access based on spread spectrum 90 5.5. Maximum capacity of CDMA 91 5.5.1. Effect of background noise and interference 92 5.5.2. Antenna sectorization 93 5.5.3. Voice activity detection 93 5.6. Spreading code sequences 94 5.6.1. Orthogonal code sequences 95 5.6.2. Pseudo-noise code sequences: Gold codes 96 5.6.3. Spreading sequences used in UTRA 98 5.7. Principles of wideband code division multiple access 99 5.7.1. Effects of the propagation channel 100 5.7.2. Techniques used in WCDMA for propagation impairment mitigation 102 Chapter 6. UTRAN Access Network 113 6.1. Introduction 113 6.2. UTRAN architecture 113 6.2.1. The radio network sub-system (RNS) 115 6.2.2. Handling of the mobility in the UTRAN 119 6.2.3. Summary of functions provided by the UTRAN 120 6.3. General model of protocols used in UTRAN interfaces 121 6.3.1. Horizontal layers 122 6.3.2. Vertical planes 122 6.3.3. Control plane of the transport network 124 6.4. Use of ATM in the UTRAN network transport layer 125 6.4.1. ATM cell format 125 6.4.2. ATM and virtual connections 126 6.4.3. ATM reference model 127 6.5. Protocols in the Iu interface 128 6.5.1. Protocol architecture in Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces 128 6.5.2. RANAP 132 6.6. Protocols in internal UTRAN interfaces 134 6.6.1. Iur interface (RNC-RNC) 134 6.6.2. Iub interface (RNC-Node B) 137 6.7. Data exchange in the UTRAN: example of call establishment 139 6.8. Summary of the UTRAN protocol stack 141 Chapter 7. UTRA Radio Protocols 145 7.1. Introduction 145 7.2. Channel typology and description 146 7.2.1. Logical channels 147 7.2.2. Transport channels 147 7.2.3. Physical channels 151 7.3. Physical layer 152 7.3.1. Physical layer functions 153 7.3.2. Mapping of transport channels onto physical channels 154 7.4. MAC 156 7.4.1. Main functions of MAC 157 7.4.2. Mapping of logical channels onto transport channels 157 7.4.3. MAC PDU 158 7.5. RLC 160 7.5.1. Main functions of RLC 161 7.5.2. RLC PDU 162 7.5.3. RLC transmission and reception model 165 7.6. PDCP 166 7.7. BMC 169 7.8. RRC 170 7.8.1. Handling of the RRC connection 170 7.8.2. Handling of RRC service states 171 7.8.3. System information broadcast 173 7.8.4. Handling of the paging 175 7.8.5. Cell selection and reselection 176 7.8.6. UTRAN mobility handling 176 7.8.7. Radio bearer management 179 7.8.8. Measurement control 182 7.8.9. Ciphering and integrity 183 7.8.10. Outer loop power control 185 7.8.11. Protocol layers termination in the UTRAN 185 Chapter 8. Call and Mobility Management 187 8.1. Introduction 187 8.2. PLMN selection 188 8.2.1. Automatic PLMN selection mode 190 8.2.2. Manual PLMN selection mode 190 8.2.3. PLMN reselection 191 8.2.4. Forbidden PLMNs 191 8.3. Principle of mobility management in UMTS 192 8.3.1. Location areas 193 8.3.2. Service states in the core network and the UTRAN 195 8.4. Network access control 195 8.4.1. Allocation of temporary identities 195 8.4.2. UE identification procedure 196 8.4.3. Ciphering and integrity protection activation 197 8.4.4. Authentication 198 8.5. Network registration 201 8.5.1. IMSI attach procedure 201 8.5.2. GPRS attach procedure 202 8.6. UE location updating procedures 205 8.6.1. Location updating procedure 205 8.6.2. Routing area updating procedure 207 8.6.3. SRNS relocation 209 8.6.4. Detach procedures 215 8.7. Call establishment 215 8.7.1. Circuit call 215 8.7.2. Packet call 217 8.8. Intersystem change and handover between GSM and UMTS networks 220 8.8.1. Intersystem handover from UMTS to GSM during a CS connection 220 8.8.2. Intersystem handover from GSM to UMTS during a CS connection 222 8.8.3. Intersystem change from UMTS to GPRS during a PS session 223 8.8.4. Intersystem change from GPRS to UMTS during a PS session 223 Chapter 9. UTRA/FDD Transmission Chain 227 9.1. Introduction 227 9.2. Operations applied to transport channels 228 9.2.1. Multiplexing and channel coding in the uplink 228 9.2.2. Multiplexing and channel coding in the downlink 236 9.3. Operations applied to physical channels 238 9.3.1. Characteristics of physical channels in UTRA/FDD 238 9.3.2. Channelization codes 239 9.3.3. Scrambling codes 241 9.3.4. UTRA/WCDMA transmitter 244 9.4. Spreading and modulation of dedicated physical channels 248 9.4.1. Uplink dedicated channels 248 9.4.2. Downlink dedicated channel 255 9.4.3. Time difference between uplink and downlink DPCHs 260 9.5. Spreading and modulation of common physical channels 261 9.5.1. The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 261 9.5.2. The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) 262 9.5.3. The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) 263 9.5.4. The Synchronization Channel (SCH) 264 9.5.5. The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 265 9.5.6. The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) 266 9.5.7. The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) 267 9.5.8. The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 268 9.5.9. The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 268 9.5.10. Other downlink physical channels associated with the PCPCH 269 Chapter 10. UTRA/FDD Physical Layer Procedures 271 10.1. Introduction 271 10.2. The UE receptor 271 10.3. Synchronization procedure 273 10.3.1. First step: slot synchronization 274 10.3.2. Second step: frame synchronization and code-group identification 275 10.3.3. Third step: primary scrambling code identification 276 10.3.4. Fourth step: system frame synchronization 276 10.4. Random access transmission with the RACH 277 10.5. Random access transmission with the CPCH 279 10.6. Paging decoding procedure 280 10.7. Power control procedures 282 10.7.1. Open loop power control 282 10.7.2. Inner loop and outer loop power control 283 10.8. Transmit diversity procedures 286 10.8.1. Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) 287 10.8.2. Space Time block coding Transmit Diversity (STTD) 288 10.8.3. Closed loop transmit diversity 289 Chapter 11. Measurements and Procedures of the UE in RRC Modes 291 11.1. Introduction 291 11.2. Measurements performed by the physical layer 291 11.2.1. Measurement model for physical layer 292 11.2.2. Types of UE measurements 293 11.3. Cell selection process 294 11.3.1. PLMN search and selection 295 11.3.2. Phases in the cell selection process 296 11.3.3. “S” cell selection criterion 298 11.4. Cell reselection process 299 11.4.1. Types of cell reselection 300 11.4.2. Measurement rules for cell reselection 301 11.4.3. “R” ranking criterion 301 11.4.4. Phases in the cell reselection process 302 11.5. Handover procedures 303 11.5.1. Phases in a handover procedure 304 11.5.2. Intrafrequency handover 305 11.5.3. Interfrequency handover 310 11.5.4. Intersystem UMTS-GSM handover 312 11.6. Measurements in idle and connected RRC modes 312 11.6.1. Measurements in RRC idle, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states 312 11.6.2. Measurements in CELL_FACH state 313 11.6.3. Measurements in the CELL_DCH state: the compressed mode 315 Chapter 12. UTRA/TDD Mode 321 12.1. Introduction 321 12.2. Technical aspects of UTRA/TDD 321 12.2.1. Advantages of UTRA/TDD 322 12.2.2. Drawbacks of UTRA/TDD 324 12.3. Transport and physical channels in UTRA/TDD 325 12.3.1. Physical channel structure 326 12.3.2. Dedicated Physical Data Channels 328 12.3.3. Common physical channels 329 12.4. Service multiplexing and channel coding 334 12.4.1. Examples of UTRA/TDD user bit rates 335 12.5. Physical layer procedures in UTRA/TDD 336 12.5.1. Power control 336 12.5.2. Downlink transmit diversity 338 12.5.3. Timing advance 339 12.5.4. Dynamic channel allocation 339 12.5.5. Handover 340 12.6. UTRA/TDD receiver 340 Chapter 13. UMTS Network Evolution 343 13.1. Introduction 343 13.2. UMTS core network based on Release 4 345 13.3. UMTS core network based on Release 5 347 13.4. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 349 13.4.1. Network aspects 349 13.4.2. MBMS operation modes 350 13.4.3. MBMS future evolution 351 13.5. UMTS-WLAN interworking 352 13.5.1. UMTS-WLAN interworking scenarios 352 13.5.2. Network and UE aspects 354 13.6. UMTS evolution beyond Release 7 355 13.6.1. HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements 356 13.6.2. System Architecture Evolution 356 13.6.3. Long Term Evolution (LTE) 357 Chapter 14. Principles of HSDPA 359 14.1. HSDPA physical layer 359 14.1.1. HS-DSCH transport channel 361 14.1.2. Mapping of HS-DSCH onto HS-PDSCH physical channels 362 14.1.3. Physical channels associated with the HS-DSCH 363 14.1.4. Timing relationship between the HS-PDSCH and associated channels 366 14.2. Adaptive modulation and coding 366 14.3. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ) 367 14.4. H-ARQ process example 369 14.5. Fast scheduling 370 14.6. New architecture requirements for supporting HSDPA 371 14.6.1. Impact on Node B: high-speed MAC entity 371 14.6.2. Impact on the UE: HSDPA terminal capabilities 372 14.7. Future enhancements for HSDPA 373 14.7.1. Enhanced UTRA/FDD uplink 373 14.7.2. Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna processing 374 Appendix 1. AMR Codec in UMTS 375 A1.1. AMR frame structure and operating modes 376 A1.2. Dynamic AMR mode adaptation 378 A1.3. Resource allocation for an AMR speech connection 380 A1.4. AMR wideband 380 Appendix 2. Questions and Answers 383 Bibliography 395 Glossary 399 Index 417
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