Radio technology Books

Book SynopsisThe Reeds VHF Handbook is an accessible, user friendly but comprehensive guide to marine VHF radio that helps users quickly get up to speed with all the functions on their equipment. Straightforward explanations and tips describe the leisure VHF DSC radio system in detail and its place within GMDSS.This brand new book incorporates all the information required to pass the Short Range Certificate, which is compulsory for anyone using a VHF DSC radio, and forms part of the process of obtaining the Day Skipper qualification. The book covers radio procedure, channel allocation, VHF radio theory and more, along with a full explanation of GMDSS, including details on EPIRBs, SARTs and Navtex.The Reeds VHF Handbook is an essential onboard reference, and set to become the standard work on the subject.Trade ReviewRadio technology is becoming more complicated, but this guide will demystify the equipment. The book covers radio procedure, channel allocation, VHF radio theory and more, along with a full explanation of GMDSS, including details on EPIRBs, SARTs and Navtex. * Classic Boat *Very well laid out, the Handbook covers all aspects of marine radio usage. It should be kept within easy reach of the radio as time is frequently a major factor. * Cruising Magazine *Table of ContentsContents Introduction and acknowledgements 1. Radio theory 2. Global Maritime Distress & Safety System 3. VHF radios 4. Rules and regulations 5. VHF channels 6. Radio procedures 7. Using DSC 8. Routine calls by voice 9. Distress calls – MAYDAY 10. Urgency announcements – PAN PAN 11. Safety announcements – SÉCURITÉ 12. The phonetic alphabet 13. Glossary 14. VHF channels and their uses 15. SRC syllabus and assessment 16. Questions and answers Appendices A. Overheard on VHF B. Check-off list for Distress Alerts C. Pro forma for MAYDAY calls D. MMSI numbers and VHF channels (for self-completion) Index

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Book SynopsisBy the late nineteenth century, engineers and experimental scientists generally knew how radio waves behaved, and by 1901 scientists were able to manipulate them to transmit messages across long distances. This title documents this monumental discovery and the advances in radio ionospheric propagation research that occurred in its aftermath.Trade Review"Chen-Pang Yeang's book is the major contribution to our knowledge of how physical theory and electrical experimentation worked together to explain the movement of radio waves beyond the horizon." (A. David Wunsch, University of Massachusetts Lowell)"

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Book SynopsisEngineers and experimental scientists generally knew how radio waves behaved, what no one could understand, however, was why radio waves followed the curvature of the Earth. The author documents this discovery and the advances in radio ionospheric propagation research that occurred in its aftermath.

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary, multinational exploration of current and future policy for the foundational public resource of all mobile media: the radio spectrum.Trade Review"Frequencies casts a broad interdisciplinary lens on the site where radio spectrum marks the hot spot of national development, industrial and economic competitions, and deliberations over public goods and services. Striking a balance between technical knowledge and practical information, the book offers a helpful guide for anyone wishing to better understand the infrastructure that makes today's life online possible." Choice

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Book SynopsisA stimulating study of how audio documentaries educated listeners while reflecting the political and cultural climate of post-war AmericaTrade ReviewReceived the Tankard Book Award from the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), 2012. "An excellent contribution to the now-burgeoning field of revisionist radio scholarship."--Technology and Culture"With careful attention to detail, a command of archival sources including recordings of old radio programs, and an understanding of how the radio industry operated, Ehrlich has produced an entertaining book with a convincing argument. It is that rarest of things—a monograph with a well-defined subject that has both scholarly integrity and an appeal to a wide audience."--American Historical Review"A vivid reflection of the social and cultural climate of the post-World War II era, Matthew C. Ehrlich's engaging study shows readers what was occurring on the national radio networks as the Cold War started and the impact that the war had on broadcasting and those who worked in it. This study is of significance to historians, mass communications scholars, and journalists." Patrick S. Washburn, author of The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom"Highly recommended."--Choice"A fascinating book that brings together important moments in journalism, technology, politics, world order, media control, and the mood in the United States during the postwar years. Ehrlich dramatically sharpens our understanding of how both radio and television news evolved during the late 1940s."--Mike Conway, author of The Origins of Television News in America: The Visualizers of CBS in the 1940sTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction: Utopian Dreams 1 1. A Higher Destiny 13 2. One World 24 3. New and Sparkling Ideas 46 4. Home Is What You Make It 71 5. The Quick and the Dead 104 6. Hear It Now 129 7. Lose No Hope 155 Notes 165 Index 211

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Book SynopsisAs World War II drew to a close and radio news was popularized through overseas broadcasting, journalists and dramatists began to build upon the unprecedented success of war reporting on the radio by creating audio documentaries. Focusing particularly on the work of radio luminaries such as Edward R. Murrow, Fred Friendly, Norman Corwin, and Erik Barnouw, Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest traces this crucial phase in American radio history, significant not only for its timing immediately before television, but also because it bridges the gap between the end of the World Wars and the beginning of the Cold War.Matthew C. Ehrlich closely examines the production of audio documentaries disseminated by major American commercial broadcast networks CBS, NBC, and ABC from 1945 to 1951. Audio documentary programs educated Americans about juvenile delinquency, slums, race relations, venereal disease, atomic energy, arms control, and other issues of public interest, buTrade ReviewReceived the Tankard Book Award from the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), 2012. "An excellent contribution to the now-burgeoning field of revisionist radio scholarship."--Technology and Culture"With careful attention to detail, a command of archival sources including recordings of old radio programs, and an understanding of how the radio industry operated, Ehrlich has produced an entertaining book with a convincing argument. It is that rarest of things—a monograph with a well-defined subject that has both scholarly integrity and an appeal to a wide audience."--American Historical Review"A vivid reflection of the social and cultural climate of the post-World War II era, Matthew C. Ehrlich's engaging study shows readers what was occurring on the national radio networks as the Cold War started and the impact that the war had on broadcasting and those who worked in it. This study is of significance to historians, mass communications scholars, and journalists." Patrick S. Washburn, author of The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom"Highly recommended."--Choice"A fascinating book that brings together important moments in journalism, technology, politics, world order, media control, and the mood in the United States during the postwar years. Ehrlich dramatically sharpens our understanding of how both radio and television news evolved during the late 1940s."--Mike Conway, author of The Origins of Television News in America: The Visualizers of CBS in the 1940s

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Book SynopsisComprehensive introduction to non-binary error-correction coding techniques Non-Binary Error Control Coding for Wireless Communication and Data Storage explores non-binary coding schemes that have been developed to provide an alternative to the Reed Solomon codes, which are expected to become unsuitable for use in future data storage and communication devices as the demand for higher data rates increases. This book will look at the other significant non-binary coding schemes, including non-binary block and ring trellis-coded modulation (TCM) codes that perform well in fading conditions without any expansion in bandwidth use, and algebraic-geometric codes which are an extension of Reed-Solomon codes but with better parameters. Key Features: Comprehensive and self-contained reference to non-binary error control coding starting from binary codes and progressing up to the latest non-binary codes Explains the design and constructionTable of ContentsAcknowledgements Preface Chapter 1 - Information, Channel Capacity and Channel Modelling Introduction 1.2. Measure of Information 1.3. Channel Capacity 1.4 Channel Modelling 1.5. Definition of a communications channel and its parameters 1.6. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Channel 1.8. Magnetic Storage Channel Modelling 1.9. Summary References Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of Non-Binary Codes 2.1. Introduction to Algebraic Concepts 2.2. Algebraic Geometry 2.3. Conclusions Chapter 3 - Non-Binary Block Codes 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Fundamentals of Block Codes 3.3. Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) Codes Example 3.3. Constructing a non-binary BCH code over GF(4) of length n = 15 symbols 3.4. Reed-Solomon Codes Example 3.4: Constructing a non-binary BCH code over GF(16) of length n = 15 symbols 3.5. Decoding Reed-Solomon Codes 3.6. Coded Modulation 3.7. Conclusions References Chapter 4 - Algebraic-Geometric Codes 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Construction of Algebraic-Geometric Codes 4.3. Decoding Algebraic-Geometric Codes 4.4. Majority Voting 4.5. Calculating the Error Magnitudes. 4.6. Complete Hard-Decision Decoding Algorithm for Hermitian Codes. 4.8. Simulation Results 4.9. Conclusions References Chapter 5 - List Decoding 5.1. Introduction 5.2. List Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes using the Guruswami-Sudan algorithm 5.3. Soft-Decision List Decoding of Reed-Solomon codes using the Kötter-Vardy Algorithm. 5.4. List Decoding of Algebraic-Geometric Codes 5.5. Determining the Corresponding Coefficients 5.6. Complexity reduction Interpolation 5.7. General Factorisation 5.8. Soft-Decision List Decoding of Hermitian Codes 5.9. Conclusions References Chapter 6 - Non-Binary Low Density Parity Check Codes 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Construction of Binary LDPC Codes – Random and Structured Methods 6.3. Decoding of Binary LDPC Codes using the Belief Propagation Algorithm. 6.4. Construction of Non-Binary LDPC Codes defined over Finite Fields 6.5. Decoding Non-Binary LDPC Codes with the Sum Product Algorithm 6.6.Conclusions References Chapter 7 - Non-Binary Convolutional Codes References Chapter 8 - Non-binary Turbo codes 8.1. Introduction 8.2. The turbo encoder 8.3. The Turbo Decoder 8.4. Non-Binary Turbo Codes 8.5. Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisNow in its fifth edition, the bestselling book on UMTS has been updated to cover 3GPP WCDMA and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) from Release 99 to Release 9. Written by leading experts in the field, the book explains HSPA performance based on simulations and field experience, and illustrates the benefits of HSPA evolution (HSPA+) both from the operators and from the end user?s perspective. It continues to provide updated descriptions of the 3GPP standard including the physical layer, radio protocols on layers 1-3 and a system architecture description. The challenges and solutions regarding terminal RF design are also discussed, including the benefits of HSPA+ power saving features. There is also the addition of a new chapter on femto cells as part of the updates to this fifth edition. Key updates include: HSPA evolution (HSPA+); Multicarrier HSPA solutions; HSPA femto cells (home base stations); TD-SCDMA system description; Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 WCDMA Early Phase 1 1.2 HSPA Introduction and Data Growth 2 1.3 HSPA Deployments Globally 4 1.4 HSPA Evolution 5 1.5 HSPA Network Product 6 1.6 HSPA Future Outlook 7 References 8 2 UMTS Services 9Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Voice 11 2.3 Video Telephony 18 2.4 Messaging 21 2.5 Mobile Email 22 2.6 Browsing 23 2.7 Application and Content Downloading 24 2.8 Streaming 26 2.9 Gaming 26 2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity 27 2.11 Social Networking 30 2.12 Mobile TV 31 2.13 Location-Based Services 32 2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications 34 2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation 35 2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity 40 2.17 Terminals 44 2.18 Tariff Schemes 45 References 45 3 Introduction to WCDMA 47Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 47 3.3 Spreading and Despreading 49 3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 51 3.5 Power Control 55 3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 57 References 59 4 Background and Standardization of WCDMA 61Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Background in Europe 61 4.3 Background in Japan 64 4.4 Background in Korea 65 4.5 Background in the United States 65 4.6 Creation of 3GPP 67 4.7 How Does 3GPP Operate? 68 4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 69 4.9 Harmonization Phase 69 4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 70 4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA 70 4.12 Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced 72 References 73 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75Fabio Longoni, Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 UTRAN Architecture 78 5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 80 5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 81 5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 87 5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 91 5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution 93 References 95 6 Physical Layer 97Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels 98 6.3 Spreading and Modulation 102 6.4 User Data Transmission 110 6.5 Signaling 121 6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 126 6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 136 6.8 Conclusion 138 References 139 7 Radio Interface Protocols 141Jukka Vialén and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Protocol Architecture 142 7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 143 7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 147 7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150 7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 151 7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 152 7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 153 7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 170 7.10 Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction 170 References 171 8 Radio Network Planning 173Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hämäläinen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipilä and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Dimensioning 174 8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization 194 8.4 GSM Co-planning 202 8.5 Inter-Operator Interference 204 8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 210 8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM Band 211 8.8 Interference between GSM and UMTS 214 8.9 Remaining GSM Voice Capacity 215 8.10 Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS 216 8.11 Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100 217 References 218 9 Radio Resource Management 219Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Power Control 220 9.3 Handovers 232 9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 246 9.5 Admission Control 250 9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 252 References 253 10 Packet Scheduling 255Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 255 10.3 Round Trip Time 261 10.4 User-Specific Packet Scheduling 264 10.5 Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling 272 10.6 Packet Data System Performance 275 10.7 Packet Data Application Performance 280 References 291 11 Physical Layer Performance 293Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihriälä and Markku Juntti 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Cell Coverage 293 11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 304 11.4 Capacity Trials 313 11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 330 11.6 Performance Enhancements 334 References 349 12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 353Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 353 12.3 The HSDPA Concept 354 12.4 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 356 12.5 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 357 12.6 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 357 12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates 365 12.8 Mobility with HSDPA 366 12.9 HSDPA Performance 370 12.10 HSPA Link Budget 380 12.11 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning 382 12.12 HSPA Round Trip Time 384 12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects 384 12.14 Evolution in Release 6 386 12.15 Conclusion 388 References 388 13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 391Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho 13.1 Introduction 391 13.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 391 13.3 The HSUPA Concept 392 13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 393 13.5 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase 395 13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure 395 13.7 E-DCH and Related Control Channels 396 13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 400 13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability 402 13.10 HSUPA Performance 403 13.11 Conclusion 408 References 408 14 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) 409Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture 412 14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures 414 14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure 415 14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability 418 14.6 MBMS Performance 419 14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases 424 14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H 425 14.9 3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7 426 14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail? 426 14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8 427 14.12 Conclusion 428 References 429 15 HSPA Evolution 431Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 15.1 Introduction 431 15.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 431 15.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 433 15.4 Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH 437 15.5 Latency 439 15.6 Fast Dormancy 441 15.7 Downlink 64QAM 442 15.8 Downlink MIMO 444 15.9 Transmit Diversity (TxAA) 447 15.10 Uplink 16QAM 448 15.11 UE Categories 449 15.12 Layer 2 Optimization 450 15.13 Architecture Evolution 451 15.14 Conclusion 452 References 453 16 HSPA Multicarrier Evolution 455Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 16.1 Introduction 455 16.2 Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8 459 16.3 Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9 461 16.4 Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9 462 16.5 Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9 463 16.6 Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10 464 16.7 UE Categories 465 16.8 Conclusion 465 References 466 17 UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 467Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions 468 17.3 LTE Impact on Network Architecture 470 17.4 LTE Multiple Access 471 17.5 LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters 476 17.6 LTE Physical Layer Procedures 479 17.7 LTE Protocols 483 17.8 Performance 487 17.9 LTE Device Categories 492 17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook 492 17.11 Conclusion 494 References 494 18 TD-SCDMA 495Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 18.1 Introduction 495 18.2 Differences in the Network-Level Architecture 497 18.3 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer 497 18.4 TD-SCDMA Data Rates 504 18.5 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures 505 18.6 TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations 508 18.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA 512 References 512 19 Home Node B and Femtocells 515Troels Kolding, Hanns-Jürgen Schwarzbauer, Johanna Pekonen, Karol Drazynski, Jacek Gora, Maciej Pakulski, Patryk Pisowacki, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 19.1 Introduction 515 19.2 Home Node B Specification Work 517 19.3 Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment 518 19.4 Home Node B Architecture 519 19.5 Closed Subscriber Group 523 19.6 Home Node B-Related Mobility 524 19.7 Home Node B Deployment and Interference Mitigation 529 19.8 Home Node B Evolution 545 19.9 Conclusion 545 References 546 20 Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 547Laurent Noël, Dominique Brunel, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 20.1 Introduction 547 20.2 Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges 549 20.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges 555 20.4 Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX 567 20.5 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges 582 20.6 Conclusion 590 References 590 Index 593

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Book SynopsisThis is the third revised edition of the established and trusted RFID Handbook; the most comprehensive introduction to radiofrequency identification (RFID) available. This essential new edition contains information on electronicproduct code (EPC) and the EPC global network, and explainsnear-field communication (NFC) in depth.Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Automatic Identification Systems 1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems 1.3 Components of an RFID System 2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems 2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features 2.2 Transponder Construction Formats 2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling 2.4 Active and Passive Transponder 2.5 Information Processing in the Transponder 2.6 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems 3 Fundamental Operating Principles 3.1 1-Bit Transponder 3.2 Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure 3.3 Sequential Procedures 3.4 Near-Field Communication (NFC) 4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems 4.1 Magnetic Field 4.2 Electromagnetic Waves 4.3 Surface Waves 5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations 5.1 Frequency Ranges Used 5.2 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 5.3 European Licensing Regulations 5.4 National Licensing Regulations in Europe 5.5 National Licensing Regulations 5.6 Comparison of National Regulations 6 Coding and Modulation 6.1 Coding in the Baseband 6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures 7 Data Integrity 7.1 The Checksum Procedure 7.2 Multi-Access Procedures – Anticollision 8 Security of RFID Systems 8.1 Attacks on RFID Systems 8.2 Protection by Cryptographic Measures 9 Standardisation 9.1 Animal Identification 9.2 Contactless Smart Cards 9.3 ISO/IEC 69873 – Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices 9.4 ISO/IEC 10374 – Container Identification 9.5 VDI 4470 – Anti-theft Systems for Goods 9.6 Item Management 10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers 10.1 Transponder with Memory Function 10.2 Microprocessors 10.3 Memory Technology 10.4 Measuring Physical Variables 11 Readers 11.1 Data Flow in an Application 11.2 Components of a Reader 11.3 Integrated Reader ICs 11.4 Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems 11.5 Reader Designs 11.6 Near-Field Communication 12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards 12.1 Glass and Plastic Transponders 12.2 Contactless Smart Cards 13 Example Applications 13.1 Contactless Smart Cards 13.2 Public Transport 13.3 Contactless Payment Systems 13.4 NFC Applications 13.5 Electronic Passport 13.6 Ski Tickets 13.7 Access Control 13.8 Transport Systems 13.9 Animal Identification 13.10 Electronic Immobilisation 13.11 Container Identification 13.12 Sporting Events 13.13 Industrial Automation 14 Appendix 14.1 Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals 14.2 Relevant Standards and Regulations 14.3 Printed Circuit Board Layouts References Index

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Book SynopsisA handy, splash-proof, on-the-water reference guide to every type of radio call, from Mayday to calling another boat or shore station. It also covers DSC, Pan Pan and other emergency calls.Table of ContentsIntroduction; The Hardware; Types of Call; Range; Prowords; Calling a Marina or Port; Calling Another Boat; Calling the Coastguard; Mayday; Mayday Relay; Pan Pan; Securite

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Book SynopsisLearn how to use your VHF DSC radio, from licensing the equipment and gaining the operator certificate to performing each type of call.Trade Review"...contains all relevant updates...step-by-step instructions and full colour photos take you through the whole subject." (Practical Boat Owner) "...explanations are clear and easily understood and there are copious diagrams...well worth having aboard as a quick reference and refresher." (Sailing Today)Table of ContentsForeword; Licences & certificates; Types of VHF set; What is the range of the set?; How to begin using a VHF radiotelephone; The DSC Controller; Which channel do I use?; What do I say?; Ship-to-ship routine communications; Routine communications with HMS Coastguard; Routine communications with marinas, ports & harbours; On passage with yacht Sierra; Distress procedures & Coastguard acknowledgement; What do I do if I hear a Mayday?; The Mayday relay; Pan Pan; Securite; Sierra - the return; EPRIBs; SARTs; NAVTEX; Radio channels; Glossary; Questions; Answers; Useful addresses; Mayday procedure card

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the author addresses technologies that are being used in emerging cellular markets. These include GSM/EGPRS and CDMA which are being deployed at a rapid pace, while technologies such as UMTS (3G)/ HSPA (3.5G) which have started to find a place in these high growth markets, are also considered. The book examines other technologies including LTE (3.9G) which have already moved out of research labs into the commercial world. 2G-CDMA is widely used, while further developments, e.g. CDMA2000 are also finding acceptance in the commercial arena. IMS/Convergence is increasingly popular all over the world; UMA, which is deployed mostly in North America; and DVB which is gaining worldwide popularity, especially in South Asia, are all reviewed. Each chapter discusses a different technology and is structured into three parts. The technology is examined at an overview level, first explaining what the technology is and then considering the technical features of the teTrade Review"Useful for all cellular industry professionals as provides an overview of the currently deployed technologies in mass scale, and the forthcoming technologies that are expected to make an impact in the future, such as 4th Generation Cellular Networks." (IP Communication, 31 October 2010)Table of ContentsForeword 1: Role of Technology in Emerging Markets. Foreword 2: Connecting the Unconnected. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Cellular Technology in Emerging Markets. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 ICT in Emerging Markets. 1.3 Cellular Technologies. 1.4 Overview of Some Key Technologies. 1.5 Future Direction. 2 GSM and EGPRS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 GSM Technology. 2.3 Network Planning in the GSM Network. 2.4 EGPRS Technology. 2.5 EGPRS Network Design and Optimization. 3 UMTS. 3.1 The 3G Evolution – UMTS. 3.2 UMTS Services and Applications. 3.3 UMTS Bearer Service QoS Parameters. 3.4 QoS Classes. 3.5 WCDMA Concepts. 3.6 ATM. 3.7 Protocol Stack. 3.8 WCDMA Network Architecture – Radio and Core. 3.9 Network Planning in 3G. 3.10 Network Optimization. 4 CDMA. 4.1 Introduction to CDMA. 4.2 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access. 4.3 Spread Spectrum Technique. 4.4 Codes in CDMA System. 4.5 Link Structure. 4.6 Radio Resource Management. 4.7 Planning a CDMA Network. 4.8 CDMA2000. 4.9 TD-SCDMA. 5 HSPA and LTE. 5.1 HSPA (High Speed Packet Access). 5.2 HSDPA Technology. 5.3 HSDPA Channels. 5.4 Dimensioning in HSDPA. 5.5 Radio Resource Management in HSDPA. 5.6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 5.7 HSUPA Channels. 5.8 HSUPA Radio Resource Management. 5.9 HSPA Network Dimensioning. 5.10 LTE (Long Term Evolution). 5.11 LTE Technology. 5.12 Radio Resource Management. 5.13 Security in LTE. 6 OFDM and All-IP. 6.1 Introduction to OFDM. 6.2 OFDM Principles. 6.3 MIMO Technology. 6.4 OFDM System. 6.5 Design of OFDM Channel. 6.6 Multi-User OFDM Environment. 6.7 All-IP Networks. 6.8 Architecture of All-IP Networks. 7 Broadband Wireless Access: WLAN, Wi-Fi and WiMAX. 7.1 Wireless Technology Differentiation. 7.2 Wireless LAN. 7.3 Wi-Fi Networks. 7.4 WiMAX Networks. 8 Convergence and IP Multimedia Sub-System. 8.1 Introduction to Convergence. 8.2 Key Aspects of Convergent Systems. 8.3 Architecture in Convergent Networks. 8.4 IMS. 8.5 IMS Architecture. 8.6 IMS Security System. 8.7 IMS Charging. 8.8 Service Provisioning in IMS. 9 Unlicensed Mobile Access. 9.1 Introduction to UMA. 9.2 Working on UMA Network. 9.3 Architecture of UMA. 9.4 Up Interface in UMA. 9.5 Protocols in UMA. 9.6 Security Mechanism of UMA. 9.7 Identifiers and Cell Identifiers in UMA. 9.8 Mode and PLMN Selection. 9.9 UMAN Discovery and Registration Procedures. 9.10 UNC Blocks. 9.11 Comparison between Femtocells and UMA. 9.12 Conclusion. 10 DVB-H. 10.1 Mobile Television. 10.2 Introduction to DVB. 10.3 DVB-H Ecosystem. 10.4 DVB-H System Technology. 10.5 DVB-H Network Architecture. 10.6 DVB-H Network Topologies. 10.7 Network Design in the DVB-H Network. Appendix A VAS Applications. A.1 Multimedia Messaging Service. A.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular. A.3 Streaming Service. A.4 Short Message Service. A.5 Wireless Application Protocol. Appendix B Energy in Telecommunications. B.1 The Solution Exists – But It’s Not Very Good. B.2 Renewable Energy – a Better Solution. B.3 The Optimal Design for a Base Station Site. B.4 Business Case for Renewable Energy in Mobile Base Station Sites. B.5 Effects of Climate Change on Mobile Networks. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text provides a technical history of the development of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) standards and the early evolution of UMTS (Univerisal Mobile Telecommunicaitons System). It presents background information and descriptions of the technical features of the GSM standards.Trade Review"a useful source of reference" (World Surface Coatings Abstracts, January 2002) "The author has done GSM industry a great service with this book-without it in twenty years time no one would remember anything about the early days of GSM." (GSM Daily)Table of ContentsGSM's Achievements (Friedhelm Hillebrand). The Agreement on the Concepts and the Basic Parameter of the GSM Standard (Mid-1982 to Mid-1987) (Thomas Haug, Philippe Dupuis and Stephen Temple). The Detailed Specification Work Leading to the GSM Phase 1 Standard used for the Opening of Service (1987-1991) (Thomas Haug). Consolidating GSM Phase 1 and Evolving the Services and System Features to GSM Phase 2 in ETSI SMG (1992-1995) (Philippe Dupuis). Evolving the Services and System features to Generation 2.5 by the GSM Phase 2+ Program (1993-2000) (Phillipe Dupuis, Friedhelm Hillebrand and Ansgar Bergmann). GSM Goes to North America (Don Zelmer). The UMTS Related Work of the European Commsiions, UMTS Taskforce, UMTS Forum and GSM Association (Joao da Silva, Ruprecht Niepold, Bosco Fernandez, Thomas Beijer and Josef Huber). The UMTS Standardisation Work in ETSI (Philippe Dupuis and Friedhelm Hillebrand). The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) (Karl Heinz Rosenbrock and Niels P.S. Andersen). Services and Services' Capabilities (Friedhelm Hillebrand and Alan Cox). System Architecture Evolution (Michel Mouly). Radio Aspects (Didier Verhulst and Michael Färber). The Subscriber Identity Module: Past, Present anf Future (Klaus Vedder). Voice Codes (Kari Järvinen). Security Aspects (Mike Walker and Timothy Wright). Short Message and Data Service (Friedhelm Hillebrand, Kevin Holley, Wolfgang Roth and Jürgen Baumann). Mobile Stations Type Appproval (Remi Thomas and David Barnes). Operations and Maintenance (Gisela Hertel). Professional Technical Support and its Evolution (Bernard Mallinder, Ansgar Bergmann and Adrian Scrase). Working Methods and their Evolution (Ansgar Bergmann). The Contributions of the GSM Association (Renzo Failli, George Schmitt, Arne Foxman, Petter Bliksrud, Armin Toepfer, Michael Giessler and Neil Lilly). GSM and UMTS Acceptance in the World (Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernd Eylert). GSM Success Factors (Friedhelm Hillebrand). Appendices. Index. List of Authors.

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Book SynopsisThis is the only book currently available that covers this subject. The authors piece together information from diverse areas which is essential to understand integrated and integrated active antennas. Emphasis is placed on active antennas and power combining applications, consolidating the work from numerous researchers.Table of ContentsOscillators and Synchronization. Antennas and Arrays. Power Combining. Integrated and Active Antenna Testing. Active Antennas: Early Work Before 1987. Active Microstrip Patch Antennas and Power Combining. Integrated and Active Grids. Endfire Notches and Other Slotline Active Antennas. Integrated and Active Inverted Stripline Antennas and Other Active Antenna Configurations. Integrated Antennas with Passive Solid-State Devices. Beam Steering for Active Antenna Arrays and Spatial Power Combiners. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith communications technologies rapidly expanding, the traditional separation of electronic circuits and antenna systems design is no longer feasible. This book covers various design approaches applicable to integrated circuit-antenna modules with the goal of placing the antenna, transmitter, and receiver all on a single chip. It emphasizes analysis and design involving the integration of circuit functions with radiating elements and addresses trends in systems miniaturization.Trade Review"...an important book at this stage in the integrated circuit-antenna module era...an excellent book that is well documented with extensive references. It is recommended for all academic engineering libraries." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2001)Table of ContentsReview of CAD Process (K. Gupta & P. Hall). Circuit Simulator Based Methods (P. Hall, et al.). Multiport Network Method (K. Gupta & R. Parrikar). Full Wave Analysis in the Frequency Domain (R. Gillard, et al.). Full Wave Electromagnetic Analysis in the Time Domain (Y. Qian & T. Itoh). Phase-Locking Dynamics in Integrated Antenna Arrays (R. York). Analysis and Design of Oscillator Grids and Arrays (W. Shiroma, et al.). Analysis and Design Considerations for Monolithic Microwave Circuit Transmit-Receive (T-R) Modules (L. Whicker). Integrated Transmit-Receive Circuit-Antenna Modules for Radio on Fibre Systems (H. Ghafouri-Shiraz). Conclusions (P. Hall & K. Gupta).

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Book SynopsisHow to choose cellular service wisely and become an adept cellular user Keeping in touch via cellular is increasingly vital in today's fast--paced world. The technology now boasts over 50 million subscribers, and that figure is expected to double in the next five years.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Cellular Phone Systems. Cellular Phone Equipment. The Business of Cellular Phones. Getting Cellular Service. The Bill, Please. Hello, Ma? It's Me! Roaming. Mobile and Transportable Phones. Options and Accessories. Dealing With Operational Difficulties. Safety and Security. Into the Future. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications-from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes: * Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of sTable of ContentsInfrared Radiation Theory. Transmission Characteristics of IR Signals in Atmosphere. Potential IR Sources. Detectors and Focal Planar Arrays. Infrared Passive Devices and Electrooptic Components. IR Active Devices and Components. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Commercial and Industrial Devices and Systems. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Medicine, Telecommunications, and Space. Application of Photonic and Infrared Technologies for Space and Military Sensors. IR Signature Analysis and Countermeasure Techniques. Future Applications of IR and Photonic Technologies and Requirements for Auxiliary Equipment. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of this handbook has been fully updated to incorporate the latest developments in the field.Trade Review"Boucher...updates the 1995 edition of his substantial reference...He has maintained the original format...but here takes more of a digital perspective and incorporates new technologies that are shaping the direction of the industry." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001)Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition. About the Author. What is Cellular Radio? World System Standards--A History. Basic Radio. Planning--An Essential Network Function. Cell Site Selection and System Design. Radio Survey. Cellular Radio Interference. Cell Plans. Units and Concepts of Field Strength. Filters and Combiners. Cellular Repeaters. Antennas. Cellular Links. Base-Station Maintenance. Base-Station Control and Signaling. Power and Distribution. Protection and Grounding. Trunking. Switching. Traffic Engineering Concepts. Mobiles. Tower and Masts. Installations. Equipment Shelters. Budgets. Billing Systems. Marketing. Fraud. Data Over Cellular. Privacy. Rural and Offshore Applications of Cellular Radio. Interconnection. Preparing Invitations to Tender. Modulation/Demodulation Methods. Noise and Noise Performance. Digital Cellular. GSM Pan-European Cellular. DAMPS. NAMPS. E-TDMA. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Japanese Digital. Satellite Mobile Systems. Cordless Telephone Technologies. iDEN. Wireless Local Loop. The Technology. Coding, Formats, and Error Correction. Digital Modulation. Other Mobile Products. Safety Issues. Buying Used Hardware. Appendix A: RF Propagation Routine Appendix B: ISO Model. Appendix C: Amplifier Classes. Appendix D: 911 Location Requirements. Appendix E: Distortion and Noise. Appendix F: Recommended Further Reading and Sources of Information. Appendix G: Internet Protocols. Appendix H: Erlang B and C Tables. Appendix I: Conversion of Units Used for Cellular RF. Appendix J: Country Codes. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisDigital Signal Processors (DSPs) are unique microprocessors that are programmable and operate in real time - much faster than general-purpose microprocessors. This text examines them in relation to mobile communications.Table of ContentsBiographies xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction 1 Edgar Auslander and Alan Gatherer 1.1 It’s a Personal Matter 2 1.2 The Super Phone? 3 1.3 New Services 6 1.4 The Curse and Opportunity of Moore’s Law 8 1.5 The Book 9 2 The History of DSP Based Architectures in Second Generation Cellular Handsets 11 Alan Gatherer, Trudy Stetzler and Edgar Auslander 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 A History of Cellular Standards and Wireless Handset Architectures 11 2.2.1 1G and 2G Standards 11 2.2.2 2.5G and 3G Standards 12 2.2.3 Architecture Evolution 14 2.3 Trends in Low Power DSPs 17 2.3.1 Process Improvement 17 2.3.2 Instruction Set Enhancement 19 2.3.3 Power Management 21 References 21 3 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Dual Mode (2G and 3G) Handsets 23 Chaitali Sengupta, Nicolas Veau, Sundararajan Sriram, Zhenguo Gu and Paul Folacci 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 The Wireless Standards 24 3.3 A Generic FDD DS Digital Baseband (DBB) Functional View 25 3.4 Functional Description of a Dual-Mode System 28 3.5 Complexity Analysis and HW/SW Partitioning 29 3.5.1 2G/3G Digital Baseband Processing Optimized Partitioning 31 3.6 Hardware Design Approaches 32 3.6.1 Design Considerations: Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures 32 3.6.2 The Coprocessor Approach 33 3.6.3 Role of DSP in 2G and Dual-Mode 37 3.7 Software Processing and Interface with Higher Layers 38 3.8 Summary 39 3.9 Abbreviations 39 References 40 4 Programmable DSPs for 3G Base Station Modems 41 Dale Hocevar, Pierre Bertrand, Eric Biscondi, Alan Gatherer, Frank Honore, Armelle Laine, Simon Morris, Sriram Sundararajan and Tod Wolf 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Overview of 3G Base Stations: Requirements 42 4.2.1 Introduction 42 4.2.2 General Requirements 42 4.2.3 Fundamental CDMA Base Station Base Band Processing 43 4.2.4 Symbol-Rate (SR) Processing 44 4.2.5 Chip-Rate (CR) Processing 44 4.3 System Analysis 46 4.3.1 SR Processing Analysis 46 4.3.2 CR Processing Analysis 46 4.4 Flexible Coprocessor Solutions 48 4.4.1 Viterbi Convolutional Decoder Coprocessor 48 4.4.2 Turbo Decoder Coprocessor 50 4.4.3 Correlator Coprocessor 52 4.5 Summary and Conclusions 54 5 The Use of Programmable DSPs in Antenna Array Processing 57 Matthew Bromberg and Donald R. Brown 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Antenna Array Signal Model 58 5.3 Linear Beamforming Techniques 62 5.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Derivation 62 5.3.2 Least Mean Square Adaptation 66 5.3.3 Least Squares Processing 67 5.3.4 Blind Signal Adaptation 71 5.3.5 Subspace Constraints 73 5.3.6 Exploiting Cyclostationarity 75 5.3.7 Transmit Beamformer Techniques 77 5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Signal Extraction 83 5.4.1 MIMO Linear System Model 83 5.4.2 Capacity of MIMO Communication Channels 86 5.4.3 Linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 87 5.4.4 Non-linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 90 5.4.5 Conclusions 93 References 93 6 The Challenges of Software-Defined Radio 97 Carl Panasik and Chaitali Sengupta 6.1 Cellular Communications Standards 98 6.2 What is SDR? 98 6.3 Digitizing Today’s Analog Operations 101 6.4 Implementation Challenges 103 6.5 Analog and ADC Issues 103 6.6 Channel Filter 104 6.7 Delta-Sigma ADC 104 6.8 Conclusion 105 References 105 7 Enabling Multimedia Applications in 2.5G and 3G Wireless Terminals: Challenges and Solutions 107 Edgar Auslander, Madhukar Budagavi, Jamil Chaoui, Ken Cyr, Jean-Pierre Giacalone, Sebastien de Gregorio, Yves Masse, Yeshwant Muthusamy, Tiemen Spits and Jennifer Webb 7.1 Introduction 107 7.1.1 ‘‘DSPs take the RISC’’ 107 7.2 OMAP H/W Architecture 111 7.2.1 Architecture Description 111 7.2.2 Advantages of a Combined RISC/DSP Architecture 113 7.2.3 TMS320C55x and Multimedia Extensions 113 7.3 OMAP S/W Architecture 114 7.4 OMAP Multimedia Applications 116 7.4.1 Video 116 7.4.2 Speech Applications 116 7.5 Conclusion 117 Further Reading 117 8 A Flexible Distributed Java Environment for Wireless PDA Architectures Based on DSP Technology 119 Gilbert Cabillic, Jean-Philippe Lesot, Frédéric Parain, Michel Banâtre, Valérie Issarny, Teresa Higuera, Gérard Chauvel, Serge Lasserre and Dominique D’Inverno 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Java and Energy: Analyzing the Challenge 120 8.2.1 Analysis of Java Opcodes 120 8.2.2 Analyzing Application Behavior 121 8.2.3 Analysis 125 8.3 A Modular Java Virtual Machine 127 8.3.1 Java Implantation Possibilities 127 8.3.2 Approach: a Modular Java Environment 129 8.3.3 Comparison with Existing Java Environments 131 8.4 Ongoing Work on Scratchy 132 8.4.1 Multi-Application Management 133 8.4.2 Managing the Processor’s Heterogeneity and Architecture 133 8.4.3 Distribution of Tasks and Management of Soft Real-Time Constraints 133 8.4.4 Energy Management 133 8.5 Conclusion 133 References 134 9 Speech Coding Standards in Mobile Communications 137 Erdal Paksoy, Vishu Viswanathan and Alan McCree 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Speech Coder Attributes 138 9.3 Speech Coding Basics 139 9.3.1 Waveform Coders 141 9.3.2 Parametric Coders 141 9.3.3 Linear Predictive Analysis-by-Synthesis 143 9.3.4 Postfiltering 146 9.3.5 Vad/dtx 146 9.3.6 Channel Coding 146 9.4 Speech Coding Standards 147 9.4.1 ITU-T Standards 147 9.4.2 Digital Cellular Standards 148 9.4.3 Wideband Standards 152 9.5 Speech Coder Implementation 153 9.5.1 Specification and Conformance Testing 153 9.5.2 ETSI/ITU Fixed-Point c 154 9.5.3 DSP Implementation 155 9.6 Conclusion 155 Acknowledgements 156 References 156 10 Speech Recognition Solutions for Wireless Devices 160 Yeshwant Muthusamy, Yu-Hung Kao and Yifan Gong 10.1 Introduction 160 10.2 DSP Based Speech Recognition Technology 160 10.2.1 Problem: Handling Dynamic Vocabulary 161 10.2.2 Solution: DSP-GPP Split 161 10.3 Overview of Texas Instruments DSP Based Speech Recognizers 161 10.3.1 Speech Recognition Algorithms Supported 161 10.3.2 Speech Databases Used 161 10.3.3 Speech Recognition Portfolio 162 10.4 TIESR Details 165 10.4.1 Distinctive Features 165 10.4.2 Grammar Parsing and Model Creation 166 10.4.3 Fixed-Point Implementation Issues 167 10.4.4 Software Design Issues 168 10.5 Speech-Enabled Wireless Application Prototypes 168 10.5.1 Hierarchical Organization of APIs 169 10.5.2 InfoPhone 171 10.5.3 Voice E-mail 172 10.5.4 Voice Navigation 173 10.5.5 Voice-Enabled Web Browsing 174 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 175 References 176 11 Video and Audio Coding for Mobile Applications 179 Jennifer Webb and Chuck Lueck 11.1 Introduction 179 11.2 Video 181 11.2.1 Video Coding Overview 182 11.2.2 Video Compression Standards 186 11.2.3 Video Coding on DSPs 187 11.2.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 188 11.3 Audio 190 11.3.1 Audio Coding Overview 191 11.3.2 Audio Compression Standards 193 11.3.3 Audio Coding on DSPs 195 11.3.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 196 11.4 Audio and Video Decode on a DSP 198 References 200 12 Security Paradigm for Mobile Terminals 201 Edgar Auslander, Jerome Azema, Alain Chateau and Loic Hamon 12.1 Mobile Commerce General Environment 202 12.2 Secure Platform Definition 203 12.2.1 Security Paradigm Alternatives 204 12.2.2 Secure Platform Software Component 204 12.2.3 Secure Platform Hardware Component 205 12.3 Software Based Security Component 205 12.3.1 Java and Security 205 12.3.2 Definition 205 12.3.3 Features for Security 206 12.3.4 Dependency on OS 207 12.4 Hardware Based Security Component: Distributed Security 207 12.4.1 Secure Mode Description 208 12.4.2 Key Management 210 12.4.3 Data Encryption and Hashing 211 12.4.4 Distributed Security Architecture 212 12.4.5 Tampering Protection 213 12.5 Secure Platform in Digital Base Band Controller/MODEM 214 12.6 Secure Platform in Application Platform 215 12.7 Conclusion 215 13 Biometric Systems Applied To Mobile Communications 217 Dale R. Setlak and Lorin Netsch 13.1 Introduction 217 13.2 The Speaker Verification Task 219 13.2.1 Speaker Verification Processing Overview 219 13.2.2 DSP-Based Embedded Speaker Verification 224 13.3 Live Fingerprint Recognition Systems 225 13.3.1 Overview 225 13.3.2 Mobile Application Characterization 226 13.3.3 Concept of Operations 226 13.3.4 Critical Performance Metrics 228 13.3.5 Basic Elements of the Fingerprint System 233 13.3.6 Prototype Implementation 247 13.3.7 Prototype System Processing 248 13.4 Conclusions 251 References 251 14 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Digital Radio 253 Trudy Stetzler and Gavin Ferris 14.1 Introduction 253 14.2 Digital Transmission Methods 254 14.3 Eureka-147 System 255 14.3.1 System Description 255 14.3.2 Transmission Signal Generation 262 14.3.3 Receiver Description 265 14.4 Iboc 279 14.5 Satellite Systems 284 14.6 Conclusion 285 References 286 15 Benchmarking DSP Architectures for Low Power Applications 287 David Hwang, Cimarron Mittelsteadt and Ingrid Verbauwhede 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 LPC Speech Codec Algorithm 288 15.2.1 Segmentation 288 15.2.2 Silence Detection 288 15.2.3 Pitch Detection Algorithm 289 15.2.4 LPC Analysis – Vocal Tract Modeling 289 15.2.5 Bookkeeping 290 15.3 Design Methodology 290 15.3.1 Floating-Point to Fixed-Point Conversion 290 15.3.2 Division Algorithm 292 15.3.3 Hardware Allocation 293 15.4 Platforms 293 15.4.1 Texas Instruments TI C54x 293 15.4.2 Texas Instruments TI C55x 294 15.4.3 Texas Instruments TI C6x 294 15.4.4 Ocapi 294 15.4.5 A|RT Designer 294 15.5 Final Results 294 15.5.1 Area Estimate 295 15.5.2 Power Estimate 295 15.6 Conclusions 297 Acknowledgements 298 References 298 16 Low Power Sensor Networks 299 Alice Wang, Rex Min, Masayuki Miyazaki, Amit Sinha and Anantha Chandrakasan 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Power-Aware Node Architecture 300 16.3 Hardware Design Issues 302 16.3.1 Processor Energy Model 303 16.3.2 Dvs 304 16.3.3 Leakage Considerations 306 16.4 Signal Processing in the Network 311 16.4.1 Optimizing Protocols 312 16.4.2 Energy-Efficient System Partitioning 313 16.5 Signal Processing Algorithms 317 16.5.1 Energy–Agile Filtering 318 16.5.2 Energy–Agile Data Aggregation 319 16.6 Signal Processing Architectures 320 16.6.1 Variable-Length Filtering 321 16.6.2 Variable Precision Architecture 322 16.7 Conclusions 324 References 324 17 The Pleiades Architecture 327 Arthur Abnous, Hui Zhang, Marlene Wan, George Varghese, Vandana Prabhu, Jan Rabaey 17.1 Goals and General Approach 327 17.2 The Pleiades Platform – The Architecture Template 329 17.3 The Control Processor 331 17.4 Satellite Processors 332 17.5 Communication Network 334 17.6 Reconfiguration 338 17.7 Distributed Data-Driven Control 339 17.7.1 Control Mechanism for Handling Data Structures 342 17.7.2 Summary 345 17.8 The Pleiades Design Methodology 345 17.9 The P1 Prototype 348 17.9.1 P1 Benchmark Study 350 17.10 The Maia Processor 352 17.10.1 Control Processor 353 17.10.2 Address Generator Processor 353 17.10.3 Memory Units 354 17.10.4 Multiply-Accumulate Unit 354 17.10.5 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 354 17.10.6 Embedded FPGA 354 17.10.7 Maia Results 355 17.11 Summary 357 References 358 18 Application Specific Instruction Set Architecture Extensions for DSPs 361 Jean-Pierre Giacalone 18.1 The Need for Instruction Set Extensibility in a Signal Processor 361 18.2 ISA Extension Capability of the TMS320C55x Processor 362 18.2.1 Control Modes 364 18.2.2 Dataflow Modes 366 18.2.3 Typical C55x Extension Datapath Architecture 367 18.2.4 Integration in Software Development Tools 370 18.3 Domains of Applications and Practical Examples 372 18.4 ISA Extensions Design Flow 376 References 377 19 The Pointing Wireless Device for Delivery of Location Based Applications 379 Pamela Kerwin, John Ellenby and Jeffrey Jay 19.1 Next Generation Wireless Devices 379 19.2 The Platform 379 19.3 New Multimedia Applications 379 19.4 Location Based Information 380 19.5 Using Devices to Summon Information 380 19.6 Pointing to the Real World 380 19.7 Pointing Greatly Simplifies the User Interface 381 19.8 Uses of Pointing 382 19.9 Software Architecture 382 19.9.1 Introduction 382 19.9.2 Assumptions 382 19.9.3 Overview 383 19.9.4 Alternatives 383 19.10 Use of the DSP in the Pointing System 383 19.11 Pointing Enhanced Location Applications 384 19.11.1 Pedestrian Guidance 385 19.11.2 Pull Advertising 386 19.11.3 Entertainment 386 19.12 Benefits of Pointing 387 19.12.1 Wireless Yellow Pages 387 19.12.2 Internationalization 387 19.12.3 GIS Applications 387 19.12.4 Entertainment and Gaming 388 19.12.5 Visual Aiding and Digital Albums 388 19.13 Recommended Data Standardization 388 19.13.1 Consideration of Current Standards Efforts 388 19.13.2 Device Data Types and Tiered Services 388 19.13.3 Data Specifications 389 19.13.4 Data Format 391 19.13.5 Is it Sufficient? 393 19.14 Conclusion 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisCDMA is an integral part of next generation wireless communications. This work covers both CDMA and TDMA-based satellite communications. It provides an overview of related satellite systems and services and presents research and designs of spectrally efficient systems.Trade Review"...a useful companion for broadcast developers and researchers..." (EBU Technical Review, 24 September 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. The Generalized CDMA. Spreading Sequences. Switched CDMA Networks. Code Division Switching. The Satellite Switched CDMA Throughput. The Spectrally Efficient CDMA Performance. Network Access and Synchronization. Carrier Recovery for 'Sub-Coherent' CDMA. Nonlinear Amplification of Synchronous CDMA. Optimization Techniques for 'Pseudo-Orthogonal' CDMA. Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent years have witnessed an explosion of new operators and customers of cellular mobile communications and the importance of wireless/mobile communications in todaya s telecommunications industry is indisputable.Trade Review"The final report of the COST 259 project that explored radio system aspect for flexible personalized communication capable of delivering...services on different bandwidths...new modeling techniques...related planing tools...across a number of different environments." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPreface vii Table of Contents ix List of Acronyms xii I Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution of Wireless/Mobile Communication 1 1.2 Description of COST 259 7 1.3 References 12 2 Radio Systems Aspects 13 2.1 OFDM and Frequency Domain Techniques 14 2.1.1. Introduction 14 2.1.2. Alternative forms 17 2.1.3. Modulation and demodulation 24 2.1.4. Channel coding 26 2.1.5. Multiple access schemes 29 2.1.6. Amplitude limitation 29 2.1.7. Intercell interference 30 2.1.8. Synchronization 31 2.2 CDMA 43 2.2.1. Introduction 43 2.2.2. RAKE receivers 44 2.2.3. Linear and non-linear interference cancellation 45 2.2.4. Coding and modulation 47 2.2.5. Smart antennas 49 2.2.6. Parameter estimation 50 2.2.7. Demonstrators 51 2.2.8. Summary and conclusions 51 2.3 Modulation and Coding 51 2.3.1. Linear modulation 52 2.3.2. Non-linear modulation 53 2.3.3. FEC coding techniques 55 2.3.4. Equalization 58 2.3.5 Adaptive coding and modulation 59 2.4. DECT and Adaptive Sampling 62 2.4.1. Introduction and motivation 62 2.4.2. Principle of adaptive sampling 63 2.4.3. Determination of optimum sampling time 64 2.4.4. Non-linear receiver structures 65 2.4.5. Summary and conclusions 66 2.5 References 66 3 Antennas and Propagation 77 3.1. General Aspects of Propagation 78 3.1.1. Statistical and empirical modelling 79 3.1.2. Propagation measurements and channel sounders 112 3.1.3. Deterministic modelling 132 3.2 Directional Channel Modelling 148 3.2.1. Modelling concept 149 3.2.2. Outdoor measurements results 160 3.2.3. Indoor measurements results 171 3.2.4. Parameter settings 178 3.3. Smart Antennas 194 3.3.1. Introduction 194 3.3.2. Space and antenna diversity 197 3.3.3. Polarization diversity 201 3.3.4. Antenna arrays 203 3.4. Millimetre-wave Propagation 223 3.4.1. Path loss modeling 223 3.4.2. Wideband channel modeling 229 3.4.3. Impact of shaped lens antennas on the ChIR and cell coverage 239 3.5 Antennas for Mobile Phones 251 3.5.1 Communications performance 251 3.5.2. Standardized phone measurements 261 3.6. References 277 4 Network Aspects 307 4.1. Compatibility and Spectrum Efficiency 308 4.1.1. Spectral compatibility 308 4.1.2. Spectrum efficiency 314 4.2. Channel Allocation Strategies 327 4.2.1. Introduction 327 4.2.2. Concise data for automated frequency planning 330 4.2.3. Fixed channel allocation using graph colouring 335 4.2.4. Fixed channel allocation maximizing assigned TRXs 336 4.2.5. Fixed channel allocation minimizing interference 337 4.2.6. Distributed dynamic channel allocation 346 4.2.7. Benchmarking frequency allocation strategies 348 4.3. Cellular Aspects 359 4.3.1. Cell modelling 359 4.3.2. Tele-traffic engineering 363 4.3.3. Hot spot location 373 4.3.4. Mobility models 377 4.4. Network Optimization 386 4.4.1. Handover, power control and direct retry 386 4.4.2. Frequency hopping for capacity enhancement 398 4.4.3. Quality and capacity enhancement by adaptive techniques 407 4.5. Planning Methods and Tools 412 4.5.1. Geographic data 412 4.5.2. Methods for optimized planning 415 4.5.3. UMTS planning 419 4.6 Efficient Protocols for High Data Rates 426 4.6.1. High data rate protocols: general aspects 427 4.6.2. Wireless ATM 428 4.6.3. Packet reservation multiple access 429 4.7 References 433 Annex I – List of Contributors 451 Annex II – List of Participating Institutions 453 Index 457

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Book SynopsisAll the expert guidance you need to understand, build, and operate GPS receivers The Second Edition of this acclaimed publication enables readers to understand and apply the complex operation principles of global positioning system (GPS) receivers.Trade Review"Recommended for libraries serving graduate engineering programs or specialists." (E-STREAMS, May 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to the First Edition. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Basic GPS Concept. Chapter 3. Satellite Constellation. Chapter 4. Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed Coordinate System. Chapter 5. GPS C/A Code Signal Structure. Chapter 6. Receiver Hardware Considerations. Chapter 7. Acquisition of GPSb C/A Code Signals. Chapter 8. Tracking GPS Signals. Chapter 9. GPS Software Receivers. Chapter 10. Acquisition of Weak Signals. Chapter 11. Tracking Weak Signals. Chapter 12. GPS Receiver-Related Subjects. Index.

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Book SynopsisDo you roam the road making a living, or are you enjoying the nomadic life of a retiree with a motor home? Either way, life goes on no matter where you''re hanging your hat tonight. Bills still need to be paid, grandchildren grow up way too fast, and you''ve gotten pretty dependent on your e-mail. How do you stay connected to the rest of the world while you''re on the road? For a growing number of over-the-road drivers, business travelers, and RV enthusiasts, the answer is a wireless Internet connection. With a laptop and wireless access, you can Pay bills, check accounts, and handle banking online Send and receive e-mail Surf the Web Access your home PC Make inexpensive phone calls with VoIP Watch TV, download movies, and listen to satellite radio So, you say, I see people in movies popping open their laptops and getting online wherever they happen to be. It looks awfully easywhy do I need a book? WeTable of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: The Wonderful World of Wireless Fidelity. Chapter 1: Taking the Wi-Fi Highway. Chapter 2: Selecting a Standard. Chapter 3: Gearing Up. Chapter 4: Putting Your Gear Together. Part II: Surfing the Net Unplugged. Chapter 5: Spotting Hotspots. Chapter 6: Using Truck– and RV–Friendly Hotspots. Part III: Bridging the Wireless Gap. Chapter 7: Cellular Data Services: Can You Connect Me Now? Chapter 8: Reattaching the Wired Tether. Chapter 9: Sky-High Wi-Fi. Part IV: Securing Your Information. Chapter 10: Taking Common–Sense Steps to Security. Chapter 11: Encrypting Data. Chapter 12: Accessing Your Home PC Remotely. Part V: Taking Care of Business. Chapter 13: Talking Cheap with VoIP. Chapter 14: Managing the Over-the-Road Office. Part VI: Entertaining Electronics. Chapter 15: Extra-Terrestrial Radio. Chapter 16: Taking the Show on the Road. Part VII: The Part of Tens. Chapter 17: Ten Must–Have Travel Accessories. Chapter 18: Ten Fantastic Free Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and updated, this second edition offers a fundamental and comprehensive treatment of how mobile systems operate in a variety of scenarios. This unrivalled approach concentrates on the properties of the radio channel, a vital and central feature that places fundamental limitations on the performance of radio systems. Bringing the reader completely up-to-date, this book: * Features two new chapters: ''Multipath Mitigation Techniques'' and ''Radio System Planning'' * Surveys various alternative methods of predicting the mean signal strength and its variability, and discusses their applications * Introduces ray-tracing methods in connection with indoor propagation * Discusses multipath and its effects on narrowband and wideband systems * Describes channel sounders and reviews methods of hardware and software simulation * Examines man-made noise and interference and discusses the resulting performance degradation By equipping the reader witTrade Review"In a textbook for a graduate course and reference for systems designers and researchers, Parsons...synthesizes from technical papers basic information about the mobile radio channel itself..." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction. Fundamentals of VHF and UHF Propagation. Propagation over Irregular Terrain. Propagation in Built-up Areas. Characterisation of Multipath Phenomena. Wideband Channel Characterisation. Other Mobile Radio Channels. Sounding, Sampling anf Simulation. Man-made Noise and Interference. Mitigation of Multipath Effects. Planning Radio Networks. Appendix A: Rayleigh Graph Paper and Receiver Noise Figure. Appendix B: Rayleigh Distribution (dB) and CNR in a Rayleigh Fading Environment. Appendix C: Deriving PDFs for Variables in Logarithmic Units. Appendix D: Effective Signal Envelope. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the definitive guide to X-parameters, written by the original inventors and developers of this powerful new paradigm for nonlinear RF and microwave components and systems. Learn how to use X-parameters to overcome intricate problems in nonlinear RF and microwave engineering. The general theory behind X-parameters is carefully and intuitively introduced, and then simplified down to specific, practical cases, providing you with useful approximations that will greatly reduce the complexity of measuring, modeling and designing for nonlinear regimes of operation. Containing real-world case studies, definitions of standard symbols and notation, detailed derivations within the appendices, and exercises with solutions, this is the definitive stand-alone reference for researchers, engineers, scientists and students looking to remain on the cutting-edge of RF and microwave engineering.Trade Review'This book is an excellent treatise by experts from Agilent on the assumption and use of x-parameters.' Alfy Riddle, IEEE Microwave MagazineTable of Contents1. S-parameters; 2. X-parameters; 3. Small-signal sensitivities in the X-parameters; 4. X-parameter measurements; 5. Multi-tone multi-port X-parameters; 6. Memory.

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating book provides a stimulating introduction to analog electronics by analysing the design and construction of a radio transceiver. Essential theoretical background is given, along with carefully designed laboratory and homework exercises. The approach ensures a good grasp of basic electronics and an excellent foundation in wireless communications systems.Trade Review"Overall, this text is worthy of serious study for the care with which it combines theory and practice, and for the scope of its development from lowly, Ohm's law beginnings to substantive radio design incorporating gain and frequency stabilization." Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. The wireless world; 2. Components; 3. Phasors; 4. Transmission lines; 5. Filters; 6. Transformers; 7. Acoustics; 8. Transistor switches; 9. Transistor amplifiers; 10. Power amplifiers; 11. Oscillators; 12. Mixers; 13. Audio circuits; 14. Noise and intermodulation; 15. Antennas and propagation; Appendices.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This personal account adds much piquancy to a story of scientific discovery and ongoing exploration of a compellingly unique continent."---Karen Bordanaro, Library Journal"A meticulously detailed and beautifully illustrated insider account of the pioneering, frequently haphazard radar mapping expeditions [Drewry] and a hardy cohort of glaciologists embarked on during a heady decade of technological advancement during the 1970s."---Duncan Madden, Geographical

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Book SynopsisRFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a new supply chain management system that will eventually take the place of traditional barcode scanning. Many companies have already announced their shift to RFID technology and even more will shortly follow suit. This means that other businesses will have to implement RFID at their end.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Who This Book Is For 1 You Don’t Need a Slide Rule and Pocket Protector to Use This Book 2 How This Book Is Organized 2 Part I: Now That You Can Spell RFID, Here’s the Rest of the Story 3 Part II: Ride the Electromagnetic Wave: The Physics of RFID 3 Part III: Fitting an RFID Application into Your World 3 Part IV: Raising the Beams for Your Network 4 Part V: How to Speak Bean Counter 4 Part VI: The Part of Tens 4 Icons Used in This Book 5 Part I: Now That You Can Spell RFID, Here’s the Rest of the Story 7 Chapter 1: Taking the Mystery out of RFID 9 What Is RFID? 9 The origins of RFID in inventory tracking 10 Tracking goods with EPC codes 10 Sizing Up the Benefits of RFID 11 Tracking individual items with serialized data 12 Reducing human intervention 13 Moving more goods through the supply chain 14 Capturing information in real time 14 Increasing security 15 Mandates, Womendates, Blind Dates — Forcing Efficiency 16 What are the major mandates? 16 Responding to the mandates 17 Calling All Physicists! Calling All Physicists! 18 Finding a physics expert 19 The basic physics of RFID 19 Finding Success with Four Ps in a Pod 22 Planning 22 Physics 24 Pilot 26 Production 27 A Ride in the Time Machine 28 Chapter 2: Auto-ID Technologies: Why RFID Is King of the Hill 31 Planning an Auto-ID Strategy for the Times 32 Comparing the major players in Auto-ID: Bar codes, contact memory, and RFID 34 Crafting an Auto-ID strategy for your business (Or, why RFID is the wave of the future) 41 To EPC or Not to Be: Unraveling the Words, Words, Words of the Electronic Product Code 44 How EPC is different from UPC 45 Why an EPC RFID tag doesn’t contain more information 47 How the EPC works 48 How the EPC prepared for the future, and who oversees that 52 Addressing Privacy Concerns 53 Chapter 3: Making Basic Decisions about Your RFID System 55 Midas Touch Points: Where RFID Impacts Your Organization 56 Outlining how RFID affects your business processes 57 Determining how RFID will affect your facility 60 Evaluating your technical needs 61 What’s the Frequency, Kenneth? 64 Understanding the difference between licensed and unlicensed frequencies 65 Examining the most common frequencies in RFID 65 Frequencies, power, and countries 67 Beyond UHF: Looking toward the future 68 Speed, Accuracy, or Distance — Pick Two 69 Designing for the right read distance 70 Reads — tell me how fast and how many 71 Reading multiple tags at once — accuracy considerations 72 Now What about the Tags and Objects? 73 Part II: Ride the Electro-magnetic Wave: The Physics of RFID 75 Chapter 4: What Makes Up an RFID Network 77 Elements of a Basic RFID System 77 Everything starts with the tag 79 Antennas send and receive radio waves 79 Readers tell the antennas what to do 80 The middleware transforms the system into a network of objects 80 Time to Make Some Waves — Electromagnetic Waves 81 Frequency is a measurement 83 History may repeat itself, but virginity comes only once 84 Fields: Electrical and magnetic, near and far 84 Creating resonance between the antennas and the field 85 Chapter 5: Understanding How Technology Becomes a Working System 87 Anatomy of a Passive Tag: Understanding How It Works and Choosing the Right One 88 How do tags receive and transmit information? 88 How does a tag antenna work, and how do you choose among the different kinds? 90 How does the integrated circuit affect performance? 92 Some tag examples for the geek in you 94 Tracking the Tags with a Reader 95 Holler back, young ’un — Transmitting and receiving signals 95 The DSP chip: Examining the brain of a reader 96 Ring around the dipole and other bad antenna stories 98 Air in Her Face — Blowing Sweet Nothings 100 Chapter 6: Seeing Different RFID Systems at Work 103 Setting Up RFID Interrogation Zones 103 Coming and going — Reading at a dock door 104 Your gateway to good reads — Other portals 106 Keep on rollin’ — Setting up RFID at a conveyor 108 That’s a wrap — Interrogating at a shrink-wrap station 109 One at a time — Reading objects on a shelf 110 From Ski Resorts to Airlines: Applying RFID in the Real World 112 Ski resorts 112 Law enforcement 113 Pharmaceuticals 113 Additional business applications 114 Part III: Fitting an RFID Application into Your World 117 Chapter 7: Seeing the Invisible: The Site Assessment 119 Planning for Your Site Assessment 120 Getting the right test equipment 122 Setting up for RF testing 124 Measuring for AEN during Normal Operations (And Beyond) 126 Testing key points around the warehouse 127 I’ve been a wild rover for many’s a year 127 I don’t hear anything; time to make my own noise 129 Solving interference problems 130 Testing to Plan Your RFID Installation 130 Gathering your equipment 131 Comparing the perfect signal to the actual signal 132 Setting up the equipment 133 Conducting the test 134 Putting your results to use 136 Chapter 8: Testing One, Two, Three: Developing Your Own Lab 139 To Lab or Not to Lab 140 Beyond a Swanky White Lab Coat: The Tools You Need for Successful Testing 141 Setting Up Your Lab 142 X-ray marks the spot: Find the perfect location 143 Physics eye for the lab guy: Design the physical layout 145 Set up the test equipment 148 Build specific test equipment 151 Develop and implement standardized test procedures 153 Chapter 9: Tag, You’re It: Testing for Best Tag Design and Placement 159 Ready, Set, Test! 160 Looking at the Material Composition of the Items You’re Tagging 162 Examining RF transparent, reflecting, and absorbing materials 163 Using the RF friendliness pyramid to understand the optimal spot for testing 164 Choosing a Tag to Test 166 Testing Tags in an Applications Test Facility 168 Setting up the testing environment 170 Carrying out the test 170 Frequency Response Characterization: Testing Tags with Physics 171 Encoding and Applying Tags 174 Tag and ship 174 Inline production application 176 The Secrets of Read Success 177 Avoiding cross talk 177 Ensuring high-speed reads 178 Executing full pallet reads 178 Chapter 10: Hooked on Phonics: Reader Testing, Selection, and Installation 181 Choosing a Hand-held, Mobile, or Fixed-location Reader 182 Reading between the Lines: Critical Buying Criteria 183 Consider all the costs involved 184 Test reader performance 186 Assess connectivity 192 Evaluate how well the reader can be fine-tuned 196 Installing a Reader and Antennas 201 Mount the reader 202 Mount and connect the antennas 203 Power up the reader 203 Test the interrogation zone for RF path loss 204 Chapter 11: Middle Where? It’s Not Just about the Readers 205 Filter, Smooth, Route: Understanding What You Need Middleware to Do 206 Exploring Middleware Vendors and Their Offerings 208 Piecing Together a Middleware Architecture 210 No more tiers: Grasping the many levels of a middleware architecture 211 Taking stock of existing investments and skills 213 Early bird or late bloomer? Prioritizing your middleware needs 215 Getting the Most from Your RFID Middleware 216 Part IV: Raising the Beams for Your Network 219 Chapter 12: From Pilot to Admiral: Deploying RFID Successfully 221 Creating a Pilot Project Plan 222 Start with your major tasks and timeline 223 Deliverable tracker 224 There’s always an issue with you: Tracking and resolving problems 225 There is no I in team (but there is an M and an E) 226 Factors for a Successful Pilot Test 227 Clearly defined scope 227 Experienced project manager 228 Key executive support 228 User involvement 228 Specific measurements and metrics 229 Risk mitigation 229 Phased approach 229 Moving from Pilot to Production 231 Getting the most of your pilot data: The project debrief 231 Tips for a successful production system 232 Chapter 13: Getting Set to Administer and Maintain Your System 233 Configuring and Setting Up Tag Readers 234 Before you begin 234 Stepping through a reader setup 235 Creating configuration classes 236 Getting the Digits 238 A simple hierarchy for assigning numbers 238 Allocating unique numbers across many lines and locations 239 Applying Tags to Objects 240 Applying tags without breaking them 240 North by northwest as the corrugation travels: Orienting tags on objects 241 Sending Objects through Your Business 242 Lining up tags and readers 242 Just like the neonatal ward: Handle with care 243 School’s in Session — Training Your Staff 244 Starting readers manually 244 Identifying and responding to missed reads 245 Reinforcing processes versus changing them 246 Explaining how RFID affects employees 247 Chapter 14: Ping-pong, the Tags Are Gone: How to Monitor Your RFID Network 249 Why Monitor an RFID Station? 250 Setting up Two Types of Monitoring 251 Checking That a Reader Is Active 251 Choosing the right method 252 A simple human interface: Enabling operators to monitor the system 252 Measuring and Interpreting System Behavior 255 Building a statistical monitoring approach 255 Breaking data into time intervals 257 Measure 1: The average tag traffic volume (ATTV) 259 Measure 2: Read errors to total reads (RETR) 261 Measure 3: Read error change rates (RECR) 262 Measure 4: Actual versus predicted traffic rate (APTR) 262 Measure 5: Mean time between failure (MTBF) 263 Monitoring as you expand your RFID network 265 Setting up a monitoring system 265 Part V: How to Speak Bean Counter 269 Chapter 15: Making the Business Case 271 Finding the First-Round Draft Picks for Your RFID Team 271 A Game Plan Is More Than Xs and Os — Use a Proven Methodology 274 Step 1 Refine the process and conduct team training 275 Step 2 Determine scope and assumptions 276 Step 3 Determine drivers, strategies, and enablers 277 Step 4 Identify and assess business processes and interfaces 279 Step 5 Identify complementary or competing business initiatives 280 Step 6 Identify strategic and economic benefits 281 Step 7 Develop investment requirements 284 Step 8 Develop an implementation road map 285 Step 9 Communicate the business case 286 Chapter 16: Fitting RFID into Strategic Plans 289 Just in Time to Justify: Overcoming Skepticism with Strategic Thinking 290 Calculating ROI — A Tactical Approach to RFID 291 Cha-ching! Finding ways to save with RFID 292 Tallying up the estimated costs 300 Putting together a costs/benefits analysis 303 ROI as a tool for strategic expansion 303 Tag and You’re It: RFID as a Competitive Strategy 304 Chapter 17: What to Look for When Considering Outsourcing 307 Why Outsource Your RFID Network? 308 Identifying and Avoiding the Risks 308 Is Outsourcing Right for You? 309 Do your goals and timeline indicate a clear need to outsource? 310 Do you need to run or own the system? 312 Analyzing your resources 314 Money, money, money: Comparing outsourcing and internal costs 316 Performance anxiety: Can you build a network that works? 317 Finding the Perfect Match 318 Figuring out the RFP process 318 Spelling out your needs in an RFP 320 Selecting potential outsourcing partners 326 Evaluating responses to your RFP 327 Sealing the Deal with an SLA 327 Drafting the initial SLA 328 Negotiating an SLA with a vendor 331 Part VI: The Part of Tens 333 Chapter 18: Ten (Or So) Equipment Vendors 335 Alien Technology 335 ACCU-SORT 336 Applied Wireless Identifications (AWID) 336 FOX IV Technologies 337 Impinj 337 Intermec Technologies 338 MARKEM 339 Symbol Technologies, Inc (Formerly Matrics) 339 ODIN technologies 340 OMRON electronics 340 SAMSys Technologies 341 Texas Instruments (TI) 341 ThingMagic 342 Chapter 19: Ten Web Sites for Information on RFID 343 RFID Journal Online 344 EPCglobal 344 IDTechEx 345 RFID Solutions Online 345 RFID Exchange 345 RFID Update 346 Auto-ID Labs 346 Auto-ID Lab @ Adelaide 346 The RFID Gazette 347 UCLA’s RFID@WINMEC site 347 Slashdot 347 Chapter 20: Ten Tips from the Experts 349 Chris Fennig, ODIN technologies 349 Joe White, Symbol Technologies (Formerly Matrics, Inc.) 350 Duncan McCollum, Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) 351 Dr Daniel Engels, MIT Auto-ID Labs 352 Dr Patrick King, Michelin Tire Corporation 353 Steve Kowalke, ACCU-SORT Systems 353 Team Tag-IT, Texas Instruments 354 Kevin MacDonald, Lead RFID Architect, Sun Microsystems 354 Mark Nelson, Savi Technology 355 Chapter 21: Ten (Or So) RFID Standards and Protocols 357 EAN.UCC 357 EPCglobal 358 UCCnet 358 ISO/IEC JT1/SC17 359 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4 360 AIAG 361 Container Shipments 361 Container Security Initiative (CSI) 361 Smart and Secure Tradelanes 362 Appendix: Glossary of Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Scientific Terms 363 Index 373

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Book SynopsisDouglas reveals the origins of a corporate media system that today dominates the content and form of American communication.Trade ReviewA superb portrait of the communications revolution that profoundly altered 20th-century life. It will provide fresh insights, and perhaps generate controversy. Washington Post Book World A successful, at times elegant interdisciplinary work. Douglas combines discussions of technology and of business structure, portraits of inventors and amateurs, and analysis of internal navy organization to construct a convincing narrative on the importance of the 'pre-history' of radio. She draws from an impressive range of contemporary newspapers and technical magazines, government and business reports, and personal correspondence. This is a significant contribution to the understanding of American radio. -- Robert B. Horowitz Business History Review Fascinating detail... A far clearer picture than has been previously available. Journal of CommunicationTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsPreface and AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Marconi and the America's Cup: The Making of an Inventor-Hero, 18992. Competition over Wireless Technology: The Inventors' Struggles for Technical Distinction, 1899-19033. The Visions and Business Realities of the Inventors, 1899-19054. Wireless Telegraphy in the New navy, 1899-19065. Inventors as Entrepreneurs: Success and Failure in the Wireless Business, 1906-19126. Popular Culture and Populist Technology: The Amateur Operators, 1906-19127. The Titanic Disaster and the First Radio Regulation, 1910-19128. The Rise of Military and Corporate Control, 1912-19199. The Social Construction of American Broadcasting, 1912-1922EpilogueNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisHistorians of technology, communication, and media will welcome this important reexamination of the canonic story of early FM radio.Trade ReviewEarly FM Radio is the first serious biography to benefit from the newer documents... a valuable addition to the history of electronics, not least because it relieves Armstrong and Sarnoff of their mythological status as angel and devil and considers them instead as differently gifted practitioners. -- Michael Riezenman IEEE Spectrum Magazine 2010 Frost's unique-I am tempted to write groundbreaking-book now becomes one whose ideas all future historians of FM must absorb. -- David W. Kraeuter AWA Journal 2010 Frost examines the extensive Armstrong archives to paint a more nuanced picture of the complex and tumultuous relationship between Armstrong and RCA, while tracing the 'pre-history' of FM going back to about 1900. Choice 2010Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction: What Do We Know about FM Radio?1. AM and FM Radio before 19202. Congestion and Frequency-Modulation Research, 1913–19333. RCA, Armstrong, and the Acceleration of FM Research, 1926–19334. The Serendipitous Discovery of Staticless Radio, 1915–19355. FM Pioneers, RCA, and the Reshaping of Wideband FM Radio, 1935–1940ConclusionAppendix: FM-Related Patents, 1902-1953NotesGlossaryEssay on SourcesIndex

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Book SynopsisOffers an innovative study of early radio technologies and the Mexican Revolution, examining the foundational relationship between electronic wireless technologies, single-party rule, and authoritarian practices in Mexican media. J. Justin Castro bridges the Porfiriato and the Mexican Revolution, discussing technological continuities and change.Trade Review"Radio in Revolution offers a clearly written, meticulously researched, and previously untold chronicle of the role that radio technologies played in revolutionary Mexico."—Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Hispanic American Historical Review"Radio in Revolution is a well-researched and engaging book that covers an understudied aspect of Mexican historiography."—Sarah Foss, Jhistory, H-Net Reviews"In Radio in Revolution, the author uncovers the essential role of radio technologies in the consolidation of state power in Mexico between the late 1890s and the 1930s. . . . Castro compels readers to remember the importance of the technology behind state power, something as consequential in our own times as it was during the early twentieth century."—Historian"This book should be of great interest to historians of Mexico and Latin America, to students of comparative nation-building projects, and of course to historians of radio itself. It is well worth a careful read."—Edward Beatty, Pacific Historical Review“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy Buenas Noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Radio in Revolution fills a major gap in the historiography of Mexico’s telecommunications and early broadcasting industries. Castro raises the bar for studies of media and nation building during Mexico’s tumultuous revolution.”—José Luis Ortiz Garza, author of Una radio entre dos reinos“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy buenas noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Castro depicts a significant continuity from Porfirio Díaz to Plutarco Elías Calles in governmental use of radio technology to consolidate centralization. The Mexican Revolution, prototype for all twentieth-century social revolutions, was also the first war in which radio served a major military purpose.”—Robert H. Claxton, author of From “Parsifal” to Peron: Early Radio in Argentina, 1920–1944 Table of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: A Tale of Two Revolutions1. Porfirian Radio, Imperial Designs, and the Mexican Nation2. Radio in Revolution3. Rebuilding a Nation at War4. Growth and Insecurity5. Invisible Hands6. Broadcasting State Culture and Populist PoliticsConclusion: Early Radio and Its LegaciesNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisOffers an innovative study of early radio technologies and the Mexican Revolution, examining the foundational relationship between electronic wireless technologies, single-party rule, and authoritarian practices in Mexican media. J. Justin Castro bridges the Porfiriato and the Mexican Revolution, discussing technological continuities and change.Trade Review"Radio in Revolution offers a clearly written, meticulously researched, and previously untold chronicle of the role that radio technologies played in revolutionary Mexico."—Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Hispanic American Historical Review"Radio in Revolution is a well-researched and engaging book that covers an understudied aspect of Mexican historiography."—Sarah Foss, Jhistory, H-Net Reviews"In Radio in Revolution, the author uncovers the essential role of radio technologies in the consolidation of state power in Mexico between the late 1890s and the 1930s. . . . Castro compels readers to remember the importance of the technology behind state power, something as consequential in our own times as it was during the early twentieth century."—Historian"This book should be of great interest to historians of Mexico and Latin America, to students of comparative nation-building projects, and of course to historians of radio itself. It is well worth a careful read."—Edward Beatty, Pacific Historical Review“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy Buenas Noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Radio in Revolution fills a major gap in the historiography of Mexico’s telecommunications and early broadcasting industries. Castro raises the bar for studies of media and nation building during Mexico’s tumultuous revolution.”—José Luis Ortiz Garza, author of Una radio entre dos reinos“Radio in Revolution adeptly addresses a glaring oversight in the historiography of twentieth-century Mexico: the interplay between radio technology and the Mexican Revolution (1910–40).”—Jürgen Buchenau, coauthor of Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century “This work has the potential to cause scholars to rethink the importance of technological savvy and acquisition, mainly radio, for Mexico during its revolution and postrevolutionary era. Castro’s decision to tackle radio developments during the Porfiriato and through the revolution renders a very rich analysis.”—Celeste González de Bustamante, author of Muy buenas noches: Mexico, Television, and the Cold War “Castro depicts a significant continuity from Porfirio Díaz to Plutarco Elías Calles in governmental use of radio technology to consolidate centralization. The Mexican Revolution, prototype for all twentieth-century social revolutions, was also the first war in which radio served a major military purpose.”—Robert H. Claxton, author of From “Parsifal” to Peron: Early Radio in Argentina, 1920–1944 Table of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: A Tale of Two Revolutions1. Porfirian Radio, Imperial Designs, and the Mexican Nation2. Radio in Revolution3. Rebuilding a Nation at War4. Growth and Insecurity5. Invisible Hands6. Broadcasting State Culture and Populist PoliticsConclusion: Early Radio and Its LegaciesNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisDesigned for a single-semester course, this concise and approachable text covers all of the essential concepts needed to understand modern communications systems. Balancing theory with practical implementation, it presents key ideas as a chain of functions for a transmitter and receiver, covering topics such as amplification, up- and down-conversion, modulation, dispersive channel compensation, error-correcting codes, acquisition, multiple-antenna and multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, and higher level communications functions. Analog modulations are also presented, and all of the basic and advanced mathematics, statistics, and Fourier theory needed to understand the concepts covered is included. Supported online with PowerPoint slides, a solutions manual, and additional MATLAB-based simulation problems, it is ideal for a first course in communications for senior undergraduate and graduate students.Trade Review'… strikes an elegant balance between fundamental concepts, their applications, and the depth of explanation. It's the kind of book that you want to hand to all beginners in wireless.' Ashutosh Sabharwal, Rice University'… an ideal introduction to modern communications systems. Theoretical principles and practical considerations are presented in an integrated fashion, and the material is introduced in an intuitive manner with a logical progression of ideas, making this the perfect text for a beginner with an interest in pursuing serious study of modern communications systems. This book should be on the required or recommended text list of all introductory communications courses!' Siddhartan Govindasamy, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Communications Systems: 1. Notation; 2. Basic radio; 3. Fundamental limits on communications; 4. Amplifiers and noise; 5. Up- and down-conversion; 6. Modulation and demodulation; 7. Dispersive channels; 8. Error-correcting codes; 9. Acquisition and synchronization; 10. Radio duplex, access, and networks; 11. Multiple-antenna and multiple-Input multiple-output communications; 12. Analog radio systems; Part II. Mathematical Background: 13. Useful mathematics; 14. Probability and statistics; 15. Fourier analysis; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of cognitive radio networks and the specialized techniques used to improve wireless communications The human brain, as exemplified by cognitive radar, cognitive radio, and cognitive computing, inspires the field of Cognitive Dynamic Systems.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 1 1.2 Cognitive Radio 4 1.3 The Spectrum-Underutilization Problem 7 1.4 Countrywide Measurements of Spectrum Utilization 8 1.5 Why be Interested in Cognitive Radio Networks? 9 1.6 Directed Information Flow 11 1.7 Cognitive Radio Networks 14 1.8 Mathematical Toolbox 17 1.8.1 Game Theory 17 1.8.2 Control Theory 18 1.8.3 Optimization under Uncertainty 19 1.9 Dominant Sources of Uncertainty in Cognitive Radio Networks 20 1.10 Issue of Trustworthiness 22 1.11 Vision for the Book 22 2 GameTheory 25 2.1 Game Theory Terminology 25 2.1.1 Noncooperative Games versus Cooperative Games 26 2.1.2 Static Games versus Dynamic Games 26 2.1.3 One-Shot Games versus Repeated Games 26 2.1.4 Games with Complete Information versus Games with Incomplete Information 26 2.1.5 Games with Perfect Information versus Games with Imperfect Information 26 2.2 Noncooperative Games 27 2.2.1 Nash Equilibrium 28 2.2.2 Variational Inequalities 28 2.3 Cooperative Games 28 2.3.1 Nash Bargaining 29 2.4 Minority Games 29 2.5 Concluding Remarks 30 3 Cognitive Radio Transceiver 31 3.1 Spectrum Sensing 32 3.1.1 Attributes of Reliable Spectrum Sensing 33 3.1.2 The Multitaper Method 33 3.1.3 Space-Time Processing 38 3.1.4 Time-Frequency Analysis 41 3.1.5 Cyclostationarity: Fourier Perspective 50 3.1.6 Rayleigh Fading Channels 54 3.1.7 Remarks on Nonparametric Spectrum Sensing 55 3.1.8 Filter-Bank Implementation of the Multitaper Method 57 3.1.9 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 57 3.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management 58 3.2.1 The Tsigankov–Koulakov Model 60 3.2.2 Self-Organizing Dynamic Spectrum Management 61 3.2.3 Dynamic Spectrum Management Based on Minority Games 68 3.2.4 Self-Organized Maps versus Minority Games 70 3.3 Transmit-Power Control 71 3.3.1 Waterfilling Interpretation of Information Capacity Theorem 75 3.3.2 Iterative Waterfilling Algorithm (IWFA) 77 3.3.3 IWFA as a Multistage Optimization Problem in Light of System Uncertainties 80 3.3.4 Robust IWFA 80 3.3.5 The Price of Robustness 81 3.3.6 Robust IWFA versus Classic IWFA 82 3.4 Information Value 91 3.5 Concluding Remarks 93 4 Cognitive Radio Networks 94 4.1 Cognitive Radio Networks Viewed as Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 94 4.2 Open-access Cognitive Radio Networks 99 4.2.1 Network Dynamics 102 4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Network Viewed as a Hybrid Dynamic System 109 4.2.3 Network Stability in the Presence of Uncertainty and Time Delay 111 4.2.4 Double-layer Dynamics of Cognitive Radio Networks 115 4.3 Market-driven Cognitive Radio Networks 121 4.3.1 Legacy Owners 124 4.3.2 Spectrum Brokers 125 4.3.3 Secondary Users 126 4.3.4 Equilibrium of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 127 4.3.5 Network Dynamics 129 4.3.6 Network Stability 129 4.3.7 The Transportation Network Representation of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 129 4.4 Supply Chain Efficiency 131 4.5 Concluding Remarks 133 4.5.1 Two Regimes of Cognitive Radio Networks 133 4.5.2 Supply Chain Networks 135 4.5.3 Cognitive Radio Commercialization 136 4.5.4 The Role of Cognition in Cognitive Radio Networks 137 5 Sustainability of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 140 5.1 Unlicensed Bands as Public Goods 140 5.2 The Spectrum-Supply Chain Network as an Artificial Economy 142 5.3 Aiming for Lindahl Equilibria 144 5.4 Concluding Remarks 147 6 Cognitive Heterogeneous Networks 148 6.1 Heterogeneous Networks 148 6.2 Horizontal Mergers of Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 151 6.2.1 Premerger Status 151 6.2.2 Spectrum Sharing 154 6.2.3 Infrastructure Sharing 155 6.2.4 Spectrum and Infrastructure Sharing 155 6.3 Synergy Measure for Horizontal Mergers 155 6.4 Concluding Remarks 156 Appendix A Mathematical Model for Open-Access Cognitive Radio Networks 157 Appendix B Proof of Theorems 167 References

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the fundamentals of wireless communications and services, explaining in detail what RF spectrum management is, why it is important, which are the authorities regulating the use of spectrum, andhow is it managed and enforced at the international, regional and national levels. The book offers insights to the engineering, regulatory, economic, legal, management policy-making aspects involved. Real-world case studies are presented to depict the various approaches in different countries, and valuable lessons are drawn. The topics are addressed by engineers, advocates and economists employed by national and international spectrum regulators. The book is a tool that will allow the international regional and national regulators to better manage the RF spectrum, and will help operators and suppliers of wireless communications to better understand their regulators.Trade Review"Radio Spectrum Management: Policies, Regulations and Techniques by Haim Mazar includes a foreword by François Rancy, director of the Radio Communication Bureau of the ITU, that praises the author for his extensive involvement in ITU activities. Mazar has more than 45 years of experience in wireless communications and radio frequency management, working across broadcasting, mobile, fixed, radiolocation, satellite and public services. He is currently the vice-chair of ITU-R Study Group 5 on terrestrial services.Mazar first takes in the administrative, engineering, legal and economic aspects of wireless communications before addressing the main international and regional organisations that hold sway over the regulation and standardisation of how we use spectrum, with detailed case studies of the spectrum policies of China, France, the UK and the US. True to the ordered and comprehensive form of the book, Mazar acknowledges the 82 experts he consulted in the course of its writing in a table, listing them by name and the chapter they helped with. This is followed by a six-page list of the acronyms and abbreviations used in the book. Readers can be in no doubt that they are dealing with nothing less than a spectrum bible. In almost 400 pages (not including extensive references and index) the copious amount of diagrams, equations and other figures makes it look to the uninitiated like some sort of tome of arcane lore. But in its selection of subjects, it is clear even to the layman that Radio Spectrum Management is a key textbook that hones in on the constituent parts of its subject. The scientific sections – non-linear air interfaces, linear air interfaces, intermodulation, three-dimensional radiation pattern and gain calculations – sit alongside economic and legal cases for their use and the case studies demonstrate lucidly the meeting between spectrum theory and the realities of practice. There is some historical exposition but Mazar mainly sticks to the nuts and bolts of his subject."—Kane Mumford, PolicyTracker "This book has a diverse set of information covering many areas from radio hazard through short range devices to satellite communications. The book’s purpose – which it achieves - is to give good references to standards, reports and recommendations that apply to the technologies it covers, and to highlight the pertinent facts. Radio propagation and link budget generation are covered in general along with co-existence and interference, coverage that is again primarily driven by the standards and recommendations. Particularly interesting is rarely-seen information on how different countries manage their spectrum, and of special notice within that is the relationship of the various standards agencies and bodies in Europe and their interactions. A number of major regulators from around the world are featured with descriptions of how they operate and their areas of responsibility. Overall, the book provides a useful short cut to finding the radiocommunications industry's standards, reports and recommendations."—Nick Kirkman, Technical Director, ATDI Ltd "A comprehensive overview of radio frequency management with quoted references for theoretical and practical use to those interested in the subject, operators, equipment manufacturers, government administrators including regulators. The book includes telecommunications and other services, whereas telecommunications deals also with matters outside of radio frequency management. A distinction and connection with national and international radio spectrum management is fully described with the constraints of international treaties. The matter of worldwide standardization especially for equipment manufacturers is illustrated. Essentially radio frequency management deals with the avoidance of harmful interference. An important aspect is the allocation of RF spectrum on the basis of free market principles or government decisions, raising questions of efficient and economic use of the RF spectrum, which is not wasted when not used, but when blocked from being used where a demand exists. The book also indicates how innovation in RF technology improves services for both the public and private operators, and gives information about the organizations that follow these developments. Definitely a reference book for all those involved with international telecommunication systems, with introducing and maintaining satellite and terrestrial networks."—Dr Henry Meyerhoff, ITU Expert, SwitzerlandTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Foreword xiv Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi 1 The Radio Frequency Spectrum and Wireless Communications 1 1.1 Historical Overview 1 1.2 A General Communication Channel 2 1.3 Radio Frequency Bands 2 1.4 Scarcity of the RF Spectrum 3 References 4 2 The Main Regulated Radio Services 5 2.1 General 5 2.2 Terrestrial Broadcasting Delivery: Sound (Radio) and Video (Television) 6 2.2.1 Definitions and Introduction 6 2.2.2 Broadcasting Video and Audio Delivery 8 2.2.3 Terrestrial Sound (Audio) 10 2.2.4 Terrestrial Video (Television) 14 2.3 Land Mobile and the Cellular Service 25 2.3.1 Definitions and Introduction 25 2.3.2 Cellular Reference Network Unit 26 2.3.3 Regulation and Standardization of the Cellular Service 28 2.3.4 IMT Terrestrial Radio (Including LTE) 33 2.4 Fixed Point‐to‐Point and Point‐to‐Multipoint 38 2.4.1 Overview of Fixed Services: Fixed Networks and Mobile Backhauling 38 2.4.2 Deployment and Performance 39 2.4.3 Line‐of‐Sight (LoS) and Non‐Line‐of‐Sight (NLoS) Links 43 2.4.4 Fixed Wireless Systems (FWS) and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Systems 44 2.4.5 Available RF Spectrum and Frequency Planning 45 2.5 Satellite Communications 47 2.5.1 Definitions of Satellite Communications 47 2.5.2 Satellite Orbits and Services 47 2.5.3 Satellite Equipment 62 2.5.4 Monitoring and Regulating Satellite Communications 65 References 69 3 Short Range Devices and the License‐Exempt RF Spectrum 72 3.1 Regulatory Framework of SRDs 72 3.1.1 Definitions and Applications 72 3.1.2 Non‐Interference, Unlicensed and Unprotected 73 3.1.3 Mutual Agreements Between Countries/Regions 75 3.1.4 Placing the SRD on the Market and the Labeling of SRDs 75 3.1.5 SRDs Interfering with Radiocommunications Services 79 3.2 Collective Use of SRDs 80 3.2.1 Risk‐versus‐Risk 80 3.2.2 The Collectivized View Explaining the Harmonization of SRDs and the RF 81 3.2.3 The Individualized View Explaining Minimal Restrictions 81 3.3 An Engineering Background to Understand the SRD Technical Parameters 82 3.3.1 Friis Equations, Received Power, Electric and Magnetic Field‐Strengths: Numerical Equations 82 3.3.2 Received Power and Electric Field‐Strength: Numerical Equations 83 3.3.3 Received Power and Magnetic Field‐Strength: Numerical Equations 84 3.3.4 Received Power, Electric and Magnetic Field‐Strength: Logarithmic Equations 84 3.4 Global Regulation of SRDs 86 3.4.1 Globalization 86 3.4.2 ISM BANDS: Extracts from ITU RR and Spectrum Management Recommendations 87 3.4.3 Frequency Ranges for Global or Regional Harmonization of SRDs 89 3.4.4 Technical and Operating Parameters and Spectrum Use for SRDs 91 3.5 Regional Regulation of SRDs 91 3.5.1 Region 1 and CEPT/ECC ERC Recommendation 70‐03 92 3.5.2 Region 2 and the FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Radio Frequency Devices 93 3.5.3 Region 3: SRDs in APT Countries 96 3.6 Global and Regional Ruling in Three ITU Regions: Case Studies to Compare and Contrast 97 3.6.1 Case Study 1: Wi‐Fi, RLAN, WLAN, U‐NII 98 3.6.2 Case Study 2: RFID’s Global and Regional Ruling 105 3.6.3 Case Study 3: ISM and the Citizen Band 26.96–27.28 MHz 108 References 110 4 Policies, Legal and Economic Frameworks to Manage the RF Spectrum 112 4.1 Worldviews Shape RF Policies 112 4.1.1 Culture, Regulation and Uncertain Risks 112 4.1.2 Central Planning (Ex‐Ante and A‐Priori) Versus Market‐Based (Ex‐Post and A‐Posteriori) Approaches 115 4.1.3 Radio Frequency Regulatory Framework and Basic Objectives 118 4.2 Legal Environment 118 4.2.1 Two Different Legal Traditions: Civil Law and Common Law 118 4.2.2 The Legal Framework 120 4.2.3 Radiocommunications Law 122 4.2.4 Factors Affecting the RF Value 123 4.2.5 The RF Spectrum and Property Rights 123 4.2.6 International, Regional and National Legislation 124 4.3 The Economic Environment 126 4.3.1 Economics and Spectrum Management 126 4.3.2 Benefits of Using the Radio Spectrum 130 4.3.3 National Cost Accounting: The RF Spectrum as a Non‐Produced Asset 133 4.3.4 Fee Policy 136 4.3.5 License Fee: Comparative Evaluation Methods, Auctions and Lotteries, Secondary Trading 138 4.3.6 RF Spectrum Annual Fees 143 4.4 International, Regional and National Frequency Allocation Table and Redeployment 146 4.4.1 Allocation Table 146 4.4.2 RF Spectrum Redeployment and Refarming 146 References 148 5 RF Engineering and the Link Budget 150 5.1 End‐To‐End Wireless Communication 150 5.2 RF Characteristics: Modulation and Multiple Access 151 5.2.1 Modulation and Digitization 151 5.2.2 Representation of the Modulated Signal 155 5.2.3 Analog Modulations 157 5.2.4 Digital Modulations 157 5.2.5 Channel Multiple Access and Full Duplex Techniques 165 5.3 Transmitters: Power and Unwanted Emissions 168 5.3.1 Transmitter Block Diagram 168 5.3.2 Emission Mask 169 5.3.3 Unwanted Emissions 169 5.4 Receivers: Concept, Selectivity, Noise and Sensitivity 172 5.4.1 Receiver Noise Floor and Sensitivity 172 5.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Temperature 174 5.4.3 Gain to Noise Temperature G/T for Satellite Earth and Space Stations 176 5.5 Antennas: Fundamental Parameters 177 5.5.1 Antenna: Aperture, Beamwidth, Directivity and Gain 178 5.5.2 Three‐Dimensional Radiation Pattern and Gain Calculations 182 5.5.3 Antenna Polarization, Bandwidth, Insertion Loss and Impedance 192 5.6 Propagation 194 5.6.1 General 194 5.6.2 Friis Transmission Equation and Free‐Space Propagation Loss: Power 194 5.6.3 Maxwell’s Equations and Received Free‐Space Field‐Strength from a Far‐Field Emission 198 5.6.4 ITU‐R P.1546 Propagation Curves 30–3,000 MHz 203 5.6.5 Fresnel Zones 204 5.6.6 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases 206 5.6.7 Near‐Field to Far‐Field 206 5.6.8 Frequency Dependency in Penetrating Walls and Bypassing Obstacles 207 5.7 Link Budget 210 5.7.1 Power Equations 210 5.7.2 Conversion Formulae 212 5.8 Radio Frequency Interference and Spectrum Sharing 215 5.8.1 Non‐Linear Interference 215 5.8.2 Linear Interference 217 5.8.3 Decreasing Interference: Mitigation Techniques 225 References 225 6 International RF Spectrum Management and Standardization 229 6.1 International Regulations and Standards 229 6.2 Regulation and Standardization 230 6.2.1 International RF Spectrum Management and Standardization Players 230 6.2.2 Worldwide Regulation and Standardization 234 6.2.3 Globalization of RF Regulation and Standardization 240 6.3 National, Regional and Global RF Regulation 242 6.3.1 Transfer of National Regulatory Power to an Intergovernmental Authority 242 6.3.2 Implementing Regional RF Spectrum Management and Standardization 244 6.4 Global Regulatory Framework: ITU 245 6.4.1 ITU‐D (also Telecommunications Development Bureau, BDT) 246 6.4.2 ITU‐T (also TSB, Telecommunication Standardization Bureau) 247 6.4.3 ITU‐R (also BR, Bureau Radio) 247 6.4.4 ITU Radio Regulations 249 6.5 Cross‐Border Coordination, Regulation and Techniques 256 6.5.1 Avoiding Harmful Interference between Administrations 256 6.5.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements 256 6.5.3 Preferential Use of Frequencies, Trigger Levels and Distance from the Border 257 6.5.4 Decreasing Cross‐Border Interference: Mitigation Techniques 258 References 259 7 Regional RF Spectrum Management 261 7.1 RF Regulation on the Continent of Europe: Main Players 261 7.1.1 The Intergovernmental and International Regulatory Relationships 261 7.1.2 The Main European Organizations 261 7.1.3 Supranational Europe: European Union, EU Framework Legislation on Spectrum 266 7.1.4 Computerized Tools and Harmonized Activities Used in the CEPT 272 7.1.5 Overall Approach: Europe Regulatory Framework, All Europe Including the EU 273 7.2 Main Regional Players in the Americas: OAS, CITEL and CAN 276 7.2.1 OAS and CITEL 277 7.2.2 RF Regulatory Framework in CAN 277 7.2.3 CAN: Overall Approach 279 7.2.4 CAN Regulation: Conclusion 280 7.2.5 Additional South American and Caribbean Players 280 7.2.6 Intergovernmental South American Overall Approach 281 7.3 Comparison of the Two Major Camps: Europe and North America 282 7.3.1 General 282 7.3.2 Analysis 283 7.3.3 Conclusion 285 7.4 Regulation in Asia 285 7.4.1 General: Leading Asia 286 7.4.2 Asia‐Pacific Telecommunity (APT) 286 7.4.3 Regulating the Largest Wireless Markets in South‐East Asia 288 7.4.4 Asia‐Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) 288 7.4.5 Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC) 289 7.5 RF Regulation in the Arab States and North Africa 289 7.6 RF Regulation in Africa 291 7.6.1 African Telecommunications Union (ATU) 291 7.6.2 West African States 292 7.6.3 East African Community: EAC and EACO 292 7.6.4 South‐African Region: Regulatory Framework 292 References 293 8 National Spectrum Management 295 8.1 Roles of the National Spectrum Management (NSM) 295 8.1.1 National Objectives 295 8.1.2 Basic Functions and Responsibilities of the NSM 296 8.1.3 Guidelines and Practices to Optimally Manage the RF Spectrum 298 8.1.4 RF Spectrum Control 303 8.2 Trends in Spectrum Management, Smarter Technologies and Modulations 305 8.2.1 Administrative Trends 305 8.2.2 New Wireless Technologies 306 8.2.3 Spectrum Policy, Time Scales and Wireless Innovation 309 8.3 RF Spectrum Management in Some Leading Countries 310 8.3.1 RF Regulatory Framework in China 311 8.3.2 RF Regulatory Framework in France 322 8.3.3 RF Regulatory Framework in the UK 329 8.3.4 RF Regulatory Framework in the USA 339 8.3.5 Regulatory Frameworks of National Case Studies: Conclusion 355 References 356 9 Limitations to Radio Frequency Human Exposure 359 9.1 Human‐Hazards 359 9.2 RF Health Risks as a Social Story 361 9.2.1 Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity and Electrophobia 361 9.2.2 Regulating Uncertain Risks 362 9.3 RF (Radio Frequency) Exposure and Thermal Damage 363 9.3.1 Human‐Hazards: Risks from RF Exposure 363 9.3.2 The International, Regional and National Thresholds: Comparative Study 374 9.4 Quantified RF Hazards from Fixed Transmitters 375 9.4.1 Power‐Density, Field‐Strength and Safety‐Distances around Fixed Transmitters 375 9.4.2 Emissions Transmitted from the Same Site: Multiple‐Antenna Installation 377 9.5 Simulations and Measurements of RF Exposure 379 9.5.1 Calculated Safety‐Distances, Worst‐Case, Multiple‐Antenna Installation 379 9.5.2 Monitoring Human Exposure 382 9.6 RF Hazards Limits and Their Impact on Mobile Network Planning 386 9.6.1 Excessive Exposure Limits Affect Network Planning 386 9.6.2 Handling Low Exposure Thresholds by Additional Cellular Antennas or Additional RF Spectrum 387 9.6.3 Test to Quantify RF Versus Sites 389 9.7 Policies and Mitigation Techniques to Reduce Human Exposure 390 9.7.1 Policies to Reduce Human Exposure to RF Radiation 390 9.7.2 Mitigation Techniques to Decrease the Radiation Level 391 9.7.3 Myths and Realities 392 9.8 Conclusions 393 References 393 Index 398

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Book SynopsisWhy is high performance indoor wireless service needed, and how is it best implemented? As the challenge of providing better service and higher data speeds and quality for mobile applications intensifies, ensuring adequate in-building and tunnel coverage and capacity is increasingly important. A unique, single-source reference on the theoretical and practical knowledge behind indoor and tunnel radio planning, this book provides a detailed overview of mobile networks systems, coverage and capacity solutions with 2G, 3G and 4G cellular system technologies as a backdrop.Table of ContentsForeword by Professor Simon Saunders xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix 7 years! xix Certified DAS Planning Training xix More on 4G, Small Cells, Applications and RF Basics xx Useful Tool? xx Thanks! xx Preface to the Second Edition xxi This is Still Not a Book for Scientists! xxi The Practical Approach xxii Keep the Originals! xxii Preface to the First Edition xxiii This is Not a Book for Scientists xxiii The Practical Approach xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Second Edition xxv First Edition xxvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of Cellular Systems 5 2.1 Mobile Telephony 5 2.1.1 Cellular Systems 5 2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General 8 2.1.3 The Cellular Concept 8 2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems 9 2.2 Introduction to GSM (2G) 10 2.2.1 GSM (2G) 10 2.2.2 2G/GSM Radio Features 11 2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM 16 2.2.4 GSM Signaling 22 2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture 25 2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System/3G 27 2.3.1 The Most Important 3G/UMTS Radio Design Parameters 28 2.3.2 The 3G/UMTS Radio Features 28 2.3.3 3G/UMTS Noise Control 38 2.3.4 3G/UMTS Handovers 42 2.3.5 UMTS/3G Power Control 46 2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation 49 2.3.7 UMTS Signaling 52 2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements 55 2.4 Introduction to HSPA 57 2.4.1 Introduction 57 2.4.2 Wi‐Fi 58 2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA 60 2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage 61 2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance 63 2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network 64 2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA 66 2.4.8 Short Introduction to HSPA+ 68 2.4.9 Conclusion 68 2.5 Modulation 69 2.5.1 Shannon’s Formula 69 2.5.2 BPSK 70 2.5.3 QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 70 2.5.4 Higher Order Modulation 16‐64QAM 70 2.5.5 EVM Error Vector Magnitude 72 2.5.6 Adaptive Modulation, Planning for Highest Data Speed 72 2.6 Advanced Antenna Systems for 3G/4G 74 2.6.1 SISO/MIMO Systems 75 2.6.2 SISO, Single Input Single Output 75 2.6.3 SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output 76 2.6.4 MISO, Multiple Inputs Single Output 76 2.6.5 MIMO, Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs 77 2.6.6 Planning for Optimum Data Speeds Using MIMO 79 2.7 Short Introduction to 4G/LTE 80 2.7.1 Motivation behind LTE and E‐UTRAN 80 2.7.2 Key Features of LTE E‐UTRAN 82 2.7.3 System Architecture Evolution – SAE 84 2.7.4 EPS – Evolved Packet System 84 2.7.5 Evolved Packet Core Network – EPC 85 2.7.6 LTE Reference Points/Interfaces 87 2.7.7 The LTE RF Channel Bandwidth 87 2.7.8 OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 88 2.7.9 OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 89 2.7.10 SC‐FDMA – Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 90 2.7.11 LTE Slot Structure 91 2.7.12 User Scheduling 92 2.7.13 Downlink Reference Signals 92 2.7.14 The 4G/LTE Channel 92 2.7.15 LTE Communication and Control Channels 93 2.7.16 Radio Resource Management in LTE 96 3 Indoor Radio Planning 111 3.1 Why is In‐building Coverage Important? 111 3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation 112 3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors 112 3.1.3 Some 70–80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings 112 3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case 112 3.1.5 Business Evaluation 113 3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level 113 3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution 113 3.2 Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer 114 3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions 114 3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users 115 3.3 The Indoor 3G/HSPA Challenge 117 3.3.1 3G Orthogonality Degradation 117 3.3.2 Power Load per User 120 3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building 120 3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load 120 3.3.5 3G/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion 121 3.4 Common 3G/4G Rollout Mistakes 122 3.4.1 The Macro Mistake 122 3.4.2 Do Not Apply 2G Strategies 123 3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan 3G/4G Indoor Coverage 123 3.5 The Basics of Indoor RF Planning 124 3.5.1 Isolation is the Key 124 3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation 124 3.5.3 The ‘High‐rise Problem’ 125 3.5.4 Radio Service Quality 128 3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels 129 3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept 129 3.6 RF Metrics Basics 131 3.6.1 Gain 132 3.6.2 Gain Factor 132 3.6.3 Decibel (dB) 133 3.6.4 dBm 135 3.6.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP) 136 3.6.6 Delays in the DAS 136 3.6.7 Offset of the Cell Size 139 4 Distributed Antenna Systems 141 4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best? 141 4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS 142 4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools 142 4.1.3 Combine the Tools 143 4.2 Passive Components 143 4.2.1 General 143 4.2.2 Coax Cable 143 4.2.3 Splitters 144 4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters 145 4.2.5 Attenuators 146 4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators 147 4.2.7 Circulators 147 4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90° Hybrid) 148 4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components 150 4.2.10 Filters 151 4.3 The Passive DAS 151 4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS 151 4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS 153 4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS 154 4.4 Active DAS 154 4.4.1 Easy to Plan 155 4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings 155 4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium‐size Buildings 159 4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS 160 4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions 163 4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink 163 4.5.2 DL Antenna Power 163 4.5.3 Antenna Supervision 164 4.5.4 Installation Challenges 164 4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS 164 4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions 166 4.6.1 In‐line BDA Solution 166 4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS 167 4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage 168 4.7 Indoor DAS for MIMO Applications 171 4.7.1 Calculating the Ideal MIMO Antenna Distance Separation for Indoor DAS 171 4.7.2 Make Both MIMO Antennas ‘Visible’ for the Users 173 4.7.3 Passive DAS and MIMO 178 4.7.4 Pure Active DAS for MIMO 179 4.7.5 Hybrid DAS and MIMO 181 4.7.6 Upgrading Existing DAS to MIMO 181 4.8 Using Repeaters for Indoor DAS Coverage 182 4.8.1 Basic Repeater Terms 184 4.8.2 Repeater Types 189 4.8.3 Repeater Considerations in General 192 4.9 Repeaters for Rail Solutions 195 4.9.1 Repeater Principle on a Train 195 4.9.2 Onboard DAS Solutions 197 4.9.3 Repeater Features for Mobile Rail Deployment 197 4.9.4 Practical Concerns with Repeaters on Rail 199 4.10 Active DAS Data 200 4.10.1 Gain and Delay 201 4.10.2 Power Per Carrier 202 4.10.3 Bandwidth, Ripple 202 4.10.4 The 1 dB Compression Point 203 4.10.5 IP3 Third‐order Intercept Point 204 4.10.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter‐modulation 205 4.10.7 Spurious Emissions 205 4.10.8 Noise Figure 205 4.10.9 MTBF 206 4.10.10 Dynamic Range and Near‐far Effect 207 4.11 Electromagnetic Radiation, EMR 211 4.11.1 ICNIRP EMR Guidelines 211 4.11.2 Mobiles are the Strongest Source of EMR 212 4.11.3 Indoor DAS will Provide Lower EMR Levels 213 4.12 Conclusion 214 5 Designing Indoor DAS Solutions 215 5.1 The Indoor Planning Procedure 215 5.1.1 Indoor Planning Process Flow 215 5.1.2 The RF Planning Part of the Process 217 5.1.3 The Site Survey 218 5.1.4 Time Frame for Implementing Indoor DAS 219 5.1.5 Post Implementation 219 5.2 The RF Design Process 220 5.2.1 The Role of the RF Planner 220 5.2.2 RF Measurements 220 5.2.3 The Initial RF Measurements 221 5.2.4 Measurements of Existing Coverage Level 222 5.2.5 RF Survey Measurement 223 5.2.6 Planning the Measurements 224 5.2.7 Post Implementation Measurements 226 5.2.8 Free Space Loss 227 5.2.9 The One Meter Test 227 5.3 Designing the Optimum Indoor Solution 229 5.3.1 Adapt the Design to Reality 229 5.3.2 Learn from the Mistakes of Others 229 5.3.3 Common Mistakes When Designing Indoor Solutions 232 5.3.4 Planning the Antenna Locations 233 5.3.5 The ‘Corridor Effect’ 235 5.3.6 Fire Cells Inside the Building 236 5.3.7 Indoor Antenna Performance 236 5.3.8 The ‘Corner Office Problem’ 243 5.3.9 Interleaving Antennas In‐between Floors 244 5.3.10 Planning for Full Indoor Coverage 247 5.3.11 The Cost of Indoor Design Levels 249 5.4 Indoor Design Strategy 250 5.4.1 Hotspot Planning Inside Buildings 250 5.4.2 Special Design Considerations 255 5.4.3 The Design Flow 256 5.4.4 Placing the Indoor Antennas 256 5.5 Handover Considerations Inside Buildings 257 5.5.1 Indoor 2G Handover Planning 258 5.5.2 Indoor 3G Handover Planning 259 5.5.3 Handover Zone Size 261 5.6 Elevator Coverage 262 5.6.1 Elevator Installation Challenges 262 5.6.2 The Most Common Coverage Elevator Solution 262 5.6.3 Antenna Inside the Shaft 262 5.6.4 Repeater in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.5 DAS Antenna in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.6 Passive Repeaters in Elevators 265 5.6.7 Real‐life Example of a Passive Repeater in an Elevator 266 5.6.8 Control the Elevator HO Zone 267 5.6.9 Elevator HO Zone Size 267 5.6.10 Challenges with Elevator Repeaters for Large Shafts 268 5.7 Multioperator Systems 276 5.7.1 Multioperator DAS Solutions Compatibility 276 5.7.2 The Combiner System 283 5.7.3 Inter‐modulation Distortion 284 5.7.4 How to Minimize PIM 285 5.7.5 IMD Products 286 5.8 Co‐existence Issues for 2G/3G 287 5.8.1 Spurious Emissions 287 5.8.2 Combined DAS for 2G-900 and 3G 288 5.8.3 Combined DAS for 2G-1800 and 3G 288 5.9 Co‐existence Issues for 3G/3G 289 5.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio 290 5.9.2 The ACIR Problem with Indoor DAS 291 5.9.3 Solving the ACIR Problem Inside Buildings 292 5.10 Multioperator Requirements 293 5.10.1 Multioperator Agreement 294 5.10.2 Parties Involved in the Indoor Project 294 5.10.3 The Most Important Aspects to Cover in the MOA 294 6 Traffic Dimensioning 297 6.1 Erlang, the Traffic Measurement 297 6.1.1 What is One Erlang? 298 6.1.2 Call Blocking, Grade of Service 299 6.1.3 The Erlang B Table 299 6.1.4 User Types, User Traffic Profile 301 6.1.5 Save on Cost, Use the Erlang Table 302 6.1.6 When Not to Use Erlang 302 6.1.7 2G Radio Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.8 3G Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.9 Trunking Gain, Resource Sharing 304 6.1.10 Cell Configuration in Indoor Projects 305 6.1.11 Busy Hour and Return on Investment Calculations 307 6.1.12 Base Station Hotels 313 6.2 Data Capacity 315 6.2.1 Application‐driven Data Load 316 6.2.2 Data offload to Wi‐Fi and Small Cells 319 6.2.3 Future‐proof Your DAS to Handle More Data Load 319 6.2.4 Event‐driven Data Load 323 6.2.5 Calculating the Data Load 323 7 Noise 327 7.1 Noise Fundamentals 327 7.1.1 Thermal Noise 328 7.1.2 Noise Factor 329 7.1.3 Noise Figure 329 7.1.4 Noise Floor 329 7.1.5 The Receiver Sensitivity 330 7.1.6 Noise Figure of Amplifiers 331 7.1.7 Noise Factor of Coax Cables 332 7.2 Cascaded Noise 334 7.2.1 The Friis Formula 334 7.2.2 Amplifier After the Cable Loss 335 7.2.3 Amplifier Prior to the Cable Loss 337 7.2.4 Problems with Passive Cables and Passive DAS 339 7.3 Noise Power 341 7.3.1 Calculating the Noise Power of a System 342 7.4 Noise Power from Parallel Systems 346 7.4.1 Calculating Noise Power from Parallel Sources 346 7.5 Noise Control 347 7.5.1 Noise Load on Base Stations 347 7.5.2 Noise and 2G Base Stations 348 7.5.3 Noise and 3G Base Stations 348 7.6 Updating a Passive DAS from 2G to 3G/4G 349 7.6.1 The 3G/4G Challenge 349 7.6.2 The 3G Problem 350 7.6.3 Solution 1, In‐line BDA 351 7.6.4 Solution 2: Active DAS Overlay 355 7.6.5 Conclusions on Noise and Noise Control 359 8 The Link Budget 361 8.1 The Components and Calculations of the RF Link 362 8.1.1 The Maximum Allowable Path Loss 362 8.1.2 The Components in the Link Budget 362 8.1.3 Link Budgets for Indoor Systems 374 8.1.4 Passive DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.5 Active DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.6 The Free Space Loss 377 8.1.7 The Modified Indoor Model 377 8.1.8 The PLS Model 379 8.1.9 Calculating the Antenna Service Radius 380 8.2 4G Link Budget 382 8.2.1 4G Design Levels 383 8.2.2 RSRP, Reference Symbol Transmit Power 384 8.2.3 4G RSSI Signal Power 385 8.2.4 4G Coverage vs. Capacity 385 8.2.5 4G DL RS Link Budget Example 386 9 Tools for Indoor Radio Planning 389 9.1 Live and Learn 389 9.2 Diagram Tools 390 9.2.1 Simple or Advanced? 390 9.3 Radio Survey Tools 391 9.3.1 Use Only Calibrated Equipment 391 9.4 The Simple Tools and Tips 391 9.4.1 Use a Digital Camera 391 9.4.2 Use the World Wide Web 392 9.4.3 Traffic Calculations 392 9.5 Tools for Link Budget Calculations 392 9.6 Tools for Indoor Predictions 392 9.6.1 Spreadsheets Can Do Most of the Job 394 9.6.2 The More Advanced RF Prediction Models 394 9.7 The Advanced Toolkit (iBwave Unity, Design, and Mobile from iBwave.com) 395 9.7.1 Save Time, Keep Costs and Mistakes to a Minimum 396 9.7.2 Collaboration, Visibility, and Revision Controls 396 9.7.3 Multisystem or Multioperator Small Cells, DAS, and Wi‐Fi 397 9.7.4 The Site Survey Tool 397 9.7.5 The Mobile Planning Tool 397 9.7.6 Import Floor Plans 397 9.7.7 Schematic Diagram 398 9.7.8 Floor Plan Diagram 401 9.7.9 Site Documentation 401 9.7.10 Error Detection 401 9.7.11 Component Database 402 9.7.12 RF Propagation 403 9.7.13 RF Optimization 403 9.7.14 Complex Environments 404 9.7.15 Importing an RF Survey 404 9.7.16 Equipment List and Project Cost Report 405 9.7.17 RF and Installation Report 405 9.7.18 Fully Integrated 406 9.7.19 Outputs from the Tool 406 9.7.20 Team Collaboration 407 9.7.21 Make Sure to Learn the Basics 408 9.8 Tools for DAS Verification 408 9.8.1 3G Example Measurement 409 9.8.2 4G Example Measurement 412 9.8.3 Final Word on Tools 412 10 Optimizing the Radio Resource Management Parameters on Node B When Interfacing to an Active DAS, BDA, LNA or TMA 413 10.1 Introduction 413 10.1.1 3G Radio Performance is All About Noise and Power Control 413 10.1.2 3G RF Parameter Reference is Different from 2G 414 10.1.3 Adjust the Parameters 414 10.1.4 How to Adjust this in the RAN 415 10.1.5 Switch Off the LNA in Node B when Using Active DAS 415 10.2 Impact of DL Power Offset 415 10.2.1 Access Burst 415 10.2.2 Power Offset Between Node B and the Active DAS 416 10.2.3 Solution 417 10.2.4 Impact on the UL of Node B 417 10.2.5 Admission Control 417 10.3 Impact of Noise Power 417 10.3.1 The UL Noise Increase on Node B 418 10.4 Delay of the Active DAS 418 10.4.1 Solution 419 10.5 Impact of External Noise Power 419 10.5.1 To Calculate the Noise Power 419 10.5.2 To Calculate the UL Attenuator 419 10.5.3 Affect on Admission Control 421 11 Tunnel Radio Planning 423 11.1 The Typical Tunnel Solution 424 11.1.1 The Penetration Loss into the Train Coach 425 11.2 The Tunnel HO Zone 426 11.2.1 Establishing the HO Zone Size 427 11.2.2 The Link Loss and the Effect on the Handover Zone Design 428 11.2.3 The Handover Challenge Between the Tunnel and Outside Network 429 11.2.4 Possible Solutions for the Tunnel HO Problem to the Outside Network 430 11.3 Covering Tunnels with Antennas 432 11.4 Radiating Cable Solutions 434 11.4.1 The Radiating Cable 435 11.4.2 Calculating the Coverage Level 437 11.4.3 Installation Challenges Using Radiating Cable 442 11.5 Tunnel Solutions, Cascaded BDAs 444 11.5.1 Cascaded Noise Build‐up 444 11.5.2 Example of a Real‐life Cascaded BDA System 445 11.6 Tunnel Solutions, T‐Systems 446 11.6.1 T‐systems, Principle 447 11.6.2 Example of a Real‐life T‐system with BDAs 447 11.6.3 T‐systems with Antenna Distribution 449 11.7 Handover Design inside Tunnels 450 11.7.1 General Considerations 450 11.7.2 Using Antennas for the HO Zone in Tunnels 451 11.7.3 Using Parallel Radiating Cable for the HO Zone 453 11.7.4 Using a Coupler for the HO Zone 454 11.7.5 Avoid Common HO Zone Mistakes 455 11.8 Redundancy in Tunnel Coverage Solutions 455 11.8.1 Multiple Cell Redundancy in Tunnels 457 11.9 Sector Strategy for Larger Metro Tunnel Projects 458 11.9.1 Common Cell Plans for Large Metro Rail Systems 458 11.9.2 Using Distributed Base Station in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.9.3 Using Optical Fibre DAS in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.10 RF Test Specification of Tunnel Projects 463 11.11 Timing Issues in DAS for Tunnels 464 11.11.1 Calculating the Total Delay of a Tunnel Solution 466 11.11.2 Solving the Delay Problem in the Tunnel DAS 468 11.11.3 High Speed Rail Tunnels 468 11.11.4 Road Tunnels 469 12 Covering Indoor Users From the Outdoor Network 471 12.1 The Challenges of Reaching Indoor Users From the Macro Network 471 12.1.1 Micro Cell (Small Cell) Deployment for IB Coverage 472 12.1.2 Antenna Locations for Micro Cells 474 12.1.3 Antenna Clearance for Micro Cells 475 12.1.4 The Canyon Effect 476 12.2 Micro Cell Capacity 476 12.3 ODAS – Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 478 12.3.1 The Base Station Hotel and Remote Units 479 12.3.2 Simulcast and Flexible Capacity 480 12.3.3 Different Sector Plans for Different Services 481 12.4 Digital Distribution on DAS 481 12.4.1 Advantages of ODDAS 482 12.4.2 Remote Radio Heads 483 12.4.3 Integrating the ODAS with the Macro Network 484 12.5 High Speed Rail Solutions 487 12.5.1 Calculating the Required Handover Zone Size for High Speed Rail 487 12.5.2 Distributed Base Stations for High Speed Rail 488 12.5.3 Covering High Speed Rail with Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 490 12.5.4 Optimize the Location of the ODAS and Base Station Antennas for High Speed Rail 491 12.5.5 The Doppler Effect 492 13 Small Cells Indoors 495 13.1 Femtocells 497 13.1.1 Types of Femtocells 499 13.1.2 The Pico/Femtocell Principle 499 13.1.3 Typical Pico Cell Design 501 13.1.4 Extending Pico Cell Coverage with Active DAS 503 13.1.5 Combining Pico Cells into the Same DAS (only 2G) 505 13.1.6 Cost Savings When Combining Capacity of 2G Pico Cells 505 13.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 507 13.3 Implementing Small Cells Indoors 507 13.3.1 Planning Considerations with Indoor Small Cells 510 13.4 Planning Examples with Femtocells 511 13.4.1 Small Office Space 512 13.4.2 Medium‐sized Office Space 513 13.4.3 Large Office/Meeting Space 513 13.4.4 Final Word on Small Cells 516 14 Application Examples 517 14.1 Office Building Design 517 14.1.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Office Buildings 518 14.1.2 Small to Medium‐Sized Office Building 518 14.1.3 Large Office Buildings 520 14.1.4 High‐rises with Open Vertical Cavities 521 14.2 Malls, Warehouses, and Large Structure Design 522 14.2.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Malls, Warehouses and Large Structures 524 14.2.2 The Different Areas of Shopping Malls 524 14.3 Warehouses and Convention Centers 526 14.3.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Warehouses and Convention Center DAS Deployments 528 14.4 Campus Area Design 529 14.4.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Campus DAS Deployments 529 14.4.2 Base Station Hotels Are Ideal for Campus DAS 529 14.5 Airport Design 530 14.5.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Airports 530 14.5.2 The Different Areas in the Airport 531 14.6 Sports Arena Design 534 14.6.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Stadiums and Arenas 535 14.6.2 Arenas Require 3D Coverage and Capacity Planning 535 14.6.3 Capacity Considerations in the Arena 535 14.6.4 RF Design Considerations in the Sports Arena 540 14.6.5 Antenna Locations in the Sports Arena 542 14.6.6 Interference Across the Sports Arena 547 14.6.7 Upgrading Old 2G designs, with 3G and 4G Overlay on a Sports Arena 549 14.6.8 The HO Zone Challenge in the Arena 550 14.6.9 The Ideal DAS Design for a Stadium 553 14.7 Final Remark on Application Examples 554 15 Planning Procedure, Installation, Commissioning, and Documentation 555 15.1 The Design Phase 556 15.1.1 Design Inputs 556 15.1.2 Draft Design Process 558 15.1.3 Site Visit – Survey 558 15.1.4 Update of Draft Design 560 15.2 The Implementation Phase 560 15.2.1 Installation 560 15.2.2 Post‐installation Verification 561 15.2.3 DAS Test 561 15.2.4 Commissioning 562 15.3 The Verification Phase 564 15.3.1 RF Verification 564 15.3.2 Live Traffic Test 564 15.4 Conclusion 565 References 567 Appendix 569 Reference Material 569 Index 581

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Book SynopsisBuilding upon the success of the first edition (2007), Wireless Transceiver Design 2nd Edition is an accessible textbook that explains the concepts of wireless transceiver design in detail. The architectures and the detailed design of both traditional and advanced all-digital wireless transceivers are discussed in a thorough and systematic manner, while carefully watching out for clarity and simplicity. Many practical examples and solved problems at the end of each chapter allow students to thoroughly understand the mechanisms involved, to build confidence, and enable them to readily make correct and practical use of the applicable results and formulas. From the instructors'' perspective, the book will enable the reader to build courses at different levels of depth, starting from the basic understanding, whilst allowing them to focus on particular elements of study. In addition to numerous fully-solved exercises, the authors include actual exemplary examination papers for insTable of ContentsForeword xvi To the Instructor xvii About the Authors xviii Acknowledgment xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Radio Frequency Systems 1 1.1.1 Conceptual RF system 1 1.1.2 The frequency spectrum 2 1.1.3 Cellular concept 3 1.2 Detailed Overview of Wireless Systems and Technologies 4 1.2.1 System types 4 1.2.2 Wireless network architectures 5 1.2.2.1 Wireless Personal Area Network 5 1.2.3 Wireless local area network 11 1.2.3.1 Wi-Fi 13 1.2.3.2 Wi-Fi Direct 14 1.2.4 Wireless wide area network 14 1.2.4.1 Cellular Systems 14 1.2.4.2 The Concept of Frequency Reuse 14 1.2.5 Access methods 20 1.2.5.1 Multiple access 20 1.2.5.2 Frequency division multiple access 20 1.2.5.3 Time division multiple access 21 1.2.5.4 Code division multiple access 21 1.2.5.5 Why to spread? 22 1.2.6 Transmit–receive regimes 24 1.2.6.1 Wireless transmission regimes (or modes) 24 1.2.6.2 Simplex mode 24 1.2.6.3 Half-duplex mode 25 1.2.6.4 Full duplex mode 25 1.2.6.5 Duplexing 25 1.2.6.6 Frequency division duplex 25 1.2.6.7 Time division duplex 26 Bibliography 26 2 Transceiver Architectures 27 2.1 Receiver Architectures 27 2.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 29 2.2.1 What is it and how it works 29 2.2.2 Pros and cons 33 2.2.3 Choosing the IF frequency 34 2.3 Direct Conversion Receiver 35 2.3.1 What is it and how it works 35 2.3.2 Pros and cons 35 2.4 Direct RF Sampling Receiver 36 2.4.1 What is it and how it works 36 2.4.1.1 Exercise: Determining sampling rate 40 2.4.2 Recovering I and Q channels in DRFS 40 2.4.2.1 Exercise: Recovering I and Q with bandwidth oversampling 41 2.5 Transmitter Architectures 42 2.6 Two Step Conversion Transmitter 43 2.6.1 What is it and how it works 43 2.6.2 Pros and cons 45 2.7 Direct Launch Transmitter 46 2.7.1 What is it and how it works 46 2.7.2 Pros and cons 46 2.8 Direct RF Sampling Transmitter 47 2.9 Transceiver Architectures 51 2.10 Full Duplex/Half-duplex Architecture 51 2.11 Simplex Architecture 52 2.12 Solved Exercises 53 2.13 Theory Behind Equations 59 2.13.1 DRFS transmitter 59 2.13.2 Sampling theorem reminder 60 Bibliography 62 3 Receiving Systems 63 3.1 Sensitivity 65 3.1.1 What is it and how it works 65 3.1.1.1 The definition of sensitivity 67 3.1.1.2 Exercise: Estimating a cell phone range 68 3.1.2 Interim sensitivity 69 3.1.2.1 Computing the noise factor of two cascaded stages 70 3.1.2.2 Exercise: Cascaded noise factor 71 3.1.2.3 Exercise: Computing SHR sensitivity 72 3.1.3 Measurement of sensitivity 74 3.1.3.1 Noise doubling approach 75 3.2 Co-channel Rejection 76 3.2.1 What is it and how it works 76 3.2.1.1 Definition of co-channel rejection 76 3.2.2 Measurement of co-channel rejection 77 3.3 Selectivity 78 3.3.1 What is it and how it works 78 3.3.1.1 Oscillator phase noise 78 3.3.1.2 Exercise: L (Δf) estimation 81 3.3.1.3 Selectivity mechanisms 82 3.3.1.4 The definition of selectivity 84 3.3.1.5 Exercise: DCR selectivity 85 3.3.2 Measurement of selectivity 85 3.4 Blocking 86 3.4.1 What is it and how it works 86 3.4.1.1 The definition of blocking 87 3.4.1.2 Exercise: Blocking-free distance 88 3.4.2 Measurement of blocking 89 3.5 Intermodulation Rejection 89 3.5.1 What is it and how it works 89 3.5.1.1 The definition of intermodulation 91 3.5.1.2 Effect of added gain (or loss) 92 3.5.1.3 Exercise: Intermodulation 94 3.5.2 Measurement of intermodulation 94 3.6 Image Rejection 95 3.6.1 What is it and how it works 95 3.6.1.1 The definition of image rejection 97 3.6.1.2 Exercise: IR and front filter 97 3.6.2 Measurement of image rejection 98 3.7 Half-IF Rejection 98 3.7.1 What is it and how it works 98 3.7.1.1 The definition of half-IF rejection 100 3.7.1.2 Exercise: HIFR and front filter 101 3.7.2 Measurement of half-IF rejection 102 3.8 Dynamic Range 102 3.8.1 What is it and how it works 102 3.8.1.1 The definition of dynamic range 103 3.8.2 Measurement of dynamic range 103 3.9 Duplex Desense 103 3.9.1 What is it and how it works 103 3.9.1.1 The definition of duplex desense 105 3.9.1.2 Exercise: Required T-R attenuation to keep DS ≤ 3dB 105 3.9.2 Measurement of duplex desense 106 3.10 Other Duplex Spurs 107 3.10.1 What they are and how they work 107 3.10.1.1 Duplex image rejection 107 3.10.1.2 Half duplex spur 107 3.10.1.3 Phantom duplex spur 108 3.11 Other Receiver Interferences 108 3.11.1 What they are and how they work 108 3.11.1.1 Self quieters 108 3.11.1.2 Able–baker spurs 110 3.11.1.3 Doppler blocking 110 3.11.1.4 Second-order distortion 110 3.11.1.5 Spurious free dynamic range 111 3.12 Solved Exercises 111 3.13 Theory Behind Equations 126 3.13.1 Sensitivity 126 3.13.2 Co-channel rejection 128 3.13.3 Selectivity 128 3.13.4 Intermodulation 129 3.13.5 Image rejection 130 3.13.6 Half-IF rejection 131 3.13.7 Duplexer mechanisms 132 3.13.7.1 Isolation mechanism 132 3.13.7.2 Noise attenuation mechanism 134 3.13.8 Duplex desense 135 3.14 Extension to Direct RF Sampling Receivers 136 3.14.1 ADC noise factor 136 3.14.1.1 Exercise: Computing ADC noise floor and noise figure 137 3.14.1.2 Exercise: Computing DRFS sensitivity 137 3.14.2 SNR, selectivity, and blocking in a DRFS receiver 138 3.14.2.1 Snr 139 3.14.2.2 Selectivity and blocking 140 3.14.2.3 Exercise: DRFS blocking 141 3.14.2.4 Imr 3 142 3.14.2.5 Exercise: Estimating IP3i of an ADC 142 3.14.3 Reminder on quantization noise 142 Bibliography 143 4 Transmitting Systems 145 4.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio 147 4.1.1 What is it and how it works 147 4.1.1.1 Exercise: PAPR of unfiltered 16 QAM 148 4.1.2 Measurement of PAPR 150 4.2 Nonlinearity in RF Power Amplifiers 150 4.2.1 What is it and how it works 150 4.2.2 Third-order dominated PA behavior 154 4.2.2.1 Exercise: Computation of third-order dominated PA coefficients 155 4.2.3 Fifth-order dominated PA behavior 157 4.2.3.1 Exercise: computation of fifth-order dominated PA coefficients 157 4.2.4 In-band spectral picture of PA output 159 4.2.5 Description of PA simulation methodology 160 4.2.5.1 The input signal v(t) 161 4.2.5.2 The output signal V[v(t)] 163 4.2.5.3 The input and output spectral picture 163 4.2.6 N-th order intermodulation distortion 163 4.2.6.1 Exercise: Coefficient-based versus SPICE simulation of spectral re-growth 168 4.2.6.2 Laboratory measurement of IMDN 171 4.2.7 N-th order input intercept point 171 4.2.7.1 Exercise: Estimating IMDN from IPNi 172 4.2.7.2 Exercise: Rule of thumb 173 4.2.7.3 Exercise: IPNi using voltages 173 4.3 Transmitter Specifications 174 4.3.1 Spectral mask 174 4.3.2 Error vector magnitude 174 4.3.2.1 Other causes of EVM degradation 176 4.3.3 Adjacent coupled power ratio 176 4.3.4 PA efficiency 177 4.3.5 Transmitter transients 178 4.3.5.1 Attack time 178 4.3.5.2 Frequency shift upon keying 179 4.3.6 Radiated emission 179 4.3.7 Conducted spurs 179 4.4 Enhancement Techniques 180 4.4.1 Linearization techniques 181 4.4.1.1 Cartesian feedback 181 4.4.1.2 Feed-forward 183 4.4.1.3 Pre-distortion 185 4.4.2 Envelope-tracking supply 186 4.5 Solved Exercises 186 4.6 Theory Behind Equations 198 4.6.1 Computation of PAPR for quasi-static RF signals 198 4.6.2 Analytic models for PA nonlinearity 201 4.6.3 Effects of PA nonlinearity on digital modulation 204 4.6.4 Effects of PA nonlinearity on spectral shape 205 4.6.5 Characterization of PA nonlinearity 210 4.6.5.1 N-th order intermodulation distortion 212 4.6.5.2 N-th order input intercept point 213 Bibliography 214 5 Synthesizers 216 5.1 Integer-N Synthesizer 216 5.1.1 What is it and how it works 216 5.1.1.1 The lock-up mechanism 219 5.1.1.2 Lock-up time 221 5.1.1.3 Exercise: Estimating integer-N lock time 224 5.1.1.4 Something more on reference spurs and pre-integration capacitor 225 5.1.1.5 Exercise: Estimating reference spurs attenuation 225 5.1.1.6 Something more on phase-frequency detector modes 226 5.2 Fractional-N Synthesizer 228 5.2.1 What is it and how it works 228 5.2.1.1 Exercise: Estimating fractional-N lock time 230 5.2.2 Example: Dual-count fractional-N 231 5.3 Direct Digital Synthesizer 232 5.3.1 What is it and how it works 232 5.3.1.1 Exercise: Basic DDS design 234 5.4 Integer-N/DDS Hybrid Synthesizer 235 5.4.1 What is it and how it works 235 5.5 Solved Exercises 236 5.6 Theory Behind Equations 244 5.6.1 Integer-N analysis 244 5.6.1.1 Transient analysis 246 5.6.1.2 Lock time analysis 250 Bibliography 251 6 Oscillators 253 6.1 Low-power Self-limiting Oscillators 254 6.1.1 What is it and how it works 254 6.1.1.1 The self-limiting oscillation mechanism 254 6.1.1.2 Oscillator phase noise 257 6.1.2 Practical circuits 258 6.1.2.1 Exercise: NAND gate-driven oscillator 260 6.1.2.2 Exercise: Bipolar transistor-driven oscillator 264 6.2 Oscillators Using Distributed Resonators 270 6.2.1 What is it and how it works 270 6.2.1.1 Crystal resonators 270 6.2.1.2 Transmission-line resonators 271 6.3 Solved Exercises 273 6.4 Theory Behind Equations 288 6.4.1 General π-topology filter analysis 288 6.4.2 Leeson’s equation 290 6.4.2.1 Narrowband FM 290 6.4.2.2 Narrowband-FM through narrow band-pass filters 291 6.4.2.3 Leeson’s model 293 6.4.2.4 Computing clock jitter from oscillator phase noise 296 6.4.3 Lumped equivalent of resonant transmission lines 299 6.4.3.1 Open-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 300 6.4.3.2 Short-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 301 6.4.4 Voltage controlled oscillators 301 Bibliography 302 7 Functional RF Blocks 303 7.1 Antenna 303 7.1.1 What is it? 303 7.1.2 How it works 303 7.1.3 Basic parameters of antennas 304 7.1.3.1 Radiation pattern 304 7.1.3.2 Directivity 304 7.1.3.3 Efficiency 305 7.1.3.4 Gain 305 7.1.3.5 Effective area 305 7.1.3.6 Input impedance and radiation resistance 305 7.1.3.7 Measurement of antenna input impedance 306 7.1.3.8 Beamwidth 307 7.1.3.9 Polarization 307 7.1.4 Antenna arrays 307 7.1.4.1 Pattern multiplication principle 308 7.1.5 Smart antennas 308 7.1.5.1 Phased array 308 7.1.6 Antenna types 308 7.1.6.1 Isotropic antennas 309 7.1.6.2 Dipole 309 7.1.6.3 Whip 309 7.1.6.4 Planar inverted-F 310 7.1.6.5 Slot 310 7.1.6.6 Microstrip (patch) antennas 311 7.1.7 Solved exercises 312 7.2 Low Noise Amplifier 313 7.2.1 What is it and how it works 313 7.2.2 Noise of two-port networks (classical approach) 314 7.2.2.1 MOS transistor thermal noise 316 7.2.2.2 Stability 317 7.2.2.3 Matching options 317 7.2.3 LNA topologies 318 7.2.3.1 Shunt resistor at input – resistor termination 318 7.2.3.2 Shunt-series feedback 319 7.2.3.3 Common gate LNA 319 7.2.3.4 CS with inductive source degeneration 320 7.3 Filters 323 7.3.1 Filter design 325 7.3.2 Filter families 326 7.3.2.1 Butterworth filter 326 7.3.2.2 Chebyshev filter 326 7.3.2.3 Elliptic filter 327 7.3.2.4 Bessel filter 327 7.3.3 Filter types 327 7.3.3.1 Preselector filter 327 7.3.3.2 Diplexer 328 7.3.3.3 IF filter 328 7.3.3.4 Harmonic filter 328 7.3.4 Filter technologies 328 7.3.4.1 Crystal filters 328 7.3.4.2 Surface acoustic wave filters 329 7.4 Power Amplifier 330 7.4.1 Amplifier classes 331 7.4.1.1 Class A 331 7.4.1.2 Class B 332 7.4.1.3 Class AB 333 7.4.1.4 class c 333 7.4.2 Design 334 7.5 Mixer 341 7.5.1 Performance measures 341 7.5.1.1 Conversion loss/gain 342 7.5.1.2 Noise figure 342 7.5.1.3 Linearity 342 7.5.1.4 Isolation 342 7.5.1.5 Spurs 342 7.5.2 Mixer types 342 7.5.2.1 Unbalanced mixers 343 7.5.2.2 Single-balanced mixers 343 7.5.2.3 Double-balanced mixers 343 7.5.3 MOSFET mixer 343 7.5.4 Bipolar mixer 345 Bibliography 346 8 Useful Reminders 347 8.1 The RF Channel 347 8.1.1 Large and small scale fading 347 8.1.1.1 Multipath fading 347 8.1.1.2 Propagation delay 348 8.1.1.3 Delay spread 348 8.1.1.4 Coherence bandwidth 349 8.1.2 Fade margin 349 8.1.3 Fading classification 349 8.1.3.1 Flat fading 350 8.1.3.2 Frequency-selective fading 350 8.1.3.3 Slow fading 350 8.1.3.4 Fast fading 350 8.1.3.5 Rayleigh fading 350 8.1.3.6 Rice fading 351 8.1.4 Doppler effect 351 8.2 Noise 352 8.2.1 Thermal noise 352 8.2.2 Signal to noise ratio 353 8.2.3 Noise factor and noise figure 353 8.2.3.1 Noise figure of cascaded stages 354 8.2.3.2 Noise floor 354 8.3 Propagation 355 8.3.1 Logarithmic scale 355 8.3.2 Friis formula 355 8.3.3 Two ray model 356 8.4 Path loss 357 8.5 Modulation 357 8.5.1 Amplitude modulation 357 8.5.2 Frequency modulation 359 8.5.2.1 FM transmitter 360 8.5.2.2 FM receiver 360 8.5.3 Modeling carrier phase noise as narrowband FM 361 8.6 Multiple Input Multiple Output 362 8.6.1 How many independent data streams are possible? 363 Bibliography 364 Appendix – Exemplary Exams 365 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe book describes how interference can be managed so that radio systems co-exist, without harmful mutual effects, within a finite amount of spectrum. This is timely in view of the increasing proliferation of wireless systems. It covers both the processes, such as regional or international coordination, as well as the engineering principles. Written by an author with extensive experience in the industry, it describes in detail the main methodologies for calculating or computing the interference between radio systems of the same type, and also between radio systems of different typesTrade ReviewInterference analysis is fundamental to spectrum management and this book provides a comprehensive and detailed guide to this subject. The author is an expert who has chaired ITU-R meetings and contributed to many ITU-R Recommendations. The book builds from the motivations for interference analysis, including national and international regulatory regimes, all the way to sophisticated Monte Carlo analysis and descriptions of how to model specific services and their associated algorithms. It covers a wide range of systems and services, including Wi-Fi, fixed links, private mobile radio (PMR), 2G, 3G, 4G, broadcasting, radar, white space, ultra-wideband and programme making and special events plus science, navigation, maritime, aeronautical and satellite systems, including both GSO and non-GSO. The book describes fundamental concepts such as the link budget, carrier types, access methods, noise calculations, antennas, dynamics, statistics and propagation models and then builds up to details of the interference calculation and interference analysis methodologies. In particular, the book describes how to convolve transmit and receive spectrum masks, construct link budgets with an associated interference margin and use them to derive thresholds, including apportionment. Alternative interference metrics are described together with methods to mitigate against interference. The book is essential for both those new or experienced in the field, to help understand and advance technical studies for system design, frequency assignment, coordination or regulatory analysis. Dr Haim Mazar, IsraelTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations and Target Audience 2 1.2 Book Structure 2 1.3 Chapter Structure and Additional Resources 3 1.4 Case Study: How to Observe Interference 3 2 Motivations 6 2.1 Why Undertake Interference Analysis? 6 2.2 Drivers of Change 7 2.3 The Regulatory Framework 8 2.4 International Regulations 10 2.4.1 History and Structure 10 2.4.2 The Radiocommunication Sector 13 2.4.3 Radio Regulations 15 2.4.4 World Radiocommunication Conference 23 2.4.5 Study Groups and Working Parties 24 2.4.6 Recommendations and Reports 25 2.5 Updating the Radio Regulations and Recommendations 27 2.6 Meetings and Presenting Results 29 2.7 National Regulators 34 2.8 Regional and Industry Organisations 35 2.9 Frequency Assignment and Planning 37 2.10 Coordination 40 2.11 Types of Interference Analysis 42 2.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 42 3 Fundamental Concepts 43 3.1 Radiocommunication Systems 43 3.2 Radio Waves and Decibels 46 3.3 The Power Calculation 49 3.4 Carrier Types and Modulation 52 3.4.1 Overview 52 3.4.2 Analogue Modulation 53 3.4.3 Digital Modulation 55 3.4.4 Frequency Hopping and OFDM 60 3.4.5 Digital Modulation Selection 62 3.4.6 Pulse Modulation and UWB 64 3.4.7 Filtering 64 3.5 Multiple Access Methods 66 3.5.1 Overview 66 3.5.2 Collision Sensing Multiple Access 68 3.5.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access 69 3.5.4 Time Division Multiple Access 70 3.5.5 Code Division Multiple Access 71 3.5.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 75 3.6 Noise Temperature and Reference Points 75 3.7 Antennas 82 3.7.1 Basic Concepts 82 3.7.2 Beams and Beamwidths 85 3.7.3 Common Gain Pattern Types 85 3.7.4 Isotropic Gain Pattern 88 3.7.5 Parabolic Dish Antennas 88 3.7.6 Elliptical Patterns 92 3.7.7 Phased Array Antennas 95 3.7.8 Azimuth Dependent Antennas 96 3.7.9 Elevation Dependent Antennas 98 3.7.10 Azimuth and Elevation Slices 99 3.7.11 3D Gain Tables 100 3.7.12 Antenna Pointing Methods 101 3.8 Geometry and Dynamics 101 3.8.1 Geometric Frameworks 101 3.8.2 Flat Earth Vectors 103 3.8.3 Earth Spherical Coordinates 105 3.8.4 ECI Vector Coordinates 110 3.8.5 Ellipsoidal Earth and Orbit Models 120 3.8.6 Delay and Doppler 121 3.9 Calculation of Angles 122 3.9.1 Azimuth and Elevation 122 3.9.2 Terrestrial 123 3.9.3 Satellite 123 3.9.4 Angles in the Antenna Frame 124 3.9.5 Off-Axis Angle from ECI Vectors 125 3.9.6 Theta Phi Coordinates 127 3.10 Statistics and Distributions 128 3.11 Link Budgets and Metrics 133 3.12 Spectrum Efficiency and Requirements 138 3.13 Worked Example 140 3.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 142 4 Propagation Models 144 4.1 Overview 145 4.2 The Propagation Environment 148 4.2.1 Effective Earth Radius 148 4.2.2 Geoclimatic and Meteorological Parameters 150 4.2.3 Radio Climatic Zones 150 4.2.4 Terrain and Surface Databases 152 4.2.5 Land Use Databases 155 4.2.6 Signal Variation and Fast Fading 156 4.3 Terrestrial Propagation Models 160 4.3.1 P.525: Free Space Path Loss 160 4.3.2 P.526: Diffraction 161 4.3.3 P.530: Multipath and Rain Fade 165 4.3.4 P.452: Interference Prediction 169 4.3.5 P.1546: Point-to-Area Prediction 173 4.3.6 P.1812: Point-to-Area Prediction 177 4.3.7 P.2001: Wide-Range Propagation Model 179 4.3.8 Hata/COST 231 Median Loss Model 182 4.3.9 Appendix 7 184 4.3.10 Generic Models 188 4.3.11 Other Propagation Models 192 4.3.12 Comparing Terrestrial Propagation Models 193 4.4 Earth to Space Propagation Models 199 4.4.1 P.676: Gaseous Attenuation 199 4.4.2 P.618: Rain Loss and Noise Rise 201 4.5 Aeronautical Propagation Models 205 4.6 Additional Attenuations 205 4.7 Radio Path Geometry 208 4.8 Percentages of Time and Correlation 209 4.9 Selection of Propagation Model 214 4.10 Further Reading and Next Steps 216 5 The Interference Calculation 217 5.1 Bandwidths and Domains 218 5.2 Bandwidth Adjustment Factor 221 5.3 Spectrum Masks, Ratios and Guard Bands 224 5.3.1 Transmit Mask and Calculated Bandwidth 224 5.3.2 Standards and Spectrum Emission Masks 228 5.3.3 The Mask Integration Adjustment Factor 232 5.3.4 Frequency-Dependent Rejection and Net Filter Discrimination Terminology 239 5.3.5 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACS and Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 242 5.3.6 Spurious Emissions and dBc 245 5.3.7 Intermodulation 246 5.3.8 Block Edge Masks and Guard Bands 250 5.4 Polarisation 254 5.5 Adaptive Systems: Frequency, Power and Modulation 258 5.5.1 Dynamic Frequency Selection 258 5.5.2 Automatic Power Control 259 5.5.3 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 262 5.6 End-to-End Performance 263 5.7 Modelling Deployment and Traffic 266 5.7.1 Deployment Range 266 5.7.2 Activity Models and Erlangs 269 5.7.3 Traffic Type 272 5.7.4 Deployment Models 273 5.7.5 Aggregation Techniques 275 5.8 Link Design and Margin 276 5.9 Interference Apportionment and Thresholds 281 5.9.1 Interference Margin 281 5.9.2 Interference Apportionment 284 5.9.3 Short-Term and Long-Term Thresholds 286 5.9.4 Thresholds and Bandwidths 289 5.10 Types of Interference Thresholds 292 5.10.1 C/I and W/U Ratios 293 5.10.2 FDP 297 5.10.3 C/(N + I) and BER 301 5.10.4 Unavailability 303 5.10.5 Coverage, Range and Capacity 304 5.10.6 Observation Duration and Locations 307 5.10.7 Radar and Aeronautical Thresholds 307 5.10.8 Channel Sharing Ratio 308 5.10.9 Field Strength, PFD and EPFD 309 5.10.10 Margin over Threshold 312 5.11 Interference Mitigation 314 5.11.1 Transmit Power and Bandwidth 315 5.11.2 Antenna Gain Patterns 316 5.11.3 Antenna Pointing 318 5.11.4 Locations, Zones and Separation Distance 318 5.11.5 Deployment Likelihood 320 5.11.6 Noise, Feed Loss and Interference Margin 320 5.11.7 Receiver Processing 321 5.11.8 Time and Traffic 321 5.11.9 Polarisation 322 5.11.10 Antenna Height 323 5.11.11 Operate Indoors 323 5.11.12 Improved Filtering and Guard Bands 323 5.11.13 Site Shielding 325 5.11.14 Spectrum Sensing and Geodatabases 325 5.11.15 Wanted System Modifications 325 5.11.16 Modelling Methodology 326 5.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 327 6 Interference Analysis Methodologies 328 6.1 Methodologies and Studies 329 6.2 Example Scenarios 331 6.2.1 IMT Sharing with Satellite ES 331 6.2.2 Sharing Between Non-GSO MSS and FS 334 6.3 Static Analysis 338 6.4 Input Variation Analysis 344 6.5 Area and Boundary Analysis 347 6.5.1 Area Analysis 347 6.5.2 Boundary Analysis 351 6.6 Minimum Coupling Loss and Required Separation Distance 353 6.7 Analytic Analysis 357 6.8 Dynamic Analysis 363 6.9 Monte Carlo Analysis 373 6.9.1 Methodology 373 6.9.2 Variation of Inputs 378 6.9.3 Output Statistics and U Parameter Variation 380 6.9.4 Example Monte Carlo Analysis 382 6.9.5 LTE Downlink Link Budget 384 6.9.6 Statistical Significance 385 6.9.7 Deployment Analysis 392 6.9.8 Conclusions 394 6.10 Area and Two-Stage Monte Carlo 395 6.11 Probabilistic Analysis 401 6.12 Selection of Methodology 402 6.13 Study Projects and Working Methods 404 6.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 407 7 Specific Algorithms and Services 408 7.1 Fixed Service Planning 409 7.1.1 Overview 409 7.1.2 Link Planning 410 7.1.3 Interference Thresholds 412 7.1.4 High versus Low Site 415 7.1.5 Channel Selection 416 7.2 Private Mobile Radio 417 7.2.1 Overview 417 7.2.2 Coverage Calculation 418 7.2.3 PSA and Uplink Calculations 422 7.2.4 Thresholds and Propagation Model 422 7.2.5 Compatibility Checks 424 7.2.6 Channel Sharing Ratio 427 7.2.7 Sharing with Other Services 430 7.3 Broadcasting 431 7.3.1 Threshold Calculation 431 7.3.2 Coverage Prediction 434 7.3.3 Statistical Power Summation 437 7.3.4 Single-Frequency Networks 442 7.4 Earth Station Coordination 443 7.5 GSO Satellite Coordination 450 7.5.1 Regulatory Background 450 7.5.2 Coordination Triggers 454 7.5.3 Detailed Coordination 457 7.5.4 Coordination and Regulatory Constraints 464 7.5.5 Gain Patterns 465 7.6 EPFD and Rec. ITU-R S.1503 467 7.6.1 Background 467 7.6.2 Exclusion Zones and the α Angle 471 7.6.3 EPFD Validation Methodology 475 7.6.4 EPFD Calculation 479 7.7 The Radar Equation 483 7.8 N-Systems Methodology 488 7.9 Generic Radio Modelling Tool 494 7.10 White Space Devices 501 7.10.1 Background and Services 501 7.10.2 FCC Methodology 504 7.10.3 Ofcom Methodology 506 7.10.4 Comparison of Approaches 511 7.11 Final Thoughts 514 References 515 Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols 522 Index 530

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Book SynopsisIEEE 802.11ba Discover the latest developments in IEEE 802.11ba and Wake-up Radios In IEEE 802.11ba: Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio Standard, expert engineers Drs. Steve Shellhammer, Alfred Asterjadhi, and Yanjun Sun deliver a detailed discussion of the IEEE 802.11ba standard. The book begins by explaining the concept of a wake-up radio (WUR) and how it fits into the overall 802.11 standard, as well as how a WUR saves power and extends battery life. The authors go on to describe the medium access control (MAC) layer in detail and then talk about the various protocols used to negotiate WUR operation, its uses for different functionalities (like wake up of the main radio, discovery, synchronization, and security). The book offers a detailed description of the physical (PHY) layer packet construction and the rationale for the design, as well as the various design aspects of the medium access control layer. It also includes: A thorough introduction Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 3 1.3 Book Outline 5 2 Overview of IEEE 802.11 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer 10 2.2.1 Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 10 2.2.2 Ofdm 11 2.2.3 Ofdm Ppdu 12 2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer 16 2.3.1 Network Discovery 16 2.3.2 Connection Setup 18 2.3.3 Coordinated Wireless Medium Access 19 2.3.4 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 20 2.3.5 Security 20 2.3.6 Time Synchronization 21 2.3.7 Power- Saving Mechanisms 21 2.3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (ofdma) 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Wake- up Radio Concept 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Primary Sources of Power Consumption in an IEEE 802.11 Station 26 3.2.1 Power Consumption in Transmit Mode 26 3.2.2 Power Consumption in Receive Mode 28 3.2.3 Power Consumption in Sleep Mode 30 3.2.4 Power Consumption in Deep Sleep Mode 30 3.3 Wake- up Radio Concept 31 3.4 Example of Power Consumption Using a Wake- up Radio 37 3.5 Selection of Duty Cycle Values 39 3.6 Conclusions 42 4 Physical Layer Description 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Requirements 45 4.3 Regulations 47 4.4 Link Budget Considerations 50 4.5 Modulation 53 4.6 Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Structure 55 4.6.1 Non- WUR Portion of PPDU 55 4.6.2 Sync Field 58 4.6.3 Data Field 61 4.7 Symbol Randomization 62 4.8 FDMA Operation 66 4.8.1 40 MHz FDMA 66 4.8.2 80 MHz FDMA 67 4.9 Additional Topics 67 4.10 Conclusions 68 References 68 5 Physical Layer Performance 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Generic Non- coherent Receiver 73 5.3 Simulation Description 75 5.3.1 Transmitter Model 76 5.3.2 MC- OOK Symbol Waveform Generation 76 5.3.3 Channel Model 77 5.3.4 Receiver Model 79 5.3.5 Performance Metrics 80 5.4 PHY Performance: Simulation Results 81 5.4.1 Sync Field Detection Rate 82 5.4.2 Sync Field Classification Error Rate 83 5.4.3 Sync Field Timing Error 85 5.4.4 Packet Error Rate 88 5.4.5 Effects of Transmit Diversity 88 5.5 Link Budget Comparison 92 5.5.1 Comparison to the 6 Mb/s OFDM PHY 93 5.5.2 Comparison to the 1 Mb/s Non-OFDM PHY 94 5.6 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Wake- up Radio Medium Access Control 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Network Discovery 97 6.2.1 General 97 6.2.2 WUR Discovery 98 6.3 Connectivity and Synchronization 102 6.3.1 General 102 6.3.2 WUR Beacon Frame Generation 102 6.3.3 WUR Beacon Frame Processing 104 6.4 Power Management 105 6.4.1 General 105 6.4.1.1 MR Power Management 105 6.4.1.2 WUR Power Management 106 6.4.2 WUR Modes 108 6.4.2.1 WUR Mode Setup 108 6.4.2.2 WUR Mode Update 110 6.4.2.3 WUR Mode Suspend and Resume 111 6.4.2.4 WUR Mode Teardown 111 6.4.3 Duty Cycle Operation 112 6.4.3.1 WUR Duty Cycle Period 113 6.4.3.2 WUR Duty Cycle Service Period 114 6.4.3.3 WUR Duty Cycle Start Time 114 6.4.4 WUR Wake Up Operation 116 6.4.4.1 Individual DL BU Delivery Context 116 6.4.4.2 Group Addressed DL BU Delivery Context 119 6.4.4.3 Critical BSS Update Delivery Context 121 6.4.5 Use of WUR Short Wake- up Frames 124 6.4.6 Keep Alive Frames 126 6.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access 127 6.6 Protected Wake- up Frames 129 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 Medium Access Control Frame Design 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Information Elements 131 7.2.1 General 131 7.2.2 Elements Supporting MR Functionalities 132 7.2.2.1 DSSS Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.2 EDCA Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.3 Channel Switch Announcement Element 135 7.2.2.4 Extended Channel Switch Announcement Element 136 7.2.2.5 HT Operation Element 136 7.2.2.6 VHT Operation Element 137 7.2.2.7 Wide Bandwidth Channel Switch Element 138 7.2.2.8 Channel Switch Wrapper Element 139 7.2.2.9 HE Operation Element 139 7.2.3 Elements Supporting WUR Functionalities 142 7.2.3.1 WUR Capabilities Element 142 7.2.3.2 WUR Operation Element 142 7.2.3.3 WUR Mode Element 145 7.2.3.4 WUR Discovery Element 154 7.2.3.5 WUR PN Update Element 155 7.3 Main Radio MAC Frames 155 7.3.1 Beacon Frame 155 7.3.2 Probe Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.3 (Re)Association Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.4 Action Frames 157 7.4 WUR MAC Frames 157 7.4.1 WUR Beacon Frame 161 7.4.2 WUR Wake- up Frame 161 7.4.3 WUR Discovery Frame 164 7.4.4 WUR Vendor-Specific Frame 165 7.4.5 WUR Short Wake- up Frame 166 7.5 Conclusion 167 Index 169

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Book Synopsis

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