Radio technology Books

Book SynopsisA true story of love, murder, and the end of the world’s “great hush.”In Thunderstruck, Erik Larson tells the interwoven stories of two men—Hawley Crippen, a very unlikely murderer, and Guglielmo Marconi, the obsessive creator of a seemingly supernatural means of communication—whose lives intersect during one of the greatest criminal chases of all time.Set in Edwardian London and on the stormy coasts of Cornwall, Cape Cod, and Nova Scotia, Thunderstruck evokes the dynamism of those years when great shipping companies competed to build the biggest, fastest ocean liners; scientific advances dazzled the public with visions of a world transformed; and the rich outdid one another with ostentatious displays of wealth. Against this background, Marconi races against incredible odds and relentless skepticism to perfect his invention: the wireless, a prime catalyst for the emergence of the world we know today. Meanwhile,

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Book SynopsisAdaptive techniques play a key role in modern wireless communication systems. The concept of adaptation is emphasized in the Adaptation in Wireless Communications Series through a unified framework across all layers of the wireless protocol stack ranging from the physical layer to the application layer, and from cellular systems to next-generation wireless networks. Adaptation and Cross Layer Design in Wireless Networks is devoted to adaptation in the data link layer, network layer, and application layer. The book presents state-of-the-art adaptation techniques and methodologies, including cross-layer adaptation, joint signal processing, coding and networking, selfishness in mobile ad hoc networks, cooperative and opportunistic protocols, adaptation techniques for multimedia support, self organizing routing, and tunable security services. It presents several new theoretical paradigms and analytical findings which are supported with various simulation and experimental rTrade Review"This comprehensive book addresses the theory, architecture, and practical protocols and applications of wireless networks. Chapters could comfortably be read in a stand-alone, out-of-order sequence or as part of a complete curriculum . . . This book is not just at the cutting edge, it is the cutting edge." – Brian DeLacey, Amazon.com, May 2009Table of ContentsAdaptive Optimization of CSMA/CA MAC Protocols Based on Bayesian State Estimation; A. Lopez Toledo, T. Vercauteren, and X. Wang A Survey of Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Local and Ad Hoc Networks; T. You, H. Hassanein, and C.-H. Yeh Adaptive Scheduling for Beyond 3G Cellular Networks; S. Sorour and S. Valaee Adaptive Resource Allocation in CDMA Cellular Wireless Mobile Networks under Time-Varying Traffic: A Transient Analysis-Based Approach; D. Niyato and E. Hossain Utility-Based Bandwidth Adaptation for Multimedia Wireless Networks; N. Lu, J. Bigham and N. Nasser An Extensive Survey and Taxonomy of MAC Protocols for Vehicular Wireless Networks; H. Menouar, F. Filali, and M. Lenardi Network Coding for Wireless Networks; Y. Wu A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Trends; A. Alemdar and M. Ibnkahla Adaptive Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks; H. Luo, G. Zhang, Y. Liu, and S. K. Das Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks: Lifetime Maximization; A. Swami and Q. Zhao Routing in Wireless Self-Organizing Networks; M. D. de Amorim, F. Benbadis, M. S. Sichitiu, A. C. Viana, and Y. Viniotis Selfishness in MANETs; Y. Yoo and D. P. Agrawal Mobile-Relay Forwarding in Opportunistic Networks; G. Anastasi, M. Conti, A. Passarella, and L. Pelusi Adaptive Techniques in Wireless Networks; Y. Lin, V. W. S. Wong Tunable Security Services for Wireless Networks; S. Lindskog, A. Brunstrom, and Z. Faigl Index

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Book SynopsisFocusing on an important and complicated topic in wireless network design, Wireless Quality of Service: Techniques, Standards, and Applications systematically addresses the quality-of-service (QoS) issues found in many types of popular wireless networks. In each chapter, the book presents numerous QoS challenges encountered in real-world applications and delineates ways to overcome these obstacles. Some of the challenges explored are performance impairments in WLAN hotspots, video streaming applications, and broadband wireless access. The techniques and mechanisms covered to tackle these problems include medium access and call admission control techniques, a parameter tuning algorithm, the QoS-enabling features of IEEE 802.11e, a Markov chain model, a probe-based distributed admission control mechanism, topology-transparent scheduling protocols, and a novel multicast congestion control mechanism. Addressing advanced topics and future directions, the expert contributTable of ContentsQoS Support in Mobile Multimedia Networks. On the Improvement of QoS in WLANS Aspects and Applications. Policy-Based QoS Provision in WLAN Hotspots. QoS for Multimedia Streaming Applications over IEEE 802.11b and 802.11e WLANs. Performance Modeling and Analysis of IEEE 802.11e Contention Free Bursting Scheme under Unsaturated Traffic. QoS Services in WMANs. Soft QoS Support for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on End-to-End Path Probing and IEEE 802.11e Technology. QoS in Wireless Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks: A Cross-Layer Framework. Topology-Transparent Scheduling Protocols for QoS-Robust Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Guaranteeing QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks. Congestion Control for Multicast Transmission over UMTS. QoS Service in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. Index.

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Book SynopsisHe argues that the human-machine systems used to coordinate forces were as critical to naval successes in World War II as the ships and commanders more familiar to historians.Trade ReviewThis is an excellent and important book. The author, a U.S. Navy Reserve officer, is well qualified to point to the distinction between the visible side of sea power, as reflected in ships and in naval weapons, and the much less visible but absolutely essential side involving the use of information. -- Norman Friedman Proceedings Wolter's familiarity with naval minutiae and procedures leads to a lively and procedures leads to a lively, highly readable narrative that also maintains scholarly depth and thoroughness. Choice Information at Sea is a wonderful book, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of human-machine integration... a 'must read'! -- Mark Hagerott International Journal of Maritime History Both author and publisher have made this an appealing book. Illustrations of key personalities and equipment not only bring the subject to life, but are all the more helpful in understanding the core issues... This book is a must for any serious student of naval operations, platform design and in particular of the USN. Despite its specialised subject matter it will be valuable to military historians in general, especially those looking at the development and problems associated with command in the twentieth century. -- Dr. Marcus Faulkner British Journal of Military History This book will appeal to a broad cross-section of readers with an interest in naval matters and in particular those officers and sailors of the war-fighting community... Wolters has done a fine job in researching and writing this book and the astute reader will recognise that there are important lessons to be learned in it. -- John Perryman Great Circle The reader interested in a broad history of command and control design and innovation aboard US warships from the Civil War to World War II will be well rewarded. Wolters has mastered the sources surrounding this topic and writes in an easy style... This book is most highly recommended. -- John T. Kuehn International Journal of Naval History An outstanding history of the US Navy from the Civil War through the Second World War... Information at Sea has four particular strengths. First, it reveals the connective tissues and nervous system of shipboard command and control across an eighty-year period through extensive pioneering archival research. Second, its well written chronicle of technological investigation, adaptation, innovation, and combat applications will appeal to experts and general readers alike. Third, it seamlessly interweaves bureaucratic decision-making with matters of laboratory research and development, field experimentation, adjustments in training and education, and the new command and control systems; Wolters explains how, why, and to what effect the Navy made changes to improve its combat efficiency. Fourth, the book challenges the longstanding notion that entrenched naval conservatism time and again retarded innovation. Wolters makes abundantly clear that, on the contrary, the Navy regularly listened, learned, and made intelligent decisions about integrating new communications and detection systems... For all these reasons, Information at Sea should stand as a landmark work of military history. -- Branden Little Michigan War Studies ReviewTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Flags, Flares, and Lights: A World before Wireless2. Sparks and Arcs: The Navy Adopts Radio3. War and Peace: Coordinating Naval Forces4. A Most Complex Problem: Demanding Information5. Creating the Brain of a Warship: Radar and the CICConclusionAbbreviationsNotesEssay on SourcesArchives and Manuscript CollectionsIndex

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Book SynopsisEmpire of the Air tells the story of three American visionariesLee de Forest, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David Sarnoffwhose imagination and dreams turned a hobbyist''s toy into radio, launching the modern communications age. Tom Lewis weaves the story of these men and their achievements into a richly detailed and moving narrative that spans the first half of the twentieth century, a time when the American romance with science and technology was at its peak. Empire of the Air is a tale of pioneers on the frontier of a new technology, of American entrepreneurial spirit, and of the tragic collision between inventor and corporation.Trade ReviewLewis's book, which relates the civil wars between the principal figures in the invention and development of radio, is an achievement in its own right: finely detailed, engagingly written, and unexpectedly dramatic. * Boston Globe *[Lewis] has all of the skills and instincts of a historian, a gift for clear description of complex technologies and a real passion for detail. * Los Angeles Times *A compelling tale that takes readers back to another era and shows us how our lives were transformed forever. * Washington Post *The lives of the two innovative technologists (Lee DeForest and Edwin Armstrong) and the entrepreneur (David Sarnoff) whose work led to the success of radio provide the basis for this well-researched and superbly written volume. * Publishers' Weekly *Empire of the Air is indispensable for anyone curious about the beginnings of broadcasting and there is more than enough personal drama and social and political history to make the book entertaining and informative for the general reader. * Globe & Mail *Alternating between the technical wizardry, personality quirks, and feuds of these men, and the story of the growth of the industry itself and its influence over American life and leisure, the book is fast-paced, fun reading and doubles as a useful teaching tool for teachers of American history and culture, science, and mass communication. * Library Journal *[A] compelling read for anyone with an interest in the history of radio and television. * RadioUser *Table of ContentsPrologue: A New Empire for a New Century 1. The Faith in the Future 2. The Will to Succeed 3. "What Wireless Is Yet to Be" 4. Sarnoff and Marconi: Inventing a Legend 5. Wireless Goes to War 6. Releasing the Art: The Creation of RCA 7. Snapshots from the First Age of Broadcasting 8. CourtFight 9. The Godlike Presence 10. Armstrong and the FM Revolution 11. The Wizard War 12. "Until I'm Dead or Broke" 13. Victories Great and Small Epilogue: The Empire in Decline

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Book SynopsisThis revised edition clearly presents introductory and advanced concepts in telemetry systems, with an emphasis on digital communications. The book helps the reader to perform link analysis for the design of a communications link, create a FM/FM preemphasis schedule systematically to develop an algorithmic code to perform this function, and design PCM/FM telemetry systems to meet a specific BER and bit rate. Learn how to design the transmitting and receiving system with respect to filter bandwidth specifications, and analyze the link which will be used to test the vehicle and basically evaluate the system from end to end, predicting the bit error rate. Brand new chapters on range telemetry, industrial telemetry, and commercial security have been added. Moreover, this up-to-date resource explores future telemetry systems with enhanced spectral efficiencies such as QPSK, Feher's patented FQPSK, Enhanced FQPSK, M-ary FSK and M-ary PSK.Table of ContentsTelemetry system definition; analogue frequency modulation; design of FM/FM systems; pulse code modulation; TM channel formats; PCM/FM (binary FSK); power/noise concepts of BPSK modulation; QPSK; bandwidth efficient modulation techniques; spread spectrum modulation techniques; link analysis; system figure of merit; synchronization; hybrid systems, PCM/FM + FM/FM, PCM/FM/FM; convolutional coding for forward error correction.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for microwave and RF engineers, this is a presentation of nonlinear microwave and RF circuits. It offers an understanding of the theory of nonlinear circuit analysis that they need for their work in the field. There is guidance on designing nonlinear circuits and modelling solid-state devices for nonlinear circuit analysis by computer, showing how characteristics of such models affect the analysis of these circuits. This second edition features new material, including critical discussions on nonlinear analysis of oscillators and design issues relating to RF (radio frequency) and wireless technology. More than 120 illustrations support key topics throughout the text.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction, Fundamental Concepts, and Definitions. Solid-State Device Modeling. Harmonic-Balance analysis. Volterra-Series and Power-Series Analysis. Balanced Circuits. Diode Mixers. Diode Frequency Multipliers. Small-Signal Amplifiers. Power Amplifiers. Active Frequency Multipliers. Active Mixers. Oscillators. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn today's globally competitive wireless industry, the design-to-production cycle is critically important. Circuit and system engineers must be able to develop robust designs that can be mass produced. To accomplish this, engineers need to learn the requirements of, and solutions leading to, optimum performance. The first of a two-volume set, this text takes a practical approach to RF (radio frequency) circuit design, offering an understanding of the fundamental concepts that practitioners need to know and use for their work in this industry. It seeks to lay the groundwork for efficient passive circuit design.Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF circuit design; the radio as a typical RF system; RF circuit fundamentals; CAD of linear RF/MW circuits; scattering parameters and the Smith Chart; passive component modelling; impedance matching; lumped and distributed filters; high-speed circuit design considerations.

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Book SynopsisBook & CD. Cognitive Radio (CR technology) has the potential to provide more innovative, flexible, and comprehensive use of the radio frequency spectrum, while at the same time minimising the risk of interference to other spectrum users. CRs can be developed that have the technical capability to adapt their use of the spectrum in response to information external to the radio. As a result of this technical and operational flexibility, CR technologies may also make it possible to use spectrum that may be available in a particular geographic location or during a particular period of time and would otherwise go unused. At this time, there is not a clear boundary between CR and software defined radio (SDR) technologies. In many instances, SDR will be used as the basic platform on which to build CR technology. This book provides the first details of this new and innovative technology.

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Book SynopsisCommunication devices such as smart phones, GPS systems, and Bluetooth, are now part of our daily lives more than ever before. As our communication equipment becomes more sophisticated, so do the radios and other hardware required to enable that technology. Common radio architectures are required to make this technology work seamlessly. This resource describes practical aspects of radio frequency communications systems design, bridging the gap between system-level design considerations and circuit-level design specifications. Industry experts not only provide detailed calculations and theory to determine block level specifications, but also discuss basic theory and operational concepts. This resource also includes extensive, up-to-date application examples. It is suitable for radio frequency systems designers, engineers, and researchers.Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF Systems Design; Introduction to Communications Systems; Basic RF Design Concepts and Building Blocks; System Level Architecture and Design Considerations; System Level Design Considerations; Frequency Synthesis; Block Level Radio Design Examples.

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Book SynopsisCognitive radio is a radio that can sense, learn and adapt to the surrounding environment according to its inner and outer stimuli. A primary feature of cognitive radios is the ability to adapt the transmission parameters given a dynamic wireless environment. In this book, the cognitive radio adaptation is formalised and four evolutionary algorithms are explored and used to intelligently solve this problem and determine the optimal parameters for a given situation. Moreover, the authors of this book limit the scope of cognition to reduce mutual interference between CR-based rental (unlicensed) users and licensed users (LUs) and in providing coexistence between them. The modulation strategies employed to realise a co-existence between the CR-based rental system and the licensed system are introduced. In addition, a novel dynamic spectrum sharing scheme combining spectrum adaptation and MIMO-OFDM for cognitive radio system is proposed. In order to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce computational complexity, a simple power allocation algorithm is proposed as well. Other chapters report recent results on policy-based self-management towards self-adaptive and Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS). Its focus is not on self-properties of cognitive radio systems but on self-learning policy and cognition.

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Book SynopsisRadio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. RFID has many applications; for example, it is used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. This book presents current research from across the globe in the study of radio frequency identification, including the role of RFID in agriculture; plants with implanted RFID microchips to yield safer and more wholesome products; radio frequency identification in the support and transmission of medical information in the field of disaster medicine; and RFID adoption in the developed and developing world.

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Book SynopsisWBAA: 100 Years as the Voice of Purdue documents the fascinating history of WBAA, Indiana's first radio station founded at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, on April 4, 1922. Richly illustrated with more than 150 photos, the book chronicles the station's evolution over the years, while highlighting the staff, students, and volunteers significant to WBAA's success. WBAA began as a lab experiment conducted by Purdue electrical engineering students in 1910. Later, the station became a vital method for Purdue's Cooperative Extension Service to broadcast the knowledge of the university, particularly agricultural news, to the people of the state. From the 1960s to 1980s, WBAA aired Purdue basketball and football games, with station manager John DeCamp as the "Voice of the Boilermakers." In 1971, WBAA became a member station of National Public Radio (NPR), offering popular programming such as All Things Considered and Morning Edition. Listeners tuned into WBAA to hear classical, jazz, and international music, along with in-depth news reporting. Mayors and Purdue presidents aired weekly programs. WBAA gave a voice to arts and community organizations.Read about the invention of the first all-electronic television by pioneering Purdue scientist Roscoe George; WBAA's long-running School of the Air educational program deemed the "invisible textbook"; and the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction (MPATI), an airplane that transmitted videos to schools while flying over six Midwestern states in the 1960s. Famous WBAA alumni include NBC sportscaster Chris Schenkel, comedian Durward Kirby, Today Show newscaster Lew Wood, Indiana State Representative Sheila Klinker, actress Karen Black, and actor George Peppard, among others.From the vacuum tube era to the digital age, this thoroughly researched book brings to light the intriguing backstories of the esteemed one hundred-year history of WBAA.Table of Contents Foreword Preface 1. Mystic Wave 2. Professor Invents All-Electronic Television 3. Educate and Serve 4. Hall of Music Momentum 5. School of the Air 6. Voice 7. A Well-Balanced Radio Day 8. The Natural Resource 9. A Flying Classroom Supersedes FM 10. 1960s Staying Power 11. Civil Disobedience 12. NPR—1970s New Dawn 13. Stewards of the Promise 14. Volunteers, Belief into Action 15. Winds of Change 16. FM and the Loss of NPR—The Untold Stories 17. Rejuvenation 18. Renovation and Expansion 19. Power Up 20. Protecting the License 21. The Next Century Notes on Sources Index

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Book SynopsisThis text explores the practical realities that arise from the employment of geolocation for electronic warfare in real-world systems, including position of the target, errors in sensor position, orientation, or velocity, and the impact of repeated measurements over time. The problems solved in the book have direct relevance to accurately locating and tracking UAVs, planes, and ships. As a companion volume to the author’s previous book Emitter Detection and Geolocation for Electronic Warfare (Artech House, 2019), this book goes in depth on real-world complications that include: working within and converting between different coordinate systems, incorporation of prior information about targets, sensor uncertainties, the use of multiple snapshots over time, and estimating the current position and velocity of moving targets. The e-book version described here includes several links to software and videos that can be downloaded from the publicly available Git repository. The book also includes all MATLAB code necessary to develop novel algorithms that allow comparisons to classical techniques and enable you to account for errors in timing, position, velocity, or orientation of the sensors. With its unique and updated coverage of detailed geolocation techniques and data, and easy linkable access to additional software and videos, this is a must-have book for engineers and electronic warfare practitioners who need the best information available on the development or employment of geolocation algorithms. It is also a useful teaching resource for faculty and students in engineering departments covering RF signal processing topics, as well as anyone interested in novel applications of SDR’s and UAVs.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Receiver Processing 1 1.2 Geolocation 2 1.2.1 Practical Considerations of Geolocation 3 1.3 Associated Software 9 1.3.1 MATLAB 9 1.3.2 Textbook Software 10 1.3.3 Python Software 10 Chapter 2 Review of Emitter Geolocation 13 2.1 Geolocation Measurements and Their Likelihood Functions 13 2.1.1 Likelihood Function for AoA Measurements 14 2.1.2 Likelihood Function for TDOA Measurements 16 2.1.3 Likelihood Function for FDOA Measurements 17 2.1.4 Likelihood Function for Hybrid Measurements 19 2.1.5 Generating Measurements and Likelihood Functions 20 2.2 Estimators 25 2.2.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 25 2.2.2 Maximum a Posterior Optimization 26 2.2.3 Convex Optimization 26 2.2.4 Least Square Estimators 27 2.2.5 Using Estimators for Geolocation 28 2.3 Other Geolocation Algorithms 31 2.4 Performance Measures 31 2.4.1 Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) 31 2.4.2 Error Ellipse 32 2.4.3 Circular Error Probable (CEP) 32 2.4.4 Statistical Bounds 33 2.4.5 Statistical Bounds for Common Geolocation Data 36 2.4.6 Calculating CRLB for Geolocation Measurements 38 2.5 Discussion 39 2.6 Problem Set 41 Chapter 3 Sensor Selection 45 3.1 Measurement Sets 47 3.1.1 Full Measurement Set 47 3.1.2 Non-Redundant Set 48 3.2 Measurement Statistics of Sensor Pairs 49 3.2.1 Sensor Pair Cross-Covariance 50 3.2.2 Usage 51 3.2.3 Generating Measurements 54 3.2.4 Jacobian Matrix of Arbitrary Sensor Pairs 56 3.3 Performance Analysis 57 3.4 Problem Set 66 Chapter 4 Coordinate Systems 69 4.1 Local Coordinate Systems 69 4.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates 69 4.1.2 Spherical Coordinates 71 4.2 Global Coordinate Systems 73 4.2.1 Models of the Earth 73 4.2.2 Latitude and Longitude 77 4.2.3 Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) 78 4.2.4 Earth-Centered Inertial (ECI) 78 4.3 Usage 79 4.3.1 Conversion between ECEF and LLA 80 4.3.2 Conversion between ENU and ECEF 81 4.3.3 ENU Adapted for Spherical Earth 83 4.3.4 Examples 84 4.4 Problem Set 89 Chapter 5 Geolocation with Target Constraints 93 5.1 Geolocation with Known Target Altitude 94 5.1.1 Optimization Problem Formulation 94 5.1.2 Solvers 96 5.1.3 Performance Analysis 105 5.2 Geolocation with Known Altitude Bounds 111 5.2.1 Optimization Problem Formulation 111 5.2.2 Solvers 112 5.2.3 Performance Analysis 117 Contents ix 5.3 Geolocation with Statistical Priors 117 5.3.1 Example Priors 119 5.3.2 Solving Geolocation with Priors 119 5.3.3 Performance Analysis 122 5.4 Problem Set 124 Chapter 6 Geolocation with Sensor Uncertainties 127 6.1 Formulation 127 6.1.1 Gradient of the Measurement Function with Sensor Uncertainties 132 6.1.2 Sensor Position Covariance 138 6.2 Approach 143 6.2.1 Required Observations 144 6.2.2 Maximum Likelihood 146 6.2.3 Iterative Solvers 151 6.3 Calibration Emitters 154 6.3.1 Measurement Bias Estimation 155 6.3.2 Sensor Position Error Estimation 157 6.3.3 Estimating Target Position 157 6.4 Other Solution Approaches 160 6.5 Performance Analysis 161 6.6 Problem Set 163 Chapter 7 Geolocation with Multiple Snapshots 167 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Convergence of Multiple Measurements 168 7.2.1 Measurement Space Solutions 172 7.2.2 State Space Solutions 176 7.3 Geolocation of a Stationary Target from Moving Sensors 182 7.3.1 Measurement Space Solutions 183 7.3.2 State Space Solutions 183 7.3.3 Complex Scenarios 186 7.3.4 Degenerate Geometries 188 7.4 Conclusion 190 7.5 Problem Set 190 Chapter 8 Geolocation of Moving Targets 193 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 An Introduction to Tracking 193 8.2.1 Update Stage 194 8.2.2 Prediction Stage 196 8.2.3 Limitations 197 8.2.4 Coordinate Selection 197 x Contents 8.3 State Space Models 198 8.3.1 State Space Representation of Targets 198 8.3.2 Kinematic Models 198 8.3.3 Process Noise 201 8.3.4 Measurement Models 202 8.4 Advanced Tracking Concepts 212 8.5 Problem Set 216 Appendix A Derivation of the Fisher Information Matrix for Phase, Delay, and Doppler Estimation 221

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Book SynopsisIn this issue of Make: we break down the latest trends in the world of microcontrollers and single board computers with the latest from Arduino, Google, Particle, and more. You'll also learn how FPGAs will change the way you prototype with our skill builder on using these ultra-configurable devices. And don't miss the 2019 edition of the Make: Guide to Boards special pullout -- compare specs for more than 70 boards to find the perfect one for any endeavor!Plus, 23 projects: Build a mesh-networked mob of R/C car swarmbotsAdd a full-sheet vertical Maslow CNC to even the tightest shopGet nonstop running water at the beach for boats, castles, and water fightsPersonalize a crafty glass block as a night light or custom giftAnd more!

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Book SynopsisThe book Introduction to Satellite Technology and Its Applications offers a thorough exploration of modern satellite technologies and their diverse practical uses. It provides a broad overview of applications ranging from military and remote sensing to scientific and navigational purposes. This book provides a brief overview of the many stages in the development of satellites and satellite launch vehicles, starting with the use of hot air balloons and sounding rockets in the late 1940s and early 1950s and ending with current technology. With its eight chapters, each dedicated to a specific topic, the book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and engineering students interested in the field of satellite technology and space sciences. Additionally, it covers the exciting advancements in communication systems using low earth orbit satellites (LEOS), the design considerations for efficient MEO constellations, and the propulsion technologies of cube-satellites (CubeSats). It also touches upon the applications and characteristics of small satellites. Lastly, the book concludes with a glimpse into future trends in satellite technology and satellite communication systems.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Satellites and Their Applications Chapter 2 Classification of Key Satellite Systems Chapter 3 Introduction to Low Earth Orbital (LEO) Satellites Chapter 4 Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Chapter 5 Geostationary Satellites and Their Constellations Chapter 6 An Overview of Cube-Satellite Propulsion Technologies and Trends Chapter 7 Small Satellites Missions Chapter 8 Future Trends in Satellite Communication Systems

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Book SynopsisThis book concerns a new paradigm in the field of UHF RFID systems: the positive exploitation of nonlinear signals generated by the chips integrated into the RFID tags. After having recalled the main principles in RFID technology and its current challenges notably with the emergence of Internet of Things or the smart connected environments, the purpose is to focus on the presence of nonlinearities produced by the nonlinear circuits of RFID chips: effects, nuisances and solutions but also and especially use of the phenomena. The presentation covers all aspects from the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of RFID tags and the associated platforms (distinguishing conducted and radiated measurement) to the design of new types of tags where nonlinearities are exploited in order to offer new capabilities or enhanced performance.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1 1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1 1.2 Birth of RFID 2 1.3 Early modern RFID 4 1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7 1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8 1.6 RFID chip age 10 1.7 Maturation of RFID 11 1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15 1.9 Summary 19 Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21 2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21 2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23 2.2.1 Working principle 23 2.2.2 Reader 24 2.2.3 Tag 25 2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29 2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29 2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29 2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32 2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32 2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41 3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41 3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41 3.2.3 RFID air interface 42 3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43 3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45 3.3.1 Tags under test 46 3.3.2 Measurement system 46 3.3.3 Power budget 47 3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48 3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49 3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52 3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58 3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65 3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66 3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68 3.4.2 System operation description 68 3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72 3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75 3.4.5 Result exploitation 79 3.5 Summary 80 Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82 4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82 4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84 4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88 4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f0 88 4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f0 89 4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93 4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93 4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f0 by the HT 95 4.5 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101 5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102 5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104 5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104 5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106 5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108 5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128 5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129 5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129 5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130 5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132 5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141 5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147 5.4 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 155 Index 171

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Book SynopsisTwo new fields have recently appeared: mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks. The emergence of these very promising systems is mainly due to great technological progress in the field of wireless communication protocols; these will make it possible to offer a broad range of new applications in both civilian and militarian domains. The inherent characteristics of these systems imply new challenges. This book deals with several relevant fields related to the evolution of these spontaneous and self-organized networks. The authors tackle critical problems such as the design of unicast/multicast routing protocols, the support of the quality of service, the security mechanisms for routing and data transmission, the service discovery, the techniques of clustering/self-organization, the mobility of code and the fault-tolerance techniques. The discussion adopts an analysis-oriented approach which aims to cover the current cutting-edge aspects of these fields and to highlight some potential future development, making it essential reading for anyone wishing to gain a better understanding of these exciting new areas.Trade Review"This book will provide a very useful reference on the architectural aspects of ad-hoc sensor networks to both students and practioners working in the area." (Computing Reviews, November 19, 2008) "What makes this book worth reading from cover to cover is the successful juxtaposition of state-of-the-art descriptions and concrete research projects related to wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. While many aspects of the study of wireless ad hoc sensor networks are still in flux, the book succeeds in presenting 'a global, realistic, and critical vision of the evolution of spontaneous and autonomous network.' Thus, the book is long on solid scientific research and short on speculation." (Computing Reviews, October 23, 2008)Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Houda LABIOD Chapter 2. Ad Hoc Networks: Principles and Routing 7 Stéphane UBÉDA 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Hertzian connection 12 2.2.1. Physical layer impact 12 2.2.2. Shared access to medium 15 2.2.3. Flooding 19 2.3. Routing 21 2.3.1. Dynamic source routing (DSR) 23 2.3.2. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) 25 2.3.3. Optimized link state routing (OLSR) 26 2.3.4. Topology based on reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF) 28 2.3.5. Zone-based hierarchical link state routing protocol (ZRP) 29 2.3.6. Location-aided routing (LAR) 30 2.4. Conclusion 32 2.5. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Quality of Service Support in MANETs 35 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 35 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 36 3.1.2. Chapter structure 36 3.2. Mobile ad hoc networks and QoS objectives 37 3.2.1. Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks and QoS 37 3.2.2. Routing in mobile ad hoc networks 40 3.2.3. Realistic QoS objectives 48 3.3. QoS architecture and relative QoS state of the art 49 3.3.1. Different QoS components 49 3.3.2. QoS models 51 3.3.3. QoS signaling 53 3.3.4. QoS routing 56 3.4. An example of QoS support: QoS OLSR 57 3.4.1. Description of QoS OLSR 58 3.4.2. Performance evaluation 59 3.5. Conclusion 61 3.5.1. Summary 61 3.5.2. Perspectives 62 3.6. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Multicast Ad Hoc Routing 65 Houda LABIOD 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Multicast routing in MANETs: a brief state of the art 66 4.2.1. Classification 66 4.2.2. Summary 68 4.3. SRMP 69 4.3.1. Description 69 4.3.2. Operation 72 4.3.3. Maintenance procedures 73 4.4. Properties 75 4.5. Simulation results and analysis 76 4.6. Conclusion 77 4.7. Bibliography 77 Chapter 5. Self-organization of Ad Hoc Networks: Concepts and Impacts 81 Fabrice THEOLEYRE and Fabrice VALOIS 5.1. Introduction 81 5.2. Self-organization: definition and objectives 82 5.2.1. Definition 82 5.2.2. Principles and objectives 82 5.2.3. Local or distributed decisions? 84 5.3. Some key points for self-organization 85 5.3.1. Emergence of global behavior from local rules 85 5.3.2. Local interactions and node coordination 86 5.3.3. Minimizing network state information 86 5.3.4. Dynamic environment adaptation 87 5.4. Self-organization: a state of the art 87 5.4.1. Classification 87 5.4.2. Virtual backbone 88 5.4.3. Cauterization techniques 94 5.5. Case study and proposition of a solution 94 5.5.1. Motivations 94 5.5.2. Construction of virtual topology 95 5.5.3. Maintenance of virtual topology 98 5.5.4. Virtual topology properties 101 5.6. Contribution of self-organization 101 5.6.1. Energy saving 102 5.6.2. Influence of self-organization on routing 103 5.7. Conclusion 106 5.8. Bibliography 107 Chapter 6. Approaches to Ubiquitous Computing 111 Mohamed BAKHOUYA and Jaafar GABER 6.1. Introduction 111 6.2. Structured service discovery systems 114 6.2.1. Systems based on an indexing mechanism 114 6.2.2. Systems based on distributed hash 119 6.3. Unstructured service discovery systems 120 6.3.1. Flooding-based mechanism 120 6.3.2. Random walk-based mechanism 123 6.4. Comparison between structured and unstructured systems 124 6.5. Self-organizing and self-adaptive approach 125 6.5.1. Server community construction approach 126 6.5.2. Request resolution 129 6.6. Simulation results 135 6.7. Conclusion 137 6.8. Bibliography 137 Chapter 7. Service Discovery Protocols for MANETs 143 Abdellatif OBAID and Azzedine KHIR 7.1. Introduction 143 7.2. Service discovery protocols 146 7.2.1. Service discovery protocols in wired networks 146 7.2.2. Service discovery in ad hoc networks150 7.2.3. Service discovery with routing 152 7.3. Conclusion 162 7.4. Bibliography 162 Chapter 8. Distributed Clustering in Ad Hoc Networks and Applications 165 Romain MELLIER and Jean-Frédéric MYOUPO 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. State of the art 166 8.2.1. Clustering in two hop clusters 167 8.2.2. Clustering at more than two hops 181 8.3. Clustering in networks where mobile devices may have the same weight 183 8.4. Applications 184 8.4.1. Initialization problem in k hop networks 185 8.4.2. Mutual exclusion in k hop networks 185 8.5. Conclusion 190 8.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 9. Security for Ad Hoc Routing and Forwarding 195 Sylvie LANIEPCE 9.1. Introduction 195 9.2. Reminders on routing protocols in ad hoc networks196 9.2.1. Reactive protocols 196 9.2.2. Proactive protocol 198 9.3. Routing threat model in ad hoc networks 199 9.3.1. Ad hoc network characterization for security 199 9.3.2. Classification of attack objectives 200 9.3.3. Basic attacks and security counter measures 200 9.4. Routing security 202 9.4.1. SRP: secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks 202 9.4.2. Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector (SAODV) routing 204 9.4.3. Ariadne 205 9.4.4. ARAN: authenticated routing protocol for ad hoc networks 209 9.4.5. Secure dynamic source routing (SDSR) 210 9.4.6. EndairA 212 9.5. IP datagram forwarding security 213 9.5.1. Monitoring-based techniques 213 9.5.2. Technique based on packet acknowledgement 219 9.5.3. Cooperative incentive techniques based on virtual money 220 9.6. Conclusion 220 9.7. Acknowledgements 221 9.8. Bibliography 221 Chapter 10. Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithms for Scalable Systems 225 Sébastien TIXEUIL 10.1. Introduction 225 10.2. Distributed algorithms and wireless communications 226 10.3. Fault-tolerant distributed algorithms 228 10.3.1. Fault taxonomy in distributed systems 228 10.3.2. Fault-tolerant algorithm categories 230 10.4. The limits and problems caused by a large-scale system 232 10.4.1. Hypotheses about the system 232 10.4.2. Hypotheses on the applications 235 10.5. Solutions for large-scale self-stabilization 238 10.5.1. Restricting the nature of the faults 238 10.5.2. Limiting the geographic extent of faults 242 10.5.3. Classification 246 10.5.4. Limiting the classes of problems to solve 247 10.6. Conclusion 251 10.7. Bibliography 251 Chapter 11. Code Mobility in Sensor Networks 257 Fabrício A. SILVA, Linnyer B. RUIZ, José M. NOGUEIRA, Thais R. BRAGA and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Introduction 257 11.2. Concepts linked to code mobility 258 11.2.1. Process and object migration 259 11.2.2. Code mobility 259 11.2.3. Wireless sensor networks and code mobility 260 11.3. Project paradigms of code mobility systems 261 11.3.1. Client/server 261 11.3.2. Remote evaluation 262 11.3.3. Code on demand 262 11.3.4. Mobile agent 263 11.4. Mobile agents 263 11.4.1. Mobile agent components 265 11.4.2. Mobile agent system models 266 11.5. Modeling mobile agent systems for wireless sensor networks 268 11.5.1. Agent model 268 11.5.2. Life cycle model 268 11.5.3. Computing model 269 11.5.4. Security model 269 11.5.5. Communication model 270 11.5.6. Navigation model 270 11.6. State of the art 271 11.6.1. Remote and single hop reprogramming 271 11.6.2. Multihop reprogramming 272 11.6.3. Virtual machine reprogramming 274 11.6.4. Mobile target location application 275 11.7. Case study: mobile agents in WSN management 276 11.7.1. Objectives 276 11.7.2. Models 277 11.7.3. Evaluation 278 11.8. Conclusion 282 11.9. Bibliography 282 Chapter 12. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Applications and Perspectives 285 Rabah MERAIHI, Sidi-Mohammed SENOUCI, Djamal-Eddine MEDDOUR and Moez JERBI 12.1. Introduction 285 12.2. Properties and applications 287 12.2.1. Properties of VANETs 287 12.2.2. VANET applications 289 12.3. State of the art and study of the existing situation 292 12.3.1. Projects and consortiums 292 12.3.2. Study of the existing situation 294 12.4. Conclusion 303 12.5. Bibliography 304 List of Authors 309 Index 313

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Book SynopsisUltra Wide Band (UWB) technology consists of transmitting radio signals over frequency bandwidths from 500 MHz to several GHz. Its unique characteristics may be exploited for the design of high data rate wireless communication systems, as well as localization and imaging applications. The development and optimization of such systems require a precise knowledge of the radio transmission medium. This book examines all aspects of the propagation channel for UWB systems. UWB technology is first presented, with a particular emphasis being placed on its applications, spectrum regulation issues, and the different communication techniques. The authors introduce the theoretical bases of radioelectric propagation and give an overview of the channel sounding techniques adapted for UWB signals. The two main principles of UWB channel modeling are finally exposed and illustrated: deterministic channel modeling, based on the simulation of the propagation phenomena in a given environment, and statistical channel modeling, which relies on the experimental analysis of the main channel characteristics.Table of ContentsForeword 11 Acronyms 17 Chapter 1. UWB Technology and its Applications 21 1.1. Introduction 21 1.2. Definition and historical evolution 22 1.2.1. Definition 22 1.2.2. Historical evolution 23 1.3. Specificities of UWB 24 1.4. Considered applications 26 1.5. Regulation evolution 30 1.5.1. Regulation in the USA 31 1.5.2. Regulation in Europe 32 1.5.3. Regulation in Asia 33 1.6. UWB communication system and standardization 34 1.6.1. Impulse radio 35 1.6.1.1. Pulse position modulation 35 1.6.1.2. Pulse amplitude modulation 38 1.6.2. Direct sequence UWB 39 1.6.3.Multiband OFDM 40 1.7. Conclusion 41 Chapter 2. Radio Wave Propagation 43 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Definition of the propagation channel 43 2.2.1. Free space propagation 44 2.2.2. Multipath propagation 45 2.2.3. Propagation channel variations 47 2.2.3.1. Spatial selectivity 48 2.2.3.2. Frequency selectivity 48 2.2.3.3. Doppler effect 50 2.3. Propagation channel representation 51 2.3.1.Mathematical formulation 51 2.3.2. Characterization of deterministic channels 52 2.3.2.1. The time varying impulse response 53 2.3.2.2. The frequency domain function 53 2.3.2.3. The time varying transfer function 54 2.3.2.4. The delay-Doppler spread function 54 2.3.3. Characterization of linear random channels 54 2.3.4. Channel classification 55 2.3.4.1.Wide sense stationary channels 55 2.3.4.2. Uncorrelated scattering channels 56 2.3.4.3. Wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering channels 57 2.4. Channel characteristic parameters 58 2.4.1. Frequency selectivity 58 2.4.1.1. RMS delay spread 59 2.4.1.2. Coherence bandwidth 59 2.4.1.3. Delay window and delay interval 60 2.4.1.4. Exponential decay constants 61 2.4.1.5. Cluster and ray arrival rates 61 2.4.2. Propagation loss 62 2.4.3. Fast fading 63 2.4.4. Spectral analysis 64 2.5. Conclusion 64 Chapter 3. UWB Propagation Channel Sounding 67 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Specificity of UWB channel sounding 67 3.3. Measurement techniques for UWB channel sounding 70 3.3.1. Frequency domain techniques 71 3.3.1.1. Vector network analyzer 71 3.3.1.2. Chirp sounder 72 3.3.2. Time domain techniques 73 3.3.2.1. Pulsed techniques 73 3.3.2.2. Correlation measurements 75 3.3.2.3. Inversion techniques 78 3.3.3. Multiple-band time domain sounder for dynamic channels 78 3.3.3.1. Principle of multiple-band time domain sounding 80 3.3.3.2. Description of the SIMO channel sounder 81 3.3.3.3. Extension towards UWB 81 3.3.3.4. Experimental validation 84 3.4. UWB measurement campaigns 85 3.4.1. Overview of UWB measurement campaigns 85 3.4.2. Illustration of channel sounding experiments 91 3.4.2.1. Static measurement campaign over the 3.1–10.6 GHz band 91 3.4.2.2. Static measurement campaign over the 2–6 GHz band 95 3.4.2.3. Dynamic measurement campaign over the 4–5 GHz band 95 3.5. Conclusion 98 Chapter 4. Deterministic Modeling of the UWB Channel 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Overview of deterministic modeling 99 4.2.1. FDTD based approach 100 4.2.2.MoMbased approach 100 4.2.3. Ray based approach 101 4.3. Specificity of deterministic modeling in UWB 101 4.4. Overview of UWB deterministic modeling 102 4.4.1. Qiu model 102 4.4.2. Yao model 102 4.4.3. Attiya model 103 4.4.4. Uguen and Tchoffo Talom model 104 4.5. Illustration of a deterministic model formalism 104 4.5.1. Received signal synthesis 105 4.5.2. Ray impulse response without delay 105 4.5.3. Ray channel matrix without delay 108 4.5.4. Described model results 110 4.5.4.1. Emitted waveform and considered scenario 110 4.5.4.2. Channel matrix of each emitted waveform in the LOS case 113 4.5.4.3. Received signal with ideal antennas 114 4.6. Consideration of real antenna characteristics in deterministic modeling 118 4.7. Building material effects on channel properties 120 4.8. Simulation and measurement comparisons 124 4.8.1. Evaluation of real antenna consideration 124 4.8.2. Evaluation of impulse response reconstruction 125 4.9. Conclusion 126 Chapter 5. Statistical Modeling of the UWB Channel 133 5.1. Experimental characterization of channel parameters 134 5.1.1. Propagation loss 134 5.1.1.1. Frequency propagation loss 134 5.1.1.2. Distance propagation loss 136 5.1.2. Impulse response characterization 137 5.1.2.1. Delay spread 137 5.1.2.2. Power delay profile decay 141 5.1.2.3. Ray and cluster arrival rate 145 5.1.3. Study of small-scale channel variations 148 5.1.4. Effect of moving people 151 5.1.4.1. Observation of temporal variations 151 5.1.4.2. Slow fading 152 5.1.4.3. Fast fading 153 5.1.4.4. Spectral analysis 156 5.2. Statistical channel modeling 157 5.2.1. Examples of statistical models 158 5.2.1.1. IEEE 802.15.3a model 158 5.2.1.2. IEEE 802.15.4a model 159 5.2.1.3. Other models 160 5.2.2. Empirical modeling principles 162 5.2.2.1. Propagation loss model 162 5.2.2.2. Modeling the channel impulse response over an infinite bandwidth 163 5.2.2.3. Modeling the channel impulse response over a limited bandwidth 166 5.2.2.4. Simulation results 166 5.3. Advanced modeling in a dynamic configuration 169 5.3.1. Space variation modeling 169 5.3.2.Modeling the effect of people 172 5.4. Conclusion 175 Appendices A. Baseband Representation of the Radio Channel 177 B. Statistical Distributions 181 B.1. Definition 181 B.1.1. Rayleigh distribution 181 B.1.2. Rice distribution 182 B.1.3. Nakagami distribution 183 B.1.4.Weibull distribution 184 B.1.5. Normal distribution 184 B.1.6. Log-normal distribution 185 B.1.7. Laplace distribution 185 B.2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test 186 C. Geometric Optics and Uniform Theory of Diffraction 189 C.1. Geometric optics 189 C.1.1. Introduction 189 C.1.2. Field locality principle 190 C.1.3. Field expression in geometric optics 191 C.1.4. Change of local basis 192 C.1.5. Incident field 192 C.1.6. Reflected field 193 C.1.7. Refracted and transmitted field 197 C.2. Uniform theory of diffraction 200 C.2.1. Introduction 200 C.2.2. Diffracted field 200 C.2.3. UTD 2D coefficient 201 C.2.4. UTD 3D coefficient 204 D. Ray Construction Techniques 209 D.1. Ray launching 209 D.2. Ray tracing 209 D.3. Other techniques 211 E. Description of the Time-Frequency Transform 213 Bibliography 219 Index 237

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Book SynopsisUltra Wide Band Technology (UWB) has reached a level of maturity that allows us to offer wireless links with either high or low data rates. These wireless links are frequently associated with a location capability for which ultimate accuracy varies with the inverse of the frequency bandwidth. Using time or frequency domain waveforms, they are currently the subject of international standards facilitating their commercial implementation. Drawing up a complete state of the art, Ultra Wide Band Antennas is aimed at students, engineers and researchers and presents a summary of internationally recognized studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Applications of Ultra Wide Band Systems 1 Serge HÉTHUIN and Isabelle BUCAILLE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. UWB regulation: a complex context 2 1.3. Formal Ultra Wide Band types 8 1.4. Non-formal ultra wide band types 14 1.5. Comparison between the different Ultra Wide Band techniques 20 1.6. Typical UWB-OFDM applications 21 1.7. Specialized UWB-OFDM applications 28 1.8. Typical applications of the Impulse Radio UWB, UWB-FH and UWB-FM 30 1.9. Impact on the antennas 32 Chapter 2. Radiation Characteristics of Antennas 33 Xavier BEGAUD 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. How can we characterize an antenna? 37 2.3. Radiation fields and radiation power 40 2.4. Gain, efficiency and effective aperture 47 2.5. Budget link, transfer function 49 2.6. Equivalent circuits of the antennas 51 2.7. Bandwidth 52 2.8. Example of characterization: the triangular probe antenna in F 52 Chapter 3. Representation, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra Wide Band Antennas 61 Christophe ROBLIN 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Specificities of UWB antennas: stakes and representation 62 3.3. Temporal behavior, distortion 77 3.4. Distortion and ideality 80 3.5. Performance characterization: synthetic indicators 82 3.6. Parsimonious representation by development of singularities and spherical modes 95 Chapter 4. Experimental Characterization of UWB Antennas 113 Christophe DELAVEAUD 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Measurements of the characteristics of radiation 114 4.3. Measurements of the electric characteristics 156 Chapter 5. Overview of UWB Antennas 163 Nicolas FORTINO, Jean-Yves DAUVIGNAC, Georges KOSSIAVAS and Xavier BEGAUD 5.1. Classification of UWB antennas 163 5.2. Frequency independent antennas 164 5.3. Elementary antennas 177 5.4. Miniaturization of UWB antennas 202 5.5. UWB antennas for surface penetrating radars 206 Chapter 6. Antenna-Channel Joint Effects in UWB 213 Alain SIBILLE 6.1. Introduction 213 6.2. Recalls on the UWB radio channel 214 6.3. Impact of the channel on the performance of UWB systems 218 6.4. Effective antenna performance in an ideal channel 220 6.5. Effective performance of non-directional antennas in dispersive channels 225 6.6. Effective performance of directional antennas in dispersive channels 233 6.7. Factorization of antenna patterns 235 6.8. Conclusion 237 APPENDICES 239 Appendix A. Reciprocity of the Antennas in Receptionand Transmission Modes 241 A.1. Reciprocity applied to waveguides 243 A.2. Reciprocity applied to the passive antennas in transmission and reception 245 Appendix B. Method of the Stationary Phase 253 Acronyms and Abbreviations 255 Bibliography 259 List of Authors 273 Index 275

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the stochastic modeling of telecommunication networks, introducing the main mathematical tools for that purpose, such as Markov processes, real and spatial point processes and stochastic recursions, and presenting a wide list of results on stability, performances and comparison of systems. The authors propose a comprehensive mathematical construction of the foundations of stochastic network theory: Markov chains, continuous time Markov chains are extensively studied using an original martingale-based approach. A complete presentation of stochastic recursions from an ergodic theoretical perspective is also provided, as well as spatial point processes. Using these basic tools, stability criteria, performance measures and comparison principles are obtained for a wide class of models, from the canonical M/M/1 and G/G/1 queues to more sophisticated systems, including the current “hot topics” of spatial radio networking, OFDMA and real-time networks. Contents 1. Introduction. Part 1: Discrete-time Modeling 2. Stochastic Recursive Sequences. 3. Markov Chains. 4. Stationary Queues. 5. The M/GI/1 Queue. Part 2: Continuous-time Modeling 6. Poisson Process. 7. Markov Process. 8. Systems with Delay. 9. Loss Systems. Part 3: Spatial Modeling 10. Spatial Point Processes.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Traffic, load, Erlang, etc1 1.2. Notations and nomenclature 7 1.3. Lindley and Bene¡s 10 1.4. Notes and comments 18 PART 1: DISCRETE-TIME MODELING 21 Chapter 2. Stochastic Recursive Sequences 23 2.1. Canonical space 24 2.2. Loynes’s scheme 30 2.3. Coupling 34 2.4. Comparison of stochastic recursive sequences 40 2.5. Notes and comments 43 Chapter 3. Markov Chains 45 3.1. Definition and examples 45 3.2. Strong Markov property 49 3.3. Classification of states 52 3.4. Invariant measures and invariant probability 60 3.5. Effective calculation of the invariant probability 75 3.6. Problems 77 3.7. Notes and comments 80 Chapter 4. Stationary Queues 83 4.1. Single server queues 84 4.2. Processor sharing queue 104 4.3. Parallel queues 106 4.4. The queue with S servers 117 4.5. Infinite servers queue 124 4.6. Queues with impatient customers 127 4.7. Notes and comments 146 Chapter 5. The M/GI/1 Queue 149 5.1. The number of customers in the queue 149 5.2. Pollacek-Khinchin formulas 153 5.3. Sojourn time 156 5.4. Tail distribution of the waiting time 158 5.5. Busy periods 160 PART 2: CONTINUOUS-TIME MODELING 167 Chapter 6. Poisson Process 169 6.1. Definitions 170 6.2. Properties 176 6.3. Discrete analog: the Bernoulli process 181 6.4. Simulation of the Poisson process 183 6.5. Non-homogeneous Poisson process 185 6.6. Cox processes 189 6.7. Problems 189 6.8. Notes and comments 191 Chapter 7. Markov Process 193 7.1. Preliminaries 193 7.2. Pathwise construction 195 7.3. Markovian semi-group and infinitesimal generator 199 7.4. Martingale problem 215 7.5. Reversibility and applications 220 7.6. Markov Modulated Poisson Processes 226 7.7. Problems 232 7.8. Notes and comments 234 Chapter 8. Systems with Delay 237 8.1. Little’s formula 237 8.2. Single server queue 241 8.3. Multiple server queue 245 8.4. Processor sharing queue 252 8.5. The M/M/∞ queue 253 8.6. The departure process 254 8.7. Queuing networks 255 8.8. Problems 265 8.9. Notes and comments 268 Chapter 9. Loss Systems 271 9.1. General 271 9.2. Erlang model 274 9.3. The M/M/1/1 + C queue 276 9.4. The “trunk” effect 279 9.5. Engset model 280 9.6. IPP/M/S/S queue 281 9.7. Generalized Erlang models 285 9.8. Hierarchical networks 289 9.9. A model with balking 294 9.10. A call center with impatient customers 301 9.11. Problems 303 9.12. Notes and comments 304 PART 3: SPATIAL MODELING 307 Chapter 10. Spatial Point Processes 309 10.1. Preliminary 309 10.2. Stochastic geometry 310 10.3. Poisson process 311 10.4. Stochastic analysis 326 10.5. Problems 336 10.6. Notes and comments 337 Appendix A. Mathematical Toolbox 339 A.1. Probability spaces and processes 339 A.2. Conditional expectation 347 A.3. Vector spaces and orders 352 A.4. Bounded variation processes 356 A.5. Martingales 363 A.6. Laplace transform 378 A.7. Notes and comments 379 Bibliography 381 Index 385

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Book SynopsisSoftware radio ideally provides the opportunity to communicate with any radio communication standard by modifying only the software, without any modification to hardware components. However, taking into account the static behavior of current communications protocols, the spectrum efficiency optimization, and flexibility, the radio domain has become an important factor. From this thinking appeared the cognitive radio paradigm. This evolution is today inescapable in the modern radio communication world. It provides an autonomous behavior to the equipment and therefore the adaptation of communication parameters to better match their needs. This collective work provides engineers, researchers and radio designers with the necessary information from mathematical analysis and hardware architectures to design methodology and tools, running platforms and standardization in order to understand this new cognitive radio domain.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Alain BRAVO Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi PART 1. COGNITIVE RADIO 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Cognitive Radio 3 Jacques PALICOT, Christophe MOY and Mérouane DEBBAH 1.1. Joseph Mitola’s cognitive radio 3 1.2. Positioning 7 1.3. Spectrum management 9 1.4. A broader vision of CR 17 1.5. Difficulties of the cognitive cycle 21 Chapter 2. Cognitive Terminals Toward Cognitive Networks 23 Romain COUILLET and Mérouane DEBBAH 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Intelligent terminal 25 2.3. Intelligent networks 32 2.4. Toward a compromise 35 2.5. Conclusion 40 Chapter 3. Cognitive Radio Sensors 43 Renaud SÉGUIER, Jacques PALICOT, Christophe MOY, Romain COUILLET and Mérouane DEBBAH 3.1. Lower layer sensors 43 3.2. Intermediate layer sensors 57 3.3. Higher layer sensors 64 3.4. Conclusion 75 Chapter 4. Decision Making and Learning 77 Romain COUILLET, Mérouane DEBBAH, Hamidou TEMBINE, Wassim JOUINI and Christophe MOY 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. CR equipment: decision and/or learning 78 4.3. Decision design space 81 4.4. Decision making and learning from the equipment’s perspective 82 4.5. Decision making and learning from network perspective: game theory 96 4.6. Brief state of the art: classification of methods for dynamic configuration adaptation 101 4.7. Conclusion 104 Chapter 5. Cognitive Cycle Management 107 Christophe MOY and Jacques PALICOT 5.1. Introduction 107 5.2. Cognitive radio equipment 109 5.3. High-level design approach 122 5.4. HDCRAM’s interfaces (APIs) 127 5.5. Conclusion 139 PART 2. SOFTWARE RADIO AS SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY 141 Chapter 6. Introduction to Software Radio 143 Jacques PALICOT and Christophe MOY 6.1. Introduction 143 6.2. Generalities 145 6.3. Major organizations of software radio 150 6.4. Hardware architectures 153 6.5. Conclusion 159 Chapter 7. Transmitter/Receiver Analog Front End 161 Renaud LOISON, Raphaël GILLARD, Yves LOUËT and Gilles TOURNEUR 7.1. Introduction 161 7.2. Antennas 161 7.3. Nonlinear amplification 172 7.4. Converters 185 7.5. Conclusion 205 Chapter 8. Transmitter/Receiver Digital Front End 207 Jacques PALICOT, Daniel LE GUENNEC and Christophe MOY 8.1. Theoretical principles 208 8.2. DFE functions 210 8.3. Synchronization 229 8.4. The CORDIC algorithm 243 8.5. Conclusion 246 Chapter 9. Processing of Nonlinearities 249 Yves LOUËT and Jacques PALICOT 9.1. Introduction 249 9.2. Crest factor of the signals to be amplified 250 9.3. Variation of crest factor in different contexts 252 9.4. Methods for reducing nonlinearities 264 9.5. Conclusion 269 Chapter 10.Methodology and Tools 271 Pierre LERAY, Christophe MOY and Sufi Tabassum GUL 10.1. Introduction 271 10.2. Methods to identify common operations 273 10.3. Methods and design tools 280 10.4. Conclusion 297 Chapter 11. Implementation Platforms 299 Amor NAFKHA, Pierre LERAY and Christophe MOY 11.1. Introduction 299 11.2. Software radio platform 299 11.3. Hardware architectures 300 11.4. Characterization of the implementation platform 309 11.5. Qualitative assessment 312 11.6. Architectures of software layers 313 11.7. Some platform examples 317 11.8. Conclusion 320 Chapter 12. General Conclusion and Perspectives 323 12.1. General conclusion 323 12.2. Perspectives 323 Appendix A. To Learn More 327 Appendix B. SR and CR Projects 333 Appendix C. International Activity in Standardization and Forums 339 Appendix D. Research at European and International Levels 345 Acronyms and Abbreviations 347 Bibliography 355 List of Authors 373 Index 375

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the evolutions of architecture for mobiles and summarizes the different technologies: – 2G: the GSM (Global System for Mobile) network, the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network and the EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) evolution; – 3G: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network and the HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) evolutions: - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access), - HSPA+; – 4G: the EPS (Evolved Packet System) network. The telephone service and data transmission are the two main services provided by these networks. The evolutions are fundamentally dictated by the increase in the rate of data transmission across the radio interface between the network and mobiles. This book is intended as a readily understandable support to help students and professionals wishing to quickly acquire the main concepts of networks for mobiles understand the technologies deployed.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. The GSM Network 1 1.1. Services 2 1.2. The architecture of the network 3 1.3. The radio interface 17 1.4. Communication management 36 Chapter 2. The GPRS Network 53 2.1. Services 54 2.2. Network architecture 56 2.3. Radio interface 68 2.4. Communication management 85 2.5. The EDGE evolution 95 Chapter 3. The UMTS Network 105 3.1. The services 106 3.2. The architecture of the network 107 3.3. Radio interface 116 3.4. Communication management 138 3.5. HSPA evolutions 145 Chapter 4. The NGN 155 4.1. Network architecture 156 4.2. Communication management 164 Chapter 5. The EPS Network 175 5.1. Network architecture 176 5.2. The radio interface 188 5.3. Communication management 211 Chapter 6. The IMS Network 227 6.1. The SIP 228 6.2. The IMS architecture 236 6.3. Communication management 243 List of Abbreviations 253 Bibliography 263 Index 267

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Book SynopsisWe are currently witnessing an increase in telecommunications norms and standards given the recent advances in this field. The increasing number of normalized standards paves the way for an increase in the range of services available for each consumer. Moreover, the majority of available radio frequencies have already been allocated. This explains the emergence of cognitive radio (CR) – the sharing of the spectrum between a primary user and a secondary user. In this book, we will present the state of the art of the different techniques for spectrum access using cooperation and competition to solve the problem of spectrum allocation and ensure better management of radio resources in a radio cognitive context. The different aspects of research explored up until now on the applications of multi-agent systems (MAS) in the field of cognitive radio are analyzed in this book. The first chapter begins with an insight into wireless networks and mobiles, with special focus on the IEEE 802.22 norm, which is a norm dedicated to CR. Chapter 2 goes into detail about CR, which is a technical field at the boundary between telecommunications and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In Chapter 3, the concept of the “agent” from AI is expanded to MAS and associated applications. Finally, Chapter 4 establishes an overview of the use of AI techniques, in particular MAS, for its allocation of radio resources and dynamic access to the spectrum in CR. Contents 1. Wireless and Mobile Networks. 2. Cognitive Radio. 3. Multi-agent Systems. 4. Dynamic Spectrum Access. About the Authors Badr Benmammar has been Associate Professor at UABT (University Abou Bekr Belkaïd Tlemcen), Algeria since 2010 and was a research fellow at CNRS LaBRI Laboratory of the University of Bordeaux 1 until 2007. He is currently carrying out research at the Laboratory of Telecommunications of Tlemcen (LTT), UABT, Algeria. His main research activities concern the cognitive radio network, Quality of Service on mobile and wireless networks, end-to-end signaling protocols and agent technology. His work on Quality of Service has led to many publications in journals and conference proceedings. Asma Amraoui is currently a PhD candidate; she is preparing a doctoral thesis on a topic of research that explores the use of artificial intelligence techniques in cognitive radio networks. She is attached to the Laboratory of Telecommunications of Tlemcen (LTT) in Algeria.Table of ContentsACRONYMS ix INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORKS 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wireless networks 2 1.2.1. Definition 2 1.2.2. Function of a wireless network 3 1.2.2.1. Network with infrastructure 3 1.2.2.2. Network without infrastructure 4 1.2.3. Types of wireless networks 5 1.2.3.1. Wireless personal area network 6 1.2.3.2. Wireless local area network 6 1.2.3.3. Wireless metropolitan area network 6 1.2.3.4. Wireless wide area network 6 1.2.3.5. Wireless regional area network 6 1.2.4. Different types of existing wireless networks 7 1.2.4.1. Networks using infrared waves 7 1.2.4.2. Networks using radio waves 7 1.2.5. IEEE 802.22 standard 12 1.3. Mobile networks 12 1.3.1. Wireless and mobility 12 1.3.2. Mobility 13 1.3.3. Cellular architecture 13 1.3.4. Architecture of a cellular network 14 1.3.5. Telephony 15 1.3.6. Development of cellular systems 16 1.3.6.1. First generation 16 1.3.6.2. Second generation 16 1.3.6.3. Third generation 18 1.3.6.4. Fourth generation 18 1.4. WiMAX mobile and 4G 19 1.5. Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 2. COGNITIVE RADIO 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Software radio 24 2.2.1. Software-defined radio 24 2.3. Introduction to cognitive radio 24 2.3.1. History 24 2.3.2. Definition 25 2.3.3. Relationship between cognitive radio and software-defined radio 26 2.3.4. Structure 27 2.3.5. Cognition cycle 29 2.3.6. Components of cognitive radio 31 2.3.7. Functions of cognitive radio 32 2.4. Languages of cognitive radio 35 2.5. Domains of cognitive radio applications 36 2.6. Conclusion 38 CHAPTER 3. MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS 39 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Definition of an agent 39 3.2.1. The multidimensional characteristics of an agent 40 3.2.2. An agent’s concrete architecture 41 3.2.2.1. Architecture of logical agents 41 3.2.2.2. Reactive architecture 42 3.2.2.3. BDI architecture 42 3.2.2.4. Multilevel architecture 44 3.2.3. Model of an agent 45 3.3. Multi-agent systems 46 3.3.1. Communication between agents 46 3.3.1.1. Coordination protocols 46 3.3.1.2. Cooperation protocols 47 3.3.1.3. Negotiation 47 3.4. Application of MAS in telecommunications 48 3.4.1. MAS applications on the Web 48 3.4.2. Application of MAS in virtual private networks 49 3.4.3. Using MAS in the setting of third generation mobiles 50 3.4.4. Application of MAS in network supervision and management 50 3.5. Conclusion 50 CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS 53 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Intelligent algorithms 54 4.2.1. Neural networks 55 4.2.2. Fuzzy logic 56 4.2.3. Genetic algorithms 57 4.3. Dynamic spectrum access 58 4.3.1. Spectrum access using the auction approach 58 4.3.2. Spectrum access using game theory 59 4.3.3. Spectrum access using Markov’s approach 60 4.3.4. Spectrum access using multi-agent systems 61 4.4. Conclusion 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 FURTHER READING 75 INDEX 77

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the necessary concepts for the design and testing of radiofrequency and high-speed circuits. Signal and propagation theory is presented for the various circuit levels, from the chip to the PCB. The co-existence of high-speed wideband signals of radiofrequency signals and supply circuits is developed in order to provide design rules for engineers and Masters-level students. The subjects covered include: interconnections and signal integrity; spectral analysis techniques for high-speed signals; design techniques for signal integrity; the transmission-line concept; methods for temporal analysis and techniques for frequency domain analysis for connectics.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. DEGRADATION OF RISE TIME IN INTERCONNECTS 1 1.1. Propagation issues in interconnects 1 1.1.1. Evolution of digital circuits 1 1.1.2. Evolution of signals in interconnects 2 1.1.3. Propagation time on networks 4 1.1.4. Propagation delay in integrated circuits 5 1.1.5. Spectral analysis of signals 6 1.2. Behavior of components at high frequencies 7 1.2.1. Contact wire behavior 7 1.2.2. Resistance behavior at radiofrequencies (RF) 8 1.2.3. RF inductance behavior 8 1.2.4. Capacitance behavior at RF 9 1.2.5. Effects of losses due to conductors: skin effect 11 1.3. Effect on transmission of signals on interconnects 13 1.3.1. Filtering by transmission channel 13 1.3.2. Degradation of rise time in a limited-bandwidth channel 14 1.3.3. Example of a first-order low-pass RC filter 15 1.3.4. Effects of resistive losses from skin effect 16 1.3.5. Rise time in cascading circuits 17 1.3.6. Transmission quality criteria: eye diagram 19 1.4. Measurement of rise time 19 1.4.1. Different definitions of rise time 19 1.4.2. Measurement principle 20 1.4.3. Effect of measuring sensor 20 1.5. Conclusion 21 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF INTERCONNECTS 23 2.1. Global modeling of signal integrity 23 2.1.1. ICEM and ICIM models 23 2.1.2. IBIS models 24 2.1.3. I/V characteristics of buffers 25 2.1.4. I/V characteristics of the IBIS model 25 2.2. RC interconnect model 27 2.2.1. RC model 27 2.2.2. The Elmore constant 28 2.3. Capacitive and inductive modeling 28 2.3.1. Capacitive modeling 29 2.3.2. Inductive modeling 30 2.4. LC line modeling 35 2.5. Application to electronic packages and MCM 37 2.5.1. Different types of electronic packages 37 2.5.2. Multichip modules 39 2.5.3. LC modeling of packages 40 2.5.4. 2.5D and 3D electromagnetic simulations 43 2.6. Conclusion 45 CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED IMPEDANCE INTERCONNECTS 47 3.1. Why control impedance? 47 3.1.1. Effect of interconnect length 47 3.1.2. Classification of interconnects by the signal carried 51 3.2. Influence of rise time on signal degradation 52 3.3. Model of a controlled impedance interconnect 53 3.3.1. Characteristic impedance: definition 53 3.3.2. Configuration of controlled impedance interconnects 54 3.4. Interconnects on PCBs 55 3.4.1. Controlled impedance on PCB 55 3.4.2. Transition between lines and discontinuity 57 3.4.3. Extraction of values from equivalent schema 60 3.5. Impedance control for a microstrip configuration 61 3.5.1. Effect of effective permittivity 61 3.5.2. Limitations on a typical digital circuit 62 3.5.3. Effect of ribbon thickness or protective resin 63 3.6. Analysis of propagation in interconnects 64 3.6.1. Reflection and transmission on termination 64 3.6.2. Reflection and transmission during an impedance break 65 3.6.3. Reflection and transmission on a bus 66 3.7. Effect on data bus configuration 68 3.8. Application to clock distribution 69 3.9. Conclusion 71 CHAPTER 4. PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINES 73 4.1. Transmission line model 73 4.1.1. Modes of propagation on lines 74 4.2. Propagation modes related to substrate 76 4.2.1. Quasi-TEM mode 77 4.2.2. Skin-effect mode 78 4.2.3. Slow wave mode 79 4.2.4. Transition zone 80 4.3. Equation of propagation on transmission lines 81 4.3.1. Propagation equation 82 4.3.2. Input impedance 85 4.3.3. Interconnect behavior according to length and loads 85 4.3.4. Case of electrically short lines 86 4.4. Conclusion 87 CHAPTER 5. THE S-PARAMETERS TESTING TECHNIQUE 89 5.1. Definition of measured parameters 89 5.1.1. Reflection and transmission 89 5.1.2. Reflection coefficient and SWR on interconnects 90 5.2. The S-parameters principle 92 5.2.1. Definitions 92 5.2.2. Input impedance of a circuit terminated by an impedance 93 5.3. Measurement of S parameters 94 5.3.1. Standard calibrations of a vectorial analyzer 96 5.3.2. Short-open-load-thru (SOLT) calibration 96 5.3.3. Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration 98 5.3.4. One-port measurement technique 99 5.4. Measurement of characteristic line impedance 100 5.4.1. Short-circuit and open-circuit method 100 5.4.2. R0-loaded line method 102 5.4.3. Equivalent line based on S parameters 103 5.5. Measurement of line capacitance 104 5.5.1. Short-circuit and open-circuit measurement method 104 5.5.2. Loaded line measurement method 104 5.6. Components on PCB and de-embedding techniques 105 5.6.1. Impedance measurement on PCB 106 5.6.2. T and C series matrices 106 5.6.3. ABCD matrix of a transmission line 107 5.6.4. De-embedding procedure 109 5.7. Characterization of dielectric materials for interconnects 111 5.7.1. Metal–insulating material–metal capacity method for insulating materials in integrated technologies 111 5.7.2. Effective permittivity of a transmission line 113 5.7.3. Case of microribbon, tri-plate or coplanar lines 114 5.8. Conclusion 115 CHAPTER 6. TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY ANALYSIS 117 6.1. Principle of TDR 117 6.2. Reflection and transmission of voltage 118 6.2.1. Observable voltages 118 6.2.2. Effects of multiple reflections in high-speed circuits 120 6.3. Measurement of characteristic impedance 120 6.3.1. Impedance measurement with an impulse generator 120 6.3.2. Impedance measurement with an echelon 122 6.3.3. Case of cascaded impedances 123 6.4. Reflection on reactive loads 124 6.5. Extraction of equivalent schemas 125 6.5.1. Definition of equivalent schema 125 6.5.2. Extraction of an inductive discontinuity or component 127 6.5.3. Case of a capacitive discontinuity or component 129 6.5.4. Case of a series inductance and parallel capacitance 131 6.6. Discontinuities in cascade 133 6.6.1. Spatial resolution 133 6.6.2. Example of inductance and capacitance extraction 133 6.7. Conclusion 135 CHAPTER 7. INTERFERENCE AND CROSS-TALK IN INTERCONNECTS 137 7.1. Coupling and interferences due to substrate 137 7.1.1. ICEM model for substrate coupling 138 7.1.2. Guard ring and insulation well 140 7.2. Theory of coupling between lines 140 7.2.1. Interline coupling model 141 7.2.2. Coupling signals at endings 144 7.2.3. Model of coupling in interconnects on PCB 145 7.3. Application to high-speed cables, buses and connectors 150 7.3.1. Stresses in high-speed buses 150 7.3.2. Standardization of data transmission cables 151 7.3.3. Categories of high-speed ethernet systems 153 7.4. Conclusion 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 INDEX 159

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Book SynopsisUHF Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an electronic tagging technology that allows an object, place or person to be automatically identified at a distance without a direct line-of-sight using a radio wave exchange. Applications include inventory tracking, prescription medication tracking and authentication, secure automobile keys, and access control for secure facilities. This book begins with an overview of UHF RFID challenges describing the applications, markets, trades and basic technologies. It follows this by highlighting the main features distinguishing UHF (860MHz-960MHz) and HF (125 kHz and 13.56 MHz) identifications, in terms of reading range, environmental sensitivity, throughput and safety. The architecture of the integrated circuits and the organization of the memory are then described. One chapter is devoted to the air interface protocol aspects, including coding, modulation, multi readers operation and anti-collision algorithms to manage the tag responses. Focus will be put upon the EPC Gen2 protocol adopted in the ISO 18000 Part 6. The core of the book will cover the design and manufacturing issues of RFID tags. The influence of the propagation medium (warehouse, libraries, etc.), the tag close environment (bottles, linens, containers, carton boxes,etc.) and the coupling between tags will also be carefully addressed. The final chapter is dedicated to an industrial use case in the supply chain management, either in the retail inventory or blood traceability.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Design and Performance of UHF TAG Integrated Circuits 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Integrated circuit atchitecture 2 1.3 RF to DC conversion: modeling the system 3 1.4 RF to DC conversion: proposed circuits and performances 21 1.5 Voltage limiter and regulator 26 1.6 Demodulator 27 1.7 Oscillator 29 1.8 Modulator 30 1.9 Digital blocks 31 1.10 Technology, performances and trends 32 1.11 Bibliography 36 Chapter 2 Design of UHF RFID Tags 41 2.1 Tag antenna design 41 2.2 Matching between the antenna impedance and the microchip impedance 65 2.3 RFID tag antennas using an inductively coupled feed 79 2.4 Combined RFID tag antenna for recipients containing liquids 83 2.5 Tag on metal 89 2.6 Bibliography 106 Chapter 3 The Backscattering Technique and Its Application 111 3.1 Backscattering principle of communication by between-base station and tag 112 3.2 The merit factor of a tag, Δσ e s or ΔRCS 116 3.3 Variations of Δσ e s = ƒ(a) 128 3.4 After the theory, RFID at UHF and SHF realities 128 3.5 Measuring ΔRCS 138 3.6 The "Radar" equation 144 3.7 Appendix: summary of the principal formulas 145 Chapter 4 RFID Markets 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 Market inflection point: users 149 4.3 RFID: what for? 150 4.4 Open- and closed-loop applications 152 4.5 RFID return on investment 153 4.6 Many RFID technologies 156 4.7 Examples 157 4.8 Next RFID: product-embedded and seamless infrastructure 160 Index 169

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the field of identification and sensors, more precisely the possibility of collecting information remotely with RF waves (RFID). The book introduces the technology of chipless RFID starting from classical RFID and barcode, and explores the field of identification and sensors without wire, without batteries, without chip, and with tags that can even be printed on paper. A technique for automatic design of UHF RFID tags is presented , aiming at making the tags as insensitive as possible to the environment (with the ability to increase the reading range reliability), or, conversely, making them sensitive in order to produce sensors, meanwhile keeping their unique ID. The RFID advantages are discussed, along with its numerous features, and comparisons with the barcode technology are presented. After that, the new chipless RFID technology is introduced on the basis of the previous conclusions. Original technological approaches are introduced and discussed in order to demonstrate the practical and economic potential of the chipless technology.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix LIST OF ACRONYMS xi INTRODUCTION xv PART 1. RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO RFID 3 1.1. General introduction to RFID 3 1.2. The RFID market 10 1.3. Issues in RFID 12 1.3.1. Robustness of reading 12 1.3.2. Tag prices 15 1.3.3. From identification toward sensor function 17 1.4. Conclusion 18 1.5. Bibliography 18 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA DESIGN FOR UHF RFID TAGS 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Essential RFID parameters 21 2.2.1. Putting into equation of reader-tag links 24 2.3. Discussions about the two chip impedance states Zic 30 2.4. Rules of design for RFID antennas: classic design approach 33 2.4.1. Classic antenna design approach for passive UHF RFID tags 34 2.5. Robust RFID antenna design methodology 41 2.5.1. Context of study 41 2.5.2. Description of principle applied 41 2.5.3. Principle of co-simulation 42 2.5.4. Taking into account of the environment, design of robust tags 43 2.5.5. Use of the cosimulation principle in the optimization process 45 2.5.6. Generation of antenna forms 47 2.5.7. Application of the automated design tool via an example 50 2.6. Conclusion 56 2.7. Bibliography 57 CHAPTER 3. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UHF RFID 61 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Wireless measurement technique for antenna impedance 62 3.2.1. Characterization of RFID chips and measurement of the two impedance states 64 3.2.2. Theoretical approach to input impedance extraction from a small antenna based on the use of an RFID chip 68 3.3. Toward the use of RFID as a sensor 79 3.3.1. Taking into account of downlink – increase of delta RCS 85 3.3.2. Example of an RFID sensor 90 3.4. Conclusion 92 3.5. Bibliography 93 PART 2. CHIPLESS RFID 97 CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO CHIPLESS RFID 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Operating principle of chipless RFID 101 4.2.1. Description of the principle of chipless RFID 104 4.2.2. Example of C-shaped tag 108 4.3. Positioning of chipless RFID 112 4.3.1. Latest developments 112 4.3.2. Frequential tag and temporal tag: definition 115 4.3.3. Applicative positioning 116 4.4. Advantages 119 4.4.1. Different ideas to take into consideration120 4.5. Conclusion 123 4.6. Bibliography 124 CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CHIPLESS RFID 127 5.1. Introduction 127 5.2. Coding capacity and density of chipless RFID tags 134 5.2.1. Performances of resonant patterns 135 5.2.2. Information coding techniques 136 5.2.3. Transmission and reception standards 137 5.3. Improvement of the robustness of detection of chipless RFID tags 139 5.3.1. REP approach (frequency domain) 142 5.3.2. Temporal approaches 153 5.4. Practical application of chipless RFID technology 164 5.4.1. Design of chipless RFID tags compatible with regulations 164 5.4.2. Cost of tags 165 5.4.3. Production of a reader for chipless technology 169 5.4.4. Chipless RFID at THz – the THID project 174 5.5. Conclusion 178 5.6. Bibliography 180 CHAPTER 6. PERSPECTIVES ON CHIPLESS RFID TECHNOLOGY 185 6.1. Introduction 185 6.2. Securing of information 186 6.3. Multiple readings 188 6.4. Chipless sensors 190 6.4.1. Humidity sensors 190 6.4.2. Deformation sensor 200 6.5. Reconfigurable chipless 208 6.5.1. Operating principle of CBRAM 209 6.5.2. Example of a reconfigurable chipless tag 211 6.6. Conclusion 216 6.7. Bibliography 217 CONCLUSION 223 INDEX 227

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The 'Scanners' series of books have been consistent bestsellers, being the UK's leading guides to receiving equipment employed by enthusiasts to monitor the short wave and VHF/UHF wavebands used by airfields, maritime and rescue services, and analogue and digital two-way private mobile radio systems. This new (seventh) edition covers the rapidly increasing trend towards digital two-way radio communications and the latest handheld and mobile/base scanners with some digital modes fitted. It has been fully re-written and updated to include the latest UK radio frequency listings and call signs for airports, maritime and emergency services and other professional organisations. The book covers the latest shifts in the hobby towards digital and PC- and tablet-controlled radio technology and illustrates the very latest commercial radio scanning equipment and accessories. Included are details of an increasing number of 'apps' for smartphones specifically for radio data decoding, including programs for digital scanner communications decoding for which a smartphone can be linked to an existing scanner radio to decode. Other innovations include TETRA as used by police, ambulance, fire and rescue services, and DMR modes such as Mototrbo. It is predicted that by 2016, fifty per cent of two-way radio communication in the UK will use digital modes.

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