Radio technology Books
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Non-Linearities in Passive RFID Systems: Third
Book SynopsisThis book concerns a new paradigm in the field of UHF RFID systems: the positive exploitation of nonlinear signals generated by the chips integrated into the RFID tags. After having recalled the main principles in RFID technology and its current challenges notably with the emergence of Internet of Things or the smart connected environments, the purpose is to focus on the presence of nonlinearities produced by the nonlinear circuits of RFID chips: effects, nuisances and solutions but also and especially use of the phenomena. The presentation covers all aspects from the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of RFID tags and the associated platforms (distinguishing conducted and radiated measurement) to the design of new types of tags where nonlinearities are exploited in order to offer new capabilities or enhanced performance.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1 1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1 1.2 Birth of RFID 2 1.3 Early modern RFID 4 1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7 1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8 1.6 RFID chip age 10 1.7 Maturation of RFID 11 1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15 1.9 Summary 19 Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21 2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21 2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23 2.2.1 Working principle 23 2.2.2 Reader 24 2.2.3 Tag 25 2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29 2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29 2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29 2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32 2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32 2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41 3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41 3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41 3.2.3 RFID air interface 42 3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43 3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45 3.3.1 Tags under test 46 3.3.2 Measurement system 46 3.3.3 Power budget 47 3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48 3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49 3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52 3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58 3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65 3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66 3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68 3.4.2 System operation description 68 3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72 3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75 3.4.5 Result exploitation 79 3.5 Summary 80 Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82 4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82 4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84 4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88 4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f0 88 4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f0 89 4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93 4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93 4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f0 by the HT 95 4.5 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101 5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102 5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104 5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104 5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106 5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108 5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128 5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129 5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129 5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130 5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132 5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141 5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147 5.4 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 155 Index 171
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc UHF RFID Technologies for Identification and
Book SynopsisUHF Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an electronic tagging technology that allows an object, place or person to be automatically identified at a distance without a direct line-of-sight using a radio wave exchange. Applications include inventory tracking, prescription medication tracking and authentication, secure automobile keys, and access control for secure facilities. This book begins with an overview of UHF RFID challenges describing the applications, markets, trades and basic technologies. It follows this by highlighting the main features distinguishing UHF (860MHz-960MHz) and HF (125 kHz and 13.56 MHz) identifications, in terms of reading range, environmental sensitivity, throughput and safety. The architecture of the integrated circuits and the organization of the memory are then described. One chapter is devoted to the air interface protocol aspects, including coding, modulation, multi readers operation and anti-collision algorithms to manage the tag responses. Focus will be put upon the EPC Gen2 protocol adopted in the ISO 18000 Part 6. The core of the book will cover the design and manufacturing issues of RFID tags. The influence of the propagation medium (warehouse, libraries, etc.), the tag close environment (bottles, linens, containers, carton boxes,etc.) and the coupling between tags will also be carefully addressed. The final chapter is dedicated to an industrial use case in the supply chain management, either in the retail inventory or blood traceability.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Design and Performance of UHF TAG Integrated Circuits 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Integrated circuit atchitecture 2 1.3 RF to DC conversion: modeling the system 3 1.4 RF to DC conversion: proposed circuits and performances 21 1.5 Voltage limiter and regulator 26 1.6 Demodulator 27 1.7 Oscillator 29 1.8 Modulator 30 1.9 Digital blocks 31 1.10 Technology, performances and trends 32 1.11 Bibliography 36 Chapter 2 Design of UHF RFID Tags 41 2.1 Tag antenna design 41 2.2 Matching between the antenna impedance and the microchip impedance 65 2.3 RFID tag antennas using an inductively coupled feed 79 2.4 Combined RFID tag antenna for recipients containing liquids 83 2.5 Tag on metal 89 2.6 Bibliography 106 Chapter 3 The Backscattering Technique and Its Application 111 3.1 Backscattering principle of communication by between-base station and tag 112 3.2 The merit factor of a tag, Δσ e s or ΔRCS 116 3.3 Variations of Δσ e s = ƒ(a) 128 3.4 After the theory, RFID at UHF and SHF realities 128 3.5 Measuring ΔRCS 138 3.6 The "Radar" equation 144 3.7 Appendix: summary of the principal formulas 145 Chapter 4 RFID Markets 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 Market inflection point: users 149 4.3 RFID: what for? 150 4.4 Open- and closed-loop applications 152 4.5 RFID return on investment 153 4.6 Many RFID technologies 156 4.7 Examples 157 4.8 Next RFID: product-embedded and seamless infrastructure 160 Index 169
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Radio Frequency Identification and Sensors: From
Book SynopsisThis book deals with the field of identification and sensors, more precisely the possibility of collecting information remotely with RF waves (RFID). The book introduces the technology of chipless RFID starting from classical RFID and barcode, and explores the field of identification and sensors without wire, without batteries, without chip, and with tags that can even be printed on paper. A technique for automatic design of UHF RFID tags is presented , aiming at making the tags as insensitive as possible to the environment (with the ability to increase the reading range reliability), or, conversely, making them sensitive in order to produce sensors, meanwhile keeping their unique ID. The RFID advantages are discussed, along with its numerous features, and comparisons with the barcode technology are presented. After that, the new chipless RFID technology is introduced on the basis of the previous conclusions. Original technological approaches are introduced and discussed in order to demonstrate the practical and economic potential of the chipless technology.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix LIST OF ACRONYMS xi INTRODUCTION xv PART 1. RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO RFID 3 1.1. General introduction to RFID 3 1.2. The RFID market 10 1.3. Issues in RFID 12 1.3.1. Robustness of reading 12 1.3.2. Tag prices 15 1.3.3. From identification toward sensor function 17 1.4. Conclusion 18 1.5. Bibliography 18 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA DESIGN FOR UHF RFID TAGS 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Essential RFID parameters 21 2.2.1. Putting into equation of reader-tag links 24 2.3. Discussions about the two chip impedance states Zic 30 2.4. Rules of design for RFID antennas: classic design approach 33 2.4.1. Classic antenna design approach for passive UHF RFID tags 34 2.5. Robust RFID antenna design methodology 41 2.5.1. Context of study 41 2.5.2. Description of principle applied 41 2.5.3. Principle of co-simulation 42 2.5.4. Taking into account of the environment, design of robust tags 43 2.5.5. Use of the cosimulation principle in the optimization process 45 2.5.6. Generation of antenna forms 47 2.5.7. Application of the automated design tool via an example 50 2.6. Conclusion 56 2.7. Bibliography 57 CHAPTER 3. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UHF RFID 61 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Wireless measurement technique for antenna impedance 62 3.2.1. Characterization of RFID chips and measurement of the two impedance states 64 3.2.2. Theoretical approach to input impedance extraction from a small antenna based on the use of an RFID chip 68 3.3. Toward the use of RFID as a sensor 79 3.3.1. Taking into account of downlink – increase of delta RCS 85 3.3.2. Example of an RFID sensor 90 3.4. Conclusion 92 3.5. Bibliography 93 PART 2. CHIPLESS RFID 97 CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO CHIPLESS RFID 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Operating principle of chipless RFID 101 4.2.1. Description of the principle of chipless RFID 104 4.2.2. Example of C-shaped tag 108 4.3. Positioning of chipless RFID 112 4.3.1. Latest developments 112 4.3.2. Frequential tag and temporal tag: definition 115 4.3.3. Applicative positioning 116 4.4. Advantages 119 4.4.1. Different ideas to take into consideration120 4.5. Conclusion 123 4.6. Bibliography 124 CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF CHIPLESS RFID 127 5.1. Introduction 127 5.2. Coding capacity and density of chipless RFID tags 134 5.2.1. Performances of resonant patterns 135 5.2.2. Information coding techniques 136 5.2.3. Transmission and reception standards 137 5.3. Improvement of the robustness of detection of chipless RFID tags 139 5.3.1. REP approach (frequency domain) 142 5.3.2. Temporal approaches 153 5.4. Practical application of chipless RFID technology 164 5.4.1. Design of chipless RFID tags compatible with regulations 164 5.4.2. Cost of tags 165 5.4.3. Production of a reader for chipless technology 169 5.4.4. Chipless RFID at THz – the THID project 174 5.5. Conclusion 178 5.6. Bibliography 180 CHAPTER 6. PERSPECTIVES ON CHIPLESS RFID TECHNOLOGY 185 6.1. Introduction 185 6.2. Securing of information 186 6.3. Multiple readings 188 6.4. Chipless sensors 190 6.4.1. Humidity sensors 190 6.4.2. Deformation sensor 200 6.5. Reconfigurable chipless 208 6.5.1. Operating principle of CBRAM 209 6.5.2. Example of a reconfigurable chipless tag 211 6.6. Conclusion 216 6.7. Bibliography 217 CONCLUSION 223 INDEX 227
£125.06
de Gruyter Über Die Ausbreitung Von Zentimeter Und
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New India Publishing Agency Management Skills for Successful Agri
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£56.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc VHF Afloat
Book SynopsisLearn how to use your VHF DSC radio, from licensing the equipment and gaining the operator certificate to performing each type of call.Trade Review"...contains all relevant updates...step-by-step instructions and full colour photos take you through the whole subject." (Practical Boat Owner) "...explanations are clear and easily understood and there are copious diagrams...well worth having aboard as a quick reference and refresher." (Sailing Today)Table of ContentsForeword; Licences & certificates; Types of VHF set; What is the range of the set?; How to begin using a VHF radiotelephone; The DSC Controller; Which channel do I use?; What do I say?; Ship-to-ship routine communications; Routine communications with HMS Coastguard; Routine communications with marinas, ports & harbours; On passage with yacht Sierra; Distress procedures & Coastguard acknowledgement; What do I do if I hear a Mayday?; The Mayday relay; Pan Pan; Securite; Sierra - the return; EPRIBs; SARTs; NAVTEX; Radio channels; Glossary; Questions; Answers; Useful addresses; Mayday procedure card
£11.39
Cambridge University Press Wcdma Design Handbook
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Cambridge University Press XParameters Characterization Modeling and Design of Nonlinear RF and Microwave Components The Cambridge RF and Microwave Engineering Series
Book SynopsisThis is the definitive guide to X-parameters, written by the original inventors and developers of this powerful new paradigm for nonlinear RF and microwave components and systems. Learn how to use X-parameters to overcome intricate problems in nonlinear RF and microwave engineering. The general theory behind X-parameters is carefully and intuitively introduced, and then simplified down to specific, practical cases, providing you with useful approximations that will greatly reduce the complexity of measuring, modeling and designing for nonlinear regimes of operation. Containing real-world case studies, definitions of standard symbols and notation, detailed derivations within the appendices, and exercises with solutions, this is the definitive stand-alone reference for researchers, engineers, scientists and students looking to remain on the cutting-edge of RF and microwave engineering.Trade Review'This book is an excellent treatise by experts from Agilent on the assumption and use of x-parameters.' Alfy Riddle, IEEE Microwave MagazineTable of Contents1. S-parameters; 2. X-parameters; 3. Small-signal sensitivities in the X-parameters; 4. X-parameter measurements; 5. Multi-tone multi-port X-parameters; 6. Memory.
£99.99
Cambridge University Press Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
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Cambridge University Press The Propagation of Radio Waves
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Cambridge University Press The Electronics of Radio
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Cambridge University Press The Electronics of Radio
Book SynopsisThis fascinating book provides a stimulating introduction to analog electronics by analysing the design and construction of a radio transceiver. Essential theoretical background is given, along with carefully designed laboratory and homework exercises. The approach ensures a good grasp of basic electronics and an excellent foundation in wireless communications systems.Trade Review"Overall, this text is worthy of serious study for the care with which it combines theory and practice, and for the scope of its development from lowly, Ohm's law beginnings to substantive radio design incorporating gain and frequency stabilization." Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. The wireless world; 2. Components; 3. Phasors; 4. Transmission lines; 5. Filters; 6. Transformers; 7. Acoustics; 8. Transistor switches; 9. Transistor amplifiers; 10. Power amplifiers; 11. Oscillators; 12. Mixers; 13. Audio circuits; 14. Noise and intermodulation; 15. Antennas and propagation; Appendices.
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Cambridge University Press Wcdma Design Handbook
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Cambridge University Press Mobile Wireless Communications
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Starpath Publications International Code of Signals For Visual Sound and Radio Communication
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Arundel Books The Secret Wireless War
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Strathclyde Academic Media Software Defined Radio using MATLAB Simulink and the RTLSDR
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Strathclyde Academic Media Software Defined Radio using MATLAB Simulink and the RTLSDR
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LEGARE STREET PR A History of Wireless Telegraphy
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LEGARE STREET PR A History of Wireless Telegraphy
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LEGARE STREET PR A History of Wireless Telegraphy
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LEGARE STREET PR A History of Wireless Telegraphy
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Legare Street Press Ionospheric Propagation of Plane Waves
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LEGARE STREET PR Regulations Governing Commercial Radio Service Between Ship and Shore Stations
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Legare Street Press A National Training Manual and Procedural Guide for Police and Public Safety Radio Communications Personnel
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Legare Street Press RadioTelephony for Everyone
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Legare Street Press Practical Uses of the Wave Meter in Wireless Telegraphy
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Legare Street Press How to Make a Wireless Set
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Legare Street Press Radio Frequency Measurements By Bridge And Resonance Methods
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Legare Street Press The C.W. Manual
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Legare Street Press The The Wireless Age Volume 2
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Creative Media Partners, LLC The Radio Amateurs Hand Book
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Cambridge University Press Modern Communications
Book SynopsisDesigned for a single-semester course, this concise and approachable text covers all of the essential concepts needed to understand modern communications systems. Balancing theory with practical implementation, it presents key ideas as a chain of functions for a transmitter and receiver, covering topics such as amplification, up- and down-conversion, modulation, dispersive channel compensation, error-correcting codes, acquisition, multiple-antenna and multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, and higher level communications functions. Analog modulations are also presented, and all of the basic and advanced mathematics, statistics, and Fourier theory needed to understand the concepts covered is included. Supported online with PowerPoint slides, a solutions manual, and additional MATLAB-based simulation problems, it is ideal for a first course in communications for senior undergraduate and graduate students.Trade Review'… strikes an elegant balance between fundamental concepts, their applications, and the depth of explanation. It's the kind of book that you want to hand to all beginners in wireless.' Ashutosh Sabharwal, Rice University'… an ideal introduction to modern communications systems. Theoretical principles and practical considerations are presented in an integrated fashion, and the material is introduced in an intuitive manner with a logical progression of ideas, making this the perfect text for a beginner with an interest in pursuing serious study of modern communications systems. This book should be on the required or recommended text list of all introductory communications courses!' Siddhartan Govindasamy, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Communications Systems: 1. Notation; 2. Basic radio; 3. Fundamental limits on communications; 4. Amplifiers and noise; 5. Up- and down-conversion; 6. Modulation and demodulation; 7. Dispersive channels; 8. Error-correcting codes; 9. Acquisition and synchronization; 10. Radio duplex, access, and networks; 11. Multiple-antenna and multiple-Input multiple-output communications; 12. Analog radio systems; Part II. Mathematical Background: 13. Useful mathematics; 14. Probability and statistics; 15. Fourier analysis; References; Index.
£72.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Radio Spectrum Management
Book SynopsisThis book presents the fundamentals of wireless communications and services, explaining in detail what RF spectrum management is, why it is important, which are the authorities regulating the use of spectrum, andhow is it managed and enforced at the international, regional and national levels. The book offers insights to the engineering, regulatory, economic, legal, management policy-making aspects involved. Real-world case studies are presented to depict the various approaches in different countries, and valuable lessons are drawn. The topics are addressed by engineers, advocates and economists employed by national and international spectrum regulators. The book is a tool that will allow the international regional and national regulators to better manage the RF spectrum, and will help operators and suppliers of wireless communications to better understand their regulators.Trade Review"Radio Spectrum Management: Policies, Regulations and Techniques by Haim Mazar includes a foreword by François Rancy, director of the Radio Communication Bureau of the ITU, that praises the author for his extensive involvement in ITU activities. Mazar has more than 45 years of experience in wireless communications and radio frequency management, working across broadcasting, mobile, fixed, radiolocation, satellite and public services. He is currently the vice-chair of ITU-R Study Group 5 on terrestrial services.Mazar first takes in the administrative, engineering, legal and economic aspects of wireless communications before addressing the main international and regional organisations that hold sway over the regulation and standardisation of how we use spectrum, with detailed case studies of the spectrum policies of China, France, the UK and the US. True to the ordered and comprehensive form of the book, Mazar acknowledges the 82 experts he consulted in the course of its writing in a table, listing them by name and the chapter they helped with. This is followed by a six-page list of the acronyms and abbreviations used in the book. Readers can be in no doubt that they are dealing with nothing less than a spectrum bible. In almost 400 pages (not including extensive references and index) the copious amount of diagrams, equations and other figures makes it look to the uninitiated like some sort of tome of arcane lore. But in its selection of subjects, it is clear even to the layman that Radio Spectrum Management is a key textbook that hones in on the constituent parts of its subject. The scientific sections – non-linear air interfaces, linear air interfaces, intermodulation, three-dimensional radiation pattern and gain calculations – sit alongside economic and legal cases for their use and the case studies demonstrate lucidly the meeting between spectrum theory and the realities of practice. There is some historical exposition but Mazar mainly sticks to the nuts and bolts of his subject."—Kane Mumford, PolicyTracker "This book has a diverse set of information covering many areas from radio hazard through short range devices to satellite communications. The book’s purpose – which it achieves - is to give good references to standards, reports and recommendations that apply to the technologies it covers, and to highlight the pertinent facts. Radio propagation and link budget generation are covered in general along with co-existence and interference, coverage that is again primarily driven by the standards and recommendations. Particularly interesting is rarely-seen information on how different countries manage their spectrum, and of special notice within that is the relationship of the various standards agencies and bodies in Europe and their interactions. A number of major regulators from around the world are featured with descriptions of how they operate and their areas of responsibility. Overall, the book provides a useful short cut to finding the radiocommunications industry's standards, reports and recommendations."—Nick Kirkman, Technical Director, ATDI Ltd "A comprehensive overview of radio frequency management with quoted references for theoretical and practical use to those interested in the subject, operators, equipment manufacturers, government administrators including regulators. The book includes telecommunications and other services, whereas telecommunications deals also with matters outside of radio frequency management. A distinction and connection with national and international radio spectrum management is fully described with the constraints of international treaties. The matter of worldwide standardization especially for equipment manufacturers is illustrated. Essentially radio frequency management deals with the avoidance of harmful interference. An important aspect is the allocation of RF spectrum on the basis of free market principles or government decisions, raising questions of efficient and economic use of the RF spectrum, which is not wasted when not used, but when blocked from being used where a demand exists. The book also indicates how innovation in RF technology improves services for both the public and private operators, and gives information about the organizations that follow these developments. Definitely a reference book for all those involved with international telecommunication systems, with introducing and maintaining satellite and terrestrial networks."—Dr Henry Meyerhoff, ITU Expert, SwitzerlandTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Foreword xiv Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi 1 The Radio Frequency Spectrum and Wireless Communications 1 1.1 Historical Overview 1 1.2 A General Communication Channel 2 1.3 Radio Frequency Bands 2 1.4 Scarcity of the RF Spectrum 3 References 4 2 The Main Regulated Radio Services 5 2.1 General 5 2.2 Terrestrial Broadcasting Delivery: Sound (Radio) and Video (Television) 6 2.2.1 Definitions and Introduction 6 2.2.2 Broadcasting Video and Audio Delivery 8 2.2.3 Terrestrial Sound (Audio) 10 2.2.4 Terrestrial Video (Television) 14 2.3 Land Mobile and the Cellular Service 25 2.3.1 Definitions and Introduction 25 2.3.2 Cellular Reference Network Unit 26 2.3.3 Regulation and Standardization of the Cellular Service 28 2.3.4 IMT Terrestrial Radio (Including LTE) 33 2.4 Fixed Point‐to‐Point and Point‐to‐Multipoint 38 2.4.1 Overview of Fixed Services: Fixed Networks and Mobile Backhauling 38 2.4.2 Deployment and Performance 39 2.4.3 Line‐of‐Sight (LoS) and Non‐Line‐of‐Sight (NLoS) Links 43 2.4.4 Fixed Wireless Systems (FWS) and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Systems 44 2.4.5 Available RF Spectrum and Frequency Planning 45 2.5 Satellite Communications 47 2.5.1 Definitions of Satellite Communications 47 2.5.2 Satellite Orbits and Services 47 2.5.3 Satellite Equipment 62 2.5.4 Monitoring and Regulating Satellite Communications 65 References 69 3 Short Range Devices and the License‐Exempt RF Spectrum 72 3.1 Regulatory Framework of SRDs 72 3.1.1 Definitions and Applications 72 3.1.2 Non‐Interference, Unlicensed and Unprotected 73 3.1.3 Mutual Agreements Between Countries/Regions 75 3.1.4 Placing the SRD on the Market and the Labeling of SRDs 75 3.1.5 SRDs Interfering with Radiocommunications Services 79 3.2 Collective Use of SRDs 80 3.2.1 Risk‐versus‐Risk 80 3.2.2 The Collectivized View Explaining the Harmonization of SRDs and the RF 81 3.2.3 The Individualized View Explaining Minimal Restrictions 81 3.3 An Engineering Background to Understand the SRD Technical Parameters 82 3.3.1 Friis Equations, Received Power, Electric and Magnetic Field‐Strengths: Numerical Equations 82 3.3.2 Received Power and Electric Field‐Strength: Numerical Equations 83 3.3.3 Received Power and Magnetic Field‐Strength: Numerical Equations 84 3.3.4 Received Power, Electric and Magnetic Field‐Strength: Logarithmic Equations 84 3.4 Global Regulation of SRDs 86 3.4.1 Globalization 86 3.4.2 ISM BANDS: Extracts from ITU RR and Spectrum Management Recommendations 87 3.4.3 Frequency Ranges for Global or Regional Harmonization of SRDs 89 3.4.4 Technical and Operating Parameters and Spectrum Use for SRDs 91 3.5 Regional Regulation of SRDs 91 3.5.1 Region 1 and CEPT/ECC ERC Recommendation 70‐03 92 3.5.2 Region 2 and the FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Radio Frequency Devices 93 3.5.3 Region 3: SRDs in APT Countries 96 3.6 Global and Regional Ruling in Three ITU Regions: Case Studies to Compare and Contrast 97 3.6.1 Case Study 1: Wi‐Fi, RLAN, WLAN, U‐NII 98 3.6.2 Case Study 2: RFID’s Global and Regional Ruling 105 3.6.3 Case Study 3: ISM and the Citizen Band 26.96–27.28 MHz 108 References 110 4 Policies, Legal and Economic Frameworks to Manage the RF Spectrum 112 4.1 Worldviews Shape RF Policies 112 4.1.1 Culture, Regulation and Uncertain Risks 112 4.1.2 Central Planning (Ex‐Ante and A‐Priori) Versus Market‐Based (Ex‐Post and A‐Posteriori) Approaches 115 4.1.3 Radio Frequency Regulatory Framework and Basic Objectives 118 4.2 Legal Environment 118 4.2.1 Two Different Legal Traditions: Civil Law and Common Law 118 4.2.2 The Legal Framework 120 4.2.3 Radiocommunications Law 122 4.2.4 Factors Affecting the RF Value 123 4.2.5 The RF Spectrum and Property Rights 123 4.2.6 International, Regional and National Legislation 124 4.3 The Economic Environment 126 4.3.1 Economics and Spectrum Management 126 4.3.2 Benefits of Using the Radio Spectrum 130 4.3.3 National Cost Accounting: The RF Spectrum as a Non‐Produced Asset 133 4.3.4 Fee Policy 136 4.3.5 License Fee: Comparative Evaluation Methods, Auctions and Lotteries, Secondary Trading 138 4.3.6 RF Spectrum Annual Fees 143 4.4 International, Regional and National Frequency Allocation Table and Redeployment 146 4.4.1 Allocation Table 146 4.4.2 RF Spectrum Redeployment and Refarming 146 References 148 5 RF Engineering and the Link Budget 150 5.1 End‐To‐End Wireless Communication 150 5.2 RF Characteristics: Modulation and Multiple Access 151 5.2.1 Modulation and Digitization 151 5.2.2 Representation of the Modulated Signal 155 5.2.3 Analog Modulations 157 5.2.4 Digital Modulations 157 5.2.5 Channel Multiple Access and Full Duplex Techniques 165 5.3 Transmitters: Power and Unwanted Emissions 168 5.3.1 Transmitter Block Diagram 168 5.3.2 Emission Mask 169 5.3.3 Unwanted Emissions 169 5.4 Receivers: Concept, Selectivity, Noise and Sensitivity 172 5.4.1 Receiver Noise Floor and Sensitivity 172 5.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Temperature 174 5.4.3 Gain to Noise Temperature G/T for Satellite Earth and Space Stations 176 5.5 Antennas: Fundamental Parameters 177 5.5.1 Antenna: Aperture, Beamwidth, Directivity and Gain 178 5.5.2 Three‐Dimensional Radiation Pattern and Gain Calculations 182 5.5.3 Antenna Polarization, Bandwidth, Insertion Loss and Impedance 192 5.6 Propagation 194 5.6.1 General 194 5.6.2 Friis Transmission Equation and Free‐Space Propagation Loss: Power 194 5.6.3 Maxwell’s Equations and Received Free‐Space Field‐Strength from a Far‐Field Emission 198 5.6.4 ITU‐R P.1546 Propagation Curves 30–3,000 MHz 203 5.6.5 Fresnel Zones 204 5.6.6 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases 206 5.6.7 Near‐Field to Far‐Field 206 5.6.8 Frequency Dependency in Penetrating Walls and Bypassing Obstacles 207 5.7 Link Budget 210 5.7.1 Power Equations 210 5.7.2 Conversion Formulae 212 5.8 Radio Frequency Interference and Spectrum Sharing 215 5.8.1 Non‐Linear Interference 215 5.8.2 Linear Interference 217 5.8.3 Decreasing Interference: Mitigation Techniques 225 References 225 6 International RF Spectrum Management and Standardization 229 6.1 International Regulations and Standards 229 6.2 Regulation and Standardization 230 6.2.1 International RF Spectrum Management and Standardization Players 230 6.2.2 Worldwide Regulation and Standardization 234 6.2.3 Globalization of RF Regulation and Standardization 240 6.3 National, Regional and Global RF Regulation 242 6.3.1 Transfer of National Regulatory Power to an Intergovernmental Authority 242 6.3.2 Implementing Regional RF Spectrum Management and Standardization 244 6.4 Global Regulatory Framework: ITU 245 6.4.1 ITU‐D (also Telecommunications Development Bureau, BDT) 246 6.4.2 ITU‐T (also TSB, Telecommunication Standardization Bureau) 247 6.4.3 ITU‐R (also BR, Bureau Radio) 247 6.4.4 ITU Radio Regulations 249 6.5 Cross‐Border Coordination, Regulation and Techniques 256 6.5.1 Avoiding Harmful Interference between Administrations 256 6.5.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements 256 6.5.3 Preferential Use of Frequencies, Trigger Levels and Distance from the Border 257 6.5.4 Decreasing Cross‐Border Interference: Mitigation Techniques 258 References 259 7 Regional RF Spectrum Management 261 7.1 RF Regulation on the Continent of Europe: Main Players 261 7.1.1 The Intergovernmental and International Regulatory Relationships 261 7.1.2 The Main European Organizations 261 7.1.3 Supranational Europe: European Union, EU Framework Legislation on Spectrum 266 7.1.4 Computerized Tools and Harmonized Activities Used in the CEPT 272 7.1.5 Overall Approach: Europe Regulatory Framework, All Europe Including the EU 273 7.2 Main Regional Players in the Americas: OAS, CITEL and CAN 276 7.2.1 OAS and CITEL 277 7.2.2 RF Regulatory Framework in CAN 277 7.2.3 CAN: Overall Approach 279 7.2.4 CAN Regulation: Conclusion 280 7.2.5 Additional South American and Caribbean Players 280 7.2.6 Intergovernmental South American Overall Approach 281 7.3 Comparison of the Two Major Camps: Europe and North America 282 7.3.1 General 282 7.3.2 Analysis 283 7.3.3 Conclusion 285 7.4 Regulation in Asia 285 7.4.1 General: Leading Asia 286 7.4.2 Asia‐Pacific Telecommunity (APT) 286 7.4.3 Regulating the Largest Wireless Markets in South‐East Asia 288 7.4.4 Asia‐Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) 288 7.4.5 Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC) 289 7.5 RF Regulation in the Arab States and North Africa 289 7.6 RF Regulation in Africa 291 7.6.1 African Telecommunications Union (ATU) 291 7.6.2 West African States 292 7.6.3 East African Community: EAC and EACO 292 7.6.4 South‐African Region: Regulatory Framework 292 References 293 8 National Spectrum Management 295 8.1 Roles of the National Spectrum Management (NSM) 295 8.1.1 National Objectives 295 8.1.2 Basic Functions and Responsibilities of the NSM 296 8.1.3 Guidelines and Practices to Optimally Manage the RF Spectrum 298 8.1.4 RF Spectrum Control 303 8.2 Trends in Spectrum Management, Smarter Technologies and Modulations 305 8.2.1 Administrative Trends 305 8.2.2 New Wireless Technologies 306 8.2.3 Spectrum Policy, Time Scales and Wireless Innovation 309 8.3 RF Spectrum Management in Some Leading Countries 310 8.3.1 RF Regulatory Framework in China 311 8.3.2 RF Regulatory Framework in France 322 8.3.3 RF Regulatory Framework in the UK 329 8.3.4 RF Regulatory Framework in the USA 339 8.3.5 Regulatory Frameworks of National Case Studies: Conclusion 355 References 356 9 Limitations to Radio Frequency Human Exposure 359 9.1 Human‐Hazards 359 9.2 RF Health Risks as a Social Story 361 9.2.1 Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity and Electrophobia 361 9.2.2 Regulating Uncertain Risks 362 9.3 RF (Radio Frequency) Exposure and Thermal Damage 363 9.3.1 Human‐Hazards: Risks from RF Exposure 363 9.3.2 The International, Regional and National Thresholds: Comparative Study 374 9.4 Quantified RF Hazards from Fixed Transmitters 375 9.4.1 Power‐Density, Field‐Strength and Safety‐Distances around Fixed Transmitters 375 9.4.2 Emissions Transmitted from the Same Site: Multiple‐Antenna Installation 377 9.5 Simulations and Measurements of RF Exposure 379 9.5.1 Calculated Safety‐Distances, Worst‐Case, Multiple‐Antenna Installation 379 9.5.2 Monitoring Human Exposure 382 9.6 RF Hazards Limits and Their Impact on Mobile Network Planning 386 9.6.1 Excessive Exposure Limits Affect Network Planning 386 9.6.2 Handling Low Exposure Thresholds by Additional Cellular Antennas or Additional RF Spectrum 387 9.6.3 Test to Quantify RF Versus Sites 389 9.7 Policies and Mitigation Techniques to Reduce Human Exposure 390 9.7.1 Policies to Reduce Human Exposure to RF Radiation 390 9.7.2 Mitigation Techniques to Decrease the Radiation Level 391 9.7.3 Myths and Realities 392 9.8 Conclusions 393 References 393 Index 398
£88.30
John Wiley & Sons Inc Indoor Radio Planning
Book SynopsisWhy is high performance indoor wireless service needed, and how is it best implemented? As the challenge of providing better service and higher data speeds and quality for mobile applications intensifies, ensuring adequate in-building and tunnel coverage and capacity is increasingly important. A unique, single-source reference on the theoretical and practical knowledge behind indoor and tunnel radio planning, this book provides a detailed overview of mobile networks systems, coverage and capacity solutions with 2G, 3G and 4G cellular system technologies as a backdrop.Table of ContentsForeword by Professor Simon Saunders xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix 7 years! xix Certified DAS Planning Training xix More on 4G, Small Cells, Applications and RF Basics xx Useful Tool? xx Thanks! xx Preface to the Second Edition xxi This is Still Not a Book for Scientists! xxi The Practical Approach xxii Keep the Originals! xxii Preface to the First Edition xxiii This is Not a Book for Scientists xxiii The Practical Approach xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Second Edition xxv First Edition xxvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of Cellular Systems 5 2.1 Mobile Telephony 5 2.1.1 Cellular Systems 5 2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General 8 2.1.3 The Cellular Concept 8 2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems 9 2.2 Introduction to GSM (2G) 10 2.2.1 GSM (2G) 10 2.2.2 2G/GSM Radio Features 11 2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM 16 2.2.4 GSM Signaling 22 2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture 25 2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System/3G 27 2.3.1 The Most Important 3G/UMTS Radio Design Parameters 28 2.3.2 The 3G/UMTS Radio Features 28 2.3.3 3G/UMTS Noise Control 38 2.3.4 3G/UMTS Handovers 42 2.3.5 UMTS/3G Power Control 46 2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation 49 2.3.7 UMTS Signaling 52 2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements 55 2.4 Introduction to HSPA 57 2.4.1 Introduction 57 2.4.2 Wi‐Fi 58 2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA 60 2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage 61 2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance 63 2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network 64 2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA 66 2.4.8 Short Introduction to HSPA+ 68 2.4.9 Conclusion 68 2.5 Modulation 69 2.5.1 Shannon’s Formula 69 2.5.2 BPSK 70 2.5.3 QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 70 2.5.4 Higher Order Modulation 16‐64QAM 70 2.5.5 EVM Error Vector Magnitude 72 2.5.6 Adaptive Modulation, Planning for Highest Data Speed 72 2.6 Advanced Antenna Systems for 3G/4G 74 2.6.1 SISO/MIMO Systems 75 2.6.2 SISO, Single Input Single Output 75 2.6.3 SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output 76 2.6.4 MISO, Multiple Inputs Single Output 76 2.6.5 MIMO, Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs 77 2.6.6 Planning for Optimum Data Speeds Using MIMO 79 2.7 Short Introduction to 4G/LTE 80 2.7.1 Motivation behind LTE and E‐UTRAN 80 2.7.2 Key Features of LTE E‐UTRAN 82 2.7.3 System Architecture Evolution – SAE 84 2.7.4 EPS – Evolved Packet System 84 2.7.5 Evolved Packet Core Network – EPC 85 2.7.6 LTE Reference Points/Interfaces 87 2.7.7 The LTE RF Channel Bandwidth 87 2.7.8 OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 88 2.7.9 OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 89 2.7.10 SC‐FDMA – Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 90 2.7.11 LTE Slot Structure 91 2.7.12 User Scheduling 92 2.7.13 Downlink Reference Signals 92 2.7.14 The 4G/LTE Channel 92 2.7.15 LTE Communication and Control Channels 93 2.7.16 Radio Resource Management in LTE 96 3 Indoor Radio Planning 111 3.1 Why is In‐building Coverage Important? 111 3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation 112 3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors 112 3.1.3 Some 70–80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings 112 3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case 112 3.1.5 Business Evaluation 113 3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level 113 3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution 113 3.2 Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer 114 3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions 114 3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users 115 3.3 The Indoor 3G/HSPA Challenge 117 3.3.1 3G Orthogonality Degradation 117 3.3.2 Power Load per User 120 3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building 120 3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load 120 3.3.5 3G/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion 121 3.4 Common 3G/4G Rollout Mistakes 122 3.4.1 The Macro Mistake 122 3.4.2 Do Not Apply 2G Strategies 123 3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan 3G/4G Indoor Coverage 123 3.5 The Basics of Indoor RF Planning 124 3.5.1 Isolation is the Key 124 3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation 124 3.5.3 The ‘High‐rise Problem’ 125 3.5.4 Radio Service Quality 128 3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels 129 3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept 129 3.6 RF Metrics Basics 131 3.6.1 Gain 132 3.6.2 Gain Factor 132 3.6.3 Decibel (dB) 133 3.6.4 dBm 135 3.6.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP) 136 3.6.6 Delays in the DAS 136 3.6.7 Offset of the Cell Size 139 4 Distributed Antenna Systems 141 4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best? 141 4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS 142 4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools 142 4.1.3 Combine the Tools 143 4.2 Passive Components 143 4.2.1 General 143 4.2.2 Coax Cable 143 4.2.3 Splitters 144 4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters 145 4.2.5 Attenuators 146 4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators 147 4.2.7 Circulators 147 4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90° Hybrid) 148 4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components 150 4.2.10 Filters 151 4.3 The Passive DAS 151 4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS 151 4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS 153 4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS 154 4.4 Active DAS 154 4.4.1 Easy to Plan 155 4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings 155 4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium‐size Buildings 159 4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS 160 4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions 163 4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink 163 4.5.2 DL Antenna Power 163 4.5.3 Antenna Supervision 164 4.5.4 Installation Challenges 164 4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS 164 4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions 166 4.6.1 In‐line BDA Solution 166 4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS 167 4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage 168 4.7 Indoor DAS for MIMO Applications 171 4.7.1 Calculating the Ideal MIMO Antenna Distance Separation for Indoor DAS 171 4.7.2 Make Both MIMO Antennas ‘Visible’ for the Users 173 4.7.3 Passive DAS and MIMO 178 4.7.4 Pure Active DAS for MIMO 179 4.7.5 Hybrid DAS and MIMO 181 4.7.6 Upgrading Existing DAS to MIMO 181 4.8 Using Repeaters for Indoor DAS Coverage 182 4.8.1 Basic Repeater Terms 184 4.8.2 Repeater Types 189 4.8.3 Repeater Considerations in General 192 4.9 Repeaters for Rail Solutions 195 4.9.1 Repeater Principle on a Train 195 4.9.2 Onboard DAS Solutions 197 4.9.3 Repeater Features for Mobile Rail Deployment 197 4.9.4 Practical Concerns with Repeaters on Rail 199 4.10 Active DAS Data 200 4.10.1 Gain and Delay 201 4.10.2 Power Per Carrier 202 4.10.3 Bandwidth, Ripple 202 4.10.4 The 1 dB Compression Point 203 4.10.5 IP3 Third‐order Intercept Point 204 4.10.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter‐modulation 205 4.10.7 Spurious Emissions 205 4.10.8 Noise Figure 205 4.10.9 MTBF 206 4.10.10 Dynamic Range and Near‐far Effect 207 4.11 Electromagnetic Radiation, EMR 211 4.11.1 ICNIRP EMR Guidelines 211 4.11.2 Mobiles are the Strongest Source of EMR 212 4.11.3 Indoor DAS will Provide Lower EMR Levels 213 4.12 Conclusion 214 5 Designing Indoor DAS Solutions 215 5.1 The Indoor Planning Procedure 215 5.1.1 Indoor Planning Process Flow 215 5.1.2 The RF Planning Part of the Process 217 5.1.3 The Site Survey 218 5.1.4 Time Frame for Implementing Indoor DAS 219 5.1.5 Post Implementation 219 5.2 The RF Design Process 220 5.2.1 The Role of the RF Planner 220 5.2.2 RF Measurements 220 5.2.3 The Initial RF Measurements 221 5.2.4 Measurements of Existing Coverage Level 222 5.2.5 RF Survey Measurement 223 5.2.6 Planning the Measurements 224 5.2.7 Post Implementation Measurements 226 5.2.8 Free Space Loss 227 5.2.9 The One Meter Test 227 5.3 Designing the Optimum Indoor Solution 229 5.3.1 Adapt the Design to Reality 229 5.3.2 Learn from the Mistakes of Others 229 5.3.3 Common Mistakes When Designing Indoor Solutions 232 5.3.4 Planning the Antenna Locations 233 5.3.5 The ‘Corridor Effect’ 235 5.3.6 Fire Cells Inside the Building 236 5.3.7 Indoor Antenna Performance 236 5.3.8 The ‘Corner Office Problem’ 243 5.3.9 Interleaving Antennas In‐between Floors 244 5.3.10 Planning for Full Indoor Coverage 247 5.3.11 The Cost of Indoor Design Levels 249 5.4 Indoor Design Strategy 250 5.4.1 Hotspot Planning Inside Buildings 250 5.4.2 Special Design Considerations 255 5.4.3 The Design Flow 256 5.4.4 Placing the Indoor Antennas 256 5.5 Handover Considerations Inside Buildings 257 5.5.1 Indoor 2G Handover Planning 258 5.5.2 Indoor 3G Handover Planning 259 5.5.3 Handover Zone Size 261 5.6 Elevator Coverage 262 5.6.1 Elevator Installation Challenges 262 5.6.2 The Most Common Coverage Elevator Solution 262 5.6.3 Antenna Inside the Shaft 262 5.6.4 Repeater in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.5 DAS Antenna in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.6 Passive Repeaters in Elevators 265 5.6.7 Real‐life Example of a Passive Repeater in an Elevator 266 5.6.8 Control the Elevator HO Zone 267 5.6.9 Elevator HO Zone Size 267 5.6.10 Challenges with Elevator Repeaters for Large Shafts 268 5.7 Multioperator Systems 276 5.7.1 Multioperator DAS Solutions Compatibility 276 5.7.2 The Combiner System 283 5.7.3 Inter‐modulation Distortion 284 5.7.4 How to Minimize PIM 285 5.7.5 IMD Products 286 5.8 Co‐existence Issues for 2G/3G 287 5.8.1 Spurious Emissions 287 5.8.2 Combined DAS for 2G-900 and 3G 288 5.8.3 Combined DAS for 2G-1800 and 3G 288 5.9 Co‐existence Issues for 3G/3G 289 5.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio 290 5.9.2 The ACIR Problem with Indoor DAS 291 5.9.3 Solving the ACIR Problem Inside Buildings 292 5.10 Multioperator Requirements 293 5.10.1 Multioperator Agreement 294 5.10.2 Parties Involved in the Indoor Project 294 5.10.3 The Most Important Aspects to Cover in the MOA 294 6 Traffic Dimensioning 297 6.1 Erlang, the Traffic Measurement 297 6.1.1 What is One Erlang? 298 6.1.2 Call Blocking, Grade of Service 299 6.1.3 The Erlang B Table 299 6.1.4 User Types, User Traffic Profile 301 6.1.5 Save on Cost, Use the Erlang Table 302 6.1.6 When Not to Use Erlang 302 6.1.7 2G Radio Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.8 3G Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.9 Trunking Gain, Resource Sharing 304 6.1.10 Cell Configuration in Indoor Projects 305 6.1.11 Busy Hour and Return on Investment Calculations 307 6.1.12 Base Station Hotels 313 6.2 Data Capacity 315 6.2.1 Application‐driven Data Load 316 6.2.2 Data offload to Wi‐Fi and Small Cells 319 6.2.3 Future‐proof Your DAS to Handle More Data Load 319 6.2.4 Event‐driven Data Load 323 6.2.5 Calculating the Data Load 323 7 Noise 327 7.1 Noise Fundamentals 327 7.1.1 Thermal Noise 328 7.1.2 Noise Factor 329 7.1.3 Noise Figure 329 7.1.4 Noise Floor 329 7.1.5 The Receiver Sensitivity 330 7.1.6 Noise Figure of Amplifiers 331 7.1.7 Noise Factor of Coax Cables 332 7.2 Cascaded Noise 334 7.2.1 The Friis Formula 334 7.2.2 Amplifier After the Cable Loss 335 7.2.3 Amplifier Prior to the Cable Loss 337 7.2.4 Problems with Passive Cables and Passive DAS 339 7.3 Noise Power 341 7.3.1 Calculating the Noise Power of a System 342 7.4 Noise Power from Parallel Systems 346 7.4.1 Calculating Noise Power from Parallel Sources 346 7.5 Noise Control 347 7.5.1 Noise Load on Base Stations 347 7.5.2 Noise and 2G Base Stations 348 7.5.3 Noise and 3G Base Stations 348 7.6 Updating a Passive DAS from 2G to 3G/4G 349 7.6.1 The 3G/4G Challenge 349 7.6.2 The 3G Problem 350 7.6.3 Solution 1, In‐line BDA 351 7.6.4 Solution 2: Active DAS Overlay 355 7.6.5 Conclusions on Noise and Noise Control 359 8 The Link Budget 361 8.1 The Components and Calculations of the RF Link 362 8.1.1 The Maximum Allowable Path Loss 362 8.1.2 The Components in the Link Budget 362 8.1.3 Link Budgets for Indoor Systems 374 8.1.4 Passive DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.5 Active DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.6 The Free Space Loss 377 8.1.7 The Modified Indoor Model 377 8.1.8 The PLS Model 379 8.1.9 Calculating the Antenna Service Radius 380 8.2 4G Link Budget 382 8.2.1 4G Design Levels 383 8.2.2 RSRP, Reference Symbol Transmit Power 384 8.2.3 4G RSSI Signal Power 385 8.2.4 4G Coverage vs. Capacity 385 8.2.5 4G DL RS Link Budget Example 386 9 Tools for Indoor Radio Planning 389 9.1 Live and Learn 389 9.2 Diagram Tools 390 9.2.1 Simple or Advanced? 390 9.3 Radio Survey Tools 391 9.3.1 Use Only Calibrated Equipment 391 9.4 The Simple Tools and Tips 391 9.4.1 Use a Digital Camera 391 9.4.2 Use the World Wide Web 392 9.4.3 Traffic Calculations 392 9.5 Tools for Link Budget Calculations 392 9.6 Tools for Indoor Predictions 392 9.6.1 Spreadsheets Can Do Most of the Job 394 9.6.2 The More Advanced RF Prediction Models 394 9.7 The Advanced Toolkit (iBwave Unity, Design, and Mobile from iBwave.com) 395 9.7.1 Save Time, Keep Costs and Mistakes to a Minimum 396 9.7.2 Collaboration, Visibility, and Revision Controls 396 9.7.3 Multisystem or Multioperator Small Cells, DAS, and Wi‐Fi 397 9.7.4 The Site Survey Tool 397 9.7.5 The Mobile Planning Tool 397 9.7.6 Import Floor Plans 397 9.7.7 Schematic Diagram 398 9.7.8 Floor Plan Diagram 401 9.7.9 Site Documentation 401 9.7.10 Error Detection 401 9.7.11 Component Database 402 9.7.12 RF Propagation 403 9.7.13 RF Optimization 403 9.7.14 Complex Environments 404 9.7.15 Importing an RF Survey 404 9.7.16 Equipment List and Project Cost Report 405 9.7.17 RF and Installation Report 405 9.7.18 Fully Integrated 406 9.7.19 Outputs from the Tool 406 9.7.20 Team Collaboration 407 9.7.21 Make Sure to Learn the Basics 408 9.8 Tools for DAS Verification 408 9.8.1 3G Example Measurement 409 9.8.2 4G Example Measurement 412 9.8.3 Final Word on Tools 412 10 Optimizing the Radio Resource Management Parameters on Node B When Interfacing to an Active DAS, BDA, LNA or TMA 413 10.1 Introduction 413 10.1.1 3G Radio Performance is All About Noise and Power Control 413 10.1.2 3G RF Parameter Reference is Different from 2G 414 10.1.3 Adjust the Parameters 414 10.1.4 How to Adjust this in the RAN 415 10.1.5 Switch Off the LNA in Node B when Using Active DAS 415 10.2 Impact of DL Power Offset 415 10.2.1 Access Burst 415 10.2.2 Power Offset Between Node B and the Active DAS 416 10.2.3 Solution 417 10.2.4 Impact on the UL of Node B 417 10.2.5 Admission Control 417 10.3 Impact of Noise Power 417 10.3.1 The UL Noise Increase on Node B 418 10.4 Delay of the Active DAS 418 10.4.1 Solution 419 10.5 Impact of External Noise Power 419 10.5.1 To Calculate the Noise Power 419 10.5.2 To Calculate the UL Attenuator 419 10.5.3 Affect on Admission Control 421 11 Tunnel Radio Planning 423 11.1 The Typical Tunnel Solution 424 11.1.1 The Penetration Loss into the Train Coach 425 11.2 The Tunnel HO Zone 426 11.2.1 Establishing the HO Zone Size 427 11.2.2 The Link Loss and the Effect on the Handover Zone Design 428 11.2.3 The Handover Challenge Between the Tunnel and Outside Network 429 11.2.4 Possible Solutions for the Tunnel HO Problem to the Outside Network 430 11.3 Covering Tunnels with Antennas 432 11.4 Radiating Cable Solutions 434 11.4.1 The Radiating Cable 435 11.4.2 Calculating the Coverage Level 437 11.4.3 Installation Challenges Using Radiating Cable 442 11.5 Tunnel Solutions, Cascaded BDAs 444 11.5.1 Cascaded Noise Build‐up 444 11.5.2 Example of a Real‐life Cascaded BDA System 445 11.6 Tunnel Solutions, T‐Systems 446 11.6.1 T‐systems, Principle 447 11.6.2 Example of a Real‐life T‐system with BDAs 447 11.6.3 T‐systems with Antenna Distribution 449 11.7 Handover Design inside Tunnels 450 11.7.1 General Considerations 450 11.7.2 Using Antennas for the HO Zone in Tunnels 451 11.7.3 Using Parallel Radiating Cable for the HO Zone 453 11.7.4 Using a Coupler for the HO Zone 454 11.7.5 Avoid Common HO Zone Mistakes 455 11.8 Redundancy in Tunnel Coverage Solutions 455 11.8.1 Multiple Cell Redundancy in Tunnels 457 11.9 Sector Strategy for Larger Metro Tunnel Projects 458 11.9.1 Common Cell Plans for Large Metro Rail Systems 458 11.9.2 Using Distributed Base Station in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.9.3 Using Optical Fibre DAS in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.10 RF Test Specification of Tunnel Projects 463 11.11 Timing Issues in DAS for Tunnels 464 11.11.1 Calculating the Total Delay of a Tunnel Solution 466 11.11.2 Solving the Delay Problem in the Tunnel DAS 468 11.11.3 High Speed Rail Tunnels 468 11.11.4 Road Tunnels 469 12 Covering Indoor Users From the Outdoor Network 471 12.1 The Challenges of Reaching Indoor Users From the Macro Network 471 12.1.1 Micro Cell (Small Cell) Deployment for IB Coverage 472 12.1.2 Antenna Locations for Micro Cells 474 12.1.3 Antenna Clearance for Micro Cells 475 12.1.4 The Canyon Effect 476 12.2 Micro Cell Capacity 476 12.3 ODAS – Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 478 12.3.1 The Base Station Hotel and Remote Units 479 12.3.2 Simulcast and Flexible Capacity 480 12.3.3 Different Sector Plans for Different Services 481 12.4 Digital Distribution on DAS 481 12.4.1 Advantages of ODDAS 482 12.4.2 Remote Radio Heads 483 12.4.3 Integrating the ODAS with the Macro Network 484 12.5 High Speed Rail Solutions 487 12.5.1 Calculating the Required Handover Zone Size for High Speed Rail 487 12.5.2 Distributed Base Stations for High Speed Rail 488 12.5.3 Covering High Speed Rail with Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 490 12.5.4 Optimize the Location of the ODAS and Base Station Antennas for High Speed Rail 491 12.5.5 The Doppler Effect 492 13 Small Cells Indoors 495 13.1 Femtocells 497 13.1.1 Types of Femtocells 499 13.1.2 The Pico/Femtocell Principle 499 13.1.3 Typical Pico Cell Design 501 13.1.4 Extending Pico Cell Coverage with Active DAS 503 13.1.5 Combining Pico Cells into the Same DAS (only 2G) 505 13.1.6 Cost Savings When Combining Capacity of 2G Pico Cells 505 13.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 507 13.3 Implementing Small Cells Indoors 507 13.3.1 Planning Considerations with Indoor Small Cells 510 13.4 Planning Examples with Femtocells 511 13.4.1 Small Office Space 512 13.4.2 Medium‐sized Office Space 513 13.4.3 Large Office/Meeting Space 513 13.4.4 Final Word on Small Cells 516 14 Application Examples 517 14.1 Office Building Design 517 14.1.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Office Buildings 518 14.1.2 Small to Medium‐Sized Office Building 518 14.1.3 Large Office Buildings 520 14.1.4 High‐rises with Open Vertical Cavities 521 14.2 Malls, Warehouses, and Large Structure Design 522 14.2.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Malls, Warehouses and Large Structures 524 14.2.2 The Different Areas of Shopping Malls 524 14.3 Warehouses and Convention Centers 526 14.3.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Warehouses and Convention Center DAS Deployments 528 14.4 Campus Area Design 529 14.4.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Campus DAS Deployments 529 14.4.2 Base Station Hotels Are Ideal for Campus DAS 529 14.5 Airport Design 530 14.5.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Airports 530 14.5.2 The Different Areas in the Airport 531 14.6 Sports Arena Design 534 14.6.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Stadiums and Arenas 535 14.6.2 Arenas Require 3D Coverage and Capacity Planning 535 14.6.3 Capacity Considerations in the Arena 535 14.6.4 RF Design Considerations in the Sports Arena 540 14.6.5 Antenna Locations in the Sports Arena 542 14.6.6 Interference Across the Sports Arena 547 14.6.7 Upgrading Old 2G designs, with 3G and 4G Overlay on a Sports Arena 549 14.6.8 The HO Zone Challenge in the Arena 550 14.6.9 The Ideal DAS Design for a Stadium 553 14.7 Final Remark on Application Examples 554 15 Planning Procedure, Installation, Commissioning, and Documentation 555 15.1 The Design Phase 556 15.1.1 Design Inputs 556 15.1.2 Draft Design Process 558 15.1.3 Site Visit – Survey 558 15.1.4 Update of Draft Design 560 15.2 The Implementation Phase 560 15.2.1 Installation 560 15.2.2 Post‐installation Verification 561 15.2.3 DAS Test 561 15.2.4 Commissioning 562 15.3 The Verification Phase 564 15.3.1 RF Verification 564 15.3.2 Live Traffic Test 564 15.4 Conclusion 565 References 567 Appendix 569 Reference Material 569 Index 581
£91.15
Trafford Publishing Demystifying Radio Frequency Interference Causes and Techniques for Reduction
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iUniverse Making Waves Radio on the Verge
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform D-Star for Beginners
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform THE Amateur Radio Dictionary: The most complete glossary of Ham Radio terms ever compiled
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform DMR For Beginners: Using the Tytera MD-380
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Artech House Publishers Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits
Book SynopsisDesigned for microwave and RF engineers, this is a presentation of nonlinear microwave and RF circuits. It offers an understanding of the theory of nonlinear circuit analysis that they need for their work in the field. There is guidance on designing nonlinear circuits and modelling solid-state devices for nonlinear circuit analysis by computer, showing how characteristics of such models affect the analysis of these circuits. This second edition features new material, including critical discussions on nonlinear analysis of oscillators and design issues relating to RF (radio frequency) and wireless technology. More than 120 illustrations support key topics throughout the text.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction, Fundamental Concepts, and Definitions. Solid-State Device Modeling. Harmonic-Balance analysis. Volterra-Series and Power-Series Analysis. Balanced Circuits. Diode Mixers. Diode Frequency Multipliers. Small-Signal Amplifiers. Power Amplifiers. Active Frequency Multipliers. Active Mixers. Oscillators. Index.
£107.00
Artech House Publishers Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems: Vol I: Passive Circuits and Systems
Book SynopsisIn today's globally competitive wireless industry, the design-to-production cycle is critically important. Circuit and system engineers must be able to develop robust designs that can be mass produced. To accomplish this, engineers need to learn the requirements of, and solutions leading to, optimum performance. The first of a two-volume set, this text takes a practical approach to RF (radio frequency) circuit design, offering an understanding of the fundamental concepts that practitioners need to know and use for their work in this industry. It seeks to lay the groundwork for efficient passive circuit design.Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF circuit design; the radio as a typical RF system; RF circuit fundamentals; CAD of linear RF/MW circuits; scattering parameters and the Smith Chart; passive component modelling; impedance matching; lumped and distributed filters; high-speed circuit design considerations.
£126.92
Artech House Publishers Radio Frequency System Architecture and Design
Book SynopsisCommunication devices such as smart phones, GPS systems, and Bluetooth, are now part of our daily lives more than ever before. As our communication equipment becomes more sophisticated, so do the radios and other hardware required to enable that technology. Common radio architectures are required to make this technology work seamlessly. This resource describes practical aspects of radio frequency communications systems design, bridging the gap between system-level design considerations and circuit-level design specifications. Industry experts not only provide detailed calculations and theory to determine block level specifications, but also discuss basic theory and operational concepts. This resource also includes extensive, up-to-date application examples. It is suitable for radio frequency systems designers, engineers, and researchers.Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF Systems Design; Introduction to Communications Systems; Basic RF Design Concepts and Building Blocks; System Level Architecture and Design Considerations; System Level Design Considerations; Frequency Synthesis; Block Level Radio Design Examples.
£134.90
