Radio technology Books

Book SynopsisDesigned for a single-semester course, this concise and approachable text covers all of the essential concepts needed to understand modern communications systems. Balancing theory with practical implementation, it presents key ideas as a chain of functions for a transmitter and receiver, covering topics such as amplification, up- and down-conversion, modulation, dispersive channel compensation, error-correcting codes, acquisition, multiple-antenna and multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, and higher level communications functions. Analog modulations are also presented, and all of the basic and advanced mathematics, statistics, and Fourier theory needed to understand the concepts covered is included. Supported online with PowerPoint slides, a solutions manual, and additional MATLAB-based simulation problems, it is ideal for a first course in communications for senior undergraduate and graduate students.Trade Review'… strikes an elegant balance between fundamental concepts, their applications, and the depth of explanation. It's the kind of book that you want to hand to all beginners in wireless.' Ashutosh Sabharwal, Rice University'… an ideal introduction to modern communications systems. Theoretical principles and practical considerations are presented in an integrated fashion, and the material is introduced in an intuitive manner with a logical progression of ideas, making this the perfect text for a beginner with an interest in pursuing serious study of modern communications systems. This book should be on the required or recommended text list of all introductory communications courses!' Siddhartan Govindasamy, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Communications Systems: 1. Notation; 2. Basic radio; 3. Fundamental limits on communications; 4. Amplifiers and noise; 5. Up- and down-conversion; 6. Modulation and demodulation; 7. Dispersive channels; 8. Error-correcting codes; 9. Acquisition and synchronization; 10. Radio duplex, access, and networks; 11. Multiple-antenna and multiple-Input multiple-output communications; 12. Analog radio systems; Part II. Mathematical Background: 13. Useful mathematics; 14. Probability and statistics; 15. Fourier analysis; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of cognitive radio networks and the specialized techniques used to improve wireless communications The human brain, as exemplified by cognitive radar, cognitive radio, and cognitive computing, inspires the field of Cognitive Dynamic Systems.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 1 1.2 Cognitive Radio 4 1.3 The Spectrum-Underutilization Problem 7 1.4 Countrywide Measurements of Spectrum Utilization 8 1.5 Why be Interested in Cognitive Radio Networks? 9 1.6 Directed Information Flow 11 1.7 Cognitive Radio Networks 14 1.8 Mathematical Toolbox 17 1.8.1 Game Theory 17 1.8.2 Control Theory 18 1.8.3 Optimization under Uncertainty 19 1.9 Dominant Sources of Uncertainty in Cognitive Radio Networks 20 1.10 Issue of Trustworthiness 22 1.11 Vision for the Book 22 2 GameTheory 25 2.1 Game Theory Terminology 25 2.1.1 Noncooperative Games versus Cooperative Games 26 2.1.2 Static Games versus Dynamic Games 26 2.1.3 One-Shot Games versus Repeated Games 26 2.1.4 Games with Complete Information versus Games with Incomplete Information 26 2.1.5 Games with Perfect Information versus Games with Imperfect Information 26 2.2 Noncooperative Games 27 2.2.1 Nash Equilibrium 28 2.2.2 Variational Inequalities 28 2.3 Cooperative Games 28 2.3.1 Nash Bargaining 29 2.4 Minority Games 29 2.5 Concluding Remarks 30 3 Cognitive Radio Transceiver 31 3.1 Spectrum Sensing 32 3.1.1 Attributes of Reliable Spectrum Sensing 33 3.1.2 The Multitaper Method 33 3.1.3 Space-Time Processing 38 3.1.4 Time-Frequency Analysis 41 3.1.5 Cyclostationarity: Fourier Perspective 50 3.1.6 Rayleigh Fading Channels 54 3.1.7 Remarks on Nonparametric Spectrum Sensing 55 3.1.8 Filter-Bank Implementation of the Multitaper Method 57 3.1.9 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 57 3.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management 58 3.2.1 The Tsigankov–Koulakov Model 60 3.2.2 Self-Organizing Dynamic Spectrum Management 61 3.2.3 Dynamic Spectrum Management Based on Minority Games 68 3.2.4 Self-Organized Maps versus Minority Games 70 3.3 Transmit-Power Control 71 3.3.1 Waterfilling Interpretation of Information Capacity Theorem 75 3.3.2 Iterative Waterfilling Algorithm (IWFA) 77 3.3.3 IWFA as a Multistage Optimization Problem in Light of System Uncertainties 80 3.3.4 Robust IWFA 80 3.3.5 The Price of Robustness 81 3.3.6 Robust IWFA versus Classic IWFA 82 3.4 Information Value 91 3.5 Concluding Remarks 93 4 Cognitive Radio Networks 94 4.1 Cognitive Radio Networks Viewed as Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 94 4.2 Open-access Cognitive Radio Networks 99 4.2.1 Network Dynamics 102 4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Network Viewed as a Hybrid Dynamic System 109 4.2.3 Network Stability in the Presence of Uncertainty and Time Delay 111 4.2.4 Double-layer Dynamics of Cognitive Radio Networks 115 4.3 Market-driven Cognitive Radio Networks 121 4.3.1 Legacy Owners 124 4.3.2 Spectrum Brokers 125 4.3.3 Secondary Users 126 4.3.4 Equilibrium of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 127 4.3.5 Network Dynamics 129 4.3.6 Network Stability 129 4.3.7 The Transportation Network Representation of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 129 4.4 Supply Chain Efficiency 131 4.5 Concluding Remarks 133 4.5.1 Two Regimes of Cognitive Radio Networks 133 4.5.2 Supply Chain Networks 135 4.5.3 Cognitive Radio Commercialization 136 4.5.4 The Role of Cognition in Cognitive Radio Networks 137 5 Sustainability of the Spectrum-Supply Chain Network 140 5.1 Unlicensed Bands as Public Goods 140 5.2 The Spectrum-Supply Chain Network as an Artificial Economy 142 5.3 Aiming for Lindahl Equilibria 144 5.4 Concluding Remarks 147 6 Cognitive Heterogeneous Networks 148 6.1 Heterogeneous Networks 148 6.2 Horizontal Mergers of Spectrum-Supply Chain Networks 151 6.2.1 Premerger Status 151 6.2.2 Spectrum Sharing 154 6.2.3 Infrastructure Sharing 155 6.2.4 Spectrum and Infrastructure Sharing 155 6.3 Synergy Measure for Horizontal Mergers 155 6.4 Concluding Remarks 156 Appendix A Mathematical Model for Open-Access Cognitive Radio Networks 157 Appendix B Proof of Theorems 167 References

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the fundamentals of wireless communications and services, explaining in detail what RF spectrum management is, why it is important, which are the authorities regulating the use of spectrum, andhow is it managed and enforced at the international, regional and national levels. The book offers insights to the engineering, regulatory, economic, legal, management policy-making aspects involved. Real-world case studies are presented to depict the various approaches in different countries, and valuable lessons are drawn. The topics are addressed by engineers, advocates and economists employed by national and international spectrum regulators. The book is a tool that will allow the international regional and national regulators to better manage the RF spectrum, and will help operators and suppliers of wireless communications to better understand their regulators.Trade Review"Radio Spectrum Management: Policies, Regulations and Techniques by Haim Mazar includes a foreword by François Rancy, director of the Radio Communication Bureau of the ITU, that praises the author for his extensive involvement in ITU activities. Mazar has more than 45 years of experience in wireless communications and radio frequency management, working across broadcasting, mobile, fixed, radiolocation, satellite and public services. He is currently the vice-chair of ITU-R Study Group 5 on terrestrial services.Mazar first takes in the administrative, engineering, legal and economic aspects of wireless communications before addressing the main international and regional organisations that hold sway over the regulation and standardisation of how we use spectrum, with detailed case studies of the spectrum policies of China, France, the UK and the US. True to the ordered and comprehensive form of the book, Mazar acknowledges the 82 experts he consulted in the course of its writing in a table, listing them by name and the chapter they helped with. This is followed by a six-page list of the acronyms and abbreviations used in the book. Readers can be in no doubt that they are dealing with nothing less than a spectrum bible. In almost 400 pages (not including extensive references and index) the copious amount of diagrams, equations and other figures makes it look to the uninitiated like some sort of tome of arcane lore. But in its selection of subjects, it is clear even to the layman that Radio Spectrum Management is a key textbook that hones in on the constituent parts of its subject. The scientific sections – non-linear air interfaces, linear air interfaces, intermodulation, three-dimensional radiation pattern and gain calculations – sit alongside economic and legal cases for their use and the case studies demonstrate lucidly the meeting between spectrum theory and the realities of practice. There is some historical exposition but Mazar mainly sticks to the nuts and bolts of his subject."—Kane Mumford, PolicyTracker "This book has a diverse set of information covering many areas from radio hazard through short range devices to satellite communications. The book’s purpose – which it achieves - is to give good references to standards, reports and recommendations that apply to the technologies it covers, and to highlight the pertinent facts. Radio propagation and link budget generation are covered in general along with co-existence and interference, coverage that is again primarily driven by the standards and recommendations. Particularly interesting is rarely-seen information on how different countries manage their spectrum, and of special notice within that is the relationship of the various standards agencies and bodies in Europe and their interactions. A number of major regulators from around the world are featured with descriptions of how they operate and their areas of responsibility. Overall, the book provides a useful short cut to finding the radiocommunications industry's standards, reports and recommendations."—Nick Kirkman, Technical Director, ATDI Ltd "A comprehensive overview of radio frequency management with quoted references for theoretical and practical use to those interested in the subject, operators, equipment manufacturers, government administrators including regulators. The book includes telecommunications and other services, whereas telecommunications deals also with matters outside of radio frequency management. A distinction and connection with national and international radio spectrum management is fully described with the constraints of international treaties. The matter of worldwide standardization especially for equipment manufacturers is illustrated. Essentially radio frequency management deals with the avoidance of harmful interference. An important aspect is the allocation of RF spectrum on the basis of free market principles or government decisions, raising questions of efficient and economic use of the RF spectrum, which is not wasted when not used, but when blocked from being used where a demand exists. The book also indicates how innovation in RF technology improves services for both the public and private operators, and gives information about the organizations that follow these developments. Definitely a reference book for all those involved with international telecommunication systems, with introducing and maintaining satellite and terrestrial networks."—Dr Henry Meyerhoff, ITU Expert, SwitzerlandTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Foreword xiv Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi 1 The Radio Frequency Spectrum and Wireless Communications 1 1.1 Historical Overview 1 1.2 A General Communication Channel 2 1.3 Radio Frequency Bands 2 1.4 Scarcity of the RF Spectrum 3 References 4 2 The Main Regulated Radio Services 5 2.1 General 5 2.2 Terrestrial Broadcasting Delivery: Sound (Radio) and Video (Television) 6 2.2.1 Definitions and Introduction 6 2.2.2 Broadcasting Video and Audio Delivery 8 2.2.3 Terrestrial Sound (Audio) 10 2.2.4 Terrestrial Video (Television) 14 2.3 Land Mobile and the Cellular Service 25 2.3.1 Definitions and Introduction 25 2.3.2 Cellular Reference Network Unit 26 2.3.3 Regulation and Standardization of the Cellular Service 28 2.3.4 IMT Terrestrial Radio (Including LTE) 33 2.4 Fixed Point‐to‐Point and Point‐to‐Multipoint 38 2.4.1 Overview of Fixed Services: Fixed Networks and Mobile Backhauling 38 2.4.2 Deployment and Performance 39 2.4.3 Line‐of‐Sight (LoS) and Non‐Line‐of‐Sight (NLoS) Links 43 2.4.4 Fixed Wireless Systems (FWS) and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Systems 44 2.4.5 Available RF Spectrum and Frequency Planning 45 2.5 Satellite Communications 47 2.5.1 Definitions of Satellite Communications 47 2.5.2 Satellite Orbits and Services 47 2.5.3 Satellite Equipment 62 2.5.4 Monitoring and Regulating Satellite Communications 65 References 69 3 Short Range Devices and the License‐Exempt RF Spectrum 72 3.1 Regulatory Framework of SRDs 72 3.1.1 Definitions and Applications 72 3.1.2 Non‐Interference, Unlicensed and Unprotected 73 3.1.3 Mutual Agreements Between Countries/Regions 75 3.1.4 Placing the SRD on the Market and the Labeling of SRDs 75 3.1.5 SRDs Interfering with Radiocommunications Services 79 3.2 Collective Use of SRDs 80 3.2.1 Risk‐versus‐Risk 80 3.2.2 The Collectivized View Explaining the Harmonization of SRDs and the RF 81 3.2.3 The Individualized View Explaining Minimal Restrictions 81 3.3 An Engineering Background to Understand the SRD Technical Parameters 82 3.3.1 Friis Equations, Received Power, Electric and Magnetic Field‐Strengths: Numerical Equations 82 3.3.2 Received Power and Electric Field‐Strength: Numerical Equations 83 3.3.3 Received Power and Magnetic Field‐Strength: Numerical Equations 84 3.3.4 Received Power, Electric and Magnetic Field‐Strength: Logarithmic Equations 84 3.4 Global Regulation of SRDs 86 3.4.1 Globalization 86 3.4.2 ISM BANDS: Extracts from ITU RR and Spectrum Management Recommendations 87 3.4.3 Frequency Ranges for Global or Regional Harmonization of SRDs 89 3.4.4 Technical and Operating Parameters and Spectrum Use for SRDs 91 3.5 Regional Regulation of SRDs 91 3.5.1 Region 1 and CEPT/ECC ERC Recommendation 70‐03 92 3.5.2 Region 2 and the FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Radio Frequency Devices 93 3.5.3 Region 3: SRDs in APT Countries 96 3.6 Global and Regional Ruling in Three ITU Regions: Case Studies to Compare and Contrast 97 3.6.1 Case Study 1: Wi‐Fi, RLAN, WLAN, U‐NII 98 3.6.2 Case Study 2: RFID’s Global and Regional Ruling 105 3.6.3 Case Study 3: ISM and the Citizen Band 26.96–27.28 MHz 108 References 110 4 Policies, Legal and Economic Frameworks to Manage the RF Spectrum 112 4.1 Worldviews Shape RF Policies 112 4.1.1 Culture, Regulation and Uncertain Risks 112 4.1.2 Central Planning (Ex‐Ante and A‐Priori) Versus Market‐Based (Ex‐Post and A‐Posteriori) Approaches 115 4.1.3 Radio Frequency Regulatory Framework and Basic Objectives 118 4.2 Legal Environment 118 4.2.1 Two Different Legal Traditions: Civil Law and Common Law 118 4.2.2 The Legal Framework 120 4.2.3 Radiocommunications Law 122 4.2.4 Factors Affecting the RF Value 123 4.2.5 The RF Spectrum and Property Rights 123 4.2.6 International, Regional and National Legislation 124 4.3 The Economic Environment 126 4.3.1 Economics and Spectrum Management 126 4.3.2 Benefits of Using the Radio Spectrum 130 4.3.3 National Cost Accounting: The RF Spectrum as a Non‐Produced Asset 133 4.3.4 Fee Policy 136 4.3.5 License Fee: Comparative Evaluation Methods, Auctions and Lotteries, Secondary Trading 138 4.3.6 RF Spectrum Annual Fees 143 4.4 International, Regional and National Frequency Allocation Table and Redeployment 146 4.4.1 Allocation Table 146 4.4.2 RF Spectrum Redeployment and Refarming 146 References 148 5 RF Engineering and the Link Budget 150 5.1 End‐To‐End Wireless Communication 150 5.2 RF Characteristics: Modulation and Multiple Access 151 5.2.1 Modulation and Digitization 151 5.2.2 Representation of the Modulated Signal 155 5.2.3 Analog Modulations 157 5.2.4 Digital Modulations 157 5.2.5 Channel Multiple Access and Full Duplex Techniques 165 5.3 Transmitters: Power and Unwanted Emissions 168 5.3.1 Transmitter Block Diagram 168 5.3.2 Emission Mask 169 5.3.3 Unwanted Emissions 169 5.4 Receivers: Concept, Selectivity, Noise and Sensitivity 172 5.4.1 Receiver Noise Floor and Sensitivity 172 5.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Temperature 174 5.4.3 Gain to Noise Temperature G/T for Satellite Earth and Space Stations 176 5.5 Antennas: Fundamental Parameters 177 5.5.1 Antenna: Aperture, Beamwidth, Directivity and Gain 178 5.5.2 Three‐Dimensional Radiation Pattern and Gain Calculations 182 5.5.3 Antenna Polarization, Bandwidth, Insertion Loss and Impedance 192 5.6 Propagation 194 5.6.1 General 194 5.6.2 Friis Transmission Equation and Free‐Space Propagation Loss: Power 194 5.6.3 Maxwell’s Equations and Received Free‐Space Field‐Strength from a Far‐Field Emission 198 5.6.4 ITU‐R P.1546 Propagation Curves 30–3,000 MHz 203 5.6.5 Fresnel Zones 204 5.6.6 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases 206 5.6.7 Near‐Field to Far‐Field 206 5.6.8 Frequency Dependency in Penetrating Walls and Bypassing Obstacles 207 5.7 Link Budget 210 5.7.1 Power Equations 210 5.7.2 Conversion Formulae 212 5.8 Radio Frequency Interference and Spectrum Sharing 215 5.8.1 Non‐Linear Interference 215 5.8.2 Linear Interference 217 5.8.3 Decreasing Interference: Mitigation Techniques 225 References 225 6 International RF Spectrum Management and Standardization 229 6.1 International Regulations and Standards 229 6.2 Regulation and Standardization 230 6.2.1 International RF Spectrum Management and Standardization Players 230 6.2.2 Worldwide Regulation and Standardization 234 6.2.3 Globalization of RF Regulation and Standardization 240 6.3 National, Regional and Global RF Regulation 242 6.3.1 Transfer of National Regulatory Power to an Intergovernmental Authority 242 6.3.2 Implementing Regional RF Spectrum Management and Standardization 244 6.4 Global Regulatory Framework: ITU 245 6.4.1 ITU‐D (also Telecommunications Development Bureau, BDT) 246 6.4.2 ITU‐T (also TSB, Telecommunication Standardization Bureau) 247 6.4.3 ITU‐R (also BR, Bureau Radio) 247 6.4.4 ITU Radio Regulations 249 6.5 Cross‐Border Coordination, Regulation and Techniques 256 6.5.1 Avoiding Harmful Interference between Administrations 256 6.5.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements 256 6.5.3 Preferential Use of Frequencies, Trigger Levels and Distance from the Border 257 6.5.4 Decreasing Cross‐Border Interference: Mitigation Techniques 258 References 259 7 Regional RF Spectrum Management 261 7.1 RF Regulation on the Continent of Europe: Main Players 261 7.1.1 The Intergovernmental and International Regulatory Relationships 261 7.1.2 The Main European Organizations 261 7.1.3 Supranational Europe: European Union, EU Framework Legislation on Spectrum 266 7.1.4 Computerized Tools and Harmonized Activities Used in the CEPT 272 7.1.5 Overall Approach: Europe Regulatory Framework, All Europe Including the EU 273 7.2 Main Regional Players in the Americas: OAS, CITEL and CAN 276 7.2.1 OAS and CITEL 277 7.2.2 RF Regulatory Framework in CAN 277 7.2.3 CAN: Overall Approach 279 7.2.4 CAN Regulation: Conclusion 280 7.2.5 Additional South American and Caribbean Players 280 7.2.6 Intergovernmental South American Overall Approach 281 7.3 Comparison of the Two Major Camps: Europe and North America 282 7.3.1 General 282 7.3.2 Analysis 283 7.3.3 Conclusion 285 7.4 Regulation in Asia 285 7.4.1 General: Leading Asia 286 7.4.2 Asia‐Pacific Telecommunity (APT) 286 7.4.3 Regulating the Largest Wireless Markets in South‐East Asia 288 7.4.4 Asia‐Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) 288 7.4.5 Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC) 289 7.5 RF Regulation in the Arab States and North Africa 289 7.6 RF Regulation in Africa 291 7.6.1 African Telecommunications Union (ATU) 291 7.6.2 West African States 292 7.6.3 East African Community: EAC and EACO 292 7.6.4 South‐African Region: Regulatory Framework 292 References 293 8 National Spectrum Management 295 8.1 Roles of the National Spectrum Management (NSM) 295 8.1.1 National Objectives 295 8.1.2 Basic Functions and Responsibilities of the NSM 296 8.1.3 Guidelines and Practices to Optimally Manage the RF Spectrum 298 8.1.4 RF Spectrum Control 303 8.2 Trends in Spectrum Management, Smarter Technologies and Modulations 305 8.2.1 Administrative Trends 305 8.2.2 New Wireless Technologies 306 8.2.3 Spectrum Policy, Time Scales and Wireless Innovation 309 8.3 RF Spectrum Management in Some Leading Countries 310 8.3.1 RF Regulatory Framework in China 311 8.3.2 RF Regulatory Framework in France 322 8.3.3 RF Regulatory Framework in the UK 329 8.3.4 RF Regulatory Framework in the USA 339 8.3.5 Regulatory Frameworks of National Case Studies: Conclusion 355 References 356 9 Limitations to Radio Frequency Human Exposure 359 9.1 Human‐Hazards 359 9.2 RF Health Risks as a Social Story 361 9.2.1 Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity and Electrophobia 361 9.2.2 Regulating Uncertain Risks 362 9.3 RF (Radio Frequency) Exposure and Thermal Damage 363 9.3.1 Human‐Hazards: Risks from RF Exposure 363 9.3.2 The International, Regional and National Thresholds: Comparative Study 374 9.4 Quantified RF Hazards from Fixed Transmitters 375 9.4.1 Power‐Density, Field‐Strength and Safety‐Distances around Fixed Transmitters 375 9.4.2 Emissions Transmitted from the Same Site: Multiple‐Antenna Installation 377 9.5 Simulations and Measurements of RF Exposure 379 9.5.1 Calculated Safety‐Distances, Worst‐Case, Multiple‐Antenna Installation 379 9.5.2 Monitoring Human Exposure 382 9.6 RF Hazards Limits and Their Impact on Mobile Network Planning 386 9.6.1 Excessive Exposure Limits Affect Network Planning 386 9.6.2 Handling Low Exposure Thresholds by Additional Cellular Antennas or Additional RF Spectrum 387 9.6.3 Test to Quantify RF Versus Sites 389 9.7 Policies and Mitigation Techniques to Reduce Human Exposure 390 9.7.1 Policies to Reduce Human Exposure to RF Radiation 390 9.7.2 Mitigation Techniques to Decrease the Radiation Level 391 9.7.3 Myths and Realities 392 9.8 Conclusions 393 References 393 Index 398

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Book SynopsisWhy is high performance indoor wireless service needed, and how is it best implemented? As the challenge of providing better service and higher data speeds and quality for mobile applications intensifies, ensuring adequate in-building and tunnel coverage and capacity is increasingly important. A unique, single-source reference on the theoretical and practical knowledge behind indoor and tunnel radio planning, this book provides a detailed overview of mobile networks systems, coverage and capacity solutions with 2G, 3G and 4G cellular system technologies as a backdrop.Table of ContentsForeword by Professor Simon Saunders xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix 7 years! xix Certified DAS Planning Training xix More on 4G, Small Cells, Applications and RF Basics xx Useful Tool? xx Thanks! xx Preface to the Second Edition xxi This is Still Not a Book for Scientists! xxi The Practical Approach xxii Keep the Originals! xxii Preface to the First Edition xxiii This is Not a Book for Scientists xxiii The Practical Approach xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Second Edition xxv First Edition xxvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of Cellular Systems 5 2.1 Mobile Telephony 5 2.1.1 Cellular Systems 5 2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General 8 2.1.3 The Cellular Concept 8 2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems 9 2.2 Introduction to GSM (2G) 10 2.2.1 GSM (2G) 10 2.2.2 2G/GSM Radio Features 11 2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM 16 2.2.4 GSM Signaling 22 2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture 25 2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System/3G 27 2.3.1 The Most Important 3G/UMTS Radio Design Parameters 28 2.3.2 The 3G/UMTS Radio Features 28 2.3.3 3G/UMTS Noise Control 38 2.3.4 3G/UMTS Handovers 42 2.3.5 UMTS/3G Power Control 46 2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation 49 2.3.7 UMTS Signaling 52 2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements 55 2.4 Introduction to HSPA 57 2.4.1 Introduction 57 2.4.2 Wi‐Fi 58 2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA 60 2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage 61 2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance 63 2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network 64 2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA 66 2.4.8 Short Introduction to HSPA+ 68 2.4.9 Conclusion 68 2.5 Modulation 69 2.5.1 Shannon’s Formula 69 2.5.2 BPSK 70 2.5.3 QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 70 2.5.4 Higher Order Modulation 16‐64QAM 70 2.5.5 EVM Error Vector Magnitude 72 2.5.6 Adaptive Modulation, Planning for Highest Data Speed 72 2.6 Advanced Antenna Systems for 3G/4G 74 2.6.1 SISO/MIMO Systems 75 2.6.2 SISO, Single Input Single Output 75 2.6.3 SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output 76 2.6.4 MISO, Multiple Inputs Single Output 76 2.6.5 MIMO, Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs 77 2.6.6 Planning for Optimum Data Speeds Using MIMO 79 2.7 Short Introduction to 4G/LTE 80 2.7.1 Motivation behind LTE and E‐UTRAN 80 2.7.2 Key Features of LTE E‐UTRAN 82 2.7.3 System Architecture Evolution – SAE 84 2.7.4 EPS – Evolved Packet System 84 2.7.5 Evolved Packet Core Network – EPC 85 2.7.6 LTE Reference Points/Interfaces 87 2.7.7 The LTE RF Channel Bandwidth 87 2.7.8 OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 88 2.7.9 OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 89 2.7.10 SC‐FDMA – Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 90 2.7.11 LTE Slot Structure 91 2.7.12 User Scheduling 92 2.7.13 Downlink Reference Signals 92 2.7.14 The 4G/LTE Channel 92 2.7.15 LTE Communication and Control Channels 93 2.7.16 Radio Resource Management in LTE 96 3 Indoor Radio Planning 111 3.1 Why is In‐building Coverage Important? 111 3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation 112 3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors 112 3.1.3 Some 70–80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings 112 3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case 112 3.1.5 Business Evaluation 113 3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level 113 3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution 113 3.2 Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer 114 3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions 114 3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users 115 3.3 The Indoor 3G/HSPA Challenge 117 3.3.1 3G Orthogonality Degradation 117 3.3.2 Power Load per User 120 3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building 120 3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load 120 3.3.5 3G/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion 121 3.4 Common 3G/4G Rollout Mistakes 122 3.4.1 The Macro Mistake 122 3.4.2 Do Not Apply 2G Strategies 123 3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan 3G/4G Indoor Coverage 123 3.5 The Basics of Indoor RF Planning 124 3.5.1 Isolation is the Key 124 3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation 124 3.5.3 The ‘High‐rise Problem’ 125 3.5.4 Radio Service Quality 128 3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels 129 3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept 129 3.6 RF Metrics Basics 131 3.6.1 Gain 132 3.6.2 Gain Factor 132 3.6.3 Decibel (dB) 133 3.6.4 dBm 135 3.6.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP) 136 3.6.6 Delays in the DAS 136 3.6.7 Offset of the Cell Size 139 4 Distributed Antenna Systems 141 4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best? 141 4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS 142 4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools 142 4.1.3 Combine the Tools 143 4.2 Passive Components 143 4.2.1 General 143 4.2.2 Coax Cable 143 4.2.3 Splitters 144 4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters 145 4.2.5 Attenuators 146 4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators 147 4.2.7 Circulators 147 4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90° Hybrid) 148 4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components 150 4.2.10 Filters 151 4.3 The Passive DAS 151 4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS 151 4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS 153 4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS 154 4.4 Active DAS 154 4.4.1 Easy to Plan 155 4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings 155 4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium‐size Buildings 159 4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS 160 4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions 163 4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink 163 4.5.2 DL Antenna Power 163 4.5.3 Antenna Supervision 164 4.5.4 Installation Challenges 164 4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS 164 4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions 166 4.6.1 In‐line BDA Solution 166 4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS 167 4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage 168 4.7 Indoor DAS for MIMO Applications 171 4.7.1 Calculating the Ideal MIMO Antenna Distance Separation for Indoor DAS 171 4.7.2 Make Both MIMO Antennas ‘Visible’ for the Users 173 4.7.3 Passive DAS and MIMO 178 4.7.4 Pure Active DAS for MIMO 179 4.7.5 Hybrid DAS and MIMO 181 4.7.6 Upgrading Existing DAS to MIMO 181 4.8 Using Repeaters for Indoor DAS Coverage 182 4.8.1 Basic Repeater Terms 184 4.8.2 Repeater Types 189 4.8.3 Repeater Considerations in General 192 4.9 Repeaters for Rail Solutions 195 4.9.1 Repeater Principle on a Train 195 4.9.2 Onboard DAS Solutions 197 4.9.3 Repeater Features for Mobile Rail Deployment 197 4.9.4 Practical Concerns with Repeaters on Rail 199 4.10 Active DAS Data 200 4.10.1 Gain and Delay 201 4.10.2 Power Per Carrier 202 4.10.3 Bandwidth, Ripple 202 4.10.4 The 1 dB Compression Point 203 4.10.5 IP3 Third‐order Intercept Point 204 4.10.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter‐modulation 205 4.10.7 Spurious Emissions 205 4.10.8 Noise Figure 205 4.10.9 MTBF 206 4.10.10 Dynamic Range and Near‐far Effect 207 4.11 Electromagnetic Radiation, EMR 211 4.11.1 ICNIRP EMR Guidelines 211 4.11.2 Mobiles are the Strongest Source of EMR 212 4.11.3 Indoor DAS will Provide Lower EMR Levels 213 4.12 Conclusion 214 5 Designing Indoor DAS Solutions 215 5.1 The Indoor Planning Procedure 215 5.1.1 Indoor Planning Process Flow 215 5.1.2 The RF Planning Part of the Process 217 5.1.3 The Site Survey 218 5.1.4 Time Frame for Implementing Indoor DAS 219 5.1.5 Post Implementation 219 5.2 The RF Design Process 220 5.2.1 The Role of the RF Planner 220 5.2.2 RF Measurements 220 5.2.3 The Initial RF Measurements 221 5.2.4 Measurements of Existing Coverage Level 222 5.2.5 RF Survey Measurement 223 5.2.6 Planning the Measurements 224 5.2.7 Post Implementation Measurements 226 5.2.8 Free Space Loss 227 5.2.9 The One Meter Test 227 5.3 Designing the Optimum Indoor Solution 229 5.3.1 Adapt the Design to Reality 229 5.3.2 Learn from the Mistakes of Others 229 5.3.3 Common Mistakes When Designing Indoor Solutions 232 5.3.4 Planning the Antenna Locations 233 5.3.5 The ‘Corridor Effect’ 235 5.3.6 Fire Cells Inside the Building 236 5.3.7 Indoor Antenna Performance 236 5.3.8 The ‘Corner Office Problem’ 243 5.3.9 Interleaving Antennas In‐between Floors 244 5.3.10 Planning for Full Indoor Coverage 247 5.3.11 The Cost of Indoor Design Levels 249 5.4 Indoor Design Strategy 250 5.4.1 Hotspot Planning Inside Buildings 250 5.4.2 Special Design Considerations 255 5.4.3 The Design Flow 256 5.4.4 Placing the Indoor Antennas 256 5.5 Handover Considerations Inside Buildings 257 5.5.1 Indoor 2G Handover Planning 258 5.5.2 Indoor 3G Handover Planning 259 5.5.3 Handover Zone Size 261 5.6 Elevator Coverage 262 5.6.1 Elevator Installation Challenges 262 5.6.2 The Most Common Coverage Elevator Solution 262 5.6.3 Antenna Inside the Shaft 262 5.6.4 Repeater in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.5 DAS Antenna in the Lift‐car 264 5.6.6 Passive Repeaters in Elevators 265 5.6.7 Real‐life Example of a Passive Repeater in an Elevator 266 5.6.8 Control the Elevator HO Zone 267 5.6.9 Elevator HO Zone Size 267 5.6.10 Challenges with Elevator Repeaters for Large Shafts 268 5.7 Multioperator Systems 276 5.7.1 Multioperator DAS Solutions Compatibility 276 5.7.2 The Combiner System 283 5.7.3 Inter‐modulation Distortion 284 5.7.4 How to Minimize PIM 285 5.7.5 IMD Products 286 5.8 Co‐existence Issues for 2G/3G 287 5.8.1 Spurious Emissions 287 5.8.2 Combined DAS for 2G-900 and 3G 288 5.8.3 Combined DAS for 2G-1800 and 3G 288 5.9 Co‐existence Issues for 3G/3G 289 5.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio 290 5.9.2 The ACIR Problem with Indoor DAS 291 5.9.3 Solving the ACIR Problem Inside Buildings 292 5.10 Multioperator Requirements 293 5.10.1 Multioperator Agreement 294 5.10.2 Parties Involved in the Indoor Project 294 5.10.3 The Most Important Aspects to Cover in the MOA 294 6 Traffic Dimensioning 297 6.1 Erlang, the Traffic Measurement 297 6.1.1 What is One Erlang? 298 6.1.2 Call Blocking, Grade of Service 299 6.1.3 The Erlang B Table 299 6.1.4 User Types, User Traffic Profile 301 6.1.5 Save on Cost, Use the Erlang Table 302 6.1.6 When Not to Use Erlang 302 6.1.7 2G Radio Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.8 3G Channels and Erlang 303 6.1.9 Trunking Gain, Resource Sharing 304 6.1.10 Cell Configuration in Indoor Projects 305 6.1.11 Busy Hour and Return on Investment Calculations 307 6.1.12 Base Station Hotels 313 6.2 Data Capacity 315 6.2.1 Application‐driven Data Load 316 6.2.2 Data offload to Wi‐Fi and Small Cells 319 6.2.3 Future‐proof Your DAS to Handle More Data Load 319 6.2.4 Event‐driven Data Load 323 6.2.5 Calculating the Data Load 323 7 Noise 327 7.1 Noise Fundamentals 327 7.1.1 Thermal Noise 328 7.1.2 Noise Factor 329 7.1.3 Noise Figure 329 7.1.4 Noise Floor 329 7.1.5 The Receiver Sensitivity 330 7.1.6 Noise Figure of Amplifiers 331 7.1.7 Noise Factor of Coax Cables 332 7.2 Cascaded Noise 334 7.2.1 The Friis Formula 334 7.2.2 Amplifier After the Cable Loss 335 7.2.3 Amplifier Prior to the Cable Loss 337 7.2.4 Problems with Passive Cables and Passive DAS 339 7.3 Noise Power 341 7.3.1 Calculating the Noise Power of a System 342 7.4 Noise Power from Parallel Systems 346 7.4.1 Calculating Noise Power from Parallel Sources 346 7.5 Noise Control 347 7.5.1 Noise Load on Base Stations 347 7.5.2 Noise and 2G Base Stations 348 7.5.3 Noise and 3G Base Stations 348 7.6 Updating a Passive DAS from 2G to 3G/4G 349 7.6.1 The 3G/4G Challenge 349 7.6.2 The 3G Problem 350 7.6.3 Solution 1, In‐line BDA 351 7.6.4 Solution 2: Active DAS Overlay 355 7.6.5 Conclusions on Noise and Noise Control 359 8 The Link Budget 361 8.1 The Components and Calculations of the RF Link 362 8.1.1 The Maximum Allowable Path Loss 362 8.1.2 The Components in the Link Budget 362 8.1.3 Link Budgets for Indoor Systems 374 8.1.4 Passive DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.5 Active DAS Link Budget 376 8.1.6 The Free Space Loss 377 8.1.7 The Modified Indoor Model 377 8.1.8 The PLS Model 379 8.1.9 Calculating the Antenna Service Radius 380 8.2 4G Link Budget 382 8.2.1 4G Design Levels 383 8.2.2 RSRP, Reference Symbol Transmit Power 384 8.2.3 4G RSSI Signal Power 385 8.2.4 4G Coverage vs. Capacity 385 8.2.5 4G DL RS Link Budget Example 386 9 Tools for Indoor Radio Planning 389 9.1 Live and Learn 389 9.2 Diagram Tools 390 9.2.1 Simple or Advanced? 390 9.3 Radio Survey Tools 391 9.3.1 Use Only Calibrated Equipment 391 9.4 The Simple Tools and Tips 391 9.4.1 Use a Digital Camera 391 9.4.2 Use the World Wide Web 392 9.4.3 Traffic Calculations 392 9.5 Tools for Link Budget Calculations 392 9.6 Tools for Indoor Predictions 392 9.6.1 Spreadsheets Can Do Most of the Job 394 9.6.2 The More Advanced RF Prediction Models 394 9.7 The Advanced Toolkit (iBwave Unity, Design, and Mobile from iBwave.com) 395 9.7.1 Save Time, Keep Costs and Mistakes to a Minimum 396 9.7.2 Collaboration, Visibility, and Revision Controls 396 9.7.3 Multisystem or Multioperator Small Cells, DAS, and Wi‐Fi 397 9.7.4 The Site Survey Tool 397 9.7.5 The Mobile Planning Tool 397 9.7.6 Import Floor Plans 397 9.7.7 Schematic Diagram 398 9.7.8 Floor Plan Diagram 401 9.7.9 Site Documentation 401 9.7.10 Error Detection 401 9.7.11 Component Database 402 9.7.12 RF Propagation 403 9.7.13 RF Optimization 403 9.7.14 Complex Environments 404 9.7.15 Importing an RF Survey 404 9.7.16 Equipment List and Project Cost Report 405 9.7.17 RF and Installation Report 405 9.7.18 Fully Integrated 406 9.7.19 Outputs from the Tool 406 9.7.20 Team Collaboration 407 9.7.21 Make Sure to Learn the Basics 408 9.8 Tools for DAS Verification 408 9.8.1 3G Example Measurement 409 9.8.2 4G Example Measurement 412 9.8.3 Final Word on Tools 412 10 Optimizing the Radio Resource Management Parameters on Node B When Interfacing to an Active DAS, BDA, LNA or TMA 413 10.1 Introduction 413 10.1.1 3G Radio Performance is All About Noise and Power Control 413 10.1.2 3G RF Parameter Reference is Different from 2G 414 10.1.3 Adjust the Parameters 414 10.1.4 How to Adjust this in the RAN 415 10.1.5 Switch Off the LNA in Node B when Using Active DAS 415 10.2 Impact of DL Power Offset 415 10.2.1 Access Burst 415 10.2.2 Power Offset Between Node B and the Active DAS 416 10.2.3 Solution 417 10.2.4 Impact on the UL of Node B 417 10.2.5 Admission Control 417 10.3 Impact of Noise Power 417 10.3.1 The UL Noise Increase on Node B 418 10.4 Delay of the Active DAS 418 10.4.1 Solution 419 10.5 Impact of External Noise Power 419 10.5.1 To Calculate the Noise Power 419 10.5.2 To Calculate the UL Attenuator 419 10.5.3 Affect on Admission Control 421 11 Tunnel Radio Planning 423 11.1 The Typical Tunnel Solution 424 11.1.1 The Penetration Loss into the Train Coach 425 11.2 The Tunnel HO Zone 426 11.2.1 Establishing the HO Zone Size 427 11.2.2 The Link Loss and the Effect on the Handover Zone Design 428 11.2.3 The Handover Challenge Between the Tunnel and Outside Network 429 11.2.4 Possible Solutions for the Tunnel HO Problem to the Outside Network 430 11.3 Covering Tunnels with Antennas 432 11.4 Radiating Cable Solutions 434 11.4.1 The Radiating Cable 435 11.4.2 Calculating the Coverage Level 437 11.4.3 Installation Challenges Using Radiating Cable 442 11.5 Tunnel Solutions, Cascaded BDAs 444 11.5.1 Cascaded Noise Build‐up 444 11.5.2 Example of a Real‐life Cascaded BDA System 445 11.6 Tunnel Solutions, T‐Systems 446 11.6.1 T‐systems, Principle 447 11.6.2 Example of a Real‐life T‐system with BDAs 447 11.6.3 T‐systems with Antenna Distribution 449 11.7 Handover Design inside Tunnels 450 11.7.1 General Considerations 450 11.7.2 Using Antennas for the HO Zone in Tunnels 451 11.7.3 Using Parallel Radiating Cable for the HO Zone 453 11.7.4 Using a Coupler for the HO Zone 454 11.7.5 Avoid Common HO Zone Mistakes 455 11.8 Redundancy in Tunnel Coverage Solutions 455 11.8.1 Multiple Cell Redundancy in Tunnels 457 11.9 Sector Strategy for Larger Metro Tunnel Projects 458 11.9.1 Common Cell Plans for Large Metro Rail Systems 458 11.9.2 Using Distributed Base Station in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.9.3 Using Optical Fibre DAS in a Metro Tunnel Solution 461 11.10 RF Test Specification of Tunnel Projects 463 11.11 Timing Issues in DAS for Tunnels 464 11.11.1 Calculating the Total Delay of a Tunnel Solution 466 11.11.2 Solving the Delay Problem in the Tunnel DAS 468 11.11.3 High Speed Rail Tunnels 468 11.11.4 Road Tunnels 469 12 Covering Indoor Users From the Outdoor Network 471 12.1 The Challenges of Reaching Indoor Users From the Macro Network 471 12.1.1 Micro Cell (Small Cell) Deployment for IB Coverage 472 12.1.2 Antenna Locations for Micro Cells 474 12.1.3 Antenna Clearance for Micro Cells 475 12.1.4 The Canyon Effect 476 12.2 Micro Cell Capacity 476 12.3 ODAS – Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 478 12.3.1 The Base Station Hotel and Remote Units 479 12.3.2 Simulcast and Flexible Capacity 480 12.3.3 Different Sector Plans for Different Services 481 12.4 Digital Distribution on DAS 481 12.4.1 Advantages of ODDAS 482 12.4.2 Remote Radio Heads 483 12.4.3 Integrating the ODAS with the Macro Network 484 12.5 High Speed Rail Solutions 487 12.5.1 Calculating the Required Handover Zone Size for High Speed Rail 487 12.5.2 Distributed Base Stations for High Speed Rail 488 12.5.3 Covering High Speed Rail with Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems 490 12.5.4 Optimize the Location of the ODAS and Base Station Antennas for High Speed Rail 491 12.5.5 The Doppler Effect 492 13 Small Cells Indoors 495 13.1 Femtocells 497 13.1.1 Types of Femtocells 499 13.1.2 The Pico/Femtocell Principle 499 13.1.3 Typical Pico Cell Design 501 13.1.4 Extending Pico Cell Coverage with Active DAS 503 13.1.5 Combining Pico Cells into the Same DAS (only 2G) 505 13.1.6 Cost Savings When Combining Capacity of 2G Pico Cells 505 13.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 507 13.3 Implementing Small Cells Indoors 507 13.3.1 Planning Considerations with Indoor Small Cells 510 13.4 Planning Examples with Femtocells 511 13.4.1 Small Office Space 512 13.4.2 Medium‐sized Office Space 513 13.4.3 Large Office/Meeting Space 513 13.4.4 Final Word on Small Cells 516 14 Application Examples 517 14.1 Office Building Design 517 14.1.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Office Buildings 518 14.1.2 Small to Medium‐Sized Office Building 518 14.1.3 Large Office Buildings 520 14.1.4 High‐rises with Open Vertical Cavities 521 14.2 Malls, Warehouses, and Large Structure Design 522 14.2.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Malls, Warehouses and Large Structures 524 14.2.2 The Different Areas of Shopping Malls 524 14.3 Warehouses and Convention Centers 526 14.3.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Warehouses and Convention Center DAS Deployments 528 14.4 Campus Area Design 529 14.4.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Campus DAS Deployments 529 14.4.2 Base Station Hotels Are Ideal for Campus DAS 529 14.5 Airport Design 530 14.5.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Airports 530 14.5.2 The Different Areas in the Airport 531 14.6 Sports Arena Design 534 14.6.1 Typical Features and Checklist for Stadiums and Arenas 535 14.6.2 Arenas Require 3D Coverage and Capacity Planning 535 14.6.3 Capacity Considerations in the Arena 535 14.6.4 RF Design Considerations in the Sports Arena 540 14.6.5 Antenna Locations in the Sports Arena 542 14.6.6 Interference Across the Sports Arena 547 14.6.7 Upgrading Old 2G designs, with 3G and 4G Overlay on a Sports Arena 549 14.6.8 The HO Zone Challenge in the Arena 550 14.6.9 The Ideal DAS Design for a Stadium 553 14.7 Final Remark on Application Examples 554 15 Planning Procedure, Installation, Commissioning, and Documentation 555 15.1 The Design Phase 556 15.1.1 Design Inputs 556 15.1.2 Draft Design Process 558 15.1.3 Site Visit – Survey 558 15.1.4 Update of Draft Design 560 15.2 The Implementation Phase 560 15.2.1 Installation 560 15.2.2 Post‐installation Verification 561 15.2.3 DAS Test 561 15.2.4 Commissioning 562 15.3 The Verification Phase 564 15.3.1 RF Verification 564 15.3.2 Live Traffic Test 564 15.4 Conclusion 565 References 567 Appendix 569 Reference Material 569 Index 581

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Book SynopsisBuilding upon the success of the first edition (2007), Wireless Transceiver Design 2nd Edition is an accessible textbook that explains the concepts of wireless transceiver design in detail. The architectures and the detailed design of both traditional and advanced all-digital wireless transceivers are discussed in a thorough and systematic manner, while carefully watching out for clarity and simplicity. Many practical examples and solved problems at the end of each chapter allow students to thoroughly understand the mechanisms involved, to build confidence, and enable them to readily make correct and practical use of the applicable results and formulas. From the instructors'' perspective, the book will enable the reader to build courses at different levels of depth, starting from the basic understanding, whilst allowing them to focus on particular elements of study. In addition to numerous fully-solved exercises, the authors include actual exemplary examination papers for insTable of ContentsForeword xvi To the Instructor xvii About the Authors xviii Acknowledgment xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Radio Frequency Systems 1 1.1.1 Conceptual RF system 1 1.1.2 The frequency spectrum 2 1.1.3 Cellular concept 3 1.2 Detailed Overview of Wireless Systems and Technologies 4 1.2.1 System types 4 1.2.2 Wireless network architectures 5 1.2.2.1 Wireless Personal Area Network 5 1.2.3 Wireless local area network 11 1.2.3.1 Wi-Fi 13 1.2.3.2 Wi-Fi Direct 14 1.2.4 Wireless wide area network 14 1.2.4.1 Cellular Systems 14 1.2.4.2 The Concept of Frequency Reuse 14 1.2.5 Access methods 20 1.2.5.1 Multiple access 20 1.2.5.2 Frequency division multiple access 20 1.2.5.3 Time division multiple access 21 1.2.5.4 Code division multiple access 21 1.2.5.5 Why to spread? 22 1.2.6 Transmit–receive regimes 24 1.2.6.1 Wireless transmission regimes (or modes) 24 1.2.6.2 Simplex mode 24 1.2.6.3 Half-duplex mode 25 1.2.6.4 Full duplex mode 25 1.2.6.5 Duplexing 25 1.2.6.6 Frequency division duplex 25 1.2.6.7 Time division duplex 26 Bibliography 26 2 Transceiver Architectures 27 2.1 Receiver Architectures 27 2.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 29 2.2.1 What is it and how it works 29 2.2.2 Pros and cons 33 2.2.3 Choosing the IF frequency 34 2.3 Direct Conversion Receiver 35 2.3.1 What is it and how it works 35 2.3.2 Pros and cons 35 2.4 Direct RF Sampling Receiver 36 2.4.1 What is it and how it works 36 2.4.1.1 Exercise: Determining sampling rate 40 2.4.2 Recovering I and Q channels in DRFS 40 2.4.2.1 Exercise: Recovering I and Q with bandwidth oversampling 41 2.5 Transmitter Architectures 42 2.6 Two Step Conversion Transmitter 43 2.6.1 What is it and how it works 43 2.6.2 Pros and cons 45 2.7 Direct Launch Transmitter 46 2.7.1 What is it and how it works 46 2.7.2 Pros and cons 46 2.8 Direct RF Sampling Transmitter 47 2.9 Transceiver Architectures 51 2.10 Full Duplex/Half-duplex Architecture 51 2.11 Simplex Architecture 52 2.12 Solved Exercises 53 2.13 Theory Behind Equations 59 2.13.1 DRFS transmitter 59 2.13.2 Sampling theorem reminder 60 Bibliography 62 3 Receiving Systems 63 3.1 Sensitivity 65 3.1.1 What is it and how it works 65 3.1.1.1 The definition of sensitivity 67 3.1.1.2 Exercise: Estimating a cell phone range 68 3.1.2 Interim sensitivity 69 3.1.2.1 Computing the noise factor of two cascaded stages 70 3.1.2.2 Exercise: Cascaded noise factor 71 3.1.2.3 Exercise: Computing SHR sensitivity 72 3.1.3 Measurement of sensitivity 74 3.1.3.1 Noise doubling approach 75 3.2 Co-channel Rejection 76 3.2.1 What is it and how it works 76 3.2.1.1 Definition of co-channel rejection 76 3.2.2 Measurement of co-channel rejection 77 3.3 Selectivity 78 3.3.1 What is it and how it works 78 3.3.1.1 Oscillator phase noise 78 3.3.1.2 Exercise: L (Δf) estimation 81 3.3.1.3 Selectivity mechanisms 82 3.3.1.4 The definition of selectivity 84 3.3.1.5 Exercise: DCR selectivity 85 3.3.2 Measurement of selectivity 85 3.4 Blocking 86 3.4.1 What is it and how it works 86 3.4.1.1 The definition of blocking 87 3.4.1.2 Exercise: Blocking-free distance 88 3.4.2 Measurement of blocking 89 3.5 Intermodulation Rejection 89 3.5.1 What is it and how it works 89 3.5.1.1 The definition of intermodulation 91 3.5.1.2 Effect of added gain (or loss) 92 3.5.1.3 Exercise: Intermodulation 94 3.5.2 Measurement of intermodulation 94 3.6 Image Rejection 95 3.6.1 What is it and how it works 95 3.6.1.1 The definition of image rejection 97 3.6.1.2 Exercise: IR and front filter 97 3.6.2 Measurement of image rejection 98 3.7 Half-IF Rejection 98 3.7.1 What is it and how it works 98 3.7.1.1 The definition of half-IF rejection 100 3.7.1.2 Exercise: HIFR and front filter 101 3.7.2 Measurement of half-IF rejection 102 3.8 Dynamic Range 102 3.8.1 What is it and how it works 102 3.8.1.1 The definition of dynamic range 103 3.8.2 Measurement of dynamic range 103 3.9 Duplex Desense 103 3.9.1 What is it and how it works 103 3.9.1.1 The definition of duplex desense 105 3.9.1.2 Exercise: Required T-R attenuation to keep DS ≤ 3dB 105 3.9.2 Measurement of duplex desense 106 3.10 Other Duplex Spurs 107 3.10.1 What they are and how they work 107 3.10.1.1 Duplex image rejection 107 3.10.1.2 Half duplex spur 107 3.10.1.3 Phantom duplex spur 108 3.11 Other Receiver Interferences 108 3.11.1 What they are and how they work 108 3.11.1.1 Self quieters 108 3.11.1.2 Able–baker spurs 110 3.11.1.3 Doppler blocking 110 3.11.1.4 Second-order distortion 110 3.11.1.5 Spurious free dynamic range 111 3.12 Solved Exercises 111 3.13 Theory Behind Equations 126 3.13.1 Sensitivity 126 3.13.2 Co-channel rejection 128 3.13.3 Selectivity 128 3.13.4 Intermodulation 129 3.13.5 Image rejection 130 3.13.6 Half-IF rejection 131 3.13.7 Duplexer mechanisms 132 3.13.7.1 Isolation mechanism 132 3.13.7.2 Noise attenuation mechanism 134 3.13.8 Duplex desense 135 3.14 Extension to Direct RF Sampling Receivers 136 3.14.1 ADC noise factor 136 3.14.1.1 Exercise: Computing ADC noise floor and noise figure 137 3.14.1.2 Exercise: Computing DRFS sensitivity 137 3.14.2 SNR, selectivity, and blocking in a DRFS receiver 138 3.14.2.1 Snr 139 3.14.2.2 Selectivity and blocking 140 3.14.2.3 Exercise: DRFS blocking 141 3.14.2.4 Imr 3 142 3.14.2.5 Exercise: Estimating IP3i of an ADC 142 3.14.3 Reminder on quantization noise 142 Bibliography 143 4 Transmitting Systems 145 4.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio 147 4.1.1 What is it and how it works 147 4.1.1.1 Exercise: PAPR of unfiltered 16 QAM 148 4.1.2 Measurement of PAPR 150 4.2 Nonlinearity in RF Power Amplifiers 150 4.2.1 What is it and how it works 150 4.2.2 Third-order dominated PA behavior 154 4.2.2.1 Exercise: Computation of third-order dominated PA coefficients 155 4.2.3 Fifth-order dominated PA behavior 157 4.2.3.1 Exercise: computation of fifth-order dominated PA coefficients 157 4.2.4 In-band spectral picture of PA output 159 4.2.5 Description of PA simulation methodology 160 4.2.5.1 The input signal v(t) 161 4.2.5.2 The output signal V[v(t)] 163 4.2.5.3 The input and output spectral picture 163 4.2.6 N-th order intermodulation distortion 163 4.2.6.1 Exercise: Coefficient-based versus SPICE simulation of spectral re-growth 168 4.2.6.2 Laboratory measurement of IMDN 171 4.2.7 N-th order input intercept point 171 4.2.7.1 Exercise: Estimating IMDN from IPNi 172 4.2.7.2 Exercise: Rule of thumb 173 4.2.7.3 Exercise: IPNi using voltages 173 4.3 Transmitter Specifications 174 4.3.1 Spectral mask 174 4.3.2 Error vector magnitude 174 4.3.2.1 Other causes of EVM degradation 176 4.3.3 Adjacent coupled power ratio 176 4.3.4 PA efficiency 177 4.3.5 Transmitter transients 178 4.3.5.1 Attack time 178 4.3.5.2 Frequency shift upon keying 179 4.3.6 Radiated emission 179 4.3.7 Conducted spurs 179 4.4 Enhancement Techniques 180 4.4.1 Linearization techniques 181 4.4.1.1 Cartesian feedback 181 4.4.1.2 Feed-forward 183 4.4.1.3 Pre-distortion 185 4.4.2 Envelope-tracking supply 186 4.5 Solved Exercises 186 4.6 Theory Behind Equations 198 4.6.1 Computation of PAPR for quasi-static RF signals 198 4.6.2 Analytic models for PA nonlinearity 201 4.6.3 Effects of PA nonlinearity on digital modulation 204 4.6.4 Effects of PA nonlinearity on spectral shape 205 4.6.5 Characterization of PA nonlinearity 210 4.6.5.1 N-th order intermodulation distortion 212 4.6.5.2 N-th order input intercept point 213 Bibliography 214 5 Synthesizers 216 5.1 Integer-N Synthesizer 216 5.1.1 What is it and how it works 216 5.1.1.1 The lock-up mechanism 219 5.1.1.2 Lock-up time 221 5.1.1.3 Exercise: Estimating integer-N lock time 224 5.1.1.4 Something more on reference spurs and pre-integration capacitor 225 5.1.1.5 Exercise: Estimating reference spurs attenuation 225 5.1.1.6 Something more on phase-frequency detector modes 226 5.2 Fractional-N Synthesizer 228 5.2.1 What is it and how it works 228 5.2.1.1 Exercise: Estimating fractional-N lock time 230 5.2.2 Example: Dual-count fractional-N 231 5.3 Direct Digital Synthesizer 232 5.3.1 What is it and how it works 232 5.3.1.1 Exercise: Basic DDS design 234 5.4 Integer-N/DDS Hybrid Synthesizer 235 5.4.1 What is it and how it works 235 5.5 Solved Exercises 236 5.6 Theory Behind Equations 244 5.6.1 Integer-N analysis 244 5.6.1.1 Transient analysis 246 5.6.1.2 Lock time analysis 250 Bibliography 251 6 Oscillators 253 6.1 Low-power Self-limiting Oscillators 254 6.1.1 What is it and how it works 254 6.1.1.1 The self-limiting oscillation mechanism 254 6.1.1.2 Oscillator phase noise 257 6.1.2 Practical circuits 258 6.1.2.1 Exercise: NAND gate-driven oscillator 260 6.1.2.2 Exercise: Bipolar transistor-driven oscillator 264 6.2 Oscillators Using Distributed Resonators 270 6.2.1 What is it and how it works 270 6.2.1.1 Crystal resonators 270 6.2.1.2 Transmission-line resonators 271 6.3 Solved Exercises 273 6.4 Theory Behind Equations 288 6.4.1 General π-topology filter analysis 288 6.4.2 Leeson’s equation 290 6.4.2.1 Narrowband FM 290 6.4.2.2 Narrowband-FM through narrow band-pass filters 291 6.4.2.3 Leeson’s model 293 6.4.2.4 Computing clock jitter from oscillator phase noise 296 6.4.3 Lumped equivalent of resonant transmission lines 299 6.4.3.1 Open-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 300 6.4.3.2 Short-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 301 6.4.4 Voltage controlled oscillators 301 Bibliography 302 7 Functional RF Blocks 303 7.1 Antenna 303 7.1.1 What is it? 303 7.1.2 How it works 303 7.1.3 Basic parameters of antennas 304 7.1.3.1 Radiation pattern 304 7.1.3.2 Directivity 304 7.1.3.3 Efficiency 305 7.1.3.4 Gain 305 7.1.3.5 Effective area 305 7.1.3.6 Input impedance and radiation resistance 305 7.1.3.7 Measurement of antenna input impedance 306 7.1.3.8 Beamwidth 307 7.1.3.9 Polarization 307 7.1.4 Antenna arrays 307 7.1.4.1 Pattern multiplication principle 308 7.1.5 Smart antennas 308 7.1.5.1 Phased array 308 7.1.6 Antenna types 308 7.1.6.1 Isotropic antennas 309 7.1.6.2 Dipole 309 7.1.6.3 Whip 309 7.1.6.4 Planar inverted-F 310 7.1.6.5 Slot 310 7.1.6.6 Microstrip (patch) antennas 311 7.1.7 Solved exercises 312 7.2 Low Noise Amplifier 313 7.2.1 What is it and how it works 313 7.2.2 Noise of two-port networks (classical approach) 314 7.2.2.1 MOS transistor thermal noise 316 7.2.2.2 Stability 317 7.2.2.3 Matching options 317 7.2.3 LNA topologies 318 7.2.3.1 Shunt resistor at input – resistor termination 318 7.2.3.2 Shunt-series feedback 319 7.2.3.3 Common gate LNA 319 7.2.3.4 CS with inductive source degeneration 320 7.3 Filters 323 7.3.1 Filter design 325 7.3.2 Filter families 326 7.3.2.1 Butterworth filter 326 7.3.2.2 Chebyshev filter 326 7.3.2.3 Elliptic filter 327 7.3.2.4 Bessel filter 327 7.3.3 Filter types 327 7.3.3.1 Preselector filter 327 7.3.3.2 Diplexer 328 7.3.3.3 IF filter 328 7.3.3.4 Harmonic filter 328 7.3.4 Filter technologies 328 7.3.4.1 Crystal filters 328 7.3.4.2 Surface acoustic wave filters 329 7.4 Power Amplifier 330 7.4.1 Amplifier classes 331 7.4.1.1 Class A 331 7.4.1.2 Class B 332 7.4.1.3 Class AB 333 7.4.1.4 class c 333 7.4.2 Design 334 7.5 Mixer 341 7.5.1 Performance measures 341 7.5.1.1 Conversion loss/gain 342 7.5.1.2 Noise figure 342 7.5.1.3 Linearity 342 7.5.1.4 Isolation 342 7.5.1.5 Spurs 342 7.5.2 Mixer types 342 7.5.2.1 Unbalanced mixers 343 7.5.2.2 Single-balanced mixers 343 7.5.2.3 Double-balanced mixers 343 7.5.3 MOSFET mixer 343 7.5.4 Bipolar mixer 345 Bibliography 346 8 Useful Reminders 347 8.1 The RF Channel 347 8.1.1 Large and small scale fading 347 8.1.1.1 Multipath fading 347 8.1.1.2 Propagation delay 348 8.1.1.3 Delay spread 348 8.1.1.4 Coherence bandwidth 349 8.1.2 Fade margin 349 8.1.3 Fading classification 349 8.1.3.1 Flat fading 350 8.1.3.2 Frequency-selective fading 350 8.1.3.3 Slow fading 350 8.1.3.4 Fast fading 350 8.1.3.5 Rayleigh fading 350 8.1.3.6 Rice fading 351 8.1.4 Doppler effect 351 8.2 Noise 352 8.2.1 Thermal noise 352 8.2.2 Signal to noise ratio 353 8.2.3 Noise factor and noise figure 353 8.2.3.1 Noise figure of cascaded stages 354 8.2.3.2 Noise floor 354 8.3 Propagation 355 8.3.1 Logarithmic scale 355 8.3.2 Friis formula 355 8.3.3 Two ray model 356 8.4 Path loss 357 8.5 Modulation 357 8.5.1 Amplitude modulation 357 8.5.2 Frequency modulation 359 8.5.2.1 FM transmitter 360 8.5.2.2 FM receiver 360 8.5.3 Modeling carrier phase noise as narrowband FM 361 8.6 Multiple Input Multiple Output 362 8.6.1 How many independent data streams are possible? 363 Bibliography 364 Appendix – Exemplary Exams 365 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe book describes how interference can be managed so that radio systems co-exist, without harmful mutual effects, within a finite amount of spectrum. This is timely in view of the increasing proliferation of wireless systems. It covers both the processes, such as regional or international coordination, as well as the engineering principles. Written by an author with extensive experience in the industry, it describes in detail the main methodologies for calculating or computing the interference between radio systems of the same type, and also between radio systems of different typesTrade ReviewInterference analysis is fundamental to spectrum management and this book provides a comprehensive and detailed guide to this subject. The author is an expert who has chaired ITU-R meetings and contributed to many ITU-R Recommendations. The book builds from the motivations for interference analysis, including national and international regulatory regimes, all the way to sophisticated Monte Carlo analysis and descriptions of how to model specific services and their associated algorithms. It covers a wide range of systems and services, including Wi-Fi, fixed links, private mobile radio (PMR), 2G, 3G, 4G, broadcasting, radar, white space, ultra-wideband and programme making and special events plus science, navigation, maritime, aeronautical and satellite systems, including both GSO and non-GSO. The book describes fundamental concepts such as the link budget, carrier types, access methods, noise calculations, antennas, dynamics, statistics and propagation models and then builds up to details of the interference calculation and interference analysis methodologies. In particular, the book describes how to convolve transmit and receive spectrum masks, construct link budgets with an associated interference margin and use them to derive thresholds, including apportionment. Alternative interference metrics are described together with methods to mitigate against interference. The book is essential for both those new or experienced in the field, to help understand and advance technical studies for system design, frequency assignment, coordination or regulatory analysis. Dr Haim Mazar, IsraelTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations and Target Audience 2 1.2 Book Structure 2 1.3 Chapter Structure and Additional Resources 3 1.4 Case Study: How to Observe Interference 3 2 Motivations 6 2.1 Why Undertake Interference Analysis? 6 2.2 Drivers of Change 7 2.3 The Regulatory Framework 8 2.4 International Regulations 10 2.4.1 History and Structure 10 2.4.2 The Radiocommunication Sector 13 2.4.3 Radio Regulations 15 2.4.4 World Radiocommunication Conference 23 2.4.5 Study Groups and Working Parties 24 2.4.6 Recommendations and Reports 25 2.5 Updating the Radio Regulations and Recommendations 27 2.6 Meetings and Presenting Results 29 2.7 National Regulators 34 2.8 Regional and Industry Organisations 35 2.9 Frequency Assignment and Planning 37 2.10 Coordination 40 2.11 Types of Interference Analysis 42 2.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 42 3 Fundamental Concepts 43 3.1 Radiocommunication Systems 43 3.2 Radio Waves and Decibels 46 3.3 The Power Calculation 49 3.4 Carrier Types and Modulation 52 3.4.1 Overview 52 3.4.2 Analogue Modulation 53 3.4.3 Digital Modulation 55 3.4.4 Frequency Hopping and OFDM 60 3.4.5 Digital Modulation Selection 62 3.4.6 Pulse Modulation and UWB 64 3.4.7 Filtering 64 3.5 Multiple Access Methods 66 3.5.1 Overview 66 3.5.2 Collision Sensing Multiple Access 68 3.5.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access 69 3.5.4 Time Division Multiple Access 70 3.5.5 Code Division Multiple Access 71 3.5.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 75 3.6 Noise Temperature and Reference Points 75 3.7 Antennas 82 3.7.1 Basic Concepts 82 3.7.2 Beams and Beamwidths 85 3.7.3 Common Gain Pattern Types 85 3.7.4 Isotropic Gain Pattern 88 3.7.5 Parabolic Dish Antennas 88 3.7.6 Elliptical Patterns 92 3.7.7 Phased Array Antennas 95 3.7.8 Azimuth Dependent Antennas 96 3.7.9 Elevation Dependent Antennas 98 3.7.10 Azimuth and Elevation Slices 99 3.7.11 3D Gain Tables 100 3.7.12 Antenna Pointing Methods 101 3.8 Geometry and Dynamics 101 3.8.1 Geometric Frameworks 101 3.8.2 Flat Earth Vectors 103 3.8.3 Earth Spherical Coordinates 105 3.8.4 ECI Vector Coordinates 110 3.8.5 Ellipsoidal Earth and Orbit Models 120 3.8.6 Delay and Doppler 121 3.9 Calculation of Angles 122 3.9.1 Azimuth and Elevation 122 3.9.2 Terrestrial 123 3.9.3 Satellite 123 3.9.4 Angles in the Antenna Frame 124 3.9.5 Off-Axis Angle from ECI Vectors 125 3.9.6 Theta Phi Coordinates 127 3.10 Statistics and Distributions 128 3.11 Link Budgets and Metrics 133 3.12 Spectrum Efficiency and Requirements 138 3.13 Worked Example 140 3.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 142 4 Propagation Models 144 4.1 Overview 145 4.2 The Propagation Environment 148 4.2.1 Effective Earth Radius 148 4.2.2 Geoclimatic and Meteorological Parameters 150 4.2.3 Radio Climatic Zones 150 4.2.4 Terrain and Surface Databases 152 4.2.5 Land Use Databases 155 4.2.6 Signal Variation and Fast Fading 156 4.3 Terrestrial Propagation Models 160 4.3.1 P.525: Free Space Path Loss 160 4.3.2 P.526: Diffraction 161 4.3.3 P.530: Multipath and Rain Fade 165 4.3.4 P.452: Interference Prediction 169 4.3.5 P.1546: Point-to-Area Prediction 173 4.3.6 P.1812: Point-to-Area Prediction 177 4.3.7 P.2001: Wide-Range Propagation Model 179 4.3.8 Hata/COST 231 Median Loss Model 182 4.3.9 Appendix 7 184 4.3.10 Generic Models 188 4.3.11 Other Propagation Models 192 4.3.12 Comparing Terrestrial Propagation Models 193 4.4 Earth to Space Propagation Models 199 4.4.1 P.676: Gaseous Attenuation 199 4.4.2 P.618: Rain Loss and Noise Rise 201 4.5 Aeronautical Propagation Models 205 4.6 Additional Attenuations 205 4.7 Radio Path Geometry 208 4.8 Percentages of Time and Correlation 209 4.9 Selection of Propagation Model 214 4.10 Further Reading and Next Steps 216 5 The Interference Calculation 217 5.1 Bandwidths and Domains 218 5.2 Bandwidth Adjustment Factor 221 5.3 Spectrum Masks, Ratios and Guard Bands 224 5.3.1 Transmit Mask and Calculated Bandwidth 224 5.3.2 Standards and Spectrum Emission Masks 228 5.3.3 The Mask Integration Adjustment Factor 232 5.3.4 Frequency-Dependent Rejection and Net Filter Discrimination Terminology 239 5.3.5 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACS and Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 242 5.3.6 Spurious Emissions and dBc 245 5.3.7 Intermodulation 246 5.3.8 Block Edge Masks and Guard Bands 250 5.4 Polarisation 254 5.5 Adaptive Systems: Frequency, Power and Modulation 258 5.5.1 Dynamic Frequency Selection 258 5.5.2 Automatic Power Control 259 5.5.3 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 262 5.6 End-to-End Performance 263 5.7 Modelling Deployment and Traffic 266 5.7.1 Deployment Range 266 5.7.2 Activity Models and Erlangs 269 5.7.3 Traffic Type 272 5.7.4 Deployment Models 273 5.7.5 Aggregation Techniques 275 5.8 Link Design and Margin 276 5.9 Interference Apportionment and Thresholds 281 5.9.1 Interference Margin 281 5.9.2 Interference Apportionment 284 5.9.3 Short-Term and Long-Term Thresholds 286 5.9.4 Thresholds and Bandwidths 289 5.10 Types of Interference Thresholds 292 5.10.1 C/I and W/U Ratios 293 5.10.2 FDP 297 5.10.3 C/(N + I) and BER 301 5.10.4 Unavailability 303 5.10.5 Coverage, Range and Capacity 304 5.10.6 Observation Duration and Locations 307 5.10.7 Radar and Aeronautical Thresholds 307 5.10.8 Channel Sharing Ratio 308 5.10.9 Field Strength, PFD and EPFD 309 5.10.10 Margin over Threshold 312 5.11 Interference Mitigation 314 5.11.1 Transmit Power and Bandwidth 315 5.11.2 Antenna Gain Patterns 316 5.11.3 Antenna Pointing 318 5.11.4 Locations, Zones and Separation Distance 318 5.11.5 Deployment Likelihood 320 5.11.6 Noise, Feed Loss and Interference Margin 320 5.11.7 Receiver Processing 321 5.11.8 Time and Traffic 321 5.11.9 Polarisation 322 5.11.10 Antenna Height 323 5.11.11 Operate Indoors 323 5.11.12 Improved Filtering and Guard Bands 323 5.11.13 Site Shielding 325 5.11.14 Spectrum Sensing and Geodatabases 325 5.11.15 Wanted System Modifications 325 5.11.16 Modelling Methodology 326 5.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 327 6 Interference Analysis Methodologies 328 6.1 Methodologies and Studies 329 6.2 Example Scenarios 331 6.2.1 IMT Sharing with Satellite ES 331 6.2.2 Sharing Between Non-GSO MSS and FS 334 6.3 Static Analysis 338 6.4 Input Variation Analysis 344 6.5 Area and Boundary Analysis 347 6.5.1 Area Analysis 347 6.5.2 Boundary Analysis 351 6.6 Minimum Coupling Loss and Required Separation Distance 353 6.7 Analytic Analysis 357 6.8 Dynamic Analysis 363 6.9 Monte Carlo Analysis 373 6.9.1 Methodology 373 6.9.2 Variation of Inputs 378 6.9.3 Output Statistics and U Parameter Variation 380 6.9.4 Example Monte Carlo Analysis 382 6.9.5 LTE Downlink Link Budget 384 6.9.6 Statistical Significance 385 6.9.7 Deployment Analysis 392 6.9.8 Conclusions 394 6.10 Area and Two-Stage Monte Carlo 395 6.11 Probabilistic Analysis 401 6.12 Selection of Methodology 402 6.13 Study Projects and Working Methods 404 6.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 407 7 Specific Algorithms and Services 408 7.1 Fixed Service Planning 409 7.1.1 Overview 409 7.1.2 Link Planning 410 7.1.3 Interference Thresholds 412 7.1.4 High versus Low Site 415 7.1.5 Channel Selection 416 7.2 Private Mobile Radio 417 7.2.1 Overview 417 7.2.2 Coverage Calculation 418 7.2.3 PSA and Uplink Calculations 422 7.2.4 Thresholds and Propagation Model 422 7.2.5 Compatibility Checks 424 7.2.6 Channel Sharing Ratio 427 7.2.7 Sharing with Other Services 430 7.3 Broadcasting 431 7.3.1 Threshold Calculation 431 7.3.2 Coverage Prediction 434 7.3.3 Statistical Power Summation 437 7.3.4 Single-Frequency Networks 442 7.4 Earth Station Coordination 443 7.5 GSO Satellite Coordination 450 7.5.1 Regulatory Background 450 7.5.2 Coordination Triggers 454 7.5.3 Detailed Coordination 457 7.5.4 Coordination and Regulatory Constraints 464 7.5.5 Gain Patterns 465 7.6 EPFD and Rec. ITU-R S.1503 467 7.6.1 Background 467 7.6.2 Exclusion Zones and the α Angle 471 7.6.3 EPFD Validation Methodology 475 7.6.4 EPFD Calculation 479 7.7 The Radar Equation 483 7.8 N-Systems Methodology 488 7.9 Generic Radio Modelling Tool 494 7.10 White Space Devices 501 7.10.1 Background and Services 501 7.10.2 FCC Methodology 504 7.10.3 Ofcom Methodology 506 7.10.4 Comparison of Approaches 511 7.11 Final Thoughts 514 References 515 Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols 522 Index 530

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Book SynopsisIEEE 802.11ba Discover the latest developments in IEEE 802.11ba and Wake-up Radios In IEEE 802.11ba: Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio Standard, expert engineers Drs. Steve Shellhammer, Alfred Asterjadhi, and Yanjun Sun deliver a detailed discussion of the IEEE 802.11ba standard. The book begins by explaining the concept of a wake-up radio (WUR) and how it fits into the overall 802.11 standard, as well as how a WUR saves power and extends battery life. The authors go on to describe the medium access control (MAC) layer in detail and then talk about the various protocols used to negotiate WUR operation, its uses for different functionalities (like wake up of the main radio, discovery, synchronization, and security). The book offers a detailed description of the physical (PHY) layer packet construction and the rationale for the design, as well as the various design aspects of the medium access control layer. It also includes: A thorough introduction Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 3 1.3 Book Outline 5 2 Overview of IEEE 802.11 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer 10 2.2.1 Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 10 2.2.2 Ofdm 11 2.2.3 Ofdm Ppdu 12 2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer 16 2.3.1 Network Discovery 16 2.3.2 Connection Setup 18 2.3.3 Coordinated Wireless Medium Access 19 2.3.4 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 20 2.3.5 Security 20 2.3.6 Time Synchronization 21 2.3.7 Power- Saving Mechanisms 21 2.3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (ofdma) 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Wake- up Radio Concept 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Primary Sources of Power Consumption in an IEEE 802.11 Station 26 3.2.1 Power Consumption in Transmit Mode 26 3.2.2 Power Consumption in Receive Mode 28 3.2.3 Power Consumption in Sleep Mode 30 3.2.4 Power Consumption in Deep Sleep Mode 30 3.3 Wake- up Radio Concept 31 3.4 Example of Power Consumption Using a Wake- up Radio 37 3.5 Selection of Duty Cycle Values 39 3.6 Conclusions 42 4 Physical Layer Description 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Requirements 45 4.3 Regulations 47 4.4 Link Budget Considerations 50 4.5 Modulation 53 4.6 Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Structure 55 4.6.1 Non- WUR Portion of PPDU 55 4.6.2 Sync Field 58 4.6.3 Data Field 61 4.7 Symbol Randomization 62 4.8 FDMA Operation 66 4.8.1 40 MHz FDMA 66 4.8.2 80 MHz FDMA 67 4.9 Additional Topics 67 4.10 Conclusions 68 References 68 5 Physical Layer Performance 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Generic Non- coherent Receiver 73 5.3 Simulation Description 75 5.3.1 Transmitter Model 76 5.3.2 MC- OOK Symbol Waveform Generation 76 5.3.3 Channel Model 77 5.3.4 Receiver Model 79 5.3.5 Performance Metrics 80 5.4 PHY Performance: Simulation Results 81 5.4.1 Sync Field Detection Rate 82 5.4.2 Sync Field Classification Error Rate 83 5.4.3 Sync Field Timing Error 85 5.4.4 Packet Error Rate 88 5.4.5 Effects of Transmit Diversity 88 5.5 Link Budget Comparison 92 5.5.1 Comparison to the 6 Mb/s OFDM PHY 93 5.5.2 Comparison to the 1 Mb/s Non-OFDM PHY 94 5.6 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Wake- up Radio Medium Access Control 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Network Discovery 97 6.2.1 General 97 6.2.2 WUR Discovery 98 6.3 Connectivity and Synchronization 102 6.3.1 General 102 6.3.2 WUR Beacon Frame Generation 102 6.3.3 WUR Beacon Frame Processing 104 6.4 Power Management 105 6.4.1 General 105 6.4.1.1 MR Power Management 105 6.4.1.2 WUR Power Management 106 6.4.2 WUR Modes 108 6.4.2.1 WUR Mode Setup 108 6.4.2.2 WUR Mode Update 110 6.4.2.3 WUR Mode Suspend and Resume 111 6.4.2.4 WUR Mode Teardown 111 6.4.3 Duty Cycle Operation 112 6.4.3.1 WUR Duty Cycle Period 113 6.4.3.2 WUR Duty Cycle Service Period 114 6.4.3.3 WUR Duty Cycle Start Time 114 6.4.4 WUR Wake Up Operation 116 6.4.4.1 Individual DL BU Delivery Context 116 6.4.4.2 Group Addressed DL BU Delivery Context 119 6.4.4.3 Critical BSS Update Delivery Context 121 6.4.5 Use of WUR Short Wake- up Frames 124 6.4.6 Keep Alive Frames 126 6.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access 127 6.6 Protected Wake- up Frames 129 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 Medium Access Control Frame Design 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Information Elements 131 7.2.1 General 131 7.2.2 Elements Supporting MR Functionalities 132 7.2.2.1 DSSS Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.2 EDCA Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.3 Channel Switch Announcement Element 135 7.2.2.4 Extended Channel Switch Announcement Element 136 7.2.2.5 HT Operation Element 136 7.2.2.6 VHT Operation Element 137 7.2.2.7 Wide Bandwidth Channel Switch Element 138 7.2.2.8 Channel Switch Wrapper Element 139 7.2.2.9 HE Operation Element 139 7.2.3 Elements Supporting WUR Functionalities 142 7.2.3.1 WUR Capabilities Element 142 7.2.3.2 WUR Operation Element 142 7.2.3.3 WUR Mode Element 145 7.2.3.4 WUR Discovery Element 154 7.2.3.5 WUR PN Update Element 155 7.3 Main Radio MAC Frames 155 7.3.1 Beacon Frame 155 7.3.2 Probe Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.3 (Re)Association Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.4 Action Frames 157 7.4 WUR MAC Frames 157 7.4.1 WUR Beacon Frame 161 7.4.2 WUR Wake- up Frame 161 7.4.3 WUR Discovery Frame 164 7.4.4 WUR Vendor-Specific Frame 165 7.4.5 WUR Short Wake- up Frame 166 7.5 Conclusion 167 Index 169

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Book SynopsisA true story of love, murder, and the end of the world’s “great hush.”In Thunderstruck, Erik Larson tells the interwoven stories of two men—Hawley Crippen, a very unlikely murderer, and Guglielmo Marconi, the obsessive creator of a seemingly supernatural means of communication—whose lives intersect during one of the greatest criminal chases of all time.Set in Edwardian London and on the stormy coasts of Cornwall, Cape Cod, and Nova Scotia, Thunderstruck evokes the dynamism of those years when great shipping companies competed to build the biggest, fastest ocean liners; scientific advances dazzled the public with visions of a world transformed; and the rich outdid one another with ostentatious displays of wealth. Against this background, Marconi races against incredible odds and relentless skepticism to perfect his invention: the wireless, a prime catalyst for the emergence of the world we know today. Meanwhile,

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Book SynopsisAdaptive techniques play a key role in modern wireless communication systems. The concept of adaptation is emphasized in the Adaptation in Wireless Communications Series through a unified framework across all layers of the wireless protocol stack ranging from the physical layer to the application layer, and from cellular systems to next-generation wireless networks. Adaptation and Cross Layer Design in Wireless Networks is devoted to adaptation in the data link layer, network layer, and application layer. The book presents state-of-the-art adaptation techniques and methodologies, including cross-layer adaptation, joint signal processing, coding and networking, selfishness in mobile ad hoc networks, cooperative and opportunistic protocols, adaptation techniques for multimedia support, self organizing routing, and tunable security services. It presents several new theoretical paradigms and analytical findings which are supported with various simulation and experimental rTrade Review"This comprehensive book addresses the theory, architecture, and practical protocols and applications of wireless networks. Chapters could comfortably be read in a stand-alone, out-of-order sequence or as part of a complete curriculum . . . This book is not just at the cutting edge, it is the cutting edge." – Brian DeLacey, Amazon.com, May 2009Table of ContentsAdaptive Optimization of CSMA/CA MAC Protocols Based on Bayesian State Estimation; A. Lopez Toledo, T. Vercauteren, and X. Wang A Survey of Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Local and Ad Hoc Networks; T. You, H. Hassanein, and C.-H. Yeh Adaptive Scheduling for Beyond 3G Cellular Networks; S. Sorour and S. Valaee Adaptive Resource Allocation in CDMA Cellular Wireless Mobile Networks under Time-Varying Traffic: A Transient Analysis-Based Approach; D. Niyato and E. Hossain Utility-Based Bandwidth Adaptation for Multimedia Wireless Networks; N. Lu, J. Bigham and N. Nasser An Extensive Survey and Taxonomy of MAC Protocols for Vehicular Wireless Networks; H. Menouar, F. Filali, and M. Lenardi Network Coding for Wireless Networks; Y. Wu A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Trends; A. Alemdar and M. Ibnkahla Adaptive Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks; H. Luo, G. Zhang, Y. Liu, and S. K. Das Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks: Lifetime Maximization; A. Swami and Q. Zhao Routing in Wireless Self-Organizing Networks; M. D. de Amorim, F. Benbadis, M. S. Sichitiu, A. C. Viana, and Y. Viniotis Selfishness in MANETs; Y. Yoo and D. P. Agrawal Mobile-Relay Forwarding in Opportunistic Networks; G. Anastasi, M. Conti, A. Passarella, and L. Pelusi Adaptive Techniques in Wireless Networks; Y. Lin, V. W. S. Wong Tunable Security Services for Wireless Networks; S. Lindskog, A. Brunstrom, and Z. Faigl Index

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Book SynopsisFocusing on an important and complicated topic in wireless network design, Wireless Quality of Service: Techniques, Standards, and Applications systematically addresses the quality-of-service (QoS) issues found in many types of popular wireless networks. In each chapter, the book presents numerous QoS challenges encountered in real-world applications and delineates ways to overcome these obstacles. Some of the challenges explored are performance impairments in WLAN hotspots, video streaming applications, and broadband wireless access. The techniques and mechanisms covered to tackle these problems include medium access and call admission control techniques, a parameter tuning algorithm, the QoS-enabling features of IEEE 802.11e, a Markov chain model, a probe-based distributed admission control mechanism, topology-transparent scheduling protocols, and a novel multicast congestion control mechanism. Addressing advanced topics and future directions, the expert contributTable of ContentsQoS Support in Mobile Multimedia Networks. On the Improvement of QoS in WLANS Aspects and Applications. Policy-Based QoS Provision in WLAN Hotspots. QoS for Multimedia Streaming Applications over IEEE 802.11b and 802.11e WLANs. Performance Modeling and Analysis of IEEE 802.11e Contention Free Bursting Scheme under Unsaturated Traffic. QoS Services in WMANs. Soft QoS Support for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on End-to-End Path Probing and IEEE 802.11e Technology. QoS in Wireless Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks: A Cross-Layer Framework. Topology-Transparent Scheduling Protocols for QoS-Robust Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Guaranteeing QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks. Congestion Control for Multicast Transmission over UMTS. QoS Service in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. Index.

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Book SynopsisHe argues that the human-machine systems used to coordinate forces were as critical to naval successes in World War II as the ships and commanders more familiar to historians.Trade ReviewThis is an excellent and important book. The author, a U.S. Navy Reserve officer, is well qualified to point to the distinction between the visible side of sea power, as reflected in ships and in naval weapons, and the much less visible but absolutely essential side involving the use of information. -- Norman Friedman Proceedings Wolter's familiarity with naval minutiae and procedures leads to a lively and procedures leads to a lively, highly readable narrative that also maintains scholarly depth and thoroughness. Choice Information at Sea is a wonderful book, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of human-machine integration... a 'must read'! -- Mark Hagerott International Journal of Maritime History Both author and publisher have made this an appealing book. Illustrations of key personalities and equipment not only bring the subject to life, but are all the more helpful in understanding the core issues... This book is a must for any serious student of naval operations, platform design and in particular of the USN. Despite its specialised subject matter it will be valuable to military historians in general, especially those looking at the development and problems associated with command in the twentieth century. -- Dr. Marcus Faulkner British Journal of Military History This book will appeal to a broad cross-section of readers with an interest in naval matters and in particular those officers and sailors of the war-fighting community... Wolters has done a fine job in researching and writing this book and the astute reader will recognise that there are important lessons to be learned in it. -- John Perryman Great Circle The reader interested in a broad history of command and control design and innovation aboard US warships from the Civil War to World War II will be well rewarded. Wolters has mastered the sources surrounding this topic and writes in an easy style... This book is most highly recommended. -- John T. Kuehn International Journal of Naval History An outstanding history of the US Navy from the Civil War through the Second World War... Information at Sea has four particular strengths. First, it reveals the connective tissues and nervous system of shipboard command and control across an eighty-year period through extensive pioneering archival research. Second, its well written chronicle of technological investigation, adaptation, innovation, and combat applications will appeal to experts and general readers alike. Third, it seamlessly interweaves bureaucratic decision-making with matters of laboratory research and development, field experimentation, adjustments in training and education, and the new command and control systems; Wolters explains how, why, and to what effect the Navy made changes to improve its combat efficiency. Fourth, the book challenges the longstanding notion that entrenched naval conservatism time and again retarded innovation. Wolters makes abundantly clear that, on the contrary, the Navy regularly listened, learned, and made intelligent decisions about integrating new communications and detection systems... For all these reasons, Information at Sea should stand as a landmark work of military history. -- Branden Little Michigan War Studies ReviewTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Flags, Flares, and Lights: A World before Wireless2. Sparks and Arcs: The Navy Adopts Radio3. War and Peace: Coordinating Naval Forces4. A Most Complex Problem: Demanding Information5. Creating the Brain of a Warship: Radar and the CICConclusionAbbreviationsNotesEssay on SourcesArchives and Manuscript CollectionsIndex

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Book SynopsisEmpire of the Air tells the story of three American visionariesLee de Forest, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David Sarnoffwhose imagination and dreams turned a hobbyist''s toy into radio, launching the modern communications age. Tom Lewis weaves the story of these men and their achievements into a richly detailed and moving narrative that spans the first half of the twentieth century, a time when the American romance with science and technology was at its peak. Empire of the Air is a tale of pioneers on the frontier of a new technology, of American entrepreneurial spirit, and of the tragic collision between inventor and corporation.Trade ReviewLewis's book, which relates the civil wars between the principal figures in the invention and development of radio, is an achievement in its own right: finely detailed, engagingly written, and unexpectedly dramatic. * Boston Globe *[Lewis] has all of the skills and instincts of a historian, a gift for clear description of complex technologies and a real passion for detail. * Los Angeles Times *A compelling tale that takes readers back to another era and shows us how our lives were transformed forever. * Washington Post *The lives of the two innovative technologists (Lee DeForest and Edwin Armstrong) and the entrepreneur (David Sarnoff) whose work led to the success of radio provide the basis for this well-researched and superbly written volume. * Publishers' Weekly *Empire of the Air is indispensable for anyone curious about the beginnings of broadcasting and there is more than enough personal drama and social and political history to make the book entertaining and informative for the general reader. * Globe & Mail *Alternating between the technical wizardry, personality quirks, and feuds of these men, and the story of the growth of the industry itself and its influence over American life and leisure, the book is fast-paced, fun reading and doubles as a useful teaching tool for teachers of American history and culture, science, and mass communication. * Library Journal *[A] compelling read for anyone with an interest in the history of radio and television. * RadioUser *Table of ContentsPrologue: A New Empire for a New Century 1. The Faith in the Future 2. The Will to Succeed 3. "What Wireless Is Yet to Be" 4. Sarnoff and Marconi: Inventing a Legend 5. Wireless Goes to War 6. Releasing the Art: The Creation of RCA 7. Snapshots from the First Age of Broadcasting 8. CourtFight 9. The Godlike Presence 10. Armstrong and the FM Revolution 11. The Wizard War 12. "Until I'm Dead or Broke" 13. Victories Great and Small Epilogue: The Empire in Decline

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Book SynopsisThis revised edition clearly presents introductory and advanced concepts in telemetry systems, with an emphasis on digital communications. The book helps the reader to perform link analysis for the design of a communications link, create a FM/FM preemphasis schedule systematically to develop an algorithmic code to perform this function, and design PCM/FM telemetry systems to meet a specific BER and bit rate. Learn how to design the transmitting and receiving system with respect to filter bandwidth specifications, and analyze the link which will be used to test the vehicle and basically evaluate the system from end to end, predicting the bit error rate. Brand new chapters on range telemetry, industrial telemetry, and commercial security have been added. Moreover, this up-to-date resource explores future telemetry systems with enhanced spectral efficiencies such as QPSK, Feher's patented FQPSK, Enhanced FQPSK, M-ary FSK and M-ary PSK.Table of ContentsTelemetry system definition; analogue frequency modulation; design of FM/FM systems; pulse code modulation; TM channel formats; PCM/FM (binary FSK); power/noise concepts of BPSK modulation; QPSK; bandwidth efficient modulation techniques; spread spectrum modulation techniques; link analysis; system figure of merit; synchronization; hybrid systems, PCM/FM + FM/FM, PCM/FM/FM; convolutional coding for forward error correction.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for microwave and RF engineers, this is a presentation of nonlinear microwave and RF circuits. It offers an understanding of the theory of nonlinear circuit analysis that they need for their work in the field. There is guidance on designing nonlinear circuits and modelling solid-state devices for nonlinear circuit analysis by computer, showing how characteristics of such models affect the analysis of these circuits. This second edition features new material, including critical discussions on nonlinear analysis of oscillators and design issues relating to RF (radio frequency) and wireless technology. More than 120 illustrations support key topics throughout the text.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction, Fundamental Concepts, and Definitions. Solid-State Device Modeling. Harmonic-Balance analysis. Volterra-Series and Power-Series Analysis. Balanced Circuits. Diode Mixers. Diode Frequency Multipliers. Small-Signal Amplifiers. Power Amplifiers. Active Frequency Multipliers. Active Mixers. Oscillators. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn today's globally competitive wireless industry, the design-to-production cycle is critically important. Circuit and system engineers must be able to develop robust designs that can be mass produced. To accomplish this, engineers need to learn the requirements of, and solutions leading to, optimum performance. The first of a two-volume set, this text takes a practical approach to RF (radio frequency) circuit design, offering an understanding of the fundamental concepts that practitioners need to know and use for their work in this industry. It seeks to lay the groundwork for efficient passive circuit design.Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF circuit design; the radio as a typical RF system; RF circuit fundamentals; CAD of linear RF/MW circuits; scattering parameters and the Smith Chart; passive component modelling; impedance matching; lumped and distributed filters; high-speed circuit design considerations.

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Book SynopsisBook & CD. Cognitive Radio (CR technology) has the potential to provide more innovative, flexible, and comprehensive use of the radio frequency spectrum, while at the same time minimising the risk of interference to other spectrum users. CRs can be developed that have the technical capability to adapt their use of the spectrum in response to information external to the radio. As a result of this technical and operational flexibility, CR technologies may also make it possible to use spectrum that may be available in a particular geographic location or during a particular period of time and would otherwise go unused. At this time, there is not a clear boundary between CR and software defined radio (SDR) technologies. In many instances, SDR will be used as the basic platform on which to build CR technology. This book provides the first details of this new and innovative technology.

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Book SynopsisCommunication devices such as smart phones, GPS systems, and Bluetooth, are now part of our daily lives more than ever before. As our communication equipment becomes more sophisticated, so do the radios and other hardware required to enable that technology. Common radio architectures are required to make this technology work seamlessly. This resource describes practical aspects of radio frequency communications systems design, bridging the gap between system-level design considerations and circuit-level design specifications. Industry experts not only provide detailed calculations and theory to determine block level specifications, but also discuss basic theory and operational concepts. This resource also includes extensive, up-to-date application examples. It is suitable for radio frequency systems designers, engineers, and researchers.Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF Systems Design; Introduction to Communications Systems; Basic RF Design Concepts and Building Blocks; System Level Architecture and Design Considerations; System Level Design Considerations; Frequency Synthesis; Block Level Radio Design Examples.

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Book SynopsisCognitive radio is a radio that can sense, learn and adapt to the surrounding environment according to its inner and outer stimuli. A primary feature of cognitive radios is the ability to adapt the transmission parameters given a dynamic wireless environment. In this book, the cognitive radio adaptation is formalised and four evolutionary algorithms are explored and used to intelligently solve this problem and determine the optimal parameters for a given situation. Moreover, the authors of this book limit the scope of cognition to reduce mutual interference between CR-based rental (unlicensed) users and licensed users (LUs) and in providing coexistence between them. The modulation strategies employed to realise a co-existence between the CR-based rental system and the licensed system are introduced. In addition, a novel dynamic spectrum sharing scheme combining spectrum adaptation and MIMO-OFDM for cognitive radio system is proposed. In order to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce computational complexity, a simple power allocation algorithm is proposed as well. Other chapters report recent results on policy-based self-management towards self-adaptive and Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS). Its focus is not on self-properties of cognitive radio systems but on self-learning policy and cognition.

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Book SynopsisRadio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. RFID has many applications; for example, it is used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. This book presents current research from across the globe in the study of radio frequency identification, including the role of RFID in agriculture; plants with implanted RFID microchips to yield safer and more wholesome products; radio frequency identification in the support and transmission of medical information in the field of disaster medicine; and RFID adoption in the developed and developing world.

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Book SynopsisWBAA: 100 Years as the Voice of Purdue documents the fascinating history of WBAA, Indiana's first radio station founded at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, on April 4, 1922. Richly illustrated with more than 150 photos, the book chronicles the station's evolution over the years, while highlighting the staff, students, and volunteers significant to WBAA's success. WBAA began as a lab experiment conducted by Purdue electrical engineering students in 1910. Later, the station became a vital method for Purdue's Cooperative Extension Service to broadcast the knowledge of the university, particularly agricultural news, to the people of the state. From the 1960s to 1980s, WBAA aired Purdue basketball and football games, with station manager John DeCamp as the "Voice of the Boilermakers." In 1971, WBAA became a member station of National Public Radio (NPR), offering popular programming such as All Things Considered and Morning Edition. Listeners tuned into WBAA to hear classical, jazz, and international music, along with in-depth news reporting. Mayors and Purdue presidents aired weekly programs. WBAA gave a voice to arts and community organizations.Read about the invention of the first all-electronic television by pioneering Purdue scientist Roscoe George; WBAA's long-running School of the Air educational program deemed the "invisible textbook"; and the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction (MPATI), an airplane that transmitted videos to schools while flying over six Midwestern states in the 1960s. Famous WBAA alumni include NBC sportscaster Chris Schenkel, comedian Durward Kirby, Today Show newscaster Lew Wood, Indiana State Representative Sheila Klinker, actress Karen Black, and actor George Peppard, among others.From the vacuum tube era to the digital age, this thoroughly researched book brings to light the intriguing backstories of the esteemed one hundred-year history of WBAA.Table of Contents Foreword Preface 1. Mystic Wave 2. Professor Invents All-Electronic Television 3. Educate and Serve 4. Hall of Music Momentum 5. School of the Air 6. Voice 7. A Well-Balanced Radio Day 8. The Natural Resource 9. A Flying Classroom Supersedes FM 10. 1960s Staying Power 11. Civil Disobedience 12. NPR—1970s New Dawn 13. Stewards of the Promise 14. Volunteers, Belief into Action 15. Winds of Change 16. FM and the Loss of NPR—The Untold Stories 17. Rejuvenation 18. Renovation and Expansion 19. Power Up 20. Protecting the License 21. The Next Century Notes on Sources Index

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Book SynopsisThis text explores the practical realities that arise from the employment of geolocation for electronic warfare in real-world systems, including position of the target, errors in sensor position, orientation, or velocity, and the impact of repeated measurements over time. The problems solved in the book have direct relevance to accurately locating and tracking UAVs, planes, and ships. As a companion volume to the author’s previous book Emitter Detection and Geolocation for Electronic Warfare (Artech House, 2019), this book goes in depth on real-world complications that include: working within and converting between different coordinate systems, incorporation of prior information about targets, sensor uncertainties, the use of multiple snapshots over time, and estimating the current position and velocity of moving targets. The e-book version described here includes several links to software and videos that can be downloaded from the publicly available Git repository. The book also includes all MATLAB code necessary to develop novel algorithms that allow comparisons to classical techniques and enable you to account for errors in timing, position, velocity, or orientation of the sensors. With its unique and updated coverage of detailed geolocation techniques and data, and easy linkable access to additional software and videos, this is a must-have book for engineers and electronic warfare practitioners who need the best information available on the development or employment of geolocation algorithms. It is also a useful teaching resource for faculty and students in engineering departments covering RF signal processing topics, as well as anyone interested in novel applications of SDR’s and UAVs.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Receiver Processing 1 1.2 Geolocation 2 1.2.1 Practical Considerations of Geolocation 3 1.3 Associated Software 9 1.3.1 MATLAB 9 1.3.2 Textbook Software 10 1.3.3 Python Software 10 Chapter 2 Review of Emitter Geolocation 13 2.1 Geolocation Measurements and Their Likelihood Functions 13 2.1.1 Likelihood Function for AoA Measurements 14 2.1.2 Likelihood Function for TDOA Measurements 16 2.1.3 Likelihood Function for FDOA Measurements 17 2.1.4 Likelihood Function for Hybrid Measurements 19 2.1.5 Generating Measurements and Likelihood Functions 20 2.2 Estimators 25 2.2.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 25 2.2.2 Maximum a Posterior Optimization 26 2.2.3 Convex Optimization 26 2.2.4 Least Square Estimators 27 2.2.5 Using Estimators for Geolocation 28 2.3 Other Geolocation Algorithms 31 2.4 Performance Measures 31 2.4.1 Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) 31 2.4.2 Error Ellipse 32 2.4.3 Circular Error Probable (CEP) 32 2.4.4 Statistical Bounds 33 2.4.5 Statistical Bounds for Common Geolocation Data 36 2.4.6 Calculating CRLB for Geolocation Measurements 38 2.5 Discussion 39 2.6 Problem Set 41 Chapter 3 Sensor Selection 45 3.1 Measurement Sets 47 3.1.1 Full Measurement Set 47 3.1.2 Non-Redundant Set 48 3.2 Measurement Statistics of Sensor Pairs 49 3.2.1 Sensor Pair Cross-Covariance 50 3.2.2 Usage 51 3.2.3 Generating Measurements 54 3.2.4 Jacobian Matrix of Arbitrary Sensor Pairs 56 3.3 Performance Analysis 57 3.4 Problem Set 66 Chapter 4 Coordinate Systems 69 4.1 Local Coordinate Systems 69 4.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates 69 4.1.2 Spherical Coordinates 71 4.2 Global Coordinate Systems 73 4.2.1 Models of the Earth 73 4.2.2 Latitude and Longitude 77 4.2.3 Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) 78 4.2.4 Earth-Centered Inertial (ECI) 78 4.3 Usage 79 4.3.1 Conversion between ECEF and LLA 80 4.3.2 Conversion between ENU and ECEF 81 4.3.3 ENU Adapted for Spherical Earth 83 4.3.4 Examples 84 4.4 Problem Set 89 Chapter 5 Geolocation with Target Constraints 93 5.1 Geolocation with Known Target Altitude 94 5.1.1 Optimization Problem Formulation 94 5.1.2 Solvers 96 5.1.3 Performance Analysis 105 5.2 Geolocation with Known Altitude Bounds 111 5.2.1 Optimization Problem Formulation 111 5.2.2 Solvers 112 5.2.3 Performance Analysis 117 Contents ix 5.3 Geolocation with Statistical Priors 117 5.3.1 Example Priors 119 5.3.2 Solving Geolocation with Priors 119 5.3.3 Performance Analysis 122 5.4 Problem Set 124 Chapter 6 Geolocation with Sensor Uncertainties 127 6.1 Formulation 127 6.1.1 Gradient of the Measurement Function with Sensor Uncertainties 132 6.1.2 Sensor Position Covariance 138 6.2 Approach 143 6.2.1 Required Observations 144 6.2.2 Maximum Likelihood 146 6.2.3 Iterative Solvers 151 6.3 Calibration Emitters 154 6.3.1 Measurement Bias Estimation 155 6.3.2 Sensor Position Error Estimation 157 6.3.3 Estimating Target Position 157 6.4 Other Solution Approaches 160 6.5 Performance Analysis 161 6.6 Problem Set 163 Chapter 7 Geolocation with Multiple Snapshots 167 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Convergence of Multiple Measurements 168 7.2.1 Measurement Space Solutions 172 7.2.2 State Space Solutions 176 7.3 Geolocation of a Stationary Target from Moving Sensors 182 7.3.1 Measurement Space Solutions 183 7.3.2 State Space Solutions 183 7.3.3 Complex Scenarios 186 7.3.4 Degenerate Geometries 188 7.4 Conclusion 190 7.5 Problem Set 190 Chapter 8 Geolocation of Moving Targets 193 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 An Introduction to Tracking 193 8.2.1 Update Stage 194 8.2.2 Prediction Stage 196 8.2.3 Limitations 197 8.2.4 Coordinate Selection 197 x Contents 8.3 State Space Models 198 8.3.1 State Space Representation of Targets 198 8.3.2 Kinematic Models 198 8.3.3 Process Noise 201 8.3.4 Measurement Models 202 8.4 Advanced Tracking Concepts 212 8.5 Problem Set 216 Appendix A Derivation of the Fisher Information Matrix for Phase, Delay, and Doppler Estimation 221

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Book SynopsisIn this issue of Make: we break down the latest trends in the world of microcontrollers and single board computers with the latest from Arduino, Google, Particle, and more. You'll also learn how FPGAs will change the way you prototype with our skill builder on using these ultra-configurable devices. And don't miss the 2019 edition of the Make: Guide to Boards special pullout -- compare specs for more than 70 boards to find the perfect one for any endeavor!Plus, 23 projects: Build a mesh-networked mob of R/C car swarmbotsAdd a full-sheet vertical Maslow CNC to even the tightest shopGet nonstop running water at the beach for boats, castles, and water fightsPersonalize a crafty glass block as a night light or custom giftAnd more!

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe book Introduction to Satellite Technology and Its Applications offers a thorough exploration of modern satellite technologies and their diverse practical uses. It provides a broad overview of applications ranging from military and remote sensing to scientific and navigational purposes. This book provides a brief overview of the many stages in the development of satellites and satellite launch vehicles, starting with the use of hot air balloons and sounding rockets in the late 1940s and early 1950s and ending with current technology. With its eight chapters, each dedicated to a specific topic, the book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and engineering students interested in the field of satellite technology and space sciences. Additionally, it covers the exciting advancements in communication systems using low earth orbit satellites (LEOS), the design considerations for efficient MEO constellations, and the propulsion technologies of cube-satellites (CubeSats). It also touches upon the applications and characteristics of small satellites. Lastly, the book concludes with a glimpse into future trends in satellite technology and satellite communication systems.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Satellites and Their Applications Chapter 2 Classification of Key Satellite Systems Chapter 3 Introduction to Low Earth Orbital (LEO) Satellites Chapter 4 Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Chapter 5 Geostationary Satellites and Their Constellations Chapter 6 An Overview of Cube-Satellite Propulsion Technologies and Trends Chapter 7 Small Satellites Missions Chapter 8 Future Trends in Satellite Communication Systems

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Book SynopsisThis book concerns a new paradigm in the field of UHF RFID systems: the positive exploitation of nonlinear signals generated by the chips integrated into the RFID tags. After having recalled the main principles in RFID technology and its current challenges notably with the emergence of Internet of Things or the smart connected environments, the purpose is to focus on the presence of nonlinearities produced by the nonlinear circuits of RFID chips: effects, nuisances and solutions but also and especially use of the phenomena. The presentation covers all aspects from the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of RFID tags and the associated platforms (distinguishing conducted and radiated measurement) to the design of new types of tags where nonlinearities are exploited in order to offer new capabilities or enhanced performance.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1 1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1 1.2 Birth of RFID 2 1.3 Early modern RFID 4 1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7 1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8 1.6 RFID chip age 10 1.7 Maturation of RFID 11 1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15 1.9 Summary 19 Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21 2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21 2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23 2.2.1 Working principle 23 2.2.2 Reader 24 2.2.3 Tag 25 2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29 2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29 2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29 2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32 2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32 2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41 3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41 3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41 3.2.3 RFID air interface 42 3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43 3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45 3.3.1 Tags under test 46 3.3.2 Measurement system 46 3.3.3 Power budget 47 3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48 3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49 3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52 3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58 3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65 3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66 3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68 3.4.2 System operation description 68 3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72 3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75 3.4.5 Result exploitation 79 3.5 Summary 80 Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82 4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82 4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84 4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88 4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f0 88 4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f0 89 4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93 4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93 4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f0 by the HT 95 4.5 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101 5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102 5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104 5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104 5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106 5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108 5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128 5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129 5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129 5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130 5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132 5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141 5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147 5.4 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 155 Index 171

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Book SynopsisTwo new fields have recently appeared: mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks. The emergence of these very promising systems is mainly due to great technological progress in the field of wireless communication protocols; these will make it possible to offer a broad range of new applications in both civilian and militarian domains. The inherent characteristics of these systems imply new challenges. This book deals with several relevant fields related to the evolution of these spontaneous and self-organized networks. The authors tackle critical problems such as the design of unicast/multicast routing protocols, the support of the quality of service, the security mechanisms for routing and data transmission, the service discovery, the techniques of clustering/self-organization, the mobility of code and the fault-tolerance techniques. The discussion adopts an analysis-oriented approach which aims to cover the current cutting-edge aspects of these fields and to highlight some potential future development, making it essential reading for anyone wishing to gain a better understanding of these exciting new areas.Trade Review"This book will provide a very useful reference on the architectural aspects of ad-hoc sensor networks to both students and practioners working in the area." (Computing Reviews, November 19, 2008) "What makes this book worth reading from cover to cover is the successful juxtaposition of state-of-the-art descriptions and concrete research projects related to wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. While many aspects of the study of wireless ad hoc sensor networks are still in flux, the book succeeds in presenting 'a global, realistic, and critical vision of the evolution of spontaneous and autonomous network.' Thus, the book is long on solid scientific research and short on speculation." (Computing Reviews, October 23, 2008)Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Houda LABIOD Chapter 2. Ad Hoc Networks: Principles and Routing 7 Stéphane UBÉDA 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Hertzian connection 12 2.2.1. Physical layer impact 12 2.2.2. Shared access to medium 15 2.2.3. Flooding 19 2.3. Routing 21 2.3.1. Dynamic source routing (DSR) 23 2.3.2. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) 25 2.3.3. Optimized link state routing (OLSR) 26 2.3.4. Topology based on reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF) 28 2.3.5. Zone-based hierarchical link state routing protocol (ZRP) 29 2.3.6. Location-aided routing (LAR) 30 2.4. Conclusion 32 2.5. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Quality of Service Support in MANETs 35 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 35 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 36 3.1.2. Chapter structure 36 3.2. Mobile ad hoc networks and QoS objectives 37 3.2.1. Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks and QoS 37 3.2.2. Routing in mobile ad hoc networks 40 3.2.3. Realistic QoS objectives 48 3.3. QoS architecture and relative QoS state of the art 49 3.3.1. Different QoS components 49 3.3.2. QoS models 51 3.3.3. QoS signaling 53 3.3.4. QoS routing 56 3.4. An example of QoS support: QoS OLSR 57 3.4.1. Description of QoS OLSR 58 3.4.2. Performance evaluation 59 3.5. Conclusion 61 3.5.1. Summary 61 3.5.2. Perspectives 62 3.6. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Multicast Ad Hoc Routing 65 Houda LABIOD 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Multicast routing in MANETs: a brief state of the art 66 4.2.1. Classification 66 4.2.2. Summary 68 4.3. SRMP 69 4.3.1. Description 69 4.3.2. Operation 72 4.3.3. Maintenance procedures 73 4.4. Properties 75 4.5. Simulation results and analysis 76 4.6. Conclusion 77 4.7. Bibliography 77 Chapter 5. Self-organization of Ad Hoc Networks: Concepts and Impacts 81 Fabrice THEOLEYRE and Fabrice VALOIS 5.1. Introduction 81 5.2. Self-organization: definition and objectives 82 5.2.1. Definition 82 5.2.2. Principles and objectives 82 5.2.3. Local or distributed decisions? 84 5.3. Some key points for self-organization 85 5.3.1. Emergence of global behavior from local rules 85 5.3.2. Local interactions and node coordination 86 5.3.3. Minimizing network state information 86 5.3.4. Dynamic environment adaptation 87 5.4. Self-organization: a state of the art 87 5.4.1. Classification 87 5.4.2. Virtual backbone 88 5.4.3. Cauterization techniques 94 5.5. Case study and proposition of a solution 94 5.5.1. Motivations 94 5.5.2. Construction of virtual topology 95 5.5.3. Maintenance of virtual topology 98 5.5.4. Virtual topology properties 101 5.6. Contribution of self-organization 101 5.6.1. Energy saving 102 5.6.2. Influence of self-organization on routing 103 5.7. Conclusion 106 5.8. Bibliography 107 Chapter 6. Approaches to Ubiquitous Computing 111 Mohamed BAKHOUYA and Jaafar GABER 6.1. Introduction 111 6.2. Structured service discovery systems 114 6.2.1. Systems based on an indexing mechanism 114 6.2.2. Systems based on distributed hash 119 6.3. Unstructured service discovery systems 120 6.3.1. Flooding-based mechanism 120 6.3.2. Random walk-based mechanism 123 6.4. Comparison between structured and unstructured systems 124 6.5. Self-organizing and self-adaptive approach 125 6.5.1. Server community construction approach 126 6.5.2. Request resolution 129 6.6. Simulation results 135 6.7. Conclusion 137 6.8. Bibliography 137 Chapter 7. Service Discovery Protocols for MANETs 143 Abdellatif OBAID and Azzedine KHIR 7.1. Introduction 143 7.2. Service discovery protocols 146 7.2.1. Service discovery protocols in wired networks 146 7.2.2. Service discovery in ad hoc networks150 7.2.3. Service discovery with routing 152 7.3. Conclusion 162 7.4. Bibliography 162 Chapter 8. Distributed Clustering in Ad Hoc Networks and Applications 165 Romain MELLIER and Jean-Frédéric MYOUPO 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. State of the art 166 8.2.1. Clustering in two hop clusters 167 8.2.2. Clustering at more than two hops 181 8.3. Clustering in networks where mobile devices may have the same weight 183 8.4. Applications 184 8.4.1. Initialization problem in k hop networks 185 8.4.2. Mutual exclusion in k hop networks 185 8.5. Conclusion 190 8.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 9. Security for Ad Hoc Routing and Forwarding 195 Sylvie LANIEPCE 9.1. Introduction 195 9.2. Reminders on routing protocols in ad hoc networks196 9.2.1. Reactive protocols 196 9.2.2. Proactive protocol 198 9.3. Routing threat model in ad hoc networks 199 9.3.1. Ad hoc network characterization for security 199 9.3.2. Classification of attack objectives 200 9.3.3. Basic attacks and security counter measures 200 9.4. Routing security 202 9.4.1. SRP: secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks 202 9.4.2. Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector (SAODV) routing 204 9.4.3. Ariadne 205 9.4.4. ARAN: authenticated routing protocol for ad hoc networks 209 9.4.5. Secure dynamic source routing (SDSR) 210 9.4.6. EndairA 212 9.5. IP datagram forwarding security 213 9.5.1. Monitoring-based techniques 213 9.5.2. Technique based on packet acknowledgement 219 9.5.3. Cooperative incentive techniques based on virtual money 220 9.6. Conclusion 220 9.7. Acknowledgements 221 9.8. Bibliography 221 Chapter 10. Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithms for Scalable Systems 225 Sébastien TIXEUIL 10.1. Introduction 225 10.2. Distributed algorithms and wireless communications 226 10.3. Fault-tolerant distributed algorithms 228 10.3.1. Fault taxonomy in distributed systems 228 10.3.2. Fault-tolerant algorithm categories 230 10.4. The limits and problems caused by a large-scale system 232 10.4.1. Hypotheses about the system 232 10.4.2. Hypotheses on the applications 235 10.5. Solutions for large-scale self-stabilization 238 10.5.1. Restricting the nature of the faults 238 10.5.2. Limiting the geographic extent of faults 242 10.5.3. Classification 246 10.5.4. Limiting the classes of problems to solve 247 10.6. Conclusion 251 10.7. Bibliography 251 Chapter 11. Code Mobility in Sensor Networks 257 Fabrício A. SILVA, Linnyer B. RUIZ, José M. NOGUEIRA, Thais R. BRAGA and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Introduction 257 11.2. Concepts linked to code mobility 258 11.2.1. Process and object migration 259 11.2.2. Code mobility 259 11.2.3. Wireless sensor networks and code mobility 260 11.3. Project paradigms of code mobility systems 261 11.3.1. Client/server 261 11.3.2. Remote evaluation 262 11.3.3. Code on demand 262 11.3.4. Mobile agent 263 11.4. Mobile agents 263 11.4.1. Mobile agent components 265 11.4.2. Mobile agent system models 266 11.5. Modeling mobile agent systems for wireless sensor networks 268 11.5.1. Agent model 268 11.5.2. Life cycle model 268 11.5.3. Computing model 269 11.5.4. Security model 269 11.5.5. Communication model 270 11.5.6. Navigation model 270 11.6. State of the art 271 11.6.1. Remote and single hop reprogramming 271 11.6.2. Multihop reprogramming 272 11.6.3. Virtual machine reprogramming 274 11.6.4. Mobile target location application 275 11.7. Case study: mobile agents in WSN management 276 11.7.1. Objectives 276 11.7.2. Models 277 11.7.3. Evaluation 278 11.8. Conclusion 282 11.9. Bibliography 282 Chapter 12. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Applications and Perspectives 285 Rabah MERAIHI, Sidi-Mohammed SENOUCI, Djamal-Eddine MEDDOUR and Moez JERBI 12.1. Introduction 285 12.2. Properties and applications 287 12.2.1. Properties of VANETs 287 12.2.2. VANET applications 289 12.3. State of the art and study of the existing situation 292 12.3.1. Projects and consortiums 292 12.3.2. Study of the existing situation 294 12.4. Conclusion 303 12.5. Bibliography 304 List of Authors 309 Index 313

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Book SynopsisUltra Wide Band (UWB) technology consists of transmitting radio signals over frequency bandwidths from 500 MHz to several GHz. Its unique characteristics may be exploited for the design of high data rate wireless communication systems, as well as localization and imaging applications. The development and optimization of such systems require a precise knowledge of the radio transmission medium. This book examines all aspects of the propagation channel for UWB systems. UWB technology is first presented, with a particular emphasis being placed on its applications, spectrum regulation issues, and the different communication techniques. The authors introduce the theoretical bases of radioelectric propagation and give an overview of the channel sounding techniques adapted for UWB signals. The two main principles of UWB channel modeling are finally exposed and illustrated: deterministic channel modeling, based on the simulation of the propagation phenomena in a given environment, and statistical channel modeling, which relies on the experimental analysis of the main channel characteristics.Table of ContentsForeword 11 Acronyms 17 Chapter 1. UWB Technology and its Applications 21 1.1. Introduction 21 1.2. Definition and historical evolution 22 1.2.1. Definition 22 1.2.2. Historical evolution 23 1.3. Specificities of UWB 24 1.4. Considered applications 26 1.5. Regulation evolution 30 1.5.1. Regulation in the USA 31 1.5.2. Regulation in Europe 32 1.5.3. Regulation in Asia 33 1.6. UWB communication system and standardization 34 1.6.1. Impulse radio 35 1.6.1.1. Pulse position modulation 35 1.6.1.2. Pulse amplitude modulation 38 1.6.2. Direct sequence UWB 39 1.6.3.Multiband OFDM 40 1.7. Conclusion 41 Chapter 2. Radio Wave Propagation 43 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Definition of the propagation channel 43 2.2.1. Free space propagation 44 2.2.2. Multipath propagation 45 2.2.3. Propagation channel variations 47 2.2.3.1. Spatial selectivity 48 2.2.3.2. Frequency selectivity 48 2.2.3.3. Doppler effect 50 2.3. Propagation channel representation 51 2.3.1.Mathematical formulation 51 2.3.2. Characterization of deterministic channels 52 2.3.2.1. The time varying impulse response 53 2.3.2.2. The frequency domain function 53 2.3.2.3. The time varying transfer function 54 2.3.2.4. The delay-Doppler spread function 54 2.3.3. Characterization of linear random channels 54 2.3.4. Channel classification 55 2.3.4.1.Wide sense stationary channels 55 2.3.4.2. Uncorrelated scattering channels 56 2.3.4.3. Wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering channels 57 2.4. Channel characteristic parameters 58 2.4.1. Frequency selectivity 58 2.4.1.1. RMS delay spread 59 2.4.1.2. Coherence bandwidth 59 2.4.1.3. Delay window and delay interval 60 2.4.1.4. Exponential decay constants 61 2.4.1.5. Cluster and ray arrival rates 61 2.4.2. Propagation loss 62 2.4.3. Fast fading 63 2.4.4. Spectral analysis 64 2.5. Conclusion 64 Chapter 3. UWB Propagation Channel Sounding 67 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Specificity of UWB channel sounding 67 3.3. Measurement techniques for UWB channel sounding 70 3.3.1. Frequency domain techniques 71 3.3.1.1. Vector network analyzer 71 3.3.1.2. Chirp sounder 72 3.3.2. Time domain techniques 73 3.3.2.1. Pulsed techniques 73 3.3.2.2. Correlation measurements 75 3.3.2.3. Inversion techniques 78 3.3.3. Multiple-band time domain sounder for dynamic channels 78 3.3.3.1. Principle of multiple-band time domain sounding 80 3.3.3.2. Description of the SIMO channel sounder 81 3.3.3.3. Extension towards UWB 81 3.3.3.4. Experimental validation 84 3.4. UWB measurement campaigns 85 3.4.1. Overview of UWB measurement campaigns 85 3.4.2. Illustration of channel sounding experiments 91 3.4.2.1. Static measurement campaign over the 3.1–10.6 GHz band 91 3.4.2.2. Static measurement campaign over the 2–6 GHz band 95 3.4.2.3. Dynamic measurement campaign over the 4–5 GHz band 95 3.5. Conclusion 98 Chapter 4. Deterministic Modeling of the UWB Channel 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Overview of deterministic modeling 99 4.2.1. FDTD based approach 100 4.2.2.MoMbased approach 100 4.2.3. Ray based approach 101 4.3. Specificity of deterministic modeling in UWB 101 4.4. Overview of UWB deterministic modeling 102 4.4.1. Qiu model 102 4.4.2. Yao model 102 4.4.3. Attiya model 103 4.4.4. Uguen and Tchoffo Talom model 104 4.5. Illustration of a deterministic model formalism 104 4.5.1. Received signal synthesis 105 4.5.2. Ray impulse response without delay 105 4.5.3. Ray channel matrix without delay 108 4.5.4. Described model results 110 4.5.4.1. Emitted waveform and considered scenario 110 4.5.4.2. Channel matrix of each emitted waveform in the LOS case 113 4.5.4.3. Received signal with ideal antennas 114 4.6. Consideration of real antenna characteristics in deterministic modeling 118 4.7. Building material effects on channel properties 120 4.8. Simulation and measurement comparisons 124 4.8.1. Evaluation of real antenna consideration 124 4.8.2. Evaluation of impulse response reconstruction 125 4.9. Conclusion 126 Chapter 5. Statistical Modeling of the UWB Channel 133 5.1. Experimental characterization of channel parameters 134 5.1.1. Propagation loss 134 5.1.1.1. Frequency propagation loss 134 5.1.1.2. Distance propagation loss 136 5.1.2. Impulse response characterization 137 5.1.2.1. Delay spread 137 5.1.2.2. Power delay profile decay 141 5.1.2.3. Ray and cluster arrival rate 145 5.1.3. Study of small-scale channel variations 148 5.1.4. Effect of moving people 151 5.1.4.1. Observation of temporal variations 151 5.1.4.2. Slow fading 152 5.1.4.3. Fast fading 153 5.1.4.4. Spectral analysis 156 5.2. Statistical channel modeling 157 5.2.1. Examples of statistical models 158 5.2.1.1. IEEE 802.15.3a model 158 5.2.1.2. IEEE 802.15.4a model 159 5.2.1.3. Other models 160 5.2.2. Empirical modeling principles 162 5.2.2.1. Propagation loss model 162 5.2.2.2. Modeling the channel impulse response over an infinite bandwidth 163 5.2.2.3. Modeling the channel impulse response over a limited bandwidth 166 5.2.2.4. Simulation results 166 5.3. Advanced modeling in a dynamic configuration 169 5.3.1. Space variation modeling 169 5.3.2.Modeling the effect of people 172 5.4. Conclusion 175 Appendices A. Baseband Representation of the Radio Channel 177 B. Statistical Distributions 181 B.1. Definition 181 B.1.1. Rayleigh distribution 181 B.1.2. Rice distribution 182 B.1.3. Nakagami distribution 183 B.1.4.Weibull distribution 184 B.1.5. Normal distribution 184 B.1.6. Log-normal distribution 185 B.1.7. Laplace distribution 185 B.2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test 186 C. Geometric Optics and Uniform Theory of Diffraction 189 C.1. Geometric optics 189 C.1.1. Introduction 189 C.1.2. Field locality principle 190 C.1.3. Field expression in geometric optics 191 C.1.4. Change of local basis 192 C.1.5. Incident field 192 C.1.6. Reflected field 193 C.1.7. Refracted and transmitted field 197 C.2. Uniform theory of diffraction 200 C.2.1. Introduction 200 C.2.2. Diffracted field 200 C.2.3. UTD 2D coefficient 201 C.2.4. UTD 3D coefficient 204 D. Ray Construction Techniques 209 D.1. Ray launching 209 D.2. Ray tracing 209 D.3. Other techniques 211 E. Description of the Time-Frequency Transform 213 Bibliography 219 Index 237

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Book SynopsisUltra Wide Band Technology (UWB) has reached a level of maturity that allows us to offer wireless links with either high or low data rates. These wireless links are frequently associated with a location capability for which ultimate accuracy varies with the inverse of the frequency bandwidth. Using time or frequency domain waveforms, they are currently the subject of international standards facilitating their commercial implementation. Drawing up a complete state of the art, Ultra Wide Band Antennas is aimed at students, engineers and researchers and presents a summary of internationally recognized studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Applications of Ultra Wide Band Systems 1 Serge HÉTHUIN and Isabelle BUCAILLE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. UWB regulation: a complex context 2 1.3. Formal Ultra Wide Band types 8 1.4. Non-formal ultra wide band types 14 1.5. Comparison between the different Ultra Wide Band techniques 20 1.6. Typical UWB-OFDM applications 21 1.7. Specialized UWB-OFDM applications 28 1.8. Typical applications of the Impulse Radio UWB, UWB-FH and UWB-FM 30 1.9. Impact on the antennas 32 Chapter 2. Radiation Characteristics of Antennas 33 Xavier BEGAUD 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. How can we characterize an antenna? 37 2.3. Radiation fields and radiation power 40 2.4. Gain, efficiency and effective aperture 47 2.5. Budget link, transfer function 49 2.6. Equivalent circuits of the antennas 51 2.7. Bandwidth 52 2.8. Example of characterization: the triangular probe antenna in F 52 Chapter 3. Representation, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra Wide Band Antennas 61 Christophe ROBLIN 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Specificities of UWB antennas: stakes and representation 62 3.3. Temporal behavior, distortion 77 3.4. Distortion and ideality 80 3.5. Performance characterization: synthetic indicators 82 3.6. Parsimonious representation by development of singularities and spherical modes 95 Chapter 4. Experimental Characterization of UWB Antennas 113 Christophe DELAVEAUD 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Measurements of the characteristics of radiation 114 4.3. Measurements of the electric characteristics 156 Chapter 5. Overview of UWB Antennas 163 Nicolas FORTINO, Jean-Yves DAUVIGNAC, Georges KOSSIAVAS and Xavier BEGAUD 5.1. Classification of UWB antennas 163 5.2. Frequency independent antennas 164 5.3. Elementary antennas 177 5.4. Miniaturization of UWB antennas 202 5.5. UWB antennas for surface penetrating radars 206 Chapter 6. Antenna-Channel Joint Effects in UWB 213 Alain SIBILLE 6.1. Introduction 213 6.2. Recalls on the UWB radio channel 214 6.3. Impact of the channel on the performance of UWB systems 218 6.4. Effective antenna performance in an ideal channel 220 6.5. Effective performance of non-directional antennas in dispersive channels 225 6.6. Effective performance of directional antennas in dispersive channels 233 6.7. Factorization of antenna patterns 235 6.8. Conclusion 237 APPENDICES 239 Appendix A. Reciprocity of the Antennas in Receptionand Transmission Modes 241 A.1. Reciprocity applied to waveguides 243 A.2. Reciprocity applied to the passive antennas in transmission and reception 245 Appendix B. Method of the Stationary Phase 253 Acronyms and Abbreviations 255 Bibliography 259 List of Authors 273 Index 275

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the stochastic modeling of telecommunication networks, introducing the main mathematical tools for that purpose, such as Markov processes, real and spatial point processes and stochastic recursions, and presenting a wide list of results on stability, performances and comparison of systems. The authors propose a comprehensive mathematical construction of the foundations of stochastic network theory: Markov chains, continuous time Markov chains are extensively studied using an original martingale-based approach. A complete presentation of stochastic recursions from an ergodic theoretical perspective is also provided, as well as spatial point processes. Using these basic tools, stability criteria, performance measures and comparison principles are obtained for a wide class of models, from the canonical M/M/1 and G/G/1 queues to more sophisticated systems, including the current “hot topics” of spatial radio networking, OFDMA and real-time networks. Contents 1. Introduction. Part 1: Discrete-time Modeling 2. Stochastic Recursive Sequences. 3. Markov Chains. 4. Stationary Queues. 5. The M/GI/1 Queue. Part 2: Continuous-time Modeling 6. Poisson Process. 7. Markov Process. 8. Systems with Delay. 9. Loss Systems. Part 3: Spatial Modeling 10. Spatial Point Processes.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Traffic, load, Erlang, etc1 1.2. Notations and nomenclature 7 1.3. Lindley and Bene¡s 10 1.4. Notes and comments 18 PART 1: DISCRETE-TIME MODELING 21 Chapter 2. Stochastic Recursive Sequences 23 2.1. Canonical space 24 2.2. Loynes’s scheme 30 2.3. Coupling 34 2.4. Comparison of stochastic recursive sequences 40 2.5. Notes and comments 43 Chapter 3. Markov Chains 45 3.1. Definition and examples 45 3.2. Strong Markov property 49 3.3. Classification of states 52 3.4. Invariant measures and invariant probability 60 3.5. Effective calculation of the invariant probability 75 3.6. Problems 77 3.7. Notes and comments 80 Chapter 4. Stationary Queues 83 4.1. Single server queues 84 4.2. Processor sharing queue 104 4.3. Parallel queues 106 4.4. The queue with S servers 117 4.5. Infinite servers queue 124 4.6. Queues with impatient customers 127 4.7. Notes and comments 146 Chapter 5. The M/GI/1 Queue 149 5.1. The number of customers in the queue 149 5.2. Pollacek-Khinchin formulas 153 5.3. Sojourn time 156 5.4. Tail distribution of the waiting time 158 5.5. Busy periods 160 PART 2: CONTINUOUS-TIME MODELING 167 Chapter 6. Poisson Process 169 6.1. Definitions 170 6.2. Properties 176 6.3. Discrete analog: the Bernoulli process 181 6.4. Simulation of the Poisson process 183 6.5. Non-homogeneous Poisson process 185 6.6. Cox processes 189 6.7. Problems 189 6.8. Notes and comments 191 Chapter 7. Markov Process 193 7.1. Preliminaries 193 7.2. Pathwise construction 195 7.3. Markovian semi-group and infinitesimal generator 199 7.4. Martingale problem 215 7.5. Reversibility and applications 220 7.6. Markov Modulated Poisson Processes 226 7.7. Problems 232 7.8. Notes and comments 234 Chapter 8. Systems with Delay 237 8.1. Little’s formula 237 8.2. Single server queue 241 8.3. Multiple server queue 245 8.4. Processor sharing queue 252 8.5. The M/M/∞ queue 253 8.6. The departure process 254 8.7. Queuing networks 255 8.8. Problems 265 8.9. Notes and comments 268 Chapter 9. Loss Systems 271 9.1. General 271 9.2. Erlang model 274 9.3. The M/M/1/1 + C queue 276 9.4. The “trunk” effect 279 9.5. Engset model 280 9.6. IPP/M/S/S queue 281 9.7. Generalized Erlang models 285 9.8. Hierarchical networks 289 9.9. A model with balking 294 9.10. A call center with impatient customers 301 9.11. Problems 303 9.12. Notes and comments 304 PART 3: SPATIAL MODELING 307 Chapter 10. Spatial Point Processes 309 10.1. Preliminary 309 10.2. Stochastic geometry 310 10.3. Poisson process 311 10.4. Stochastic analysis 326 10.5. Problems 336 10.6. Notes and comments 337 Appendix A. Mathematical Toolbox 339 A.1. Probability spaces and processes 339 A.2. Conditional expectation 347 A.3. Vector spaces and orders 352 A.4. Bounded variation processes 356 A.5. Martingales 363 A.6. Laplace transform 378 A.7. Notes and comments 379 Bibliography 381 Index 385

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Book SynopsisSoftware radio ideally provides the opportunity to communicate with any radio communication standard by modifying only the software, without any modification to hardware components. However, taking into account the static behavior of current communications protocols, the spectrum efficiency optimization, and flexibility, the radio domain has become an important factor. From this thinking appeared the cognitive radio paradigm. This evolution is today inescapable in the modern radio communication world. It provides an autonomous behavior to the equipment and therefore the adaptation of communication parameters to better match their needs. This collective work provides engineers, researchers and radio designers with the necessary information from mathematical analysis and hardware architectures to design methodology and tools, running platforms and standardization in order to understand this new cognitive radio domain.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Alain BRAVO Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi PART 1. COGNITIVE RADIO 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Cognitive Radio 3 Jacques PALICOT, Christophe MOY and Mérouane DEBBAH 1.1. Joseph Mitola’s cognitive radio 3 1.2. Positioning 7 1.3. Spectrum management 9 1.4. A broader vision of CR 17 1.5. Difficulties of the cognitive cycle 21 Chapter 2. Cognitive Terminals Toward Cognitive Networks 23 Romain COUILLET and Mérouane DEBBAH 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Intelligent terminal 25 2.3. Intelligent networks 32 2.4. Toward a compromise 35 2.5. Conclusion 40 Chapter 3. Cognitive Radio Sensors 43 Renaud SÉGUIER, Jacques PALICOT, Christophe MOY, Romain COUILLET and Mérouane DEBBAH 3.1. Lower layer sensors 43 3.2. Intermediate layer sensors 57 3.3. Higher layer sensors 64 3.4. Conclusion 75 Chapter 4. Decision Making and Learning 77 Romain COUILLET, Mérouane DEBBAH, Hamidou TEMBINE, Wassim JOUINI and Christophe MOY 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. CR equipment: decision and/or learning 78 4.3. Decision design space 81 4.4. Decision making and learning from the equipment’s perspective 82 4.5. Decision making and learning from network perspective: game theory 96 4.6. Brief state of the art: classification of methods for dynamic configuration adaptation 101 4.7. Conclusion 104 Chapter 5. Cognitive Cycle Management 107 Christophe MOY and Jacques PALICOT 5.1. Introduction 107 5.2. Cognitive radio equipment 109 5.3. High-level design approach 122 5.4. HDCRAM’s interfaces (APIs) 127 5.5. Conclusion 139 PART 2. SOFTWARE RADIO AS SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY 141 Chapter 6. Introduction to Software Radio 143 Jacques PALICOT and Christophe MOY 6.1. Introduction 143 6.2. Generalities 145 6.3. Major organizations of software radio 150 6.4. Hardware architectures 153 6.5. Conclusion 159 Chapter 7. Transmitter/Receiver Analog Front End 161 Renaud LOISON, Raphaël GILLARD, Yves LOUËT and Gilles TOURNEUR 7.1. Introduction 161 7.2. Antennas 161 7.3. Nonlinear amplification 172 7.4. Converters 185 7.5. Conclusion 205 Chapter 8. Transmitter/Receiver Digital Front End 207 Jacques PALICOT, Daniel LE GUENNEC and Christophe MOY 8.1. Theoretical principles 208 8.2. DFE functions 210 8.3. Synchronization 229 8.4. The CORDIC algorithm 243 8.5. Conclusion 246 Chapter 9. Processing of Nonlinearities 249 Yves LOUËT and Jacques PALICOT 9.1. Introduction 249 9.2. Crest factor of the signals to be amplified 250 9.3. Variation of crest factor in different contexts 252 9.4. Methods for reducing nonlinearities 264 9.5. Conclusion 269 Chapter 10.Methodology and Tools 271 Pierre LERAY, Christophe MOY and Sufi Tabassum GUL 10.1. Introduction 271 10.2. Methods to identify common operations 273 10.3. Methods and design tools 280 10.4. Conclusion 297 Chapter 11. Implementation Platforms 299 Amor NAFKHA, Pierre LERAY and Christophe MOY 11.1. Introduction 299 11.2. Software radio platform 299 11.3. Hardware architectures 300 11.4. Characterization of the implementation platform 309 11.5. Qualitative assessment 312 11.6. Architectures of software layers 313 11.7. Some platform examples 317 11.8. Conclusion 320 Chapter 12. General Conclusion and Perspectives 323 12.1. General conclusion 323 12.2. Perspectives 323 Appendix A. To Learn More 327 Appendix B. SR and CR Projects 333 Appendix C. International Activity in Standardization and Forums 339 Appendix D. Research at European and International Levels 345 Acronyms and Abbreviations 347 Bibliography 355 List of Authors 373 Index 375

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the evolutions of architecture for mobiles and summarizes the different technologies: – 2G: the GSM (Global System for Mobile) network, the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network and the EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) evolution; – 3G: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network and the HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) evolutions: - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access), - HSPA+; – 4G: the EPS (Evolved Packet System) network. The telephone service and data transmission are the two main services provided by these networks. The evolutions are fundamentally dictated by the increase in the rate of data transmission across the radio interface between the network and mobiles. This book is intended as a readily understandable support to help students and professionals wishing to quickly acquire the main concepts of networks for mobiles understand the technologies deployed.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. The GSM Network 1 1.1. Services 2 1.2. The architecture of the network 3 1.3. The radio interface 17 1.4. Communication management 36 Chapter 2. The GPRS Network 53 2.1. Services 54 2.2. Network architecture 56 2.3. Radio interface 68 2.4. Communication management 85 2.5. The EDGE evolution 95 Chapter 3. The UMTS Network 105 3.1. The services 106 3.2. The architecture of the network 107 3.3. Radio interface 116 3.4. Communication management 138 3.5. HSPA evolutions 145 Chapter 4. The NGN 155 4.1. Network architecture 156 4.2. Communication management 164 Chapter 5. The EPS Network 175 5.1. Network architecture 176 5.2. The radio interface 188 5.3. Communication management 211 Chapter 6. The IMS Network 227 6.1. The SIP 228 6.2. The IMS architecture 236 6.3. Communication management 243 List of Abbreviations 253 Bibliography 263 Index 267

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Book SynopsisWe are currently witnessing an increase in telecommunications norms and standards given the recent advances in this field. The increasing number of normalized standards paves the way for an increase in the range of services available for each consumer. Moreover, the majority of available radio frequencies have already been allocated. This explains the emergence of cognitive radio (CR) – the sharing of the spectrum between a primary user and a secondary user. In this book, we will present the state of the art of the different techniques for spectrum access using cooperation and competition to solve the problem of spectrum allocation and ensure better management of radio resources in a radio cognitive context. The different aspects of research explored up until now on the applications of multi-agent systems (MAS) in the field of cognitive radio are analyzed in this book. The first chapter begins with an insight into wireless networks and mobiles, with special focus on the IEEE 802.22 norm, which is a norm dedicated to CR. Chapter 2 goes into detail about CR, which is a technical field at the boundary between telecommunications and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In Chapter 3, the concept of the “agent” from AI is expanded to MAS and associated applications. Finally, Chapter 4 establishes an overview of the use of AI techniques, in particular MAS, for its allocation of radio resources and dynamic access to the spectrum in CR. Contents 1. Wireless and Mobile Networks. 2. Cognitive Radio. 3. Multi-agent Systems. 4. Dynamic Spectrum Access. About the Authors Badr Benmammar has been Associate Professor at UABT (University Abou Bekr Belkaïd Tlemcen), Algeria since 2010 and was a research fellow at CNRS LaBRI Laboratory of the University of Bordeaux 1 until 2007. He is currently carrying out research at the Laboratory of Telecommunications of Tlemcen (LTT), UABT, Algeria. His main research activities concern the cognitive radio network, Quality of Service on mobile and wireless networks, end-to-end signaling protocols and agent technology. His work on Quality of Service has led to many publications in journals and conference proceedings. Asma Amraoui is currently a PhD candidate; she is preparing a doctoral thesis on a topic of research that explores the use of artificial intelligence techniques in cognitive radio networks. She is attached to the Laboratory of Telecommunications of Tlemcen (LTT) in Algeria.Table of ContentsACRONYMS ix INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORKS 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wireless networks 2 1.2.1. Definition 2 1.2.2. Function of a wireless network 3 1.2.2.1. Network with infrastructure 3 1.2.2.2. Network without infrastructure 4 1.2.3. Types of wireless networks 5 1.2.3.1. Wireless personal area network 6 1.2.3.2. Wireless local area network 6 1.2.3.3. Wireless metropolitan area network 6 1.2.3.4. Wireless wide area network 6 1.2.3.5. Wireless regional area network 6 1.2.4. Different types of existing wireless networks 7 1.2.4.1. Networks using infrared waves 7 1.2.4.2. Networks using radio waves 7 1.2.5. IEEE 802.22 standard 12 1.3. Mobile networks 12 1.3.1. Wireless and mobility 12 1.3.2. Mobility 13 1.3.3. Cellular architecture 13 1.3.4. Architecture of a cellular network 14 1.3.5. Telephony 15 1.3.6. Development of cellular systems 16 1.3.6.1. First generation 16 1.3.6.2. Second generation 16 1.3.6.3. Third generation 18 1.3.6.4. Fourth generation 18 1.4. WiMAX mobile and 4G 19 1.5. Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 2. COGNITIVE RADIO 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Software radio 24 2.2.1. Software-defined radio 24 2.3. Introduction to cognitive radio 24 2.3.1. History 24 2.3.2. Definition 25 2.3.3. Relationship between cognitive radio and software-defined radio 26 2.3.4. Structure 27 2.3.5. Cognition cycle 29 2.3.6. Components of cognitive radio 31 2.3.7. Functions of cognitive radio 32 2.4. Languages of cognitive radio 35 2.5. Domains of cognitive radio applications 36 2.6. Conclusion 38 CHAPTER 3. MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS 39 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Definition of an agent 39 3.2.1. The multidimensional characteristics of an agent 40 3.2.2. An agent’s concrete architecture 41 3.2.2.1. Architecture of logical agents 41 3.2.2.2. Reactive architecture 42 3.2.2.3. BDI architecture 42 3.2.2.4. Multilevel architecture 44 3.2.3. Model of an agent 45 3.3. Multi-agent systems 46 3.3.1. Communication between agents 46 3.3.1.1. Coordination protocols 46 3.3.1.2. Cooperation protocols 47 3.3.1.3. Negotiation 47 3.4. Application of MAS in telecommunications 48 3.4.1. MAS applications on the Web 48 3.4.2. Application of MAS in virtual private networks 49 3.4.3. Using MAS in the setting of third generation mobiles 50 3.4.4. Application of MAS in network supervision and management 50 3.5. Conclusion 50 CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS 53 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Intelligent algorithms 54 4.2.1. Neural networks 55 4.2.2. Fuzzy logic 56 4.2.3. Genetic algorithms 57 4.3. Dynamic spectrum access 58 4.3.1. Spectrum access using the auction approach 58 4.3.2. Spectrum access using game theory 59 4.3.3. Spectrum access using Markov’s approach 60 4.3.4. Spectrum access using multi-agent systems 61 4.4. Conclusion 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 FURTHER READING 75 INDEX 77

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the necessary concepts for the design and testing of radiofrequency and high-speed circuits. Signal and propagation theory is presented for the various circuit levels, from the chip to the PCB. The co-existence of high-speed wideband signals of radiofrequency signals and supply circuits is developed in order to provide design rules for engineers and Masters-level students. The subjects covered include: interconnections and signal integrity; spectral analysis techniques for high-speed signals; design techniques for signal integrity; the transmission-line concept; methods for temporal analysis and techniques for frequency domain analysis for connectics.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. DEGRADATION OF RISE TIME IN INTERCONNECTS 1 1.1. Propagation issues in interconnects 1 1.1.1. Evolution of digital circuits 1 1.1.2. Evolution of signals in interconnects 2 1.1.3. Propagation time on networks 4 1.1.4. Propagation delay in integrated circuits 5 1.1.5. Spectral analysis of signals 6 1.2. Behavior of components at high frequencies 7 1.2.1. Contact wire behavior 7 1.2.2. Resistance behavior at radiofrequencies (RF) 8 1.2.3. RF inductance behavior 8 1.2.4. Capacitance behavior at RF 9 1.2.5. Effects of losses due to conductors: skin effect 11 1.3. Effect on transmission of signals on interconnects 13 1.3.1. Filtering by transmission channel 13 1.3.2. Degradation of rise time in a limited-bandwidth channel 14 1.3.3. Example of a first-order low-pass RC filter 15 1.3.4. Effects of resistive losses from skin effect 16 1.3.5. Rise time in cascading circuits 17 1.3.6. Transmission quality criteria: eye diagram 19 1.4. Measurement of rise time 19 1.4.1. Different definitions of rise time 19 1.4.2. Measurement principle 20 1.4.3. Effect of measuring sensor 20 1.5. Conclusion 21 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF INTERCONNECTS 23 2.1. Global modeling of signal integrity 23 2.1.1. ICEM and ICIM models 23 2.1.2. IBIS models 24 2.1.3. I/V characteristics of buffers 25 2.1.4. I/V characteristics of the IBIS model 25 2.2. RC interconnect model 27 2.2.1. RC model 27 2.2.2. The Elmore constant 28 2.3. Capacitive and inductive modeling 28 2.3.1. Capacitive modeling 29 2.3.2. Inductive modeling 30 2.4. LC line modeling 35 2.5. Application to electronic packages and MCM 37 2.5.1. Different types of electronic packages 37 2.5.2. Multichip modules 39 2.5.3. LC modeling of packages 40 2.5.4. 2.5D and 3D electromagnetic simulations 43 2.6. Conclusion 45 CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED IMPEDANCE INTERCONNECTS 47 3.1. Why control impedance? 47 3.1.1. Effect of interconnect length 47 3.1.2. Classification of interconnects by the signal carried 51 3.2. Influence of rise time on signal degradation 52 3.3. Model of a controlled impedance interconnect 53 3.3.1. Characteristic impedance: definition 53 3.3.2. Configuration of controlled impedance interconnects 54 3.4. Interconnects on PCBs 55 3.4.1. Controlled impedance on PCB 55 3.4.2. Transition between lines and discontinuity 57 3.4.3. Extraction of values from equivalent schema 60 3.5. Impedance control for a microstrip configuration 61 3.5.1. Effect of effective permittivity 61 3.5.2. Limitations on a typical digital circuit 62 3.5.3. Effect of ribbon thickness or protective resin 63 3.6. Analysis of propagation in interconnects 64 3.6.1. Reflection and transmission on termination 64 3.6.2. Reflection and transmission during an impedance break 65 3.6.3. Reflection and transmission on a bus 66 3.7. Effect on data bus configuration 68 3.8. Application to clock distribution 69 3.9. Conclusion 71 CHAPTER 4. PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINES 73 4.1. Transmission line model 73 4.1.1. Modes of propagation on lines 74 4.2. Propagation modes related to substrate 76 4.2.1. Quasi-TEM mode 77 4.2.2. Skin-effect mode 78 4.2.3. Slow wave mode 79 4.2.4. Transition zone 80 4.3. Equation of propagation on transmission lines 81 4.3.1. Propagation equation 82 4.3.2. Input impedance 85 4.3.3. Interconnect behavior according to length and loads 85 4.3.4. Case of electrically short lines 86 4.4. Conclusion 87 CHAPTER 5. THE S-PARAMETERS TESTING TECHNIQUE 89 5.1. Definition of measured parameters 89 5.1.1. Reflection and transmission 89 5.1.2. Reflection coefficient and SWR on interconnects 90 5.2. The S-parameters principle 92 5.2.1. Definitions 92 5.2.2. Input impedance of a circuit terminated by an impedance 93 5.3. Measurement of S parameters 94 5.3.1. Standard calibrations of a vectorial analyzer 96 5.3.2. Short-open-load-thru (SOLT) calibration 96 5.3.3. Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration 98 5.3.4. One-port measurement technique 99 5.4. Measurement of characteristic line impedance 100 5.4.1. Short-circuit and open-circuit method 100 5.4.2. R0-loaded line method 102 5.4.3. Equivalent line based on S parameters 103 5.5. Measurement of line capacitance 104 5.5.1. Short-circuit and open-circuit measurement method 104 5.5.2. Loaded line measurement method 104 5.6. Components on PCB and de-embedding techniques 105 5.6.1. Impedance measurement on PCB 106 5.6.2. T and C series matrices 106 5.6.3. ABCD matrix of a transmission line 107 5.6.4. De-embedding procedure 109 5.7. Characterization of dielectric materials for interconnects 111 5.7.1. Metal–insulating material–metal capacity method for insulating materials in integrated technologies 111 5.7.2. Effective permittivity of a transmission line 113 5.7.3. Case of microribbon, tri-plate or coplanar lines 114 5.8. Conclusion 115 CHAPTER 6. TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY ANALYSIS 117 6.1. Principle of TDR 117 6.2. Reflection and transmission of voltage 118 6.2.1. Observable voltages 118 6.2.2. Effects of multiple reflections in high-speed circuits 120 6.3. Measurement of characteristic impedance 120 6.3.1. Impedance measurement with an impulse generator 120 6.3.2. Impedance measurement with an echelon 122 6.3.3. Case of cascaded impedances 123 6.4. Reflection on reactive loads 124 6.5. Extraction of equivalent schemas 125 6.5.1. Definition of equivalent schema 125 6.5.2. Extraction of an inductive discontinuity or component 127 6.5.3. Case of a capacitive discontinuity or component 129 6.5.4. Case of a series inductance and parallel capacitance 131 6.6. Discontinuities in cascade 133 6.6.1. Spatial resolution 133 6.6.2. Example of inductance and capacitance extraction 133 6.7. Conclusion 135 CHAPTER 7. INTERFERENCE AND CROSS-TALK IN INTERCONNECTS 137 7.1. Coupling and interferences due to substrate 137 7.1.1. ICEM model for substrate coupling 138 7.1.2. Guard ring and insulation well 140 7.2. Theory of coupling between lines 140 7.2.1. Interline coupling model 141 7.2.2. Coupling signals at endings 144 7.2.3. Model of coupling in interconnects on PCB 145 7.3. Application to high-speed cables, buses and connectors 150 7.3.1. Stresses in high-speed buses 150 7.3.2. Standardization of data transmission cables 151 7.3.3. Categories of high-speed ethernet systems 153 7.4. Conclusion 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 INDEX 159

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