Pollution control Books

Book SynopsisThis book introduces some of the main areas of environmental pollution where chemical reactions play a major role. It examines chemical reactions in the atmosphere, soil, and water as well as the metabolic processes of human beings, plants, and animals.Table of ContentsWhat is Pollution? Changes in the Atmosphere. Impairment of Ground Water and Surface Water. Ground and Soil Pollution. Generally Widespread Materials (Ubiquists). Foodstuffs and Confections. Basic Consumer Goods. Radioactivity. Outlook. Glossary. Literature. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe steady growth in the number of vehicles on the road, heavy reliance on coal, use of dirty fuels for residential combustion, and extensive open burning are some of the major factors leading to the progressive deterioration of air quality in developing countries in Asia. And despite efforts to establish and implement air quality measurement systems, the development of infrastructure, environmental technology, and management practices continues to lag behind the rate of emission increase. Based on ten years of coordinated research, Integrated Air Quality Management: Asian Case Studies discusses technical and policy tools for the integrated air quality management of developing countries in Asia.The book begins with an overview of major issues of air quality management practices in developing Asia and potential approaches to reduce pollution, including opportunities for integration of air quality improvement and climate migration strategies. It covers the methTable of ContentsStatus of Air Quality Management (AQM). Particulate Matter Air Quality: Status, Trends and Composition. Analysis of PM Contributing Sources Using Receptor Models. Modeling for Air Quality Management. Air Pollution Control Techniques. Integrated Management Strategies.

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Book SynopsisIn Situ Remediation Engineering provides a comprehensive guide to the design and implementation of reactive zone methods for treatment of all major classes of groundwater contamination. It teaches the fundamentals that underlie development of cost-effective reactive zone strategies, guides the selection of cost-effective remedial strategies and provides environmental engineers and scientists with tools to achieve optimal deployment of source area, reactive barrier, and site-wide treatments. It offers extensive coverage of remedial system operation, discussing reagent injection strategies, interpretation of process monitoring results for biological and chemical reactive zone systems, and impacts of treatment processes on aquifer hydraulic characteristics.Trade Review"This is an exceptional reference book that bridges the gap between the needs of academics and practitioners. It is both informative as well as practical . . . This book is very valuable to environmental scientists and engineers who are interested in groundwater and contaminated land bioremediation." – Diane Purchase, University of Middlesex, in Microbiology Today, May 2007Table of ContentsThis text provides a comprehensive guide to the design and implementation of reactive zone methods for treatment of all major classes of groundwater contamination. It teaches the fundamentals of developing cost-effective reactive zone strategies, guides the selection of cost-effective remedial strategies, and provides the tools to achieve optimal deployment of source area, reactive barrier, and site-wide treatments. It offers extensive coverage of remedial system operation, discussing reagent injection strategies, interpretation of process monitoring results for biological and chemical reactive zone systems, and the impacts of treatment processes on aquifer hydraulic characteristics.

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Book SynopsisCurrent climate change and global warming clearly reflect the fragile state of environment. The rising demand by the ever-increasing population has resulted in high industrial and urban activities which have resulted in pollution and deterioration of the environment. Industrial and agricultural activities discharge waste consisting of different types of toxic pollutants to the environment without any prior processing. These pollutants are highly toxic and can initiate severe health issues among humans. The overburden of pollution has unchecked the environment self-restoration and rejuvenation potential. Therefore, it is crucial to address the problem environmental pollution and to treat it timely, before it is too late. Green treatment methods for managing and removing environmental pollution are the only desirable option to attain a healthy environment without further damaging it. Phytoremediation is one such method that aid in removal, degradation or immobilization of environmental pollutants with the help of different types of plants and associated microorganisms through their complex interaction. Plants have versatile metabolism and have potential to adapt to various toxic pollutants upon exposure. Thus, phytoremediation can be applied to treat heavy metal, xenobiotics, organic compounds and even radioactive substances. Phytoremediation treat pollutants by means of phytoaccumulation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytoextraction etc. Plant uptake and bioaccumulate contaminants in their root, shoot and leaves which can be harvested for recycling and safe disposal of contaminants. Moreover, the rate of phytoremediation treatment is linked to factors such as plant selection, soil conditions, contaminant concentration, site-specific characteristics etc. Constructed Wetland System (CWS) is a plant-based treatment method which can be utilized for the treatment of domestic wastewater, sewage, industrial wastewater etc. Plant/s in CWS can be chosen as per the requirement to specifically target particular pollutants or a plethora of pollutants present in wastewater. Phytoremediation being environmentally benign, economic and effective in removal of pollutants can be employed for environmental pollution control and treatment. Advancement in the field can help to cover more diverse pollutant sites, enhance the understanding of plant microbe interactions, and optimize phytoremediation strategies to further expand its applications. With in-depth knowledge and application technology, phytoremediation can significantly restore and preserve contaminated ecosystems.

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Book SynopsisA new weapon is emerging to help us fight climate change. It is becoming feasible to take carbon dioxide from power stations and industry, and lock it away safely before it can enter the atmosphere. In the next few years, major demonstration programmes will start up in the USA, EU and elsewhere. But can carbon capture compete with other low-carbon technologies, is it safe and environmentally-friendly, and will people and governments accept it? "Capturing Carbon" examines the need for carbon capture, and the technologies, existing and emerging, that make it work. It describes geological storage and, uniquely, compares it to biological carbon sequestration in soils and forests. It looks at the costs, the economics, and how big a contribution carbon capture can make to avoiding dangerous climate change. It covers the policies that need to be in place, the public reaction, and the opportunities for business. Finally, it gives a hard-headed description of the risks of carbon capture projects. The book is the first comprehensive yet accessible study of the subject. It is a vital resource for environmentalists, policy-makers, investors, academics, industry specialists and anyone else wishing to understand this fast-moving field.

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Book SynopsisCollection of documents revealing the significance of the years 1968-1972 to the environmental movementTrade Review"It is a representative collection that can supplement a textbook for American environmental history courses. . . . He rightly sees the years 1968-1972 as pivotal for the modern environmental movement. Recommended." * Choice *Table of ContentsForeword by William Cronon Acknowledgments Introduction Part 1. Warnings “Air Pollution in Donora, PA: Epidemiology of the Unusual Smog Episode of October 1948, Preliminary Report” Paul Shepard, “The Place of Nature in Man’s World,” The Atlantic Naturalist (1958) Howard Zahniser, “Wilderness Forever” (1961) Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962) Carl Carmer, Testimony before the Federal Power Commission in the Matter of Consolidated Edison (1964) Part 2. A Dying Planet Paul R. Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (1968) Stewart Brand, Whole Earth Catalog (1969) Jack Newfield, “Lead Poisoning: Silent Epidemic in the Slums,” Village Voice (1969) Daniel W. Hannan, Testimony before the Allegheny County Commissioners (1969) United Auto Workers, Letter Initiating Down River Anti-Pollution League (1969) Dr. N. K. Sanders, “The Santa Barbara Oil Spill: Impact on Environment” (1969) Seattle–King County Department of Public Health, Annual Report, 1969 Part 3. Earth Year 59 The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Editorial, National Review Bulletin (1970) Citizens Association of Beaufort County, “Is This What You Want for South Carolina’s Waters?” Columbia Record (1970) Richard Nixon, “Special Message to the Congress on Environmental Quality” (1970) Frank Herbert, “How Indians Would Use Fort,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1970) Barry Commoner, Harvard University Lecture (1970) Walt Kelly, Pogo Poster: “We Have Met the Enemy, and He Is Us” (1970) Gaylord Nelson, Earth Day Speech, Denver, Colorado (1970) Nathan Hare, “Black Ecology,” The Black Scholar (1970) Letters from Schoolchildren to Carl Stokes, Mayor of Cleveland (1970) Representative Louis Stokes, Address in Congress Supporting Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control Act of 1970 (1970) Ray Osrin, “Someday Son, All This Will Be Yours,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (1970) Eleanor Phinney, Letter to the Oregon Environmental Council (1970) Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP), Public Service Announcements (1970) Clean Air Act Amendments (1970) Part 4. Is Cata strophe Coming? A Select Committee of the University of Montana, “Report on the Bitterroot National Forest” (1970) Dale A. Burk, Photograph of the Bitterroot Forest, Montana (1971) Governor Ronald Reagan, Remarks before the American Petroleum Institute (1971) Dr. Joseph T. Ling, Testimony Regarding the Water Pollution Control Act (1971) Council of the Southern Mountains, “We Will Stop the Bulldozers” (1972) William O. Douglas, Dissent, Sierra Club v. Morton (1972) John Maddox, “Is Catastrophe Coming?,” The Doomsday Syndrome (1972) Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972) Part 5. Continuation Jimmy Carter, “The Energy Problem: Address to the Nation” (1977) Robert A. Roland, Statement Regarding Superfund (1979) A Mother’s Reflections on the Love Canal Disaster (1982) Dr. James E. Hansen, Testimony Regarding the Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change (1987) Bibliographical Essay Index

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Water Treatment has been developed from the best selling reference work Water Treatment, 3rd edition by the same author team. It maintains the same quality writing, illustrations, and worked examples as the larger book, but in a smaller format which focuses on the treatment processes and not on the design of the facilities.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1-1 The Importance of Principles 2 1-2 The Importance of Sustainability 4 References 4 2 Water Quality and Public Health 5 2-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health 5 2-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems 9 2-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States 17 2-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment 21 2-5 Summary and Study Guide 23 References 24 3 Process Selection 25 3-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties 26 3-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection 30 3-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations 34 3-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains 39 3-5 Summary and Study Guide 42 Homework Problems 43 References 45 4 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering 47 4-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations 48 4-2 Chemical Equilibrium 51 4-3 Chemical Kinetics 60 4-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment 63 4-5 Mass Balance Analysis 66 4-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis 73 4-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors 77 4-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors 80 4-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors 84 4-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests 88 4-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors 95 4-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors 101 4-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer 103 4-14 Molecular Diffusion 104 4-15 Diffusion Coefficients 106 4-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface 115 4-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams 126 4-18 Summary and Study Guide 131 Homework Problems 133 References 138 5 Coagulation and Flocculation 139 5-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 140 5-2 Stability of Particles in Water 142 5-3 Principles of Coagulation 149 5-4 Coagulation Practice 150 5-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation 162 5-6 Rapid-Mix Practice 163 5-7 Principles of Flocculation 165 5-8 Flocculation Practice 170 5-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 186 5-10 Summary and Study Guide 187 Homework Problems 188 References 190 6 Sedimentation 193 6-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling 196 6-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins 201 6-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling 205 6-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling 206 6-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design 211 6-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes 220 6-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation 228 6-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 230 6-9 Summary and Study Guide 231 Homework Problems 232 References 234 7 Rapid Granular Filtration 235 7-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter 236 7-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration 242 7-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration 246 7-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed 255 7-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization 258 7-6 Backwash Hydraulics 266 7-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 273 7-8 Summary and Study Guide 274 Homework Problems 275 References 278 8 Membrane Filtration 281 8-1 Classification of Membrane Processes 282 8-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration 284 8-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment 286 8-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration 296 8-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration 301 8-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters 305 8-7 Membrane Fouling 309 8-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids 316 8-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 319 8-10 Summary and Study Guide 321 Homework Problems 322 References 325 9 Reverse Osmosis 327 9-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility 329 9-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis 335 9-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes 339 9-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure 343 9-5 Concentration Polarization 348 9-6 Fouling and Scaling 353 9-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design 359 9-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 361 9-9 Summary and Study Guide 364 Homework Problems 365 References 368 10 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 369 10-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process 370 10-2 Adsorption Equilibrium 377 10-3 Adsorption Kinetics 382 10-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process 386 10-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 395 10-6 Ion Exchange Kinetics 399 10-7 Fixed-Bed Contactors 400 10-8 Suspended-Media Reactors 423 10-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 429 10-10 Summary and Study Guide 430 Homework Problems 431 References 435 11 Air Stripping and Aeration 437 11-1 Types of Air Stripping and Aeration Contactors 438 11-2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 443 11-3 Fundamentals of Packed Tower Air Stripping 449 11-4 Design and Analysis of Packed-Tower Air Stripping 459 11-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 471 11-6 Summary and Study Guide 472 Homework Problems 473 References 475 12 Advanced Oxidation 477 12-1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation 479 12-2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process 486 12-3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process 494 12-4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process 505 12-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 518 12-6 Summary and Study Guide 519 Homework Problems 520 References 522 13 Disinfection 525 13-1 Disinfection Agents and Systems 526 13-2 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine 532 13-3 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide 538 13-4 Disinfection with Ozone 538 13-5 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light 543 13-6 Disinfection Kinetics 555 13-7 Disinfection Kinetics in Real Flow Reactors 565 13-8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion 567 13-9 Disinfection By-products 572 13-10 Residual Maintenance 575 13-11 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 576 13-12 Summary and Study Guide 578 Homework Problems 579 References 581 14 Residuals Management 585 14-1 Defining the Problem 586 14-2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals 591 14-3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludge 595 14-4 Liquid Wastes from Granular Media Filters 599 14-5 Management of Residual Liquid Streams 601 14-6 Management of Residual Sludge 604 14-7 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals 614 14-8 Summary and Study Guide 616 Homework Problems 617 References 618 Appendix A Conversion Factors 621 Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 627 B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures 629 B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 629 Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 631 Appendix D Periodic Table 633 Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook 635 Index 637

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Book SynopsisProvides the basic skills and information required to prepare an environmental sample for analysis. Divided into two sections, Inorganic Analysis and Organic Analysis, this book covers techniques such as atomic spectroscopy and chromatography.Trade Review"...covers one of the most neglected areas in environmental trace analysis, namely that of sample preparation." (Environment Times , January 2003) “…covers one of the most neglected areas in environmental trace analysis…very detailed, highly illustrated, and easy to read” (International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2004)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols. About the Author. Basic Laboratory Skills. Investigative Approach for Sample Preparation. Sampling. Storage of Samples. SAMPLE PREPARATION OF INORGANIC ANALYSIS. Solids. Liquids – Natural and Waste Waters. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR ORGANIC ANALYSIS. Solids. Liquids. Volatile Compounds. Pre-Concentration Using Solvent Evaporation. Instrumental Techniques for Trace Analysis. Recording of Information in the Laboratory and Selected Resources. Responses to Self-Assessment Questions. Glossary of Terms. SI Units and Physical Constants. Periodic Table. Index.

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Book SynopsisCarbon dioxide sequestration is a technology that is being explored to curb the anthropogenic emission of CO 2 into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide has been implicated in the global climate change and reducing it is a potential solution.Trade Review"Each separately readable chapter is structured in introduction, experimentals, results and discussion. This allows a structured understanding. Although this book does not solve all the questions raised when talking about safety and reliability of CCS-technology, it provides a base of knowledge. Increased research on this questions contributes to a tremendous extension of current knowledge, basing on this publication." (Materials & Corrosion, 1 November 2012) Table of ContentsIntroduction The Three Sisters - CCS, AGI, and EOR xix Ying Wu, John J. Carroll and Zhimin Du Section 1: Data and Correlation 1. Prediction of Acid Gas Dew Points in the Presence of Water and Volatile Organic Compounds 3 Ray. A. Tomcej 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Previous Studies 4 1.3 Thermodynamic Model 5 1.4 Calculation Results 6 1.5 Discussion 10 2. Phase Behavior of China Reservoir Oil at Different C02 Injected Concentrations 13 Fengguang Li, Xin Yang, Changyu Sun, and Guangjin Chen 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Preparation of Reservoir Fluid 14 2.3 PVT Phase Behavior for the C02 Injected Crude Oil 15 2.4 Viscosity of the C02 Injected Crude Oil 17 2.5 Interfacial Tension for C02 Injected Crude Oil/Strata Water 19 2.6 Conclusions 20 3. Viscosity and Density Measurements for Sour Gas Fluids at High Temperatures and Pressures 23 B.R. Giri, P. Biais and R.A. Marriott 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Experimental 25 3.3 Results 31 3.4 Conclusions 37 4. Acid Gas Viscosity Modeling with the Expanded Fluid Viscosity Correlation 41 H. Motahhari, M.A. Satyro, H.W. Yarranton 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Expanded Fluid Viscosity Correlation 42 4.3 Results and Discussion 47 4.4 Conclusions 52 4.5 Acknowledgements 52 5. Evaluation and Improvement of Sour Property Packages in Unisim Design 55 Jianyong Yang, Ensheng Zhao, Laurie Wang, and Sanjoy Saha 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Model Description 56 5.3 Phase Equilibrium Calculation 58 5.4 Conclusions 62 5.5 Future Work 62 6. Compressibility Factor of High C02-Content Natural Gases: Measurement and Correlation 65 Xiaoqiang Bian, Zhimin Du, Yong Tang, and Jianfen Du 6.1 Introduction 65 6.2 Experiment 67 6.3 Methods 68 6.5 Comparison of the Proposed Method and Other Methods 78 6.6 Conclusions 83 6.7 Acknowledgements 84 6.8 Nomenclature 84 Section 2: Process Engineering 7. Analysis of Acid Gas Injection Variables 89 Edward Wiehert and James van der Lee 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Discussion 90 7.3 Program Design 93 7.4 Results 94 7.5 Discussion of Results 96 7.6 Conclusion 105 8. Glycol Dehydration as a Mass Transfer Rate Process 107 Nathan A. Hatcher, Jaime L. Nava and Ralph H. Weiland 8.1 Phase Equilibrium 108 8.2 Process Simulation 110 8.3 Dehydration Column Performance 111 8.4 Stahl Columns and Stripping Gas 114 8.5 Interesting Observations from a Mass Transfer Rate Model 115 8.6 Factors That Affect Dehydration of Sweet Gases 118 8.7 Dehydration of Acid Gases 119 8.8 Conclusions 119 9. Carbon Capture Using Amine-Based Technology 121 Ben Spooner and David Engel 9.1 Amine Applications 121 9.2 Amine Technology 122 9.3 Reaction Chemistry 124 9.4 Types of Amine 126 9.5 Challenges of Carbon Capture 128 9.6 Conclusion 131 10. Dehydration-through-Compression (DTC): Is It Adequate? A Tale of Three Gases 133 Wes H. Wright 10.1 Background 133 10.2 Water Saturation 138 10.3 Is It Adequate? 138 10.4 The Gases 141 10.5 Results 147 10.6 Discussion 151 11. Diaphragm Pumps Improve Efficiency of Compressing Acid Gas and C02 155 Josef Jarosch, Anke-Dorothee Braun 11.1 Diaphragm Pumps 162 11.2 Acid Gas Compression 164 11.3 C02 Compression for Sequestration 167 11.4 Conclusion 171 Section 3: Reservoir Engineering 12. Acid Gas Injection in the Permian and San Juan Basins: Recent Case Studies from New Mexico 175 David T. Lescinsky; Alberto A. Gutierrez, RG; James C. Hunter, RG; Julie W. Gutierrez; and Russell E. Bentley 12.1 Background 175 12.2 AGI Project Planning and Implementation 178 12.3 AGI Projects in New Mexico 190 12.4 AGI and the Potential for Carbon Credits 204 12.5 Conclusions 207 13. C02 and Acid Gas Storage in Geological Formations as Gas Hydrate 209 Farhad Qanbari, Olga Ye Zatsepina, S. Hamed Tabatabaie, Mehran Pooladi-Darvish 13.1 Introduction 210 13.2 Geological Settings 211 13.3 Model Parameters 216 13.4 Results 218 13.5 Discussion 221 13.6 Conclusions 223 13.7 Acknowledgment 224 14. Complex Flow Mathematical Model of Gas Pool with Sulfur Deposition 227 W. Zhu, Y. Long, Q. Liu, Y. Ju, and X. Huang 14.1 Introduction 227 14.2 The Mathematical Model of Multiphase Complex Flow 228 14.3 Mathematical Models of Flow Mechanisms 232 14.4 Solution of the Mathematical Model Equations 238 14.5 Example 240 14.6 Conclusions 242 14.7 Acknowledgement 242 Section 4: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 15. Enhanced Oil Recovery Project: Dunvegan C Pool 247 Darryl Burns 15.1 Introduction 248 15.2 Pool Data Collection 249 15.3 Pool Event Log 252 15.4 Reservoir Fluid Characterization 255 15.5 Material Balance 263 15.6 Geological Model 264 15.7 Geological Uncertainty 269 15.8 History Match 272 15.9 Black Oil to Compositional Model Conversion 282 15.10 Recovery Alternatives 290 15.11 Economics 307 15.12 Economic Uncertainty 312 15.13 Discussion and Learning 312 15.14 End Note 317 16. C02 Flooding as an EOR Method for Low Permeability Reservoirs 319 Yongle Hu, Yunpeng Hu, Qin Li, Lei Huang, Mingqiang Hao, and Siyu Yang 16.1 Introduction 319 16.2 Field Experiment of C02 Flooding in China 320 16.3 Mechanism of C02 Flooding Displacement 321 16.4 Perspective 324 16.5 Conclusion 326 17. Pilot Test Research on C02 Drive in Very Low Permeability Oil Field of in Daqing Changyuan 329 Weiyao Zhu, Jiecheng Cheng, Xiaohe Huang, Yunqian Long, and Y. Lou 17.1 Introduction 329 17.2 Laboratory Test Study on C02 Flooding in Oil Reservoirs with Very Low Permeability 330 17.3 Field Testing Research 333 17.4 Conclusion 346 17.5 Acknowledgement 349 18. Operation Control of C02-Driving in Field Site. Site Test in Wellblock Shu 101, Yushulin Oil Field, Daqing 351 Xinde Wan, Tao Sun, Yingzhi Zhang, Tiejun Yang, and Changhe Mu 18.1 Test Area Description 352 18.2 Test Effect and Cognition 353 18.3 Conclusions 359 19. Application of Heteropolysaccharide in Acid Gas Injection 361 Jie Zhang, Gang Guo and Shugang Li 19.1 Introduction 361 19.2 Application of Heteropolysaccharide in C02 Reinjection Miscible Phase Recovery 363 19.3 Application of Heteropolysaccharide in H2S Reinjection formation 370 19.4 Conclusions 373 Section 5: Geology and Geochemistry 20. Impact of S02 and NO on Carbonated Rocks Submitted to a Geological Storage of C02: An Experimental Study 377 Stéphane Renard, Jérôme Sterpenich, Jacques Pironon, Aurélien Randi, Pierre Chiquet and Marc Lescanne 20.1 Introduction 377 20.2 Apparatus and Methods 378 20.3 Results and Discussion 381 20.4 Conclusion 391 21. Geochemical Modeling of Huff 'N' Puff Oil Recovery With C02 at the Northwest Mcgregor Oil Field 393 Yevhen I. Holubnyak, Blaise A.F. Mibeck, Jordan M. Bremer, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Charles D. Gorecki, Edward N. Steadman, and John A. Harju 21.1 Introduction 393 21.2 Northwest McGregor Location and Geological Setting 395 21.3 The Northwest McGregor Field, E. Goetz #1 Well Operational History 395 21.4 Reservoir Mineralogy 397 21.5 Preinjection and Postinjection Reservoir Fluid Analysis 398 21.6 Major Observations and the Analysis of the Reservoir Fluid Sampling 400 21.7 Laboratory Experimentations 401 21.8 2-D Reservoir Geochemical Modeling with GEM 402 21.9 Summary and Conclusions 403 21.10 Acknowledgments 404 21.11 Disclaimer 404 22. Comparison of C02 and Acid Gas Interactions with reservoir fluid and Rocks at Williston Basin Conditions 407 Yevhen I. Holubnyak, Steven B. Hawthorne, Blaise A. Mibeck, David J. Miller, Jordan M. Bremer, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Edward N. Steadman, and John A. Harju 22.1 Introduction 407 22.2 Rock Unit Selection 409 22.3 C02 Chamber Experiments 411 22.4 Mineralogical Analysis 412 22.5 Numerical Modeling 413 22.6 Results 413 22.7 Carbonate Minerals Dissolution 414 22.8 Mobilization of Fe 416 22.9 Summary and Suggestions for Future Developments 418 22.10 Acknowledgments 418 22.11 Disclaimer 418 Section 6: Well Technology 23 Well Cement Aging in Various H2S-C02 Flui( is at High Pressure and High Temperature: Experiments and Modelling 423 Nicolas Jacquemet, Jacques Pironon, Vincent Lagneau, Jérémie Saint-Marc 23.1 Introduction 424 23.2 Experimental equipment 425 23.3 Materials, Experimental Conditions and Analysis 426 23.4 Results and Discussion 428 23.5 Reactive Transport Modelling 430 23.6 Conclusion 432 24. Casing Selection and Correlation Technology for Ultra-Deep, Ultra- High Pressure, High H2S Gas Wells 437 Yongxing Sun, Yuanhua Lin, Taihe Shi, Zhongsheng Wang, Dajiang Zhu, Liping Chen, Sujun Liu, and Dezhi Zeng 24.1 Introduction 438 24.2 Material Selection Recommended Practice 438 24.3 Casing Selection and Correlation Technology 441 24.4 Field Applications 443 24.4 Conclusions 445 24.5 Acknowledgments 447 25. Coupled Mathematical Model of Gas Migration in Cemented Annulus with Mud Column in Acid Gas Well 449 Hongjun Zhu, Yuanhua Lin, Yongxing Sun, Dezhi Zeng, Zhi Zhang, and Taihe Shi 25.1 Introduction 449 25.2 Coupled Mathematical Model 450 25.3 Illustration 458 25.4 Conclusions 459 25.5 Nomenclature 460 25.6 Acknowledgment 461 Section 7: Corrosion 26. Study on Corrosion Resistance of L245/825 Lined Steel Pipe Welding Gap in H2S+C02 Environment 465 Dezhi Zeng, Yuanhua Lin, Liming Huang, Daijiang Zhu, Tan Gu, Taihe Shi, and Yongxing Sun 26.1 Introduction 466 26.2 Welding Process of Lined Steel Pipe 466 26.3 Corrosion Test Method of Straight and Ring Welding Gaps of L245/825 Lined Steel Pipe 467 26.4 Corrosion Test Results of Straight and Ring Welding Gaps of 1245/825 Lined Steel Pipe 472 26.5 Conclusions 477 26.6 Acknowledgments 477 References 477 Index 479

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive guide to one of today's most innovative approaches to environmental contamination Natural attenuation is gaining increasing attention as a nonintrusive, cost-effective alternative to standard remediation techniques for environmental contamination.Table of ContentsOverview of Natural Attenuation. Attenuation of Source Zones and Formation of Plumes. Abiotic Processes of Natural Attenuation. Overview of Intrinsic Bioremediation. Intrinsic Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Intrinsic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents. Evaluating Natural Attenuation. Modeling Natural Attenuation. Case Studies: Fuel Hydrocarbons. Case Studies: Chlorinated Solvents. Design of Long-Term Monitoring Programs. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe complete guide to the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. With increased regulatory pressures on air pollution emissions, there is a growing need for innovative control technologies in a wide range of industries.Trade Review"In light of increasing regulatory pressure on air pollution emissions, Hunter...and Oyama explore the science, technology, economics, and applications specific to controlling volatile organic compounds emissions in a number of industries." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "This book addresses a major environmental problem...I find this book...refreshing, focused and well-written." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 90, No. 1, February 2002)Table of ContentsThe Problem of Volatile Organic Compounds. Existing Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound Elimination. Condensation. Adsorption. Absorption. Thermal Incineration. Flaring. Catalytic Incineration. Biodegradation. Emerging Technologies. Ozone Properties, Handling, and Production. Surface Reactions and Catalysis. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides all new material on urban, industrial, and highway pollution, as well as on management and restoration of streams, lakes, and watershed management techniques. Includes revised chapters on agricultural diffuse pollution; control of urban, highway, and industrial diffuse pollution; and wetlands considerations.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction 1 2 Causes of Diffuse Pollution 50 3 Basic Concepts of Diffuse Pollution 104 4 Hydrologic Considerations 134 5 Erosion and Sedimentation 205 6 Soil Pollution and Its Mitigation 259(Coauthored by Wim Salomons) 7 Groundwater and Base Flow Contamination 328 8 Urban and Highway Diffuse Pollution 374 9 Control of Urban Diffuse Pollution 430(Coauthored by Neal O’Reilly) 10 Abatement of Agricultural Diffuse Pollution 519(Coauthored by Susan Alexander) 11 Integrated Watershed Management 571 12 Water Body Assessment 626 13 Estimating Loads and Loading Capacity by Models 719 14 Water Body and Watershed Restoration and Waste Assimilative Capacity Enhancement 787 References 841 Appendix 847 Index 849

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Book SynopsisFormer industrial and urban land is increasingly being recycled, a practice which follows current political policy and is appropriate in the more heavily populated areas of Europe. The contamination which soils and water below such land may have suffered due to past industrial activities could pose future risks to new occupiers, or to the environment as a whole, and therefore it is important that an assessment of the risk is undertaken before such land is re-used. This volume has been written specifically to assist developers, consultants and planners who are involved in the reclamation of contaminated land in ensuring that such recycling does not expose the public or the wider environment to unacceptable risks. It provides a clear rationale for why such risk assessments are needed, outlines the current legislation regulating such activities, and indicates where the responsibilities lie for control of this development. Inevitably, the assessment approach of this book draws mainly on UKTable of ContentsNEED FOR AND BASICS OF RISK ASSESSMENTS. The Need for Risk Assessments When Contaminated Land isRe-Used. Risk Assessment Methods. Hazard Identification. Pathway and Exposure Assessments. The Semi-Quantified Risk Assessment Approach. ASSESSING THE MORE IMPORTANT RISKS. Assessing the Risks of Surface Water Pollution. Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment. Area-Wide Air Pollution Risks. Risks to Site Users from Gases and Vapours. Risk of Attack on Construction Materials. Risks to Plant Populations. Risks to Human Health. Conclusions. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Anthropocene has arrived riding a wave of pollution. From forever chemicals to oceanic garbage patches, human-made chemical compounds are seemingly everywhere. Concerned about how these compounds disrupt multiple lives and ecologies, environmental scholars, activists, and affected communities have sought to curb the causes of pollution, focusing especially on the extractive industries. In Worlds of Gray and Green, authors Sebastián Ureta and Patricio Flores challenge us to rethink extraction as ecological practice. Adopting an environmental humanities analytic lens, Ureta and Flores offer a rich ethnographic exploration of the waste produced by Chile's El Teniente, the world's largest underground mine. Deposited in a massive dam, the wasteknown as tailingsengages with human and non-human entities in multiple ways through a process the authors call geosymbiosis. Some of these geosymbioses result in toxicity and damage, while others become the basis of lively novel ecologies. A particular kind of power emerges in the process, one that is radically indifferent to human beings but that affects them in many ways. Learning to live with geosymbioses offers a tentative path forward amid ongoing environmental devastation. Table of ContentsContents List of Figures Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1 • Residualism 2 • Carp, Algae, Dragon 3 • Happy Coexistence 4 • Parasitism 5 • Life against Life 6 • Symbiopower Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Anthropocene has arrived riding a wave of pollution. From forever chemicals to oceanic garbage patches, human-made chemical compounds are seemingly everywhere. Concerned about how these compounds disrupt multiple lives and ecologies, environmental scholars, activists, and affected communities have sought to curb the causes of pollution, focusing especially on the extractive industries. In Worlds of Gray and Green, authors Sebastián Ureta and Patricio Flores challenge us to rethink extraction as ecological practice. Adopting an environmental humanities analytic lens, Ureta and Flores offer a rich ethnographic exploration of the waste produced by Chile's El Teniente, the world's largest underground mine. Deposited in a massive dam, the wasteknown as tailingsengages with human and non-human entities in multiple ways through a process the authors call geosymbiosis. Some of these geosymbioses result in toxicity and damage, while others become the basis of lively novel ecologies. A particular kind of power emerges in the process, one that is radically indifferent to human beings but that affects them in many ways. Learning to live with geosymbioses offers a tentative path forward amid ongoing environmental devastation. Table of ContentsContents List of Figures Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1 • Residualism 2 • Carp, Algae, Dragon 3 • Happy Coexistence 4 • Parasitism 5 • Life against Life 6 • Symbiopower Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisChina''s spectacular economic growth over the past two decades has dramatically depleted the country''s natural resources and produced skyrocketing rates of pollution. Environmental degradation in China has also contributed to significant public health problems, mass migration, economic loss, and social unrest. In The River Runs Black, Elizabeth C. Economy examines China''s growing environmental crisis and its implications for the country''s future development.Drawing on historical research, case studies, and interviews with officials, scholars, and activists in China, Economy traces the economic and political roots of China''s environmental challenge and the evolution of the leadership''s response. She argues that China''s current approach to environmental protection mirrors the one embraced for economic development: devolving authority to local officials, opening the door to private actors, and inviting participation from the international community, while retaining Trade ReviewAccording to The River Runs Black, an outstanding new book by Elizabeth Economy,... five of China's biggest rivers are 'not suitable for human contact.'... According to Economy, Li Xioping, executive producers of 'Focus,' a Chinese investigative news program, says peasants now come to the 'Focus' studios to beg them to investigate environmental problems caused by local officials. -- Joshua Kurlantzick * The New Republic *As described by Elizabeth Economy, the scale of China's environmental degradation is shocking. Her book is particularly strong in its examination of the peculiarly Chinese reasons—beyond the country's rapid development and huge population pressure—that lie behind this: the leadership's obsession with short-term growth to preserve social stability, whatever the ultimate cost, is one; the weak rule of law and a tradition of devolving power to the regions, where watchdogs and polluters are often in collusion, is another. * The Economist *Economy examines the historical, political, cultural, and bureaucratic issues that will affect China's ability to meet the needs of its people and its environment.... She concludes that China's environment has paid 'a terrible price' as the country has turned from a nation in poverty to an economic power. It is possible, but by no means certain, she says, that it will be able to repair the damage or even to slow the degradation. * Chronicle Review *In Taiyun, a coal-producing region, water scarcity meant the city had the stark choice of moving 3 million people, shutting down heavy industry, or diverting a major river. It chose the last option. Water shortages also mean crop losses. In Qianghai, some 2,000 lakes and rivers have dried up, with serious implications for the flow of the crucial Yellow River. Already a quarter of China, about the size of the United States, is desert. Air pollution is also serious, creating health problems that mean days lost on the job. Beijing roads carry 2 million cars now, with 3 million predicted for next year. Traffic cops, breathing foul air, live 40 years on average. That's some of the environmental damage toted up by Elizabeth Economy, author of The River Runs Black. * Christian Science Monitor *The statistics and the anecdotes recounted in The River Runs Black are worse than ominous: China has six of the ten most polluted cities in the world; just by breathing, some children are smoking the equivalent of two packets of cigarettes a day; acid rain affects a third of the territory; more than three-quarters of the river water flowing through urban areas is unsuitable for drinking or fishing; each year, 300,000 people die prematurely as a result of air pollution; in one part of Guangdong Province, where circuit boards had been processed and burned, level of lead in the water were 2,400 times the guideline level set by the World Health Organisation. * Financial Times *Table of Contents1. The Death of the Huai River2. A Legacy of Exploitation3. The Economic Explosion and Its Environmental Cost4. The Challenge of Greening China5. The New Politics of the Environment6. The Devil and the Doorstep7. Lessons from Abroad8. Avoiding the CrisisNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisContributors including epidemiologists, clinicians, risk assessors, experts in air monitoring, microbiologists, and engineers discuss methodologies used in measuring exposures to pollution, strategies for improving indoor air quality, and other issues. They also assess the health effects of specificTrade ReviewHarmful of toxic substances enter the body through the air we breathe, through food or water ingested, or through the skin. This book by two prominent epidemiologists explores the relationship between air pollution and health. The book is well documented and well illustrated and provides a wealth of useful information including epidemiologic results and standards or requirements that influence air quality-both indoor and out. the 17 edited contributions are divided into discussions of (1) sources, (2) health effects, and (3) control and legal aspects. Each chapter is a detailed but readable review, of excellent quality and reliability. Particularly strong are the chapters on indoor air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, wood smoke, formaldehyde, and radon. Worldwide in coverage, this volume successfully provides a review for policy makers, engineers, lawyers, and health professionals, and for students in these disciplines, undergraduate and graduate. M.Gochfeld, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolTable of ContentsContributorsPrefaceAckowledgmentsChapter 1. A Perspective on Indoor and Outdoor Air PollutionPart I. Sources, Concentrations, and ExposureChapter 2. Sources and Concentrations of Indoor Air PollutionChapter 3. Building Dynamics and INdoor Air QualityChapter 4. Assessment of Indoor Air QualityChapter 5. Personal Exposure to Indoor Air PollutionPart II. Health EfectsChapter 6. Environmental Tobacco SmokeChapter 7. Nitrogen DioxideChapter 8. Carbon MonoxideChapter 9. Wood SmokeChapter 10. FormaldehydeChapter 11. Volatile Organic CompoundsChapter 12. Indoor Air Pollution and Infectious DiseasesChapter 13. Biological Agents and Allergic DiseasesChapter 14. Building-related IllnessesChapter 15. RadonPart III. Control and Legal AspectsChapter 16. COntrol StrategiesChapter 17. Legal Aspects of Indoor Air PollutionIndex

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Book SynopsisPollution prevention technologies offer a way to comply with regulations and also makes smart business sense. This book presents a how-to guide for locating and implementing the pollution prevention strategies for particular manufacturing processes. It breaks down the process to steps such as defining problems, setting goals, and more.Trade Review“…an instructional manual for debugging the chemical process industries…helps the chemical engineer recognize pollution prevention as nothing more than a reformulation of traditional chemical engineering problem-solving…”—Scott Butner, Senior Research Scientist, Environmental technology Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory “…an excellent nuts, bolts, pumps, and pipes P2 guidance test for process engineers. The engineer or manager charged with developing P2 solutions for his or her company would be well advised to consider the advice and suggestions offered by Mulholland and Dyer.”—Harry Freeman, Director, Louisiana Environmental Leadership Pollution Prevention ProgramTable of ContentsDedication. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Epigraph. Chapter 1. Why Pollution Prevention? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Waste As Pollution. 1.3 How is Pollution Prevention Defined? 1.4 Drivers for Pollution Prevention. 1.5 Pollution-Prevention Wisdom. 1.5.1 Waste Stream Analysis. 1.5.2 Process Analysis. 1.6 Scope of this Book. Literature Cited. Chapter 2. The Path to Pollution Prevention. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Recipe for Success. 2.3 Program Elements. 2.3.1 Chartering Phase. 2.3.2 Assessment Phase. 2.3.3 Implementation Phase. 2.4 The Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 2.4.1 New End-of-Pipe Treatment. 2.4.2 Raw-Materials Cost. 2.4.3 Cost of Manufacture. 2.5 Pollution-Prevention Engineering Technologies and Practices. 2.6 Engineering Evaluation of the Preferred Options. 2.7 Waste Stream and Process Analyses. 2.8 Case Studies. 2.8.1 Program Elements: U.S. EPA and DuPont Chambers Works Waste-Minimization Project. 2.8.2 Incentive for Pollution Prevention—Gas-Flow-Rate Reduction. 2.8.3 Waste Stream Analysis: Nonaqueous Cleaning. 2.8.4 Process Analysis: Replace Solvent with a Process Intermediate, Product, or Feed. Literature Cited. Chapter 3. Pollution Prevention Program Development. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Regulations. 3.3 A Successful Pollution-Prevention Program. 3.4 Program Elements. 3.5 Chartering Phase. 3.5.1 Business Leadership Decision to Start. 3.5.2 Establishing the Program. 3.5.3 Selecting the Waste Streams. 3.5.4 Creating a Core Assessment Team. 3.6 Assessment Phase. 3.6.1 Collect Data. 3.6.2 Set Goals. 3.6.3 Define the Problem. 3.6.4 Show Stoppers. 3.6.5 Generate Options. 3.6.6 Screening the Options. 3.6.7 Evaluate the Screened Options. 3.7 Implementation Phase. 3.7.1 Select Options for Implementation. 3.7.2 Create Preliminary Implementation Plan. 3.7.3 Secure Approval for Implementation and Begin Implementation Projects. 3.7.4 Keep People Involved. 3.8 Resources. 3.9 When Should You Do Pollution Prevention? 3.9.1 Pollution Prevention during Research and Development. 3.9.2 Pollution Prevention during Process and Design Engineering. 3.9.3 Pollution Prevention during Process Operation. 3.10 Case Studies. 3.10.1 R&D Phase. 3.10.2 Process and Design Engineering Phase. 3.10.3 Existing Process Operation. Literature Cited. Chapter 4. Economics of Pollution Prevention. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 End-of-Pipe Treatment Cost as the Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 4.3 Economic Criteria for Technology Comparisons. 4.3.1 Net Present Value. 4.3.2 Investment. 4.4 End-of-Pipe VOC and HVOC Treatment Technology Selection. 4.4.1 Cost Associated with Permit Applications. 4.4.2 Investment, Cash Operating Cost, and Net Present Cost. 4.5 Particulate Control Technologies. 4.5.1 Investment, Cost, and Economics. 4.5.2 technology Description. 4.5.3 Technology Selection. 4.6 Biological Wastewater Treatment Technologies. 4.6.1 Applicable technologies. 4.6.2 Incentive for Source Reduction for New Facilities. 4.6.3 Investment and Costs for Aerobic Deep-Tank Activated-Sludge Treatment Facilities. 4.7 Nonbiological Wastewater Treatment technologies. 4.7.1 Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 4.7.2 Nonbiological End-of-Pipe Technology Selection Map. 4.7.3 Investment, Cost, and Economics for Individual Technologies. 4.8 Solid-Waste Treatment Costs. 4.9 Examples. 4.9.1 High-Flow, VOC-Laden Air Stream. 4.9.2 Moderate-Flow, HVOC-Laden Air Stream. 4.9.3 Waste-Gas Stream with VOCs and particulates. 4.9.4 New Biotreatment Facility for an Existing Manufacturing Site. 4.10 Engineering Evaluations and Pollution Prevention. 4.10.1 What is Engineering Evaluation? 4.10.2 How Does It Work? 4.10.3 Where Is It Valuable. 4.11 The 10-Step Method. 4.11.1Define Problem and Set Goals (Step 1 and 2). 4.11.2 Identify the Alternatives (Step 3). 4.11.3 Define the Alternatives (Steps 4 and 5). 4.11.4 Evaluate the Alternatives (Steps 6 through 10). 4.12 Shortcut NPV Method. 4.12.1Data Requirements. 4.12.2 Calculating NPV. 4.12.3 Basis of the Shortcut Method. 4.12.4 Adjustments to the NPV Estimations Dues to Project Timing. 4.12.5 Comments on NPV Method. 4.12.6 An Example. 4.13 Waste-Management Economics: A Balanced Approach. 4.13.1 The Path to Better Solutions. 4.13.2 Incremental Costs of Waste Treatment. 4.13.3 How Should You Use These Incremental Costs? 4.13.4 Characteristics of a Balanced Approach. Literature Cited. Chapter 5. Case Study. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Background of Case Study. 5.3 Chartering Phase. 5.3.1 Incentive Based On End-of-Pipe Treatment. 5.3.2 Lost-Product Value Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 5.4 Assessment Phase. 5.4.1 Collect Data. 5.4.2 Set Goals. 5.4.3 Define the Problem. 5.4.4 Generate Ideas. 5.4.5 Screen Ideas. 5.4.6 Evaluate the Screened Ideas. 5.5 Implementation Phase. 5.6 Results. Literature Cited. Chapter 6. Pollution-Prevention Technologies and Practices. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Engineering Technologies, Operating Practices, and Unit Operations. 6.3 Dyelate Process Case Study. 6.3.1 Condensation. 6.3.2 Ring Closure. 6.3.3 Extraction. 6.3.4 Acidification and Halogenation. 6.3.5 Filtration and Drying. 6.3.6 Observations and Potential Process Improvement Options. Literature Cited. Chapter 7. Pollution Prevention In Batch Operations. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Nature and Sources of Emissions. 7.3 Pollution-Prevention Strategies. 7.3.1 Reactor Charging. 7.3.2 Reactor Operation. 7.3.3 Reactor Discharging. 7.3.4 Reactor Cleaning. 7.4 Modeling Batch Processes. 7.5 Batch vs. Continuous Operation. 7.6 Case Studies. 7.6.1 Replace an Organic Solvent with an Aqueous Solvent for Cleaning. 7.6.2 Methylene Chloride Emissions Reduction. 7.6.3 Conversion from Batch to Continuous Operation. Literature Cited. Chapter 8. Equipment and Parts Cleaning. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Nature of Emission Sources. 8.3 The Pollution-Prevention Continuum. 8.3.1 More Than 95% Pollution Prevention. 8.3.2 More Than 90% Pollution Prevention. 8.3.3 More Than 75% Pollution Prevention. 8.3.4 More Than 50% Pollution Prevention. 8.3.5 More Than and Less Than 10% Pollution Prevention. 8.3.6 Employee Awareness. 8.4 Cleaning Research. 8.5 Case Studies. 8.5.1 Minimize the Need for Cleaning. 8.5.2 Procedural Changes Relaxed Product Specifications. 8.5.3 High-Pressure Washing. 8.5.4 Waste Solvent Used For Flushing Equipment. Literature Cited. Chapter 9. High-Value Waste. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Regulations. 9.3 Conversion to a High-Value Waste. 9.3.1 Process and Waste-Stream Constituents. 9.3.2 Modify the Waste-Stream. 9.4 The Waste-Value Continuum. 9.4.1 Eliminate From the Process. 9.4.2 Reuse in the Process. 9.4.3 Convert to Feed. 9.4.4 Convert to Product. 9.4.5 End-of-Pipe Treatment. 9.5 Case Histories. 9.5.1 Organic Solvents Eliminated from the Process. 9.5.2 Acid Scavengers Eliminated from the Process. 9.5.3 Reusing Small Quantities of Solvents in a Process. 9.5.4 Wash-Solvent Reuse in Paint Formulation. 9.5.5 Vinyl Acetate Recovery and Reuse. 9.5.6 Reuse Sample Waste In the Process. 9.5.7 Reuse, Waste Elimination and Conversion to a Feed Material for a Herbicide Process. 9.5.8 Waste Segregation and Conversion to Products in Dairy Production. 9.5.9 Reintroduction of Waste Solids into a Polymer Process. 9.5.10 Nonwoven Waste Fabric Turned into a High-Value Product. Literature Cited. Chapter 10. Reactor Design and Operation. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Pollution-Prevention Strategies. 10.2.1 Consider the Impact of Solvent Selection. 10.2.2 Improve the Quality of Raw Materials. 10.2.3 Redesign the Reactor. 10.2.4 For Equilibrium Reactions, Recycle Byproducts. 10.2.5 For Sequential Reactions, Remove Product as it Forms. 10.2.6 Match the Mixing to the Reaction. 10.2.7 Improve the Way Reactants Are Added to the Reactor. 10.2.8 Modify Reactor Cooling or Heating. 10.2.9 Consider More Forgiving Regions of Operation. 10.2.10 Add, Change, or Optimize the Catalyst. 10.2.11 Optimize Reactant Feed Ratios and Addition Sequence. 10.2.12 Know, Analyze, and Control Critical Parameters. 10.2.13 Routinely Calibrate Instrumentation. 10.2.14 Other Strategies. Literature Cited. Chapter 11. Use of Water as a Solvent and Heat Transfer Fluid. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Incentive for Source Reduction of Water Use. 11.3 Waste Reuse. 11.4 The Pollution-Prevention Continuum. 11.5 Pollution-Prevention Strategies. 11.6 Water Pinch Analysis. 11.7 Case Histories: Water as a Solvent. 11.7.1 Water Reuse as a Solvent. 11.7.2 pH Control. 11.7.3 Water Scrubbing. 11.7.4 Nonaqueous Cleaning. 11.8 Case Histories: Water as a Heat-Transfer Fluid. 11.8.1 Noncontact Cooling. 11.8.2 Water Monitoring. 11.8.3 Water Reuse for Energy. Literature Cited. Chapter 12. Organic Solvents. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cost as a Driver for Pollution Prevention. 12.3 Regulations. 12.4 The Pollution-Prevention Continuum. 12.5 Source Reduction of Solvents. 12.6 Solvent Selection. 12.6.1. Step 1: Identify Important Chemical and Physical Solvent Properties. 12.6.2 Step 2: Identify Constraints on Important Solvent Properties. 12.6.3 Step 3: Compile Data for all Properties and Rank Solvents Satisfying the Target Constraints. 12.6.4 Step 4: Evaluate the Top Solvent Candidates Using Simulation. 12.7 Solvent-Selection Databases. 12.8 Case Histories. 12.8.1 Solventless Process. 12.8.2 Replace Replace Solvent with a Process Intermediate, Product, or Feed. 12.8.3 Water as a Solvent. 12.8.4 Improve Solvent Recovery. 12.8.5 Implement Solvent Recovery. 12.8.6 Process and Equipment Improvements. 12.8.7 Organic Solvent Selection. Literature Cited. Chapter 13. pH Control as a Pollution-Prevention Tool. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Pollution-Prevention Strategies. 13.2.1 Understand Whether Your Plant Adds Acid or Base to Control pH. 13.2.2 Avoid Excessive Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing in Caustic Scrubbers. 13.2.3 Know the pKa and pKb of Weak Organic Acids and Bases in Your Process and Their Impact on Waste Emissions. 13.3 Metals Solubility and pH. 13.3.1 Hydrolysis of Metal Cations. 13.3.2 Methodology of Dyer et al. Study. 13.3.3 The OLI Software System. 13.3.4 Overall Metal Solubility Diagrams. 13.3.5 The Important Role of Source Reduction and Pretreatment. 13.4 Case Histories. 13.4.1 Plugging of Feed Preheater and Column with Tars. 13.4.2 Tar Formation Due to Acidity in an Incoming Raw Material. 13.4.3 Metals Emissions in Wastewater Effluent. 13.4.4 Copper Emissions from Reaction Step. Literature Cited. Chapter 14. Pollution Prevention in Vacuum Processes. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Background. 14.3 Nature or Emission Sources. 14.4 Regulatory Outlook. 14.5 How Do Emissions Originate? 14.5.1 Entrainment. 14.5.2 Temperature of Operation. 14.5.3 Inert Level. 14.6 The Pollution-Prevention Continuum. 14.7 Source Reduction of Vacuum System Emissions. 14.7.1 Entrainment. 14.7.2 Temperature of Operation. 14.7.3 Inerts Level. 14.7.4 Vacuum Device. 14.8 Case Histories and Economics. 14.8.1 Case History #1: Degassing at High Vacuum During Polymer Production. 14.8.2 Case History #2: Vacuum Distillation. Literature Cited. Chapter 15. Ventilation of Manufacturing. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 The Bottom Line. 15.3 Nature and Sources of Emissions. 15.4 Regulatory Outlook. 15.5 The Pollution-Prevention Continuum. 15.5.1 Process Modifications to Eliminate the Contaminants. 15.5.2 Minimize the Volume of Contaminated Air. 15.5.3 Recirculation of Ventilation Air. 15.5.4 Dilution or General Building Ventilation. 15.5.5 Personal Protective Equipment. 15.6 The Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 15.7 Case Histories. 15.7.1 Printing Facility. 15.7.2 Semiconductor and Pharmaceutical Industries. 15.7.3 Parts Cleaner. 15.7.4 Film Facility. Literature Cited. Chapter 16. Volatile Organic-Liquid Storage. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Nature of Emissions Sources. 16.3 Regulatory Outlook. 16.4 How Do Emissions Originate? 16.4.1 Roof Tanks. 16.4.2 Floating Roof Tanks. 16.4.3 Stratification. 16.4.4 Estimating Emissions. 16.4.5 Fugitive Emissions (Equipment Leaks). 16.5 The Pollution-Prevention Continuum. 16.6 Discussion. 16.6.1 Source Reduction of Breathing Losses. 16.6.2 Source Reduction of Working Losses. 16.6.3 Other Source Reduction Approaches. 16.6.4 Floating Roofs. 16.6.5 Pressure Vessels. 16.6.6 End-of-Pipe Controls. 16.7 Technology Selection Criteria. 16.7.1 Floating Roofs. 16.7.2 Dedicated Control Device. 16.7.3 Pressure Vessel. 16.7.4 Headered Control Device. 16.7.5 Source Reduction Options. 16.8 Case Histories. 16.8.1 Refrigerated Vent Condenser. 16.8.2 Headered Vent System. 16.8.3 Floating Roofs. 16.8.4 Pressure Vessels. Literature Cited. Chapter 17. Separation Technology Selection. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Pollution-Prevention Strategies. 17.2.1 Selection Heuristics. 17.2.2 Separation Unit-Operation Selection. 17.3 Unit Operation Parameters. 17.3.1 Distillation. 17.3.2 Crystallization. 17.3.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction. 17.3.4 Adsorption. 17.3.5 Membranes. 17.4 Case Histories. 17.4.1 Distillation: New Design Criteria. 17.4.2 Distillation: Recovery of Waste. 17.4.3 Crystallization: New Technology. 17.4.4 Extraction: Thermodynamic Review. 17.4.5 Adsorption: Technology Selection. 17.4.6 Membranes: Process Simplification. Literature Cited. Chapter 18. Equipment Leaks: Regulations, Impacts, and Strategies. 18.1 Fugitive Emissions. 18.2 New Regulations in Mid-1994. 18.3 Recordkeeping Setup. 18.4 Strategy for Valves. 18.5 Learnings from a Study of Pump Seals. 18.6 Strategy from Pumps. Literature Cited. Appendix A. A Collection of Pollution-Prevention Opportunities. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Did You Know That… A.3 Pollution-Prevention Opportunities List. A.3.1 Process/Product Conceptualization and Development. A.3.2 Plant Design. A.3.3 Plant Operation. Literature Cited. Appendix B. Description of Screened Ideas From Case Study.

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Book SynopsisHelps engineers and managers identify the technologies that best fit their plant and/or processes. This text is a reference to various "tail-end" SO2 control processes, providing a "snapshot" of where this technology stands in industry. The technologies are divided into waste producing processes and byproduct processes.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the environmental problems associated with agriculture, particularly the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and the disposal of animal waste. These have become major policy issues in many countries, with the main polluting effect being on water quality. As with other types of pollution, significant reductions in agriculture's contribution to water pollution requires the application of either enforceable regulatory approaches or changes in the economic environment, so that farmers adopt environmentally-friendly production practices. Providing a review and guide to the policy options and their economic administrative and political merits, the reader can develop an understanding of these options and their merits in the emerging policy context. The principal focus is on the developed world, particularly North America and Europe. The book is aimed at advanced students, researchers and professionals in agricultural economics and policy, and environmental and pollTable of Contents1: Agriculture and Water Quality: the Issues, J S Shortle and D G Abler, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA 2: Environmental Instruments for Agriculture, R D Horan, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA and J S Shortle 3: Voluntary and Indirect Approaches for Reducing Externalities and Satisfying Multiple Objectives, R D Horan, M Ribaudo, Economic Research Service, Washington DC, USA and D G Abler 4: Estimating Benefits and Costs of Pollution Control Policies, M Ribaudo and J S Shortle 5: Non-point Source Pollution Control Policy in the US, M Ribaudo 6: Policy on Agricultural Pollution in the European Union, N Hanley, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 7: Decomposing the Effects of Trade on the Environment, D G Abler and J S Shortle

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed to help scientifically astute non-specialists understand basic geophysical and computational fluid dynamics concepts relating to oil spill simulations, and related modeling issues and challenges. A valuable asset to the engineer or manager working off-shore in the oil and gas industry, the authors, a team of renowned geologists and engineers, offer practical applications to mitigate any offshore spill risks, using research never before published.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1: Applied Oil Spill Modeling (with applications to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill) 1 1 The 2010 Deep Water Horizon and 2002 Supertanker Prestige Accidents 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The Oil Spills Described 5 1.3 How Much Material Remains in the Gulf? 6 1.4 The Role of Ocean Models to Explain what Happened 7 References 8 2 Gulf of Mexico Circulation 9 2.1 General Characteristics 9 2.2 Exchanges at Lateral and Surface Boundaries 11 2.3 Loop Current Eddies 12 2.4 Blocking by the Pycnocline 13 2.5 Fate of the Deepwater Horizon Well Blowout Material 14 2.6 Summary 15 References 16 3 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Modeling Challenges 17 3.1 Modeling the Circulation and Mixing of the Gulf Waters 17 3.2 External Boundaries 18 3.3 Addressing the Water Column Contamination and Fluxes 18 3.4 Eff ects of Bottom Dynamics on Accumulated Hydrocarbons 20 3.5 Churning by Extreme Weather Events 20 3.6 Summary 21 References 22 4 Flow and Oil Transport Model Choices, Setup and Testing 23 4.1 The DieCAST Ocean Circulation Model 23 4.2 Korotenko Oil Transport Module KOTM 24 4.3 Gulf Modeling Approach 25 4.4 Model Vertical Eddy Viscosity and Diff usivity 25 4.5 Surface Wind Driving and Open Boundary Conditions 26 4.6 Comments on Modeling Equatorial Dynamics and the Gulf of Mexico 26 4.7 Modeling Multi-Century Gulf Currents 27 References 29 5 Modeling the 2010 DWH Oil Spill 31 5.1 Introduction: the BP/Deepwater Horizon Accident 31 5.2 Deepwater Blowouts: Processes Affecting the Transport and Fate of Oil throughout the Water Column 32 5.3 Oil Spill Model for Gulf of Mexico (GOSM) 57 5.4 Results and Discussion 68 5.5 Summary 82 References 86 Part 2: Special Topics in Oil Spill Modeling 95 6 DieCAST Model Origin and Development 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Recent Model Attributes 98 6.3 Challenges in Modeling the Gulf of Mexico Circulation 99 6.4 Complications of Modeling near-Equatorial Circulation 99 6.5 Non Hydrostatic Effects 101 6.6 Sponge Layers in the Global Model 101 6.7 Inflow Considerations 101 References 102 7 Brief History of the Community Ocean Modeling System (COMS) 105 7.1 COMS history 105 7.2 Background and motivations 106 7.3 COMS elliptic solver history 107 7.4 Evolution of DieCAST 108 7.5 Outlook 108 References 110 8 DieCAST Model Equations 113 8.1 Model Equations 113 8.2 Model Layer Depths 115 References 116 9 Some Basic Physical, Mathematical and Modeling Concepts 117 9.1 Buoyancy, Density and the Hydrostatic Approximation 117 9.2 Pycnocline Slope: Geopotential Surface as a Natural Vertical Coordinate 119 9.3 Rotation and Coriolis Terms 120 9.4 Pycnocline and the Florida Strait Sill Depth 121 9.5 Surface and Bottom Mixed Layers 121 References 122 10 Modeling Challenges, Validations and Animations 125 10.1 Incompressibility, Geostrophy, Data Assimilation and Initialization Issues 125 10.2 Thermocline Maintenance, Ventilation and Extreme Events 127 10.3 Nesting, Grid Coupling and Open Boundary Conditions 127 10.4 Validation of Simulated Major Current Patterns in the Gulf 127 10.5 Note on Data Assimilation 133 10.6 Gulf Circulation Animations 134 10.7 Animation 1 134 10.8 Animation 2 135 10.9 Animation 3 136 References 136 11 A Five-Century Gulf Simulation using DieCAST 139 11.1 Motivation 139 11.2 Basic Flow Patterns 140 11.3 Some Results Observed during the 5th Century 142 11.4 Internal Waves 143 11.5 Island /Headland Wake Eff ects in the Yucatan Channel 143 11.6 Deeply Suspended and Bottom Deposited Material 144 References 145 12 Extreme Events and Oil Rig Stability 147 12.1 Introduction 147 12.2 An Unusual Northern Gulf Eddy Event 148 12.3 Detailed Discussion of Run A 148 12.4 Some Comments 151 12.5 Other Extreme Events Found during the 500-year simulation 152 References 153 13 Initialization and Data Assimilation; MAM Procedure 155 13.1 Introduction 155 13.2 Preliminary Comment 156 13.3 MAM Procedure 156 13.4 Refinements, Variations, Generalizations and Specializations of the MAM Approach 158 References 160 14 On the Simulation of Density Currents by z-level Models 161 14.1 Motivation 161 14.2 Introduction 162 14.3 Analysis 164 14.4 Summary and Conclusion 167 14.5 Acknowledgements 168 References 168 Appendix I: Notes on Modeling Hurricanes with DieCAST 171 A1.1 Introduction 171 A1.2 Model Setup 172 A1.3 Results and Discussion 174 A1.4 Final Remarks 178 A1.5 Summary 179 A1.6 Acknowledgements 179 References 179 Appendix II: A Model Study of Ventilation of the Mississippi Bight by Baroclinic Eddies: Local Instability and Remote Loop Current Effects 181 A2.1 Abstract 181 A2.2 Introduction 182 A2.3 Model Setup 183 A2.4 Results 184 A2.5 Concluding Remarks 208 References 213 Index 215

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Book SynopsisMultidisciplinary treatment of the urgent issues surrounding urban pollution worldwide Written by some of the top experts on the subject in the world, this book presents the diverse, complex and current themes of the urban pollution debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. It uniquely combines the science of urban pollution with associated policy that seeks to control it, and includes a comprehensive collection of international case studies showing the status of the problem worldwide. Urban Pollution: Science and Management is a multifaceted collection of chapters that address the contemporary concomitant issues of increasing urban living and associated issues with contamination by offering solutions specifically for the built environment. It covers: the impacts of urban pollution; historical urban pollution; evolution of air quality policy and management in urban areas; ground gases in urban environments; bioaccessTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii 1 Insights and Issues into the Impacts of Urban Pollution 1Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Examples of Urban Pollution 2 1.3 Structure of This Book 4 1.4 Conclusions 5 References 5 2 Historical Urban Pollution 7Ann Power and Annie Worsley 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Historical Pollution Monitoring using Environmental Archives 8 2.3 Ancient Air Pollution 8 2.4 Industrial Revolution 10 2.5 Twentieth‐Century Urban Pollution 13 2.6 Industrial Emissions 16 2.7 Transport 18 2.8 Conclusions 20 References 20 3 Evolution of Air Quality Policy and Management in Urban Areas 29Enda Hayes 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Sources of Urban Air Pollution 29 3.3 Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution 30 3.4 Historical Context of Air Quality Policy and Management 30 3.5 Future Urban Challenges 34 3.6 Conclusions 36 References 36 4 UK and EU Water Policy as an Instrument of Urban Pollution 39Anne‐Marie McLaughlin, Susanne M. Charlesworth, and Stephen J. Coupe Acronyms used in This Chapter 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Determining Water Quality 40 4.3 UK Water Policy 41 4.4 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) 46 4.5 European Policy 49 4.6 The Future 51 4.7 Conclusions 53 References 54 5 Soil Quality and Policy 57J. Webb, Jose L. Rubio, and Michael A. Fullen 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Soil Pollutants and Their Sources 57 5.3 Consequences of Urban Soil Pollution 58 5.4 Soils Legislation 61 5.5 Conclusions 65 References 66 6 Ground Gases in Urban Environments – Sources and Solutions 69Andrew B. Shuttleworth 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 The Biochemistry of Ground Gas Production 71 6.3 Ground Gas Monitoring and Risk Assessment 73 6.5 Other Approaches 76 6.6 Passive Barriers and Subfloor Ventilation 77 6.7 Practical Examples of Gas Protection Details 79 6.8 Pathway Interception Systems for Receptor Protection and Control of Historic Sources 82 6.9 Examples of Other Techniques and Solutions: Biodegradation of Gaseous Pollutants 86 6.10 Conclusion 87 References 87 7 Insights and Issues of Trace Elements Found in Street and Road Dusts 91Susanne M. Charlesworth, Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, and Colin A. Booth 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Sources of Street and Road Dusts 92 7.3 House Dust 98 7.4 Urban Soil 99 7.5 Urban Geochemical Cycles 99 7.6 Conclusions 100 References 101 8 Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements in Urban Environments 107Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, Fernando Barrio‐Parra, Miguel Izquierdo‐Díaz, Rodrigo Álvarez, Juan Mingot, and Susanne M. Charlesworth 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Analytical Protocols 108 8.3 Bioaccessibility and Urban Environments 109 8.4 Bioaccessibility and Human Health Risk Assessment 113 8.5 Conclusions 113 References 113 9 The Necessity for Urban Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal 119Colin A. Booth, David Oloke, Andrew Gooding, and Susanne M. Charlesworth 9.1 Introduction 119 9.2 Wastewater Collection in Developed Countries 120 9.3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 121 9.4 Sludge Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 124 9.5 WASH in Developing Countries 125 9.6 Conclusions 127 References 127 10 Living Green Roofs 131Sara Wilkinson and Fraser Torpy 10.1 Introduction 131 10.2 Increasing Urbanisation: Urban Growth 131 10.3 Increasing Urbanisation: Soil, Water, and Air Pollution 132 10.4 Urban Heat Islands and Human Health 135 10.5 Green Roof Options 137 10.6 Case Study: University of Technology, Sydney, Food‐Producing Roof and Urban Pollution 139 10.7 Conclusions and Next Steps 140 References 141 11 Light Pollution 147Fabio Falchi 11.1 Introduction 147 11.2 Environmental and Health Effects of Light Pollution 149 11.3 How to Reduce Light Pollution 151 11.4. The example of the Italian Regional Laws 153 11.5 Conclusions 155 References 156 12 The Role of Forensic Science in the Investigation and Control of Urban Pollution 161Kenneth Pye 12.1 Introduction 161 12.2 Types of Urban Pollutants 161 12.3 Stages in the Forensic Investigation of Urban Pollution 165 12.4 Methods Used to Identify Sources of Pollutants 165 12.5 Conclusions 168 References 169 13 River Ecology and Urban Pollution 173Martin Fenn 13.1 Introduction 173 13.2 History of River Ecology Monitoring 174 13.3 Success Stories 184 13.4 Conclusions 185 References 185 14 Urban Meadows on Brownfield Land 187Lynn Besenyei 14.1 Introduction 187 14.2 Creating Flower‐Rich Meadows 189 14.3 Brownfield Soils for Meadow Creation 192 14.4 Management of Created Meadows 193 14.5 Opportunities for Urban Meadow Creation 195 14.6 Conclusions 196 References 196 15 Urban Pollution and Ecosystem Services 199Rebecca Wade 15.1 Introduction 199 15.2 Ecosystem Services (ES), the Ecosystem Approach, and Ecosystem Service Valuation 199 15.3 Urban Impacts on ES 201 15.4 ES and Urban Pollution in the UK Legislative Context 202 15.5 Enhancing Urban ES to Mitigate Urban Pollution 203 15.6 Conclusions 206 References 207 16 Greywater Recycling and Reuse 211Katherine Hyde and Matthew Smith 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 The Ubiquitous Nature of Pollutants in Wastewater from Baths, Showers, and Handbasins 211 16.3 The Quality of Untreated Greywater and Its Water Resource Value 212 16.4 Greywater Terminologies Used in this Chapter 213 16.5 Pollutants in Untreated Greywater 213 16.6 Standardising Greywater Treatment Systems: Removing and Minimising Pollutant Concentrations 214 16.7 Managing the Environmental Characteristics, Applications, and Urban Uses of Treated Greywater 216 16.8 University of Reading’s 2016 Experimental Irrigation of Sedum using Treated Greywater 217 16.9 Soil Results Evaluated during Irrigation using Greywater Constituents 218 16.10 Applying the Principles of Controlled Waters to Greywater Discharges for Sustaining Green Infrastructure 218 16.11 Concluding Comments and Review 220 Acknowledgements 220 References 220 17 Containment of Pollution from Urban Waste Disposal Sites 223Isaac I. Akinwumi, Colin A. Booth, Oluwapelumi O. Ojuri, Adebanji S. Ogbiye, and Akinwale O. Coker 17.1 Introduction 223 17.2 Generation of Waste Worldwide 224 17.3 Waste Management Issues 224 17.4 Landfill Liners 229 17.5 Conclusions 231 References 231 18 Mitigating Urban Pollution through Innovative Use of Construction Materials 235Jamal M. Khatib, A. A. Elkordy, and Z. Abou Saleh 18.1 Introduction 235 18.2 Recycled Materials 235 18.3 Cement Replacement and Geopolymer‐Based Materials 237 18.4 Innovative Ways of Using Waste Clay 238 18.5 Treatment and Stabilisation of Contaminated Sites 239 18.6 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste 239 18.7 Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Wastes 240 18.8 Paper Industry Waste 240 18.9 Shelled Compressed Earth 241 18.10 Innovative Green Construction Materials 241 18.11 Innovative Chemical Admixtures for Construction Materials 242 18.12 Conclusions 242 References 243 19 Application of Zeolites to Environmental Remediation 249Craig D. Williams 19.1 Introduction 249 19.2 Heavy Metal Removal 249 19.3 Pesticide Removal 250 19.4 Zeolites Used in Transport 250 19.5 Zeolites Used in Wastewater Treatment 251 19.6 Zeolites Used in Nuclear Clean‐Up 251 19.7 Zeolites in Organic Clean‐Up 252 19.8 Zeolites used in Agriculture 252 19.9 Zeolites as Slow Release Agents 254 19.10 Zeolite Safety 254 19.11 Conclusions 255 References 255 20 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Theoretical Background and Applications to Groundwaters 259Alan P. Newman, Andrew B. Shuttleworth, and Ernest O. Nnadi 20.1 Introduction 259 20.2 Essentials for Bioremediation 259 20.3 Bioremediation of Groundwater 262 20.4 In Situ Plume Treatment 262 20.5 Electron Acceptor Management in Groundwater Bioremediation 264 20.6 Oxygen Releasing Compounds 265 20.7 Anaerobic Bioremediation of Groundwater 266 20.8 Reductive Anaerobic Degradation 267 20.9 PRBs and Bioremediation 268 20.10 Reductive Biodegradation in Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) 270 20.11 Conclusion 270 References 270 21 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Applications to Solid Media 277Andrew B. Shuttleworth, Alan P. Newman, and Ernest O. Nnadi 21.1 Introduction 277 21.2 In Situ Treatment above the Water Table 278 21.3 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 280 21.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation in Unsaturated Strata 282 21.5 Conclusion 288 References 289 22 Use of Environmental Management Systems to Mitigate Urban Pollution 293Rosemary Horry and Colin A. Booth 22.1 Introduction 293 22.2 Why Is Environmental Management Important? 293 22.3 Organisational Benefits and Barriers of Implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS) 294 22.4 What can Companies do in Relation to their Environmental Impacts? 294 22.5 What Happens when Things Go Wrong? 297 22.6 Conclusions 301 References 301 23 Role of Citizen Science in Air Quality Monitoring 303Natasha Constant 23.1 Introduction 303 23.2 Air Pollution in Urban Environments 304 23.3 Citizen Science and New Advances in Air Quality Monitoring 304 23.4 Citizen Science, Biomonitoring, and Plants 306 23.5 Social Dimensions of Citizen Science Air Quality Monitoring 307 23.6 Conclusions 308 References 309 24 Unique Environmental Regulatory Framework Streamlines Clean‐Up and Encourages Urban Redevelopment in Massachusetts, United States 313Catherine M. Malagrida, Ileen Gladstone, and Ryan S. Hoffman 24.1 Introduction 313 24.2 LSPs and the Privatised System 314 24.3 The Risk‐Based Clean‐Up Programme 314 24.4 Brownfield Redevelopment Incentives 315 24.5 Case Studies 315 24.6 Conclusions 324 References 325 25 Urban Pollution in China 327Jianmin Ma and Jianzhong Xu 25.1 Introduction 327 25.2 Urban Air Pollution in China 327 25.3 Urban Land/Soil Pollution 332 25.4 Municipal Waste Contamination in Urban China 332 25.5 A Case Study of Urban Pollution in Beijing 333 25.6 Conclusions 337 References 337 26 Urban Pollution in India 341Manoj Shrivastava, Avijit Ghosh, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, and S.D. Singh 26.1 Introduction 341 26.2 Issues Related to Urban Pollution in India 341 26.3 Pollution from Solid Waste and Wastewater in Indian Urban Areas 345 26.4 Air Pollution in Urban Areas of India 346 26.5 Water Pollution in Urban Areas of India 348 26.6 Soil Contamination in Urban Areas of India 350 26.7 Noise Pollution in Urban Areas of India 350 26.8 Ways to Reduce Urban Pollution in India 351 26.9 Conclusions 352 References 352 27 Urban Aquatic Pollution in Brazil 357Felippe Fernandes, Paulo Roberto Bairros Da Silva, Cristiano Poleto, and Susanne M. Charlesworth 27.1 Introduction 357 27.2 Current Brazilian Environmental Regulations 358 27.3 Ecological Risk Assessment Approaches in Brazil 360 27.4 Environmental Studies in Brazil 361 27.5 A Case Study of Curitiba, Paraná 365 27.6 Conclusions 366 References 367 28 Potentially Toxic Metal‐Bearing Phases in Urban Dust and Suspended Particulate Matter: The Case of Budapest, Hungary 371Péter Sipos, Tibor Németh, Viktória Kovács Kis, Norbert Zajzon, Chung Choi, and Zoltán May 28.1 Introduction 371 28.2 Materials and Methods 372 28.3 Results and Discussion 373 28.4 Conclusions 379 References 380 29 The Role of Urban Planning in Sub‐Saharan Africa Urban Pollution Management 385Kwasi Gyau Baffour Awuah 29.1 Introduction 385 29.2 Overview of Urban Pollution in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) 386 29.3 Urban Planning as a Panacea 389 29.4 Lessons for SSA Urban Planning 392 References 393 30 Water Pollution and Urbanisation Trends in Lebanon: Litani River Basin Case Study 397Jamal M. Khatib, Safaa Baydoun, and A. A. ElKordi 30.1 Introduction 397 30.2 Water Resources in Lebanon 399 30.3 Urbanisation Trends 400 30.4 Wastewater Management 401 30.5 Water Quality 402 30.6 The Case of the Litani River Basin 403 30.7 Urbanisation and Water Pollution Trends 404 30.8 Pollution Impact 408 30.9 Current Management Efforts and Strategies 409 30.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 409 References 410 31 Closing Comments on Urban Pollution 417Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 31.1 Introduction 417 31.2 The Future for Towns and Cities 421 Reference 421 Index 423

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Book SynopsisEnlightens readers on the realities of global atmospheric change, including global warming and poor air quality Climate change and air pollution are two of the most pressing issues facing Mankind. This book gives undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and professionals working in the science and policy of pollution, climate change and air quality a broad and up-to-date account of the processes that occur in the atmosphere, how these are changing as Man's relentless use of natural resources continues, and what effects these changes are having on the Earth's climate and the quality of the air we breathe. Written by an international team of experts, Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, 2nd Edition provides an excellent overview of our current understanding of the state of the Earth's atmosphere and how it is changing. The first half of the book covers: the climate of the Earth; chemical evolution of the atmosphere; atmospherTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi Abbreviations, Constants, and Nomenclature xiii 1 The Climate of the Earth 1 John Lockwood 1.1 Basic Climatology 1 1.2 General Atmospheric Circulation 3 1.3 Palaeoclimates 6 1.4 Polar Climates 12 1.5 Temperate Latitude Climates 16 1.6 Tropical Climates 20 Questions 28 References 28 Further Reading 30 2 Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere 31 Richard Wayne 2.1 Creation of the Planets and Their Earliest Atmospheres 34 2.2 Earth’s Atmosphere before Life Began 37 2.3 Comparison of Venus, Earth, and Mars 38 2.4 Life and Earth’s Atmosphere 41 2.5 Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Atmosphere 47 2.6 The Rise of Oxygen Concentrations 50 2.7 Protection of Life from Ultraviolet Radiation 60 2.8 The Great Oxidation Event and Related Issues 64 2.9 The Future 68 Questions 68 References 69 Further Reading 74 3 Atmospheric Energy and the Structure of the Atmosphere 75 Hugh Coe 3.1 The Vertical Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere 75 3.2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 77 3.3 Solar Radiation, Ozone, and the Stratospheric Temperature Profile 82 3.4 Trapping of Longwave Radiation 85 3.5 A Simple Model of Radiation Transfer 85 3.6 Light Scattering 90 3.7 Conduction, Convection, and Sensible and Latent Heat 96 3.8 Energy Budget for Earth’s Atmosphere 103 3.9 Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate 106 3.10 Solar Radiation and the Biosphere 109 3.11 Summary 111 Questions 112 References 112 Further Reading 114 4 Biogeochemical Cycles 115 Dudley Shallcross and Anwar Khan 4.1 Sources 119 4.2 Sinks 119 4.3 Carbon 124 4.4 Nitrogen 132 4.5 Sulphur 134 4.6 Halogens 142 4.7 Hydrogen 152 4.8 Summary 153 Questions 153 References 154 Further Reading 157 5 Tropospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution 159 Paul Monks and Joshua Vande Hey 5.1 Sources of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere 159 5.2 Key Processes in Tropospheric Chemistry 164 5.3 Initiation of Photochemistry by Light 165 5.4 Tropospheric Oxidation Chemistry 166 5.5 Night-Time Oxidation Chemistry 178 5.6 Halogen Chemistry 182 5.7 Air Pollution and Urban Chemistry 187 5.8 Summary 195 Questions 197 References 199 Further Reading 202 6 Cloud Formation and Chemistry 203 Peter Brimblecombe 6.1 Clouds 203 6.2 Cloud Formation 204 6.3 Particle Size and Water Content 207 6.4 Dissolved Solids in Cloud Water and Rainfall 209 6.5 Dissolution of Gases 211 6.6 Reactions and Photochemistry 219 6.7 Radical and Photochemical Reactions 224 6.8 Summary 227 References 228 Further Reading 231 Websites 231 7 Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 233 Paul I. Williams 7.1 Aerosol Properties 235 7.2 Aerosol Sources 245 7.3 The Role of Atmospheric Particles 254 7.4 Aerosol Measurements 262 7.5 Summary 265 Acknowledgement 266 Questions 266 References 267 8 Stratospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion 271 Martyn P. Chipperfield and A. Rob MacKenzie 8.1 Ozone Column Amounts 272 8.2 Physical Structure of the Stratosphere 275 8.3 Gas-Phase Chemistry of the Stratosphere 282 8.4 Aerosols and Clouds in the Stratosphere 287 8.5 Heterogeneous Chemistry of the Stratosphere 290 8.6 Future Perturbations to the Stratosphere 291 8.7 Summary 295 Questions 295 References 296 9 Boundary Layer Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion 299 Janet Barlow and Natalie Theeuwes 9.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 299 9.2 Flow over Vegetation 307 9.3 The Urban Boundary Layer 312 9.4 Dispersion of Pollutants 319 9.5 Summary 326 Questions 327 References 327 Further Reading 329 10 Urban Air Pollution 331 Zongbo Shi 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 Urban Air Pollution – A Brief History 331 10.3 Scale of Urban Air Pollution 333 10.4 Air Pollutants and Their Sources in the Urban Atmosphere 334 10.5 From Emissions to Airborne Concentrations 339 10.6 Urban-Scale Impacts 343 10.7 Means of Mitigation 349 10.8 Summary 361 Acknowledgement 363 Questions 363 References 364 Further Reading 365 11 Global Warming and Climate Change Science 367 Atul Jain, Xiaoming Xu, and Nick Hewitt 11.1 Historical Evidence of the Impact of Human Activities on Climate 369 11.2 Future Outlook of Climate Change 379 11.3 The Integrated Science Assessment Modelling (ISAM) 386 11.4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 393 11.5 Summary 395 Acknowledgement 396 Questions 396 References 396 Appendix: Suggested Web Resources 399 Index 401

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Book SynopsisSUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION This first volume in a broad, comprehensive two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, concentrates on the role of waste management in solving pollution problems and the value-added products that can be created out of waste, turning a negative into an environmental and economic positive. Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing our world today, in every country, region, and even down to local landfills. Not just solving these problems, but turning waste into products, even products that can make money, is a huge game-changer in the world of environmental engineering. Finding ways to make fuel and other products from solid waste, setting a course for the production of future biorefineries, and creating a clean process for generating fuel and other products are just a few of the topics covered in the groundbreaking new first volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable SolutTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 An Overview of Electro-Fermentation as a Platform for Future Biorefineries 1Tae Hyun Chung and Bipro Ranjan Dhar 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Fundamental Mechanisms 5 1.3 Value-Added Products from Electro-Fermentation 7 1.3.1 Carboxylates 11 1.3.1.1 Short-Chain Carboxylates 11 1.3.1.2 Medium-Chain Carboxylates 13 1.3.2 Bioethanol 14 1.3.3 Bio-Butanol 16 1.3.4 Microalgae Derived Lipids 18 1.3.5 Acetoin 21 1.3.6 Biopolymer 23 1.3.7 L-lysine 25 1.3.8 1,3-propanediol 27 1.4 Challenges and Future Outlook 29 1.5 Acknowledgements 30 References 30 2 Biodiesel Sustainability: Challenges and Perspectives 41Hussein N. Nassar, Abdallah R. Ismail and Nour Sh. El-Gendy Abbreviations 42 2.1 Introduction 44 2.2 Biodiesel Production 48 2.3 Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production Process 51 2.3.1 The Type of Feedstock 51 2.3.2 The Type of Alcohol 54 2.3.3 Effect of Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratio 55 2.3.4 Catalyst Concentration 55 2.3.5 Catalysts Type 56 2.3.5.1 Lipases 56 2.3.5.2 Acid Catalysts 58 2.3.5.3 Alkaline Catalysts 63 2.3.6 Effect of Reaction Temperature 73 2.3.7 Effect of Reaction Time 74 2.3.8 Mixing Efficiency 75 2.3.9 Effect of pH 76 2.4 Transesterification Mechanisms 76 2.4.1 Homogeneous Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction 76 2.4.2 Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction 77 2.4.3 CaO-Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction 77 2.4.4 Other Calcium Derived-Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction 80 2.5 Production of Biodiesel Using Heterogeneous Catalyst Prepared from Natural Sources 81 2.6 Challenges and Perspectives 94 References 99 3 Multidisciplinary Sides of Environmental Engineering and Sustainability 123Said S. E. H. Elnashaie 3.1 Introduction 124 3.2 System Theory and Integrated System Approach 126 3.2.1 System Theory 126 3.2.2 The State of the System and State Variables 128 3.2.3 Input Variables (Parameters) 128 3.2.4 Design Variables (Parameters) 128 3.2.5 Physico-Chemical Variables (Parameters) 128 3.2.6 Boundaries of System 129 3.2.6.1 Isolated System 129 3.2.6.2 Closed System 129 3.2.6.3 Open System 129 3.2.7 Steady, Unsteady States and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Systems 130 3.3 Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Engineering and Environmental Engineering 130 3.3.1 Bio-Fuels and Integrated Bio-Refineries 132 3.3.2 Integrated System Approach 137 3.4 Advanced Multi-Disciplinary Sustainable Engineering Education 139 3.4.1 Bio-Fuels 143 3.4.1.1 Bio-Hydrogen 143 3.4.1.2 Bio-Diesel 143 3.4.1.3 Bio-Ethanol 144 3.4.2 Bio-Products 145 3.4.3 Integrated Bio-Refineries 146 3.4.4 Development of Novel Technologies 147 3.4.5 Economics of Bio-Fuels and Bio-Products 147 3.4.6 Nano-Technology (NT) 148 3.4.7 Non-Linear Dynamics (NLDs), Bifurcation (B), Chaos (C) and Complexity (COMP) 148 3.4.8 Sustainable Development (SD), Sustainable Development Engineering (SDE), System Theory (ST) and Integrated System Approach (ISA) 149 3.4.9 Novel Education 149 3.4.10 New Journal 150 3.5 Novel Designs for Auto-Thermal Behavior Towards Sustainability 152 3.5.1 Integrated System Approach Classification 153 3.6 Conclusions 156 References 156 4 Biofuels 163Karuna K. Arjoon and James G. Speight 4.1 Introduction 163 4.2 Composition 165 4.3 Classification of Biofuels 166 4.3.1 First-Generation Biofuels 166 4.3.1.1 Sugars and Starch 166 4.3.1.2 Cellulose 168 4.3.1.3 Lignin 168 4.3.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 169 4.3.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 169 4.4 Examples of Biofuels 170 4.4.1 Biodiesel 170 4.4.2 Bio-Alcohols 174 4.4.3 Bioethers 176 4.4.4 Biogas 177 4.4.5 Bio-Oil 179 4.4.6 Synthesis Gas 180 4.5 Property Variations with Source 181 4.6 Properties Compared to Fuels from Crude Oil Tar Sand Bitumen, Coal and Oil Shale 185 4.7 Fuel Specifications and Performance 189 4.8 Conclusion 195 References 197 5 Sustainable Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuels and Green Chemicals: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges 199Omar Aboelazayem and Ranim Alayoubi 5.1 Introduction 200 5.2 Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) 201 5.3 Biofuels from WCO 203 5.3.1 Biodiesel 203 5.3.2 Biojet Fuel 206 5.3.2.1 Hydro-Treatment Process 208 5.3.2.2 Cracking and Isomerisation Processes 209 5.4 Green Chemicals from WCO 210 5.4.1 Asphalt Rejuvenator 211 5.4.2 Plasticizers 212 5.4.3 Polyurethane Foam 214 5.4.4 Bio-Lubricants 215 5.4.5 Surfactants 215 5.5 Challenges and Future Work 216 5.6 Conclusion 217 References 218 6 Waste Valorization: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Routes 229Muhammad Faheem, Muhammad Azher Hassan, Tariq Mehmood, Sarfraz Hashim and Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf 6.1 Background 230 6.2 Land Biomass vs. Oceanic Biomass 233 6.3 Waste Management 233 6.4 Waste Valorization for Adsorbents Development 234 6.5 Waste Valorization for Catalysts Preparations 237 6.6 Bio-Based Waste Valorization for Bio-Fuel and Bio-Fertilizer Production 240 6.6.1 Biomass Briquetting: (Bio-Fuel) 240 6.6.2 Composting: (Bio-Fertilizer) 241 6.6.3 Anaerobic Digestion: (Bio-Fuel) 243 6.7 Biochemical Mechanism Involved in Anaerobic Digestion System 244 6.7.1 Hydrolysis 244 6.7.2 Acidogenesis 244 6.7.3 Acetogenesis 245 6.7.4 Methanogenesis 245 6.8 Challenges and Recent Advances in Anaerobic Digestion 245 6.9 Bio-Based Waste and Bioeconomy Perspective 246 6.10 Conclusion 248 References 248 7 Electrocoagulation Process in the Treatment of Landfill Leachate 257Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid, Hamidi Abdul Aziz and Mohd Suffian Yusoff 7.1 Introduction 258 7.2 Decomposition of Solid Waste 259 7.3 Landfill Leachate Properties 262 7.3.1 Organic Matter 262 7.3.2 Inorganic Substances 263 7.3.3 Heavy Metals 263 7.3.4 Xenobiotic Organics 264 7.4 Characteristics of Landfill Leachate 264 7.5 Electrocoagulation Process 267 7.5.1 Fundamentals of Electrocoagulation Process 267 7.5.2 Mechanism of Electrocoagulation Process 269 7.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 272 7.6 Key Parameters of Electrocoagulation Process 272 7.6.1 Electrodes Material 272 7.6.2 Electrodes Arrangement 274 7.6.3 Electrode Spacing 275 7.6.4 Current Density 276 7.6.5 Electrolysis Time 277 7.6.6 Initial pH 278 7.6.7 Agitation Speed 279 7.6.8 Electrolyte Conductivity 280 7.7 Operating Mode 281 7.8 Economic Analysis 283 7.9 Case Study: Removal of the Organic Pollutant of Colour in Natural Saline Leachate from Pulau Burung Landfill Site 284 7.9.1 Pulau Burung Landfill Site 285 7.9.2 Experimental Design 286 7.9.3 Results and Discussion 287 7.10 Gaps in Current Knowledge 288 7.11 Conclusion and Future Prospect 289 References 290 8 Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollutants from Solid Waste Landfills 305Salem S. Abu Amr, Mohammed J.K. Bashir, Sohaib K. M. Abujayyab and Waseem Ahmad 8.1 Introduction 306 8.2 Domestic Solid Waste and Its Critical Environmental Issues 306 8.3 Landfill Leachate Characterization and Its Impact on the Environment 307 8.4 Effect of Landfills on Air Quality 311 8.5 Effect of Unsuitable Location of Landfill on Environment and Community 315 8.6 Recent Sustainable Technologies for Leachate Treatment 318 8.6.1 Effects of AOPs on Leachate Biodegradability 320 8.6.2 Case Study and Proposed Data for Leachate Treatment Plant Using AOPs 322 8.7 Sustainable Solutions for Gas Emission 324 8.8 Consideration for Selection of Sustainable Locations for Landfills 328 8.9 Conclusion 331 References 332 9 Progress on Ionic Liquid Pre-Treatment for Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization into Biofuels and Bio-Products 343Ranim Alayoubi and Omar Aboelazayem 9.1 Introduction 344 9.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuels and Bio-Products 345 9.2.1 Cellulose 346 9.2.2 Hemicellulose 347 9.2.3 Lignin 348 9.3 Pre-Treatment Technologies for Lignocellulosic Biomass 349 9.4 Ionic Liquids for Lignocellulosic Biomass Pre-Treatment: Characteristics and Properties 354 9.5 Insights into Pre-Treatment Performance of Ionic Liquids 357 9.5.1 Interactions of Ionic Liquids with Lignocellulose 357 9.5.2 Effect of the Ionic Liquid Pre-Treatment on the Recovered Biomass 359 9.5.3 Impact of Ionic Liquids on the Biological Tools 361 9.6 Concluding Remarks: Challenges Facing the Development of Ionic Liquids Use at Large Scale and Future Directions 364 References 365 10 Septage Characterization and Sustainable Fecal Sludge Management in Rural Nablus – Palestine 375A. Rasem Hasan,Mohammed A. Hussein, Hanan A. Jafar and Amjad I.A. Hussein List of Abbreviations 376 10.1 Introduction 377 10.1.1 Background 377 10.1.2 What is Fecal Sludge? 378 10.1.3 Legal Considerations 378 10.1.4 Study Area 379 10.2 Septage Characteristics 381 10.2.1 Introduction 381 10.2.2 General Background of Septage Characterization 381 10.2.3 General Treatment of Fecal Sludge 385 10.3 Study Methodology 388 10.3.1 General 388 10.3.2 Research Methodology and Methods of Laboratory Analysis 388 10.3.2.1 Data Collection 388 10.3.2.2 Sampling and Storage 388 10.3.2.3 Sampling of Septage 389 10.3.2.4 Sampling of Stools and Urine 390 10.3.2.5 Storage of Samples 390 10.3.3 Characterization of Fecal Sludge (FS) 390 10.3.4 Statistical Analysis of Data on Characterization of FS 390 10.4 Septage Pre-Treatment Process 391 10.4.1 General Treatment Options 391 10.4.2 Selection of Treatment Options 391 10.4.3 Septage Quality Determination 392 10.4.4 Software Selection 392 10.4.4.1 Modeling by GPS-X 7.0 392 10.4.5 End-Use and Disposal 393 10.5 Results and Discussion 393 10.5.1 Measured Parameters for Fecal Sludge 393 10.5.1.1 Septage Characteristics 393 10.5.2 Stools Characteristics 398 10.5.3 Urine Characteristics 398 10.5.4 Specific Parameters in Details 398 10.5.4.1 pH and EC 398 10.5.4.2 Turbidity 398 10.5.4.3 COD/BOD5 401 10.5.4.4 Total Nitrogen and Ammonia 401 10.5.4.5 TS, TDS, and TSS 402 10.5.4.6 VS, VDS, and VSS 402 10.5.4.7 PO4 -P and PO4 -T 403 10.5.4.8 Fat and Grease 403 10.5.4.9 Alkalinity 404 10.5.4.10 TC and FC 404 10.6 Pre-Treatment of the Fecal Sludge – Results and Discussions 404 10.6.1 Quantification of Domestic Septage 404 10.6.2 Design Septage Characteristics 405 10.6.2.1 Untreated Septage Characteristics 405 10.6.2.2 Treated Septage Characteristics 406 10.6.3 Software Design 406 10.6.3.1 Treatment Plant Modeling 406 10.6.3.2 Optimizing the Appropriate Model 408 10.7 Treatment Plant Estimated Cost Breakdown 408 10.8 Conclusion 410 10.9 Recommendations 412 References 413 11 Lipase Catalyzed Reactions: A Promising Approach for Clean Synthesis of Oleochemicals 417Ahmad Mustafa 11.1 Introduction to Oleochemicals Industry 418 11.2 Sources of Lipases 420 11.2.1 Bacterial Lipases 420 11.2.2 Fungal Lipases 422 11.2.3 Plant Lipases 422 11.2.4 Animal Lipases 422 11.3 Application of Lipases 422 11.3.1 Monoglycerides Production 423 11.3.2 Oil/Fats Glycerolysis (Chemically Catalyzed) 423 11.3.3 Oil/Fats Glycerolysis (Enzymatically Catalyzed) 425 11.3.4 Biodiesel Production 429 11.4 Lipase Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel 430 11.4.1 Production of Biodiesel from Oil Extracted from Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) 431 11.5 Esterification of Fatty Acids with Glycerol 433 11.5.1 Chemically Catalyzed Esterification 433 11.5.2 Lipase Catalyzed Production of Monoglycerides 435 11.6 Interesterification 435 11.6.1 Chemical Interesterification 438 11.6.2 Enzymatic Interesterification 438 11.7 Environmental Benefits of Enzymatic Process Against Chemical Process 439 11.8 Conclusion 440 References 441 12 Seaweeds for Sustainable Development 449Nermin Adel El Semary 12.1 Introduction 449 12.2 Types of Seaweeds 451 12.2.1 Green Algae 451 12.2.2 Red Algae 451 12.2.3 Brown Algae 452 12.3 Bioremediation 452 12.3.1 Pollution 452 12.3.2 Bioremediation of Polluted Water 452 12.3.3 Algal Bioremediation of Eutrophic Water 456 12.4 Seaweeds in Nutrition 457 12.4.1 Human Nutrition 457 12.4.2 Animal Feed and Feed Additive 457 12.5 Seaweeds as a Source of Pharmaceutics 458 12.5.1 Pharmaceutics from Green Algae 458 12.5.2 Pharamaceutics from Brown Algae 458 12.5.3 Pharmaceutics from Red Algae 458 12.6 Seaweeds Hydrocolloids and Biopolymers 459 12.6.1 Agar 459 12.6.2 Carrageenans 459 12.6.3 Alginates (Alginic Acid) 460 12.7 Seaweeds and Bioenergy 460 12.8 Seaweeds as Biofertilizers 461 12.9 Seaweeds as Ecological Player in Sulfur Geocycle 462 12.10 Culturing Seaweeds in the Marine Habitat (Algal Maricultures) 463 12.10.1 Mariculture Establishment 464 12.10.1.1 Single Culture 464 12.10.1.2 Repeated Culture 464 12.10.1.3 Multiple Cultures 464 12.10.2 Cultured Seaweed Harvest 464 12.10.3 Processes Following the Algae Harvest 465 12.11 Conclusion 465 12.12 Recommendations 466 12.13 References 466 About the Editor 471 Index 473

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. This book focuses on biotechnological alternatives, looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels. It is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Essential reading for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, and industrial and governmental researchers.Trade Review"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." (Choice, 1 February 2014) "This book is an excellent compilation of engineering and scientific data pertaining to biological systems for both pollution control and energy production, providing real-world scientific information and scholarly research." (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2013) "I highly recommend the landmark and all encompassing book Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy edited by Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga, to any students, faculty, researchers, in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, business leaders in industries facing air pollution challenges, and government policy makers seeking alternative concepts for air pollution control. This book provides the most proven and widely accepted biotechnological solutions to any air pollutant based problems." (Blog Business World, 10 June 2013)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xvii I Fundamentals and Microbiological Aspects 1 1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3 Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3 1.2.1 Particulate matter 5 1.2.2 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 6 1.2.3 Sulphur oxides 7 1.2.4 Nitrogen oxides 7 1.2.5 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 9 1.2.6 Odours 10 1.2.7 Ozone 11 1.2.8 Calculating concentrations of gaseous pollutants 11 1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11 1.3.1 Particulate matter 11 1.3.2 Volatile organic and inorganic compounds 12 1.3.3 Environmentally friendly bioenergy 17 1.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19 Christian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and María C. Veiga 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20 2.2.1 Inorganic compounds 20 2.2.2 Organic compounds 21 2.3 Mass balance calculations 24 2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25 2.4.1 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 25 2.4.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 26 2.5 Conclusions 27 References 27 3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31 Luc Malhautier, Léa Cabrol, Sandrine Bayle and Jean-Louis Fanlo 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32 3.2.1 Quantification of the community members 32 3.2.2 Assessment of microbial community diversity and structure 34 3.2.3 Determination of the microbial community composition 39 3.2.4 Techniques linking microbial identity to ecological function 40 3.2.5 Microarray techniques 41 3.2.6 Synthesis 42 3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42 3.3.1 Introduction 42 3.3.2 Temporal and spatial dynamics of the microbial community structure under stationary conditions in bioreactors 43 3.3.3 Impact of environmental disturbances on the microbial community structure within bioreactors 45 3.4 Conclusions 47 References 47 II Bioreactors for Air Pollution Control 57 4 Biofilters 59 Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59 4.3 Process fundamentals 60 4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62 4.4.1 Empty-bed residence time (EBRT) 62 4.4.2 Volumetric loading rate (VLR) 63 4.4.3 Mass loading rate (MLR) 63 4.4.4 Elimination capacity (EC) 63 4.4.5 Removal efficiency (RE) 63 4.4.6 CO2 production rate (PCO2) 63 4.5 Design considerations 64 4.5.1 Reactor sizing 64 4.5.2 Irrigation system 66 4.5.3 Leachate collection and disposal 66 4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68 4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70 4.7.1 Inlet concentrations and pollutant load 70 4.7.2 Composition of waste gas and interaction patterns 71 4.7.3 Biomass support medium 72 4.7.4 Temperature 75 4.7.5 pH 78 4.7.6 Oxygen availability 79 4.7.7 Nutrient availability 80 4.7.8 Moisture content and relative humidity 81 4.7.9 Polluted gas flow direction 83 4.7.10 Carbon dioxide generation rates 83 4.7.11 Pressure drop 85 4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87 4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89 4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93 4.10.1 On-line flame ionization detector (FID) and photo-ionization detector (PID) analysers 93 4.10.2 On-line proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) 94 4.10.3 Intelligent moisture control systems 94 4.10.4 Differential neural network (DNN) sensor 95 4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95 4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97 4.12.1 Back error propagation (BEP) algorithm 97 4.12.2 Important considerations during neural network modelling 99 4.12.3 Neural network model development for biofilters and specific examples 103 4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105 4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108 4.15 Conclusions 111 References 111 5 Biotrickling Filters 121 Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122 5.2.1 General aspects 122 5.2.2 Packing material 123 5.2.3 Biomass and biofilm 126 5.2.4 Trickling phase 126 5.2.5 Gas EBRT 128 5.2.6 Liquid and gas velocities 129 5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130 5.3.1 Excess biomass accumulation 130 5.3.2 Accumulation of solid chemicals 133 5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134 5.5 Conclusions 135 References 135 6 Bioscrubbers 139 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140 6.3 Operating conditions 141 6.3.1 Absorption column 142 6.3.2 Biodegradation step – activated sludge reactor 143 6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143 6.4.1 Volatile organic compound (VOC) removal 144 6.4.2 Odor control 146 6.4.3 Sulfur compounds degradation 146 6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148 6.6 Conclusions and trends 148 References 149 7 Membrane Bioreactors 155 Raquel Lebrero, Raúl Muñoz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Membrane basics 156 7.2.1 Types of membranes 156 7.2.2 Membrane materials 159 7.2.3 Membrane characterization parameters 159 7.2.4 Mass transport through the membrane 160 7.3 Reactor configurations 163 7.3.1 Flat-sheet membranes 164 7.3.2 Tubular configuration membranes 165 7.3.3 Membrane-based bioreactors 166 7.4 Microbiology 166 7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168 7.5.1 Membrane-based bioreactors 168 7.5.2 Bioreactor operation: Influence of the operating parameters 169 7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170 7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172 7.7.1 Comparison with other technologies 172 7.8 New Applications: CO2 – NOX Sequestration 173 7.8.1 NOX Removal 173 7.8.2 CO2 sequestration 176 7.9 Future needs 177 References 178 8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185 Hala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Features of the sequestering phase – selection criteria 186 8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187 8.3.1 Performance 187 8.3.2 Mass transfer 189 8.3.3 Modeling and design elements 194 8.3.4 Limitations and research opportunities 196 8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197 8.4.1 Rationale 197 8.4.2 Performance 197 8.4.3 Mass transfer 198 8.4.4 Modeling and design elements 199 8.4.5 Limitations and research opportunities 200 References 200 9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207 R. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan 9.1 Introduction 207 9.1.1 Limitations of conventional gas-phase bioreactors 208 9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209 9.2.1 Modified RBCs for waste-gas treatment 210 9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213 9.3.1 Comparison of different bioreactors (biofilters, biotrickling filters, and modified RBCs) 215 9.3.2 Studies on removal of benzene and xylene in modified RBCs 216 9.3.3 Microbiological studies of biofilms 217 References 219 10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221 Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222 10.2.1 Planted biofilter 222 10.2.2 Rotatory-switching biofilter 223 10.2.3 Tubular biofilter 224 10.2.4 Fluidized-bed bioreactor 225 10.2.5 Airlift and bubble column bioreactors 227 10.2.6 Monolith bioreactor 229 10.2.7 Foam emulsion bioreactor 231 10.2.8 Fibrous bed bioreactor 233 10.2.9 Horizontal-flow biofilm reactor 234 10.3 Two-stage systems for waste gas treatment 235 10.3.1 Adsorption pre-treatment plus bioreactor 235 10.3.2 Bioreactor plus adsorption polishing 237 10.3.3 UV photocatalytic reactor plus bioreactor 237 10.3.4 Bioreactor plus bioreactor 240 10.4 Conclusions 242 References 243 III Bioprocesses for Specific Applications 247 11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249 Albert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert C. van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250 11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251 11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252 11.4.1 VOSCs produced from biological processes 252 11.4.2 Chemical processes and industrial applications 252 11.4.3 Oil and gas 253 11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253 11.5.1 Aerobic degradation 253 11.5.2 Anaerobic degradation 254 11.5.3 Degradation via sulfate reduction 255 11.5.4 Anaerobic degradation of higher thiols 255 11.5.5 Inhibition of microorganisms 256 11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256 11.6.1 Biofilters 256 11.6.2 Bioscrubbers 258 11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261 11.7.1 THIOPAQ process for H2S removal 266 11.8 Future developments 266 References 266 12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275 Yaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 NOx and N2O emissions at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276 12.2.1 Nitrification 276 12.2.2 Denitrification 276 12.2.3 Parameters that affect the formation of nitrogen oxides 277 12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279 12.3.1 NOx removal 279 12.3.2 N2 O removal 285 12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287 12.5 Conclusions 288 References 288 13 Biogas Upgrading 293 M. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294 13.2.1 Environmental aspects 294 13.2.2 The natural sulphur cycle and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria 294 13.2.3 Bioreactor configurations for hydrogen sulphide removal at laboratory scale 295 13.2.4 Case studies of biogas desulphurization in full-scale systems 302 13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306 13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307 13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308 13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309 13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311 13.8 Conclusions 311 References 315 IV Environmentally-friendly Bioenergy 319 14 Biogas 321 Marta Ben, Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321 14.2.1 A brief history 321 14.2.2 Overview of the anaerobic digestion process 323 14.3 Substrates 328 14.3.1 Agricultural and farming wastes 328 14.3.2 Industrial wastes 329 14.3.3 Urban wastes 333 14.3.4 Sewage sludge 333 14.4 Biogas 334 14.4.1 Biogas composition 334 14.4.2 Substrate influence on biogas composition 335 14.5 Bioreactors 335 14.5.1 Batch reactors 337 14.5.2 Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 337 14.5.3 Continuously stirred tank reactor with solids recycle (CSTR/SR) 337 14.5.4 Plug-flow reactor 337 14.5.5 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) 337 14.5.6 Attached film digester 338 14.5.7 Two-phase digester 338 14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338 14.7 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Biohydrogen 345 Bikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das 15.1 Introduction 345 15.1.1 Current status of hydrogen production and present use of hydrogen 346 15.1.2 Biohydrogen from biomass: present status 346 15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346 15.2.1 Air pollution due to conventional hydrocarbon-based fuel combustion 346 15.2.2 Biohydrogen, a zero-carbon fuel as a potential alternative 348 15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348 15.3.1 Properties of zero-carbon fuel 348 15.3.2 Biohydrogen production processes 350 15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363 15.4.1 Transport sector 363 15.4.2 Fuel cells 366 15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371 15.5.1 Economics of biohydrogen production 372 15.6 Issues and barriers 373 15.7 Future prospects 374 15.8 Conclusion 375 Acknowledgements 375 References 375 16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383 Zhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan 16.1 Introduction 383 16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384 16.2.1 Reactors 384 16.2.2 Catalysts 389 16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393 16.3.1 Economic analysis 393 16.3.2 Ecological considerations 393 16.4 Recommendations 394 16.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399 Hugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402 17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404 17.3.1 Mechanical methods 405 17.3.2 Chemical methods 406 17.4 Lipid transesterification 407 17.4.1 Acid-catalyzed transesterification 408 17.4.2 Base-catalyzed transesterification 408 17.4.3 Heterogeneous acid/base-catalyzed transesterification 410 17.4.4 Lipase-catalyzed transesterification 410 17.4.5 Ionic liquid-catalyzed reactions 411 17.5 Economic considerations 412 17.5.1 Competition between microalgal biodiesel and biofuels 412 17.5.2 Main challenges to biodiesel production from microalgae 413 17.5.3 Economics of biodiesel production 414 17.6 Environmental considerations 415 17.6.1 Uptake of carbon dioxide 416 17.6.2 Upgrade of wastewaters 416 17.6.3 Management of microalgal biomass 417 17.7 Final considerations 418 17.7.1 Current state 418 17.7.2 Future perspectives 418 Acknowledgements 420 References 420 18 Bioethanol 431 Johan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432 18.2.1 Raw materials 432 18.2.2 Pretreatment 434 18.2.3 Production of inhibitors 439 18.2.4 Hydrolysis 439 18.2.5 Fermentation 440 18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol – biological route 441 18.3.1 Sources of carbon monoxide 441 18.3.2 The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway involved in the bioconversion of carbon monoxide 445 18.3.3 Parameters affecting the bioconversion of carbon monoxide to ethanol 446 18.4 Demonstration projects 450 18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451 18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455 18.7 Conclusions 456 Acknowledgements 456 References 456 V Case Studies 465 19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467 Andreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes 19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467 19.1.1 The viscose process 467 19.1.2 Overview of emission points 468 19.1.3 Technical solutions to treat the emissions 469 19.1.4 Potential to use biotrickling filters in the viscose industry 470 19.2 Biological CS2 and H2 S oxidation 471 19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472 19.3.1 Products from viscose 472 19.3.2 Process flowsheet of fibre-reinforced cellulose casing (FRCC) 473 19.3.3 Alternatives for biotrickling filter configurations 473 19.3.4 Characteristics of the CaseTech plant 475 19.3.5 Description of the BioGat installation 475 19.3.6 Performance of the BioGat process 475 19.4 Conclusions 484 References 484 20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485 Carlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486 20.2.1 Characterization of the waste-gas sources 486 20.2.2 Design and operation of the system 487 20.2.3 Performance data 488 20.2.4 Economic aspects 490 20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491 20.3.1 Characterization of the waste-gas sources 492 20.3.2 Design and operation of the system 492 20.3.3 Performance data 493 20.3.4 Economic aspects 495 Acknowledgements 496 References 496 21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 21.1 Introduction 497 21.2 Food industry emissions 498 21.2.1 Identification and quantification of waste-gas emissions 498 21.2.2 Choice of the technology 498 21.2.3 Design and operating conditions 500 21.2.4 Performance of the system 503 21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 503 21.3.1 Waste-gas emissions: nature, concentrations, and flow 503 21.3.2 Choice of the gas treatment process 504 21.3.3 Design and operating conditions 505 21.3.4 Gas collection system 507 21.3.5 Gas treatment system 508 21.3.6 Performance of the overall system 509 21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510 References 510 22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513 David Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans 22.1 Introduction 513 22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514 22.2.1 Microbiology of sulfide oxidation 514 22.2.2 Stoichiometry of sulfide biological oxidation 515 22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517 22.3.1 Site description 517 22.3.2 Biotrickling filter design 517 22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519 22.4.1 Start-up and biotrickling filter performance 519 22.4.2 Facing operational and design challenges 520 22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522 References 522 23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525 Jort Langerak, Robert Lems and Erwin H.M. Dirkse 23.1 Introduction 525 23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526 23.2.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Zalaegerszeg 526 23.2.2 Plant configuration at Zalaegerszeg 526 23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529 23.3.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Zwolle 531 23.3.2 Plant configuration at Zwolle 531 23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534 23.4.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Wijster 534 23.4.2 Plant configuration at Wijster 534 23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536 23.5.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Poundbury 537 23.5.2 Plant configuration at Poundbury 537 23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539 23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540 23.7.1 Zalaegerszeg 540 23.7.2 Zwolle 541 23.7.3 Wijster 541 23.7.4 Poundbury 541 23.7.5 Overview table of capital and operating expenses 541 23.8 Conclusions 542 References 543 Index 545

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Book SynopsisNew analysis in the report Where is the Value in the Chain? Pathways out of Plastic Pollution provides key recommendations to policymakers on how to create a comprehensive approach to addressing plastic pollution and make informed decisions.

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Book SynopsisAn unparalleled how-to guide to citizen-sensing practices that monitor air pollution Modern environments are awash with pollutants churning through the air, from toxic gases and intensifying carbon to carcinogenic particles and novel viruses. The effects on our bodies and our planet are perilous. Citizens of Worlds is the first thorough study of the increasingly widespread use of digital technologies to monitor and respond to air pollution. It presents practice-based research on working with communities and making sensor toolkits to detect pollution while examining the political subjects, relations, and worlds these technologies generate. Drawing on data from the Citizen Sense research group, which worked with communities in the United States and the United Kingdom to develop digital-sensor toolkits, Jennifer Gabrys argues that citizen-oriented technologies promise positive change but then collide with entrenched and inequitable power structures. She asks: Who or what constitutes a “citizen” in citizen sensing? How do digital sensing technologies enable or constrain environmental citizenship? Spanning three project areas, this study describes collaborations to monitor air pollution from fracking infrastructure, to document emissions in urban environments, and to create air-quality gardens. As these projects show, how people respond to, care for, and struggle to transform environmental conditions informs the political subjects and collectives they become as they strive for more breathable worlds.Trade Review"The planet, the region, the community, the neighborhood, the block—these are all sensoria: sites of sense, sensation, and sensibility. Citizens of Worlds offers a powerful and instructive report on how to create everyday sensor infrastructures to register and combat the damage these social sensoria are suffering amidst today’s compromised atmospheres and environments. A critical handbook for theory and action."—Stefan Helmreich, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"In this timely and carefully crafted book, Jennifer Gabrys takes us on a fascinating journey to trace the multiple relations between citizens and their environments mediated though sensors. Throughout the book we encounter diverse sensing technologies, each making us reflect more deeply about how environments are made perceptible and how this allows us to act upon them in novel ways. The concept of ‘citizens of worlds’ sensitizes us to the multiple ways in which these novel experiences of the environment co-constitute political subjects. A mind-opening read inviting further explorations."—Ulrike Felt, University of Vienna

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Book SynopsisPaying the Carbon Price analyzes the practice of freely allocating permits in Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) and demonstrates how many heavy polluters participating in ETSs are not yet paying the full price of carbon. This innovative book provides a framework to assist policymakers in the design of transitional assistance measures that are both legally robust and will support the effectiveness of the ETSs whilst limiting negative impacts on international trade.Within the realm of international and comparative law, this book closes the gap between the legal frameworks of ETSs in practice, the economic research data and the doctrinal analysis of WTO law. These interesting insights and fresh ideas explore the connection between ETSs, the problems with free allocation of emission permits and the analysis of complex legal instruments.This accessible resource will be invaluable for those researching and teaching climate change law and policy, international trade law and environmental economics. It will also be a useful tool for policymakers, lawyers and economists.Trade Review'The Paris Agreement on climate change has made it clear that the attention of scholars and practitioners has to shift to the functioning and interaction of diverse climate policies. This excellent book addresses a stubborn issue that is critical for success: carbon leakage. The author very ably presents the theory and practice of carbon leakage for several climate policies while paying due attention to the legal realm, in particular WTO. This book is a must-have for both researchers and practitioners alike.' --Stefan Weishaar, Groningen University, the Netherlands'Dr. Elena de Lemos Pinto Aydos' comprehensive account of past and present emissions trading schemes suggests that free licenses to pollute in reality is a subsidy conferring windfall profits to a small number of energy-intensive companies. Her elaborate legal analysis convincingly shows that under the rules of the World Trade Organization carbon emission trading benefits will be deemed actionable and thus should require advance notification, as countervailing duties could be justified. With trade protectionism concerns looming in the background this is an extremely timely book to inform carbon market observers and policy makers.' --Mikael Skou Andersen, Aarhus University, Denmark'This book is an important contribution to understanding the relation between the oftentimes overestimated phenomenon of carbon leakage and the resulting, frequently unjustified, free allocation to heavy polluters. The volume excels in applying an interdisciplinary law-and-economics approach in a comprehensive analysis of three major carbon markets. It is a timely addition to the literature with obvious relevance beyond the cases; a "must read" for all scholars and practitioners interested in an efficient, effective, and fair climate policy.' --Sven Rudolph, Kyoto University, JapanTable of ContentsContents: 1. Contextualising the Issue 2. Carbon Leakage and Industry Assistance 3. Real World Emissions Trading Schemes: Challenges and Lessons Learnt 4. Reconsidering the Eligibility Thresholds for the Free Allocation of Permits 5. Free Allocation and Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: The Case for Harmonisation 6. The Free Allocation of Permits and The WTO Discipline of Subsidies 7. Summary of the Main Findings Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Kyoto Protocol was a milestone event in the process of getting global climate change on to the political agenda and taking the first tentative steps towards internationally co-ordinated action. This book brings together researchers from the disciplines of law, economics, political science and sociology to analyse the instruments which have been set up to manage climate change and the institutional shifts that are required for the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The authors highlight the need for an adequate implementation structure and well designed flexible instruments to enable emissions targets to be achieved. They discuss the level of international coordination which is required for the smooth operation of flexibility mechanisms and the importance of ensuring these instruments fit within existing national structures. In some countries, there are concerns that the introduction of cap and credit trading programmes may require an overhaul of existing environmental legislation. Technical innovations will also have a critical role to play in preparing the ground for increasingly ambitious controls of GHGs. The authors emphasise the need for an evolutionary development of instruments to support such innovations and the potentially vital roles of firms and governments to help their quick diffusion. This book presents an unusual, fascinating and highly instructive mixture of approaches which will be readily accessible to a broad array of readers from a variety of scientific backgrounds. It will prove invaluable to economists, political and social scientists, lawyers, practitioners and decision-makers involved with climate change policy and international environmental law.Trade Review'It is always a pleasure to announce a good book. Given the Kyoto Protocol, the 15 essays collected in this book discuss how it can be translated into efficient policy. . . The book is well produced, has a thorough index, and should be on the shelf of every environmental regulator and those who teach environmental economics, politics and regulation.' -- Jurgen Backhaus, European Journal of Law and EconomicsTable of ContentsContents: Part I: Kyoto 1. Key Instrumental and Institutional Design Issues in Climate Change Policy 2. The Kyoto Mechanisms and the Economics of their Design 3. Alternative Design Options for Emissions Trading: A Survey and Assessment of the Literature 4. To Design and Implement Climate Change Measures and the Need to Strike a Balance between Environmental Protection and International Trade Law 5. Developing Carbon Trading in Europe: Does Grandfathering Distort Competition and Lead to State Aid? 6. Legal Aspects of the Dutch Approach to CO2 Reduction 7. Legal Feasibility of Emissions Trading: Learning Points from Emissions Trading for Ozone-Depleting Substances 8. CDM in Climate Policies in the Netherlands: A Promising Tool? 9. Optimal Institutional Arrangements and Instruments for the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources 10. Domestic Capacity, Regional Institution and Global Negotiations: Lessons from the Netherlands–EU Kyoto Protocol Negotiation 11. Global Environmental Change Regimes: Impact Assessment on the Basis of an Extended GTAP Model Part II: After Kyoto 12. The Multi-sector Convergence Approach to Global Burden Sharing of Greenhouse Gas Reductions 13. The Dutch Energy Transition and its Institutional Problems: Report from a Stakeholder Assessment 14. Modulating Dynamics in Transport for Climate Protection 15. Institutional Change in Europe and the Implications for Climate Control Measures Index

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Book SynopsisIdentifying efficient solutions to protect coastal regions from marine pollution requires expertise from a range of specialties and strategic approaches. This book gathers information on the impact of oil spills at a coastal level from different experts' points of view, identifying synergies between domains such as mathematics, numerical modeling, mechanics, biology, economics and law. The collaborative research presented here is based on the 4th International Workshop on Anti-Pollution and Marine Coastal Water Pollution, held in La Rochelle, France at the Engineering School EIGSI, in April 2012. The areas addressed include: materials and structures (fluid-structure and capture interaction, cable and membrane equations, optimization); coastal hydrodynamics (computational fluid dynamics, numerical analysis of shallow water equations, analytical and numerical derivatives); biological impacts (biology, multivariate analysis, indicators); and economics and law (compensation costs, insurance coverage, coastal vulnerability).Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES xvii CHAPTER 1. SESSION 1: STRUCTURES, MATERIALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1 Frédéric MUTTIN, Daniel PRIOUR and Rodrigo FERNANDES. 1.1. FEM modeling of flexible structures made of cables bars and nets 1 1.1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.2. Details of study 2 1.2. Oil-boom models and full-scale tests 5 1.2.1. Introduction 5 1.2.2. Details of study 6 1.3. Oil-Spill MOHID models 11 1.3.1 Introduction 11 1.3.2. Details of study 11 1.4. References 16 CHAPTER 2. SESSION 2: HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING AND DIFFUSION OF THE POLLUTANT 19 Frédéric MUTTIN, Mario RICCHIUTO, Imène Meriem MOSTEFAOUI, Mohktar KIRANE, Cédric GOEURY and Jean-Michel HERVOUET 2.1. Numerical anomalies in shallow water simulations, spurious oscillations, equilibria, super-consistency and mass consistency 19 2.1.1. Introduction 19 2.1.2. Details of study 20 2.1.3. Reference works 25 2.2. A model describing the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in rivers 25 2.2.1. Introduction 25 2.3. Numerical modeling of oil spill drifts for operational management of risks in continental waters 31 2.3.1. Introduction 31 2.3.2. Details of study 32 2.4. References 36 CHAPTER 3. ROUND-TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF STRUCTURES AND HYDRODYNAMIC SESSIONS 1–2 39 Frédéric MUTTIN 3.1. Objectives of the attendees 39 3.2. Topics addressed 41 3.3. Costs and complexity of available field measurements 43 3.4. References 44 CHAPTER 4. SESSION 3: BIOLOGY TOXICOLOGY AND COASTAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 47 Frédéric MUTTIN, Laurent APRIN, Thomas MILINKOVITCH, Christel LEFRANÇOIS, Hélène THOMAS-GUYON, Stéphane LEFLOCH, Céline DUFFA and Hervé THÉBAULT 4.1. Evaluation of the consequences of marine chemical accidents 47 4.1.1. Introduction 47 4.1.2. Details of study 48 4.2. Response technique for oil spills and environmental risk: toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas on Liza aurata (Golden grey mullet) 54 4.2.1. Introduction 54 4.2.2. Details of study 55 4.3. Sensitivity of French Mediterranean coastal zones against accidental pollutions caused by ships 59 4.3.1. Introduction 59 4.3.2. Details of study 61 4.4. References 65 CHAPTER 5. SESSION 4: ECONOMY AND LAWS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES, JUDICAL ASPECTS, CIVIL AND PENAL CHARGES FOR POLLUTION 67 Frédéric MUTTIN, Paul FATTAL and Yann RABUTEAU 5.1. Reflections on coastline vulnerability indicators dedicated to hydrocarbon pollutions 67 5.1.1. Introduction 67 5.2. Liability and compensation regarding oil spills at sea: the case of coastal communities 72 5.2.1. Introduction 72 5.2.2. Details of study 72 5.2.3. Related works 76 5.3. References 77 CHAPTER 6. ROUND-TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS, ECONOMY AND LAWS, SESSIONS 3–4 79 Frédéric MUTTIN 6.1. Topics addressed 80 6.2. Socio-economic analysis of coastal risks 81 CHAPTER 7. MODELING A CAPTIVE UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM TELEDETECTING OIL POLLUTION ON THE SEA SURFACE 83 Frédéric MUTTIN 7.1. Introduction 83 7.2. Materials 85 7.3. Method 87 7.4. Approximation of the problem 89 7.5. Results 91 7.5.1. Finite-element convergence 91 7.5.2. Analytic validation 92 7.5.3. Transient loading 96 7.6. Conclusions 98 7.7. References 98 GENERAL CONCLUSION 101 LIST OF AUTHORS 103 INDEX 105

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Book SynopsisThe papers in this volume have been written and brought together by a group of experts, each of whom deals with radioactive waste management on a daily basis, as well as having the deep knowledge and level of expertise that only industry insiders can achieve. Topics covered here include: treatment issues; waste mangement practice; transport and storage; and environment and regulations.Table of ContentsPart 1 Treatment issues: the new Dounreay low-level liquid effluent treatment plan; the disposal of a radioactive cell; technical and operational risk management strategies for the Sellafield Drypac Plant (SDP). Part 2 Waste management practice: radiation inheritance of Russian nuclear fleet and ecological safety problems relating to utilization of nuclear submarines and rehabilitation of other facilities in the Navy; decontamination and waste minimization techniques in nuclear decommissioning; transuranic waste management at Los Alamos National Laboratory; disposition of Russian nuclear submarines - outlines of the concept and implementation problems; management of accumulated operational wastes at BNFL's decommissioning reactor sites. Part 3 Transport and storage: transportation of spent fuel in Japan; engineering considerations associated wtih plant used for storage of intermediate level waste - a regulator's view; the packaging of waste for safe long-term management; independent monitoring of solid low-level radioactive waste disposals in the UK; round robin test for the non-destructive assay of 220 litre radioactive waste packages; the feasibility of surface for high-level waste. Part 4 Environmental and regulation: application of in-line monitoring to waste minimization during soil remediation; contained water management within the Chernobyl "shelter object"; ALARP as applied to high-level waste - the regulatory approach at Sellafield; radiation safety problems arising with damaged nuclear submarines utilization; experience in nuclear decommissioning and waste management; disposal of radioactive waste - a puzzle in four dimensions.

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