Pollution control Books

Book SynopsisWhile sustainable growth confronts a progressively decisive role, and governments embrace measures to authorize reduced carbon emissions, understanding pioneering methods to provide supply chains in an environmental context epitomizes a significant purpose in diverse sectors. This book, An In-depth Look at Carbon Emissions, concentrates on carbon emissions in different sectors owing to energy use and associated features. It gives an overview of recently established systems, practices, methods, and strategies accompanied by exploiting sufficient source examination of carbon emissions that are released from fossil fuel/hydrocarbon reservoirs, automobiles, transportation, agricultural terrains, farms, buildings, and so forth. In recent years, global carbon emissions have reached an all-time high and are increasing. It is high time that we pay specific consideration to carbon emissions and comprehend potential solutions, especially to meet the Paris climate agreement objective. This book will offer established approaches to cut carbon, with studies on transportation, home energy use, energy consumption, as well as how best to inspire the workplace and community by behavior. This book aims at empowering readers to meet the possibility of low carbon living to challenge our society's utmost threats. This book will surely provide state-of-the-art materials in abundance for implementing energy conservation measures and carbon emission reduction.Table of ContentsPreface; Carbon Emissions: Natural vs. Manmade Sources; Carbon Emission Recent Trends and Shift in Policies in India; Carbon Emissions in Karnataka and Scope for Sequestration; Kuwaits Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change; Remedial Measures to Alleviate Carbon Emissions and Environmental Impacts of Desalination Systems in Saudi Arabia; Investigating the Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in OPEC Countries; Hydrogen: A Pathway to Carbon Neutral Economy; Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this valuable volume, new and original research on various topics on chemical engineering and technology is presented on modeling and simulation, material synthesis, wastewater treatment, analytical techniques, and microreactors. The research presented here can be applied to technology in food, paper and pulp, polymers, petrochemicals, surface coatings, oil technology aspects, among other uses. The book is divided into five sections: modeling and simulation environmental applications materials and applications processes and applications analytical methods Topics include: modeling and simulation of chemical processes process integration and intensification separation processes advances in unit operations and processes chemical reaction engineering fuel and energy advanced materials CFD and transport processes wastewater treatment The valuable research presented here will be of interest to researchers, scientists, industry practitioners, as well as upper-level students. Trade Review"This is exceptionally well-edited book by Dr. Bharat Bhanvase and Dr. Rajendra Ugwekar that will surely be useful for researchers, scientists, and academicians in the area of chemical engineering and technology. Each chapter has been edited to put forward the uniqueness of the studies provided in order to overcome recent problems in process industries. The varied chapters of this edited book will encourage new ideas, methods, and applications in the growing areas of chemical engineering and technology. Furthermore, the editors have broadened the scope of this book to provide new insights in the areas of environment, materials, and modeling and simulation of chemical processes. Overall, the book is very effective, focusing on recent developments and current status of the research areas."—Dr. Sachin R. Shirsath, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, IndiaTable of ContentsModeling and Simulation. Discharge and Pressure Loss Coefficient Analysis of Non- Newtonian Fluid Flow through Orifice Meter Using CFD. Numerical Simulation of Fixed Bed Liquid Chromatography in Multiple Columns. Statistical Modeling for Adsorption of Congo Red onto Modified Bentonite. Environmental Applications. Surface Altered Alumino-Silicate Resin (Zeolite-Y) for Remediation of Oil Spillage. Removal of Cr(VI) by Using Sweetlime Peel Powder in a Fixed Bed Column. Removal of Cr(VI) from Waste Water Using Red Gram Husk as Adsorbent. Low Cost Adsorbents in the Removal of Cr(VI),Cd and Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution. Adsorption of Anionic Dye onto TBAC-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes. Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Nickel on GNS/δ-MnO2. Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Hydrogels and Its Effects on Water/Dye Intake. Materials and Applications. Ultrasonically Created Rectangular Shaped Zinc Phosphate Nanopigment. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Raphanus Sativus Extract. Activated Carbon from Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) Seed Shell by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid. Rice Husk Based Co-Firing Plants in India: A Green Perspective. Foamability of Foam Generated by Use of Surf Excel and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. Production of Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticles Using Continuous Flow Microreactor. Processes and Applications. Hydrogenation with Respect to Rancidity of Foods. Experimentalstudies on a Plate Type Heat Exchanger for Various Applications. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Betulinic Acid from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (Jamun). Analytical Methods. Separation, Analysis and Quantitation of Hesperidin in Citrus Fruits Peels Using RP-HPLC-UV. Quantification of Aluminium Metal in Cosmetic Products by Novel Spectrophotometric Method. Index.

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Book SynopsisCurrent climate change and global warming clearly reflect the fragile state of environment. The rising demand by the ever-increasing population has resulted in high industrial and urban activities which have resulted in pollution and deterioration of the environment. Industrial and agricultural activities discharge waste consisting of different types of toxic pollutants to the environment without any prior processing. These pollutants are highly toxic and can initiate severe health issues among humans. The overburden of pollution has unchecked the environment self-restoration and rejuvenation potential. Therefore, it is crucial to address the problem environmental pollution and to treat it timely, before it is too late. Green treatment methods for managing and removing environmental pollution are the only desirable option to attain a healthy environment without further damaging it. Phytoremediation is one such method that aid in removal, degradation or immobilization of environmental pollutants with the help of different types of plants and associated microorganisms through their complex interaction. Plants have versatile metabolism and have potential to adapt to various toxic pollutants upon exposure. Thus, phytoremediation can be applied to treat heavy metal, xenobiotics, organic compounds and even radioactive substances. Phytoremediation treat pollutants by means of phytoaccumulation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytoextraction etc. Plant uptake and bioaccumulate contaminants in their root, shoot and leaves which can be harvested for recycling and safe disposal of contaminants. Moreover, the rate of phytoremediation treatment is linked to factors such as plant selection, soil conditions, contaminant concentration, site-specific characteristics etc. Constructed Wetland System (CWS) is a plant-based treatment method which can be utilized for the treatment of domestic wastewater, sewage, industrial wastewater etc. Plant/s in CWS can be chosen as per the requirement to specifically target particular pollutants or a plethora of pollutants present in wastewater. Phytoremediation being environmentally benign, economic and effective in removal of pollutants can be employed for environmental pollution control and treatment. Advancement in the field can help to cover more diverse pollutant sites, enhance the understanding of plant microbe interactions, and optimize phytoremediation strategies to further expand its applications. With in-depth knowledge and application technology, phytoremediation can significantly restore and preserve contaminated ecosystems.

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Book SynopsisVehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from diesel cars, are considered to be a significant problem for the environment and human health. Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or NOx Storage/Reduction (NSR) technology is one of the current techniques used in the abatement of NOx from lean exhausts. Researchers are constantly searching for new inexpensive catalysts with high efficiency at low temperatures and negligible fuel penalties, to meet the challenges of this field. This book will be the first to comprehensively present the current research on this important area. Covering the technology used, from its development in the early 1990s up to the current state-of-the-art technologies and new legislation. Beginning with the fundamental aspects of the process, the discussion will cover the real application standard through to the detailed modelling of full scale catalysts. Scientists, academic and industrial researchers, engineers working in the automotive sector and technicians working on emission control will find this book an invaluable resource.Table of ContentsReview of deNOx Technology for Mobile Applications; NSR Technology; NSR Catalytic Materials; Lean NOx Trap Performance Degradation - Reversible Sulfur Poisoning and Irreversible Thermally-induced Sintering; Mechanism and Kinetics of NOx Storage; Active Sites for NOx Uptake, and the Nature of Stored NOx Species; Mechanistic Aspects of the Reduction of the Stored NOx by H2 Investigated by Isotopic Labelling Experiments and FTIR Spectroscopy; NOx Storage and Reduction: Effects of Pt Dispersion, Reductant Type, and Cycle Timing; Reduction of Stored NOx with CO/H2 and Hydrocarbons: A Spatial Resolution Analysis; Global Kinetic Modelling of the NSR Catalysts; Combined LNT-SCR Catalysts for NOx Reduction from Lean Exhaust Gas; LNT Catalysts for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot: The DPNR Concept; Non-thermal Plasma NOx Storage-reduction; New deNOx Concept by Fast Reductants Injection Pulse Upstream NSR; Development of Combined NSR DeNOx and DeSOx Model and Application for Control Strategy Pre-calibration of a Modern Diesel Engine; LNT Catalysis at Ford Motor Company - A Case History

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Book SynopsisPaying the Carbon Price analyzes the practice of freely allocating permits in Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) and demonstrates how many heavy polluters participating in ETSs are not yet paying the full price of carbon. This innovative book provides a framework to assist policymakers in the design of transitional assistance measures that are both legally robust and will support the effectiveness of the ETSs whilst limiting negative impacts on international trade.Within the realm of international and comparative law, this book closes the gap between the legal frameworks of ETSs in practice, the economic research data and the doctrinal analysis of WTO law. These interesting insights and fresh ideas explore the connection between ETSs, the problems with free allocation of emission permits and the analysis of complex legal instruments.This accessible resource will be invaluable for those researching and teaching climate change law and policy, international trade law and environmental economics. It will also be a useful tool for policymakers, lawyers and economists.Trade Review'The Paris Agreement on climate change has made it clear that the attention of scholars and practitioners has to shift to the functioning and interaction of diverse climate policies. This excellent book addresses a stubborn issue that is critical for success: carbon leakage. The author very ably presents the theory and practice of carbon leakage for several climate policies while paying due attention to the legal realm, in particular WTO. This book is a must-have for both researchers and practitioners alike.' --Stefan Weishaar, Groningen University, the Netherlands'Dr. Elena de Lemos Pinto Aydos' comprehensive account of past and present emissions trading schemes suggests that free licenses to pollute in reality is a subsidy conferring windfall profits to a small number of energy-intensive companies. Her elaborate legal analysis convincingly shows that under the rules of the World Trade Organization carbon emission trading benefits will be deemed actionable and thus should require advance notification, as countervailing duties could be justified. With trade protectionism concerns looming in the background this is an extremely timely book to inform carbon market observers and policy makers.' --Mikael Skou Andersen, Aarhus University, Denmark'This book is an important contribution to understanding the relation between the oftentimes overestimated phenomenon of carbon leakage and the resulting, frequently unjustified, free allocation to heavy polluters. The volume excels in applying an interdisciplinary law-and-economics approach in a comprehensive analysis of three major carbon markets. It is a timely addition to the literature with obvious relevance beyond the cases; a "must read" for all scholars and practitioners interested in an efficient, effective, and fair climate policy.' --Sven Rudolph, Kyoto University, JapanTable of ContentsContents: 1. Contextualising the Issue 2. Carbon Leakage and Industry Assistance 3. Real World Emissions Trading Schemes: Challenges and Lessons Learnt 4. Reconsidering the Eligibility Thresholds for the Free Allocation of Permits 5. Free Allocation and Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: The Case for Harmonisation 6. The Free Allocation of Permits and The WTO Discipline of Subsidies 7. Summary of the Main Findings Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisDrinking water availability and safety is a major challenge faced globally and is highly pronounced in developing countries worldwide. Lack of safe potable water across the globe can be attributed to industrial pollution, climate change and other human activities that result in a spectrum of chemical, physical and biological pollutants entering a water body. Although efforts to solve this problem are well underway worldwide, challenges still exist. This book shines a light on drinking water treatment methods and scale of operation specifically for the developing countries. Covering both conventional and emerging treatment technologies, the authors discuss the removal of chemical, physical and biological pollutants from drinking water, with a focus on developing countries. Conservation by rainwater harvesting, wastewater reuse, and selection criteria of feasible methods are considered in the context of issues relevant to Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. With case studies connecting theory to real world matters, showcasing efficiencies and drawbacks, this book is ideal for graduate and postgraduate level course use in engineering departments or for self-study and research.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Treatment techniques for Developing Countries; Rain Water Harvesting in developing countries; Waste Water Reuse in Developing Countries; Case Studies; Selection Criteria of Water Treatment Strategy in Developing Countries; Conclusions

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Book SynopsisTime–activity diaries kept by members of the general public indicate that on average people spend around 90% of their time indoors, this is associated with considerable exposure to air pollutants as not only is there infiltration of pollutants from outdoors, there are also emissions indoors that can lead to elevated pollutant concentrations. Despite this, and the fact that the WHO produces air quality guidelines for indoor air, the only statutory requirements for monitoring of airborne pollutant concentrations relate to the outdoor environment. Given its importance as a source of air pollution exposure, increasing attention is being given to pollution of the indoor environment. This volume considers both chemical and biological pollutants in the indoor atmosphere from their sources to chemical and physical transformations, human exposure and potential effects on human health. It is a valuable reference for those working in in environmental policy, civil and environmental engineering as well as for atmospheric chemists.Table of ContentsIndoor Sources of Air Pollutants;Outdoor Air as a Source of Indoor Pollution; Chemical and Physical Properties of Indoor Aerosols; Indoor Emissions as a Source of Outdoor Pollution; Chemical Reactions in the Indoor Atmosphere; Biological Particles in the Indoor Environment; Indoor Air as a Contributor to Air Pollution Exposure; Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution

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Book SynopsisMany informal organisations around the world are making a positive impact on the environment and their communities by turning waste into a resource, increasing the social capacity of their community and reducing the amount of pollution in their environment. Ending Plastic Waste: Community Actions Around the World presents a collection of stories, advice and information from experts in the fields of waste management, plastic pollution and environmental finance to give a broad outlook on how 19 programs from 14 different countries are protecting our planet. By sharing these journeys, the authors hope to encourage others to take a community approach to ending plastic waste. Perfect for decision-makers working in environmental and marine fields, industry stakeholders, and citizen scientist groups, this book provides guidance on how to successfully implement a new program, what resources are needed and the lessons learned by the people behind these programs in overcoming barriers.Table of Contents1: Introduction. Britta Denise Hardesty, CSIRO, Australia, and Justine Barrett, CSIRO, Australia. 2: Plastic waste inputs and leakage: scale, drivers and solutions. Dr Winnie Lau, The Pew Charitable Trusts, USA. 3: Waste pickers: keeping after-use plastics circular, but at high personal cost. Costas Velis, University of Leeds, UK. 4: Community programs to reduce plastic waste. 5: A step-by-step guide to knowing your waste. James Baker, The Asian Development Bank, Philippines. 6: Finding seed funding for your project: the blue finance world. Azra Yaqub Vawda, independent consultant, Pakistan. 7: Designing a scalable program. Trish Hyde and Murray Hyde, founders of The Plastics Circle, Australia. 8: Closing thoughts. Chris Wilcox, Minderoo.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the synthesis, characterisation and application of advanced materials that can be used for the removal of various emerging water pollutants.

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Book SynopsisOur world is suffocating in plastic! Every moment we are breathing it in and it is entering the bodies of all living creatures! We can't go on wrapping and bottling everything in toxic plastic, and must find natural and sustainable alternatives for all petrochemical plastic that is destroying our beloved Earth. I grew up when there was very little plastic and I want to show in Yes, there are Alternatives to Plastic that it is possible to live a plastic-less/eventually plastic-free life. We did it before and we can do it again. Dip into the handy A - Z of Swaps whenever you need a plastic-free tip or plastic-free cleaning advice.

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Book SynopsisThe Kyoto Protocol was a milestone event in the process of getting global climate change on to the political agenda and taking the first tentative steps towards internationally co-ordinated action. This book brings together researchers from the disciplines of law, economics, political science and sociology to analyse the instruments which have been set up to manage climate change and the institutional shifts that are required for the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The authors highlight the need for an adequate implementation structure and well designed flexible instruments to enable emissions targets to be achieved. They discuss the level of international coordination which is required for the smooth operation of flexibility mechanisms and the importance of ensuring these instruments fit within existing national structures. In some countries, there are concerns that the introduction of cap and credit trading programmes may require an overhaul of existing environmental legislation. Technical innovations will also have a critical role to play in preparing the ground for increasingly ambitious controls of GHGs. The authors emphasise the need for an evolutionary development of instruments to support such innovations and the potentially vital roles of firms and governments to help their quick diffusion. This book presents an unusual, fascinating and highly instructive mixture of approaches which will be readily accessible to a broad array of readers from a variety of scientific backgrounds. It will prove invaluable to economists, political and social scientists, lawyers, practitioners and decision-makers involved with climate change policy and international environmental law.Trade Review'It is always a pleasure to announce a good book. Given the Kyoto Protocol, the 15 essays collected in this book discuss how it can be translated into efficient policy. . . The book is well produced, has a thorough index, and should be on the shelf of every environmental regulator and those who teach environmental economics, politics and regulation.' -- Jurgen Backhaus, European Journal of Law and EconomicsTable of ContentsContents: Part I: Kyoto 1. Key Instrumental and Institutional Design Issues in Climate Change Policy 2. The Kyoto Mechanisms and the Economics of their Design 3. Alternative Design Options for Emissions Trading: A Survey and Assessment of the Literature 4. To Design and Implement Climate Change Measures and the Need to Strike a Balance between Environmental Protection and International Trade Law 5. Developing Carbon Trading in Europe: Does Grandfathering Distort Competition and Lead to State Aid? 6. Legal Aspects of the Dutch Approach to CO2 Reduction 7. Legal Feasibility of Emissions Trading: Learning Points from Emissions Trading for Ozone-Depleting Substances 8. CDM in Climate Policies in the Netherlands: A Promising Tool? 9. Optimal Institutional Arrangements and Instruments for the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources 10. Domestic Capacity, Regional Institution and Global Negotiations: Lessons from the Netherlands–EU Kyoto Protocol Negotiation 11. Global Environmental Change Regimes: Impact Assessment on the Basis of an Extended GTAP Model Part II: After Kyoto 12. The Multi-sector Convergence Approach to Global Burden Sharing of Greenhouse Gas Reductions 13. The Dutch Energy Transition and its Institutional Problems: Report from a Stakeholder Assessment 14. Modulating Dynamics in Transport for Climate Protection 15. Institutional Change in Europe and the Implications for Climate Control Measures Index

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Book SynopsisThis text addresses the common negative perception of polymer materials on the environment with a thorough analysis of what really occurs when industry and academia collaborate to find environmental solutions. The book examines the environmental and social effects of polymer materials and explains methods of quantifying environmental performance. With an emphasis on the importance of education, the authors stress the importance of awareness and activity in negating polymers' environmental impact.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1 Some Notes on Two Controversies Around Plastic Materials and Their Media Coverage 1 Laura Maxim Chapter 2 Plastic Waste and the Environment 13 Claude Duval Chapter 3 Polymers and Marine Litter 27 François Galgani Chapter 4 Between Prejudice and Realities: How Plastics are Essential for the Future 49 Michael Loubry Chapter 5 Lifecycle Assessment and Green Chemistry: A Look at Innovative Tools for Sustainable Development 65 Sylvain Caillol Chapter 6 Are Bioplastics "Green" Plastics? 91 Olivier Talon Chapter 7 Environmental Characterization of Materials for Product Design 109 Stéphane Le Pochat and Arnaud Roquesalane Chapter 8 Choice of Materails and Environmental Impact: Case of a Water Bottle Rémi Deterre Chapter 9 Formulation and Development of Biodegradable and Bio-Based Multiphase Materials: Plasticized Starch-Based Materials 155 Luc Avérous Chapter 10 Different Strategies for Ecoplastics Development 201 Jean-François Feller Chapter 11 Thoughts about Plastic Recycling Presentation of a Concrete Example: End-of-Life Polypropylene 245 Frédéric Viot Chapter 12 Recyclable and Bio-Based Materials Open Up New Prospects for Polymers: Scientific and Social Aspects 257 Valérie Massardier Chapter 13 Food Packaging: New Directions for the Control of Additive and Residue Migration 273 Olivier Vitrac and Audrey Goujon Chapter 14 Biodegradability and/or Compostability? 309 Guy César Chapter 15 The Regulation by Law of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 341 Eric Juet Chapter 16 Teaching Sustainable Development 357 Serge Walter List of Authors 363 Index 365

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Book SynopsisIdentifying efficient solutions to protect coastal regions from marine pollution requires expertise from a range of specialties and strategic approaches. This book gathers information on the impact of oil spills at a coastal level from different experts' points of view, identifying synergies between domains such as mathematics, numerical modeling, mechanics, biology, economics and law. The collaborative research presented here is based on the 4th International Workshop on Anti-Pollution and Marine Coastal Water Pollution, held in La Rochelle, France at the Engineering School EIGSI, in April 2012. The areas addressed include: materials and structures (fluid-structure and capture interaction, cable and membrane equations, optimization); coastal hydrodynamics (computational fluid dynamics, numerical analysis of shallow water equations, analytical and numerical derivatives); biological impacts (biology, multivariate analysis, indicators); and economics and law (compensation costs, insurance coverage, coastal vulnerability).Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES xvii CHAPTER 1. SESSION 1: STRUCTURES, MATERIALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1 Frédéric MUTTIN, Daniel PRIOUR and Rodrigo FERNANDES. 1.1. FEM modeling of flexible structures made of cables bars and nets 1 1.1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.2. Details of study 2 1.2. Oil-boom models and full-scale tests 5 1.2.1. Introduction 5 1.2.2. Details of study 6 1.3. Oil-Spill MOHID models 11 1.3.1 Introduction 11 1.3.2. Details of study 11 1.4. References 16 CHAPTER 2. SESSION 2: HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING AND DIFFUSION OF THE POLLUTANT 19 Frédéric MUTTIN, Mario RICCHIUTO, Imène Meriem MOSTEFAOUI, Mohktar KIRANE, Cédric GOEURY and Jean-Michel HERVOUET 2.1. Numerical anomalies in shallow water simulations, spurious oscillations, equilibria, super-consistency and mass consistency 19 2.1.1. Introduction 19 2.1.2. Details of study 20 2.1.3. Reference works 25 2.2. A model describing the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in rivers 25 2.2.1. Introduction 25 2.3. Numerical modeling of oil spill drifts for operational management of risks in continental waters 31 2.3.1. Introduction 31 2.3.2. Details of study 32 2.4. References 36 CHAPTER 3. ROUND-TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF STRUCTURES AND HYDRODYNAMIC SESSIONS 1–2 39 Frédéric MUTTIN 3.1. Objectives of the attendees 39 3.2. Topics addressed 41 3.3. Costs and complexity of available field measurements 43 3.4. References 44 CHAPTER 4. SESSION 3: BIOLOGY TOXICOLOGY AND COASTAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 47 Frédéric MUTTIN, Laurent APRIN, Thomas MILINKOVITCH, Christel LEFRANÇOIS, Hélène THOMAS-GUYON, Stéphane LEFLOCH, Céline DUFFA and Hervé THÉBAULT 4.1. Evaluation of the consequences of marine chemical accidents 47 4.1.1. Introduction 47 4.1.2. Details of study 48 4.2. Response technique for oil spills and environmental risk: toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas on Liza aurata (Golden grey mullet) 54 4.2.1. Introduction 54 4.2.2. Details of study 55 4.3. Sensitivity of French Mediterranean coastal zones against accidental pollutions caused by ships 59 4.3.1. Introduction 59 4.3.2. Details of study 61 4.4. References 65 CHAPTER 5. SESSION 4: ECONOMY AND LAWS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES, JUDICAL ASPECTS, CIVIL AND PENAL CHARGES FOR POLLUTION 67 Frédéric MUTTIN, Paul FATTAL and Yann RABUTEAU 5.1. Reflections on coastline vulnerability indicators dedicated to hydrocarbon pollutions 67 5.1.1. Introduction 67 5.2. Liability and compensation regarding oil spills at sea: the case of coastal communities 72 5.2.1. Introduction 72 5.2.2. Details of study 72 5.2.3. Related works 76 5.3. References 77 CHAPTER 6. ROUND-TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS, ECONOMY AND LAWS, SESSIONS 3–4 79 Frédéric MUTTIN 6.1. Topics addressed 80 6.2. Socio-economic analysis of coastal risks 81 CHAPTER 7. MODELING A CAPTIVE UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM TELEDETECTING OIL POLLUTION ON THE SEA SURFACE 83 Frédéric MUTTIN 7.1. Introduction 83 7.2. Materials 85 7.3. Method 87 7.4. Approximation of the problem 89 7.5. Results 91 7.5.1. Finite-element convergence 91 7.5.2. Analytic validation 92 7.5.3. Transient loading 96 7.6. Conclusions 98 7.7. References 98 GENERAL CONCLUSION 101 LIST OF AUTHORS 103 INDEX 105

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Book SynopsisA new weapon is emerging to help us fight climate change. It is becoming feasible to take carbon dioxide from power stations and industry, and lock it away safely before it can enter the atmosphere. In the next few years, major demonstration programmes will start up in the USA, EU and elsewhere. But can carbon capture compete with other low-carbon technologies, is it safe and environmentally-friendly, and will people and governments accept it? "Capturing Carbon" examines the need for carbon capture, and the technologies, existing and emerging, that make it work. It describes geological storage and, uniquely, compares it to biological carbon sequestration in soils and forests. It looks at the costs, the economics, and how big a contribution carbon capture can make to avoiding dangerous climate change. It covers the policies that need to be in place, the public reaction, and the opportunities for business. Finally, it gives a hard-headed description of the risks of carbon capture projects. The book is the first comprehensive yet accessible study of the subject. It is a vital resource for environmentalists, policy-makers, investors, academics, industry specialists and anyone else wishing to understand this fast-moving field.

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Book SynopsisFires are a common source of exposure to smoke and a range of toxicologically active chemicals. Providing a complete overview of the subject, this book provides comprehensive and detailed information on combustion processes, estimation of rate of production of combustion products, dispersion of these products and their effects on health. Beginning with a chapter discussing the chemistry of combustion and detailing the mechanisms of burning, how different materials ignite and the nature of combustion products, the book goes on to examine specific combustion products in detail, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of the products, their dispersion and methods of monitoring. With diverse coverage edited and authored by recognised experts in the field, this book will provide an essential text for those working in toxicology, combustion science, public health and environmental research.Table of ContentsOverview of combustion toxicology; Fire types and combustion products; Estimating yields and quantities of mass releases of toxic products from fires; Products of combustion and toxicity from specific types of fires; Generation, sampling and quantification of toxic combustion products; Dispersion of fire plumes in the atmosphere; Application of animal models and human studies to prediction of combustion toxicity in humans; Haber's law and its application to combustion products; Carbon monoxide; Hydrogen cyanide: physiological effects of acute exposure during fires; Mechanism of action of combustion-derived nanoparticles; Dioxins and other carcingens; irritant gases; Acute effects of combinations of toxicologically active substances and heat on fire victims in buildings and during exposures to outdoor smoke plumes; Treatment of cyanide poisoning associated with fires; Acute lung injury following inhalation of irritant products of combustion; Health effects on groups exposed to wildland and urban fires; Buncefield fire; The World Trade Centre disaster; Providing advice to those exposed to combustion products;

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Book SynopsisThe papers in this volume have been written and brought together by a group of experts, each of whom deals with radioactive waste management on a daily basis, as well as having the deep knowledge and level of expertise that only industry insiders can achieve. Topics covered here include: treatment issues; waste mangement practice; transport and storage; and environment and regulations.Table of ContentsPart 1 Treatment issues: the new Dounreay low-level liquid effluent treatment plan; the disposal of a radioactive cell; technical and operational risk management strategies for the Sellafield Drypac Plant (SDP). Part 2 Waste management practice: radiation inheritance of Russian nuclear fleet and ecological safety problems relating to utilization of nuclear submarines and rehabilitation of other facilities in the Navy; decontamination and waste minimization techniques in nuclear decommissioning; transuranic waste management at Los Alamos National Laboratory; disposition of Russian nuclear submarines - outlines of the concept and implementation problems; management of accumulated operational wastes at BNFL's decommissioning reactor sites. Part 3 Transport and storage: transportation of spent fuel in Japan; engineering considerations associated wtih plant used for storage of intermediate level waste - a regulator's view; the packaging of waste for safe long-term management; independent monitoring of solid low-level radioactive waste disposals in the UK; round robin test for the non-destructive assay of 220 litre radioactive waste packages; the feasibility of surface for high-level waste. Part 4 Environmental and regulation: application of in-line monitoring to waste minimization during soil remediation; contained water management within the Chernobyl "shelter object"; ALARP as applied to high-level waste - the regulatory approach at Sellafield; radiation safety problems arising with damaged nuclear submarines utilization; experience in nuclear decommissioning and waste management; disposal of radioactive waste - a puzzle in four dimensions.

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Book SynopsisResidues offers readers a new approach for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of chemicals production, consumption, disposal, and regulation. Environmental protection regimes tend to be highly segmented according to place, media, substance, and effect; academic scholarship often reflects this same segmented approach. Yet, in chemical substances we encounter phenomena that are at once voluminous and miniscule, singular and ubiquitous, regulated yet unruly. Inspired by recent studies of materiality and infrastructures, we introduce “residual materialism” as a framework for attending to the socio-material properties of chemicals and their world-making powers. Tracking residues through time, space, and understanding helps us see how the past has been built into our present chemical environments and future-oriented regulatory systems, why contaminants seem to always evade control, and why the Anthropocene is as inextricably harnessed to the synthesis of carbon into new molecules as it is driven by carbon’s combustion.Trade Review"Residues shows how the chemicals we systematically ignore are powerful agents shaping our environmental future. A compelling argument for putting forgotten materials front and center in environmental research and politics." — Evan Hepler-Smith, Duke University "This erudite and accessible book presents a novel theoretical framing that draws on examples from a multiplicity of intriguing case studies from across the globe. Residues is distinguished by its collaborative authorship and multi-disciplinary and multinational scope, seeking to change how scholars in a range of disciplines study chemicals."— Sara Shostak, author of Exposed Science "Residues offers readers a new approach for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of chemicals production, consumption, disposal, and regulation."— American Sociological Association - Environmental Sociology NewsletterTable of ContentsPreface List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1. Residues Properties 2. Legacy 3. Accretion 4. Apprehension 5. Residual Materialism Bibliography Authors' Biographies

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Book SynopsisResidues offers readers a new approach for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of chemicals production, consumption, disposal, and regulation. Environmental protection regimes tend to be highly segmented according to place, media, substance, and effect; academic scholarship often reflects this same segmented approach. Yet, in chemical substances we encounter phenomena that are at once voluminous and miniscule, singular and ubiquitous, regulated yet unruly. Inspired by recent studies of materiality and infrastructures, we introduce “residual materialism” as a framework for attending to the socio-material properties of chemicals and their world-making powers. Tracking residues through time, space, and understanding helps us see how the past has been built into our present chemical environments and future-oriented regulatory systems, why contaminants seem to always evade control, and why the Anthropocene is as inextricably harnessed to the synthesis of carbon into new molecules as it is driven by carbon’s combustion.Trade Review"Residues shows how the chemicals we systematically ignore are powerful agents shaping our environmental future. A compelling argument for putting forgotten materials front and center in environmental research and politics." — Evan Hepler-Smith, Duke University "This erudite and accessible book presents a novel theoretical framing that draws on examples from a multiplicity of intriguing case studies from across the globe. Residues is distinguished by its collaborative authorship and multi-disciplinary and multinational scope, seeking to change how scholars in a range of disciplines study chemicals."— Sara Shostak, author of Exposed Science "Residues offers readers a new approach for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of chemicals production, consumption, disposal, and regulation."— American Sociological Association - Environmental Sociology NewsletterTable of ContentsPreface List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1. Residues Properties 2. Legacy 3. Accretion 4. Apprehension 5. Residual Materialism Bibliography Authors' Biographies

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Book SynopsisLand is fundamental to the human life. The upper layer of land is a non-renewable resource, and source of food. Therefore, land health is essential to long-term food security and to promote sustainable livelihoods. On account of urbanization, industrialization and population growth, land pollution is one of the major issues worldwide. As a result, land pollution is continuing across the world, and has been linked with a wide range of potentially toxic contaminants at rates that deteriorate land quality. Land pollution can result either anthropogenic activities or natural activities. The major contaminants of land pollution are metalloids, petroleum hydrocarbon, radioactive elements, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Pesticide, other organic pollutants, etc. that comes from different types of sources. In urban and peri-urban areas, irrigation of agricultural land with polluted water is also a reason of land pollution. Therefore, land security is an important issue for future sustainability. Its remediation and management are important issue worldwide to protect land quality and functions. Land pollution means degradation of earth's surface. Polluted land comes under the category of degraded land. Hence, the remediation of polluted land is essential for regaining biodiversity and ecosystems services and thereby achieving United Nations-Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs).This fact showed the need to develop research into land remediation. Bio-inspired land remediation has undergone a huge development. Therefore, Biomanagement has a lot of potential to secure upper earth’s surface through the land remediation programs targeted during the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030). This book explores the remediation of land pollution that includes Phytoremediation, Bioremediation (bacterial remediation and fungal remediation), Vermiremediation, Biochar-based remediation and other Bio-inspired remediation. This book will be a remarkable asset for research scholars, environmentalists, ecological scientist, agriculturist, practitioners, policy makers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders alike.Table of ContentsSection I: Plants and Land remediationChapter 1-Naturally growing plants based land remediationChapter 2- Land remediation by introduced plantsChapter 3-Edible crops and land remediationChapter 4-Non-edible crops and land remediationChapter 5-Non-edible valuable crops-based land remediation Section II: Microbes and Land RemediationChapter 6-Cutting-edge tools to access microbial diversity and their function in land remediationChapter 7-Endophytic microbes and their role in land remediationChapter 8-Fungal based land remediationChapter 9-Microbial detoxification of polluted landChapter 10-Role of Cynobacteria in land remediation Section III: VermiremediationChapter 11-Vermiremediation of metal(loid)s contaminated sitesChapter 12- Vermiremediation of sewage sludgeChapter 13- Vermiremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsChapter 14- Vermiremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon( Kuwaiti oil ) contaminated soilChapter 15- Vermiremediation of dyeing sludge from textile mill Section IV: Biochar and land remediationChapter 16-Biochar based remediation of heavy metal polluted landChapter 17-Biochar and carbon sequestrationChapter 18-Remediation of organic pollutants with BiocharChapter 19-Biochar for improvement of soil propertiesChapter 20- Impact of biochar on plant growth and yield

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Book SynopsisIn the aftermath of the “Deepwater Horizon” oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the need arose for experimental data on oil and gas hydrodynamics and particle formation under deep-sea conditions. This work presents a new High-Pressure Test Center that allows for experimental oil spill research under artificial deep-sea conditions. It also contains experimental data on drop formation processes and oil drop size distributions generated within this test center and a modeling approach based on the turbulent energy dissipation that has been developed to predict the droplet sizes of an oil-and-gas jet under high pressure.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- State of Knowledge.- Development of the High‐Pressure Test Center.- Experimental Determination of Oil Droplet Sizes in an Artificial Subsea Blowout.- Summary and Outlook.- References.

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed to give an existing state of knowledge in the field of hydrology, irrigation engineering, and hydraulic structures in a brief manner so that students can use it for their own reference from time to time. Compared to other voluminous books available on the subject, the author has tried to cover the important subject matter in an abridged manner in approximately 320 pages. Besides the full explanation of the theoretical aspects with well-illustrated figures, it gives a number of solved numerical examples. Problems for practice are also given with answers at the end of each chapter.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Water Requirement of Crops.- Hydrology.- Ground Water.- Reservoir Planning.- Design of Gravity Dams.- Spillways and Gates.- Arch and Buttress Dams.- Earth Dams.- Canal Head Works.- Distribution System.- Canal Structures.- Sediment Transport in Alluvial Canals.- River Training Works and Flood Control.- River Flow Measurement.

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Book SynopsisMercury is a naturally occurring element that is toxic in nature. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the safe limit of mercury ion in drinking water is 10 nM to avoid the serious health problems to humans. Mercury is a pollutant of global concern. Both anthropogenic activities and natural processes cause its release into different spheres of the environment resulting in severe adverse impacts. Increased anthropogenic discharge of mercury leads to disturbance in its natural biogeochemical cycle which results in to unenviable diseases and hazardous health effects.This book will provide state-of-the-art information to the graduate students training in toxicology, risk assessors, researchers and medical providers at large. Many monographs, book chapters, contemporary reviews, and peer reviewed articles about mercury health impact are also available worldwide. However, there is no complete understanding available on toxicological studies of mercury, which covers the broader spectrum of findings that range from sources of exposure to mercury toxicity as well as its remediation strategies. It is aimed to bring the readers updated information about the sources of mercury contamination, and its impact on human health and on prospective mitigation strategies through multi-disciplinary approaches. The book contains three sections. First section describes the different sources and distribution of mercury in the environment. Second section explains the health risks linked to mercury poisoning. Third section addresses sustainable mercury toxicity mitigation strategies through multi-disciplinary approaches. The key topic of this book will cover following: •Source and distribution of mercury in the environment•Effects and responses of mercury toxicity in plants• Health risk linked to mercury poisoning• Sustainable mercury toxicity mitigation strategiesThis book is a valuable resource to students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals doing field work on mercury contamination throughout the world.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to "Salinity Resilience and Sustainable Crop Production under Climate Change.- Chapter 2. Salinity and its Impact on Sustainable Crop Production.- Chapter 3. Salinity and its Impact on Sustainable Crop Production.- Chapter 4. Fundamentals of Crop Resilience to Salinity, Plant Traits and Selection Criteria.- Chapter 5. Genetic Variability and Genetic Resources for Salinity Resilience.- Chapter 6. Genetic Analysis of Salinity Tolerance and Relevant Traits in Field Crops.- Chapter 7. Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology.- Chapter 9. Mitigation Options towards Sustainability via Agricultural Practices.- Chapter 10. Techniques and Measurements of Assessing Genotypes Update, General Conclusions and Recommendations of “ Salinity Resilience and Sustainable Crop Production under Climate Change" for Salinity tolerance.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: How Hazardous Waste Disposal and Pollution Affects The Environment and Agricultural Soil: An Introduction.- Chapter 2: Public Health Implication of Toxic Waste Generated by Households: The Environmental Hazards of Improper Waste Disposal.- Chapter 3: Sustainable Practices in Hazardous Waste Management to Control Environmental and Agricultural Soil Pollutions.- Chapter 4: Agricultural Soil Health Management: From Theory to Practice.- Chapter 5: Protecting Agricultural Soils from Contamination to Produce Healthy Foods to produce healthy foods, the most important need is to provide healthy soil and contaminants to be taken from the soil.- Chapter 6: Solid Waste in Agricultural Soils: Guidelines to Reduce Risks to Human, Plant and Environment.- Chapter 7: Sources of Agricultural Soil Pollution: The Impact of Waste Sorting Policy on Air Pollution and Agricultural Soil.- Chapter 8: The Presence of Various Hazardous Pollutants in Agricultural Soilsand Toxic Health Effects on Humans.- Chapter 9: Waste Treatment Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture.- Chapter 10: Sustainable Disposal Solutions to Improve Agricultural Soil Health.- Chapter 11: The Economic Perspectives on Agricultural Soil Health.- Chapter 12: Law and Policy Implications to Protect Soil Health.- Chapter 13: Case Studies: Healthy Soils for Healthy Food Productions.- Chapter 14: Future Directions for Farmers about Soil Health.- Chapter 15: Pathways Toward Sustainable Waste Management Through Technological Innovations and Effective Policies to Achieve Healthy Agricultural Soil.

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Book SynopsisWhen doing in the off-gas purification business you will pretty soon register that you do not act in an isolated box. You have to make yourself familiar with the interplay of your emission problem and the environment, and you have to apply a broad view of the subject. We can hardly make a forecast on your first steps in this business, except that we want you to succeed. Therefore, we want to offer engineers and graduate students the basic tools for discussing air pollution problems and for deducing strategies for process and equipment design in off-gas purification, covering the whole span from the basics to dedusting, absorption, adsorption and redox processes. The didactic concept of the work is to attract students with a ‘learning by doing’ strategy. We discuss the problems, the solver strategies and the solvers. The problem solver proposals address a multitude of pollution control technologies. The work is a compact off-gas purification guide for practitioners and students by presenting basics as well as numerous applications with many examples and problems with solutions.

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Book SynopsisSoil Science is a vital and foundational discipline in agriculture that encompasses various aspects of soil research, such as soil formation, genesis, and classification, soil physics, chemistry, fertility, and plant nutrition, and soil biology, among others. Accurate analysis and description of soils are crucial for their characterization and understanding. While the physical properties of soils dictate their suitability for cultivation, chemical properties provide information about their chemical environment and nutrient status, which are essential for crop production on this densely populated planet. The first step towards effective soil management and scientific recommendations for increasing crop yields is to determine various soil physical and chemical properties in the field or laboratory using appropriate analytical methods.

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Book SynopsisStable isotope techniques can help identify the sources of water pollution associated with agricultural activities. Knowing the origin of nutrients or contaminants is essential to improve agricultural practices. To ensure the quality of stable isotope analysis, appropriate sampling and sample preparation are crucial. This publication presents methods for surface water sampling and sample processing through micro-diffusion and bacterial denitrification combined with laser spectroscopy. Information on such methods is often described in a very summarized and non-comprehensive way without proper illustration of every step. This publication aims to bridge this gap for scientists, technicians and students. It presents a selection of standard operating procedures providing guidance in water sampling and sample preparation that are mandatory when conducting reliable isotope analysis on water.

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Book SynopsisAs the world looks for solutions to address climate change amid growing concerns regarding negative environmental impacts caused by human habits, the problem of plastics is gaining momentum. There is a sober awareness that pollution caused by plastics needs a more aggressive approach while designing policies to prevent future plastic dependency and mismanagement. Nevertheless, plastics are here to stay as they provide some important functions for today's societal needs. Therefore, plastic substitutes are not a solution to be implemented overnight without a carefully designed and informed set of policies, as well as a system that would incentivise such substitution and prevent any further potential harm to the environment and human health. For plastic substitutes to become a viable solution in the mid and long-term, decisive global action is needed today. Moving away from silo policies and towards coherence and coordination between measures to address plastic pollution across the plastic life cycle and in favor of circular economies is an important initial step

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment. This is the first of four volumes of scientific annexes that presents the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex A 'Medical exposure to ionizing radiation' presents a comprehensive global estimate of the frequencies and doses from medical exposure, their distribution and trends in medical categories in the 2009-2018 period. The annex considers four general categories of medical practice using ionizing radiation: (a) diagnostic radiology, including dental radiology and computed tomography, (b) interventional radiology (image-guided interventional procedures), (c) nuclear medicine and (d) radiation therapy

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment. This is the second of four volumes of scientific annexes that provides the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex B 'Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report' summarises all relevant scientific information (peer reviewed literature and monitoring data) available up to the end of 2019. These data relate to the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The aim of the report is to provide a summary of all scientific information and an appraisal of the implications of this information for the UNSCEAR 2013 Report

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