Pest control / plant diseases Books

Book SynopsisSoilborne diseases have, until recently, received less attention than plant diseases affecting the shoot and foliage. However, this is not a reflection of their economic importance, but rather of difficulties in investigating and detecting pathogens below soil level. Many soilborne diseases are stress related and it is in the tropics where crop growth is particularly limited by environmental stress, predisposing crops to infection by soilborne pathogens. There is thus a great need for information on soilborne diseases of crops in the tropics. This book aims to fill this need by providing reviews of relevant research. It covers the major tropical crops and also includes general chapters on principles, ecology and control. Written by leading research workers from countries including the UK, USA, Australia and India, it will be indispensable for plant pathologists working in this area.Table of ContentsPart 1: INTRODUCTION 1: Soilborne Diseases and Their Importance in Tropical Agriculture R J Hillocks, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK and J M Waller, International Mycological Institute, Egham, Surrey UK 2: Field and Laboratory Methods for Studying Soilborne Diseases J A G Irwin, Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Part 2: SOILBORNE DISEASES OF SPECIFIC CROPS 3: Cereal Crops D R Sumner, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations, Tifton, Georgia, USA 4: Food Legumes D J Allen, Honiton, Devon, UK 5: Root and Tuber Crops S A Simons, CAB INTERNATIONAL, Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya 6: Vegetable Crops G L Hartman, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA and L E Datnoff, University of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida, USA 7: Bananas and Plantains S R Gowen, University of Reading, Crop Protection Research Unit, Reading, UK 8: Citrus J A Menge, University of California, Riverside, California, USA and S Nemec, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orlando, Florida, USA 9: Beverage Crops and Palms J M Waller and M Holderness, International Mycological Institute, Egham, Surrey, UK 10: Annual Oilseed Crops S J Kolte, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh, India 11: Sugarcane B T Egan, R C Magarey, and B J Croft, Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations (BSES), Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia 12: Cotton and Tropical Fibres R J Hillocks 13: Rubber A de S Liyanage, Rubber Research Institute, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka, currently at Australian Plant Quarantine and Inspection Service, Barton, Canberra, Australia. Part 3: ECOLOGY AND CONTROL 14: Associations between Soilborne Pathogens and other Soil-Inhabiting Microorganisms R J Hillocks and J M Waller 15: Abiotic Factors and Soilborne Diseases C M Liddell, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA 16: Effect of Cultivation Practices and Cropping Systems on Soilborne Diseases J Palti, Agricultural Research Organisation, Bet Dagan, Israel and J Katan, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot , Israel 17: Chemical and Biological Control R Rodríguez-Kábana and N Kokalis-Burelle, Auburn University, College of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, Auburn, Alabama, USA 18: Host-plant Resistance and Integrated Control J M Waller and R J Hillocks

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Book SynopsisTermites are of great interest to both entomologists and those concerned with pest management. On the one hand their complex social systems and nest building make them fascinating for students of insect behaviour, while on the other they are major pests of crops and buildings in the tropics and subtropics. This book provides a general scientific introduction to the termites, including their biology, behaviour, pest status and control. Commonly used ecological and laboratory techniques are described in appendices. There has been no such general book published for many years and so this title will fill a definite gap in the market. It is aimed at advanced students of entomology and pest management, as well as professionals concerned with urban and agricultural pest control.Table of Contents1: Termites as Insects 2: What is a termite? 3: Evolution 4: Relationship to cockroaches 5: Castes of termites 6: Classification of termites 7: Distribution 8: World distribution 9: Pest distribution 10: Factors affecting distribution 11: Termite Biology and Behaviour 12: Communication 13: Feeding 14: Water requirements 15: Defence 16: Foraging 17: Nest building 19: Nest Systems 20: Nest types 21: Termitophiles 22: Termite Ecology 23: Soil type 24: Vegetation types 25: Benefits to the environment 26: Environmental factors 27: Predators and parasites 28: Other uses of Termites 29: Termites as Pests 30: Food preferences 31: Damage recognition and detection 32: Damage assessment 33: Control Methods 34: Chemical control 35: Physical and cultural control 36: Biological control 37: Safety 38: Future control 39: Appendices 40: Index

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Book SynopsisEntomology as a branch of biological science has undergone rapid expansion and development in recent decades. There have been major advances in the technologies associated with pest management and the ecological studies that underpin much of this work. Greater emphasis is now placed on topics such as modelling and biochemical techniques, with new approaches to the study of insect behaviour and insecticide efficacy making inroads into traditional approaches. This book aims to integrate the new approaches and technologies with traditional and well-proven methods. It provides a critical analysis and evaluation of methods available, through reference to general principles, but emphasis is also placed on providing detailed descriptions of methods and their application. Written by leading authorities from the UK, USA and Australia, the book is aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in entomology and pest management.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Sampling, handling and rearing insects 3: Methods in studying insect behaviour 4: Quantifying insect populations: Estimates and parameters 5: Techniques for quantifying insect migration 6: Evaluation of factors affecting host plant selection with an emphasis on studying behaviour 7: Statistical aspects of field experiments 8: Injury, damage and threshold concepts 9: Techniques in the study of insect pollination 10: Techniques to evaluate insecticide efficacy 11: Techniques to evaluate the efficacy of natural enemies 12: Biochemical and molecular techniques 13: Modelling

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Book SynopsisGenetics has transformed plant pathology on two occasions: first when Mendelian genetics enabled the discovery that disease resistance was a heritable trait in plants, and secondly when Flor proposed the gene-for-gene hypothesis to explain his observations of plant-parasite interactions, based on his work on flax rust in North Dakota starting in the 1930s. Our knowledge of the genetics of disease resistance and host-pathogen coevolution is now entering a new phase as a result of the cloning of the first resistance genes. This book provides a broad review of recent developments in this important and expanding subject. Both agricultural and natural host-pathogen situations are addressed. While most of the book focuses on plant pathology, in the usual sense of the term embracing fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, there is also consideration of parasitic plants and a chapter demonstrating lessons to be learnt from the mammalian immune system. Three overall themes are addressed: geneticTable of Contents1: Contributors 2: Preface Part One: Genetic Analyses and Utilization of Resistance 3: Organization of Resistance Genes in Arabidopsis, 4: Genetic Fine Structure of Resistance Loci, 5: Mutation Analysis for the Dissection of Resistance, 6: Cultivar Mixtures in Intensive Agriculture, 7: Crop Resistance to Parasitic Plants, Part Two: Population Genetics 8: The UK Cereal Pathogen Virulence Survey, 9: Adaptation of Powdery Mildew Populations to Cereal Varieties in Relation to Durable and Non-durable Resistance 10: Virulence Dynamics and Genetics of Cereal Rust Populations in North America, 11: Interpreting Population Genetic Data with the Help of Genetic Linkage Maps U E Brändle, 12: Modelling Virulence Dynamics of Airborne Plant Pathogens in Relation to Selection by Host Resistance in Agricultural Crops, 13: An Epidemiological Approach to Modelling the Dynamics of Gene-for-gene Interactions, 14: Modelling Gene Frequency Dynamics, 15: The Genetic Structure of Natural Pathosystems, 16: The Evolution of Gene-for-Gene Interactions in Natural Pathosystems, Part Three: Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics 17: Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Gene-for-Gene Interactions, 18: The Molecular Genetics of Specificity Determinants in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 19: Molecular Characterization of Fungal Avirulence, 20: The Molecular Genetics of Plant-Virus Interactions, 21: Molecular Genetics of Disease Resistance: An End to the “Gene-for-Gene” Concept?, 22: Elicitor Generation and Receipt - The Mail Gets Through, But How?, 23: Learning from the Mammalian Immune System in the Wake of The R-Gene Flood, 24: Genetic Disease Control in Plants - Where Now?, 25: Index

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Book SynopsisThrips have recently surged to prominence as insect pests of field, plantation and glasshouse crops in many countries, associated with increased international trade in fresh vegetables, fruit, flowers and plant propagation material. They can cause direct feeding damage to the aerial parts of plants, resulting in yield loss and spoilage, and some are vectors of destructive plant viruses. Their minute size and secretive habits make them particularly difficult to detect and control. This book, containing contributions from several world authorities from Europe, the USA and Asia, is the most comprehensive treatise on thrips as crop pests ever to be published. It brings together a vast amount of modern work set against a wealth of background knowledge, covering basic biology, ecology, applied science and pest control. The result is a book indispensable for agricultural advisers and growers concerned with thrips pests, and a unique reference source and stimulus for research entomologists stuTable of Contentsi: Contributors ii: Preface iii: Acknowledgements 1: Pest thrips in perspective T Lewis 2: Structure, growth and development G Moritz 3: Host selection, communication and reproductive behaviour L I Terry 4: Feeding W D J Kirk 5: Flight and dispersal T Lewis 6: Biological diversity L A Mound 7: Distribution, abundance and population dynamics W D J Kirk 8: Predation by insects and mites M W Sabelis and P C J Van Rijn 9: Interaction with hymenopterous parasitoids and parasitic nematodes A J M Loomans, T Murai and I D Greene 10: Fungal pathogens of thrips T M Butt and M Brownbridge 11: Field and laboratory techniques T Lewis 12: Culturing thrips and parasitoids A J M Loomans and T Murai 13: Feeding and oviposition injuries to plants C C Childers 14: Thrips as vectors of plant pathogens D E Ullman, J S Sherwood and T L German 15: Chemical control T Lewis 16: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of field crops M P Parrella and T Lewis 17: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in tree crops B L Parker and M Skinner 18: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in glasshouses R J Jacobson iv: Appendix 1: Thrips species cited with authorities and common names v: Appendix 2: Major crops infested by thrips with main symptoms and predominant injurious species vi: Appendix 3: Tree crops, associated thrips and components of control vii: Index

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Book SynopsisA number of species of Thysanoptera (thrips) are increasingly important crop pests in many parts of the world, as well as in some cases being vectors of plant disease. Communicating the known information about a species of organism is dependent on our ability to recognise or identify it accurately. This book is a completely revised and rewritten edition of the standard, widely used manual on these minute flying insects written by J M Palmer, L A Mound and G J du Heaume and published in 1989 as CIE Guides to Insects of Importance to Man 2. Thysanoptera, which provides a practical identification guide on a worldwide scale. The previous version posed problems for students in terms of fluency in English & knowledge of dichotomous keys. However, this thoroughly updated edition incorporates a new set of pictorial keys, which have been developed and used very successfully for training courses at the International Institute of Entomology and which will greatly enhance the ability of the non-spTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Publications About Thrips 3: Biology 4: Biological Diversity 5: Life Cycles 6: Sex Determination and Sexual Dimorphism 7: Dispersal 8: Feeding 9: Economic Importance of Thrips 10: Feeding Damage 11: Virus Transmission 12: Direct Effects 13: Beneficial Thrips 14: Preparatory Techniques for Identifications 15: Thrips Classification 16: Thrips Identification 17: Characters Used in Identifications 18: Visual Keys to Genera 19: Figures for Species Keys 20: Sub-order Terebrantia 21: Family Merothripidae 22: Family Aeolothripidae 23: Family Heterothripidae 24: Family Adiheterothripidae 25: Family Thripidae 26: Sub-family Panchaetothripinae 27: Sub-family Thripinae 28: Sub-order Tubulifera 29: Family Phlaeothripidae 30: Sub-family Idolothripinae 31: Sub-family Phlaeothripinae I: Bibliography II: Glossary III: Host Plant Index IV: Genera and Species Index

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Book SynopsisThe two closely related species of Potato Cyst-Nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis (Woll) and Globodera pallida Stone have a worldwide distribution. Both are internationally recognized plant quarantine organisms of actual or potential major economic importance wherever potatoes are grown or traded. They occur in large soil masses and also adhere to potato tubers as microscopic cysts, which represent a complex of morphologically identical, but behaviourally different virulence groups, or pathotypes. This presents major problems for their detection, identification and management. This book is a synthesis of current practical knowledge and underpinning scientific research on PCN globally. It is arranged in five sections, comprising nineteen chapters by leading practitioners and research nematologists, in which the biology, detection, identification and control options (including plant resistance) for PCN are examined. In addition, its worldwide status is considered, including South ATable of Contents1: Introduction: Potato Cyst Nematode – An International Pest Complex 2: Potato Cyst Nematode 3: The Origins, Global Distribution & Biology of Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis) & Globodera pallida Stone), S Turner, The Queen’s University of Belfast & K Evans, IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station 4: The Physiology and Sensory Perception of Potato Cyst Nematodes, Globodera Species R N Perry, IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK 5: Potato Cyst Nematodes: Species, Pathotypes and Virulence Concepts, C C Fleming, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK and T O Powers, University of Nebraska, USA 6: Detection and Identification of PCN 7: The Principles and Practice of Sampling for the Detection of Potato Cyst Nematodes, P P J Haydock, Harper Adams, UK and R N Perry, IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK 8: Sample Preparation, Soil Extraction and Laboratory Facilities for the Detection of Potato Cyst Nematodes, S J Turner 9: Potato Cyst Nematode Diagnostics: Morphology, Differential Hosts and Biochemical Techniques, C C Fleming and T O Powers 10: Control Options for PCN 11: Potato Cyst Nematodes: Damage Mechanisms & Tolerance in the Potato, D Trudgill, Scottish Crop Research Institute, K Evans, IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, and M Phillips, Scottish Crop Research Institute 12: Management and Regulatory Control Strategies for Potato Cysts Nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) A G Whitehead, Harpenden, UK and S J Turner 13: Population Modelling and Integrated Control Options for Potato Cyst Nematodes, M S Phillips and D L Trudgill 14: PCN Resistance 15: Breeding for Resistance to the Potato Cyst Nematodes G. rostochiensis & G. pallida: Strategies, Mechanisms & Genetic Resources, M Dale, SCRI & M De Scurrah, Centro Internacional de la Papa 16: The Evaluation and Durability of Potato Cyst Nematode Resistance in the Potato, C C Fleming 17: Engineering Resistance in the Potato to Potato Cyst Nematodes, H J Atkinson, C J Lilley, P E Urwin and M J McPherson, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 18: Worldwide Status of PCN 19: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in South America, J Franco, R Oros, N Ortuño, PROINDA, Cochabamba, Bolivia and G Main, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 20: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in Western Europe, H Van Riel, Plantenziektenkkundig Dienst, Wageningen, & A Mülder, Hilbrand Laboratory for Soil-borne Pests and Diseases, The Netherlands 21: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in Central Europe, the Balkans and Baltic states, R J Marks and E Rojanvcovski, Research Institute for Plant Protection, Bucharest, Romania 22: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in Central and North America, B B Brodie 23: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in Asia, K Zaheer, Department of Biological Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan 24: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in Africa, K P N Kleynhans, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa 25: Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera spp.) in New Zealand and Australia , J N Marshall, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Book SynopsisThis book is an essential companion volume to Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd Edition and Illustrations of Quarantine Pests for Europe. The three titles are the result of collaboration between CABI and EPPO in the compilation of data on the pests of phytosanitary significance for the European and Mediterranean region. This present publication provides updated geographic distributions of over 350 pests for which data sheets and illustrations are already available. A map is provided for each pest showing the current world distribution graphically. This is supported by a list of the countries and provinces in which the pest has been recorded with a coded indication of its current status. Coverage extends to insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasitic plants. The pests concerned are either entirely absent from the European and Mediterranean region (A1 list) or have a restricted distribution (A2 list). Text within the book is provided in both English and French.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Note on Distribution Codes 3: Insects and Mites 4: Nematodes 5: Fungi 6: Bacteria 7: Viruses, Virus-like Organisms and Viroids 8: Parasitic Plants

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Book SynopsisDomestic livestock in Africa are of importance not only as a source of milk and meat but also as a source of animal traction enabling farmers to cultivate larger areas, with crops providing the staple foods. Trypanosomosis, a parasitic disease transmitted cyclically by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp), is arguably still the main constraint to livestock production on the continent, preventing full use of the land to feed the rapidly increasing human population. Sleeping sickness, the disease caused in humans by species of Trypanosoma, is an important and neglected disease posing a threat to millions of people in tsetse-infested areas. Often wrongly thought of as a disease of the past, the prevalence of human sleeping sickness is increasing in many areas. Although alternative methods to control the disease are being investigated, such as immunological approaches, use of chemotherapy or exploitation of the trypanotolerance trait, it is only control or eradication of the tsetse fly vector whiTable of ContentsPart 1: Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1: Introduction 2: Classification and Anatomy 3: Biology 4: Physiology 5: Genetics 6: Sampling Tsetse Populations 7: Ecology – Distribution and Habitats 8: Behavioural Ecology 9: Population Dynamics 10: Odour Attractants Part 2: Epidemiology 11: Host–Parasite Interactions 12: Epidemiology of Human Sleeping Sickness 13: Epidemiology of Trypanosomosis in Domestic Livestock 14: Estimation of Disease Risk – Models of Disease Transmission Part 3: Vector Control 15: Insecticidal Spraying 16: Traps and Targets 17: Application of Insecticides to Livestock 18: Non-Insecticidal Methods of Tsetse Control 19: General Issues Relating to the Successful Use of Tsetse Control Techniques Part 4: Control of Trypanosomosis 20: Control of Trypanosomosis in Domestic Livestock

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Book SynopsisMollusc species currently constitute a major threat to sustainable agriculture. This threat is associated with cultivation of new crops, intensification of agricultural production systems and the spread through human trade and travel of species adapted to these modified environments. In some crops their significance is only now becoming apparent with the decline in the importance of other pest groups which can be effectively controlled. The book focuses on: toxicology of chemicals; deployment of molluscicides in baits; specific crop situations worldwide; current pest status of mollusc species and progress towards development of solutions.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Chemical control of terrestrial gastropods, I Henderson and R Trieskorn 3: Molluscicidal baits for control of terrestrial gastropods, S Bailey 4: Achatina fulica Bowdich and other Achatinidae as pests in tropical agriculture, S K Raut and G M Barker 5: Vaginulidae in Central America, with emphasis on the bean slug Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer), A Rueda et al. 6: Apple snails (Ampullariidae) as agricultural pests: their biology, impacts and management,R Cowie 7: Helicidae and Hygromiidae as pests in cereal crops and pastures in Southern Australia, G Baker 8: Planorbidae and Lymnaeidae as pests of rice, with particular reference to Isidorella newcombi (Adams & Angus), M Stevens 9: Urocyclus flavescens Keferstein (Urocyclidae) as a pest of banana in South Africa, K de Jager 10: Bradybaena similaris (de Férussac) (Bradybaenidae) as a pest in grapevines of Taiwan, C P Chang 11: Agriolimacidae, Arionidae and Milacidae as pests in West European sunflower and maize, G Hommay 12: Helicidae and Hygromiidae as pests in Australian and South African grapevines, G Sanderson and W Sirgel 13: Agriolimacidae, Arionidae and Milacidae as pests in West European cereals, D Glen and R Moens 14: Agriolimacidae and Arionidae as pests in conservation-tillage soybean and corn cropping in North America, R Hammond and R Byers 15: Bradybaena ravida (Benson) (Bradybaenidae) in cereal-cotton rotations of Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province, China, Chen De-niu et al. 16: Agriolimacidae and Arionidae as pests in lucerne and other legumes in forage systems of northeastern North America, R Byers 17: Gastropods as pests in vegetable and ornamental crops in Western Europe, G Port and A Ester 18: Integrated management of Cantareus aspersus (Müller) (Helicidae) as a pest of citrus in California, N Sakovich 19: Gastropods as pests in New Zealand pastoral agriculture, with emphasis on Agriolimacidae, Arionidae and Milacidae, G Barker 20: Agriolimacidea, Arionidae and Milacidae as pests in West European oilseed rape, R Moens and D M Glen

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Book SynopsisThe book describes the natural history of myxoma virus in American rabbits and the history of its introduction into European rabbits at length. The changes in rabbit and virus over the last forty years provide the classical example of coevolution of a virus and its vertebrate host and a paradigmatic model for the understanding of an emerging infectious disease. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus has been spreading in Australia for only three years, but in some areas has been very effective. Written by leading world experts in animal virology and the history of medicine.Table of Contents1: Preface 2: Acknowledgements 3: Pest Animals and Plants 4: The Rabbit 5: Biological Control of Pests 6: The Discovery of Myxoma Virus 7: The Disease Myxomatosis in the European Rabbit 8: The Introduction of Myxomatosis into Australia 9: Myxomatosis in Australia: 1952 to 1966 10: Myxomatosis in Australia: 1967 to 1997 11: Myxomatosis in France 12: Myxomatosis Elsewhere in Europe 13: The Use of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus for Rabbit Control 14: Ecological and Environmental Effects of Rabbits 15: Theoretical Aspects of Microbial Control of Vertebrate Pests 16: Coevolution of Parasites and Hosts 17: Glossary 18: Name Index 19: Subject Index

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Book SynopsisSince the identification of insect pheromones in the late 1950s, attention has often focused on the use of these potent behaviour-modifying chemicals as pest control agents. Much of this interest has concentrated on Lepidoptera, particularly moths. In addressing this topic in other insect orders, this multi-author book fills this current gap in the literature. It presents research from leading authorities on the most important insect groups, and details the current progress of research in these areas. Applications of the research to agricultural systems around the world, and possible mechanisms for sustainable crop protection, are considered. This book is essential reading for students and researchers in entomology and crop protection.Table of ContentsPart I: Pests 1: Fruit Flies, PJ Landolt, USDA–ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USA and A L Averill, University of Massachusetts, USA 2: Gall Midges, M O Harris and S P Foster, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, New Zealand 3: Scarab Beetles, W Soares Leal, National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science, Japan 4: Sap Beetles, R J Bartelt, USDA–ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USA 5: Weevils, R J Bartelt 6: Forest Beetles, F Schlyter, Swedish Agricultural University, Sweden and G A Birgersson, Göteborg University, Sweden 7: Stored-product Beetles, R Plarre, BAM–Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Germany and D C Vanderwel, University of Winnipeg, Canada 8: Sawflies and Seed Wasps, O Anderbrant, Lund University, Sweden 9: Aphids, J Hardie, J A Pickett, E M Pow and D W M Smiley, IACR–Rothamsted, UK 10: Scale Insects, E Dunkelblum, Agricultural Research Organisation, Israel 11: Phytophagous Bugs, H L McBrien and J G Millar, University of California, USA 12: Grasshoppers and Locusts, A Hassanali and B Torto, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Kenya 13: Termites, M Kaib, University of Bayreuth, Germany Part II: Beneficials 14: Predators, J R Aldrich, USDA–ARS Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, USA 15: Parasitoids, Y Kainoh, University of Tsukuba, Japan 16: Parasitoid Hosts, W Powell, IACR–Rothamsted, UK 17: Bees, J Pettis, USDA–ARS, Honey Bee Research Laboratory, USA, T Pankiw, University of California, USA and E Plettner, University of Utah, USA"

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the statistical concepts of sampling in agricultural pest management. These can be summarised as how to obtain sample data from the field and how to use the data in decision-making. Options may include introducing natural enemies, spraying with pesticide, or adopting a wait-and-see approach. Some prior knowledge of pests and how they interact with crops is required of the reader, but only minimal mathematical background is assumed. Worked examples using the mathematical software program Mathcad are also included.Table of Contents1: Basic concepts of decision-making in pest management 2: Basic concepts of sampling for pest management 3: Classifying pest density 4: Distributions 5: Sequential sampling for classification 6: Enhancing and evaluating the usefulness of sampling plans 7: Binomial counts 8: Multiple sources of variation 9: Resampling to evaluate the properties of sampling plans 10: Sampling over time to classify or estimate a population growth curve 11: Monitoring pest populations through time

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Book SynopsisThere is increasing interest in the use of fungi for the control of pests, weeds and diseases. This book brings together perspectives from pathology, ecology, genetics, physiology, production technology, to address the use of fungi as biological control agents.Table of Contents1: Introduction - fungal biological control agents: progress, problems and potential, T M Butt, University of Wales, UK, C Jackson, University of Southampton, UK and N Magan, Cranfield University, UK 2: Commercial use of fungi as plant disease biological control agents: status and prospects, J M Whipps, Horticulture Research International, UK and R D Lumsden, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USA 3: Use of hyphomycetous fungi for managing insect pests, G D Inglis, Mississippi State University, USA, M S Goettel, Lethbridge Research Centre, Canada, H Strasser, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria and T M Butt 4: Biology, ecology and pest management potential of entomophthorales J K Pell, IACR-Rothamsted, UK, J Eilenberg, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark, A E Hajek, Cornell University, USA and D C Steinkraus, University of Arkansas, USA 5: Exploitation of the nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard for the biological control of root-knot nematodes (Medoidogyne spp.) B R Kerry, IACR-Rothamsted, UK 6: Fungal biocontrol agents of weeds, H C Evans, CABI Bioscience, UK, M P Greaves, University of Bristol, UK and A K Watson, McGill University, Canada 7: Monitoring the fate of biocontrol of fungi, M J Bidochka, Trent University, Canada 8: Prospects for strain improvement of fungal pathogens of insects and weeds, R St Leger, and S Screen, University of Maryland, USA 9: Physiological approaches to improving ecological fitness of fungal biocontrol agents, N Magan 10: Production, stabilisation and formulation of fungal biocontrol agents S P Wraight, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, USA, M A Jackson, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research and S L De Kock, Anchor Yeast, South Africa 11: The spray application of mycopesticide formulations R Bateman, CABI Bioscience, UK and A Chapple, Aventis GmbH, Germany 12: Toxic metabolites of fungal biocontrol agents, A Vey, Station Recherches de Pathologie Comparee, INRA-CNRS, France, R Hoagland, USDA-REE-ARS-MSA-SWS LAB, USA and T M Butt 13: Safety of fungal biocontrol agents, J P Siegel, USDA/ARS, USA, M S Goettel, A E Hajek, and H C Evans 14: Fungal biological control agents - appraisal and recommendations, T M Butt, C Jackson and N Magan

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses these topical issues and is based on a Discussion Meeting held at the Royal Society, London, in April 1998. Contributors include scientists from leading research groups in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. The papers have also been published as an issue of the journal Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, published by the Royal Society. Topics covered include molecular genetics, mechanisms, ecological genetics and management. There is also discussion of the genetically delivered toxicant derived from the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. The book is essential reading for agricultural, medical and veterinary entomologists concerned with pest management.Table of Contents1: Genes and Mechanisms 2: The Evolution of Insecticide Resistance in the Peach-Potato Aphid, Myzus persicae, A L Devonshire, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK, et al. 3: Why are there so few Resistance-associated Mutations in Insecticide Target Genes? R H ffrench-Constant et al., University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 4: The Role of Gene Splicing, Gene Amplification and Regulation in Mosquito Insecticide Resistance, J Hemingway, University of Wales Cardiff, UK, et al. 5: Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases and Insecticide Resistance in Insects, J-B Bergé, INRA, Antibes Cedex, France, et al. 6: An Overview of the Evolution of Overproduced Esterases in the Mosquito Culex pipiens, M Raymond et al., Université de Montpellier II, France 7: A Genomic Approach to Understanding Heliothis and Helicoverpa Resistance to Chemical and Biological Insecticides, D G Heckel, Clemson University, USA, et al. 8: The Influence of the Molecular Basis of Resistance on Insecticide Discovery, M D Broadhurst, Western Research Centre, Richmond, USA 9: Ecological Genetics and Management 10: Predicting Insecticide Resistance: Mutagenesis, Selection and Response, J A McKenzie and P Batterham, University of Melbourne, Australia 11: Resistance to Insecticides in Heliothine Lepidoptera: a Global View, A R McCaffery, The University of Reading, UK 12: Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Uniform or Diverse? B E Tabashnik, University of Arizona, USA, et al. 13: Challenges with Managing Insecticide Resistance in Agricultural Pests, Exemplified by the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, I Denholm et al. 14: Can Anything be done to Maintain the Effectiveness of Pyrethroid-impregnated Bednets Against Malaria Vectors? C F Curtis et al., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK 15: Two-toxin Strategies for Management of Insecticidal Transgenic Crops: can Pyramiding Succeed Where Pesticide Mixtures Have Not? R T Roush, University of Adelaide, Australia

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Book SynopsisDiseases caused by Ganoderma species cause major losses of palms and other perennial crops throughout the world, and these are particularly significant in Asia. Successive replanting of crop monocultures can be rapidly exploited by soil borne fungi such as Ganoderma, and the problem will become more serious in the 21st century, as more areas become due for second or even third replanting. Environmental considerations will reduce exploitation of new forest areas, making further replanting of these crops inevitable. Thus, appropriate, integrated management systems for these diseases are vital. However, the development of such control measures has been hampered in the past by a limited knowledge of the nature and inter-relationships of populations of different hosts and the mechanisms of disease establishment and spread.This book aims to address these limitations through enhanced knowledge of the biology and taxonomy of Ganoderma species. The use of molecular and biochemical methods can bTable of ContentsPart I: Ganoderma, Organism and Systematics 1: Ganodermataceae: Nomenclature and Classification, G-S Seo and P M Kirk 2: Systematics of Ganoderma, J-M Moncalvo Part II: Ganoderma Diseases of Perennial Crops 3: Status of Ganoderma in Oil Palm, D Ariffin, A S Idris and G Singh 4: Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm in Thailand Caused by Ganoderma, S Likhitekaraj and A Tummakate 5: The Current Status of Root Diseases of Acacia mangium Willd, S S Lee Part III: Disease Control and Management Strategies 6: A Control Strategy for Basal Stem Rot (Ganoderma) on Oil Palm, H Soepena, R Y Purba and S Pawirosukarto 7: The Use of Soil Amendments for the Control of Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm Seedlings, M Sariah, and H Zakaria 8: The Spread of Ganoderma from Infective Sources in the Field and its Implications for Management of the Disease in Oil Palm, J Flood et al. 9: Basidiospores: Their Influence on Our Thinking Regarding a Control Strategy for Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm, F R Sanderson et al. 10: Management of Basal Stem Rot Disease of Coconut Caused by Ganoderma lucidum, R Bhaskaran 11: In vitro Biodegradation of Oil Palm Stem Using Macroscopic Fungi from S.E. Asia: A Preliminary Investigation, R M Paterson et al. 12: Functional Units in Root Diseases: Lessons from Heterobasidion annosum, Å Olson and J Stenlid Part IV: Molecular Variability in Ganoderma 13: Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Ganoderma in Oil Palm Plantings, R N G Miller et al. 14: Spatial and Sequential Mapping on the Incidence of Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palms (Elaeis guineensis) on a Former Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Plantation, F Abdullah 15: Genetic Variation in Ganoderma spp. from Papua New Guinea as Revealed by Molecular (PCR) Methods, C A Pilotti et al. 16: Molecular Variation in Ganoderma Isolates from Oil Palm, Coconut and Betelnut, H Rolph et al. Part V: Development of Diagnostic Tests for Ganoderma 17: Development of Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Ganoderma Isolates Pathogenic to Oil Palm, P D Bridge et al. 18: The Development of Diagnostic Tools for Ganoderma in Oil Palm, C Utomo and F Niepold 19: Ganoderma in Oil Palm in Indonesia: Current Status and Prospective Use of Antibodies for the Detection of Infection, T W Darmono 20: Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides background theory and practical protocols for bioassays of bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia and nematodes that can be used as biological control agents against insect pests of agricultural and medical importance. In addition, experimental design and statistics, computational modelling for bioassay analysis, and relevant legislation are described. With contributions from internationally recognised scientists from their respective fields, this book will be of particular value to researchers both experienced and inexperienced in this area.Table of Contents1: Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis 2: Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis products used against agricultural pests, A Navon, The Volcani Center, Israel 3: Bioassays of genetically engineered Bacillus thuringiensis plant products, SR Sims, Whitmire Micro-Gen, USA 4: Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, O Skovmand, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insects Nuisible, France and N Becker, German Mosquito Control Association, Germany 5: Production of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides for experimental uses, S Braun, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 6: Bioassays of replicating bacteria against soil-dwelling insect pests, TA Jackson and DJ Saville, Agresearch, New Zealand 7: Bioassays of entomopathogenic viruses, KA Jones, University of Greenwich, UK 8: Bioassays of entomogenous fungi, TM Butt, University of Wales, UK and MS Goettel, Lethbridge Research Centre, Canada 9: Bioassays of microsporidia, JV Maddox, WM Brooks, North Carolina State University, USA and LF Solter, Illinois Natural History Survey & Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, USA 10: Bioassays of entomopathogenic nematodes, I Glazer, The Volcani Center, Israel and EE Lewis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 11: Statistical and computational analysis of bioassay data, R Marcus, The Volcani Center, Israel and DM Eaves, Simon Frazer University, Canada 12: Legislation affecting the collection, use and safe handling of entomopathogenic microbes and nematodes, D Smith, CABI Bioscience UK Centre (Egham), UK

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Book SynopsisInsect and other pests cause major economic damage on fruit crops in the tropics. However, some insects are beneficial and have a role in pollinating flowers, thus enabling fruit set. This book reviews these injurious and beneficial organisims and how they might be controlled to enhance fruit production and quality.Table of Contents1: Introduction, J E Peña 2: Pests of Banana, C S Gold, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Uganda, B Pinese, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia and J E Peña 3: Tropical Citrus Pests, D Smith, Department of Primary Industries, Australia and J E Peña 4: Pests and Pollinators of Mango, G K Waite, Queensland Horticultural Institute, Australia 5: Pests of Papaya, A Pantoja, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico, P A Follett, USDA-ARS, Hawaii, USA and J A Villanueva-Jiménez, Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico 6: Pests of Pineapple, G J Petty, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa, G R Stirling, Biological Crop Protection Pty Ltd, Australia and D P Bartholomew, University of Hawaii, USA 7: Pollinators and Pests of Annona Species, J E Peña, H Nadel, ICIPE, Kenya, M Barbosa-Pereira, Department of Entomologia, ESALQ-USP Brazil and D Smith, Department of Primary Industries, Australia 8: Pests and Pollinators of Avocado, M Wysoki, M A van den Berg, Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, South Africa, G Ish-Am, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, S Gazit, J E Peña and G Waite, Queensland Horticultural Institute, Australia 9: Pests of Guava, W P Gould, USDA, ARS, Florida, USA and A Raga, Instituto Biologico, Brazil 10: Minor Tropical Fruit Pests, P A C Ooi, FAO Regional Office, Thailand, A Winotai, Biological Control Group, Thailand and J E Peña 11: Pests of Litchi and Longan, G K Waite, Queensland Horticultural Institute, Australia and J S Hwang, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taiwan 12: Passion Fruit, E L Aguiar-Menezes, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brazil, E B Menezes, P C R Cassino and M A Soares, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 13: Quarantine Treatments for Pests of Tropical Fruits, J L Sharp, USDA, USA and N W Heather, University of Queensland, Australia

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Book SynopsisA major concern for biological control has always been the risk of indirect unwanted effects on the ecology of other organisms. Our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying these effects has until now been limited and experimental methods sometimes lacking. This book presents the key papers from of the first International Organisation for Biological Control global symposium, held in Montpellier, France, in October 1999. It addresses the issues and concerns involved in biological control, and assesses the current status of evaluation of the ecological effects.Table of Contents1: Indirect ecological effects in biological control: the challenge and the opportunity, J K Waage, CABI Bioscience, Ascot, UK 2: Indirect interactions, community modules, and biological control: A theoretical perspective, R D Holt, University of Kansas, USA and M E Hochberg, Université de Montpellier, France 3: Research needs concerning non-target impacts of biological control introductions, K R Hopper, USDA, USA 4: Food webs, risks of alien enemies and reform of biological control, D R Strong, University of California, USA and R W Pemberton, USDA, USA 5: Evaluation of non-target effects of pathogens used for management of arthropods, M S Goettel, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada and A E Hajek, Cornell University, USA 6: Insect biological control and non-target effects: A European perspective, L D Lynch, CABI Bioscience, Ascot, UK et al. 7: Biological control in Africa and its possible effects on biodiversity, P Neuenschwander and R Markham, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria 8: Rhinocyllus conicus: Initial evaluation and subsequent ecological impacts in North America, A Gassmann, CABI Bioscience Centre Switzerland and S M Louda, University of Nebraska, USA 9: Risk analysis and weed biological control, W M Lonsdale, D T Briese and J M Cullen, CSIRO Entomology, Australia 10: Incorporating biological control into ecologically based weed management, R L Sheley and M J Rinella, Montana State University, USA 11: The scope and value of extensive ecological studies in the broom biological control programme, S V Fowler, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand et al.

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Book SynopsisThis essential handbook for advanced student and practising plant pathologists has been thoroughly reorganised and updated since publication of the second edition in 1983. New features include the rearrangement of topics to facilitate use, and 44 short succinct chapters, each providing valuable and practical information. There are several new chapter topics and five overall sections covering disease recognition and evaluation, causation, diagnosis and investigation as well as disease management and general techniques and information.Table of ContentsPart 1: Recognition and Evaluation of Plant Diseases 1: Landmarks in Plant Pathology 2: Some Major Plant Diseases 3: Survey and Sampling 4: Disease and Yield Loss Assessment 5: Postharvest Diseases 6: General Bibliography of Plant Pathology 7: Bibliography of Crop and Plant Diseases 8: Collection and Dispatch of Plant Material Part 2: Causes of Plant Diseases 9: Fungi as Plant Pathogens 10: Bacteria and Plant Disease 11: Virus Diseases 12: Phytoplasmas as Plant Pathogens 13: Plant Parasitic Nematodes 14: Insects and Other Arthropod Pests 15: Weeds 16: Parasitic Higher Plants 17: Non-infectious Disorders 18: Air Pollution Effects and Injury 19: Effects of Climate Change Part 3: Disease Diagnosis and Investigation 20: Detection and Isolation of Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens 21: Microscopy 22: Immunological Techniques 23: Biochemical and Molecular Techniques 24: Inoculation 25: Epidemic Modelling and Disease Forecasting 26: Design of Experiments Part 4: Disease Management 27: Plant Health and Quarantine 28: Regional and Country Lists of Plant Diseases 29: Seed Health 30: Cultural Control 31: Disease Resistance 32: Fungicides 33: The Application of Chemicals for Plant Disease Control 34: Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens 35: Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Weeds Part 5: General Techniques and Information 36: Safety in the Laboratory 37: Culturing, Preservation and Maintenance of Fungi 38: Mycological Media and Methods 39: Photography 40: Standards and Measurement 41: Publication 42: Electronic Databases and Information Technology in Plant Pathology 43: Glossary 44: Useful Addresses

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Book SynopsisThis essential handbook for advanced student and practising plant pathologists has been thoroughly reorganised and updated since publication of the second edition in 1983. New features include the rearrangement of topics to facilitate use, and 44 short succinct chapters, each providing valuable and practical information. There are several new chapter topics and five overall sections covering disease recognition and evaluation, causation, diagnosis and investigation as well as disease management and general techniques and information.Table of ContentsPart 1: Recognition and Evaluation of Plant Diseases 1: Landmarks in Plant Pathology 2: Some Major Plant Diseases 3: Survey and Sampling 4: Disease and Yield Loss Assessment 5: Postharvest Diseases 6: General Bibliography of Plant Pathology 7: Bibliography of Crop and Plant Diseases 8: Collection and Dispatch of Plant Material Part 2: Causes of Plant Diseases 9: Fungi as Plant Pathogens 10: Bacteria and Plant Disease 11: Virus Diseases 12: Phytoplasmas as Plant Pathogens 13: Plant Parasitic Nematodes 14: Insects and Other Arthropod Pests 15: Weeds 16: Parasitic Higher Plants 17: Non-infectious Disorders 18: Air Pollution Effects and Injury 19: Effects of Climate Change Part 3: Disease Diagnosis and Investigation 20: Detection and Isolation of Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens 21: Microscopy 22: Immunological Techniques 23: Biochemical and Molecular Techniques 24: Inoculation 25: Epidemic Modelling and Disease Forecasting 26: Design of Experiments Part 4: Disease Management 27: Plant Health and Quarantine 28: Regional and Country Lists of Plant Diseases 29: Seed Health 30: Cultural Control 31: Disease Resistance 32: Fungicides 33: The Application of Chemicals for Plant Disease Control 34: Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens 35: Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Weeds Part 5: General Techniques and Information 36: Safety in the Laboratory 37: Culturing, Preservation and Maintenance of Fungi 38: Mycological Media and Methods 39: Photography 40: Standards and Measurement 41: Publication 42: Electronic Databases and Information Technology in Plant Pathology 43: Glossary 44: Useful Addresses

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Book SynopsisBiological control has been central to many recent successful integrated pest management programmes. It is also the natural choice where protection of the environment is particularly important. This book reviews current knowledge of biocontrol programmes in the tropics, particularly in developing countries. It is based on papers presented at a symposium held in Malaysia in March 1999. Contributors include authorities from Europe, North America and Australia, as well as from South-East Asia.Table of Contents1: Plenary papers 2: Biological control of arthropod pests: current trends and emerging issues 3: Advances in biological control of arthropod pests in tropical countries 4: Biological control of weeds – a viable alternative? 5: Managing plant pathogens – delivery systems and ecological considerations 6: Prospects and challenges of biological control of vertebrates 7: Biological control of molluscs: prospects and progress 8: Biologically-based technologies in support of classical biological control 9: Poster papers

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Book SynopsisBiopesticides Series, No. 1During recent decades there has been a steady increase in the use of chemical pesticides in both developed and developing countries. This has caused widespread concern about their impact on human health and on the environment. This is particularly the case in less developed countries which may lack appropriate resources to minimise risks and rectify problems.The purpose of this short book is to provide a review of: Chemical pesticide markets, including global figures, exports from developed countries, and markets in Latin America, Asia and Africa Information on the scale of manufacture, import, export and use of chemical pesticides Examples of direct risks to human welfare in terms of acute poisonings caused by occupational exposure and pesticide residues in food Examples of problems with the storage of obsolete stocks of pesticides in developing countries.The focus is on acute problems in developing countries, particularly in Latin America, Asia and Africa, Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Questionnaire design and target researchers 3: Results of the surveyDelivery and response 4: Type of employment of respondents 5: Research funding of respondents 6: Research Interests 7: Constraints to Biopesticide Research and Development 8: Barriers to Commercialisation 9: Differences between specialisms 10: Differences between regions 11: Discussion 12: Conclusion 13: Appendices

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Book SynopsisBiopesticides Series, No. 2Biological pesticides based on pathogenic micro-organisms specific to a target pest offer an ecologically-sound and effective solution to pest problems. They pose less threat to the environment and to human health than do chemical pesticides. However, despite the enormous potential for biopesticides, their development, commercialisation and use has been slow.The information reported in this book is based on a survey of more than 100 biopesticide research workers in developing countries. The results demonstrate that the main difficulties and constraints facing researchers relate to a lack of expertise in the crucial later stages of development. Biopesticide research is receiving mostly low investment, mainly from the public sector, and requires more multidisciplinary expertise. It is concluded that targeted assistance on a multinational and multi-disciplinary basis is required in developing countries in order to remove the constraints.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Questionnaire design and target researchers 3: Results of the survey Delivery and response Type of employment of respondents 4: Research funding of respondents 5: Research Interests 6: Constraints to Biopesticide Research and Development 7: Barriers to Commercialisation 8: Differences between specialisms 9: Differences between regions 10: Discussion 11: Conclusion 12: Appendices Chapter 1: Introduction to Prioritizing Agricultural Research for Development David A. Raitzer and George W. Norton Section I: Background Tools Chapter 2: Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis (PIPA) and Research Priority Assessment B. Douthwaite, S. Alvarez, J.D.H. Keatinge, R. Mackay, G. Thiele and J. Watts Section II: Institute Level Approaches Chapter 3: Research Priority Assessment at the International Potato Center (CIP) K.O. Fuglie and G. Thiele Chapter 4: The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) Experience in Priority Assessment of Agricultural Research V.M. Manyong, D. Sanogo and A.D. Alene Chapter 5: Priority Assessment at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR): Confronting the Challenges of a Policy Oriented Natural Resources Management Research Portfolio D.A. Raitzer Chapter 6: Research Evaluation and Priority Assessment at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT): Continuing Cycles of Learning to Improve Impacts J. Ndjeunga and C. Bantilan Chapter 7: Using Multiple Objectives in Participatory Assessment of International Livestock Research: Lessons Learned P. Kristjanson, T. Randolph, P. Thornton, R. Reid and J. Ryan Chapter 8: Priority Assessment for Rice Research in Sub-Saharan Africa A. Diagne, P. Kormawa, O. Youm, S. Keya and S. N'cho Chapter 9: Highlights of the Evolution of Priority Assessment and Targeting at the International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) J. Dixon and R. La Rovere Section III: System and Regional Approaches Chapter 10: The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas' (ICARDA) Experience in Agricultural Research Priority Assessment K. Shideed, M. Solh, A. Mazid and M. El-Solh Chapter 11: Strategic Priorities for Agricultural Development in Eastern and Central Africa: A Review of the Institutional Context and Methodological Approach for Undertaking a Quantitative, Sub-Regional Assessment S. Wood and J.R. Anderson Chapter 12: Methods and Approach to Identify the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) System Priorities for Research P. Gardiner Section IV Synthesis and Ways ForwardChapter 13: Synthesis and Options for Enhanced Priority Assessment for Agricultural and Natural Resources Research G.W. Norton and D.A. Raitzer Chapter 1: Introduction to Prioritizing Agricultural Research for DevelopmentmDavid A. Raitzer and George W. Norton Section I: Background Tools Chapter 2: Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis (PIPA) and Research Priority Assessment B. Douthwaite, S. Alvarez, J.D.H. Keatinge, R. Mackay, G. Thiele and J. Watts Section II: Institute Level Approaches Chapter 3: Research Priority Assessment at the International Potato Center (CIP) K.O. Fuglie and G. Thiele Chapter 4: The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) Experience in Priority Assessment of Agricultural Research V. M. Manyong, D. Sanogo and A. D. Alene Chapter 5: Priority Assessment at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR): Confronting the Challenges of a Policy Oriented Natural Resources Management Research Portfolio D.A. Raitzer Chapter 6: Research Evaluation and Priority Assessment at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT): Continuing Cycles of Learning to Improve Impacts J. Ndjeunga and C. Bantilan Chapter 7: Using Multiple Objectives in Participatory Assessment of International Livestock Research: Lessons Learned P. Kristjanson, T. Randolph, P. Thornton, R. Reid and J. Ryan Chapter 8: Priority Assessment for Rice Research in Sub-Saharan Africa A. Diagne, P. Kormawa, O. Youm, S. Keya and S. N'cho Chapter 9: Highlights of the Evolution of Priority Assessment and Targeting at the International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) J. Dixon and R. La Rovere Section III: System and Regional Approaches Chapter 10: The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas' (ICARDA) Experience in Agricultural Research Priority Assessment K. Shideed, M. Solh, A. Mazid and M. El-Solh Chapter 11: Strategic Priorities for Agricultural Development in Eastern and Central Africa: A Review of the Institutional Context and Methodological Approach for Undertaking a Quantitative, Sub-Regional Assessment S. Wood and J.R. Anderson Chapter 12: Methods and Approach to Identify the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) System Priorities for Research P. Gardiner Section IV: Synthesis and Ways Forward Chapter 13: Synthesis and Options for Enhanced Priority Assessment for Agricultural and Natural Resources Research G.W. Norton and D.A. Raitzer Chapter 1: Introduction to Prioritizing Agricultural Research for Development D. A. Raitzer and G.W. Norton Section I: Background Tools Chapter 2: Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis (PIPA) and Research Priority Assessment B. Douthwaite, S. Alvarez, J.D.H. Keatinge, R. Mackay, G. Thiele and J. Watts Section II: Institute Level Approaches Chapter 3: Research Priority Assessment at the International Potato Center (CIP) K.O. Fuglie and G. Thiele Chapter 4: The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) Experience in Priority Assessment of Agricultural Research V. M. Manyong, D. Sanogo and A. D. Alene Chapter 5: Priority Assessment at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR): Confronting the Challenges of a Policy Oriented Natural Resources Management Research Portfolio D. A. Raitzer Chapter 6: Research Evaluation and Priority Assessment at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT): Continuing Cycles of Learning to Improve Impacts J.Ndjeunga and C. Bantilan Chapter 7: Using Multiple Objectives in Participatory Assessment of International Livestock Research: Lessons Learned P. Kristjanson, T. Randolph, P. Thornton, R. Reid and J. Ryan Chapter 8: Priority Assessment for Rice Research in Sub-Saharan Africa A. Diagne, P. Kormawa, O. Youm, S. Keya and S. N'cho Chapter 9: Highlights of the Evolution of Priority Assessment and Targeting at the International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) J. Dixon and R. La Rovere Section III: System and Regional Approaches Chapter 10: The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas' (ICARDA) Experience in Agricultural Research Priority Assessment K.Shideed, M. Solh, A. Mazid and M. El-Solh Chapter 11: Strategic Priorities for Agricultural Development in Eastern and Central Africa: A Review of the Institutional Context and Methodological Approach for Undertaking a Quantitative, Sub-Regional Assessment S.Wood and J.R. Anderson Chapter 12: Methods and Approach to Identify the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) System Priorities for Research P.Gardiner Section IV: Synthesis and Ways Forward Chapter 13: Synthesis and Options for Enhanced Priority Assessment for Agricultural and Natural Resources Research G.W. Norton and D.A. Raitzer

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Book SynopsisNematodes that are parasites of insects are no longer a laboratory curiosity. They have begun to be accepted as environmentally benign alternatives to the use of chemical insecticides, for the control of insect pests. Nematode worms are now applied as biological control agents against insect pests of numerous horticultural and agricultural crops.This book provides a comprehensive review of entomopathogenic nematology. It begins by reviewing fundamental biology and setting a taxonomic foundation for nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. Several chapters are devoted to functional processes involved in parasitism and to nematode ecology. Later chapters describe technological advances and control methodologies.Table of Contents1: Taxonomy and Systematics, Byron J Adams and Khuong B Nguyen, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA 2: Biology, Taxonomy and Systematics of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus,Noël Boemare, INRA, Montpellier, France 3: Bacteria-Nematode Symbiosis, Steven Forst, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA and David Clarke, University of Bath, UK 4: Virulence Mechanisms, Barbara C A Dowds, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland and Arne Peters, E-Nema GmbH, Raisdorf, Germany 5: Bacterial Metabolites, John M Webster, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Genhui Chen, Kaiji Hu and Jianxiong Li, Welichem Biotech Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada 6: Biogeography, William M Hominick, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Surrey, UK 7: Physiology and Biochemistry, Denis J Wright, Imperial College, University of London, Ascot, UK and Roland N Perry, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK 8: Survival Biology, Itamar Glazer, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel 9: Natural Enemies and Other Antagonists, Harry K Kaya, University of California, Davis, USA 10: Behavioral Ecology, Edwin E Lewis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA 11: Populations of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Food Webs, Donald R Strong, University of California, Davis, USA 12: Genetics and Genetic Improvement, Ann Burnell, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland 13: Formulation and Application Technology, Parwinder S Grewal, Ohio State University, Wooster, USA 14: Production Technology, Randy Gaugler, Rutgers University, USA and Richou Han, Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, China 15: Regulation and Safety, Ray Akhurst, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia and Kirk Smith, University of Arizona, USA 16: Factors Affecting Commercial Success: Case Studies in Cotton, Turf, and Citrus, David I Shapiro-Ilan, USDA-ARS, Georgia, USA, Dawn H Gouge, University of Arizona, USA and Albrecht M Koppenhöfer, Rutgers University, USA 17: The Biosys Experiment: An Insider's Perspective, Ramon Georgis, EcoSmart Technologies, Franklin, TN, USA

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Book SynopsisMites are among the most important arthropods in greenhouses, both as pests causing economic injury to greenhouse crops, and as natural enemies used in the biological control of pest insects and other mites. Because of their minute size, mites are much less well known than insects.This book describes the biology, identification and control of such mites and the topics covered include an introduction to the Acari, illustrated keys to orders, families and selected species, the control of pest mites, and the role of beneficial mites in biological control. The book will be of interest to those working in entomology, crop protection and horticulture.Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction 1: Greenhouses, Plants & Mites 2: Introduction to Acari 3: Methods & Techniques Part II: Pest Mites 4: Spider Mites 5: False Spider Mites 6: Tarsonemid Mites 7: Eriophyoid Mites 8: Acarid Mites 9: Other Pest Mites Part III: Beneficial Mites 10: Phytoseiid Mites 11: Laelapid Mites 12: Other Beneficial Mites Part IV: Accessories 13: Glossary Appendix 1: Mite Information Sources 13: Index

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Book SynopsisNematodes are the most abundant and diversified group in the animal kingdom, with four out of five animals on earth being nematodes. Nematology was first recognised as an independent discipline during the early part of the century and since that time has made unparalleled advances to become an integral part of biological sciences. Written as two volumes, this title provides a broad overview of our current knowledge of nematology. The first volume addresses basic biology, while the second volume covers applied aspects of nematodes as parasites of plants, humans and other animals, or as disease vectors, and the control of pest nematodes. The contributors to this work include the world's leading authorities from Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, New Zealand, UK and USA. It will provide essential reading for researchers and students with an interest in nematology.Table of Contents1: A century of nematology. Ken R. Barker 2: Perspectives on nematology in the 21st century. John M. Webster 3: Developmental biology of nematodes, what we learn from Caenorhabditis elegans. Marie-Anne Félix 4: Nematode morphology, sensory structure and function. James G. Baldwin and Roland N. Perry 5: Nematode esophageal glands and plant parasitism. Richard S. Hussey and Eric L. Davis 6: Surface adhesion to nematodes and its consequences. Alan F. Bird 7: Nematode behavior and migrations through soil and host tissue. A. Forest Robinson 8: Background for nematode ecology in the 21st century. Gregor W. Yeates and Brian Boag 9: Marine nematode biodiversity. P. John. D. Lambshead 10: Population dynamics. Robert McSorley and Larry Duncan 11: Entomophilic nematode models for studying biodiversity and cospeciation. R. Giblin-Davis, Kelley Thomas, Kerrie Davies, and Gary Taylor 12: Cultivation of nematodes. Paul De Ley and Manuel Mundo-Ocampo

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Book SynopsisNematodes are the most abundant and diversified group in the animal kingdom, with four out of five animals on earth being nematodes. Nematology was first recognised as an independent discipline during the early part of the century and since that time has made unparalleled advances to become an integral part of biological sciences. Written as two volumes, this title provides a broad overview of our current knowledge of nematology. The first volume addresses basic biology, while this second volume covers applied aspects of nematodes as parasites of plants, humans and other animals, or as disease vectors, and the control of pest nematodes. The contributors to this work include the world's leading authorities from Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, New Zealand, UK and USA. It will provide essential reading for researchers and students with an interest in nematology.Table of Contents1: Plant diseases caused by nematodes, R H M Lopez, K Evans, Rothamsted Research, UK and J Bridge, CABI Bioscience, UK 2: Virus vectors, D J F Brown, Scottish Crop Research Institute, UK, J Zheng and X Zhou 3: Physiological interactions between nematodes and their host plants, H Melakeberhan, Michigan State University, USA 4: Insect Parasitic Nematodes, K B Nguyen and G C Smart, Jr., University of Florida, USA 5: Resistance to plant-parasitic nematodes, J L Starr, Texas A & M University, USA and P A Roberts 6: Crop rotation and other cultural practices, J M Halbrendt, Fruit Research and Ext. Center, Pennsylvania, USA and J A LaMondia, The Connecticut Ag. Expt. Station, Connecticut 7: Use of antagonistic plants and natural products, S Ferraz, Universidad Federal de Vicosa, Brazil 8: Biological control with fungal antagonists, S Chen and D W Dickson 9: Biological control of nematodes by bacterial antagonists, Z X Chen and D W Dickson 10: Biological control of insects and other invertebrates with nematodes, H Kaya and A Koppenhofer, University of California - Davis, USA 11: Cost-benefits of nematode management through regulatory programs, P S Lehman, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, USA 12: Nematicides: Past and present uses, J R Rich, University of Florida, Quincy, USA, R A Dunn and J W Noling 13: Irradiation effects on plant-parasitic nematodes, D W Dickson

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Book SynopsisThis book is a unique review of weed science. The sample material reflects the exciting developments in weed research coming out of Scandinavian and other parts of the world - research that is of international interest and relevance. The book discusses factors that effect weed occurrence in different crops and cropping systems and the response of these weeds to specified management measures. Weeds of different traits are discussed and their response to varying growing methods and weed control measures are examined in detail. One of the book's key strengths is its focus on the fundamental principles of weed development and the interaction between weed and crop. The discussion of these important topics are thoroughly covered and supported by experimental data from the author's own work and the published work of many other scientists. This book, with its fundamental focus on principles, will be valid for scientists and students for many years to come.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Classification of plants on traits of ecological significance 3: Annual and perennial crops 4: Weed communities looked upon as early stages in secondary vegetation succession 5: Weeds with diverse life forms in various types of crop 6: Germination, emergence and establishment of crop and weed plants 7: Competition in plant stands of short duration 8: Weed flora and weed plant adaptation to environment and competitive conditions 9: Measurements of competition and competitiveness in plant stands of short duration 10: Soil tillage effects on weeds 11: Chemical weed control as an element in the cropping system 12: Special management measures 13: Important points for understanding the occurrence and rational management of weeds 14: References

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Book SynopsisThis book presents experiences and successful case studies of integrated pest management (IPM) from developed and developing countries and from major international centres and programmes. In nearly 40 chapters, the following themes are addressed: Emerging issues in IPM, such as biotechnology, pesticide policies, socio-economic considerations, country experiences from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, regional and international experiences, including FAO, the World Bank and CGIAR System-wide IPM Program.Table of ContentsPart I: Emerging Issues in Integrated Pest Management 1: Online resources for Integrated Pest Management information delivery and exchange, W I Bajwa and M Kogan 2: Biological control and Integrated Pest Management, R J O’Neil, J S Yaninek, et al 3: The influence of biotechnology on Integrated Pest Management in developing countries, K V Raman, E Grafius, et al 4: Pesticide policy and Integrated Pest Management, G Fleischer and H Waibel 5: Industrial perspective on Integrated Pest Management, G Head and J Duan 6: Role of Integrated Pest Management and sustainable development, G W Bird 7: Social and economic considerations in the design and implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in developing countries, B Maumbe, R Bernsten, et al 8: Integrated Pest Management adoption by the global community, W I Bajwa and M Kogan Part II: Country Experiences - Experiences from Africa 9: Integrated Pest Management in Burkina Faso, D Dakouo, M S Bonzi, et al 10: Ghana national Integrated Pest Management Program, K Afreh-Nuamah 11: Development and implementation of Integrated Pest Management in the Sudan, Y G A Bashir, Elamin M Elamin, et al 12: Integrated Pest Management in Tanzania, B T Nyambo, A M Varela, et al 13: Integration of Integrated Pest Management in integrated crop management: Experiences from Malawi, S Snapp and E Minja 14: Integrated Pest Management in South Africa, D S Charleston, Rami Kfir, et al 15: Experiences from Asia 16: Integrated Pest Management in China, Z-Y Wang, K-L He, et al 17: Integrated Pest Management in India, A Singh, S Singh, et al 18: Integrated Pest Management in Indonesia: IPM by farmers, I P Gde and N J Oka 19: Integrated Pest Management in the Philippines, P A Javier, M L Q Sison, et al 20: Experiences from North and South America 21: Integrated Pest Management in the United States of America, L Olsen, F Zalom, et al 22: Integrated Pest Management in Mexico, D Mota-Sanchez, F S Gonzalez, et al 23: Integrated Pest Management in Brazil, C B Hoffmann-Campo, L J Oliveira, et al 24: Integrated Pest Management in Peru, M P Lazo, A L Travaglini, et al 25: Integrated Pest Management in Argentina, D Carmona, M Huarte, et al 26: Experiences from Europe, Australia and New Zealand 27: Integrated Pest Management in Greenhouses: Experience of European Countries, J C van Lenteren 28: Integrated Pest Management in the Mediterranean Region: The case of Catalonia, Spain, R Albajes, M J Sarasua, et al 29: Integrated plant protection management in Russia, V A Zakharenko and A L Il’ichev 30: Integrated Pest Management in Australia, D G Williams and A L Il’ichev 31: Integrated Pest Management in New Zealand Horticulture, D M Suckling, C McKenna, et al Part III: Regional and International Experiences 32: FAO Integrated Pest Management programs: Experiences of participatory IPM in West Africa, P Stemerding and S Nacro 33: Integrated Pest Management Collaborative research support program (USAID-IPM CRSP): Highlights of its global experience, B Gebrekidan 34: Bridging the gap with the CGIAR systemwide program on Integrated Pest Management, B James, P Neuenschwander, et al 35: The World Bank and pest management, T W Schillhorn van Veen 36: Integrated Pest Management case studies from ICIPE, Z R Khan, W A Overholt, et al 37: Integrated Pest Management experiences of CIRAD- France in developing countries, A Ratnadass, X Mourichon, et al 38: IPMEurope, the European group for Integrated Pest Management in development cooperation: Adding value to research effort, M Iles 39: Building Integrated Pest Management programs in Central America: experiences of CATIE, C Staver and F Guharay 40: Integrated Pest Management at CAB International, D R Dent, M Holderness, et al Part IV: Conclusions and Recommendations 41: Making IPM successful globally: Research, policy, management and networking recommendations, K Maredia, D Dakouo, et al

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Book SynopsisThe World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture has had a fundamental impact on agricultural policy worldwide. The new WTO agreements will cover agriculture,sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade and trade in intellectual property rights. This book addresses the interface between the law of international agricultural trade, the emerging legal and economic order for agricultural trade under the auspices of the WTO, and its impact on agricultural policy reform both in the European Union and the USA. With contributions from leading authorities in the appropriate areas.Table of Contents1: The WTO, International Trade and Agricultural Policy Reform, C Rodgers and M Cardwell 2: The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture and Domestic Support, M R Grossman 3: The Politics of Agricultural Trade, W Grant, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 4: Farm Subsidies and Agricultural Trade Policy: The Case of US Support Programs, D A Sumner, University of California, USA 5: Multifunctionality and Non Trade Concerns, M R Grossman 6: Multifunctionality of Agriculture: A European Community Perspective, M Cardwell 7: TRIPS and the Protection of Intellectual Property in Biotechnology in the United States, T A Feitshans, North Carolina State University, USA 8: TRIPS, Biotechnology and the Public Domain: What Role Will World Trade Law Play? J Linarelli, University of La Verne College of Law, Ontario, California, USA 9: Regulating GM Products in the EU: Risk, Precaution and International Trade, C Hilson, University of Reading, UK and D French, University of Sheffield, UK 10: International Trade in Genetically Altered Agricultural Products - Impact of the Biosafety Protocol, N W Thorson, University of Nebraska, USA 11: Environmental Policy and Reform of European Agriculture Law, C Rodgers 12: Reforming United States Environmental Regulations for Agriculture: Impediments and Opportunities, D Adelman, University of Arizona, USA

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Book SynopsisIPM Systems need to be developed for agriculture to be economically and environmentallystrong, in production, storage, and food processing. Although the concept and philosophy ofintegrated pest management have been largely accepted for some time, its implementation iscomplex and faces numerous potential problems. If IPM is to enjoy widespread approval and adoption, it must be clearly defined and economically and socially acceptable. The topics covered in this book include a range of topics, such as: risk-benefit analysis, transgenic crops in IPM and consumer response to IPM.Trade Review"The editors have recruited a formidable team of authors to produce the thirteen information-packed chapters, each of which represents an amalgam of historical background, relevant science and present-day practice, together with as up-to-date a bibliography as possible." Derek Clifford, Pest Management Science, November 2004"Table of Contents1: Integrated Pest Management: Retrospect and prospect,G S Dhaliwal, O Koul and R Arora, Punjab Agricultural University, India 2: Cultural practices: Springboard to IPM, W I Bajwa and M Kogan, Oregon State University, USA 3: The relevance of modelling in successful implementation of IPM, D E Legg, University of Wyoming, USA 4: Manipulation of tritrophic interactions for IPM,R H J Verkerk, Imperial College London, UK 5: Behavior modifying chemicals: Prospects and constraints in IPM, L J Gut, L L Stelinski, Michigan State University,USA, D R Thomson, DJS Consulting, Washington State,USA and J R Miller, Michigan State University, USA 6: Transgenic insecticidal cultivars in Integrated Pest Management: Challenges and opportunities, J S Bernal,J Prasifka, M Sétamou and K M Heinz, Texas A&M University, USA 7: Plant resistance against pests: Issues and strategies,C M Smith, Kansas State University, USA 8: The pesticide paradox in IPM: Risk benefit analysis,P Guillebeau, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, USA 9: Manipulation of host finding and acceptance behaviours in insects: Importance to IPM, R S Cowles, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, USA 10: Integrated Pest Management in forestry: Potential and challenges, I S Otvos, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria,Canada 11: Consumer response to IPM: Potential and challenges,C S Hollingsworth and W M Coli, University of Massachusetts, USA 12: The essential role of IPM in promoting sustainability of agricultural production systems for future generations,G W Cuperus, R C Berberet and R T Noyes, Oklahoma State University, USA 13: Opportunities and challenges for IPM in developing Countries, D Bergvinson, CIMMYT, Mexico

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Book SynopsisThe use of biological control agents has been increasing worldwide and there are now many companies mass-producing such organisms, particularly for the control of insect pests. However, there is a great need for quality control in the production and use of these natural enemies, which include insect parasitoids and predators, fungi and viruses. This book has been written by leading scientists from Europe and North America to provide both background theory and practical guidance on this subject.Table of Contents1: Need for quality control for mass produced biological control, J C van Lenteren 2: Aspects of total quality for the production of natural enemies, N C Leppla, University of Florida, USA 3: A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behaviour, L E M Vet, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, W J Lewis, USDA-ARS, Georgia, USA, D R Papaj, University of Arizona, USA and J C van Lenteren 4: Variations in natural enemy foraging behaviour: essential element of a sound biological control theory, W J Lewis, USDA-ARS, Georgia, USA, L E M Vet, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, J H Tumlinson, USDA-ARS, Florida, USA, et al 5: The parasitoids' need for sweets: sugars in mass rearing and biological control, F L Wäckers, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, The Netherlands 6: Managing captive populations for release: a population genetic perspective, L Nunney, University of California, USA 7: Adaptive recovery of fitness reduction: the role of population size, R F Hoekstra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 8: The use of unisexual wasps in biological control, R Stouthamer, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 9: Comparison of artificially vs. naturally reared natural enemies and their potential for use in biological control, S Grenier, Institut National des Sciences Appliques, France and P DeClerq, Ghent University, Belgium 10: Pathogens of mass-produced natural enemies and pollinators, S Bjørnson, Sant Mary’s University, Nova Scotia, Canada and C Schütte, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 11: Commercial availability of biological control agents, J C van Lenteren 12: Mass production, storage, shipment and release of natural enemies, J C van Lenteren and M G Tommasini, Centrale Ortofrutticola, Italy 13: Regulation of import and release of mass produced natural enemies: a risk assessment approach, J C van Lenteren, D Babendreier and F Bigler, Swiss Federal Research Station, Switzerland, et al 14: Quality assurance in North America: merging customer and producer needs, C S Glenister, IPM Laboratories, Inc, USA, A Hale, Nature’s Alternative International, Canada and A Luczynski, Biobugs Consulting Ltd, Canada 15: State of affairs and future directions of product quality assurance in Europe, K J F Bolckmans, Berkel and Rodenrijs, The Netherlands 16: The relationship between results from laboratory product control tests and large cage tests where dispersal of natural enemies is possible: a case study with Phytoseiulus persimilis, S Steinberg and H Cain, Bio-Bee Biological Systems, Sde Eliyahu, Israel 17: Quality of augmentative biological control agents: A historical perspective and lessons learned from evaluating trichogramma, R F Luck and L D Forster, University of California, USA 18: Towards the standardisation of quality control of fungal and viral biocontrol agents, N E Jenkins and D Grzywacz, CABI Bioscience, UK 19: Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies, J C van Lenteren, A Hale, Nature’s Alternative International, Canada, J N Klapwijk, Berkel and Rodenrijs, The Netherlands, et al 20: Basic statistical methods for quality control workers, E Wajnberg, INRA, France

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Book SynopsisWestern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, has been a major economic pest of maize in the Americas for many years. However, since the early 1990's it has become an increasing threat to crops in Europe and is expected to spread to all maize growing areas of the continent. This book provides a comprehensive review of current knowledge of the biology and ecology of this insect pest and how it might be managed in order to limit its damage as it spreads into new agroecological areas. Cultural, biotechnical, and biological control measures are addressed, as are ecological baseline data such as population dynamics, economic thresholds and aspects of its behaviour. The book also examines the potential of plant protection techniques currently used in North America to be applied in Europe.Table of Contents1: Invasive Alien Species - a Threat to Global Biodiversity and Opportunities to Prevent and Manage Them 2: Monitoring of Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Europe 1992-2003 3: A Synopsis of the Nutritional Ecology of Larvae and Adults of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte)in the New and Old World- Nouvelle Cuisine for the Invasive Maize Pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Europe? 4: Western Corn Rootworm, Cucurbits and Curcurbitacins 5: Natural Mortality Factors Acting on Western Corn Rootworm Populations: a Comparison between the United States and Central Europe. 6: Movement, Dispersal and Behaviour of Western Corn Rootworrm Adults in Rotated Maize and Soyabean Fields. 7: Within-field Spatial Variation of Northern Corn Rootworm Distributions 8: Heterogeneous Landscapes and Variable Behaviour: Modelling Rootworm Evolution and Geographic Spread 9: Sampling Devices and Decision Rule Development for Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) Adults in Soybean to Predict Subsequent Damage to Maize in Indiana 10: Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) and the Crop Rotation Systems in Europe 11: Application of the Areawide Concept Using Semiochemical­ based Insecticide Baits for Managing the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) Variant in the Eastern Midwest 12: Genetically Enhanced Maize as a Potential Management Option for Corn Rootworm: YieldGard® Rootworm Maize Case Study 13: Is Classical Biological Control against Western Corn Rootworm in Europe a Potential Sustainable Management Strategy? 14: Maize Growing, Maize High-risk Areas and Potential Yield Losses due to Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) Damage in Selected European Countries

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Book SynopsisExpert Barbara Pleasant shows you how to easily identify common garden diseases and then provides simple, inexpensive, organic treatments to heal your plants and prevent recurrence. The entry for each disease describes the organism that causes it, lists the host plants and U.S. regions where it is typically found, describes the signs to look for, tells you what to do right away, and explains how to prevent the disease in the future. The book even includes a crop-by-crop guide to what might be affecting your particular plants. You'll quickly be enjoying a healthy, and thriving garden!

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Book SynopsisProvides comprehensive coverage of the interpretation of LCMSMS mass spectra of 1300 drugs and pesticides Provides a general discussion on the fragmentation of even-electron ions (protonated and deprotonated molecules) in both positive-ion and negative-ion modes This is the reference book for the interpretation of MSMS mass spectra of small organic molecules Covers related therapeutic classes of compounds such as drugs for cardiovascular diseases, psychotropic compounds, drugs of abuse and designer drugs, antimicrobials, among many others Covers general fragmentation rule as well as specific fragmentation pathways for many chemical functional groups Gives an introduction to MS technology, mass spectral terminology, information contained in mass spectra, and to the identification strategies used for different types of unknowns Trade Review'The present book is a needed contribution in the field of tandem mass spectrometry of low molecular weight compounds in particular for the fragmentation of even electron ions formed by popular soft ionization techniques such as electrospray. The five chapters provide comprehensive insights of MS/MS spectra acquisition, characterization and interpretation. It is a unique resource to any scientist using LCMS/ MS for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs and pesticides.' Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, November 2017Table of ContentsPreface xi Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction to LC-MS Technology 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Analyte Ionization: Ion Sources 3 1.2.1 Electron Ionization 3 1.2.2 Chemical Ionization 7 1.2.3 Atmospheric-Pressure Ionization 13 1.2.4 Electrospray Ionization 16 1.2.5 Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization and Photoionization 20 1.2.6 Other Ionization Techniques 26 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Building Blocks 28 1.3.1 Introduction 28 1.3.2 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer 32 1.3.3 Ion-Trap Mass Analyzer 33 1.3.4 Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzer 34 1.3.5 Orbitrap Mass Analyzer 35 1.3.6 Other Mass Analyzers 36 1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry 37 1.4.1 Introduction 37 1.4.2 Tandem Quadrupole Instruments 39 1.4.3 Ion-Trap Instruments 40 1.4.4 Quadrupole-Linear Ion-Trap Hybrid Instruments 41 1.4.5 Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Hybrid Instruments 41 1.4.6 Orbitrap Hybrid Instruments for MS-MS and MSn 41 1.4.7 Other Instruments for MS-MS and MSn 42 1.4.8 MS-MS and MSn in the Analysis of Drugs and Pesticides 43 1.5 Data Acquisition 43 1.5.1 Introduction 43 1.5.2 Selected-Ion and Selected-Reaction Monitoring 44 1.5.3 Structure-Specific Screening: Precursor-Ion and Neutral-Loss Analysis 44 1.5.4 Data-Dependent Acquisition 45 1.5.5 Data-Independent Acquisition 45 1.6 Selected Literature on Mass Spectrometry 45 2 Interpretation of Mass Spectra 55 2.1 Mass Spectrometry: A Nuclear Affair 55 2.2 Isomers, Isotones, Isobars, Isotopes 56 2.3 Masses in MS 58 2.4 Isotopes and Structure Elucidation 60 2.5 Nitrogen Rule, Ring Double-Bond Equivalent, and Hydrogen Rule 61 2.6 Resolving Power, Resolution, Accuracy 63 2.7 Calculating Elemental Composition from Accurate m/z 66 2.8 Protonated and Deprotonated Molecules and Adduct Ions 67 3 Fragmentation of Even-Electron Ions 71 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Analyte Ionization Revisited 73 3.3 Fragmentation of Odd-electron Ions 74 3.4 High-energy Collisions of Protonated Molecules 76 3.4.1 General Aspects 77 3.4.2 Selected Examples 79 3.5 Fragmentation of Protonated Molecules 81 3.5.1 Singly-Charged Peptides 82 3.5.2 Protonated Small Molecules: Complementary Fragment Ions 83 3.5.3 Fragmentation of Peptides Revisited 86 3.5.4 Direct-Cleavage Reactions 89 3.5.5 Consecutive Small-Molecule Losses 89 3.5.6 Other Fragmentation Reactions 89 3.5.7 Loss of Radicals from Even-Electron Ions 91 3.5.8 Skeletal Rearrangements in Protonated Molecules 92 3.6 Characteristic Positive-ion Fragmentation of Functional Groups 94 3.6.1 Cleavages of C-C Bonds 94 3.6.2 Alcohols and Ethers 95 3.6.3 Aldehydes and Ketones 96 3.6.4 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 96 3.6.5 Amines and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 98 3.6.6 Amides, Sulfonyl Ureas, and Carbamates 99 3.6.7 Compounds containing Phosphorus or Sulfur 101 3.6.8 Miscellaneous Compound Classes 101 3.7 Fragmentation of Deprotonated Molecules 102 3.7.1 High-Energy CID with NICI-Generated Deprotonated Molecules 102 3.7.2 General Aspects 102 3.7.3 Alcohols and Ethers 102 3.7.4 Carboxylic Acid and Esters 103 3.7.5 Amines 104 3.7.6 Amides and Ureas 104 3.7.7 Sulfonamides and Related Sulfones 106 3.7.8 Halogenated Compounds 107 3.7.9 Miscellaneous Compound Classes 108 3.8 Fragmentation of Metal-ion Cationized Molecules 108 3.9 Generation of Odd-electron Ions in ESI-MS, APCI-MS, and APPI-MS 111 3.10 Useful Tables 112 4 Fragmentation of Drugs and Pesticides 129 4.1 Fragmentation of Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases and Hypertension 134 4.1.1 β-Blockers or β-Adrenergic Antagonists 134 4.1.2 Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists 137 4.1.3 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors 140 4.1.4 Diuretic Drugs 142 4.1.5 Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists 148 4.1.6 Other Antihypertensive Compounds 149 4.1.7 Antiarrhythmic Agents 153 4.2 Fragmentation of Psychotropic or Psychoactive Drugs 158 4.2.1 Phenothiazines 158 4.2.2 Other Classes of Neuroleptic Drugs 161 4.2.3 Antidepressants 163 4.2.4 Benzodiazepines 167 4.2.5 Local Anesthetics 173 4.2.6 Barbiturates 173 4.2.7 Anticonvulsant Drugs 174 4.2.8 Other Psychotropic Drugs 175 4.3 Fragmentation of Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 179 4.3.1 Acetaminophen 179 4.3.2 Salicylic Acid Derivatives 179 4.3.3 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 180 4.3.4 COX-2 Inhibitors 184 4.4 Fragmentation of Drugs Related to Digestion and the Gastrointestinal Tract 188 4.4.1 Antidiabetic Drugs 188 4.4.2 Antiulcer Drugs 191 4.4.3 Lipid-Lowering Agents 192 4.4.4 Anorexic Drugs 195 4.4.5 Antiemetic Drugs 196 4.5 Fragmentation of Other Classes of Drugs 199 4.5.1 β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists 199 4.5.2 Histamine Antagonists 199 4.5.3 Anticholinergic Agents 202 4.5.4 Drugs against Alzheimer's Disease: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 204 4.5.5 Antiparkinsonian Drugs 208 4.5.6 Antineoplastic and Cytostatic Drugs 209 4.5.7 Immunosuppressive Drugs 214 4.5.8 X-ray Contrast Agents 216 4.5.9 Anticoagulants and Rodenticides 218 4.5.10 Conclusions 219 4.6 Fragmentation of Steroids 222 4.6.1 Introduction 222 4.6.2 Fragmentation of Steroids 223 4.6.3 Fragmentation in 3-Keto-Δ4-Steroids 224 4.6.4 Anabolic Steroids 225 4.6.5 Progestogens 227 4.6.6 Corticosteroids 228 4.6.7 Estrogens 234 4.6.8 Steroid Conjugates 236 4.7 Fragmentation of Drugs of Abuse 241 4.7.1 Introduction 241 4.7.2 Amphetamine and Related Compounds 241 4.7.3 Cannabinoids 248 4.7.4 Cocaine and Related Substances 250 4.7.5 Opiates 251 4.7.6 Miscellaneous Drugs of Abuse 252 4.7.7 Designer Drugs 255 4.8 Fragmentation of Antimicrobial Compounds 262 4.8.1 Sulfonamides 262 4.8.2 Chloramphenicol and Related Compounds 265 4.8.3 β-Lactams 266 4.8.4 (Fluoro)quinolones 273 4.8.5 Aminoglycosides 277 4.8.6 Tetracyclines 279 4.8.7 Nitrofurans 279 4.8.8 Macrolides 281 4.8.9 Miscellaneous Antibiotics 282 4.9 Fragmentation of Antimycotic and Antifungal Compounds 289 4.9.1 Imidazolyl Antimycotic Compounds 289 4.9.2 Triazolyl Antifungal Compounds 290 4.9.3 Benzamidazole Fungicides 292 4.9.4 Other Classes of Fungicides 293 4.10 Fragmentation of Other Antibiotic Compounds 297 4.10.1 Anthelmintic Drugs 297 4.10.2 Antiprotozoal, Coccidiostatic, and Antimalarial Agents 299 4.10.3 Antiviral Drugs 304 4.10.4 Antiseptics and Disinfectants 309 4.11 Pesticides 315 4.11.1 Triazine Herbicides 315 4.11.2 Carbamates 317 4.11.3 Quaternary Ammonium Herbicides 322 4.11.4 Organophosphorus Pesticides 322 4.11.5 Urea Herbicides: Phenylureas, Benzoylphenylureas, and Others 329 4.11.6 Sulfonylurea Herbicides 334 4.11.7 Chlorinated Phenoxy Acid Herbicides 337 4.11.8 Phenolic Compounds 339 4.11.9 Miscellaneous Herbicides 339 5 Identification Strategies 351 5.1 Introduction 351 5.2 Confirmation of Identity in Following Organic Synthesis 352 5.3 Confirmation of Identity in Targeted Screening by SRM-based Strategies 353 5.3.1 Environmental Analysis 354 5.3.2 Food Safety Analysis 355 5.3.3 Sports Doping Analysis 355 5.3.4 General Unknown Screening in Toxicology 355 5.4 Confirmation of Identity by High-resolution Accurate-mass MS Strategies 356 5.4.1 Environmental and Food Safety Analysis 356 5.4.2 General Unknown Screening in Toxicology 357 5.4.3 Sports Doping Analysis 357 5.5 Library Searching Strategies in Systematic Toxicological Analysis 357 5.6 Dereplication and Identification of Natural Products and Endogenous Compounds 360 5.7 Identification of Structure-related Substances 361 5.7.1 Drug Metabolites 362 5.7.2 Impurities and Degradation Products 366 5.8 Identification of Known Unknowns and Real Unknowns 366 Compound Index 381 Subject Index

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Book SynopsisHERBICIDES AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Discover the latest developments in herbicide and weed biology In the newly revised Third Edition of Herbicides and Plant Physiology, distinguished researcher Professor Dr. Andrew H. Cobb delivers an insightful and comprehensive examination of the interaction between herbicides and plant physiology. The book discusses many of the advances in plant physiology, utilizing data from the Arabidopsis genome, and gene editing techniques that have occurred in the last dozen years. This latest edition includes a variety of new and recent references addressing the latest developments in plant research. In addition to a complete introduction to weed biology, the book discusses the modern plant protection industry and the processes by which herbicides are discovered and developed. Readers will find discussions of new targets for the future development of new herbicides, as well as the mechanisms by which modern herbicides inteTable of ContentsPreface 1. An Introduction to Weed Biology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Distribution 1.3 The importance of weeds 1.4 Problems caused by weeds 1.5 Biology of weeds 1.6 A few examples of problem weeds 1.7 Positive attributes of weeds 1.8 The ever-changing weed spectrum 1.9 Weed Control References 2. Herbicide Discovery and Development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Markets 2.3 Prospects 2.4 Environmental impact and relative toxicology 2.5 Chemophobia 2.6 The search for novel active ingredients 2.7 The search for novel target sites 2.8 Mode of action studies 2.9 The role of natural chemistry 2.10 Recent developments 2.11 A lower limit for rates of herbicide application References 3. Herbicide Uptake and Movement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The cuticle as a barrier to foliar uptake 3.3 Physico-chemical aspects of foliar uptake 3.4 Herbicide formulation 3.5 Uptake by roots from soil 3.6 Herbicide translocation from roots to shoots 3.7 A case study: The formulation of acids 3.8 The formulation of glyphosate 3.9 Further developments References 4. Herbicide Selectivity and Metabolism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General principles 4.3 Herbicide safeners and synergists References 5. Herbicides That Inhibit Photosynthesis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Photosystems 5.3 Inhibition at Photosystem II 5.4 Photodamage and repair of Photosystem II 5.5 Structures and uses of Photosystem II inhibitors 5.6 Interference with electron flow at Photosystem I 5.7 RuBisCO activase 5.8 How treated plants die 5.9 Chlorophyll fluorescence 5.10 Inhibition of photosynthetic carbon reduction in C4 plants References 6. Inhibition of Pigment Biosynthesis 6.1 Introduction: Structures and functions of photosynthetic pigments 6.2 Inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis 6.3 Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis 6.4 Inhibition of plastoquinone biosynthesis 6.5 How treated plants die 6.6 Selectivity and metabolism 6.7 Summary References 7. Auxin-Type Herbicides 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Structure and uses of auxin-type herbicides 7.3 Auxin, a natural plant growth regulator 7.4 Biosynthesis and metabolism of auxins 7.5 Auxin receptors, gene expression and herbicides 7.6 Signal transduction 7.7 Auxin transport 7.8 Resistance to auxin-type herbicides 7.9 An “auxin overdose” 7.10 How treated plants die 7.11 Selectivity and metabolism References 8. Inhibitors of Lipid Biosynthesis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Structures and uses of graminicides 8.3 Inhibition of lipid biosynthesis 8.4 Activity of graminicides in mixtures 8.5 How treated plants die 8.6 Plant oxylipins: Lipids with key roles in plant defence and development 8.7 Selectivity References 9. Inhibition of Amino Acid Biosynthesis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Overview of amino acid biosynthesis in plants 9.3 Inhibition of glutamine synthetase 9.4 Inhibition of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis 9.5 Inhibition of branch-chain amino acid biosynthesis 9.6 Inhibition of histidine biosynthesis References 10. Disruption of the Plant Cell Cycle 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The plant cell cycle 10.3 Control of the plant cell cycle 10.4 Microtubule structure and function 10.5 Herbicidal interference with microtubules 10.6 Selectivity References 11. The Inhibition of Cellulose Biosynthesis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellulose biosynthesis 11.3 Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors 11.4 How treated plants die 11.5 Selectivity References 12. Plant kinases, phosphatases and Stress Signalling 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Plant kinases 12.3 Plant phosphatases 12.4 Cyclin-dependent kinases and plant stress 12.5 Post-translational modification of proteins References 13. Herbicide Resistance 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Definition of herbicide resistance 13.3 How herbicide resistance occurs 13.4 A chronology of herbicide resistance 13.5 Mechanisms of resistance 13.6 Case Study: Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) 13.7 Strategies for the control of herbicide-resistant weeds 13.8 The future development of herbicide-resistance References 14. Herbicide-Tolerant Crops 14.1 Introduction 14.2 History of genetically-modified, herbicide-tolerant crops 14.3 How genetically-modified crops are produced 14.4 Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerance to glyphosate 14.5 Genetically-modified herbicide-tolerance to glufosinate 14.6 Genetically-modified herbicide-tolerance to bromoxynil 14.7 Genetically-modified herbicide-tolerance to sulphonylureas 14.8 Genetically-modified herbicide-tolerance to 2,4-D 14.9 Genetically-modified herbicide-tolerance to fops and dims 14.10 Genetically-modified herbicide -tolerance to phytoene desaturase inhibitors 14.11 Herbicide-tolerance due to engineering of enhanced metabolism 14.12 Herbicide-tolerance through means other than genetic modification 14.13 Gene editing 14.14 Economic, environmental and human health benefits from the adoption of GM technology 14.15 Gene stacking 14.16 Will the rise of glyphosate be inevitably followed by a fall? 14.17 Why is there so much opposition to GM technology? 14.18 Future prospects References 15. Further Targets For Herbicide Development 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Protein turnover 15.3 The promotion of ageing in weeds? 15.4 Herbicide leads at the apicoplast 15.5 Control of seed germination and dormancy 15.6 Natural products as leads for new herbicides References Glossary Index

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