Paediatric medicine Books

Book SynopsisThis book is a celebration of the emergence of knowledge in the field of pediatric hepatology and is written for primary care clinicians to help update their knowledge of the field. The current and future shortage of pediatric gastroenterologists and hepatologists necessitates steady, rejuvenated information on liver and gastrointestinal disorders for primary care clinicians as they care for children and adolescents with complex hepatologic/gastroenterologic dilemmas and disorders. In view of this shortage and the rapidly increasing knowledge in pediatric gastroenterology as well understanding indications for referral to pediatric gastroenterologists in the 21st century, au courant assiduous information aimed at primary care clinicians in these areas becomes increasingly important.Table of ContentsDedication; Preface; Introduction; History of the Hepato-Biliary System: From Promethius to the Prodigious Pantheons of Progress in the past and Present; Pediatric Perspectives on Hepatitis; Hepatic-Related Hematologic Disorders in Children; Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents; Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease; Common Pediatric Liver Surgical Conditions; Hyperlipidemia and the Gastrointestinal Tract; Obesity in Children and Adolescents; Pediatric Liver Cancer; Gaucher Disease; Mucopolysaccharoidoses: Current Concepts and Perspectives in the 21st Century; Concepts of Metabolic Disorders; Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and the Liver; Niemann-Pick Disease; Wilsons Disease: The Liver, Brain, Eyes and More; Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI); Mitochondrial Hepatopathies; Parasitic Disease of the Liver in Children; Intestinal/Lung/Liver Flukes; Circumcision; The Pediatric Liver: Mental Health Considerations; Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability (CID) for Children and Adolescents: A Global Perspective; Behavioral Aspects of Chronic Illness; Physicians Use of Brief Counseling Models in a Pediatric Outpatient Setting; Chronic Disease and the Dying Adolescent; About the Editors; About the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States; About the Childrens Hospital of the Kings Daughters (CHKD), Norfolk, Virginia, United States; About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel; Index.

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Book SynopsisTobacco, alcohol, cannabis and adolescence are all issues that should be of a public health concern now that many states have legalized the sale and use of cannabis. More thought and research is needed to identify which programs and prevention strategies are most effective in reducing youth use and initiation of marijuana. In this book we have gathered work by international researchers and presented papers on infant mortality in Indiana, discussion of pediatric immunizations, medical cannabis for epilepsy, issues concerned with food insecurity, food additives, various aspects of adolescent health, cyberbullying and much more that we hope will be of interest to the reader.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Youth, Cannabis, Alcohol and More; Infant Mortality in Indiana: Perceived Beliefs and Attitudes of Individuals Living in the State; Growth of the Craniofacial Complex and Its Relationship to Common First and Second Pharyngeal Arch Malformations: A Narrative Review; Pediatric Immunizations: Review and Discussion on Protection of Our Children and Adolescents; Ingestion of a Hickory Tussock Caterpillar: A Case Report; A Multilevel Modeling Analysis of Predictors of Neonatal Hypoglycemia among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Mothers; Identifying Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on a Comprehensive National Survey; Medical Cannabinoids in Treatment Resistant Epilepsy Disorders; The Mechanistic Role of Cytoadherence in Thalassemias Protection against Malaria; Food Insecurity and BMI for Children and Adolescents across Six Grade Levels; Food for Thought: A Review of Severe Acute Malnutrition Research in the 21st Century; Food Additives: An Overview of Health Implications and Regulation and Control in the United States; The Relationship between Bilingualism and Cognitive Development among Saudi Arabian School-Aged Children; School Psychology: A Case Study and Needs Assessment in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Exploring Physical Activity Engagement in Secondary School Students in Montevideo, Uruguay: A Qualitative Study; Cyberbullying in Colleges and Universities: A Survey of Student Experiences and Attitudes about Cyberbullying; Adolescent Confidentiality Concerns and Use of Sensitive Health Services: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Addhealth Participants; Self-Efficacy of Overweight and Obese Youth Participating in a Multidisciplinary After-School Program; Anti-Doping Knowledge of Junior International Racquetball Athletes; About the Editors; About the Center for Children with Chronic Diseases and Down Syndrome Center Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Pediatrics, Mt Scopus Campus, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe "Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS)" is a World Health Organization and United States "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" collaborative effort in helping countries to assess various behavioural risk and protective factors in their communities, including mental health, suicidal behaviour, protective factors, substance use, violence and unintentional injury" among adolescents. In this book we used the most recent GSHS data (2016-2017) to describe a range of interpersonal and self-directed violence among adolescents in 15 countries: Liberia, Lebanon, Myanmar, Jamaica, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Paraguay, Bhutan, Dominican Republic, Vanuatu, United Arab Emirates, Trinidad and Tobago, Tonga, Morocco and Suriname. The results of the various papers will inform stakeholders of the relevance of school and youth health programmes and related policies targeting interpersonal and self-directed violence in the adolescent population.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Interpersonal and Self-Directed Violence among Adolescents; Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Violence among a Nationally Representative Sample of In-School Adolescents in Liberia; Prevalence and Correlates of Peer Violence among a Nationally Representative Sample of In-School Adolescents in Lebanon; Prevalence and Correlates of Being Physically Attacked among In-School Adolescents in Myanmar: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2016; Single and Multiple Suicide Attempts: Prevalence and Correlates in School-Going Adolescents in Jamaica in 2017; Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Attack and Fighting in School-Going Adolescents in Mauritius: A Cross-Sectional National Survey in 2017; Prevalence and Correlates of Infrequent and Frequent Bullying Victimization in Sri Lanka: Results of a National Cross-Sectional Survey among School-Going Adolescents in 2016; Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Behaviour in Paraguay: A Cross-Sectional National Adolescent School Survey in 2017; Prevalence and Correlates of Interpersonal Physical Violence among Adolescents in Bhutan: A Cross-Sectional National School Survey in 2016; Prevalence and Correlates of Dual-Victimization among a Nationally Representative Sample of In-School Adolescents in the Dominican Republic; Prevalence and Correlates of Single and Multiple Suicide Attempts among In-School Adolescents in Vanuatu: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in 2016; Prevalence and Correlates of Poly-Victimization among a Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Sample of In-School Adolescents in United Arab Emirates; Prevalence and Correlates of Involvement in Physical Fighting and Experience of Physical Attacks among In-School Adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago in 2017; Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Assault among Adolescents in Tonga: Results of a National Cross-Sectional School Survey in 2017; Prevalence and Correlates of Poly-Violence among In-School Adolescents in Morocco: Results from the 2016 Global School-Based Student Health Survey; Prevalence and Correlates of Bullying Victimization among Adolescents: Results from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey in Suriname in 2016; About the Editors; About the ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa; About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book begins by delineating the measurement tools currently available to evaluate sleep problems in children and adolescents: polysomnography, actigraphy, sleep diaries, and questionnaires. Continuing, this collection unpacks the complexities of the most common sleep disorders affecting children and adolescents by discussing the child-specific features, etiology, common comorbidities, and differential diagnostic considerations pertinent for each disorder. The authors summarize the importance of a healthy sleep cycle in normal brain development during childhood and the effects of sleep disturbances on normal brain function and brain structure. Additionally, possible associations between sleep disturbances in children and emotional/behavioural problems are addressed, based on a suggestion that these symptoms are not the emerging manifestations of an underlying disorder but rather are a network of symptoms that are causally interrelated. In closing, the authors highlight the importance of identifying the causes of mouth breathing and obstructive sleep apnea in children. If left untreated, such breathing disorders can progress to more severe conditions in adulthood. (Imprint: Nova Medicine and Health)Table of ContentsPreface; Clinical Assessment of Pediatric Sleep Disorders; Sleep Disorders in Pediatric Populations: Clinical Features, Etiologies, Comorbidities, and Rule-Outs; The Importance of Sleep on Childhood Neurodevelopment; Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances and Sleep Problems in Children; From Mouth Breathing to Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Consequences, Diagnosis and Treatment Options; Index.

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Book SynopsisChildhood obesity has several early-onset adverse effects on all body organs and the metabolism. Moreover, as obesity tracks from childhood to adulthood, it can be an underlying factor for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, which are the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Such chronic diseases can result from lifelong accumulation of some risk factors, including obesity. Therefore, sustained interventions are necessary to tackle the onset or progression of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is no more limited to high-income countries; it has a rapid growing trend in low and middle-come countries. In addition to genetic background, environmental disruptor chemicals and their epigenetic effects are of important underlying factors for the escalating trend of childhood obesity and the trans-generational aspects of obesity. It is noteworthy to consider the early life determinants of childhood obesity, including prenatal, perinatal and post-natal factors, are usually preventable. Dietary habits are formed in the first years of life; therefore it is of crucial importance to establish healthy habits from early life. Food industry, food environment, and social media are important factors influencing the food choices for families and their children. On the other hand, parents are the most important role models for lifestyle habits of their children. In addition to preventative measures, it is important to know how to manage excess weight in growing children, who need enough macro- and micronutrients for their growth, but need to have controlled food intake. Various family-based and school-based interventions are suggested in this regard. In addition to energy intake, it is essential to increase the energy expenditure by regular exercise. Most healthcare providers are not aware of appropriate physical activity for weight control in the pediatric age group. Sometimes the process of weight gain is not correctly prevented or controlled in children and adolescents, and they would suffer from morbid obesity necessitating surgical treatment. Limited evidence-based information is available about these aspects of childhood obesity. This book is written with collaboration of international experts with different scientific backgrounds, who contributed in gathering the updates and findings from their experience on how to deal with the complex factors related to childhood obesity. The main focus of this book is on providing updated information on all above-mentioned aspects related to childhood obesity. It is expected that researchers, health care providers, physicians, health decision makers, and families would find this book as a beneficial tool for implementing widespread measures for prevention and control of childhood obesity.Table of ContentsPreface; Childhood Obesity in Lower and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs); Epigenetics and Childhood Obesity; Food Environment and Childhood Overweight and Obesity; The Association of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Childhood Obesity; Family-Related Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity; Simple Interactive Tools Supporting the Diagnosis of Obesity, Hypertension and Low Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents; Sleep Patterns and Sedentary Behaviors: Is the Association with Obesity Already Evident in Childhood?; Parental Factors Associated with Childhood Obesity; Cardiovascular System in Childhood Obesity; Associations of Overweight/Obesity and Cardio Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents Participating in the PEP Family Heart Study; Metabolically Healthy Obesity in the Childhood: A Pattern or a Transient State?; Protecting Children from Unfavorable Food Marketing; Actions to Promote the Intake of Healthy Foods by Children; Lifestyle Modifications and Dietary Approaches to Prevent Obesity Hypertension among Children and Adolescents; Appropriate Physical Activities for Controlling Childhood Obesity; An Overview of Interventions for Controlling Obesity in Pre-School Children; Effect of School Programs for Healthy Eating and Active Living to Prevent Childhood Obesity; Surgery to Treat Obesity in Children and Adolescents; Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this book we have brought together research from international clinicians, practitioners and researchers from various backgrounds and communities. Some of the papers were presented at the annual Stop Youth Suicide conference in Lexington, Kentucky in November 2019 and some at the Fifth International Conference on Child Health, Development and Welfare in Jerusalem, Israel during December 2019. The topics in this international potpourri of presentations are from a college experience program for people with intellectual disabilities in New York, migration from South Korea, which has emerged as one of the world's largest diaspora nations, discussions on abuse head trauma and adolescent suicide to risk factors for impaired early childhood development in rural India. We hope this collection of papers will be of interest to our international audience and hope you will find useful information from this research.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; The Makor College Experience: Successes and Challenges in the First Years of a College Experience Program for Individuals with Intellectual Disability; A Century of Migration from South Korea: Historical and Demographic Trends; A Scoping Review of Abusive Head Trauma Epidemiology, Legal Controversies and Prevention; The Impact of Connectedness on Harm Reduction in Children and Adolescents; Suicide in Adolescents: Exploring the Role of Religion; Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance Use Disorder: Exploring Connections and Trauma Informed Care; Neurobiology of Suicide; The OlaMind Screening Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children Aged 418 Years; The Digitization of Society and Its Challenges to Child Development; Hospital Experience Using Cultural Interpreters with the Orthodox Jewish Community; Cross-Sectional Study to Identify Risk Factors for Impaired Early Childhood Development in Rural India; About the Editors; About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel; About the Center for Children with Chronic Diseases and Down Syndrome ; The Annual Stop Youth Suicide Conference, Lexington, Kentucky, United States; Index.

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Book SynopsisAdolescent sexuality and gynecologic care of young patients are topics which make most clinicians uncomfortable. This is due to a lack of knowledge and training in many circumstances. Assumptions based upon knowledge of adult gynecology alone may be hazardous for pediatric and adolescent patients. These children and young women often do not have access to specialists who are able and willing to care for their gynecologic issues at an appropriate level. The primary care setting is often the most comfortable venue for a number of these patients. The concept for this book was to provide a reference for primary care providers without highly specialized gynecology textbooks, just to focus on what providers tackle on a daily basis. The first edition was well received and the feedback was good. In the 10 years since the first edition was published, our knowledge has improved and many new methods, medications and devices were added to daily practice. Those changes prompted the Editors to provide an updated version of the book, while keeping its essence intact.Table of ContentsForeword; Dedication; Preface; Pediatric and Adolescent Sexuality: An Overview; Office Pediatric Gynecology; Gynecologic Endocrinology; Genetic Syndromes in Adolescent Gynecology; Child Abuse and Maltreatment; Breast Disorders in Children and Adolescents; Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent Females; Contraception: Updates; Pregnancy and Abortion; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections; Ovarian Tumors in Children and Adolescents; The Female Athlete; Postpartum Depression; Gynecological Features of Eating Disorders; About the Editors; About the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States; About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis quick reference guide provides residents and physicians with a valuable tool to help diagnose and treat the most common pediatric emergencies. Based on the clinical presentation, this guide offers advice on history taking, physical examinations, diagnostic imaging, treatment options, and differential diagnoses. Topics include general assessment and management, acute presentations, cardiac emergencies, neonatal emergencies, trauma, and more

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Book SynopsisDyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person''s ability to read. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds) and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. The syndrome of dyslexia does not imply low intelligence or poor educational potential, and is independent of race and social background. Although dyslexia seems to be more prevalent among males than females, the exact ratio is unknown: the most commonly quoted figures are between 3:1 and 5:1. The evidence suggests that in at least two-thirds of cases, dyslexia has a genetic cause, but in some cases birth difficulties may play a role. Dyslexia may overlap with related conditions such as dyspraxia, attention deficit disorder (with or without hyperactivity) and dysphasia. In childhood, its effects can be misattributed to emotional or behavioural disorders. By adulthood, many dyslexics will have developed sophisticated compensating strategies that may mask their difficulties. This new book presents state-of-the-art research in this dynamic field.

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Book SynopsisChildren become overweight for a variety of reasons. The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. In rare cases, a medical problem, such as an endocrine disorder, may cause a child to become overweight. This book presents ongoing and new research on a public health problem in virtually all developed countries.

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Book SynopsisTissue engineering is a multi-disciplinary field that is continually evolving and functions through the amalgamation of principles and practices derived from materials science, clinical medicine and the basic biological sciences. The goals of tissue engineering based therapies are to reconstitute the anatomic milieu and physiological function of diseased or damaged tissue in order to improve the poorly functioning target organ. With the advent of new synthetic polymers and advancements in stem cell biology, the combinatorial and/or synergistic effects of these disciplines has greatly advanced tissue engineering as a whole, particularly in the field of bladder tissue engineering. This book focuses on the current state of bladder tissue engineering with a specific emphasis on the use of autologous and allogenic cell sources, as well as biologic and synthetic matrices that influence cell growth and differentiation that can be used for future bladder tissue engineering applications.

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Book SynopsisCongenital anomalies including genetic diseases contribute a significant proportion of infant morbidity and mortality and affect many parents and families. Every year 2--6% of newborns are born worldwide with major congenital anomalies and the majority of identified causes of congenital anomalies are nonhereditary and preventable. Theoretically, some of the risk to the developing fetus can be eliminated by avoiding exposure to the agent or manipulating the fetal environment. This book presents an overview of essential aspects of primary prevention efforts and effecting factors including age and socio-demographical factors, obstetric history, maternal medical conditions, genetic disorders, psycho-social issues, infections and vaccination, teratogenic agents, environmental risk factors and various others.

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Book SynopsisTropical medicine is a branch of medicine focusing on disorders usually found in subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Tropical paediatrics is a branch of tropical medicine focusing on children in these areas. The current process of global warming and the widespread issue of international travel are bringing these conditions to many places of the globe. This book highlights selective concepts of tropical paediatrics that are of importance to clinicians caring for children and adolescents.

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Book SynopsisThe early years in the life of a child are critical for cognitive, social and emotional development. It is therefore important that we make sure that children grow up in an environment where their social, emotional and educational needs are met. Children who grow up in an environment where their developmental needs are not met are at risk for compromised health, well-being and sometimes developmental delays. Society must therefore work to ensure that children develop in safe, loving and secure environments. This yearbook compiles the work done in 2011 with a broad research agenda on a global basis, addressing questions ranging from policy to practice, and spanning the developmental spectrum from human genetics, infancy and early childhood, to adolescence and adulthood.

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Book SynopsisThis book stems from the "Textbook of Perinatal Epidemiology" and was conceived to satisfy the rising need for epidemiology-oriented clinicians. This book discusses methodological issues in perinatal epidemiology in a straightforward accessible manner. It gives a clear and comprehensive set of tools for practical research, and understanding perinatal epidemiology. This is an essential manual for the clinician for research in Obstetrics/Gynaecology. This book focuses on definitions, measures of disease frequency, prevalence and incidence of disease, sensitivity and specificity of studies, including examples from the perinatal world. It also discusses study design: observational or experimental, case controlled, randomised etc.,

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Book SynopsisYoung people are regarded as future assets of the society. Hence, adolescent prevention programs are commonly developed to tackle adolescent risk behaviour and positive youth development programs are designed to promote holistic development in adolescents. However, a survey of the literature shows that research on adolescents is mainly confined to the Western societies. For Chinese psychologists, paediatricians, psychiatrists, and allied human service workers, knowledge about adolescent development is largely developed in the Western culture. To what extent is Western knowledge on adolescent development applicable to Chinese young people? Are Chinese adolescent risk behaviours similar to those in Western societies? To what extent are intervention programs, such as adolescent prevention programs, applicable to Chinese people? These are important questions to be addressed by human service professionals working with Chinese adolescents and their families.

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Book SynopsisIn the prevention science approach, focus is put on identifying risk and protective factors in adolescent risk behaviour. Based on this approach, many research and prevention programs have been generated in the past few decades. Nevertheless, over-emphasis of adolescent developmental problems has been criticised as focusing too much on adolescent developmental problems and pathologies. In response to this criticism, an alternative approach highlighting the importance of positive youth development has been proposed.

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Book SynopsisAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by a triad of impairments in reciprocal social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication deficits with repetitive and stereotyped behaviours. The disorder may adversely impact not just the affected child, but also his/her family members. Currently there is no effective means for prevention, no biomarkers for early diagnosis and no specific treatment approach or a drug that can "cure" the disorder. Interest in ASD has exploded in the past decade following the vast increase in the prevalence of ASD to 1:100-1:150 in the most recent reports. The dramatic increase in ASD cases has been accompanied by an increase in public and professional awareness and an abundance of new research and treatment strategies. Autism is probably not a single disorder, but rather reflects many different disorders with broad behavioural phenotypes causing atypical development.

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Book SynopsisA team of researchers from five universities in Hong Kong have constructed a comprehensive positive youth development package for junior secondary school students in Hong Kong. This project is called P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programs) and the package focuses on various aspects of positive youth development used by more than 250 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Research has been performed on the effectiveness and educational implications of the teaching package, which opened a new page of study in the field of whole-person education and youth education in Chinese societies. In view of the data collected so far, the teaching package is well received by students, teachers and educators in Hong Kong. The new curriculum covered in this book is closely related to the emerging adolescent developmental issues in Hong Kong and the global contexts.

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Book SynopsisAmbulatory care is undoubtedly a fundamental facet of paediatric medicine. This 2nd volume is an essential resource for paediatric residents, paediatricians, family physicians and child health-care professionals as it provides a comprehensive review of common health problems in ambulatory paediatrics. Cleverly presented in a manner which lends to learning rather than rote memorisation, this book offers a wealth of information and in-depth answers to some common psychosocial issues and common medical illnesses seen in ambulatory health-care settings. The book also provides solutions to common symptoms and helps readers to correctly identify the underlying conditions.

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Book SynopsisAmbulatory care is undoubtedly a fundamental facet of paediatric medicine. This 4th volume is an essential resource for paediatric residents, paediatricians, family physicians and child health-care professionals as it provides a comprehensive review of common health problems in ambulatory paediatrics. Cleverly presented in a manner which lends to learning rather than rote memorisation, this book offers a wealth of information and in-depth answers to some common psychosocial issues and common medical illnesses seen in ambulatory health-care settings. The book also provides solutions to common symptoms and helps readers to correctly identify the underlying conditions.

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Book SynopsisThere is co-morbid occurrence of adolescent problem behaviours, and these behaviours manifest differently and vary in severity. For instance, some adolescents who suffer from stress and distress become addicted to substance and internet use, whereas some act out in the form of misbehaviour and delinquency. In particular, research findings have shown that there are gender differences; with boys tending to employ externalising and risk-taking behaviour as ventilation, while girls tend to internalise stress and become depressed. Nevertheless, different problem behaviours may share similar aetiologies. Adopting the ecological approach, adolescents'' behaviours result from the complex interplay between themselves and the surrounding environment. These issues will be addressed in this book with experience from research from Hong Kong in a Chinese context.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based upon a special issue published in the International Journal on Disability and Human Development and permission has been obtained from the publisher De Gruyter in Berlin to publish this modified version of the papers in this book. There are several areas of research that should be conducted with reference to Chinese adolescents experiencing economic disadvantage. First, there is a need to understand how factors in different ecological systems influence the psychological well-being of poor adolescents. Second, as family social capital is an important resource within families experiencing economic disadvantage, studies on how different family processes affect adolescent development should be carried out. Third, as far as adolescent developmental outcomes are concerned, it is argued that besides measures of morbidity and symptoms, adolescent developmental assets and strengths should be studied. Fourth, as studies on parental differences on family processes are almost non-existent in the context of poverty, it is important to study this issue in adolescents experiencing economic disadvantage. In response to these research gaps, they were examined in the papers in this special issue. In this book, several papers reporting evaluation findings for the second piloting exercise are included. Because there are few validated positive youth development programs in the Chinese context, it is our modest wish that the accumulated evidence can give us some insights about the usefulness of having positive youth development subjects designed for university students.

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Book SynopsisHuman development research commonly addresses the "what", "when", "how", "why", "who", and "where" of human development. For example, with reference to the development of resilience in adolescence, researchers often ask what are the components of resilience ("what"), their development at different time points ("when"), and the related trajectories ("how"). Researchers also attempt to understand factors influencing resilience ("why") in different adolescents ("who") in different cultures ("where"). In many adolescent research studies, researchers are interested in asking questions about "relationships" among developmental events and concepts, such as the relationship between the family environment and resilience. Besides, research questions regarding "differences" are raised by researchers, such as differences between early adolescents and late adolescents on resilience, and differences in resilience in Chinese and African adolescents. Against this background we present in this book several chapters on the statistical analyses in human development research using real-life datasets based on the positive youth development project (P.A.T.H.S.) in Hong Kong in a pioneer attempt using different Chinese contexts with the wish that we can facilitate Chinese researchers to understand human development research and understand more about statistical analyses.

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Book SynopsisLearning deficiencies experienced by chronically sick children have been a source for research in the field of child psychology and the field of neuro-psychology, but in the field of education, they have received only secondary attention. In addition to which, on the issue of the sick child''s adaptation to the disease, insufficient importance was paid to the educational system, and only in a very few research projects which measured such adaptation to the disease were the teachers consulted. The source for the idea of writing this book came from a belief that the work of the educationist contributes greatly in advancing the treatment of the sick child. Since treatment and recovery continue for months even years, the educational framework with all its components has a great effect on the process of rehabilitation, and there are claims that successful integration into the school is a decisive factor in rehabilitation and recovery, precisely as is the medical treatment. Moreover, correct support received by the parent and the sick child, when the child returns to the community and to the school, is a measure of his good adaptation in the future.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a social and cultural framework for understanding strategies for the critical feeding and nutrition of the world''s most vulnerable citizens. Ensuring that infants have access to breastmilk is one of the greatest global healthcare challenges of the twenty-first century, one that cannot be understood in exclusively biomedical terms, but demands an awareness of complex lived experiences. The familiar slogan breast is best'' is skilfully and impressively annotated by this volume with an understanding of the practical and varied experiences of working women and the degree of support (or opposition) that larger communities may provide. How and when infants can be fed is not simply a matter of individual maternal choice, but has large structural implications. The international and interdisciplinary essays in this book amply illustrate the need to transcend a narrow and unfair emphasis on the success'' or failure'' of particular nursing mothers and seek greater societal understanding in order to effect positive societal change. Furthermore, this volume not only has significant public policy implications, but is of great value in the university classroom, illustrating how many of our most basic assumptions about healthcare and maternity need to be rethought in light of a more complex understanding of how human milk ties communities as well as individuals together.

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Book SynopsisThe children of today are the citizens and leaders of the future. It behoves us, as responsible citizens and leaders of today, to make sure that we provide our children and future leaders with the necessary health, education and guidance to prepare their future for successive generations, and to live in a safe and sustainable environment in harmony with each other and with the world around them. In this book, we bring research about smoking and pollution and its effect on childhood asthma, the issue of childhood obesity and the importance of food, not only for survival, but also for good health.

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Book SynopsisChildren living in circumstances of social and economic disadvantage are at high risk for experiencing health problems caused or exacerbated by environmental factors. They are not only vulnerable to adverse chemical and physical factors in their environment, but often become trapped in the cycle of environmental health disparities due to low parental health literacy, limited social capital, and a lack of access to comprehensive healthcare and appropriate educational services. They will only be able to escape that cycle when children''s environmental health becomes a priority and the resources, energy and creativity are amassed and allocated to address environmental health concerns. In this book, we look at issues concerned with the home environment, the school and the community. Investing in children''s environmental health will prove cost-beneficial in the long run.

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Book SynopsisThe literature on children who grow up in circumstances of social and economic disadvantage is very much a part of the place and time. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote much about children who suffered under the burden of being poor in 19th Century London. In that age of industrialisation, technical advances brought much progress to society, but also resulted in seismic population shifts. Large numbers of people moved from rural agricultural settings and lifestyles to the cities, where the new engines of industry promised more opportunities. We have progressed today, but there are still many children living under vulnerable conditions that affect their development, health and future. In this book, we have gathered research studies that explore social, economic and environmental factors impacting on child health and human development.

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Book SynopsisAdolescent violence is a very visible violence in our modern society, where you just have to open the newspaper or the television and you find yourself right in the middle of it. In order to understand the scope of the problem, we need to look at the epidemiology of global violence. Each year, more than 1.6 million people world-wide lose their lives to violence and for every person who dies as a result of violence, many more are injured and suffer from a range of physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health problems. Violence places a massive burden on national economies in health care, law enforcement and lost productivity. We are talking about a major public health problem. Programs for intervention have been researched and long-term follow-up indicates that early intervention is working and even if such programs would seem to demand a substantial economic investment, they have been proven cost-effective in the long run. In this book, we have gathered presentations on bullying, aggression, violence, suicide and prevention from an international perspective.

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Book SynopsisAdolescence is the critical period or rather process in human development, where the individual leaves the dependency of childhood and enters a period in which dramatic changes occur, eventually resulting in what society identifies as adulthood. It is a complex developmental time involving sociological, psychological and physiological issues that starts with puberty and ends sometime in the third decade of life with central nervous system maturation (parents would want this period to be much quicker and shorter). The goal of adolescence is to develop an autonomous adult, who is capable of functioning at intellectual, sexual, and vocational levels acceptable to society. Prevention and management of health problems in children and adolescents can prevent considerable morbidity in adults. Working with adolescents is difficult, frustrating and very rewarding at the same time. In this book, we have gathered international research to show you a picture of health issues in adolescence and during the school period of human development.

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Book SynopsisHuman sexuality involves sexual attraction to another person, which for the most part is to the opposite sex (heterosexuality), some to the same sex (homosexuality) or some having both (bisexuality) or not being attracted to anyone in a sexual manner (asexuality). Human sexuality is determined by many factors, like cultural, political, legal and philosophical aspects of life, but also morality, ethics, theology, spirituality and religion. Sexuality is as old as mankind and interest in sexual activity is very much related to the onset of puberty and the period of schooling. In this book, we have gathered papers from around the world in order to discuss issues of sexuality from an international perspective.

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Book SynopsisThe early years in the life of a child are critical for cognitive, social and emotional development. It is therefore important that we make sure that children grow up in an environment where their social, emotional and educational needs are met. Children who grow up in an environment where their developmental needs are not met are at risk for compromised health, well-being and sometimes developmental delays. Society must therefore work to ensure that children develop in safe, loving and secure environments. This yearbook compiles the work done in 2013 with a broad research agenda on a global basis, addressing questions ranging from policy to practice, and spanning the developmental spectrum from human genetics, infancy and early childhood, to adolescence and adulthood.

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Book SynopsisThe mortality rate of newborns has been reduced in many parts of the world and we have learned much about how to keep more newborns alive, especially when health care providers and society collaborate in this important endeavor and emphasize known preventative principles. We know that death of newborns causes emotional stress to the newborn''s family as well as to the involved health caregivers. We are also learning about the historical rights of the fetus in modern society. Over the past 50 years, there has been an increasing focus of attention, research and resources on assuring the survival and long term outcome of infants who are born premature. As a result of advances in knowledge and technology, there has followed an increased likelihood for survival of even the smallest of premature infants. In this book, we present some of the health and social issues for children born into this world.

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Book SynopsisThis book summarises the state of cognoscibility with regard to normal new-born care that has accumulated over the past centuries, especially the 20th and now 21st century. This compendium is not an ersatz discussion of neonatology, but of the fascinating zone that involves the new-born in the normal new-born nursery. It is not a homogenous area and thus, some overlap is inevitable in such a compilation of data. The preface details historical concepts that have followed new-borns over the millennia of homo sapiens'' existence, such as infanticide, breast feeding, swaddling, neonatal resuscitation, and principles of caring for new-borns. The mortality rate of new-borns has been reduced in many parts of the world in this century and we have learned much more about how to keep increasing numbers of new-borns alive, especially when health care providers and society collaborate in this important endeavour and emphasise known preventative principles. Current modern paediatric and perinatal treatments allow new-borns in the current 21st century America to have a start on an overall life expectancy of 78.5 years (up to 76 years in males and 80.9 years in females), if they receive meticulous medical care even if born into a penurious state. Such deserved care and inevitable ongoing medical discoveries will only lengthen these life trajectories.

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Book SynopsisTropical medicine is a branch of medicine focusing on disorders usually found in subtropical and tropical areas of the world, while tropical paediatrics is a branch of tropical medicine focusing on children in these areas. The current process of global warming and the widespread issue of international travel are bringing these conditions to many places of the globe. This second revised and enlarged edition highlights selective concepts of tropical paediatrics that are of importance to clinicians caring for children and adolescents. It is dedicated to clinicians around the world who care for these precious patients growing up in remote corners of globe. It should always be remembered that sometimes these issues become important to developed corners of the world as well.

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to professor Greydanus as he enters the septuagenarian decade of his life! Greydanus has been a pioneer in the field of especially adolescent health, but also in general pediatrics and child health with major contributions to research and teaching material. His contributions for many decades has inspired students and other pediatricians to "do their best: Doch dyn plicht". In this book you will find a potpourri of research and knowledge of child and adolescent health information from an international perspective on topics that have been and still is the interest of the pediatrician Gredanus: Body shape and sexual health, research related to work, study and health of children and adolescents, injury, abuse and safety for children and adolescents and finally several interesting chapters about autism.

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Book SynopsisIn this yearbook we start out with chapters on mental health, stress, yoga and other interesting topic on alternative medicine, but the other three sections are related to psychiatry and dermatology. The skin has evolved over millions of years of life from a simple envelope to cover microscopic organisms to a complex organ system that has protected complex life from a harsh environment. The skin and central nervous system (CNS) develop together in utero and remain intricately connected throughout the life of Homo sapiens. Diseases of the skin have led to considerable medical as well as psychological morbidity, caustic contumely, and even Stygian mortality over the hundreds of years of the hominoid existence. When the skin is diseased, significant psychosomatic, behavioral, and psychiatric factors can result in a gallimaufry of primary and/or secondary disorders. Both dermatologists, primary care clinicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and others can learn from these chapters, take this knowledge and apply it to their patients.

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Book SynopsisChildren represent our future and healthy growth and development ought to be the prime concern of any society. President Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933), elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924 he became the 30th President of the United States until 1929. He was in favour of the civil rights of African Americans, Catholics and in 1924 Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted full citizenship to all American Indians. Coolidge''s chronically ill mother died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when he was twelve years old and his sister died at the age of fifteen, when Coolidge was eighteen, which are maybe some of the reasons behind his proclamation for a national Child Health Day in 1928 (in 2014 it is child health day on 6 October, first Monday of October). Today about one in six children between the age 2-19 years is overweight with risk for serious health consequences like asthma, diabetes and heart disease and child health day is therefore also relevant today. In this Yearbook you will find interesting chapters on a broad spectrum relevant for health and human development in our time.

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed to provide primary care clinicians with a practical guide to the significant problems that increasingly affect the emotional health of children and adolescents. This book is written in clear, concise language by experts in developmental-behavioral pediatrics, neurodevelopmental pediatrics, adolescent medicine, psychology, and child/adolescent psychiatry. We present a comprehensive coverage of normal and pathological behaviors based on principles of child and adolescent development. The editors are nationally and internationally known experts and educators in the normal and abnormal behavior of children and youth. With the information available in this book, clinicians who care for children and adolescents will be better equipped to meet the complex needs of this fascinating and ever-changing population.

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