Medical research Books

Book SynopsisImmunology is the study of the body''s protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and the responses to them. These invaders include viruses, bacteria, protozoa or even larger parasites. In addition, immune responses are developed against our own proteins (and other molecules) in auto-immunity and against our own aberrant cells in tumour immunity. The first line of defence against foreign organisms are barrier tissues such as the skin that stop the entry of organism into our bodies. A second line of defence is the specific or adaptive immune system which may take days to respond to a primary invasion (that is infection by an organism that has not hitherto been seen). This book brings together new research from around the globe dealing with this extremely important subject.

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Book SynopsisSickle cell anaemia is an inherited blood disorder, characterised primarily by chronic anaemia and periodic episodes of pain and occurring in approximately 1 in every 400 African-American infants born in the United States each year. Individuals of Mediterranean, Arabian, Caribbean, South and Central American, and East Indian ancestry can also be affected. The underlying problem involves haemoglobin, a component of the red cells in the blood. The haemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell carry oxygen from the lungs to the body organs and tissues and bring back carbon dioxide to the lungs. In sickle cell anaemia, the haemoglobin is defective. After the haemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some of them may cluster together and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause the red blood cells to become stiff and to assume a sickle shape. Unlike normal red cells, which are usually smooth and donut-shaped, the sickled red cells cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. Instead, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive the organs and tissue of oxygen-carrying blood. This process produces the periodic episodes of pain and ultimately can damage the tissues and vital organs and lead to other serious medical problems. Unlike normal red blood cells, which last about 120 days in the bloodstream, sickled red cells die after only about 10 to 20 days. Because they cannot be replaced fast enough, the blood is chronically short of red blood cells, a condition called anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia is caused by an error in the gene that tells the body how to make haemoglobin. The defective gene tells the body to make the abnormal haemoglobin that results in deformed red blood cells. This book gathers the latest research in this important field.

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Book SynopsisDiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency or resistance characterised by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. It is estimated that between 5-10% of the population suffer from this disease. This syndrome is a contributing factor in a large percentage of deaths from heart attacks and strokes as well as renal failure and vascular disease. About 90% of the cases of diabetes mellitus fall into Type 2 where obesity plays a major role. Research in the field is wide-spread ranging from causes to treatment. This book brings together leading research from throughout the world.

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Book SynopsisThe present book on basal ganglia research aims at promoting cross-fertilisation and between fields (eg: between addiction and drug-induced dyskinesia) and between levels of analysis (e.g. between computation and physiology).

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Book SynopsisDementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person''s ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer''s Disease (AD), which involves the parts of the brain that control memory, thought and language. Age is the most important known risk factor for AD. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65. AD is a slow disease, starting with mild memory loss and ending with severe brain damage. The course the disease takes and how fast changes occur vary from person to person. On average, AD patients live from 8 to 10 years after they are diagnosed, though the disease can last for as many as 20 years. Current research is aimed at understanding why AD occurs and who is at greatest risk for developing it, improving the accuracy of diagnosis and ability to identify who is at risk, developing, discovering and testing new treatments for behavioural problems in patients with AD. This book gathers state-of-the-art research from leading scientists throughout the world which offers important information on understanding the underlying causes and discovering the most effective treatments for Alzheimer''s Disease.

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Book SynopsisAlzheimer''s disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder in the ageing population, with dementia as a common consequence. AD is defined pathologically by the appearance of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, as described by Alois Alzheimer about a century ago. The causes for AD include genetic predisposition in a small population, ageing and environmental stresses in majority cases. The underlying pathogenic cascades, increases in expression of amyloid precursor protein and accumulation of Aß and reactive oxidant activity and inflammation, have the features of both adaptive, at least initially, and harmful when becoming excessive. Dementia, on the other hand, is a clinical diagnosis and is defined as globally, persistently impaired cognitive skills including memory. Alzheimer dementia refers to clinical dementia in patients who also have Alzheimer neuropathology. Alzheimer dementia is what brings the patients to seek medical treatments. An extraordinary inability to form new memory, especially of those episodic type, and executive dysfunction are among the earliest symptoms in AD patients. In end-stage AD, cognitive degeneration extends far beyond memory loss. The underlying causes include decreases in impaired brain metabolism, which results in impaired synaptic functions and capacities, thus impaired information processing, and eventually leads to neuronal injury and death. This book presents leading-edge research in this dynamic field.

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Book SynopsisVitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in eight different forms. Each form has its own biological activity, which is the measure of potency or functional use in the body. Alpha-tocopherol (-tocopherol) is the name of the most active form of vitamin E in humans. It is also a powerful biological antioxidant. Vitamin E in supplements is usually sold as alpha-tocopheryl acetate, a form that protects its ability to function as an antioxidant. The synthetic form is labelled "D, L" while the natural form is labelled "D". The synthetic form is only half as active as the natural form. Antioxidants such as vitamin E act to protect the cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of energy metabolism. Free radicals can damage cells and may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Studies are underway to determine whether vitamin E, through its ability to limit production of free radicals, might help prevent or delay the development of those chronic diseases. Vitamin E has also been shown to play a role in immune function, in DNA repair and other metabolic processes. This new book presents leading research on this important topic.

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Book SynopsisThere are two types of brain tumours: primary brain tumours that originate in the brain and metastatic (secondary) brain tumours that originate from cancer cells that have migrated from other parts of the body. Primary brain cancer rarely spreads beyond the central nervous system, and death results from uncontrolled tumour growth within the limited space of the skull. Metastatic brain cancer indicates advanced disease and has a poor prognosis. Primary brain tumours can be cancerous or non-cancerous. Both types take up space in the brain and may cause serious symptoms (eg: vision or hearing loss) and complications (eg: stroke). All cancerous brain tumours are life threatening (malignant) because they have an aggressive and invasive nature. A non-cancerous primary brain tumour is life threatening when it compromises vital structures (eg: an artery). In the United States, the annual incidence of brain cancer generally is 15-20 cases per 100,000 people. Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in patients younger than 35. This new book brings together the leading research in this dynamic area of research.

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Book SynopsisAsthma is a disease that affects the lungs. It causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and night-time or early morning coughing. Tens of millions of people throughout the world suffer from asthma. Airways are the paths that carry air to the lungs. As the air moves through the lungs, the airways become smaller, like branches of a tree. During an attack, the sides of the airways in the lungs become inflamed and swollen. Muscles around the airways tighten, and less air passes in and out of the lungs. Excess mucus forms in the airways, clogging them even more. The attack, also called an episode, can include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. Environmental exposures, such as house dust mites and environmental tobacco smoke, are important triggers of an attack. This book presents important new research on the causes on asthma as well as its diagnosis and treatment.

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Book SynopsisThree types of skin cancer account for nearly 100% of all diagnosed cases. Each of these three cancers begins in a different type of cell within the skin, and each cancer is named for the type of cell in which it begins. Skin cancers are divided into one of two classes -- non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. The different types of skin cancer are: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC); Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); Melanoma. All other skin cancers combined account for less than 1% of diagnosed cases. These are classified as non-melanoma skin cancers and include Merkel cell carcinoma, dermatofibromasarcoma protuberans, Paget''s disease and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This book examines the latest research in this field.

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Book SynopsisVitamin C, also known for its role in fighting off the common cold, serves as the antioxidant vitamin. This vitamin helps the body form collagen, a protein that builds bone structure, bone cartilage and blood vessels. Another function of Vitamin C is its absorption of iron, which aids in bone maintenance for stronger bodies and cleaner teeth. This can be accomplished by keeping a well balanced diet and eating healthy. In addition, Vitamin C assists in fighting off cardiovascular disease as well. But not only does Vitamin C aid the human body. Researchers have studied the affects Vitamin C holds upon other living organisms, such as plant cells. This book dives into cutting edge research on Vitamin C and its many functions in the earth''s natural environment.

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Book SynopsisTuberculosis, the disease that the World Health Organization has recently declared a global emergency, was supposedly defeated by antibiotics half a century ago. It has returned in a highly contagious and fatal new form that cannot be treated with conventional drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), could cause some 10 million deaths over the next decade and is thriving in the overcrowded prisons of the former Soviet Union. The virtual collapse of the world''s borders means that refugees, tourists, immigrants, business travellers, and others can spread the TB bacillus very efficiently. London, for example, has experienced a 100% increase in reported cases in the past 10 years. This book covers all aspects of the disease: epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. Leading research is presented from centres around the world.

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Book SynopsisSince cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) disease is the leading cause of death for adults in developed countries, many medical studies focus on treating or preventing heart disease and stroke. The metabolic syndrome, a collection of unhealthy body measurements and abnormal laboratory test results, may identify persons at high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Aggressive lifestyle modification and possible use of medications to treat the conditions that make up the metabolic syndrome may reduce a person''s chances of developing heart disease or stroke. The metabolic syndrome has also been called syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome.

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Book SynopsisGene tests (also called DNA-based tests), the newest and most sophisticated of the techniques used to test for genetic disorders, involve direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. Other genetic tests include biochemical tests for such gene products as enzymes and other proteins and for microscopic examination of stained or fluorescent chromosomes. Genetic tests are used for several reasons, including: Carrier screening, which involves identifying unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to be expressed; Preimplantation genetic diagnosis prenatal diagnostic testing new-born screening; Presymptomatic testing for predicting adult-onset disorders such as Huntington''s disease; Presymptomatic testing for estimating the risk of developing adult-onset cancers and Alzheimer''s disease; Confirmational diagnosis of a symptomatic individual forensic/identity testing. In gene tests, scientists scan a patient''s DNA sample for mutated sequences. A DNA sample can be obtained from any tissue, including blood. For some types of gene tests, researchers design short pieces of DNA called probes, whose sequences are complementary to the mutated sequences. These probes will seek their complement among the three billion base pairs of an individual''s genome. If the mutated sequence is present in the patient''s genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation. Another type of DNA testing involves comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patient''s gene to a normal version of the gene. This book gathers important research in this field.

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Book SynopsisRadiobiology has made great steps forward in the last five years in the development of new mechanisms forming the basis of various radiation effects, specifically among the mechanisms of low rate irradiation by low doses. Investigations of radiation apoptosis, radiation hormesis, radioadaptive response, and by-stander effects have been intensively developed. Processes of premature ageing induced by irradiation are examined. All these questions are discussed here. The greatest part is devoted to assessments of the health of the population irradiated inhabiting the radionuclide-contaminated territories and people from other regions of the former USSR involved in the liquidation on the accident consequences.

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Book SynopsisIn biological systems, the normal processes of oxidation (plus a minor contribution from ionising radiation) produce highly reactive free radicals. These can readily react with and damage other molecules. In some cases the body uses free radicals to destroy foreign or unwanted objects, such as in an infection. However, in the wrong place, the body''s own cells may become damaged. Should the damage occur to DNA, the result could be cancer. Antioxidants decrease the damage done to cells by reducing oxidants before they can damage the cell. Virtually all studies of mammals have concluded that a restricted calorie diet extends the lifespan of mammals by as much as 100%. This remarkable finding suggests that food is actually more damaging than smoking. As food produces free radicals (oxidants) when metabolised, antioxidant-rich diets are thought to stave off the effects of ageing significantly better than diets lacking in antioxidants. The reduced levels of free radicals, resulting from a reduction in their production by metabolism, is thought to be a major cause of the success of caloric restriction in increasing life span. Antioxidants consist of a group of vitamins including vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids (such as beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein). This new book brings together the latest research in this dynamic field.

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Book SynopsisFragile X syndrome (FXS), is the most common cause of inherited mental impairment. This impairment can range from learning disabilities to more severe cognitive or intellectual disabilities (sometimes referred to as mental retardation). FXS is the most common known cause of autism or ''autistic-like'' behaviour. Symptoms also can include characteristic physical and behavioural features and delays in speech and language development. This new book presents the latest research in this field.

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Book SynopsisA stroke occurs when the blood supply to the part of the brain is suddenly interrupted (ischemic) or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding the brain cells (haemorrhagic). Generally, there are three treatment stages for stroke: prevention, therapy immediately after stroke, and post-stroke rehabilitation. Therapies to prevent stroke are based on treating an individual''s underlying risk factors. This book includes within its scope the prevention, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke. Leading-edge scientific research from throughout the world is presented.

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Book SynopsisThrombohemostatic disorder is a common haematological problem. This book focuses on the "thrombohemostatic disorder" in several aspects including summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics.

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Book SynopsisBirth defects are defined as abnormalities of structure, function, or body metabolism that are present at birth. These abnormalities lead to mental or physical disabilities or are fatal. There are over 4,000 different known birth defects ranging from minor to serious, and although many of them can be treated or cured, they are the leading cause of death in the first year of life. This book presents leading research in this field from around the world.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. The aim of this book is to provide untouched studies in this new and exciting field.

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Book SynopsisSmoking is a greater cause of death and disability than any single disease, says the World Health Organisation. According to their figures, it is responsible for approximately five million deaths world-wide every year. Tobacco smoking is a known or probable cause of approximately 25 diseases including cancer, heart attacks and strokes. The WHO says that its impact on world health is still not fully assessed. This book offers leading edge research from around the globe with a focus on smoking cessation and the effects of passive smoking on health.

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Book SynopsisNeuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from nerve cells found in several areas of the body. Neuroblastoma most commonly affects children age 5 or younger, though it may rarely occur in older children and adults. Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies. Neuroblastoma develops in tissue that makes up the sympathetic nervous system -- the system of nerves that automatically regulates your heart rate, blood pressure and digestion. Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys. However, Neuroblastoma can also develop in other areas of the abdomen and in the chest, neck and pelvis. This book presents important research in this field of research.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents new and important research on precancerous conditions. A precancerous condition is a disease, syndrome, or finding that, if left untreated, may lead to cancer. These include: Cervix Dysplasia; Erythroplasia; Leukoplakia; Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis; Lymphomatoid Papulosis; Preleukemia; Xeroderma Pigmentosum. The identification and treatment of precancerous conditions on a wide-scale could lead to significant drops in deaths due to cancer.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. This book focuses on cell apoptotic signalling.

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Book SynopsisCognitive disorders are disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgement. They include delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. Cognition includes the domains of attention, memory, language, gnosis, visuo-spatial function, praxis, and executive function, and is traditionally distinguished from the emotions or ''feelings''. Cognitive disorders may disturb one domain specifically, as in a selective impairment of memory (amnesia) or language (aphasia), or, more often, a combination of deficits, as in mental retardation and dementia.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, transplantation immunology has evolved as a distinct field founded on the recognition that rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue is mediated by immune mechanisms in the host responding to antigens in the donor tissue. Included within the scope are T cell immunity; Antigen presentation; Alloreactivity; Pancreas and islet cell transplantation; Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation Models of tolerance induction; Xenotransplantation and The swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex. This book gathers the latest research in the exciting new field of transplantation immunology.

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Book SynopsisMalaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects between 300 and 500 million people every year and causes between one and three million deaths annually, mostly among young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is not just a disease commonly associated with poverty, but is also a cause of poverty and a major hindrance to economic development. Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health problem. Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health problem. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The most serious forms of the disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, but other related species (Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) can also infect humans. This group of human-pathogenic Plasmodium species are usually referred to as malaria parasites. Malaria parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include fever, anaemia, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases, coma and death. Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites with mosquito nets and insect repellents, or by mosquito control by spraying insecticides inside houses and draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs. One of the most important recent advances in malaria research is the mapping of the Plasmodium falciparum genome. For the next five to ten years, until an effective vaccine is developed, malaria control will largely be dependent on vector control measures such as improvements in housing construction, source reduction, impregnated bednets, and residual insecticide treatment. This book presents leading-edge research in this field.

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Book SynopsisThe spread of cancer cells from their organ of origin to distant tissues is called metastasis. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of death from cancer, and in many cases is difficult to detect or treat. The process by which tumour cells become metastatic is complex and involves many stages, including detachment of cells from the main tumour mass, degradation of the surrounding extra-cellular matrix, invasion into nearby blood vessels, travel and survival through the circulatory system, attachment to a vessel wall, extra-vasation, degradation of the extra-cellular matrix into a distant tissue/organ, and the development of a novel blood supply. In order to accomplish this process, the cells acquire characteristics which are important for each stage. Recently, a class of genes known as metastasis suppressors'' has been the subject of intense investigation. For some metastasis suppressor genes, there is strong evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies to demonstrate key roles in the metastatic process, for others data is much more limited, and their importance uncertain. In this book, chapters are devoted to providing up-to-date summaries of our understanding of individual metastasis suppressor genes. Each is written by a leading authority in the study of that gene. Topics covered include discussions on how each metastasis suppressor was discovered, the mechanisms underlying their loss of expression in tumours and tumour cell lines, their proposed molecular functions, and the consequences to a tumour cell of the loss of this function. This compilation aims to provide, in a single volume, comprehensive information that will be valuable to all scientists working in cancer research, to students needing to understand molecular events that regulate tumour progression and the acquisition of metastasis, and to clinicians who might wish to know more of the roles of potentially new markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

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Book SynopsisAmong the many applications of stem cell research are nervous system diseases, diabetes, heart disease, auto-immune diseases as well as Parkinson''s disease, end-stage kidney disease, liver failure, cancer, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson''s disease, and Alzheimer''s disease. Stem cells are self-renewing, unspecialised cells that can give rise to multiple types all of specialised cells of the body. Stem cell research also involves complex ethical and legal considerations since they involve adult, foetal tissue and embryonic sources. This book presents important research from around the globe.

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Book SynopsisCancer is a group of different diseases (more than 100) characterised by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer can arise in many sites and behave differently depending on its organ of origin. If a cancer spreads (metastasises), the new tumour bears the same name as the original (primary) tumour. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the battle against cancer and in understanding its underlying biological mechanisms. This research progress has resulted in many experimental treatments and cures which establish hope for wide-spread cures. This book presents leading-edge research from around the world.

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Book SynopsisSleep apnea or sleep apnoea is a sleep disorder characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep. These episodes, called apneas (literally, "without breath"), each last long enough so one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. There are two distinct forms of sleep apnea: Central and Obstructive. Breathing is interrupted by the lack of effort in Central Sleep Apnea, but from a physical block to airflow despite effort in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In Mixed Sleep Apnea, both types of events occur. Regardless of type, the individual affected with sleep apnea is rarely (if ever) aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. Sleep apnea is recognised as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes, or is suspected because of its effects on the body (sequelae). This volume examines leading-edge research important for an understanding of the field.

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Book SynopsisSleep apnea or sleep apnoea is a sleep disorder characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep. These episodes, called apneas (literally, "without breath"), each last long enough so one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. There are two distinct forms of sleep apnea: Central and Obstructive. Breathing is interrupted by the lack of effort in Central Sleep Apnea, but from a physical block to airflow despite effort in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In Mixed Sleep Apnea, both types of events occur. Regardless of type, the individual affected with sleep apnea is rarely (if ever) aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. Sleep apnea is recognised as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes, or is suspected because of its effects on the body. This volume offers new and valuable research developments.

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Book SynopsisThe dendrimer is a common name of polymers which are characterised by a specific structure, although their chemical composition can be very different. Dendrimers display several characteristics which distinguish them from linear polymers. All dendrimers are synthesised by attaching branched monomers to the central core molecule. Monomers are attached layer by layer. As a result of such a synthesis, dendrimers posses plenty of terminal, reactive groups on their surface and empty internal cavities. Both of these features can be utilised. Soon after the first synthesis in mid-1980''s, dendrimers have become interesting and promising molecules for pharmaceutical and technical aims. The last years brought many new facts about dendrimers impact on biological systems. Both, general toxic studies, as well as detailed research devoted to particular cellular compounds, as DNA or lipid bilayer, were carried out. New types of dendrimers were synthesised and new applications appeared.

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Book SynopsisBreast cancer is a malignant tumour that has developed from cells of the breast. A malignant tumour is a group of cancer cells that may invade surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. The disease occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get it as well. The main types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and Paget''s disease of the nipple . About 1 of 8 women will get it in her lifetime. This book presents the latest research in this field.

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Book SynopsisTumourigenesis is the formation of tumours in the body, often caused by oncogenes. These tumours are the result of uncontrollable reproduction (cell division) due to alterations in the cell''s genetic code, creating lesions in the tissue where they reside. Tumourigenesis can be divided into tumour initiation, promotion and progression. Oncogenomics often studies tumours caused by such a condition in hope of pinpointing genes -- pieces of genetic information -- that are susceptible to being changed (mutated) by external factors like ultraviolet light, toxic chemicals, and other carcinogens. The range of normal genetic alterations that a person''s DNA undergoes over time is extraordinarily large, so it is hard to detect exactly what cause tumourigenesis. This book presents the latest research advances in the field.

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Book SynopsisThis new book is devoted to leading-edge research developments in lupus which is a condition of chronic inflammation caused by an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the body''s tissues are attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex system within the body that is designed to fight infectious agents, for example, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. One of the mechanisms that the immune system uses to fight infections is the production of antibodies. Patients with lupus produce abnormal antibodies in their blood that target tissues within their own body rather than foreign infectious agents. Because the antibodies and accompanying cells of inflammation can involve tissues anywhere in the body, lupus has the potential to affect a variety of areas of the body. Sometimes lupus can cause disease of the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, joints, and/or nervous system. When only the skin is involved, the condition is called discoid lupus. When internal organs are involved, the condition is called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

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Book SynopsisA circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. The term ''circadian'', comes from the Latin circa, ''around'', and dies, ''day'', meaning literally ''about a day''. The formal study of biological temporal rhythms such as daily, weekly, seasonal, and annual rhythms, is called chronobiology. In a strict sense, circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, although they can be modulated by external cues such as sunlight and temperature. Most of a person''s body systems demonstrate circadian variations. The body systems with the most prominent circadian variations are the sleep-wake cycle, the temperature regulation system, and the endocrine system. The malfunctioning of a person''s circadian system, or biological clock, causes circadian rhythm disorders. Circadian rhythms and their relation to health outcomes in the globalised hyper world of the 21st century are now understood to be extremely important.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the latest research on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) which is a branch of the autonomic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response. Like other parts of the nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system operates through a series of interconnected neurons. Sympathetic neurons are frequently considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although there are many that lie within the central nervous system (CNS). Sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord (which is part of the CNS) communicate with peripheral sympathetic neurons via a series of sympathetic ganglia. Within the ganglia, spinal cord sympathetic neurons join peripheral sympathetic neurons through chemical synapses. Spinal cord sympathetic neurons are therefore called presynaptic (or preganglionic) neurons, while peripheral sympathetic neurons are called postsynaptic (or postganglionic) neurons. At synapses within the sympathetic ganglia, preganglionic sympathetic neurons release acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that binds and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons. In response to this stimulus, postganglionic neurons principally release noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Prolonged activation can elicit the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. Once released, noradrenaline and adrenaline bind adrenergic receptors on peripheral tissues. Binding to adrenergic receptors causes the effects seen during the fight-or-flight response. These include pupil dilation, increased sweating, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure.

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Book SynopsisGenes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, it''s the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is an experimental treatment that involves introducing genetic material into a person''s cells to fight disease. Gene therapy is being studied in clinical trials for many different types of cancer and for numerous other diseases. This book offers important research from around the globe dedicated to this dynamic subject.

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Book SynopsisCancer is a group of different diseases (more than 100) characterised by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer can arise in many sites and behave differently depending on its organ of origin. If a cancer spreads (metastases), the new tumour bears the same name as the original (primary) tumour. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the battle against cancer and in understanding its underlying biological mechanisms. This research progress has resulted in many experimental treatments and cures which establish hope for wide-spread cures. This book presents new research of importance to the field.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the "Bird Flu: the new emerging infectious disease", a new health problem, and the aspects relating to the use of tropical medicine. It specifically covers the clinical aspects, scientific laboratory, public health, as well as the social sciences relating to this new important infectious disease. Mainly, the book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guidelines of the mentioned conditions are detailed. There is still limited knowledge on this topic while the wider distribution of the disorder due to the globalisation can be expected.

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Book SynopsisThe subject of this book is stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into different lineages of the body. Stem cells carry tremendous potential for the treatment of a broad range of disease and injuries. Stem cells exist in embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues, including the adult central nervous system. This book aims at, in depth, the recent developments in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Though this book encompasses all the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine, it emphasises adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell research and therapy.

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Book SynopsisThe subject of this book is stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into different lineages of the body. Stem cells carry tremendous potential for the treatment of a broad range of disease and injuries. Stem cells exist in embryonic, foetal, and adult tissues, including the adult central nervous system. This book aims at, in depth, the recent developments in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Though this book encompasses all the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine, it emphasises embryonic and adult stem cells.

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Book Synopsis"Advances in Medicine and Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book presents and discusses topical data including: the use of complementary and alternative medicine among Chinese Canadians; evidence-based diagnostic test interpretation; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for use as antihypertensive agents; membrane protein structure in the vitamin K cycle; the diagnostic value of the visual-vestibular interaction test with rotary chamber in the diagnosis of vertigo; the role of hair in the biological evolution of humans; and others.

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Book SynopsisThe two broad categories of mammalian stem cells exist: embryonic stem cells, derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells are able to differentiate into all of the specialised embryonic tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing specialised cells. As stem cells can be readily grown and transformed into specialised tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture, their use in medical therapies has been proposed. In particular, embryonic cell lines, autologous embryonic stem cells generated therapeutic cloning, and highly plastic adult stem cells from the umbilical cord blood or bone marrow are touted as promising candidates. Among the many applications of stem cell research are nervous system diseases, diabetes, heart disease, auto-immune diseases as well as Parkinson''s disease, end-stage kidney disease, liver failure, cancer, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer''s disease. Stem cells are self-renewing, unspecialised cells that can give rise to multiple types all of specialised cells of the body. Stem cell research also involves complex ethical and legal considerations since they involve adult, foetal tissue and embryonic sources. This new Book presents leading research from around the world in this field which is of interest to so many and presents so many hopes.

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Book SynopsisStem cells are the building blocks of the body. They can develop into any of the cell types that make up our bodies. During development, they contribute to the formation of the tissues. In the adult, they contribute to homeostasis of the tissues and regeneration after injury. Stem cells carry a lot of hope for the treatment of a broad range of diseases and injuries, spanning from neurological diseases and injuries, like Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease and spinal cord injuries, to diabetes, genetic diseases, graft-versus-host diseases, eye, heart and liver diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Stem cell research is therefore as important for our understanding of development, physio- and pathology of the body, as for therapy. ''Stem Cells'' aims at providing an overview and in depth analysis of recent developments in stem cell research and therapy. It is composed of recently published review articles that encompass the field of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. All the articles went through peer-review process.

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