Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisDue to the rise in petroleum prices as well as increasing environmental concerns, there is a need to develop biochemicals and bioproducts that offer realistic alternatives to their traditional counterparts; this book will address the lack of a centralized resource of information on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, and will be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia. It is based on 20 years of research and development at the UNI-NABL Center, and discusses the various types of vegetable oils available, comparing their characteristics, properties and benefits against those of typical petroleum oils as well as discussing common evaluation tests and giving examples and case studies of successful applications of biobased lubricants and greases. Whilst scientific and engineering research data is included, the book is written in an accessible manner and is illustrated throughout. Focuses on an industrial application of lubrication technology undergoing Trade Review"All in all this book gives a very specific insight on the options and production of bio-based lubricants from a technical and chemical view, unfortunately the economic aspects are not shown." (Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 30 August 2011) "This reference can be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia, and includes case studies on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, test results, new developments and more. " (Lubes & Greases Magazine, 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Series Preface. Acknowledgements. Summary. Introduction. 1 Historical Development of Vegetable Oil-based Lubricants. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Pioneering Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils. 1.3 Petroleum. 2 Chemistry of Lubricants. 2.1 The Nature of the Carbon Atom. 2.2 Carbon and Hydrocarbons. 2.2.1 Pointers for Non-Chemists on Vegetable oil and General Chemistry. 3 Petroleum-based Lubricants. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Chemistry of Crude Oils. 3.2.1 The Paraffinic Oils. 3.2.2 The Naphthenic Oils. 3.2.3 The Aromatic Oils. 4 Plant Oils. 4.1 Chemistry of Vegetable Oils Relating to Lubricants. 4.2 Triglycerides. 4.3 Properties of Vegetable Oils. 4.4 Vegetable Oil Processing. 4.4.1 Degumming. 4.4.2 Bleaching. 4.4.3 Refining. 4.4.4 Deodorizing. 4.4.5 Interesterification. 4.5 Oxidation. 4.5.1 Reducing Oxidation. 4.5.2 Hydrogenation. 4.6 Winterization. 4.7 Chemical Refining. 4.8 Conventional Crop Oils. 4.8.1 Soybean. 4.8.2 Palm Oil. 4.8.3 Rapeseed. 4.8.4 Sunflower Oil. 4.8.5 Corn. 4.8.6 Safflower. 5 Synthetic Based Lubricants: Petroleum-Derived and Vegetable Oil-Derived. 5.1 Esters. 5.2 Esters for Biofuels. 5.3 Complex Esters. 5.4 Estolides. 5.5 Other Chemical Modifications. 5.5.1 Metathesis. 5.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fatty Acids. 6 Genetic Modification and Industrial Crops. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Industrial Crops. 6.2.1 Camelina. 6.2.2 Babassu. 6.2.3 Cuphea. 6.2.4 Castor. 6.2.5 Rice Bran. 6.2.6 Jatropha. 6.2.7 Neem. 6.2.8 Karanja (Pongam). 6.2.9 Poppy. 6.2.10 Sesame. 6.2.11 Jojoba. 6.2.12 Coconut. 6.2.13 Lesquerella. 6.2.14 Hemp. 6.2.15 Flaxseed oil. 6.2.16 Safflower. 6.3 Future and Industrial Crops. 7 Biobased Lubricants Technology. 7.1 Determination of Oxidation Stability. 7.1.1 Active Oxygen Method (AOCS Method Cd 12-57). 7.1.2 Peroxide Value (AOCS Method 8b-90). 7.1.3 Oil Stability Instrument (AOCS Method Cd 1 2b-92). 7.1.4 Rancimat. 7.1.5 Viscosity Change as a Measure of Oxidation. 7.2 Applications. 7.3 Petroleum White Oils and Food Grade Lubricants. 8 Performance Properties of Industrial Lubricants. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Common Performance Requirements. 8.2.1 Viscosity. 8.2.2 Flash and Fire Points. 8.2.3 Boiling Range. 8.2.4 Volatility. 8.2.5 Cold Temperature Properties. 8.2.6 Density. 8.2.7 Foaming Properties. 8.2.8 Copper Strip Corrosion. 8.2.9 Copper Strip Corrosion Test. 8.2.10 Rust Prevention. 8.2.11 Test Purpose. 8.2.12 Neutralization Number. 8.2.13 Solubility. 8.2.14 Aniline Point. 8.3 Heat Transfer Properties. 8.4 Dielectric Properties. 8.5 Fluid Quality. 8.6 Fluid Compatibility. 8.7 Hydrostatic Stability. 8.8 Demulsibility. 8.9 Oxidation Stability. 8.10 Oxidation Stability for Mineral Oils. 8.10.1 Aromatic Content of Mineral Oils. 8.11 Elemental Analysis. 8.12 Cleanliness. 8.13 Storage and Shipping Temperatures. 8.14 Tribological Performance of Biobased Lubricants. 8.14.1 Four Ball Wear Test: ASTM D 4172. 8.14.2 Four Ball Extreme Pressure Test. 8.14.3 Timken O.K. Load Test – ASTM D 2509. 8.14.4 FZG Rating. 8.15 Metalworking Fluids. 8.16 Biobased Engine Oils. 8.16.1 Stationary Diesel Engines for CORS. 8.16.2 Test Results. 9 Biobased and Petroleum-Based Greases. 9.1 How to Make Soap. 9.2 Basic Process for Manufacturing Grease. 9.2.1 Simple (Soap-Based) Greases. 9.2.2 Complex (Soap–Salt) based Greases. 9.2.3 Non-Soap-Based Greases. 9.2.4 Preformed Soaps. 9.2.5 Preformed Dehydrated Soap for Biobased Greases. 9.2.6 Microparticle Dispersion of Lithium Hydroxide. 9.2.7 Polymer-thickened Greases Using Bio-based Base Oil. 9.3 Continuous Grease Manufacturing Process. 9.4 Use of High Pressure-High, Shear Reaction Chambers (Contactor). 9.5 Vegetable Oil-based Greases. 9.5.1 Alternative Heating Methods. 9.5.2 Heating Method and Impact on Oxidation Stability. 9.6 Grease Consistency. 9.7 Grease Specifications. 9.7.1 ASTM D4950 Specification. 9.7.2 Service Category "L" Chassis (and Universal Joint) Grease. 9.7.3 Service Category "G" Wheel Bearing Grease. 9.7.4 Multi-purpose Category. 9.7.5 Dropping Point. 9.7.6 Water Washout. 9.7.7 Water Spray-Off. 9.7.8 Bearing Oxidation Test. 9.7.9 Grease Cleanliness and Noise. 9.7.10 Grease Mobility Test. 9.7.11 Evaporation. 9.7.12 Oxidation Stability for Storage of Biobased Greases. 9.7.13 Oxidation Stability in Service. 9.8 Friction and Wear Tests. 9.8.1 Four-ball Wear Test and Four-ball EP. 9.9 Application Examples of Biobased Greases. 9.9.1 Rail Curve Greases. 9.9.2 Solid Lubricants. 9.9.3 Truck Greases. 10 Factors Affecting the Environment. 10.1 Biodegradable and Biobased. 10.2 REACH. 10.3 Biodegradation of Oils. 10.3.1 Biodegradability Test. 10.3.2 Electrolytic Respirometer. 10.4 Toxicity Types and Testing Methods. 10.5 Chronic Toxicity. 10.6 Terrestrial Plant Toxicity. References. List of Useful Organizations. Useful Test Methods. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced textbook on inorganic glasses suitable for both undergraduates and researchers.Trade Review"The target audience for this text is graduate students and researchers in functionalizing properties for photonic applications. Anyone concerned with the structure-property relationship of materials, however, will profit from reading this book" The Oprical Society, July 2017Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of Glassy States 1 1.2 The Glassy State and Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 1 1.3 Kauzmann Paradox and Negative Change in Entropy 4 1.4 Glass-Forming Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties 5 1.5 Glass Formation and Co-ordination Number of Cations 14 1.6 Ionicity of Bonds of Oxide Constituents in Glass-Forming Systems 20 1.7 Definitions of Glass Network Formers, Intermediates and Modifiers and Glass-Forming Systems 23 1.7.1 Constituents of Inorganic Glass-Forming Systems 24 1.7.2 Strongly Covalent Inorganic Glass-Forming Networks 26 1.7.3 Conditional Glass Formers Based on Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses 29 1.7.4 Fluoride and Halide Network Forming and Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 31 1.7.5 Silicon Oxynitride Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 36 1.7.6 Chalcogenide Glass-Forming Systems 37 1.7.7 Chalcohalide Glasses 45 1.8 Conclusions 46 Selected Biography 46 References 46 2. Glass Structure, Properties and Characterization 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Glass Formation and Prediction of Critical Cooling Rates 51 2.1.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 52 2.1.3 Non-Steady State Nucleation 54 2.1.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation 55 2.1.5 Nucleation Studies in Fluoride Glasses 56 2.1.6 Growth Rate 58 2.1.7 Combined Growth and Nucleation Rates, Phase Transformation and Critical Cooling Rate 59 2.2 Thermal Characterization using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Techniques 62 2.2.1 General Features of a Thermal Characterization 62 2.2.2 Methods of Characterization 63 2.2.3 Determining the Characteristic Temperatures 64 2.2.4 Determination of Apparent Activation Energy of Devitrification 66 2.3 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Glasses 68 2.4 Viscosity Behaviour in the near-Tg, above Tg and in the Liquidus Temperature Ranges 71 2.5 Density of Inorganic Glasses 75 2.6 Specific Heat and its Temperature Dependence in the Glassy State 76 2.7 Conclusion 77 References 77 3. Bulk Glass Fabrication and Properties 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Fabrication Steps for Bulk Glasses 80 3.2.1 Chemical Vapour Technique for Oxide Glasses 80 3.2.2 Batch Preparation for Melting Glasses 81 3.2.3 Chemical Treatment Before and During Melting 81 3.3 Chemical Purification Methods for Heavier Oxide (GeO2 and TeO2) Glasses 84 3.4 Drying, Fusion and Melting Techniques for Fluoride Glasses 87 3.4.1 Raw Materials 88 3.4.2 Control of Hydroxyl Ions during Drying and Melting of Fluorides 88 3.5 Chemistry of Purification and Melting Reactions for Chalcogenide Materials 91 3.6 Need for Annealing Glass after Casting 96 3.7 Fabrication of Transparent Glass Ceramics 97 3.8 Sol–Gel Technique for Glass Formation 99 3.8.1 Background Theory 99 3.8.2 Examples of Materials Chemistry and Sol–Gel Forming Techniques 103 3.9 Conclusions 105 References 105 4. Optical Fibre Design, Engineering, Fabrication and Characterization 109 4.1 Introduction to Geometrical Optics of Fibres: Geometrical Optics of Fibres and Waveguides (Propagation, Critical and Acceptance Angles, Numerical Aperture) 109 4.2 Solutions for Dielectric Waveguides using Maxwell’s Equation 114 4.2.1 Analysis of Mode Field Diameter in Single Mode Fibres 115 4.3 Materials Properties Affecting Degradation of Signal in Optical Waveguides 117 4.3.1 Total Intrinsic Loss 117 4.3.2 Electronic Absorption 118 4.3.3 Experimental Aspects of Determining the Short Wavelength Absorption 121 4.3.4 Scattering 121 4.3.5 Infrared Absorption 124 4.3.6 Characterization of Vibrational Structures using Raman and IR Spectroscopy 126 4.3.7 Experimental Aspects of Raman Spectroscopic Technique 127 4.3.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 128 4.3.9 Examples of the Analysis of Raman and IR spectra 130 4.4 Fabrication of Core–Clad Structures of Glass Preforms and Fibres and their Properties 141 4.4.1 Comparison of Fabrication Techniques for Silica Optical Fibres with Non-silica Optical Fibres 143 4.4.2 Fibre Fabrication using Non-silica Glass Core–Clad Structures 151 4.4.3 Loss Characterization of Fibres 153 4.5 Refractive Indices and Dispersion Characteristics of Inorganic Glasses 158 4.5.1 Experimental Procedure for Measuring Refractive Index of a Glass or Thin Film 163 4.5.2 Dependence of Density on Temperature and Relationship with Refractive Index 166 4.5.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Refractive Index of a Medium and its Effect 169 4.6 Conclusion 170 References 170 5. Thin-film Fabrication and Characterization 178 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Physical Techniques for Thick and Thin Film Deposition 179 5.3 Evaporation 179 5.3.1 General Description 179 5.3.2 Technique, Materials and Process Control 179 5.4 Sputtering 181 5.4.1 Principle of Sputtering 181 5.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition 183 5.5.1 Introduction and Principle 183 5.5.2 Process 184 5.5.3 Key Features of PLD process 186 5.5.4 Controlling Parameters and Materials Investigated 187 5.5.5 Fabrication of Thin Film Structures using PLD and Molecular Beam Epitaxy 188 5.6 Ion Implantation 192 5.6.1 Introduction 192 5.6.2 Technique and Structural Changes 192 5.6.3 Governing Parameters for Ion Implantation 193 5.6.4 Materials Systems Investigated 194 5.7 Chemical Techniques 194 5.7.1 Characteristics of Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes 195 5.7.2 Materials System Studied and Applications 196 5.7.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 196 5.8 Ion-Exchange Technique 197 5.9 Chemical Solution or Sol–Gel Deposition (CSD) 200 5.9.1 Introduction 200 5.9.2 CSD Technique and Materials Deposited 202 5.10 Conclusion 203 References 203 6. Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanide (Ln3+) and Transition Metal (M3+)-Ion Doped Glasses 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Theory of Radiative Transition 209 6.3 Classical Model for Dipoles and Decay Process 212 6.4 Factors Influencing the Line Shape Broadening of Optical Transitions 214 6.5 Characteristics of Dipole and Multi-Poles and Selection Rules for Optical Transitions: 218 6.5.1 Analysis of Dipole Transitions Based on Fermi’s Golden Rule 219 6.5.2 Electronic Structure and Some Important Properties of Lanthanides 221 6.5.3 Laporte Selection Rules for Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Ions 224 6.6 Comparison of Oscillator Strength Parameters, Optical Transition Probabilities and Overall Lifetimes of Excited States 227 6.6.1 Radiative and Non-Radiative Rate Equation 231 6.6.2 Energy Transfer and Related Non-Radiative Processes 233 6.6.3 Upconversion Process 237 6.7 Selected Examples of Spectroscopic Processes in Rare-Earth Ion Doped Glasses 238 6.7.1 Spectroscopic Properties of Trivalent Lanthanide (Ln3+)-Doped Inorganic Glasses 239 6.7.2 Brief Comparison of Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+-Doped Glasses 241 6.7.3 Spectroscopic Properties of Tm3+-Doped Inorganic Glasses 247 6.8 Conclusions 257 References 257 7. Applications of Inorganic Photonic Glasses 261 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fibres and its Control and Management 261 7.2.1 Intramodal Dispersion 262 7.2.2 Intermodal Distortion 265 7.2.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) 266 7.2.4 Methods of Controlling and Managing Dispersion in Fibres 267 7.3 Unconventional Fibre Structures 269 7.3.1 Fibres with Periodic Defects and Bandgap 269 7.3.2 TIR and Endlessly Single Mode Propagation in PCF with Positive Core–Cladding Difference 272 7.3.3 Negative Core–Cladding Refractive Index Difference 272 7.3.4 Control of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) 273 7.3.5 Birefringence in Microstructured Optical Fibres 274 7.4 Optical Nonlinearity in Glasses, Glass-Ceramics and Optical Fibres 275 7.4.1 Theory of Harmonic Generation 275 7.4.2 Nonlinear Materials for Harmonic Generations and Parametric Processes 279 7.4.3 Fibre Based Kerr Media and its Application 285 7.4.4 Resonant Nonlinearity in Doped Glassy Hosts 287 7.4.5 Second Harmonic Generation in Inorganic Glasses 288 7.4.6 Electric-Field Poling and Poled Glass 289 7.4.7 Raman Gain Medium 291 7.4.8 Photo-induced Bragg and Long-Period Gratings in Fibres 292 7.5 Applications of Selected Rare-earth ion and Bi-ion Doped Amplifying Devices 294 7.5.1 Introduction 294 7.5.2 Examples of Three-Level or Pseudo-Three-Level Transitions 296 7.5.3 Examples of Four-Level Laser Systems 300 7.6 Emerging Opportunities for the Future 302 7.7 Conclusions 303 References 304 Supplementary References 311 Symbols and Notations Used 315 Index 317

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Provides a deep understanding of multiscale analysis and its implementation. " (Nanotech Cafe, 15 March 2011)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Series Preface. Preface. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Material Properties Based on Hierarchy of Material Structure. 1.2 Overview of Multiscale Analysis. 1.3 Framework of Multiscale Analysis Covering a Large Range of Spatial Scales. 1.4 Examples in Formulating Multiscale Models from Practice. 1.5 Concluding Remarks. References. 2 Basics of Atomistic Simulation. 2.1 The Role of Atomistic Simulation. 2.2 Interatomic Force and Potential Function. 2.3 Pair Potential. 2.4 Numerical Algorithms for Integration and Error Estimation. 2.5 Geometric Model Development of Atomistic System. 2.6 Boundary Conditions. 2.7 Statistical Ensembles. 2.8 Energy Minimization for Preprocessing and Statistical Mechanics Data Analyses. 2.9 Statistical Simulation Using Monte Carlo Methods. 2.10 Concluding Remarks. References. 3 Applications of Atomistic Simulation in Ceramics and Metals. Part 3.1 Applications in Ceramics and Materials with Ionic and Covalent Bonds. 3.1 Covalent and Ionic Potentials and Atomistic Simulation for Ceramics. 3.2 Born Solid Model for Ionic-bonding Materials. 3.3 Shell Model. 3.4 Determination of Parameters of Short-distance Potential for Oxides. 3.5 Applications in Ceramics: Defect Structure in Scandium Doped Ceria Using Static Lattice Calculation. 3.6 Applications in Ceramics: Combined Study of Atomistic Simulation with XRD for Nonstoichiometry Mechanisms in Y3Al5O12 (YAG) Garnets. 3.7 Applications in Ceramics: Conductivity of the YSZ Oxide Fuel Electrolyte and Domain Switching of Ferroelectric Ceramics Using MD. 3.8 Tersoff and Brenner Potentials for Covalent Materials. 3.9 The Atomistic Stress and Atomistic-based Stress Measure. Part 3.2 Applications in Metallic Materials and Alloys. 3.10 Metallic Potentials and Atomistic Simulation for Metals. 3.11 Embedded Atom Methods EAM and MEAM. 3.12 Constructing Binary and High Order Potentials from Monoatomic Potentials. 3.13 Application Examples of Metals: MD Simulation Reveals Yield Mechanism of Metallic Nanowires. 3.14 Collecting Data of Atomistic Potentials from the Internet Based on a Specific Technical Requirement. Appendix 3.A Potential Tables for Oxides and Thin-Film Coating Layers. References. 4 Quantum Mechanics and Its Energy Linkage with Atomistic Analysis. 4.1 Determination of Uranium Dioxide Atomistic Potential and the Significance of QM. 4.2 Some Basic Concepts of QM. 4.3 Postulates of QM. 4.4 The Steady State Schr€odinger Equation of a Single Particle. 4.5 Example Solution: Square Potential Well with Infinite Depth. 4.6 Schr€odinger Equation of Multi-body Systems and Characteristics of its Eigenvalues and Ground State Energy. 4.7 Three Basic Solution Methods for Multi-body Problems in QM. 4.8 Tight Binding Method. 4.9 Hartree-Fock (HF) Methods. 4.10 Electronic Density Functional Theory (DFT). 4.11 Brief Introduction on Developing Interatomic Potentials by DFT Calculations. 4.12 Concluding Remarks. Appendix 4.A Solution to Isolated Hydrogen Atom. References. 5 Concurrent Multiscale Analysis by Generalized Particle Dynamics Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Geometric Model of the GP Method. 5.3 Developing Natural Boundaries Between Domains of Different Scales. 5.4 Verification of Seamless Transition via 1D Model. 5.5 An Inverse Mapping Method for Dynamics Analysis of Generalized Particles. 5.6 Applications of GP Method. 5.7 Validation by Comparison of Dislocation Initiation and Evolution Predicted by MD and GP. 5.8 Validation by Comparison of Slip Patterns Predicted by MD and GP. 5.9 Summary and Discussions. 5.10 States of Art of Concurrent Multiscale Analysis. 5.11 Concluding Remarks. References. 6 Quasicontinuum Concurrent and Semi-analytical Hierarchical Multiscale Methods Across Atoms/Continuum. 6.1 Introduction. Part 6.1 Basic Energy Principle and Numerical Solution Techniques in Solid Mechanics. 6.2 Principle of Minimum Potential Energy of Solids and Structures. 6.3 Essential Points of Finite Element Methods. Part 6.2 Quasicontinuum (QC) Concurrent Method of Multiscale Analysis. 6.4 The Idea and Features of the QC Method. 6.5 Fully Non-localized QC Method. 6.6 Applications of the QC Method. 6.7 Short Discussion about the QC Method. Part 6.3 Analytical and Semi-analytical Multiscale Methods Across Atomic/Continuum Scales. 6.8 More Discussions about Deformation Gradient and the Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.9 Analytical/Semi-analytical Methods Across Atom/Continuum Scales Based on the Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.10 Atomistic-based Continuum Model of Hydrogen Storage with Carbon Nanotubes. 6.11 Atomistic-based Model for Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Nanotubes. 6.12 A Proof of 3D Inverse Mapping Rule of the GP Method. 6.13 Concluding Remarks. References. 7 Further Introduction to Concurrent Multiscale Methods. 7.1 General Feature in Geometry of Concurrent Multiscale Modeling. 7.2 Physical Features of Concurrent Multiscale Models. 7.3 MAAD Method for Analysis Across ab initio, Atomic and Macroscopic Scales. 7.4 Force-based Formulation of Concurrent Multiscale Modeling. 7.5 Coupled Atom Discrete Dislocation Dynamics (CADD) Multiscale Method. 7.6 1D Model for a Multiscale Dynamic Analysis. 7.7 Bridging Domains Method. 7.8 1D Benchmark Tests of Interface Compatibility for DC Methods. 7.9 Systematic Performance Benchmark of Most DC Atomistic/Continuum Coupling Methods. 7.10 The Embedded Statistical Coupling Method (ESCM). References. 8 Hierarchical Multiscale Methods for Plasticity. 8.1 A Methodology of Hierarchical Multiscale Analysis Across Micro/meso/macroscopic Scales and Information Transformation Between These Scales. 8.2 Quantitative Meso-macro Bridging Based on Self-consistent Schemes. 8.3 Basics of Continuum Plasticity Theory. 8.4 Internal Variable Theory, Back Stress and Elastoplastic Constitutive Equations. 8.5 Quantitative Micro-meso Bridging by Developing Meso-cell Constitutive Equations Based on Microscopic Analysis. 8.6 Determining Size Effect on Yield Stress and Kinematic Hardening Through Dislocation Analysis. 8.7 Numerical Methods to Link Plastic Strains at the Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Scales. 8.8 Experimental Study on Layer-thickness Effects on Cyclic Creep (Ratcheting). 8.9 Numerical Results and Comparison Between Experiments and Multiscale Simulation. 8.10 Findings in Microscopic Scale by Multiscale Analysis. 8.11 Summary and Conclusions. Appendix 8.A Constitutive Equations and Expressions of Parameters. Appendix 8.B Derivation of Equation (8.12e) and Matrix Elements. References. 9 Topics in Materials Design, Temporal Multiscale Problems and Bio-materials. Part 9.1 Materials Design. 9.1 Multiscale Modeling in Materials Design. Part 9.2 Temporal Multiscale Problems. 9.2 Introduction to Temporal Multiscale Problems. 9.3 Concepts of Infrequent Events. 9.4 Minimum Energy Path (MEP) and Transition State Theory in Atomistic Simulation. 9.5 Applications and Impacts of NEB Methods. Part 9.3 Multiscale Analysis of Protein Materials and Medical Implant Problems. 9.6 Multiscale Analysis of Protein Materials. 9.7 Multiscale Analysis of Medical Implants. 9.8 Concluding Remarks. Appendix 9A Derivation of Governing Equation (9.11) for Implicit Relationship of Stress, Strain Rate, Temperature in Terms of Activation Energy and Activation Volume. References. 10 Simulation Schemes, Softwares, Lab Practice and Applications. Part 10.1 Basics of Computer Simulations. 10.1 Basic Knowledge of UNIX System and Shell Commands. 10.2 A Simple MD Program. 10.3 Static Lattice Calculations Using GULP. 10.4 Introduction of Visualization Tools and Gnuplot. 10.5 Running an Atomistic Simulation Using a Public MD Software DL_POLY. 10.6 Nve and npt Ensemble in MD Simulation. Part 10.2: Simulation Applications in Metals and Ceramics by MD. 10.7 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of One-phase Model Under External Shearing (1). 10.8 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of a One-phase Model Under External Shearing (2). 10.9 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of a Two-phase Model Under External Shearing. Part 10.3: Atomistic Simulation for Protein-Water System and Brief Introduction of Large-scale Atomic/Molecular System (LAMMPS) and the GP Simulation. 10.10 Using NAMD Software for Biological Atomistic Simulation. 10.11 Stretching of a Protein Module (1): System Building and Equilibration with VMD/NAMD. 10.12 Stretching of a Protein Module (2): Non-equilibrium MD Simulation with NAMD. 10.13 Brief Introduction to LAMMPS. 10.14 Multiscale Simulation by Generalized Particle (GP) Dynamics Method. Appendix 10.A Code Installation Guide. Prerequisites. 10.A.1 Introduction. 10.A.2 Using the KNOPPIX CD to Install the GNU/Linux System. 10.A.3 ssh and scp. 10.A.4 Fortran and C Compiler. 10.A.5 Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD). 10.A.6 Installation of AtomEye. Appendix 10.B Brief Introduction to Fortran 90. 10.B.1 Program Structure, Write to Terminal and Write to File. 10.B.2 Do Cycle, Formatted Output. 10.B.3 Arrays and Allocation. 10.B.4 IF THEN ELSE. Appendix 10.C Brief Introduction to VIM. 10.C.1 Introduction. 10.C.2 Simple Commands. Appendix 10.D Basic Knowledge of Numerical Algorithm for Force Calculation. 10.D.1 Force Calculation in Atomistic Simulation. Appendix 10.E Basic Knowledge of Parallel Numerical Algorithm. 10.E.1 General Information. 10.E.2 Atom Decomposition. 10.E.3 Force Decomposition. 10.E.4 Domain Decomposition. Appendix 10.F Supplemental Materials and Software for Geometric Model Development in Atomistic Simulation. 10.F.1 Model Development for Model Coordinates Coincident with Main Crystal Axes. 10.F.2 Model Development for Model Coordinates not Coincident with Crystal Axes. References. Postface. Index.

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Book SynopsisA membrane reactor is a device for simultaneously performing a reaction and a membrane-based separation in the same physical device. Therefore, the membrane not only plays the role of a separator, but also takes place in the reaction itself. This text covers, in detail, the preparation and characterisation of all types of membranes used in membranes reactors. Each membrane synthesis process used by membranologists is explained by well known scientists in their specific research field. The book opens with an exhaustive review and introduction to membrane reactors, introducing the recent advances in this field. The following chapters concern the preparation of both organic and inorganic, and in both cases, a deep analysis of all the techniques used to prepare membrane are presented and discussed. A brief historical introduction for each technique is also included, followed by a complete description of the technique as well as the main results presented in the inteTable of ContentsContributors. Glossary. Introduction – A Review of Membrane Reactors (Fausto Gallucci, Angelo Basile and Faisal Ibney Hai). 1 Introduction. 2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors. 2.1 Polymeric Membranes. 2.2 Inorganic Membranes. 2.3 Membrane Housing. 2.4 Membrane Separation Regime. 3 Salient Features of Membrane Reactors. 3.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors. 3.2 Advantages of the Membrane Reactors. 4 Hydrogen Production by Membrane Reactors. 4.1 Methane Steam Reforming. 4.2 Dry Reforming of Methane. 4.3 Partial Oxidation of Methane. 4.4 Water Gas Shift Reaction Performed in Membrane Reactors. 4.5 Outlines on Reforming Reactions of Renewable Sources in Membrane Reactors. 5 Other Examples of Membrane Reactors. 5.1 Zeolite Membrane Reactors. 5.2 Fluidised Bed Membrane Reactor. 5.3 Perovskite Membrane Reactors. 5.4 Hollow Fibre Membrane Reactors. 5.5 Catalytic Membrane Reactors. 5.6 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors. 6 Membrane Bioreactor. 6.1 A Brief History of the MBR Technology Development. 6.2 Market Value and Drivers. 6.3 Commercially Available MF/UF Membranes for MBR. 6.4 Advantages of MBR over CAS. 6.5 Organics and Nutrients Removal in MBR. 6.6 Recalcitrant Industrial Wastewater Treatment by MBR. 6.7 Recent Advances in Membrane Bioreactors Design/Operation. 6.8 Development Challenges. 6.9 Future Research. 7 Conclusion. References. 1 Microporous Carbon Membranes (Miki Yoshimune and Kenji Haraya). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Transport Mechanisms in Carbon Membranes. 1.3 Methods for the Preparation of Microporous Carbon Membranes. 1.4 Membrane Modules. 1.5 Applications of Membranes in Membrane Reactor Processes. 1.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 2 Metallic Membranes by Wire Arc Spraying: Preparation, Characterisation and Applications (Sayed Siavash Madaeni and Parisa Daraei). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Thermal Spraying. 2.3 Preparation of Membranes. 2.4 Characterisation of Prepared Metallic Membrane. 2.5 Applications of Prepared Metallic Membrane. 2.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 3 Inorganic Hollow Fibre Membranes for Chemical Reaction (Benjamin F. K. Kingsbury, Zhentao Wu and K. Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Preparation of Inorganic Hollow Fibre Membranes. 3.3 Coating of Pd/Ag Membranes. 3.4 Catalyst Impregnation. 3.5 Application in Chemical Reaction. 3.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 4 Metallic Membranes Prepared by Cold Rolling and Diffusion Welding (Silvano Tosti). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Preparation Method. 4.3 Applications. 4.4 Conclusions. 5 Preparation and Synthesis of Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Permeation (Jianhua Tong and Ryan O'Hayre). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preparation of MIEC Ceramic Powders. 5.3 Preparation of MIEC Membranes. 5.4 Example Applications of MIEC Membranes for the Partial Oxidation of Methane. 5.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 6 Nanostructured Perovskites for the Fabrication of Thin Ceramic Membranes and Related Phenomena (V.V. Zyryanov, A.P. Nemudry and V.A. Sadykov). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Support. 6.3 Selection of Ceramics with High Oxygen Mobility. 6.4 Synthesis of Ceramics with Required Ts and a High Oxygen Permeability. 6.5 Combination of Compatible Materials and Operations. 6.6 Design of Catalyst for Selective Reforming of Methane to Syngas. 6.7 Conclusion. 7 Compact Catalytic Membrane Reactors for Reforming Applications Based on an Integrated Sandwiched Catalyst Layer (Sreekumar Kurungot and Takeo Yamaguchi). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Experimental. 7.3 Results and Discussion. 7.4 Conclusion. 8 Zeolite Membrane Reactors (Carlos Tellez and Miguel Menendez). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Zeolite Membrane Preparation Outlines. 8.3 Detailed Preparation Method of a Zeolite Membrane. 8.4 Types of Zeolite Membrane Reactors. 8.5 Concluding Remarks. 9 Metal Supported and Laminated Pd-Based Membranes (Silvano Tosti, Angelo Basile and Fausto Gallucci). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Preparation Method. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Conclusions. 10 PVD Techniques for Metallic Membrane Reactors (R. Checchetto, R.S. Brusa, A. Miotello and A. Basile). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Physical Vapour Deposition Techniques. 10.3 Pd-Based Metallic Membranes. 10.4 Conclusions. 11 Membranes Prepared via Electroless Plating (M. Broglia, P. Pinacci and A. Basile). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Description of the Electroless Plating Process. 11.3 Morphology of Palladium Deposits. 11.4 Pd-Alloy Preparation. 11.5 Membrane Performances and Integration in Membrane Reactors. 11.6 Conclusions. 12 Silica Membranes – Preparation by Chemical Vapour Deposition and Characteristics (J. Galuszka and T. Giddings). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Vapour Deposition. 12.3 CVD Apparatus. 12.4 Silica H-Membranes Produced by CVD. 12.5 Silica Membrane Structure and Transport Mechanism. 12.6 Hydrothermal Stability of Silica Membranes. 12.7 Examples of Silica Membrane Application. 12.8 Conclusions. 13 Membranes Prepared via Molecular Layering Method (A.A. Malygin, A.A. Malkov, S.V. Mikhaylovskiy, S.D. Dubrovensky, N.L. Basov, M.M. Ermilova, N.V. Orekhova and G.F. Tereschenko). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Molecular Layering: Principles, Synthesis Possibilities and Fields of Application. 13.3 Optimisation of MR Structure and Catalytic Properties by the ML Method. 14 Solvated Metal Atoms in the Preparation of Catalytic Membranes (Emanuela Pitzalis, Claudio Evangelisti, Nicoletta Panziera, Angelo Basile, Gustavo Capannelli and Giovanni Vitulli). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Preparation of Catalytic Membranes. 14.3 Catalytic Exploitation. 14.4 Conclusions. 15 Electrophoretic Deposition for the Synthesis of Inorganic Membranes (F.J. Varela-Gandıa, A. Berenguer-Murcia, A. Linares-Solano, E. Morallon and D. Cazorla-Amoros). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 State of the Art. 15.3 Experimental. 15.4 Discussion and Applications. 15.5 Conclusions. 16 Electrochemical Preparation of Nanoparticle Deposits: Application to Membranes and Catalysis (J. Arias-Pardilla, A. Berenguer-Murcia, D. Cazorla-Amoros and E. Morallon). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 State of the Art. 16.3 Experimental. 16.4 Discussion and Applications. 16.5 Conclusions. 17 Electrochemical Preparation of Pd Seeds/Inorganic Multilayers on Structured Metallic Fibres (F. Basile, P. Benito, G. Fornasari, M. Monti, E. Scavetta, M. Tonelli and A. Vaccari). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Brief Review on Preparation Method. 17.3 Explanation of the Proposed Preparation Method. 17.4 Multilayer Preparation on Metal Substrates. 17.5 Final Remarks and Conclusion. 18 Membranes Prepared Via Spray Pyrolysis (Mingtao Li and Liejin Guo). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Spray Pyrolysis Material Preparation Method. 18.3 Selected Membranes Prepared Via Spray Pyrolysis Coating Method. 18.4 Catalyst Synthesis and Spread in PEMFC. 18.5 Remarks and Perspectives. 19 Preparation and Characterisation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Alloys by Planar Flow Casting for Metal Membranes (J.W. Phair and M.A. Gibson). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Properties and Preparation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metals. 19.3 Preparation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metal Membranes by Planar Flow Casting. 19.4 Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metal Membranes for Hydrogen Separation. 19.5 Concluding Remarks. 20 Preparation and Characterisation of Amorphous Alloy Membranes (Shin-ichi Yamaura and Akihisa Inoue). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Brief Review of Preparation Methods. 20.3 Experimental Procedure. 20.4 Hydrogen Permeation of Ni-Nb-Zr Amorphous Alloy Membranes. 20.5 Hydrogen Production by Methanol Steam Reforming Using Melt-Spun Ni-Nb-Ta-Zr-Co Amorphous Alloy Membrane. 20.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 21 Membranes Prepared Via Phase Inversion (M.G. Buonomenna, S.-H. Choi, F. Galiano and E. Drioli). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Brief Review. 21.3 Explanation of the Phase Inversion Process. 21.4 Some Applications. 21.5 Conclusions. 22 Porous Flat Sheet, Hollow Fibre and Capsule Membranes by Phase Separation of Polymer Solutions (Mathias Ulbricht and Heru Susanto). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Porous Polymeric Membranes Classification. 22.3 Polymers for Porous Membranes. 22.4 Polymeric Membrane Preparation Via Phase Separation. 22.5 Industrial Manufacturing of Porous Polymeric Membranes. 22.6 Applications in Membrane Reactor Processes. 22.7 Conclusions and Outlook. 23 Porous Polymer Membranes by Manufacturing Technologies other than Phase Separation of Polymer Solutions (Mathias Ulbricht and Heru Susanto). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Technologies Based on Extrusion of Polymer Films. 23.3 Electrospinning of Porous Polymer Membranes. 23.4 In Situ Polymerisation of Porous Membranes. 23.5 Surface and Pore Functionalised Membranes. 23.6 Overview on Technical Porous Polymeric Membranes. 23.7 Applications in Membrane Reactor Processes. 23.8 Conclusions and Outlook. 24 Palladium-Loaded Polymeric Membranes for Hydrogenation in Catalytic Membrane Reactors (V.V. Volkov, I.V. Petrova, V.I. Lebedeva, V.I. Roldughin and G.F. Tereshchenko). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Synthesis and Hydrogenation Studies. 24.3 Characterisation of Palladium Nanoparticles in Catalytic Membranes. 24.4 Kinetic Studies. 24.5 Conclusions. 25 Membrane Prepared via Plasma Modification (Marek Bryjak and Irena Gancarz). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Membrane Treatment with Microwave Plasma. 25.3 Modes of Plasma Use. 25.4 Plasma of Nonpolymerisable Gas. 25.5 Plasma of Polymerisable Species. 25.6 Plasma-Induced Grafting. 26 Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes for Chemical Reactions (Tadashi Uragami). 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Brief Review of the Preparation Method of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes. 26.3 Preparation of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes. 26.4 Applications of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes as Membrane Reactors. 26.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions. Final Remarks (Angelo Basile and Fausto Gallucci). 1 Introduction. 2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors. 2.1 Inorganic Membranes. 2.2 Organic Membranes. 3 Epilogue. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLiquid-Phase Epitaxy is a technique used in the bulk growth of crystals, typically in semiconductor manufacturing, whereby the crystal is grown from a rich solution of the semiconductor onto a substrate in layers, each of which is formed by supersaturation or cooling. At least 50 of growth in the optoelectronics area is currently focussed on LPE.Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1. Introduction to Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Hans J. Scheel) 2. Liquid Phase Epitaxy in Russia Prior to 1990 (V.A. Mishurnyi) 3. Phase Diagrams and Modeling in Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Kazuo Nakajima) 4. Equipment and Instrumentation for Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Michael G. Mauk and James B. McNeely) 5. Silicon, Germanium and Silicon-Germanium Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Michael G. Mauk) 6. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Silicon Carbide (R. Yakimova and M. Syvajarvi) 7. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Gallium Nitride (Hans J. Scheel and Dennis Elwell) 8. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Quantum Wells and Quantum Dots (A. Krier, X.L. Huang and Z. Labadi) 9. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Hg1-x CDx Te (MCT) (P. Capper) 10. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Widegap II-VIs (J.F. Wang and M. Isshiki) 11. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Garnets (Taketoshi Hibiya and Peter Gornert) 12. Liquid Phase Epitaxy: A Survey of Capabilities, Recent Developments and Specialized Applications (Michael G. Mauk) 13. Liquid Phase Epitaxy for Light Emitting Diodes (Michael G. Mauk) Index.

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Book SynopsisMaterials Science of Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separation provides readers with a good overall perspective of new theoretical results that can be applied to advanced materials, as well as the separation of polymers.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1. Transport of Gases and Vapors in Glassy and Rubbery Polymers (Scott Matteucci, Yuri Yampolskii, Benny D. Freeman and Ingo Pinnau). 2. Principles of Molecular Simulation of Gas Transport in Polymers (Doros N. Theodorou). 3. Molecular Simulation of Gas and Vapor Transport in Highly Permeable Polymers (Joel R. Fried). 4. Predicting Gas Solubility in Membranes through Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Glassy Polymers (Ferruccio Doghieri, Massimiliano Quinzi, David G. Rethwisch and Giulio C. Sarti). 5. The Solution–Diffusion Model: A Unified Approach to Membrane Permeation (Johannes G. (Hans) Wijmans and Richard W. Baker ). 6. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy and Other Methods for Free Volume Evaluation in Polymers (Yuri Yampolskii and Victor Shantarovich). 7. Prediction of Gas Permeation Parameters of Polymers (Alexander Alentiev and Yuri Yampolskii ). 8. Synthesis and Permeation Properties of Substituted Polyacetylenes for Gas Separation and Pervaporation (Toshio Masuda and Kazukiyo Nagai). 9. Gas and Vapor Transport Properties of Perfluoropolymers (Tim C. Merkel, Ingo Pinnau, Rajeev Prabhakar and Benny D. Freeman). 10. Structure and Transport Properties of Polyimides as Materials for Gas and Vapor Membrane Separation (Kazuhiro Tanaka and Ken-Ichi Okamoto). 11. The Impact of Physical Aging of Amorphous Glassy Polymers on Gas Separation Membranes (Peter H. Pfromm). 12. Zeolite Membranes for Gas and Liquid Separations (George R. Gavalas). 13. Gas and Vapor Separation Membranes Based on Carbon Membranes (Hidetoshi Kita). 14. Polymer Membranes for Separation of Organic Liquid Mixtures (Tadashi Uragami ). 15. Zeolite Membranes for Pervaporation and Vapor Permeation (Hidetoshi Kita). 16. Solid-State Facilitated Transport Membranes for Separation of Olefins/Paraffins and Oxygen/Nitrogen ( Yong Soo Kang, Jong Hak Kim, Jongok Won and Hoon Sik Kim ). 17. Review of Facilitated Transport Membranes (Richard D. Noble and Carl A. Koval ). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis eagerly-awaited volume has been edited by two academic researchers with extensive and reputable experience in this field. Emphasis is given to the underlying science of the method of Auger microscopy, and its instrumental realization, the visualization and interpretation of the data in the sets of the images that form the output of the measurements and the methods used to quantify the images. Imaging artefacts in Auger microscopy and methods to correct them are also detailed. The authors describe the technique of Multi-Spectral Auger Microscopy (MULSAM) and demonstrate its advantages in mapping complex multi-component surfaces. The book concludes with an outlook for the future of Auger microscopy.Trade Review"…this book fills a key gap for researchers and graduate students." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, December 27, 2006)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). 2. The Auger Process (J.A.D. Matthew). 3. Instrumentation (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). 4. The Spatial Resolution (M.M. El Gomati). 5. Forming an Auger Image (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). 6. Image Processing and Interpretation (M. Prutton). 7. Quantification of Auger Images (M. Prutton). 8. Applications: Materials Science (R.K. Wild). 9. Applications: Semiconductor Manufacturing (C.F.H. Gondran). 10. Concluding Remarks (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThere are many comprehensive design books, but none of them provide a significant number of detailed economic design examples of typically complex industrial processes. Most of the current design books cover a wide variety of topics associated with process design.Trade Review"I highly recommend the important and all encompassing book Principles and Case Studies of Simultaneous Design by William L. Luyben, to any chemistry or engineering students, practicing chemical engineers, product designers in industry, and business leaders looking for a fresh approach to simultaneous design issues. This book will transform your company's industrial processes and product design into one of a leader in process design." (Blog Business World, 26 November 2011)Table of ContentsPREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview / 1 1.2 History / 3 1.3 Books / 4 1.4 Tools / 4 Reference Textbooks / 5 2 PRINCIPLES OF REACTOR DESIGN AND CONTROL 7 2.1 Background / 7 2.2 Principles Derived from Chemistry / 8 2.2.1 Heat of Reaction / 8 2.2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Reactions / 9 2.2.3 Multiple Reactions / 10 2.3 Principles Derived from Phase of Reaction / 11 2.4 Determining Kinetic Parameters / 12 2.4.1 Thermodynamic Constraints / 12 2.4.2 Kinetic Parameters from Plant Data / 13 2.5 Principles of Reactor Heat Exchange / 13 2.5.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors / 13 2.5.2 Tubular Reactors / 14 2.5.3 Feed-Effluent Heat Exchangers / 16 2.6 Heuristic Design of Reactor/Separation Processes / 17 2.6.1 Introduction / 17 2.6.2 Process Studied / 18 2.6.3 Economic Optimization / 21 2.6.4 Other Cases / 22 2.6.5 Real Example / 27 2.7 Conclusion / 28 References / 29 3 PRINCIPLES OF DISTILLATION DESIGN AND CONTROL 31 3.1 Principles of Economic Distillation Design / 32 3.1.1 Operating Pressure / 32 3.1.2 Heuristic Optimization / 33 3.1.3 Rigorous Optimization / 33 3.1.4 Feed Preheating and Intermediate Reboilers and Condensers / 34 3.1.5 Heat Integration / 34 3.2 Principles of Distillation Control / 35 3.2.1 Single-End Control / 36 3.2.2 Dual-End Control / 38 3.2.3 Alternative Control Structures / 38 3.3 Conclusion / 39 References / 39 4 PRINCIPLES OF PLANTWIDE CONTROL 41 4.1 History / 42 4.2 Effects of Recycle / 42 4.2.1 Time Constants of Integrated Plant with Recycle / 42 4.2.2 Recycle Snowball Effect / 43 4.3 Management of Fresh Feed Streams / 45 4.3.1 Fundamentals / 45 4.3.2 Process with Two Recycles and Two Fresh Feeds / 46 4.4 Conclusion / 52 5 ECONOMIC BASIS 53 5.1 Level of Accuracy / 53 5.2 Sizing Equipment / 54 5.2.1 Vessels / 54 5.2.2 Heat Exchangers / 55 5.2.3 Compressors / 56 5.2.4 Pumps, Valves, and Piping / 56 5.3 Equipment Capital Cost / 56 5.3.1 Vessels / 56 5.3.2 Heat Exchangers / 56 5.3.3 Compressors / 57 5.4 Energy Costs / 57 5.5 Chemical Costs / 57 References / 57 6 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE ACETONE PROCESS VIA DEHYDROGENATION OF ISOPROPANOL 59 6.1 Process Description / 60 6.1.1 Reaction Kinetics / 61 6.1.2 Phase Equilibrium / 62 6.2 Turton Flowsheet / 62 6.2.1 Vaporizer / 63 6.2.2 Reactor / 64 6.2.3 Heat Exchangers, Flash Tank, and Absorber / 64 6.2.4 Acetone Column C1 / 66 6.2.5 Water Column C2 / 66 6.3 Revised Flowsheet / 66 6.3.1 Effect of Absorber Pressure / 66 6.3.2 Effect of Water Solvent and Absorber Stages / 68 6.3.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 68 6.3.4 Optimum Distillation Design / 69 6.4 Economic Comparison / 69 6.5 Plantwide Control / 71 6.5.1 Control Structure / 71 6.5.2 Column Control Structure Selection / 75 6.5.3 Dynamic Performance Results / 76 6.6 Conclusion / 81 References / 81 7 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF AN AUTO-REFRIGERATED ALKYLATION PROCESS 83 7.1 Introduction / 84 7.2 Process Description / 84 7.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 85 7.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 85 7.2.3 Flowsheet / 86 7.2.4 Design Optimization Variables / 88 7.3 Design of Distillation Columns / 89 7.3.1 Depropanizer / 89 7.3.2 Deisobutanizer / 89 7.4 Economic Optimization of Entire Process / 91 7.4.1 Flowsheet Convergence / 91 7.4.2 Yield / 91 7.4.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 91 7.4.4 Optimum Economic Design / 93 7.5 Alternative Flowsheet / 94 7.6 Plantwide Control / 96 7.6.1 Control Structure / 96 7.6.2 Controller Tuning / 100 7.6.3 Dynamic Performance / 101 7.7 Conclusion / 103 References / 105 8 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE BUTYL ACETATE PROCESS 107 8.1 Introduction / 108 8.2 Chemical Kinetics and Phase Equilibrium / 108 8.2.1 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium / 108 8.2.2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium / 110 8.3 Process Flowsheet / 112 8.3.1 Reactor / 112 8.3.2 Column C1 / 113 8.3.3 Column C2 / 113 8.3.4 Column C3 / 113 8.3.5 Flowsheet Convergence / 115 8.4 Economic Optimum Design / 117 8.4.1 Reactor Size and Temperature / 117 8.4.2 Butanol Recycle and Composition / 118 8.4.3 Distillation Column Design / 119 8.4.4 System Economics / 120 8.5 Plantwide Control / 121 8.5.1 Column C1 / 121 8.5.2 Column C2 / 122 8.5.3 Column C3 / 122 8.5.4 Plantwide Control Structure / 123 8.5.5 Dynamic Performance / 124 8.6 Conclusion / 133 References / 133 9 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE CUMENE PROCESS 135 9.1 Introduction / 136 9.2 Process Studied / 136 9.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 136 9.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 137 9.2.3 Flowsheet / 137 9.3 Economic Optimization / 140 9.3.1 Increasing Propylene Conversion / 140 9.3.2 Effects of Design Optimization Variables / 141 9.3.3 Economic Basis / 142 9.3.4 Economic Optimization Results / 143 9.4 Plantwide Control / 147 9.5 Conclusion / 158 References / 158 10 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE ETHYL BENZENE PROCESS 159 10.1 Introduction / 159 10.2 Process Studied / 160 10.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 161 10.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 162 10.2.3 Flowsheet / 163 10.3 Design of Distillation Columns / 164 10.3.1 Column Pressure Selection / 166 10.3.2 Number of Column Trays / 169 10.4 Economic Optimization of Entire Process / 169 10.5 Plantwide Control / 172 10.5.1 Distillation Column Control Structure / 172 10.5.2 Plantwide Control Structure / 173 10.5.3 Controller Tuning / 174 10.5.4 Dynamic Performance / 174 10.5.5 Modified Control Structure / 176 10.6 Conclusion / 183 References / 183 11 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A METHANOL REACTOR/COLUMN PROCESS 185 11.1 Introduction / 185 11.2 Process Studied / 186 11.2.1 Compression and Reactor Preheating / 186 11.2.2 Reactor / 187 11.2.3 Separator, Recycle, and Vent / 187 11.2.4 Flash and Distillation / 188 11.3 Reaction Kinetics / 188 11.4 Overall and Per-Pass Conversion / 189 11.5 Phase Equilibrium / 191 11.6 Effects of Design Optimization Variables / 192 11.6.1 Economic Basis / 192 11.6.2 Effect of Pressure / 193 11.6.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 195 11.6.4 Effect of Vent/Recycle Split / 196 11.6.5 Effect of Flash-Tank Pressure / 197 11.6.6 Optimum Distillation Column Design / 198 11.7 Plantwide Control / 201 11.7.1 Control Structure / 201 11.7.2 Column Control Structure Selection / 203 11.7.3 High-Pressure Override Controller / 203 11.7.4 Dynamic Performance Results / 204 11.8 Conclusion / 209 References / 210 12 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE METHOXY-METHYL-HEPTANE PROCESS 211 12.1 Introduction / 211 12.2 Process Studied / 212 12.2.1 Reactor / 212 12.2.2 Column C1 / 213 12.2.3 Column C2 / 213 12.2.4 Column C3 / 213 12.3 Reaction Kinetics / 213 12.4 Phase Equilibrium / 215 12.5 Design Optimization / 215 12.5.1 Economic Basis / 216 12.5.2 Reactor Size versus Recycle Trade-Off / 216 12.6 Optimum Distillation Column Design / 220 12.6.1 Column Pressures / 220 12.6.2 Number of Stages / 220 12.6.3 Column Profiles / 222 12.7 Plantwide Control / 223 12.7.1 Control Structure / 225 12.7.2 Dynamic Performance Results / 227 12.8 Conclusion / 230 References / 231 13 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A METHYL ACETATE PROCESS USING CARBONYLATION OF DIMETHYL ETHER 233 13.1 Introduction / 233 13.2 Dehydration Section / 234 13.2.1 Process Description of Dehydration Section / 234 13.2.2 Dehydration Kinetics / 235 13.2.3 Alternative Flowsheets / 236 13.2.4 Optimization of Three Flowsheets / 240 13.3 Carbonylation Section / 245 13.3.1 Process Description / 246 13.3.2 Carbonylation Kinetics / 247 13.3.3 Effect of Parameters / 248 13.3.4 Flowsheet Convergence / 250 13.3.5 Optimization / 251 13.4 Plantwide Control / 255 13.4.1 Control Structure / 255 13.4.2 Dynamic Performance / 261 13.5 Conclusion / 262 References / 262 14 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE MONO-ISOPROPYL AMINE PROCESS 263 14.1 Introduction / 263 14.2 Process Studied / 264 14.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 264 14.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 265 14.2.3 Flowsheet / 266 14.3 Economic Optimization / 268 14.3.1 Design Optimization Variables / 268 14.3.2 Optimization Results / 269 14.4 Plantwide Control / 270 14.4.1 Dynamic Model Sizing / 271 14.4.2 Distillation Column Control Structures / 272 14.4.3 Plantwide Control Structure / 276 14.5 Conclusion / 289 References / 290 15 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE STYRENE PROCESS 291 15.1 Introduction / 292 15.2 Kinetics and Phase Equilibrium / 293 15.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 293 15.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 294 15.3 Vasudevan et al. Flowsheet / 295 15.3.1 Reactors / 295 15.3.2 Condenser and Decanter / 295 15.3.3 Product Column C1 / 296 15.3.4 Recycle Column C2 / 298 15.4 Effects of Design Optimization Variables / 298 15.4.1 Effect of Process Steam / 298 15.4.2 Effect of Reactor Inlet Temperature / 301 15.4.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 302 15.4.4 Optimum Distillation Column Design / 303 15.4.5 Number of Reactors / 304 15.4.6 Reoptimization / 304 15.4.7 Other Improvements / 305 15.5 Proposed Design / 305 15.6 Plantwide Control / 306 15.6.1 Control Structure / 306 15.6.2 Column Control Structure Selection / 310 15.6.3 Dynamic Performance Results / 312 15.7 Conclusion / 317 References / 317 NOMENCLATURE 319 INDEX 321

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Book SynopsisThree international symposia Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, Ceramic Matrix Composites, and Microwave Processing of Ceramics were held during Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference & Exhibition (MS&T'09), Pittsburgh, PA, October 25-29, 2009. These symposia provided an international forum for scientists, engineers, and technologists to discuss and exchange state-of-the-art ideas, information, and technology on advanced methods and approaches for processing, synthesis and characterization of ceramics, glasses, and composites. A total of 83 papers, including 20 invited talks, were presented in the form of oral and poster presentations. Authors from 19 countries (Austria, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, U.K., and the United States) participated. The speakers represented universities, industries, and government research laboratories.Table of ContentsPreface. SINTERING. Unveiling Spark Plasma Sintering High-Throughput Processing (Robert Aalund). Effect of ß-Phase Percentage on the Sinterability of SHS Si3N4 Powder (Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Youjun Lu, and Zhenkun Huang). MICROWAVE PROCESSING. Microwave Synthesis of Cobalt-Ferrite Nano-Particles by Polyol Method (Amal M. Ibrahim, Morsi M. Mahmoud, and M. M. Abd El-Latif). Investigation of Selective Microwave Heating by Use of Raman Spectroscopy (G. Link, M. Thumm, W. Faubel, St. Heissler, and P.G. Weidler). COMPOSITES Simulation of Manufacturing Process of Ceramic Matrix Composites (Jeffrey S. Crompton, Kyle C. Koppenhoefer, and Sergei P. Yushanov). Novel Nontraditional High Alumina Ceramic Composite (Evelyn M. DeLiso and Karl-Heinz Schofalvi). Production of Ceramic Composite Materials of Aluminum-Silicon Dioxide-Dolomite System Using SHS Process (B. B. Khina, K. B. Podbolotov, A. A. Zgurskaya, and A. T. Volochko). ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC (UHTC) COMPOSITES. Fabrication of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) Matrix Composite (Zhen Wang, Shaoming Dong, Le Gao, Xiangyu Zhang, Yusheng Ding, and Ping He). Effect of Particulate Volume Fraction on Mechanical Properties of Pressureless Sintered ZrB2-SiC Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites (Manab Mallik, Rahul Mitra, and Kalyan Kumar Ray). NANOMATERIALS. Exploring New Routes for the Development of Functional Nanomaterials Using Extreme Pressure (K. Lipinska, P. Kalita, O. Hemmers, S. Sinogeikin, G. Mariotto, C. Segre, and Y. Ohki). In Situ Formation of Carbon Nanostructures in High-Temperature Ceramic-Carbon Nanocomposites (Rafael Guimaräes de Sä and William Edward Lee). Effect of Nano-SiC Addition on the Properties of Si3N4 (SHS)/SiC (Nano) Composites (Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Qingxiang Qin, and Zhengkun Huang). GLASS AND CERAMICS. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Sodium-Calcium-Phosphate Glasses and Glass Fibers (Ena A. Aguilar-Reyes, Carlos A. Leon-Patifio, Christian O. Ruiz-Cedefio, Showan N. Nazhat, and Robin A.L. Drew). Activation of SHS Process in Al-Si02-C System Using Metallic Powder Activating Reactants (K. B. Podbolotov). New Porosity Inducing Material for Refractory Bricks (A.Y. Badmos and S.A. Abdulkareem). Combined Supercritical Extraction and Thermal Decomposition of Binder from Green Ceramic Bodies (Brandon Abeln and Stephen J. Lombardo). Research on Firing Distortion Prediction and Correction Techniques for Ceramics Design (Kiyoshi Soejima and Kiyoshi Tomimatsu). JOINING. Joining and Integration Issues of Ceramic Matrix Composites for Nuclear Applications (M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, V. Casalegno, S. Rizzo, and A. Ventrella). MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed B4C-SiC Composites (Xiao-Lei Shi, Fu-Min Xu, Yi Tan, and Lai Wang). Mechanical Property of Boron Carbide Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Reactive Sintering (S. Zhang, C. B.Wang, G. Chen, Q. Shen, L. M. Zhang). Tensile and Compressive Properties of 2D Pitch-Based and 3D Pan-Based C/C Composites in Relation to Fiber Orientation Distribution and Microstructure (Sardar S. Iqbal and Peter Filip). FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE. Foreign Object Damage in Ceramic Matrix Composites and Monolithic Silicon Nitrides (Sung R. Choi). Static-Contact and Foreign-Object Damages in an Oxide/Oxide (N720/ALUMINA) Ceramic Matrix Composite: Comparison with AN720/Aluminosilicate (David C. Faucett, Donald J. Alexander, and Sung R. Choi). CHARACTERIZATION. Nanoscale Characterization of Polymer Precursor Derived Silicon Carbide with Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanoindentation (Arif Rahman, Suraj C. Zunjarrao, and Raman P. Singh). Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Basic Refractories with Straight Brick Specimens by Hot Wire Method (Yoshitoshi Saito, Kinji Kanematsu, and Taijiro Matsui). Preparing and Characterizing Natural Hydroxyapatite Ceramics (Han Fenglan and Wu Laner). Intermediate Temperature Oxidation: Review and Test Method Refinement (K. Sinnamon, G. Ojard, B. Flandermeyer, and R. Miller). Structural and Thermal Study of Al203 Produced by Oxidation of Al-Powders Mixed with Corn Starch (Juliana Anggono, Soejono Tjitro, Hans H. Magawe, and Gunawan Wibisono). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding a viable alternative to lead-based solders is a major research thrust for the electrical and electronics industries - whilst mechanically compliant lead-based solders have been widely used in the electronic interconnects, the risks to human health and to the environment are too great to allow continued widescale usage. Lead-free Solders: Materials Reliability for Electronics chronicles the search for reliable drop-in lead-free alternatives and covers: Phase diagrams and alloy development Effect of minor alloying additions Composite approaches including nanoscale reinforcements Mechanical issues affecting reliability Reliability under impact loading Thermomechanical fatigue Chemical issues affecting reliability Whisker growth Electromigration Thermomigration Presenting a comprehensive understanding of the current state of lead-free electronic interconnects Table of ContentsSeries Preface xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xix Thematic Area I: Introduction 1 1 Reliability of Lead-Free Electronic Solder Interconnects: Roles of Material and Service Parameters 3 K. N. Subramanian 1.1 Material Design for Reliable Lead-Free Electronic Solders Joints 3 1.2 Imposed Fields and the Solder Joint Responses that Affect Their Reliability 5 1.3 Mechanical Integrity 5 1.4 Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF) 6 1.5 Whisker Growth 7 1.6 Electromigration (EM) 7 1.7 Thermomigration (TM) 8 1.8 Other Potential Issues 8 Thematic Area II: Phase Diagrams and Alloying Concepts 11 2 Phase Diagrams and Their Applications in Pb-Free Soldering 13 Sinn-wen Chen, Wojciech Gierlotka, Hsin-jay Wu, and Shih-kang Lin 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Phase Diagrams of Pb-Free Solder Systems 14 2.3 Example of Applications 23 2.4 Conclusions 39 3 Phase Diagrams and Alloy Development 45 Alan Dinsdale, Andy Watson, Ales Kroupa, Jan Vrestal, Adela Zemanova, and Pavel Broz 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Computational Thermodynamics as a Research Tool 48 3.3 Thermodynamic Databases – the Underlying Basis of the Modelling of Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties, Databases for Lead-Free Solders 51 3.4 Application of the SOLDERS Database to Alloy Development 57 3.5 Conclusions 68 4 Interaction of Sn-based Solders with Ni(P) Substrates: Phase Equilibria and Thermochemistry 71 Clemens Schmetterer, Rajesh Ganesan, and Herbert Ipser 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Binary Phase Equilibria 73 4.3 Ternary Phase Equilibria Ni-P-Sn 85 4.4 Thermochemical Data 94 4.5 Relevance of the Results and Conclusion 111 Thematic Area III: Microalloying to Improve Reliability 119 5 'Effects of Minor Alloying Additions on the Properties and Reliability of Pb-Free Solders and Joints' 121 Sung K. Kang 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 Controlling Ag3Sn Plate Formation 125 5.3 Controlling the Undercooling of Sn Solidification 132 5.4 Controlling Interfacial Reactions 136 5.5 Modifying the Microstructure of SAC 145 5.6 Improving Mechanical Properties 149 5.7 Enhancing Electromigration Resistance 151 5.8 Summary 153 6 Development and Characterization of Nano-composite Solder 161 Johan Liu, Si Chen, and Lilei Ye 6.1 Introduction 162 6.2 Nano-composite Solder Fabrication Process 162 6.3 Microstructure 166 6.4 Physical Properties 167 6.5 Mechanical Properties 169 6.6 Challenges and Solutions 171 6.7 Summary 174 Thematic Area IV: Chemical Issues Affecting Reliability 179 7 Chemical Changes for Lead-Free Soldering and Their Effect on Reliability 181 Laura J. Turbini 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Soldering Fluxes and Pastes 181 7.3 Cleaning 185 7.4 Laminates 185 7.5 Halogen-Free Laminates 186 7.6 Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation 189 7.7 Summary 193 Thematic Area V: Mechanical Issues Affecting Reliability 195 8 Influence of Microstructure on Creep and High Strain Rate Fracture of Sn-Ag-Based Solder Joints 197 P. Kumar, Z. Huang, I. Dutta, G. Subbarayan, and R. Mahajan 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 Coarsening Kinetics: Quantitative Analysis of Microstructural Evolution 199 8.3 Creep Behavior of Sn-Ag-Based Solders and the Effect of Aging 206 8.4 Role of Microstructure on High Strain Rate Fracture 219 8.5 Summary and Conclusions 227 9 Microstructure and Thermomechanical Behavior Pb-Free Solders 233 D.R. Frear 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Sn-Pb Solder 234 9.3 Pb-Free Solders 237 9.4 Summary 248 10 Electromechanical Coupling in Sn-Rich Solder Interconnects 251 Q.S. Zhu, H.Y. Liu, L. Zhang, Q.L. Zeng, Z.G. Wang, and J.K. Shang 10.1 Introduction 252 10.2 Experimental 253 10.3 Results 255 10.4 Discussion 264 10.5 Conclusions 269 11 Effect of Temperature-Dependent Deformation Characteristics on Thermomechanical Fatigue Reliability of Eutectic Sn-Ag Solder Joints 273 Andre Lee, Deep Choudhuri, and K.N. Subramanian 11.1 Introduction 274 11.2 Experimental Details 275 11.3 Results and Discussion 276 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 294 Thematic Area VI: Whisker Growth Issues Affecting Reliability 297 12 Sn Whiskers: Causes, Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 299 Nitin Jadhav and Eric Chason 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Features of Whisker Formation 303 12.3 Understanding the Relationship between IMC Growth, Stress and Whisker Formation 308 12.4 Summary Picture of Whisker Formation 314 12.5 Strategies to Mitigate Whisker Formation 316 12.6 Conclusion 318 13 Tin Whiskers 323 Katsuaki Suganuma 13.1 Low Melting Point Metals and Whisker Formation 323 13.2 Room-Temperature Tin Whiskers on Copper Substrate 325 13.3 Thermal-Cycling Whiskers on 42 Alloy/Ceramics 326 13.4 Oxidation/Corrosion Whiskers 329 13.5 Mechanical-Compression Whiskers in Connectors 330 13.6 Electromigration Whiskers 331 13.7 Whisker Mitigation 332 13.8 Future Work 334 Thematic Area VII: Electromigration Issues Affecting Reliability 337 14 Electromigration Reliability of Pb-Free Solder Joints 339 Seung-Hyun Chae, Yiwei Wang, and Paul S. Ho 14.1 Introduction 339 14.2 Failure Mechanisms of Solder Joints by Forced Atomic Migration 342 14.3 IMC Growth 351 14.4 Effect of Sn Grain Structure on EM Reliability 363 14.5 Summary 366 15 Electromigration in Pb-Free Solder Joints in Electronic Packaging 375 Chih Chen, Shih-Wei Liang, Yuan-Wei Chang, Hsiang-Yao Hsiao, Jung Kyu Han, and K.N. Tu 15.1 Introduction 376 15.2 Unique Features for EM in Flip-Chip Pb-Free Solder Joints 376 15.3 Changes of Physical Properties of Solder Bumps During EM 386 15.4 Challenges for Understanding EM in Pb-Free Solder Microbumps 393 15.5 Thermomigration of Cu and Ni in Pb-Free Solder Microbumps 394 15.6 Summary 394 16 Effects of Electromigration on Electronic Solder Joints 401 Sinn-wen Chen, Chih-ming Chen, Chao-hong Wang, and Chia-ming Hsu 16.1 Introduction 401 16.2 Effects of Electromigration on Solders 402 16.3 Effects of Electromigration on Interfacial Reactions 408 16.4 Modeling Description of Effects of Electromigration on IMC Growth 414 16.5 Conclusions 418 Thematic Area VIII: Thermomigration Issues Affecting Reliability 423 17 Thermomigration in SnPb and Pb-Free Flip-Chip Solder Joints 425 Tian Tian, K.N. Tu, Hsiao-Yun Chen, Hsiang-Yao Hsiao, and Chih Chen 17.1 Introduction 425 17.2 Thermomigration in SnPb Flip-Chip Solder Joints 427 17.3 Thermomigration in Pb-Free Flip-Chip Solder Joints 432 17.4 Driving Force of Thermomigration 435 17.5 Coupling between Thermomigration and Creep 439 17.6 Coupling between Thermomigration and Electromigration: Thermoelectric Effect on Electromigration 441 17.7 Summary 441 Thematic Area IX: Miniaturization Issues Affecting Reliability 443 18 Influence of Miniaturization on Mechanical Reliability of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects 445 Golta Khatibi, Herbert Ipser, Martin Lederer, and Brigitte Weiss 18.1 Introduction 445 18.2 Effect of Miniaturization on Static Properties of Solder Joints (Tensile and Shear) 448 18.3 Creep and Relaxation of Solder Joints 475 18.4 Summary and Conclusions 478 References 482 Index 487

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Book SynopsisBeam theories are exploited worldwide to analyze civil, mechanical, automotive, and aerospace structures. Many beam approaches have been proposed during the last centuries by eminent scientists such as Euler, Bernoulli, Navier, Timoshenko, Vlasov, etc.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Introduction xiii References xvii 1 Fundamental equations of continuous deformable bodies 1 1.1 Displacement, strain, and stresses 1 1.2 Equilibrium equations in terms of stress components and boundary conditions 3 1.3 Strain displacement relations 4 1.4 Constitutive relations: Hooke’s law 4 1.5 Displacement approach via principle of virtual displacements 5 References 8 2 The Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko theories 9 2.1 The Euler–Bernoulli model 9 2.1.1 Displacement field 10 2.1.2 Strains 12 2.1.3 Stresses and stress resultants 12 2.1.4 Elastica 15 2.2 The Timoshenko model 16 2.2.1 Displacement field 16 2.2.2 Strains 16 2.2.3 Stresses and stress resultants 17 2.2.4 Elastica 18 2.3 Bending of a cantilever beam: EBBT and TBT solutions 18 2.3.1 EBBT solution 19 2.3.2 TBT solution 20 References 22 3 A refined beam theory with in-plane stretching: the complete linear expansion case 23 3.1 The CLEC displacement field 23 3.2 The importance of linear stretching terms 24 3.3 A finite element based on CLEC 28 Further reading 31 4 EBBT, TBT, and CLEC in unified form 33 4.1 Unified formulation of CLEC 33 4.2 EBBT and TBT as particular cases of CLEC 36 4.3 Poisson locking and its correction 38 4.3.1 Kinematic considerations of strains 38 4.3.2 Physical considerations of strains 38 4.3.3 First remedy: use of higher-order kinematics 39 4.3.4 Second remedy: modification of elastic coefficients 39 References 42 5 Carrera Unified Formulation and refined beam theories 45 5.1 Unified formulation 46 5.2 Governing equations 47 5.2.1 Strong form of the governing equations 47 5.2.2 Weak form of the governing equations 54 References 63 Further reading 63 6 The parabolic, cubic, quartic, and N-order beam theories 65 6.1 The second-order beam model, N =2 65 6.2 The third-order, N = 3, and the fourth-order, N = 4, beam models 67 6.3 N-order beam models 69 Further reading 71 7 CUF beam FE models: programming and implementation issue guidelines 73 7.1 Preprocessing and input descriptions 74 7.1.1 General FE inputs 74 7.1.2 Specific CUF inputs 79 7.2 FEM code 85 7.2.1 Stiffness and mass matrix 85 7.2.2 Stiffness and mass matrix numerical examples 91 7.2.3 Constraints and reduced models 95 7.2.4 Load vector 98 7.3 Postprocessing 100 7.3.1 Stresses and strains 101 References 103 8 Shell capabilities of refined beam theories 105 8.1 C-shaped cross-section and bending–torsional loading 105 8.2 Thin-walled hollow cylinder 107 8.2.1 Static analysis: detection of local effects due to a point load 109 8.2.2 Free-vibration analysis: detection of shell-like natural modes 112 8.3 Static and free-vibration analyses of an airfoil-shaped beam 116 8.4 Free vibrations of a bridge-like beam 119 References 121 9 Linearized elastic stability 123 9.1 Critical buckling load classic solution 123 9.2 Higher-order CUF models 126 9.2.1 Governing equations, fundamental nucleus 127 9.2.2 Closed form analytical solution 127 9.3 Examples 128 References 132 10 Beams made of functionally graded materials 133 10.1 Functionally graded materials 133 10.2 Material gradation laws 136 10.2.1 Exponential gradation law 136 10.2.2 Power gradation law 136 10.3 Beam modeling 139 10.4 Examples 141 References 148 11 Multi-model beam theories via the Arlequin method 151 11.1 Multi-model approaches 152 11.1.1 Mono-theory approaches 152 11.1.2 Multi-theory approaches 152 11.2 The Arlequin method in the context of the unified formulation 153 11.3 Examples 157 References 167 12 Guidelines and recommendations 169 12.1 Axiomatic and asymptotic methods 169 12.2 The mixed axiomatic–asymptotic method 170 12.3 Load effect 174 12.4 Cross-section effect 175 12.5 Output location effect 177 12.6 Reduced models for different error inputs 178 References 179 Index 181

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic techniques for tensor field visualization and mapping of engineering data. Focusing on the fundamental aspects of post processing databases and applications outputs, the author explores existing theories and their integration in tensor field visualization and analysis.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A General View 1 1.2 Historical Development and Progress in Visual Science 3 1.3 Scientific Visualization Philosophy, Techniques and Challenges 7 2 Field Descriptions and Kinematics 11 2.1 Lagrangian/Eulerian Description and Transformation 11 2.2 Curvilinear Coordinates 15 2.2.1 Polar Coordinate 24 2.2.2 Streamline (Flux Line) Coordinates 29 2.2.3 Potential-Stream Function Coordinates 43 2.3 Field Kinematics and Visual Attributes 49 2.3.1 Field Line Trajectory 49 2.3.2 Field Line Integral Curves 50 2.3.3 Field Lines, Material Lines and Path Lines 54 2.3.4 Streamlines (Flux Lines) 56 3 Field Model, Representation and Visualization 63 3.1 Field Models and Concepts 63 3.2 Scalar Fields and Representation 65 3.3 Vector Fields and Representation 68 3.4 Vector Icons and Classifications 69 3.4.1 Classification Based on Domain Configurations 70 3.4.2 Classification Based on Information Levels 70 3.4.3 Classification Based on Topological Skeleton 71 3.5 Scalar Potential 71 3.6 Vector Potential 74 3.7 Vector Field Specification 77 3.7.1 Helmholtz’s Theorem 77 3.8 Tensor Contraction and Transport Process Visualization 79 3.8.1 Mechanical Energy Function and Heat function 80 3.8.2 Strain Energy Trajectory and Strain Function 84 3.9 Multiple Fields 85 4 Complex Analysis and Complex Potentials 97 4.1 Complex Variables/Functions and Applications 97 4.2 Complex Analysis and Cauchy–Riemann Equation 100 4.3 Differentiation of Complex Function 101 4.4 Integration of Complex Functions 104 4.5 Visualization of Complex Potentials 107 4.5.1 Trajectory Method 107 4.5.2 Method of Curvilinear Squares 108 4.5.3 Transfer Characteristics and Field Property Evaluation 111 4.6 Example 4.1a Visualization of Heat and Fluid Transport in a Corner 114 5 Field Mapping and Applications 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Mapping of Euclidean Geometry 129 5.2.1 Congruent Mapping 129 5.2.2 Similitude Mapping 131 5.2.3 Affine Mapping 132 5.3 Inversion Mapping 133 5.3.1 Circle Inversion 134 5.4 Mapping with Complex Functions 135 5.5 Conformal Mapping and Applications 137 5.6 Hodograph Method and Mapping 147 5.6.1 Conjugate Hodograph 148 5.6.2 Hodograph 149 5.7 Hodograph Representations and Applications 149 5.7.1 Straight Boundaries 156 5.7.2 Free Surface 158 5.7.3 Special Field Patterns 160 5.7.4 Projectile Trajectory in Constant Force Fields 163 5.7.5 Motion Trajectory in Central Force Fields 169 5.7.6 Trajectory of Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Fields 179 5.8 Example 4.1b Mapping of Field Patterns and Image Warping 183 6 Tensor Representation, Contraction and Visualization 199 6.1 Introduction 199 6.2 Development of Tensor Visualization Techniques 200 6.2.1 Mohr’s Circle 200 6.2.2 Tensor Field Line Trajectories (Lines of Principal Stress) 200 6.2.3 Isochromatics 201 6.2.4 Isoclines 201 6.2.5 Stress Trajectories 201 6.2.6 Slip Lines 201 6.2.7 Isopachs 201 6.3 Tensor Description and Representation 201 6.3.1 Tensor Icons and Classification 204 6.4 Tensor Decomposition and Tensor Rank Reduction 204 6.4.1 Strain Tensor and Stress Tensor 206 6.4.2 Rotation Tensor 207 6.4.3 Rate of Strain Tensor and Viscous Stress Tensor 208 6.4.4 Vorticity Tensor 210 6.4.5 Tensor Contractions: Tensor Vector on a Reference Plane 213 6.4.6 Tensor Contractions: Tensor Vector at a Point 214 6.5 Visualization of Symmetric Tensors 214 6.5.1 Tensor Invariants 214 6.5.2 Tensor Transformation 217 6.5.3 Principal States and Eigenanalysis 217 6.5.4 Hybrid Method of Tensor Visualization 227 6.6 Visualization of Antisymmetric Tensors 228 6.6.1 Vorticity Concepts and Dynamics 228 6.6.2 Forced Vortex 232 6.6.3 Free Vortex 237 6.6.4 Vortices Transport and Vorticity Function 240 6.7 Example: 4.1c Convective Momentum Flux Tensor Visualization 242 7 Critical Point Topology, Classification and Visualization 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Complex Analysis of Critical Point 251 7.3 Critical Point Theory and Classification 257 7.3.1 Symmetric Tensor: [∇V] = [∇V]T ;Im1 = Im2 = 0 261 7.3.2 Antisymmetric Tensor: τii = 0, i = j;τij = −τji, i _= j 262 7.3.3 Asymmetric Tensor 262 7.4 Example 4.1d Critical Point Topology 263 7.5 Singular Point Visualization and Mapping 265 7.6 Example 7.1 Mapping of a Point Source 266 8 Engineering Application Examples 273 8.1 Example 8.1: Torsion of a Square Beam 273 8.2 Example 8.2: Bending of a Cantilever Beam Subject to a Point Load 302 8.3 Example 8.3: Squeezing Flow and Vorticity Transport 323 8.4 Example 8.4: Groundwater Flows in an Anisotropic Porous Medium 345 References 365 Index 369

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Book SynopsisAnalysis of Structures offers an original way of introducing engineering students to the subject of stress and deformation analysis of solid objects, and helps them become more familiar with how numerical methods such as the finite element method are used in industry. Eisley and Waas secure for the reader a thorough understanding of the basic numerical skills and insight into interpreting the results these methods can generate. Throughout the text, they include analytical development alongside the computational equivalent, providing the student with the understanding that is necessary to interpret and use the solutions that are obtained using software based on the finite element method. They then extend these methods to the analysis of solid and structural components that are used in modern aerospace, mechanical and civil engineering applications. Analysis of Structures is accompanied by a book companion website www.wTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv 1 Forces and Moments 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Units 1 1.3 Forces in Mechanics of Materials 3 1.4 Concentrated Forces 4 1.5 Moment of a Concentrated Force 9 1.6 Distributed Forces—Force and Moment Resultants 19 1.7 Internal Forces and Stresses—Stress Resultants 27 1.8 Restraint Forces and Restraint Force Resultants 32 1.9 Summary and Conclusions 33 2 Static Equilibrium 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Free Body Diagrams 35 2.3 Equilibrium—Concentrated Forces 38 2.3.1 Two Force Members and Pin Jointed Trusses 38 2.3.2 Slender Rigid Bars 44 2.3.3 Pulleys and Cables 49 2.3.4 Springs 52 2.4 Equilibrium—Distributed Forces 55 2.5 Equilibrium in Three Dimensions 59 2.6 Equilibrium—Internal Forces and Stresses 62 2.6.1 Equilibrium of Internal Forces in Three Dimensions 65 2.6.2 Equilibrium in Two Dimensions—Plane Stress 69 2.6.3 Equilibrium in One Dimension—Uniaxial Stress 70 2.7 Summary and Conclusions 70 3 Displacement, Strain, and Material Properties 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Displacement and Strain 71 3.2.1 Displacement 72 3.2.2 Strain 72 3.3 Compatibility 76 3.4 Linear Material Properties 77 3.4.1 Hooke’s Law in One Dimension—Tension 77 3.4.2 Poisson’s Ratio 81 3.4.3 Hooke’s Law in One Dimension—Shear in Isotropic Materials 82 3.4.4 Hooke’s Law in Two Dimensions for Isotropic Materials 83 3.4.5 Generalized Hooke’s Law for Isotropic Materials 84 3.5 Some Simple Solutions for Stress, Strain, and Displacement 85 3.6 Thermal Strain 89 3.7 Engineering Materials 90 3.8 Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminates 90 3.8.1 Hooke’s Law in Two Dimensions for a FRP Lamina 91 3.8.2 Properties of Unidirectional Lamina 94 3.9 Plan for the Following Chapters 96 3.10 Summary and Conclusions 98 4 Classical Analysis of the Axially Loaded Slender Bar 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Solutions from the Theory of Elasticity 99 4.3 Derivation and Solution of the Governing Equations 109 4.4 The Statically Determinate Case 116 4.5 The Statically Indeterminate Case 129 4.6 Variable Cross Sections 136 4.7 Thermal Stress and Strain in an Axially Loaded Bar 142 4.8 Shearing Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar 143 4.9 Design of Axially Loaded Bars 145 4.10 Analysis and Design of Pin Jointed Trusses 149 4.11 Work and Energy—Castigliano’s Second Theorem 153 4.12 Summary and Conclusions 162 5 A General Method for the Axially Loaded Slender Bar 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Nodes, Elements, Shape Functions, and the Element Stiffness Matrix 165 5.3 The Assembled Global Equations and Their Solution 169 5.4 A General Method—Distributed Applied Loads 182 5.5 Variable Cross Sections 196 5.6 Analysis and Design of Pin-jointed Trusses 202 5.7 Summary and Conclusions 211 6 Torsion 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Torsional Displacement, Strain, and Stress 213 6.3 Derivation and Solution of the Governing Equations 216 6.4 Solutions from the Theory of Elasticity 225 6.5 Torsional Stress in Thin Walled Cross Sections 229 6.6 Work and Energy—Torsional Stiffness in a Thin Walled Tube 231 6.7 Torsional Stress and Stiffness in Multicell Sections 239 6.8 Torsional Stress and Displacement in Thin Walled Open Sections 242 6.9 A General (Finite Element) Method 245 6.10 Continuously Variable Cross Sections 254 6.11 Summary and Conclusions 255 7 Classical Analysis of the Bending of Beams 257 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 Area Properties—Sign Conventions 257 7.2.1 Area Properties 257 7.2.2 Sign Conventions 259 7.3 Derivation and Solution of the Governing Equations 260 7.4 The Statically Determinate Case 271 7.5 Work and Energy—Castigliano’s Second Theorem 278 7.6 The Statically Indeterminate Case 281 7.7 Solutions from the Theory of Elasticity 290 7.8 Variable Cross Sections 300 7.9 Shear Stress in Non Rectangular Cross Sections—Thin Walled Cross Sections 302 7.10 Design of Beams 309 7.11 Large Displacements 313 7.12 Summary and Conclusions 314 8 A General Method (FEM) for the Bending of Beams 315 8.1 Introduction 315 8.2 Nodes, Elements, Shape Functions, and the Element Stiffness Matrix 315 8.3 The Global Equations and their Solution 320 8.4 Distributed Loads in FEM 327 8.5 Variable Cross Sections 341 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 345 9 More about Stress and Strain, and Material Properties 347 9.1 Introduction 347 9.2 Transformation of Stress in Two Dimensions 347 9.3 Principal Axes and Principal Stresses in Two Dimensions 350 9.4 Transformation of Strain in Two Dimensions 354 9.5 Strain Rosettes 356 9.6 Stress Transformation and Principal Stresses in Three Dimensions 358 9.7 Allowable and Ultimate Stress, and Factors of Safety 361 9.8 Fatigue 363 9.9 Creep 364 9.10 Orthotropic Materials—Composites 365 9.11 Summary and Conclusions 366 10 Combined Loadings on Slender Bars—ThinWalled Cross Sections 367 10.1 Introduction 367 10.2 Review and Summary of Slender Bar Equations 367 10.2.1 Axial Loading 367 10.2.2 Torsional Loading 369 10.2.3 Bending in One Plane 370 10.3 Axial and Torsional Loads 372 10.4 Axial and Bending Loads—2D Frames 375 10.5 Bending in Two Planes 384 10.5.1 When Iyz is Equal to Zero 384 10.5.2 When Iyz is Not Equal to Zero 386 10.6 Bending and Torsion in Thin Walled Open Sections—Shear Center 393 10.7 Bending and Torsion in Thin Walled Closed Sections—Shear Center 399 10.8 Stiffened Thin Walled Beams 405 10.9 Summary and Conclusions 416 11 Work and Energy Methods—Virtual Work 417 11.1 Introduction 417 11.2 Introduction to the Principle of Virtual Work 417 11.3 Static Analysis of Slender Bars by Virtual Work 421 11.3.1 Axially Loading 421 11.3.2 Torsional Loading 426 11.3.3 Beams in Bending 427 11.3.4 Combined Axial, Torsional, and Bending Behavior 430 11.4 Static Analysis of 3D and 2D Solids by Virtual Work 430 11.5 The Element Stiffness Matrix for Plane Stress 433 11.6 The Element Stiffness Matrix for 3D Solids 436 11.7 Summary and Conclusions 437 12 Structural Analysis in Two and Three Dimensions 439 12.1 Introduction 439 12.2 The Governing Equations in Two Dimensions—Plane Stress 440 12.3 Finite Elements and the Stiffness Matrix for Plane Stress 445 12.4 Thin Flat Plates—Classical Analysis 452 12.5 Thin Flat Plates—FEM Analysis 455 12.6 Shell Structures 459 12.7 Stiffened Shell Structures 466 12.8 Three Dimensional Structures—Classical and FEM Analysis 470 12.9 Summary and Conclusions 477 13 Analysis of Thin Laminated Composite Material Structures 479 13.1 Introduction to Classical Lamination Theory 479 13.2 Strain Displacement Equations for Laminates 480 13.3 Stress-Strain Relations for a Single Lamina 482 13.4 Stress Resultants for Laminates 486 13.5 CLT Constitutive Description 489 13.6 Determining Laminae Stress/Strains 492 13.7 Laminated Plates Subject to Transverse Loads 493 13.8 Summary and Conclusion 498 14 Buckling 499 14.1 Introduction 499 14.2 The Equations for a Beam with Combined Lateral and Axial Loading 499 14.3 Buckling of a Column 504 14.4 The Beam Column 512 14.5 The Finite Element Method for Bending and Buckling 515 14.6 Buckling of Frames 524 14.7 Buckling of Thin Plates and Other Structures 524 14.8 Summary and Conclusions 527 15 Structural Dynamics 529 15.1 Introduction 529 15.2 Dynamics of Mass/Spring Systems 529 15.2.1 Free Motion 529 15.2.2 Forced Motion—Resonance 540 15.2.3 Forced Motion—Response 547 15.3 Axial Vibration of a Slender Bar 548 15.3.1 Solutions Based on the Differential Equation 548 15.3.2 Solutions Based on FEM 560 15.4 Torsional Vibration 567 15.4.1 Torsional Mass/Spring Systems 567 15.4.2 Distributed Torsional Systems 568 15.5 Vibration of Beams in Bending 569 15.5.1 Solutions of the Differential Equation 569 15.5.2 Solutions Based on FEM 574 15.6 The Finite Element Method for all Elastic Structures 577 15.7 Addition of Damping 577 15.8 Summary and Conclusions 582 16 Evolution in the (Intelligent) Design and Analysis of Structural Members 583 16.1 Introduction 583 16.2 Evolution of a Truss Member 584 16.2.1 Step 1. Slender Bar Analysis 584 16.2.2 Step 2. Rectangular Bar—Plane Stress FEM 585 16.2.3 Step 3. Rectangular Bar with Pin Holes—Plane Stress Analysis 586 16.2.4 Step 4. Rectangular Bar with Pin Holes—Solid Body Analysis 587 16.2.5 Step 5. Add Material Around the Hole—Solid Element Analysis 588 16.2.6 Step 6. Bosses Added—Solid Element Analysis 590 16.2.7 Step 7. Reducing the Weight—Solid Element Analysis 591 16.2.8 Step 8. Buckling Analysis 592 16.3 Evolution of a Plate with a Hole—Plane Stress 592 16.4 Materials in Design 594 16.5 Summary and Conclusions 594 A Matrix Definitions and Operations 595 A.1 Introduction 595 A.2 Matrix Definitions 595 A.3 Matrix Algebra 597 A.4 Partitioned Matrices 598 A.5 Differentiating and Integrating a Matrix 598 A.6 Summary of Useful Matrix Relations 599 B Area Properties of Cross Sections 601 B.1 Introduction 601 B.2 Centroids of Cross Sections 601 B.3 Area Moments and Product of Inertia 603 B.4 Properties of Common Cross Sections 609 C Solving Sets of Linear Algebraic Equations with Mathematica 611 C.1 Introduction 611 C.2 Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations 611 C.3 Solving Numerical Equations in Mathematica 611 C.4 Solving Symbolic Equations in Mathematica 612 C.5 Matrix Multiplication 613 D Orthogonality of Normal Modes 615 D.1 Introduction 615 D.2 Proof of Orthogonality for Discrete Systems 615 D.3 Proof of Orthogonality for Continuous Systems 616 References 617 Index 619

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Book SynopsisThe use of control systems is necessary for safe and optimal operation of industrial processes in the presence of inevitable disturbances and uncertainties. Plant-wide control (PWC) involves the systems and strategies required to control an entire chemical plant consisting of many interacting unit operations. Over the past 30 years, many tools and methodologies have been developed to accommodate increasingly larger and more complex plants. This book provides a state-of-the-art of techniques for the design and evaluation of PWC systems. Various applications taken from chemical, petrochemical, biofuels and mineral processing industries are used to illustrate the use of these approaches. This book contains 20 chapters organized in the following sections: Overview and Industrial Perspective Tools and Heuristics Methodologies Applications Emerging Topics With contributions from the leading researchers and industrial Trade ReviewReview copy sent 25/04/12: Book NewsTable of ContentsPreface Section I: Overview and Perspective 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Plant-Wide Control 2 1.3 Scope and Organization of the Book 4 References 10 2 Industrial Perspective on Plant-Wide Control 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Design Environment 3 2.3 Disturbances and Measurement System Design 6 2.4 Academic Contributions 8 2.5 Conclusions 11 References 12 Section II: Tools and Heuristics 3 Control Degrees of Freedom Analysis for Plant-Wide Control of Industrial Processes 3.1 Introduction 2 3.2 Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF) 4 3.3 Computation Methods for Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF): A Review 7 3.4 Computation of CDOF Using Flowsheet-Oriented Method 14 3.4.1 Computation of Restraining Number for Unit Operations 16 3.5 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Distillation Columns and the Concept of Redundant Process Variables 19 3.6 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Compute CDOF to Complex Integrated Processes 22 3.7 Conclusions 23 References 24 4 Selection of Controlled Variables Using Self-Optimizing Control Method 4.1 Introduction 2 4.2 General Principle 4 4.3 Brute-Force Optimization Approach for CV Selection 8 4.4 Local Methods 11 4.4.1 Minimum Singular Value (MSV) Rule 12 4.4.2 Exact Local Method 14 4.4.3 Optimal Measurement Combination 16 4.4.3.1 Null Space Method 16 4.4.3.2 Explicit Solution 17 4.4.3.3 Toy Example 19 4.5 Branch and Bound Methods 21 4.6 Constraint Handling 23 4.7 Case Study: Forced Circulation Evaporator 26 4.8 Conclusions and Discussion 32 4.9 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 5 Input-Output Pairing Selection for Design of Decentralized Controller 5.1 Introduction 2 5.1.1 State of the Art 3 5.2 Relative Gain Array and Variants 5 Steady-State RGA 6 5.2.2 Niederlinski Index 8 5.2.3 The Dynamic Relative Gain Array 9 5.2.4 The Effective Relative Gain Array 11 5.2.5 The Block Relative Gain 12 5.2.6 Relative Disturbance Gain Array 14 5.3 µ-Interaction Measure 15 5.4 Pairing Analysis Based on the Controllability and Observability 17 5.4.1 The Participation Matrix 17 5.4.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 19 5.4.3 The Dynamic Input-Output Pairing Matrix 19 Input-Output Pairing for Uncertain Multivariable Plants 21 RGA in the Presence of Statistical Uncertainty 22 RGA in the Presence of Norm-Bounded Uncertainties 23 DIOPM and the Effect of Uncertainty 26 Input-Output Pairing for Nonlinear Multivariable Plants 28 5.6.1 Relative Order Matrix 29 5.6.2 The Nonlinear RGA 30 5.7 Conclusions and Discussion 31 References 33 6 Heuristics for Plantwide Control 6.1 Introduction 2 6.2 Basics of Heuristic Plantwide Control 4 6.2.1 Plumbing 5 6.2.2 Recycle 6 6.2.2.1 Effect of Recycle on Time Constants 6 6.2.2.2 Snowball Effects in Liquid Recycle Systems 7 6.2.2.3 Gas Recycle Systems 8 6.2.3 Fresh Feed Introduction 8 6.2.3.1 Ternary Example 9 6.2.3.2 Control Structures 11 6.2.3.3 Ternary Process with Altered Volatilities 12 6.2.4 Energy Management and Integration 12 6.2.5 Controller Tuning 13 6.2.5.1 Flow and Pressure Control 13 6.2.5.2 Level Control 14 6.2.5.3 Composition and Temperature Control 16 6.2.5.4 Interacting Control Loops 17 6.2.6 Throughput Handle 18 6.3 Application to HDA Process 18 6.3.1 Process Description 19 6.3.2 Application of Plantwide Control Heuristics 20 6.3.2.1 Throughput Handle 20 6.3.2.2 Maximum Gas Recycle 20 6.3.2.3 Component Balances (Downs Drill) 20 6.3.2.4 Flow Control in Liquid Recycle Loop 21 6.3.2.5 Product Quality and Constraint Loops 21 6.4 Conclusion 21 7 Throughput Manipulator Location Selection for Economic Plantwide Control 7.1 Introduction 2 7.2 Throughput Manipulation, Inventory Regulation and Plantwide Variability Propagation 3 7.3 Quantitative Case Studies 6 7.3.1 Case Study I: Recycle Process 7 7.3.1.1 Alternative Control Structures 7 7.3.1.2 Quantitative Back-Off Results 8 7.3.1.3 Salient Observations 10 7.3.2 Case Study II: Recycle Process with Side Reaction 11 7.3.2.1 Economically Optimal Process Operation 11 7.3.2.2 Self Optimizing Variables for Unconstrained Degrees of Freedom 14 7.3.2.3 Plantwide Control System Design 15 7.3.2.4 Dynamic Simulation Results 18 7.4 Discussion 19 7.5 Conclusions 23 7.6 Acknowledgments 23 7.7 Supplementary Information 23 References 24 8 Influence of Process Variability Propagation in Plant-Wide Control 8.1 Introduction 2 8.2 Theoretical Background 5 8.3 Local Unit Operation Control 12 8.3.1 Heat Exchanger 12 8.3.2 Extraction Process 13 8.4 Inventory Control 15 8.4.1 Pressure Control in Gas Headers 15 8.4.2 Parallel Unit Operations 17 8.4.3 Liquid Inventory Control 18 Plant-Wide Control Examples 21 8.5.1 Distillation Column Control 21 8.5.2 Esterification Process 22 8.6 Conclusion 25 References 27 Section III: Methodologies 9 A Review of Plant-Wide Control Methodologies and Applications 9.1 Introduction 1 9.2 Review and Approach-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 3 9.2.1 Heuristics-Based PWC Methods 4 9.2.2 Mathematical-Based PWC Methods 6 9.2.3 Optimization-Based PWC Methods 8 9.2.4 Mixed PWC Methods 9 9.3 Structure-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 12 9.4 Processes Studied in PWC Applications 14 9.5 Comparative Studies on Different Methodologies 16 9.6 Concluding Remarks 18 References 20 10 Integrated Framework of Simulation and Heuristics for Plant-Wide Control System Design 10.1 Introduction 1 10.2 HDA Process: Overview and Simulation 2 10.2.1 Process Description 2 10.2.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Simulation 4 10.3 Integrated Framework Procedure and Application to HDA Plant 5 10.4 Evaluation of the Control System 17 10.5 Conclusions 18 References 20 11 Economic Plantwide Control Introduction 1 Control Layers and Time Scale Separation 3 Plantwide Control Procedure 7 Degrees of Freedom for Operation 9 11.5 Skogestad’s Plantwide Control Procedure 12 Top-Down Part 12 Discussion 29 Conclusion 30 REFERENCES 30 12 Performance Assessment of Plant-Wide Control Systems 12.1 Introduction 2 12.2 Desirable Qualities of a Good Performance Measure 4 12.3 Performance Measure Based on Steady State: Steady-State Operating Cost/Profit 5 12.4 Performance Measures Based on Dynamics 6 12.4.1 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 6 12.4.2 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 7 12.4.3 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 8 12.4.4 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 8 12.4.5 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 10 12.5 Application of the Performance Measures to the HDA Plant Control Structure 11 12.5.1 Steady-State Operating Cost 12 12.5.2 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 12 12.5.3 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 13 12.5.4 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 14 12.5.5 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 15 12.5.6 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 15 12.6 Application of the Performance Measures for Comparing PWC Systems 15 12.7 Discussion and Recommendations 17 12.7.1 Disturbances and Set-Point Changes 17 12.7.2 Performance Measures 19 12.8 Concluding Remarks 21 References 21 Section IV: Applications Studies 13 Design and Control of a Cooled Ammonia Reactor 13.1 Introduction 2 13.2 Cold-Shot Process 4 13.2.1 Process Flowsheet 4 13.2.2 Equipment Sizes, Capital and Energy Costs 6 13.3 Cooled-Reactor Process 7 13.3.1 Process Flowsheet 7 13.3.2 Reaction Kinetics 9 13.3.3 Optimum Economic Design of the Cooled-Reactor Process 10 13.3.3.1 Effect of Pressure 10 13.3.3.2 Effect of Reactor Size 12 13.3.4 Comparison of Cold-Shot and Cooled-Reactor Processes 12 13.4 Control 13 13.5 Conclusion 16 13.6 Acknowledgement 16 References 16 14 Design and Plant-Wide Control of a Biodiesel Plant 14.1 Introduction 1 14.2 Steady-State Plant Design and Simulation 4 14.2.1 Process Design 4 14.2.1.1 Feed and Product Specifications 4 14.2.1.2 Reaction Section 5 14.2.1.3 Separation Section 6 14.2.2 Process Flowsheet and HYSYS Simulation 8 14.3 Optimization of Plant Operation 10 14.4 Application of IFSH to Biodiesel Plant 12 14.5 Validation of the Plant-Wide Control Structure 18 14.6 Conclusions 20 References 20 15 Plant-Wide Control of a Reactive Distillation Process 15.1 Introduction 2 15.2 Design of Ethyl Acetate Reactive-Distillation Process 3 15.2.1 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Models 3 15.2.2 The Process Flowsheet 4 15.2.3 Comparison of the Process Using Either Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalyst 6 15.3 Control Structure Development of the Two Catalyst Systems 8 15.3.1 Inventory Control Loops 8 15.3.2 Product Quality Control Loops 10 15.3.3 Tuning of the Two Temperature Control Loops 12 Closed-Loop Simulation Results 13 15.3.5 Summary of PWC Aspects 15 15.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 16 Control System Design of a Crystallizer Train for Para-Xylene Recovery 16.1 Introduction 3 16.1 Process 5 16.2 Description 5 16.2.1 Para-Xylene Production Process 5 16.2.2 Para-Xylene Recovery Based on Crystallization Technology 6 16.3 Process Model 8 16.3.1 Crystallizer (Units 1–5) 8 16.3.2 Cyclone Separator (Units 9, 11) 10 16.3.3 Centrifugal Separator (Units 8, 10) 11 16.3.4 Overall Process Model 12 16.4 Control System Design 14 16.4.1 Basic Regulatory Control 14 16.4.2 Steady State Optimal Operation Policy 15 16.4.2.1 Maximization of Para-Xylene Recovery 15 16.4.2.2 Load Distribution 17 16.4.3 Design of Optimizing Controllers 19 16.4.3.1 Multiloop Controller 20 16.4.3.2 Multivariable Controller 20 16.4.3.3 Simulation 21 16.4.4 Incorporation of Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.1 LP Based Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.2 Simulation 24 16.4.5 Justification of MPC Application 25 16.5 Conclusions 26 16.6 5.A Linear Steady State Model and Constraints 27 References 29 17 Modeling and Control of Industrial Off-Gas Systems 17.1 Introduction 3 17.2 Process Description 5 Off-Gas System Model Development 7 17.3.1 Roaster off-Gas Train 8 17.3.2 Furnace Off-Gas Train 12 17.4 Control of Smelter Off-Gas Systems 14 17.4.1 Roaster Off-Gas System 15 17.4.1.1 Degree of Freedom Analysis 15 17.4.1.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 16 17.4.1.3 Optimization 17 17.4.1.4 Production Rate 19 17.4.1.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control 21 17.4.1.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structure 22 17.4.2 Furnace Off-Gas System 22 17.4.2.1 Manipulated Variables and Degree of Freedom Analysis 22 17.4.2.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 23 17.4.2.3 Optimization 24 17.4.2.4 Production Rate 26 17.4.2.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control Layer 27 17.4.2.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structures 28 17.5 Conclusion 28 Notation 29 Subscripts 32 References 33 Section V: Emerging Topics 18 Plant-Wide Control via a Network of Autonomous Controllers 18.1 Introduction 2 18.2 Process and Controller Networks 7 18.2.1 Representation of Process Network 7 18.2.2 Representation of Control Network 10 Plant-Wide Stability Analysis Based on Dissipativity 13 18.4 Controller Network Design 18 18.4.1 Transformation of the Network Topology 18 Plant-Wide Connective Stability 25 18.4.3 Performance Design 27 18.5 Case Study 31 18.5.1 Process Model 32 18.5.2 Distributed Control System Design 34 18.6 Discussions and Conclusion 35 References 40 19 Co-Ordinated, Distributed Plant-Wide Control 19.1 Introduction 2 Co-Ordination Based Plant-Wide Control 8 19.2.1 Price-Driven Co-Ordination 11 19.2.1.1 The Price Decomposition Principle 11 19.2.1.2 Algorithm 12 Price-Driven Co-Ordination Procedure: 14 19.2.1.4 Summary 15 19.2.2 Augmented Price-Driven Method 15 19.2.2.1 The Newton Based Price Update Method as a Negotiation Principle 17 19.2.3 Resource Allocation Co-Ordination 18 19.2.3.1 Resource Allocation Principle 18 19.2.3.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 18 19.2.4 Prediction-Driven Co-Ordination 21 19.2.4.1 Prediction-Driven Principle 21 19.2.4.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 23 19.2.4.3 Prediction Driven Co-Ordination Procedure 23 19.2.5 Economic Interpretation 24 19.3 Case Studies 25 19.3.1 A Pulp Mill Process 25 19.3.1.1 Problem Formulation 25 Plant-Wide Coordination and Performance Comparison 27 19.3.2 A Forced-Circulation Evaporator System 29 19.3.2.1 Problem Formulation 30 Plant-Wide Co-Ordination and Performance 32 19.4 The Future 34 References 38 20 Determination of Plant-Wide Control Loop Configuration and Eco-Efficiency 20.1 Introduction 1 20.2 Relative Gain Array (RGA) and Relative Exergy Gain Array (REA) 4 20.2.1 Relative Gain Array (RGA) 4 20.2.2 Relative Exergy Array (REA) 6 20.2.2.1 Exergy 6 20.2.2.2 Relative Exergy Array 8 20.3 Exergy Calculation Procedure 10 20.4 Case Study 13 20.4.1 Distillation Column 13 20.4.2 Case Study 2 15 20.5 Summary 19 References

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Book SynopsisThe challenge for producing invisible electronic circuitry and opto-electronic devices is that the transistor materials must be transparent to visible light yet have good carrier mobilities. This requires a special class of materials having contra-indicated properties because from the band structure point of view, the combination of transparency and conductivity is contradictory. Structured to strike a balance between introductory and advanced topics, this monograph juxtaposes fundamental science and technology / application issues, and essential materials characteristics versus device architecture and practical applications. The first section is devoted to fundamental materials compositions and their properties, including transparent conducting oxides, transparent oxide semiconductors, p-type wide-band-gap semiconductors, and single-wall carbon nanotubes. The second section deals with transparent electronic devices including thin-film transistors, photovoltaic cells, integrated elTable of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1 Combining Optical Transparency with Electrical Conductivity: Challenges and Prospects (Julia E. Medvedeva). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Electronic Properties of Conventional TCO Hosts. 1.3 Carrier Generation in Conventional TCO Hosts. 1.4 Magnetically Mediated TCO. 1.5 Multicomponent TCO Hosts. 1.6 Electronic Properties of Light Metal Oxides. 1.7 Carrier Delocalization in Complex Oxides. 1.8 An Outlook: Toward an Ideal TCO. Acknowledgements. References. 2 Transparent Oxide Semiconductors: Fundamentals and Recent Progress (Hideo Hosono). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Electronic Structure in Oxides: Carrier Transport Paths in Semiconductors. 2.3 Materials Design of p-Type TOSs. 2.4 Layered Oxychalcogenides: Improved p-Type Conduction and Room-Temperature Stable Excitons. 2.5 Nanoporous Crystal, C12A7: New Functions Created by Subnanometer Cages and Clathrated Anions. 2.6 TAOSs and their TFT Applications. 2.7 Perspective. References. 3 p-Type Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors for Transparent Electronics (Janet Tate and Douglas A. Keszler). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Applications. 3.3 Challenges Associated with p-Type Wide-Gap Semiconductors . 3.4 Materials. 3.5 Outlook and Prospects. References. 4 Lead Oxides: Synthesis and Applications (Dale L. Perry). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Overview of Synthetic Methods and Approaches. 4.3 Synthesis of Lead Oxides. 4.4 Applications of Lead Oxides. 4.5 Summary. Acknowledgement. References. 5 Deposition and Performance Challenges of Transparent Conductive Oxides on Plastic Substrates (Clark I. Bright). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Challenges with Plastic Substrates. 5.3 TCO Performance Comparison – Glass Versus Plastic Substrates. 5.4 Conductivity Mechanisms in TCO. 5.5 Qualitative TCO Doping Model. 5.6 Industrial TCO Deposition Methods on Plastic Substrates. 5.7 Developing a TCO Deposition Process. 5.8 Controlling TCO E/O Properties. 5.9 TSO for Transparent Oxide Electronics. 5.10 p-Type TCO and TSO. 5.11 Key Points and Summary. References. 6 Oxide Semiconductors: From Materials to Devices (Elvira Fortunato, Pedro Barquinha, Gonçalo Gonçalves, Luís Pereira and Rodrigo Martins). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Historical Background: From Field Effect Transistors (FETs) to TFTs. 6.3 Transparent Oxide Semiconductors. 6.4 Emerging Devices Based on Cellulose Paper: Paper FETs. 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrodes (Teresa M. Barnes and Jeffrey L. Blackburn). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Chirality and Band Structure of SWCNTs. 7.3 Synthesis, Purification, and Dispersion of SWCNTs. 7.4 Deposition of SWCNT Networks. 7.5 Effects of Chemical Doping. 7.6 Optical Properties of SWCNTs and SWCNT Networks. 7.7 Electrical Properties of SWCNT Networks. 7.8 Sheet Resistance and Transport Measurements. 7.9 Morphology of SWCNT Networks. 7.10 Literature Results on Transparent SWCNT Networks. 7.11 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 8 Application of Transparent Amorphous Oxide Thin Film Transistors to Electronic Paper (Manabu Ito). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Display. 8.3 Flexible Electronic Paper. 8.4 Application of Transparent Electronics. 8.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 9 Solution-Processed Electronics Based on Transparent Conductive Oxides (Vivek Subramanian). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Solution-Processed Transparent Conductive Oxides. 9.3 Summary. References. 10 Transparent Metal Oxide Nanowire Electronics (Rocıío Ponce Ortiz, Antonio Facchetti and Tobin J. Marks). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Nanowire Transistors. 10.3 Transparent Nanowire Circuits and Displays. 10.4 Conclusions. References. 11 Application of Transparent Oxide Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics (Peter F. Carcia). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Zinc Oxide. 11.3 Indium Oxide. 11.4 SnO2 Thin Film Transistors. 11.5 Gate Dielectrics. 11.6 Transistors on Plastic Substrates. 11.7 Patterning. 11.8 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 12 Transparent OLED Displays (Thomas Riedl). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Transparent OLEDs. 12.3 Transparent Thin Film Transistors. 12.4 Transparent Active Matrix OLED Displays. 12.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 13 Oxide-Based Electrochromics (Claes G. Granqvist). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Electrochromic Devices. 13.3 Some Recent Research Results. 13.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks. References. 14 Transparent Solar Cells Based on Organic Polymers (Jinsong Huang, Gang Li, Juo-Hao Li, Li-Min Chen and Yang Yang). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Multiple Metal Layer Structure as Transparent Cathode. 14.3 Transparent Metal Oxide for Anode of High Performance Transparent Solar Cell. 14.4 Transparent Solar Cell Fabricated by Lamination. 14.5 Conclusion and Remarks. References. 15 Organic Electro-Optic Modulators with Substantially Enhanced Performance Based on Transparent Electrodes (Fei Yi, Seng-Tiong Ho and Tobin J. Marks). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 TC-Based Low-Voltage, High-Speed Organic EO Modulators. 15.3 Full Design: A Detailed Example of High-Frequency Modulator Design. 15.4 Experimental Realization of a TC-Based Organic EO Modulator and Measurement Result. Acknowledgements. References. 16 Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Diimides as Transparent Organic Semiconductors (Kevin Cua See and Howard E. Katz). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Initial Demonstration of NTCDI Semiconductor FETs. 16.3 Further Structural Elaboration of NTCDI Molecular Semiconductors. 16.4 Use of NTCDI Semiconductors in Multifunctional Transistors. 16.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 17 Transparent Metal Oxide Semiconductors as Gas Sensors (Camilla Baratto, Elisabetta Comini, Guido Faglia, Matteo Ferroni, Andrea Ponzoni, Alberto Vomiero and Giorgio Sberveglieri). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Sensing with Nanostructures. 17.3 Synthesis of Nanostructures for Sensing. 17.4 Gas Sensing with Nanowires. 17.5 Chemoresistive Sensing Properties of In2O3 Nanowires. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA guide to teach algorithmic approaches to solving engineering problems. It focuses on approaches to implementing solutions using a subset of the C++ language. It focuses on developing common algorithmic patterns and how to use them to solve complex problems. It includes engineering applications requiring use of algebra, calculus, and physics.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Codes. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Sequence. Chapter 3. Iteration. Chapter 4. Selection. Chapter 5. Dealing with Data. Chapter 6. Array Semantics. Chapter 7. Aggregate Semantics. Chapter 8. Finite Space and Time. Appendix A. A Brief C++ Language Reference. Appendix B. A Brief Standard Library Reference. Index.

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Book SynopsisBack pain is a leading cause of suffering, high medical costs, and loss of productivity in the workplace. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this book addresses the widespread problem of musculoskeletal injuries in general and lower back injury in particular.Table of ContentsErgonomics: Definition and Scope. Low Back Pain. Low Back Pain Management and the Role of Ergonomics. Principles and Methods of Ergonomic Job Analysis and WorkplaceDesign. Principles and Methods of Interventions Through PosturalCorrection. Principles and Methods of Interventions Through BiomechanicalApproaches to Stress Reduction. Principles and Methods of Interventions Through Knowledge andAwareness of Body Mechanics. Principles and Methods of Interventions Through the Evaluation ofHuman Characteristics. Principles and Methods of Interventions Through Biofeedback, MuscleReeducation, and Functional Electric Stimulation. Principles and Methods of Interventions Through Work Conditioningand Work Hardening. Applications and Case Studies of Erogonmic Interventions. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is about the process of design and the skills that individuals should develop in order to execute that process. Its focus is on explaining the engineering design process but the authors have also tried to provide an experiential resource.Table of ContentsIntroduction Defining the Problem: Steps and Decision-Making Skills Defining the Problem: Project and People Skills Formulating Solutions: Steps and Decision-Making Formulating Solutions: Project and People Skills Developing Models and Prototypes: Steps and Decision-Making Developing Models and Prototypes: Project and People Skills Overview of Design Phase Four- Presenting and Implementing the Design

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Book SynopsisWritten through the eyes of an engineer, this book offers readers an introduction to the field that looks at how engineers apply science and technology to solve problems facing society. It first focuses on how engineers represent and solve engineering problems and then describes some of the different kinds of mathematical models that are used.Table of ContentsPart I: THE ENGINEERING MINDSET. 1 Engineering and Society. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The Engineering Method. 1.3 Networks and Systems. 1.4 Engineering Disciplines and Majors. 1.5 Engineering and Computing. Problems. 2 Organization and Representation of Engineering Systems. 2.1 WhatWe Think About HowWe Think. 2.2 Concept Maps. 2.3 Representation and Design. 2.4 Example:Water Supply for Rural Communities in Developing Nations. Problems. 3 Learning and Problem Solving. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Expertise and The Learning Process. 3.3 What Do You Know? Levels of Understanding. 3.4 Getting Good Results from Your Learning Efforts. 3.5 A Framework for Problem Solving. 3.6 How Much CO Does a Typical Passenger Car Produce? 3.7 Planning Larger Projects. 3.8 Heuristics. Problems. Part II MODEL-BASED DESIGN. 4 Laws of Nature and Theoretical Models. 4.1 Engineering Models. 4.2 Evolution of Theory. 4.3 Models of Motion. 4.4 Modeling the "Spring of Air". 4.5 The Birth of the Piston Engine. 4.6 The Science of Thermodynamics. 4.7 Conservation of Mass. 4.8 Analysis Example: The Internal Combustion Engine. 4.9 Design Example: The Handpump. Problems. 5 Data Analysis and Empirical Models. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Theory and Data. 5.3 Empirical Models. 5.4 Using Statistics to Quantify Uncertainty. 5.5 Trade Studies: Evaluating Tradeoffs Between Design Variables. Problems. 6 Modeling Interrelationships in Systems: Lightweight Structures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Statics Perspective. 6.3 The Materials Perspective. 6.4 Putting It All Together. 6.5 Example: A Trade Study of Strength versus Weight in a Truss. Problems. 7 Modeling Interrelationships in Systems: Digital Electronic Circuits. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Computing Machines. 7.3 Digital Circuits from the Symbolic and Logical Perspective. 7.4 Digital Circuits from the Electronics Perspective. 7.5 Putting It All Together: Design of an Inverter. Problems. 8 Modeling Change in Systems. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Predicting the Future: Accumulation of Change. 8.3 Launching a Softball. 8.4 Running Out of Gas. Problems. Part III PROBLEM SOLVING WITH MATLAB. 9 Getting Started with MATLAB. 9.1 Your First MATLAB Session. 9.2 Examples. Problems. 10 Vector Operations in MATLAB. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Basic Operations. 10.3 Simple Two-Dimensional Plots and Graphs. 10.4 Statistics. Problems. 11 Matrix Operations in MATLAB. 11.1 Basic Operations. 11.2 Parameter Sweeps Over Two Variables. 11.3 Plotting 3-Dimensional Data. 11.4 Matrix Arithmetic. 11.5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations. Problems. 12 Introduction to Algorithms and Programming In MATLAB. 12.1 Algorithms, Flow Charts, and Pseudocode. 12.2 MATLAB Functions. 12.3 Conditional Selection Statements. 12.4 Loops or Repetition Statements. 12.5 Examples of Functions, Conditionals, and Loops. 12.6 Accumulation of Change. Problems. Appendix A Problem Solving Process. Appendix B Bloom's Taxonomy: Levels of Understanding. Appendix C Engineering Societies and Professional Organizations. Appendix D Systems of Units. D.1 The SI System. D.2 Non-SI Units and Conversion Factors. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on decisions--engineering economy as a decision tool not an adjunct to accounting--this textbook is completely integrated into the easy-computing era and treats monetary inflation routinely. Contains detailed coverage of equipment replacement, after-tax analysis, risk, public economy, benefit/cost ratios and cost effectiveness.Table of ContentsEngineering Decision Making. Compound Interest and Discounted Cash Flow. Escalation and Inflation. Efficiency Measures. Evaluation of Alternatives. Leverage and Capital Budgeting. Public-Sector Decision Making. Risk and Uncertainty. Probabilistic Decision Making. Taxes, Depreciation, and Incentives. Design Exercises. Answers to Even Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of the economic and global impacts of the advanced materials industry This book represents the first comprehensive investigation of the emerging international advanced materials industry and its profound impact on the world''s industrialized and newly emerging economies. It examines the ways in which science, technology, business, and markets have converged to produce one of the most dynamic industries in recent yearsone that is increasingly controlling global technological progress as a whole. From the unique vantage point of this crucial industry, this book illuminates the major differences in how the world''s two economic superpowersthe United States and the European Unionperceive and carry forward the technology creation process and what these differences mean for achieving national and regional competitive advantage in the twenty-first century. It draws upon a rich body of source materials spanning from 1970 through 2007 as well as actualTable of ContentsPART I: ADVANCED MATERIALS, PAST & PRESENT. Introduction: Advanced Materials in A Global World. Chapter 1: The Coming of The Advanced Materials Revolution. PART II: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS. Chapter 2: A Great Potential - Markets and Society. Chapter 3: The Great Divide -- Advanced Materials, Productivity, and Economic Growth. Chapter 4: Facing Reality - The Risk Factor In The World Of Advanced Materials. PART III: CREATION: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Chapter 5: Research And Development I: The American Context. Chapter 6: Research And Development Ii: The European Context. PART IV: A WIDER CONTEXT: THE SEAMLESS WEB. Chapter 7: The Seamless Web I: Corporations, Universities, Incubators and Start Ups. Chapter 8: The Seamless Web II: Signaling, Selection, and Focusing Mechanisms - SMEs, Entrepreneurs, and Venture Capital. PART V: ORGANIZING GROWTH: CLUSTERS AND GATEKEEPERS. Chapter 9: The Localization of Economic Growth: "Clustering," Synergies, And Advanced Materials. Chapter 10: The American Touch: "Gatekeepers" And Creative Clusters. Chapter 11: Conclusion - Broadening Horizons.

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Book SynopsisManaging the Unknown offers a new way of looking at the problem of managing projects in novel and unknown environments.Trade Review"Managing the Unknown, is an important book, and it was a revelation for me. It takes a fresh look at project risk management, which is a vital skill in developing a new product, but goes beyond conventional risk management in critical ways." (Journal of Product Innovation Management, October 2006)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I. A NEW LOOK AT PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT. Chapter 1. PRM Best Practice: The PCNet Project. Chapter 2. The Limits of Established PRM: The Circored Project. Chapter 3. A Broader Look at Project Risk Management. PART II. MANAGING THE UNKNOWN. Chapter 4. Diagnosing Complexity and Uncertainty. Chapter 5. Learning Projects. Chapter 6. Multiple Parallel Projects: Selectionism. Chapter 7. Selectionism and Learning in Projects. PART III. PUTTING SELECTIONISM AND LEARNING INTO PRACTICE. Chapter 8. Establishing the Project Mindset. Chapter 9. Putting the Infrastructure in Place. Chapter 10. Managing Relationships and Project Governance. Chapter 11. Managing Project Stakeholders in Presence of Unk Unks. PART IV. MANAGING THE UNKNOWN: THE ROLE OF SENIOR MANAGEMENT. Chapter 12. The Role of Senior Management in Novel Projects. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn the 6th edition of Mechanics of Materials, author team Riley, Sturges, and Morris continue to provide students with the latest information in the field, as well as realistic and motivating problems. This updated revision of Mechanics of Materials (formerly Higdon, Olsen and Stiles) features thorough treatment of stress, strain, and the stress-strain relationships. These topics are covered before the customary treatments of axial loading, torsion, flexure, and buckling, allowing for earlier introduction of more realistic problems, such as those associated with combined loadings. Riley, Sturges, and Morris continue towrite in a student-friendly style that includes new illustrations throughout each chapter. The text stresses the use of fundamental principles and the concepts of mechanics to solve all problems. As a result, students must apply the information presented in each chapter to answer realistic problems instead of simply using formulas. This problem solTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction and Review of Statics 1 1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 Classification of Forces 2 1-3 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body 4 1-4 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body 30 1-5 Internal Forces 34 Summary 44 Chapter 2 Analysis of Stress: Concepts and Definitions 48 2-1 Introduction 48 2-2 Normal Stress under Axial Loading 48 2-3 Shearing Stress in Connections 49 2-4 Bearing Stress 51 2-5 Units of Stress 51 2-6 Stresses on an Inclined Plane in an Axially Loaded Member 65 2-7 Stress at a general point in an Arbitrarily Loaded Member 72 2-8 Two-dimensional or Plane Stress 74 2-9 The Stress Transformation Equations for Plane Stress 75 2-10 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shearing Stress—Plane Stress 85 2-11 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 98 2-12 General State of Stress at a Point 108 Summary 117 Chapter 3 Analysis of Strain: Concepts and Definitions 121 3-1 Introduction 121 3-2 Displacement, Deformation, and Strain 121 3-3 The State of Strain at a point 129 3-4 The Strain Transformation Equations for Plane Strain 130 3-5 Principal Strains and Maximum Shear Strain 135 3-6 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain 140 3-7 Strain Measurement and Rosette Analysis 142 Summary 148 Chapter 4 Material Properties and Stress-Strain Relationships 153 4-1 Introduction 153 4-2 Stress-Strain diagrams 153 4-3 Generalized Hooke’s law 164 4-4 Thermal Strain 176 4-5 Stress-Strain Equations for Orthotropic Materials 180 Summary 184 Chapter 5 Axial Loading Applications and Pressure Vessels 189 5-1 Introduction 189 5-2 Deformation of Axially Loaded Members 189 5-3 Deformations in a System of Axially Loaded Bars 201 5-4 Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members 209 5-5 Thermal Effects 225 5-6 Stress Concentrations 234 5-7 Inelastic Behavior of Axially Loaded Members 239 5-8 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 246 5-9 Combined Effects—Axial and Pressure Loads 254 5-10 Thick-Walled Cylindrical Pressure Vessels 257 5-11 Design 264 Summary 270 Chapter 6 Torsional Loading of Shafts 276 6-1 Introduction 276 6-2 Torsional Shearing Strain 277 6-3 Torsional Shearing Stress—The Elastic Torsion formula 279 6-4 Torsional Displacements 281 6-5 Stresses on Oblique Planes 295 6-6 Power Transmission 300 6-7 Statically Indeterminate Members 303 6-8 Combined Loading—Axial, Torsional, and Pressure Vessel 315 6-9 Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts under Torsional Loadings 322 6-10 Inelastic Behavior of Torsional Members 325 6-11 Torsion of Noncircular Sections 331 6-12 Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes—Shear flow 333 6-13 Design Problems 339 Summary 344 Chapter 7 Flexural Loading: Stresses in Beams 349 7-1 Introduction 349 7-2 Flexural Strains 352 7-3 Flexural Stresses 354 7-4 The Elastic Flexure formula 356 7-5 Shear forces and Bending Moments in Beams 366 7-6 Load, Shear Force, and Bending Moment relationships 376 7-7 Shearing Stresses in Beams 391 7-8 Principal Stresses in Flexural Members 405 7-9 Flexural Stresses—Unsymmetrical Bending 410 7-10 Stress Concentrations under Flexural Loadings 418 7-11 Inelastic Behavior of Flexural Members 422 7-12 Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Open Sections—Shear center 431 7-13 Flexural Stresses in Beams of Two Materials 441 7-14 Flexural Stresses in Reinforced Concrete Beams 445 7-15 Flexural Stresses in Curved Beams 450 7-16 Combined Loading: Axial, Pressure, Flexural, and Torsional 457 7-17 Design Problems 475 Summary 480 Chapter 8 Flexural Loading: Beam Deflections 487 8-1 Introduction 487 8-2 The Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve 487 8-3 Deflection by Integration 489 8-4 Deflections by Integration of Shear Force or Load Equations 502 8-5 Singularity Functions 507 8-6 Deflections by Superposition 520 8-7 Deflections due to Shearing Stress 530 8-8 Deflections by Energy Methods—Castigliano’s Theorem 532 8-9 Statically Indeterminate Beams 542 8-10 Design problems 567 Summary 574 Chapter 9 Columns 578 9-1 Introduction 578 9-2 Buckling of Long, Straight Columns 579 9-3 Effects of Different Idealized End Conditions 587 9-4 Empirical Column Formulas—Centric Loading 592 9-5 Eccentrically Loaded Columns 600 9-6 Design problems 606 Summary 610 Chapter 10 Energy Methods and Theories of Failure 614 10-1 Introduction 614 Part A: Energy Methods 615 10-2 Strain Energy 615 10-3 Elastic Strain Energy for Various Loads 617 10-4 Impact Loading 624 Part B: Theories of Failure for Static Loading 637 10-5 Introduction 637 10-6 Failure Theories for Ductile Materials 637 10-7 Failure Theories for Brittle Materials 650 Summary 654 Appendices A Second Moments of Area 659 B Tables of Properties 683 Index 705

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively summarizes and collects many technical research accomplishments conducted on polyolefin blends. It serves as a one stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of polyolefin blends.Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1. Overview of Polyolefin Blends (Domasius Nwabunma). Polyolefin/Polyolefin Blends. 2. Miscibility and Characteristics of Polyolefin Blends (James L. White and Jinhai Yang). 3. Miscibility, Morphology and Properties of Polyethylene Blends (Robert A. Shanks). 4. Miscibility and Crystallization of Binary Polyethylene Blends (Moonhor Ree). 5. Microscopically Viewed Structural Characteristics of Polyethylene Blends between Deuterated and Hydrogenous Species: Cocrystallization and Phase Separation (Kohji Tashiro). 6. Thermal and Structural Characterization of Binary and Ternary Blends based on Isotactic Polypropylene, Isotactic Poly (1-Butene) and Hydrogenated Oligo (Cyclopentadiene) (Maurizio Canetti). 7. Morphological Phase Diagrams of Blends of Polypropylene Isomers and Poly(ethylene octene) Copolymer (Wirunya Keawwattana, Rushikesh Matkar, and Thein Kyu). 8. Structure, Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Polyolefin Based Elastomers (Shigeyuki Toki and Benjamin S. Hsiao). 9. Morphology and Mechanical Properties in iPP/Polyolefin-Based Copolymer Blends (Koh-Hei Nitta and Masayuki Yamaguchi). 10. Functionalization of Olefinic Polymer and Copolymer Blends in the Melt (Boleslaw Jurkowski, Stepan Stepanovich Pesetskii, and Yuri Mikhailovich Krivoguz). 11. Deformation Behavior of ß-Crystalline Phase Polypropylene and its Rubber Modified Blends (Sie Chin Tjong). 12. Multiphase Polypropylene Copolymer Blends (Francis M. Mirabella). 13. Heterogeneous Materials Based on Polypropylene (Jesús Maria García Martínez, Susana Areso Capdep¢n, Jes£s Taranco González, and Emilia Pérez Collar). 14. Polypropylene/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymer Blends (Chang-Sik Ha, Subhendu Ray Chowdhury, Gue-Hyun Kim, and Il Kim). 15. Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber/Natural Rubber Blends (Soney C. George and Sabu Thomas). 16. Phase Field Approach to Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Phase Separation and Crystallization of Polypropylene Isomers and Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer Blends (Rushikesh Matkar and Thein Kyu). Polyolefin/Non-Polyolefin Blends. 17. Compatibilization and Crystallization of Blends of Polyolefins with a Semiflexible Liquid Crystalline Polymer (Liliya Minkova). 18. Functionalized Polyolefins and Aliphatic Polyamide Blends: Interphase Interactions, Rheology and High Elastic Properties of Melts (Boleslaw Jurkowski and Stepan Stepanovich Pesetskii). 19. Plastic Deformation and Damage Mechanisms of Ternary PP/PA6/POE Polymer Blends (Shu-Lin Bai, Christian G?Sell, Gongtao Wang, Jean-Marie Hiver, and Min Wang). 20. Reactive Compatibilization of Binary and Ternary Blends Based on PE, PP and PS (M¢nica F. D¡az, Silvia Barbosa, and Numa J. Capiati). 21. Polyolefin/Epoxy Resin Blends (Bejoy Francis and Sabu Thomas).

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of the widely acclaimed original! The second edition of the Handbook of Adhesion continues to contain the background science, engineering and aspects of adhesion relevant to the application of adhesives, paints, coatings, sealants, mastics, printing and composite substances.Trade Review"...a comprehensive yet very technical treatment of the subject of adhesion..." (E-STREAMS, June 2006) "This book is an excellent reference and source of information for the general practitioner, researcher, and adhesive users...a must have book for the industry. Very highly recommended." (Adhesives & Sealants Newsletter, September 12, 2005) "...provides concise and authoritative articles covering many aspects of the science and technology associated with adhesion and adhesives." (Paint & Coatings Industry Magazine, March 2006) "...an impressive volume...handy and comprehensive..." (MST Newsletter, August 2005) "250 concise and authoritative articles" (Worlds Surface Abstracts Coatings, September 2006)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction. List of Articles--Alphabetical. List of Articles--Classified. List of Contributors. Handbook Entries. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. The Bicycle ("Static" Doesn't Mean That You Aren't Moving). Chapter 3. The Golden Gate Bridge. Chapter 4. Forces. Chapter 5. Moments. Chapter 6. Drawing A Free-Body Diagram. Chapter 7. Mechanical Equilibrium. Chapter 8. Distributed Force. Chapter 9. Internal Loads in Frames, Machines, and Trusses. Chapter 10. "Out on a Limb" and "Hung Out To Dry": A Look at Internal Loads In Beams and Cables. Appendix A. A1. Selected topics in Mathematics. A2. Physical Quantities. A3. Properties of Areas and Volumes. Appendix B. Dry Friction. Appendix C. Moment of Inertia of Area. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding a modern update of the field, Mossbauer Spectroscopy focuses on applications across a broad range of fields, including analysis of inorganic elements, nanoparticles, metalloenzymyes, biomolecules (including proteins), glass, coal, and iron. Ideal for a broad range of scientists, this one-stop reference presents advances gained in the field over past two decades, including a detailed theoretical description of Mossbauer spectroscopy, an extensive treatment of Mossbauer spectroscopy in applied areas, and challenges and future opportunities for the further development of this technique.Table of ContentsPreface xix Contributors xxi Chapter 1 In-Situ Mössbauer Spectroscopy with Synchrotron Radiation on Thin Films 3 S Stankov, T Ślęzak, M Zając, M Ślęzak, M Sladecek, R Röhlsberger, B. Sepiol, G Vogl, N Spiridis, J Łażewski, K Parliński, and J Korecki 1 1 Introduction 3 1.2 Instrumentation 4 1.3 Synchrotron radiation-based Mössbauer techniques 10 References 39 Chapter 2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Studying Electronic Spin and Valence States of Ironin the Earth’s Lower Mantle 43 Jung-Fu Lin, Zhu Mao, and Ercan E Alp 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Synchrotron Mössbauer Spectroscopy at High Pressures and Temperatures 44 2.3 Crystal Field Theory on the 3d Electronic States 46 2.4 Conclusion 54 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 Chapter 3 In-beam Mössbauer Spectroscopy Using a Radioisotope Beam and a Neutron Capture Reaction 58 Yoshio Kobayashi 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 57Mn (→ 57Fe) Implantation Mössbauer Spectroscopy 61 3.3 Neutron in-beam Mössbauer Spectroscopy 66 3 .4 Summary 66 References 67 Part II Radionuclides 71 Chapter 4 Lanthanides(151Eu and 155Gd)-Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Defect-FluoriteOxides Coupled with New Defect-Crystal-Chemistry Model 73 Nakamura, N Igawa, Y Okamoto, Y Hinatsu, J, Wang, M Takahashi and M. Takeda 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Defect-crystal-Chemistry (DCC) Lattice-parameter Model 76 4.3 Lns Mössbauer and Lattice-parameter Data of DF Oxides 79 4.4 DCC-Model Lattice-parameter and Lns-Mössbauer Data Analysis 84 Conclusion 92 References 93 Chapter 5 Mössbauer and Magnetic Study of Neptunyl(+1) Complexes 95 T Nakamoto, A Nakamura and M Takeda 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 237Np Mössbauer Spectroscopy 96 5.3 Magnetic Property of Neptunyl Monocation (NpO2+) 97 5.4 Mössbauer and Magnetic Study of Neptunyl(+1) Complexes 98 5.5 Discussion 106 Conclusion 113 Acknowledgment 113 References 113 Chapter 6 Mössbauer Spectroscopy of 161Dy in Dysprosium Dicarboxylates 116 M Takahashi, C I Wynter, B R Hillery, Virender K Sharma, D Quarless, Leopold May, T Misu, S G Sobel, M Takeda, and E Brown 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Experimental Methods 117 6.3 Results and Discussion 117 Acknowledgment 122 References 122 Chapter 7 Study of Exotic Uranium Compounds using 238U Mössbauer Spectroscopy 123 Satoshi Tsutsui1,2and Masami Nakada2 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Determination of Nuclear g-factor in the Excited State of 238U Nuclei 125 7.3 Application of 238U Mössbauer Spectroscopy to Heavy Fermion 127 7.4 Application to Two-dimensional (2D) Fermi Surface System of Uranium Dipnictides 134 Summary 137 Acknowledgment 138 References 138 Part III Spin Dynamics 141 Chapter 8 Reversible Spin-state Switching Involving a Structural Change 143 Satoru Nakashima 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Three Assembled Structures of Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X=S, Se) and Their Structural Change by Desorption of Propanol Molecules 144 8.3 Occurrence of Spin-crossover Phenomenon in Assembled Complexes Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X=S, Se, BH3) by Enclathrating Guest Molecules 145 8.4 Reversible Structural Change of Host Framework of Fe(NCS)2(bpp)2•2(benzene) Triggered By Sorption of Benzene Molecules 147 8.5 Reversible Spin-state Switching Involving a Structural Change of Fe(NCX)2(bpp)2•2(benzene) (X=Se, BH3) Triggered By Sorption of Benzene Molecules 149 8.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 Chapter 9 Spin- Crossover and Related Phenomena Coupled with Spin, Photon and Charge 152 N Kokima and A Sugahara 9.1 Introduction 152 9.2 Photo-induced Spin-crossover Phenomena 153 9 3 Charge Transfer Phase Transition 161 9 4 Spin Equilibrium and Succeeding Phenomena 168 References 175 Chapter 10 Spin Crossover in Iron(III) Porphyrins Involving the Intermediate-Spin State 177 Mikio Nakamura and Masashi Takahashi 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Methodology to Obtain Pure Intermediate-Spin Complexes 178 10.3 Spin Crossover Involving the Intermediate-Spin State 189 10.4 Spin Crossover Triangle in Iron(III) Porphyrins 195 10.5 Conclusion 198 Acknowledgments 198 References 199 Chapter 11 Tin(II) Lone Pair Stereoactivity: Influence on Structures and Properties, and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Properties 202 Georges Dénès, M Cecilia Madamba, Hocine Merazigand Abdualhafed Muntasar 11.1 Introduction 202 11.2 Experimental 203 11.3 Crystal Structures 204 11.4 Tin Electronic Structure and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 208 11.5 Application to the Structural Determination of α−SnF2 213 11.6 Application to the Structural Determination of the Highly Layered Structures of α−PbSnF4 and BaSnF4 216 11.7 Application to the Structural Study of Disordered Phases 226 11.8 Lone Pair Stereoactivity and Material Properties 241 11.9 Conclusion 242 Acknowledgments 243 References 243 Part IV Biological Applications 247 Chapter 12 Synchrotron Radiation Based Nuclear Resonant Scattering: Applications to Bioinorganic Chemistry 249 Yisong Guo, Yoshitaka Yoda, Xiaowei Zhang, Yuming Xiao, Stephen P Cram 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Technical Background 250 12.3 Applications in Bioinorganic Chemistry 258 12.4 Summary and Prospects 269 Acknowledgment 269 References 269 Chapter 13 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Biological and Biomedical Research 272 Alexander A Kamnev1,*, Krisztina Kovács2, Irina V Alenkina3, and Michael I. Oshtrakh 13.1 Introduction 272 13.2 Microorganisms-related studies 273 13.3 Plants 276 13.4 Enzymes 280 13.5 Hemogoblin 281 13.6 Ferritin and Hemosiderin 283 13.7 Tissues 284 13.8 Pharmaceutical Products 286 13.9 Conclusions 286 Acknowledgments 287 References 287 Chapter 14 Controlled Spontaneous Decay of Mossbauer Nuclei (Theory and Experiments) 292 Vladimir I Vysotskii and Alla A Kornilova 14.1 Introduction to the Problem of Controlled Spontaneous Gamma-decay 292 14.2 General Consideration 293 14.3 Controlled Spontaneous Gamma-decay of Excited Nucleus in the System of Mutually Uncorrelated Modes of Electromagnetic Vacuum 295 14.4 Spontaneous Gamma-decay in the System of Synchronized Modes of Electromagnetic Vacuum 302 14.5 Experimental Study of the Phenomenon of Controlled Gamma-decay of Mossbauer Nuclei 303 14.6 Experimental Study of the Phenomenon of Controlled Gamma-decay by Investigation of Space Anisotropy and Self-focusing of Mossbauer Radiation 309 14.7 Direct Experimental Observation and Study of the Process of Controlled Radioactive and Excited Nuclei Radiative Gamma-decay by the Delayed Gamma-gamma Coincidence Method 311 14.8 Conclusion 314 References 314 Chapter 15 Natural's Strategy to Oxidize Tryptophan: EPR and Mossbauer Characterization of High-Valent Fe Intermediates 315 Kednerlin Dornevil and Aimin Liu 15.1 Two Oxidizing Equivalents Stored at a Ferric Heme 315 15.2 Oxidation of L-Tryptophan by Heme-Based Enzymes 316 15.3 The Chemical Reaction Catalyzed by MauG 318 15.4 A High-Valent bis-Fe(IV) Intermediate in MauG 319 15.5 High-Valent Fe Intermediate of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 319 15.6 Concluding Remarks 321 References 322 Chapter 16 Iron in Neurodegeneration 324 Jolanta Gałązka-Friedman, Erika R Bauminger, and Andrzej Friedman 16.1 Introduction 324 16.2 Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress 324 16.3 Mössbauer Studies of Healthy Brain Tissue 325 16.4 Properties of Ferritin and Hemosiderin Present in Healthy Brain Tissue 327 16.5 Concentration of Iron Present in Healthy and Diseased Brain Issue 328 16.6 Asymmetry of the Mössbauer Spectra of Healthy and Diseased Brain Tissue 330 16.7 Conclusion – the Possible Role of Iron in Neurodegeneration 331 References 331 Chapter 17 Emission (57Co) Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Biology-related Applications, Potentials and Prospects 333 Alexander A Kamnev 17.1 Introduction 333 17.2 Methodology 334 17.3 Microbiological Applications 336 17.4 Enzymological Applications 340 17.5 Conclusions and Outlook 345 Acknowledgments 345 References 346 Part V Iron Oxides 349 Chapter 18 Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Study of Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides from Thermal Processes 351 Jiří Tuček, Libor Machala, Jiří Frydrych, Jiří Pechoušek, and Radek Zbořil 18.1 Introduction 351 18.2 Polymorphs of Iron (III) Oxide, Their Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Polymorphous Phase Transformations 352 18.3 Use of 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Monitoring Solid State Reaction Mechanisms towards Iron Oxides 371 18.4 Various Mössbauer Spectroscopy Techniques in Study of Applications Related to Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides 378 18.5 Conclusion 389 Acknowledgment 389 References 389 Chapter 19 Transmission and Emission 57Fe Mössbauer Studies on Perovskites and Related Oxide Systems 393 Zoltán Homonnay and Zoltán Németh 19.1 Introduction 393 19.2 Study of high-Tc superconductors 394 19.3 Study of Strontium ferrate and its substituted analogues 401 19.4 Pursuing Colossal Magnetoresistance in Doped Lanthanum Cobaltates 407 References 413 Chapter 20 Enhancing the Possibilities of 57Fe Mössbauer Spectrometry to Study the Inherent Properties of Rust Layers 415 Karen E García, César A Barrero, Alvaro L Morales, and Jean-Marc Greneche 20.1 Introduction 415 20.2 Mössbauer Characterization of Some Iron Phases Presented in the Rust Layers 416 20.3 Determining Inherent Properties of Rust Layers by Mössbauer Spectrometry 421 20.4 Final Remarks 426 Acknowledgments 426 References 426 Chapter 21 Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Nanomagnetics 429 Lakshmi Nambakkat 21.1 Introduction 429 21.2 Spinel Ferrites 430 21.3 Nano Sized Fe-Al Alloys Synthesized by High Energy Ball Milling 441 21.4 Magnetic Thin Films/Multilayer Systems: 57Fe/Al MLS 446 Conclusion 452 Acknowledgment 453 References 453 Chapter 22 Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis 455 José F Marco, J Ramón Gancedo, Matteo Monti and Juan de la Figuera 22.1 Introduction 455 22.2 The Physical Basis: How and Why Electrons Appear in Mössbauer Spectroscopy 456 22.3 Increasing Surface Sensitivity in Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy 458 22.4 The Practical Way: Experimental Low Energy Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy 460 22.5 Mössbauer Surface Imaging Techniques 465 22.6 Recent Surface Mössbauer Studies in an "ancient" Material: Fe3O4 466 Acknowledgments 468 References 468 Chapter 23 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Investigation of the Precipitation of Iron Oxides 470 Svetozar Musić, Mira Ristić, and Stjepko Krehula 23.1 Introduction 470 23.2 Complexation of Iron Ions by Hydrolysis 470 23.3 Precipitation of Iron Oxides by Hydrolysis Reactions 472 23.4 Precipitation of Iron Oxides from Dense -FeOOH Suspensions 480 23.5 Precipitation and Properties of Some Other Iron Oxides 483 23.6 Influence of Cations on the Precipitation of Iron Oxides 490 Acknowledgment 496 References 497 Chapter 24 Ferrates (IV, V, and VI): Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization 505 Virender K Sharma, Yurii Perfiliev, Radek Zboril, Libor Machala, and Clive Wynter 24.1 Introduction 505 24.2 Spectroscopic Characterization 506 24.3 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization 508 Acknowledgments 517 References 517 Chapter 25 Characterization of Dilute Iron-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnets by Mössbauer Spectrometry 521 Kiyoshi Nomura and Zoltán Németh 25.1 Introduction 521 25.2 Sample Preparations by sol-gel Method 523 25.3 X-ray Diffraction and EXAFS Analysis 523 25.4 Magnetic Properties 525 25.5 Mössbauer Analysis of YAG Doped with Dilute Iron 526 25.6 Micro-discharge Treatment of Iron Doped YAG 528 Conclusion 531 Acknowledgment 532 References 532 Part VI Industrial Applications 533 Chapter 26 Some Mössbauer Studies of Fe-As Based High Temperature Superconductors 535 Amar Nath and Airat Khasanov 26.1 Introduction 535 26.2 Experimental 535 26.3 Where Do the Injected Electrons Go? 537 26.4 New Electron-rich Species in Ni-doped Single Crystals: Is it Superconducting? 538 26.5 Can O2 play an Important Role? 539 Acknowledgment 541 References 541 Chapter 27 Mossbauer Study of New Electrically Conductive Glass 542 Tetsuaki Nishida and Shiro Kubuki 27.1 Introduction 542 27.2 Structural Relaxation of Electrically Conductive Vanadate Glass 544 Acknowledgments 551 References 551 Chapter 28 Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Study of Lithium Battery Materials 552 Ricardo Alcántara, Pedro Lavela, Carlos Pérez Vicente, José L Tirado 28.1 Introduction 552 28.2 Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries 554 28.3 Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries 556 Conclusions 561 Acknowledgment 561 References 562 Chapter 29 Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigations of Novel Bimetal Catalysts for Preferential CO Oxidation in H2 564 Wansheng Zhang, Junhu Wang, Kuo Liu, Jie Jin, and Tao Zhang 29.1 Introduction 564 29.2 Experimental Section 564 29.3 Results and Discussion 565 Conclusion 574 Acknowledgments 574 References 575 Chapter 30 The use of Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Coal Research-Is it Relevant or Not? 576 F B Waanders 30.1 Introduction 576 30.2 Experimental Procedures 577 30.3 Results and Discussion 578 Conclusions 590 References 591 Part VII Environmental Applications 593 Chapter 31 Water Purification and Characterization of Recycled Iron-Silicate Glass 595 Shiro Kubuki and Tetsuaki Nishida 31.1 Introduction 595 31.2 Property and Structure of Recycled Silicate Glasses 596 31.3 Summary 605 Reference 606 Chapter 32 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Study of Laterite Mineral Processing 608 Eamonn Devlin, Michail Samouhos, Charalabos Zografidis 32.1 Introduction 608 32.2 Conventional Processing 609 32.3 Microwave Processing 612 Reference 619 Index 621

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Book SynopsisThe Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceeding has been published by The American Ceramic Society since 1980. This series contains a collection of papers dealing with issues in both traditional ceramics (i.e. , glass, whitewares, refractories, and porcelain enamel) and advanced ceramics.

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Book SynopsisCovers electronics, MEMS, and instrumentation and control, giving you accessible and in-depth access to the topics you'll encounter in the discipline: computer-aided design, product design for manufacturing and assembly, design optimization, total quality management in mechanical system design, and more.Table of ContentsPreface ix Vision for the Fourth Edition xi Contributors xiii PART 1 DESIGN 1 1. Computer-Aided Design 3Emory W. Zimmers Jr., Charalambos A. Marangos, Sekar Sundararajan, and Technical Staff 2. Product Design for Manufacturing and Assembly 55Gordon Lewis 3. Design-for-Environment Processes and Tools 75Daniel P. Fitzgerald, Thornton H. Gogoll, Linda C. Schmidt, Jeffrey W. Herrmann, and Peter A. Sandborn 4. Design Optimization: An Overview 97A. Ravi Ravindran and G. V. Reklaitis 5. Total Quality Management in Mechanical System Design 125B. S. Dhillon 6. Reliability in the Mechanical Design Process 149B.S. Dhillon 7. Product Design and Manufacturing Processes for Sustainability 177I. S. Jawahir, P. C. Wanigarathne, and X. Wang 8. Life-Cycle Design 207Abigail Clarke and John K. Gershenson 9. Design for Maintainability 249O. Geoffrey Okogbaa and Wilkistar Otieno 10. Design for Remanufacturing Processes 301Bert Bras 11. Design for Manufacture and Assembly with Plastics 329James A. Harvey 12. Design for Six Sigma: A Mandate for Competitiveness 341James E. McMunigal and H. Barry Bebb 13. Engineering Applications of Virtual Reality 371Wenjuan Zhu, Xiaobo Peng, and Ming C. Leu 14. Physical Ergonomics 417Maury A. Nussbaum and Jaap H. van Dieën PART 2 INSTRUMENTATION, SYSTEMS, CONTROLS, AND MEMS 437 15. Electric Circuits 439Albert J. Rosa 16. Measurements 565E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger 17. Signal Processing 579John Turnbull 18. Data Acquisition and Display Systems 597Philip C. Milliman 19. Systems Engineering: Analysis, Design, and Information Processing for Analysis and Design 625Andrew P. Sage 20. Mathematical Models of Dynamic Physical Systems 667K. Preston White Jr. 21. Basic Control Systems Design 747William J. Palm III 22. General-Purpose Control Devices 805James H. Christensen, Robert J. Kretschmann, Sujeet Chand, and Kazuhiko Yokoyama 23. Neural Networks in Feedback Control Systems 843K. G. Vamvoudakis, F.L. Lewis, and Shuzhi Sam Ge 24. Mechatronics 895Shane Farritor and Jeff Hawks 25. Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS): Design and Application 943M. E. Zaghloul Index 955

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Book SynopsisA special issue tribute to the career and legacy of Tony EvansTwo years after the death Tony Evans, this special issue from the Journal of the American Ceramics Society was published. It honors the significant impact that Evans had on the field of ceramic science, in terms of his own work and the work of those he influenced and trained. The issue is entitled A Tribute to Anthony G. Evans: Materials Scientist and Engineer. His colleagues contributed more than twenty original articles. An additional eight articles are included as a tribute to his research contributions. They are coauthored by Evans (1942-2009).

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisOne of the only texts available to cover not only how failure occurs but also examine methods developed to expose the reasons for failure, Metal Failures has long been considered the most definitive and authoritative resources in metallurgical failure analysis.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Failure Analysis 1 I. Introduction 1 II. Examples of Case Studies Involving Structural Failures 6 III. Summary 25 References 25 Problems 26 2. Elements of Elastic Deformation 27 I. Introduction 27 II. Stress 27 III. Strain 32 IV. Elastic Constitutive Relationships 35 V. State of Stress Ahead of a Notch 44 VI. Summary 46 References 46 Appendix 2-1: Mohr Circle Equations for a Plane Problem 46 Appendix 2-2: Three-Dimensional Stress Analysis 49 Appendix 2-3: Stress Formulas Under Simple Loading Conditions 54 Problems 57 3. Elements of Plastic Deformation 59 I. Introduction 59 II. Theoretical Shear Strength 59 III. Dislocations 61 IV. Yield Criteria for Multiaxial Stress 68 V. State of Stress in the Plastic Zone Ahead of a Notch in Plane-Strain Deformation 70 VI. Summary 74 For Further Reading 75 Appendix 3-1: The von Mises Yield Criterion 75 Problems 76 4. Elements of Fracture Mechanics 80 I. Introduction 80 II. Griffith’s Analysis of the Critical Stress for Brittle Fracture 80 III. Alternative Derivation of the Griffith Equation 83 IV. Orowan-Irwin Modification of the Griffith Equation 84 V. Stress Intensity Factors 85 VI. The Three Loading Modes 88 VII. Determination of the Plastic Zone Size 88 VIII. Effect of Thickness on Fracture Toughness 89 IX. The R-Curve 91 X. Short Crack Limitation 92 XI. Case Studies 92 XII. The Plane-Strain Crack Arrest Fracture Toughness, K I a, of Ferritic Steels 95 XIII. Elastic-plastic Fracture Mechanics 96 XIV. Failure Assessment Diagrams 98 XV. Summary 101 References 101 Problems 102 5. Alloys and Coatings 105 I. Introduction 105 II. Alloying Elements 106 III. Periodic Table 107 IV. Phase Diagrams 108 V. Coatings 126 VI. Summary 130 References 130 Problems 130 6. Examination and Reporting Procedures 132 I. Introduction 132 II. Tools for Examinations in the Field 132 III. Preparation of Fracture Surfaces for Examination 133 IV. Visual Examination 133 V. Case Study: Failure of a Steering Column Component 134 VI. Optical Examination 135 VII. Case Study: Failure of a Helicopter Tail Rotor 136 VIII. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 136 IX. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 138 X. Replicas 142 XI. Spectrographic and Other Types of Chemical Analysis 143 XII. Case Study: Failure of a Zinc Die Casting 144 XIII. Specialized Analytical Techniques 145 XIV. Stress Measurement by X-Rays 146 XV. Case Study: Residual Stress in a Train Wheel 149 XVI. The Technical Report 150 XVII. Record Keeping and Testimony 151 XVIII. Summary 154 References 155 Problem 155 7. Brittle and Ductile Fractures 156 I. Introduction 156 II. Brittle Fracture 156 III. Some Examples of Brittle Fracture in Steel 159 IV. Ductile-Brittle Behavior of Steel 161 V. Case Study: The Nuclear Pressure Vessel Design Code 168 VI. Case Study: Examination of Samples from the Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic 172 VII. Ductile Fracture 177 VIII. Ductile Tensile Failure, Necking 177 IX. Fractographic Features Associated with Ductile Rupture 183 X. Failure in Torsion 185 XI. Case Study: Failure of a Helicopter Bolt 185 XII. Summary 188 References 191 Problems 191 8. Thermal and Residual Stresses 196 I. Introduction 196 II. Thermal Stresses, Thermal Strain, and Thermal Shock 196 III. Residual Stresses Caused by Nonuniform Plastic Deformation 200 IV. Residual Stresses Due to Quenching 204 V. Residual Stress Toughening 207 VI. Residual Stresses Resulting from Carburizing, Nitriding, and Induction Hardening 207 VII. Residual Stresses Developed in Welding 209 VIII. Measurement of Residual Stresses 211 IX. Summary 211 References 211 Appendix 8-1: Case Study of a Fracture Due to Thermal Stress 212 Problems 213 9. Creep 216 I. Introduction 216 II. Background 216 III. Characteristics of Creep 217 IV. Creep Parameters 220 V. Creep Fracture Mechanisms 222 VI. Fracture Mechanism Maps 224 VII. Case Studies 225 VIII. Residual Life Assessment 230 IX. Stress Relaxation 232 X. Elastic Follow-up 233 XI. Summary 234 References 234 Problems 234 10. Fatigue 237 I. Introduction 237 II. Background 237 III. Design Considerations 240 IV. Mechanisms of Fatigue 246 V. Factors Affecting Fatigue Crack Initiation 254 VI. Factors Affecting Fatigue Crack Growth 257 VII. Analysis of the Rate of Fatigue Crack Propagation 261 VIII. Fatigue Failure Analysis 273 IX. Case Studies 276 X. Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue 285 XI. Cavitation 285 XII. Composite Materials 286 XIII. Summary 287 References 287 For Further Reading 290 Problems 290 11. Statistical Distributions 293 I. Introduction 293 II. Distribution Functions 293 III. The Normal Distribution 294 IV. Statistics of Fatigue; Statistical Distributions 296 V. The Weibull Distribution 298 VI. The Gumbel Distribution 302 VII. The Staircase Method 307 VIII. Summary 310 References 310 Appendix 11-1: Method of Linear Least Squares (C. F. Gauss, 1794) 311 Problems 314 12. Defects 316 I. Introduction 316 II. Weld Defects 316 III. Case Study: Welding Defect 321 IV. Casting Defects 328 V. Case Study: Corner Cracking during Continuous Casting 329 VI. Forming Defects 329 VII. Case Studies: Forging Defects 330 VIII. Case Study: Counterfeit Part 332 IX. The Use of the Wrong Alloys; Errors in Heat Treatment, etc. 333 X. Summary 334 References 334 Problems 334 13. Environmental Effects 336 I. Introduction 336 II. Definitions 336 III. Fundamentals of Corrosion Processes 337 IV. Environmentally Assisted Cracking Processes 342 V. Case Studies 348 VI. Cracking in Oil and Gas Pipelines 350 VII. Crack Arrestors and Pipeline Reinforcement 352 VIII. Plating Problems 353 IX. Case Studies 353 X. Pitting Corrosion of Household Copper Tubing 356 XI. Problems with Hydrogen at Elevated Temperatures 356 XII. Hot Corrosion (Sulfidation) 358 XIII. Summary 358 References 358 Problems 359 14. Flaw Detection 360 I. Introduction 360 II. Inspectability 360 III. Visual Examination (VE) 364 IV. Penetrant Testing (PT) 364 V. Case Study: Sioux City DC-10 Aircraft 367 VI. Case Study: MD-88 Engine Failure 374 VII. Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) 375 VIII. Case Study: Failure of an Aircraft Crankshaft 378 IX. Eddy Current Testing (ET) 382 X. Case Study: Aloha Airlines 384 XI. Ultrasonic Testing (UT) 384 XII. Case Study: B747 389 XIII. Radiographic Testing (RT) 389 XIV. Acoustic Emission Testing (AET) 391 XV. Cost of Inspections 393 XVI. Summary 393 References 394 Problems 394 15. Wear 396 I. Wear 396 II. The Coefficient of Friction 397 III. The Archard Equation 398 IV. An Example of Adhesive Wear 399 V. Fretting Fatigue 399 VI. Case Study: Friction and Wear; Bushing Failure 403 VII. Roller Bearings 404 VIII. Case Study: Failure of a Railroad Car Axle 410 IX. Gear Failures 410 X. Summary 414 References 414 Problems 415 Concluding Remarks 417 Solutions to Problems 419 Name Index 469 Subject Index 473

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to the concepts of joining technologies for hybrid structures This book introduces the concepts of joining technology for polymer-metal hybrid structures by addressing current and new joining methods. This is achieved by using a balanced approach focusing on the scientific features (structural, physical, chemical, and metallurgical/polymer science phenomena) and engineering properties (mechanical performance, design, applications, etc.) of the currently available and new joining processes. It covers such topics as mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, advanced joining methods, and statistical analysis in joining technology. Joining of Polymer-Metal Hybrid Structures: Principles and Applications is structured by joining principles, in adhesion-based, mechanical fastened, and direct-assembly methods. The book discusses such recent technologies as friction riveting, friction spot joining and ultrasonic joining. This is used forTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii Part I Joining Processes Based on Adhesion Forces 1 1 Principles of Adhesive Bonding 3Mariana D. Banea, Lucas F. M. da Silva, and Raul D. S. G. Campilho 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 General Basics 4 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adhesive Bonding 5 1.4 Effect of Surface Preparation and the Environmental Factors 7 1.5 Adhesive Properties 10 1.6 Joint Manufacture 12 1.6.1 Preparation of the Adherends 13 1.6.2 Adhesive Application 14 1.6.3 Joint Assembly 14 1.6.4 Curing 16 1.7 Joint Design 16 1.7.1 Failure Mode 17 1.7.2 Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints 18 1.7.2.1 Analytical Methods 18 1.7.2.2 Finite Element Method 19 1.8 Recent Developments 22 1.9 Conclusions 23 References 24 2 Adhesive Bonding of Polymer Composites to Lightweight Metals 29Raul D. S. G. Campilho, Lucas F.M. da Silva, and Mariana D. Banea 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Characteristics and Applications of Hybrid Bonding 31 2.3 Experimental Evaluation of Hybrid Structures 35 2.3.1 Preparation of the Adherends 35 2.3.2 Application of the Adhesive 36 2.3.3 Testing of the Specimens 37 2.3.4 Experimental Works 38 2.4 Predictive Techniques for Hybrid Structures 41 2.4.1 Analytical 43 2.4.2 Numerical 45 2.4.2.1 Continuum Modeling 45 2.4.2.2 Damage Mechanics 46 2.5 Conclusions 54 List of Abbreviations 55 References 56 3 Friction Spot Joining (FSpJ) 61Seyed M. Goushegir and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Principles of the FSpJ 63 3.2.1 FSpJ Tool 63 3.2.2 FSpJ Equipment 63 3.2.3 FSpJ Process 64 3.2.4 Bonding Mechanisms 69 3.2.5 Process Parameters 71 3.3 Heat Generation During FSpJ Process 74 3.4 Microstructural Zones in FSpJ 75 3.5 Mechanical Properties of FSp Joints 77 3.5.1 Local Mechanical Properties 77 3.5.1.1 Metal (AA2024) 77 3.5.1.2 Composite (Short Glass-Fiber-Reinforced PPS) 79 3.5.2 Quasistatic Global Mechanical Properties 80 3.5.2.1 Influence of Surface Pretreatment 80 3.5.2.2 Influence of Joint Geometry 81 3.5.3 Cyclic Global Mechanical Properties 86 3.6 Comparison Between the Quasistatic Mechanical Performance of FSp and State-of-the-Art Adhesively Bonded Joints 87 3.7 Defects in FSpJ 88 3.8 Advantages, Limitations, and Potential Applications 91 3.9 Final Remarks 94 References 94 4 Induction Welding of Metal/Composite Hybrid Structures 101Mirja Didi and Peter Mitschang 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Description of the Principles of the Joining Technique 102 4.2.1 Process Overview 102 4.2.2 Heating Process 103 4.2.2.1 Geometry of the Inductor and the Magnetic Field 105 4.2.2.2 Skin Effect 106 4.2.3 Theory of Adhesion and Influence of the Surface 109 4.2.4 Thermal Degradation 113 4.2.5 Deconsolidation and Consolidation 115 4.2.5.1 Deconsolidation 115 4.2.5.2 Consolidation 116 4.2.6 Cooling 116 4.2.7 Internal Stresses in the Weld Zone 116 4.2.8 Process Variants 117 4.2.8.1 Three-Phase Discontinuous Welding Process 117 4.2.8.2 Spot Welding 119 4.3 Mechanical Performance of Induction Welds in Comparison to Adhesive Bonding 121 4.4 Advantages and Limitations 123 4.5 Applications 123 4.6 Available Equipment and Tools 124 4.7 Further Reading and Additional Literature 124 References 124 5 Direct Joining of Metal and Plastic with Laser 127Seiji Katayama and Yousuke Kawahito 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Direct Joining Procedures of Metal and Plastic with Laser (LAMP Joining Procedure) 128 5.3 Features and Mechanical Properties of Metal–Plastic Laser Joints (LAMP Joints) 131 5.4 Mechanisms of LAMP (Laser-Assisted Metal and Plastic) Direct Joining 135 5.5 Reliability Evaluation Tests 140 5.6 Evolution of LAMP Joining 141 5.7 Conclusions 143 References 143 Part II Joining Processes Based on Mechanical Interlocking 145 6 Principles of Mechanical Fastening in Structural Applications 147Carlos E. Chaves, Diego J. Inforzato, and Fernando F. Fernandez 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 General Joint Structural Design 148 6.3 Shear Joints 149 6.3.1 Failure Modes 149 6.3.2 Models for Joint Analysis and Dimensioning 154 6.3.3 Secondary Bending 156 6.3.4 Multiple-Site Damage in Riveted Joints 157 6.3.5 Influence of the Squeezing Force in Riveted Joints 158 6.3.6 Welded and Bonded Shear Joints 159 6.4 Tension Joints 160 6.4.1 Prying Effect 163 6.4.2 Fatigue Behavior of Tension Joints 163 6.4.3 Methods for Estimation of Contact Area and Member’s Stiffness in Tension Joints 164 6.5 Tolerances in Joint Design 165 6.6 Materials 166 6.6.1 Material Properties 167 6.6.2 Corrosion and Protection 171 6.6.3 Material Selection 174 6.7 Fasteners 177 6.7.1 Design Criteria 182 6.8 Summary and Final Remarks 183 References 183 7 Mechanical Fastening of Composite and Composite–Metal Structures 187Pedro P. Camanho and Giuseppe Catalanotti 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Semianalytical Method for the Design of Composite Joints 189 7.2.1 Prediction of Net-Tension Failure 189 7.3 Numerical Method for the Design of Composite Joints 193 7.4 Conclusions 199 Acknowledgments 200 References 200 8 Friction Riveting of Polymer–Metal Multimaterial Structures 203Sergio T. Amancio-Filho and Lucian-Attila Blaga 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 FricRiveting: Principles of the Technique 205 8.2.1 Joining Equipment and Procedure 206 8.3 FricRiveting: Process Parameters and Variables 206 8.3.1 Process Parameters 207 8.3.2 Process Variables 208 8.4 FricRiveting: Process Phases and Heat Generation 209 8.5 Thermal History 211 8.6 Microstructure 214 8.6.1 MTMAZ 1 220 8.6.2 MTMAZ 2 222 8.7 Physical–Chemical Changes in the Polymeric Material 225 8.8 Mechanical Performance 228 8.8.1 Joint Local Mechanical Properties 228 8.8.2 Joint Global Mechanical Performance 231 8.8.2.1 Tensile Strength 231 8.8.2.2 Lap Shear Strength 235 8.9 Envisaged Applications 241 8.10 Conclusions 241 Acknowledgments 242 References 243 List of Awards and Prizes Received by Works on FricRiveting 247 9 Staking of Polymer–Metal Hybrid Structures 249André B. Abibe and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Types of Staking Processes 251 9.2.1 Cold Staking 251 9.2.2 Hot Staking 252 9.2.2.1 Thermal Staking 253 9.2.2.2 Hot Air Cold Staking (HACS) 253 9.2.2.3 Infrared and Laser Staking 253 9.2.2.4 Ultrasonic Staking 254 9.2.3 Advanced Staking Processes 254 9.2.3.1 Injection Clinching Joining (ICJ) 255 9.2.3.2 Friction Staking (FricStaking) 256 9.2.3.3 Ultrasonic Upsetting 256 9.2.3.4 Thermoclinching 257 9.3 Characteristics of Staked Joints 257 9.3.1 Joint Formation 257 9.3.2 Microstructure 259 9.3.3 Defects 261 9.3.4 Characterization of Local Properties 262 9.3.4.1 Local Mechanical Properties 262 9.3.4.2 Physicochemical and Structural Properties 263 9.4 Design Considerations for Staked Joints 264 9.4.1 Through-Hole Design 265 9.4.2 Stud Design 266 9.4.3 Stake Head/Forming Tool Design 267 9.5 Mechanical Behavior of Staked Joints 269 9.6 Final Remarks 270 List of Abbreviations 271 References 271 Part III Joining Processes Based on Direct-Assembly Methods 275 10 Injection Overmolding of Polymer–Metal Hybrid Structures 277Mica Grujicic 10.1 Basics of Polymer–Metal Hybrid Technology 277 10.2 Classification of PMH Technologies 280 10.2.1 Injection Overmolding PMH Technology 280 10.2.2 Metal Overmolding PMH Technology 281 10.2.3 Adhesively Bonded Polymer–Metal Hybrid Structures 282 10.2.4 Direct-Adhesion Polymer–Metal Hybrid Technology 282 10.3 Mechanisms for Polymer/Metal Joining 285 10.3.1 Injection Overmolded PMH Structures 285 10.3.2 Metal Overmolded PMH Structures 285 10.3.3 Adhesively Bonded PMH Structures 285 10.3.4 Direct-Adhesion PMH Structures 286 10.4 Computational Engineering Analyses of PMH Technologies 286 10.4.1 PMH Component Design and Optimization 287 10.4.2 Modeling and Simulations of the Injection-Molding Process 288 10.4.2.1 Optimal Placement and Number of Injection Points 289 10.4.2.2 Mold-Filling Analysis 289 10.4.2.3 Flow-Induced Fiber-Orientation Distribution Analysis 291 10.4.2.4 Mold-Packing Analysis 292 10.4.2.5 In-Mold Stress Analysis 292 10.4.2.6 Micromechanics-Based Derivation of the Effective Material Properties 294 10.4.3 Ejected-Component Shrinkage and Warping Analysis 294 10.4.4 PMH Component Structural Analysis 295 10.5 Compatibility with Automotive BIW Manufacturing Process Chain 298 10.6 Concluding Remarks 300 References 300 11 Ultrasonic Joining of Lightweight Alloy/Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Structures 307Eduardo E. Feistauer and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho 11.1 Introduction 307 11.2 MIMStruct Manufacturing Route 309 11.3 U-Joining: Principles of the Process 310 11.3.1 Process Parameters 312 11.3.2 Process Phases 313 11.3.3 Process Variants 315 11.3.4 Potential Applications 315 11.4 Case Study on Ti-6Al-4V/GF-PEI Joints 315 11.4.1 Materials 317 11.4.1.1 MIMStruct Part 317 11.4.1.2 Composite Part 318 11.4.1.3 Joining Procedure 318 11.4.2 Process Temperature 319 11.4.3 Microstructure of the U-Joining Joints 320 11.4.4 Local Mechanical Properties of MIMStruct Part 322 11.4.5 Global Mechanical Properties of the U-Joining Joints 323 11.4.6 Fracture Surface Analysis 326 11.4.7 Conclusions 329 11.5 Advantages and Limitations 329 Acknowledgments 330 References 330 Part IV Design of Experiments and Statistical Analysis in Joining Process Development 335 12 Factorial Design of Experiments for Polymer–Metal Joining 337Lucian-Attila Blaga, Gonçalo P. Cipriano, Arnaldo R. Gonzalez, and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 Design of Experiments 337 12.2.1 Factorial Design of Experiments 339 12.2.1.1 General Description 340 12.2.1.2 Analysis of Variance 340 12.2.1.3 Interpretation of Results and Design Validation 341 12.2.2 Examples of Factorial Design of Experiments in Joining Process Development for Metal–Polymer Hybrid Structures 342 12.2.2.1 Case Study 1 – Full-Factorial Design in Friction Riveting 343 12.2.2.2 Case Study 2 – Factorial Design of Experiments in Single-Lap Friction Spot Joints 351 12.3 Final Remarks 361 References 362 13 Taguchi Design and Response Surface Methodology for Polymer–Metal Joining 365Lucian-Attila Blaga, Gonçalo P. Cipriano, Arnaldo R. Gonzalez, and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho 13.1 Introduction 365 13.2 The Taguchi Design of Experiments 365 13.2.1 General Description 365 13.2.2 Analysis of Variance 368 13.3 Example of Taguchi Design of Experiments in Joining of Metal to Composite Structures 368 13.3.1 Case Study 1 – Taguchi L9 (34) DoE in Double-Lap Friction Spot Joints 368 13.3.1.1 Process Optimization 369 13.3.1.2 Influence of the FSpJ Process Parameters on Joint Mechanical Performance by Taguchi Design of Experiments 370 13.3.1.3 Conclusions of the Case Study 376 13.4 Response Surface Methodology 376 13.4.1 Introduction 376 13.4.2 The Central Composite Design 379 13.4.2.1 General Description 379 13.4.3 The Box–Behnken Design 380 13.4.3.1 General Description 381 13.4.4 Case Study 2 – Central Composite Design in Friction Riveting 381 13.4.4.1 Conclusions of the Case Study 386 13.5 Other Surface Designs 386 13.6 Final Remarks 387 References 387 Index 389

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Book SynopsisExploring the latest findings, new materials, and applications, this issue keeps readers current with some of the most important developments in strategic materials and the computational design of ceramics and composites. It features select contributions from one symposium and three focused sessions that took place in January 2012 during the 36th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC). This issue represents one of nine CESP issues published from the 36th ICACC meeting.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix GEOPOLYMERS AND OTHER INORGANIC POLYMERS Metakaolin-Nanosilver as Biocide Agent in Geopolymer 3 Jose S. Moya, Belen Cabal, Jesus Sanz, and Ramon Torrecillas Parameters That Influence Silica Dissolution in Alkaline Media 13 A. Autef, E. Joussein, G. Gasgnier, and S. Rossignol Humidity Effects on the Completion of Geopolymerization in Dilute Evaporative Slurries 25 Brayden E. Glad and Waltraud M. Kriven The Effect of Basalt Chopped Fiber Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties of Potassium Based Geopolymer 31 Sean S. Musil, Greg Kutyla and W. M. Kriven Ceramicash: A New Ultra Low Cost Chemically Bonded Ceramic Material 43 Henry A. Colorado and Jenn-Ming Yang Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics for Stabilization of High-Sodium Containing Waste Streams 55H. A. Colorado, Roopa Ganga, Dileep Singh COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN, MODELING, AND SIMULATION Numerical Simulation of the Temperature and Stress Field Evolution Applied to Spark Plasma Sintering 71 J. B. Allen, C. Walters, C. R. Welch, and J. F. Peters An Integrated Virtual Material Approach for Ceramic Matrix Composites 83 G. Couegnat, W. Ros, T. Haurat, C. Germain, E. Martin, and G.L. Vignoles A New Anisotropie Constitutive Model for Ceramic Materials Failure 93 S. Falco, C. E. J. Dancer, R. I. Todd, and N. Petrinic Studies of Gas-Phase Reactivity during Chemical Vapor Deposition of Boron Carbide 105 G. Reinisch, J.-M. Leyssale, S. Patel, G. Chollon, N. Bertrand, C. Descamps, R. Mereau, and G. L. Vignoles Image-Based 2D Numerical Modeling of Oxide Formation in Self-Healing CMCS 117 V. Drean, G. Perrot, G. Couegnat, M. Ricchiuto, and G. L. Vignoles Combining X-Ray Diffraction Contrast Tomography and Mesoscale Grain Growth Simulations in Strontium Titanate: An Integrated Approach for the Investigation of Microstructure Evolution 127 Melanie Syha, Michael Bäurer, Wolfgang Rheinheimer, Wolfgang Ludwig, Erik M. Lauridsen, Daniel Weygand, and Peter Gumbsch Calculation of Growth Stress in Si02 Scales Formed by Oxidation of SiC Fibers 139 R. S. Hay ADVANCED MATERIALSAND PROCESSING FOR PHOTONICS AND ENERGY Effect of Chromium-Doping on the Crystallization and Phase Stability in Anodized Ti02 Nanotubes 151 I. M. Low, H. Albetran, V. De La Prida, P. Manurung, and M. lonescu Frontiers in Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology and Impact on Society 159 J. Narayan THERMAL MANAGEMENT MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Graphitic Foams 185 Kevin Drummond and Khairul Alam Examination of the Interconnectivity of SiC in a Si:SiC Composite System 193 A. L. Marshall Author Index 201

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides an excellent one-stop resource for understanding the most important current issues in the research and advances in sintering science and technology.Table of ContentsPreface vii POWDER SYNTHESIS AND SINTERING Deposition of Platinum Nanoparticles onto Copper Foils by Electrophoresis: A Study of the Sintering Dynamics at the Platinum-Copper Interface 3 Deborah C. Blaine, Alexander llchev, Leslie Petrik, Patrick Ndungu, and Alexander Nechaev Pressureless Sintering and Piezoelectric Properties of Mechanochemically Synthesized K0 5Na0 5Nb03 Powder Compacts 17 Jung-Yeul Yun, Si-Young Choi, Min-Soo Kim, and Suk-Joong L. Kang Synthesis of Polycrystalline Sr2Fe1+xMo1_x06 Samples Produced by Solid-State Reaction 25 Reginaldo Mondragon, Ricardo Morales, Jose Lemus-Ruiz, and Oracio Navarro INTERFACIAL REACTION AND SINTERING Effects of Chemicophysical Properties of Carbon on Bloating Characteristics of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates using Coal Ash 35 Shin-hyu Kang, Ki-gang Lee, Yoo-taek Kim, and Seung-gu Kang Sintering of Silicon, Effect of the Sample Size on Silica Reduction Kinetics and Densification 43 J.M. Lebrun, J.M. Missiaen, and C. Pascal MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Cermets Based on New Submicron Ti (C,N) Powder: Microstructural Development During Sintering and Mechanical Properties 57 A. Demoly, C. Veitsch, W. Lengauer, and K. Rabitsch Grain Growth of ß-Si3N4 using Y203 and Al203 as Sintering Aids 71 Leonel Ceja-Cärdenas, Jose Lemus-Ruiz, Sebastian Diaz de la Torre, Egberto Bedolla-Becerril Suppression of Sintering Defects in Metal/Ceramic Graded Layers by using Inhomogeneous Powder Mixtures 79 K. Shinagawa and Y. Sakane Co-Sintering of an Anode-Supported SOFC Based on Scandia Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte 91 T. Reynier, D. Bouvard, C.P. Carry, and R. Laucournet Bulk Doping Influence on Grain Size and Response of Conductometric Sn02-Based Gas Sensors: A Short Survey 101 G. Korotcenkov and B.K. Cho Effect of Glass Additives on the Densification and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapaptite Ceramics 115 Jiangfeng Song, Yong Liu, Ying Zhang, and Zhi Lu UNCONVENTIONAL SINTERING PROCESSES Field Assisted Sintering of Nanometric Ceramic Materials 13 U. Anselmi-Tamburini, F. Maglia, and I. Tredici 3 Fabrication of Copper-Graphite Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering and Its Characterization 151 Bunyod Allabergenov, Oybek Tursunkulov, Soo Jeong Jo, Amir Abidov, Christian Gomez, Sung Bum Park, and Sungjin Kim Densification and Microstructure Changes of Ceramic Powder Blends during Microwave Sintering 163 Audrey Guyon, Jean-Marc Chaix, Claude Paul Carry, and Didier Bouvard Densification of U02 Via Two Step Sintering 173 J. Vidal, M. Zemek, and P. Blanchart Effect of Two-Step Sintering on Optical Transmittance and Mechanical Strength of Polycrystalline Alumina Ceramics 185 Hyung Soo Kim, Young Do Kim, and Sang Woo Kim Author Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides an excellent one-stop resource for understanding the most important current issues in the research and advances in inorganic phosphate materials.Table of ContentsPreface ix The Phosphates of the World and the World of Phosphates 1 Gilles Le Flem Structural Complexity and Dimensional Flexibility of Gallium Dialkylphosphonates 15 Yue Zhao, Barry J. Davis Jr., Cynthia S. Day, and Abdessadek Lachgar Preparation of P-N Compounds and Their Application to Fireproofing Substance 27 Makoto Watanabe Physical and Chemical Properties of Apatite Electrets for Biomedical and Energy Applications 39 Naohiro Horiuchi and Kimihiro Yamashita Crystal Structure of Layered Triphosphate MnH2P3O10-2H2O 45 L.S. Ivashkevich, A. F. Selevich, and A. S. Lyakhov The Crystal Structure of VNH4HP3O10 51 L.S. Ivashkevich, E.A. Abramovich, A.F. Selevich, and A.S. Lyakhov Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Hydroxyapatite (CAHAP)-(2-Carboxylethylphosphonic Acid (2-CEPA) 57 Hassen Agougui, Abdallah Aissa, and Mongi Debbabi Ionic Conductivity and Thermal Structure Stability of a-A Na3[PMo9031(H20)3]-13H20 71 Eri Ishikawa, Yuji Hayashi, Kenichi Imaeda, Yasushi Miyata, Makoto Sakurai, and Makoto Watanabe Cesium Containing ß-Tridymite Type Phosphates Ceramics: Synthesis, Structure and Thermal Behavior 83 V. I. Pet'kov, I. V. Korchemkin, E. A. Asabina, A. R. Zaripov, V. N. Chuvil'deev, V. S. Kurazhkovskaya, and.E. Yu. Borovikova Solid State Properties of Alkali-Metal Salts of 4-Electron Reduced 12-Molybdophosphiric Acid 93 Kenichi Imaeda, Shingo Sada, and Eri Ishikawa Evaluation of Lithium Manganese Iron Phosphate Thermal Stability 101 Dee Strand, Bruce Gerhart, Brian Landes, Brandon Kern, Andrew Pasztor, Brian Nickless, and Amber Wallace 7Li and 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Single Crystal LiMP04 (M = Co, Fe) 117 P. E. Stallworth, R. Samueli, P. Sideris, D. Vaknin, and S. G. Greenbaum Mesoporous Iron Aluminophosphate: An Efficient Catalyst for One Pot Synthesis of Amides by Ester-Amide Exchange Reaction 127 A. V. Vijayasankar, H. Kathyayini, Harikrishna Tumma, and N. Nagaraju Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Aluminum—Rare Earth Phosphates 141 Hiroaki Onoda and Masayuki Fujita Preparation of Various Highly Concentrated Phosphate Solutions by C02 Gas Blowing 153 Nami Nakamori, Nobuyuki Nishimiya, Takeshi Toyama, and Brahim Elouadi Effect of Anion on the Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Aluminophosphate in the Synthesis of N, N-Biphenyl Urea Derivatives 159 M. Rekha and N. Nagaraju Phosphosilicate Glasses Based on Moroccan Natural Phosphate 169 D. Dhiba, A. Kossir, N. Semlal, and A. Nadiri Preparation and Properties of Amorphous Cu/Zn/AI Mixed Phosphates 175 A. Hamza and N. Nagaraju Novel Recovery Process of Phosphate from Sewage Sludge Ash by Carbon Dioxide Blowing 187 Takeshi Toyama, Nami Nakamori, and Nobuyuki Nishimiya Phosphate Geopolymers for Nuclear Waste Immobilization and Storage, and other Structural Materials Applications 195 Arun S. Wagh Flexibility and Acid Solubility of Porous Hydroxyapatite-Alginate Composite-Effect of Calcium Deficiency and Cross-Linking Ion 203 Soichiro Tsukuda, Tomohiro Umeda, Seiichiro Koda, and Kiyoshi Itatani Author Index 215

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date, comprehensive volume on cathodic protection available The causes and results of corrosion in industrial settings are some of the most important and difficult problems that engineers and scientists face on a daily basis. Coming up with solutions, or not, is often the difference between success and failure, and can have severe economic and environmental consequences. This timely volume covers the state of the art in corrosion chemistry today, for use in industrial applications or as a textbook. Cathodic Protection: Covers the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the science of the process Provides practical, workable solutions to the everyday problems that engineers working in the field have with corrosion Is applicable in many different industries, literally anywhere there might be corrosion As a companion to his first book, Corrosion Chemistry, published by Wiley-ScrTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xv Preface xvii 1. Corrosion of Materials 1 2. Factors Influencing Corrosion 18 3. Corrosion Mechanisms 25 4. Corrosion Types 35 5. Thermodynamics of Corrosion 75 6. Corrosion Prevention and Protection 97 7. Cost of Corrosion 127 8. Cathodic Protection 131 9. Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 157 10. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 179 11. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 201 12. Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 223 13. Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 231 14. Corrosion in Pipeline Systems 247 15. Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 255 16. Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 269 17. Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater 279 18. Cathodic Protection of the Potable water Tanks 295 19. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boliers 297 20. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 305 References 309 Index 327

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Book SynopsisFully comprehensive introduction to the rapidly emerging area of micro systems technology Transport Phenomena in Micro Systems explores the fundamentals of the new technologies related to Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).Table of ContentsAbout the Author xv Preface xvii Acknowledgement xix List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Definition 2 1.3 Analogy of Microfluidics with Computing Technology 2 1.4 Interdisciplinary Aspects of Microfluidics 3 1.5 Overall Benefits of Microdevices 6 1.6 Microscopic Scales for Liquids and Gases 10 1.7 Physics at Micrometric Scale 11 1.8 Scaling Laws 13 1.9 Shrinking of Human Beings 19 2 Channel Flow 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Hydraulic Resistance 23 2.3 Two Connected Straight Channels 24 2.4 Equivalent Circuit Theory 26 2.5 Reynolds Number 27 2.6 Governing Equation for Arbitrary-Shaped Channel 30 2.7 Summary of Hydraulic Resistance in Straight Channels 40 2.8 Viscous Dissipation of Energy 41 2.9 Compliance 45 3 Transport Laws 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Boundary Slip 51 3.3 Slip Flow Boundary Condition in Gases 52 3.4 Slip Flow Boundary Condition in Liquids 57 3.5 Physical Parameters Affecting Slip 66 3.6 Possible Liquid Slip Mechanism 67 3.7 Thermal Creep Phenomena 68 3.8 Couette Flow with Slip Flow Boundary Condition 70 3.9 Compressibility Effect in Microscale Flows 74 3.10 Slip Flow between Two Parallel Plates 78 3.11 Fluid Flow Modeling 81 4 Diffusion, Dispersion, and Mixing 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 RandomWalk Model of Diffusion 101 4.3 Stokes–Einstein Law 103 4.4 Fick's Law of Diffusion 103 4.5 Diffusivity and Mass Transport Nomenclature 104 4.6 Governing Equation for Multicomponent System 105 4.7 Characteristic Parameters 107 4.8 Diffusion Equation 109 4.9 Taylor Dispersion 113 4.10 Micromixer 117 4.11 Convective Diffusion 123 4.12 Detailed Analysis 127 4.13 Reverse Osmosis 135 5 Surface Tension-Dominated Flows 149 5.1 Surface Tension 149 5.2 Gibbs Free Energy and Surface Tension 151 5.3 Microscopic Model of Surface Tension 151 5.4 Young–Laplace Equation 152 5.5 Contact Angle 154 5.6 Dynamic Contact Angle 156 5.7 Superhydrophobicity and Superhydrophilicity 158 5.8 Microdrops 163 5.9 Capillary Rise and Dimensionless Numbers 166 5.10 Coating Flows 169 5.11 Enhanced Oil Recovery 171 5.12 Classification of Surface Tension Gradient-Driven Flow 172 5.13 Boundary Conditions 173 5.14 Thermocapillary Motion 174 5.15 Diffusocapillary Flow 177 5.16 Electrowetting 178 5.17 Marangoni Convection in Drops 181 5.18 Marangoni Instability 182 5.19 Micropropulsion System 184 5.20 Capillary Pump 186 5.21 Thermocapillary Motion of Droplets 188 5.22 Thermocapillary Pump 189 5.23 Taylor Flows 192 5.24 Two-Phase Liquid–Liquid Poiseuille Flow 197 5.25 Hydrodynamics of Taylor Flow 199 5.26 Plug Motion in Capillary 201 5.27 Clogging Pressure 203 5.28 Digital Microfluidics 206 6 Charged Species Flow 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Electrical Conductivity and Charge Transport 214 6.3 Electrohydrodynamic Transport Theory 217 6.4 Electrolytic Cell Example 220 6.5 The Electric Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena 226 6.6 Debye Layer Potential Distribution 228 6.7 Electrokinetic Phenomena Classification 232 6.8 Electroosmosis 233 6.9 Exact Expression for Cylindrical Channel EO Flow 237 6.10 EO Pump 242 6.11 EO Flow in Parallel Plate Channel 249 6.12 Electroosmosis and Forced Convection 252 6.13 Electrophoresis 255 6.14 Dielectrophoresis 259 6.15 Polarization and Dipole Moments 260 6.16 Point Dipole in a Dielectric Fluid 262 6.17 Dielectric Sphere in a Dielectric Fluid: Induced Dipole 264 6.18 Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Sphere 265 6.19 Dielectrophoretic Trapping of Particles 266 6.20 AC Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Sphere 268 7 Magnetism and Microfluidics 277 7.1 Introduction 277 7.2 Magnetism Nomenclature 277 7.3 Magnetic Beads 280 7.4 Magnetic Bead Characterization 280 7.5 Magnetostatics 282 7.6 Magnetophoresis 283 7.7 Magnetic Force on Particles 286 7.8 Magnetic Particle Motion 287 7.9 Magnetic Field Flow Fractionation 290 7.10 Ferrofluidic Pumps 293 7.11 Magnetic Sorting and Separation 294 7.12 Magneto-Hydrodynamics 295 7.13 Governing Equations for MHD 296 8 Microscale Conduction 303 8.1 Introduction 303 8.2 Energy Carriers 304 8.3 Scattering Mechanism 305 8.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions 306 8.5 Time and Length Scales 306 8.6 Scale Effects 307 8.7 Fourier’s Law 309 8.8 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation 310 8.9 Kinetic Theory 314 8.10 Heat Capacity 316 8.11 Boltzmann Transport Theory 322 8.12 Microscale Two-Step Models 326 8.13 Thin Film Conduction 327 9 Microscale Convection 331 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Scaling Analysis 331 9.3 Laminar Fully Developed Nusselt Number 334 9.4 Why Microchannel Heat Transfer 334 9.5 Gases versus Liquid Flow in Microchannels 335 9.6 Temperature Jump 336 9.7 Couette Flow with Viscous Dissipation 340 9.8 Isothermal Parallel Plate Channel Flow without Viscous Heating 343 9.9 Large Parallel Plate Flow without Viscous Heating: Uniform Surface Flux 346 9.10 Fully Developed Flow in Microtubes: Uniform Surface Flux 352 9.11 Convection in Isothermal Circular Tube with Viscous Heating 358 9.12 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Mini-/Microchannels 361 9.13 Condensation Heat Transfer in Mini-/Microchannel 368 10 Microfabrication 375 10.1 Introduction 375 10.2 Microfabrication Environment 376 10.3 Functional Materials 377 10.4 Surface Preparation 383 10.5 General Micromachining Procedure 384 10.6 Photolithography 386 10.7 Subtractive Techniques 391 10.8 Additive Techniques 399 10.9 Example of a Silicon Membrane Fabrication 403 10.10 PDMS-Based Molding 404 10.11 Sealing 407 10.12 Laser Microfabrication Techniques 409 11 Microscale Measurements 417 11.1 Introduction 417 11.2 Microscale Velocity Measurement 417 11.3 PIV Fundamentals 418 11.4 Micro-PIV System 427 11.5 Temperature Measurement 437 12 Microscale Sensors and Actuators 455 12.1 Introduction 455 12.2 Flow Control 455 12.3 Actuator Classification 458 12.4 Shear Stress Sensors 468 12.5 Classification of Shear Stress Sensors 470 12.6 Calibration of Shear Stress Sensors 480 12.7 Uncertainty and Noise 485 13 Heat Pipe 487 13.1 Introduction 487 13.2 Applications of Heat Pipe 487 13.3 Advantages of Heat Pipe 488 13.4 Heat Pipe Operation 488 13.5 Wick Structure 489 13.6 Working Fluids and Structural Material of Heat Pipe 491 13.7 Operating Temperature of Heat Pipe 492 13.8 Ideal Thermodynamic Cycle of Heat Pipe 493 13.9 Microheat Pipe 493 13.10 Effective Thermal Conductivity 495 13.11 Operating Limits 495 13.12 Cleaning and Charging 506 Reference 506 Supplemental Reading 506 Index 507

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Book SynopsisStructural dynamics is a subset of structural analysis which covers the behavior of structures subjected to dynamic loading. The subject has seen rapid growth and also change in how the basic concepts can be interpreted. For instance, the classical notions of discretizing the operator of a dynamic structural model have given way to a set-theoretic, function-space based framework, which is more conducive to implementation with a computer. This modern perspective, as adopted in this book, is also helpful in putting together the various tools and ideas in a more integrated style. Elements of Structural Dynamics: A New Perspective is devoted to covering the basic concepts in linear structural dynamics, whilst emphasizing their mathematical moorings and the associated computational aspects that make their implementation in software possible. Key features: Employs a novel top down' approach to structural dynamics. Contains an insightful trTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction xvii General Notations xxi 1 Structural Dynamics and Mathematical Modelling 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 System of Rigid Bodies and Dynamic Equations of Motion 2 1.2.1 Principle of Virtual Work 2 1.2.2 Hamilton’s Principle 3 1.2.3 Lagrangian Equations of Motion 4 1.3 Continuous Dynamical Systems and Equations of Motion from Hamilton’s Principle 6 1.3.1 Strain and Stress Tensors and Strain Energy 7 1.4 Dynamic Equilibrium Equations from Newton’s Force Balance 11 1.4.1 Displacement–Strain Relationships 11 1.4.2 Stress–Strain Relationships 13 1.5 Equations of Motion by Reynolds Transport Theorem 13 1.5.1 Mass Conservation 15 1.5.2 Linear Momentum Conservation 16 1.6 Conclusions 17 Exercises 17 Notations 18 References 19 Bibliography 19 2 Continuous Systems – PDEs and Solution 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Some Continuous Systems and PDEs 22 2.2.1 A Taut String – the One-Dimensional Wave Equation 22 2.2.2 An Euler–Bernoulli Beam – the One-Dimensional Biharmonic Wave Equation 23 2.2.3 Beam Equation with Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation Effects 27 2.2.4 Equations of Motion for 2D Plate by Classical Plate Theory (Kirchhoff Theory) 29 2.3 PDEs and General Solution 36 2.3.1 PDEs and Canonical Transformations 36 2.3.2 General Solution to the Wave Equation 38 2.3.3 Particular Solution (D’Alembert’s Solution) to the Wave Equation 38 2.4 Solution to Linear Homogeneous PDEs – Method of Separation of Variables 40 2.4.1 Homogeneous PDE with Homogeneous Boundary Conditions 41 2.4.2 Sturm–Liouville Boundary-Value Problem (BVP) for the Wave Equation 42 2.4.3 Adjoint Operator and Self-Adjoint Property 42 2.4.4 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of the Wave Equation 45 2.4.5 Series Solution to the Wave Equation 45 2.4.6 Mixed Boundary Conditions and Wave Equation 46 2.4.7 Sturm–Liouville Boundary-Value Problem for the Biharmonic Wave Equation 48 2.4.8 Thin Rectangular Plates – Free Vibration Solution 53 2.5 Orthonormal Basis and Eigenfunction Expansion 56 2.5.1 Best Approximation to f(x) 57 2.6 Solutions of Inhomogeneous PDEs by Eigenfunction-Expansion Method 59 2.7 Solutions of Inhomogeneous PDEs by Green’s Function Method 64 2.8 Solution of PDEs with Inhomogeneous Boundary Conditions 68 2.9 Solution to Nonself-adjoint Continuous Systems 69 2.9.1 Eigensolution of Nonself-adjoint System 69 2.9.2 Biorthogonality Relationship between L and L∗ 70 2.9.3 Eigensolutions of L and L∗ 73 2.10 Conclusions 74 Exercises 75 Notations 75 References 77 Bibliography 77 3 Classical Methods for Solving the Equations of Motion 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method 80 3.2.1 Rayleigh’s Principle 84 3.3 Weighted Residuals Method 85 3.3.1 Galerkin Method 86 3.3.2 Collocation Method 91 3.3.3 Subdomain Method 93 3.3.4 Least Squares Method 94 3.4 Conclusions 95 Exercises 95 Notations 96 References 97 Bibliography 97 4 Finite Element Method and Structural Dynamics 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Weak Formulation of PDEs 101 4.2.1 Well-Posedness of the Weak Form 103 4.2.2 Uniqueness and Stability of Solution to Weak Form 104 4.2.3 Numerical Integration by Gauss Quadrature 107 4.3 Element-Wise Representation of the Weak Form and the FEM 111 4.4 Application of the FEM to 2D Problems 113 4.4.1 Membrane Vibrations and FEM 113 4.4.2 Plane (2D) Elasticity Problems – Plane Stress and Plane Strain 115 4.5 Higher Order Polynomial Basis Functions 118 4.5.1 Beam Vibrations and FEM 118 4.5.2 Plate Vibrations and FEM 120 4.6 Some Computational Issues in FEM 121 4.6.1 Element Shape Functions in Natural Coordinates 122 4.7 FEM and Error Estimates 124 4.7.1 A-Priori Error Estimate 124 4.8 Conclusions 126 Exercises 126 Notations 127 References 129 Bibliography 129 5 MDOF Systems and Eigenvalue Problems 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Discrete Systems through a Lumped Parameter Approach 132 5.2.1 Positive Definite and Semi-Definite Systems 134 5.3 Coupled Linear ODEs and the Linear Differential Operator 135 5.4 Coupled Linear ODEs and Eigensolution 136 5.5 First Order Equations and Uncoupling 142 5.6 First Order versus Second Order ODE and Eigensolutions 143 5.7 MDOF Systems and Modal Dynamics 145 5.7.1 SDOF Oscillator and Modal Solution 146 5.7.2 Rayleigh Quotient 153 5.7.3 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for MDOF Systems 155 5.8 Damped MDOF Systems 156 5.8.1 Damped System and Quadratic Eigenvalue Problem 157 5.8.2 Damped System and Unsymmetric Eigenvalue Problem 158 5.8.3 Proportional Damping and Uncoupling MDOF Systems 159 5.8.4 Damped Systems and Impulse Response 160 5.8.5 Response under General Loading 161 5.8.6 Response under Harmonic Input 161 5.8.7 Complex Frequency Response 163 5.8.8 Force Transmissibility 165 5.8.9 System Response and Measurement of Damping 167 5.9 Conclusions 173 Exercises 173 Notations 175 References 177 Bibliography 177 6 Structures under Support Excitations 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Continuous Systems and Base Excitations 181 6.3 MDOF Systems under Support Excitation 185 6.4 SDOF Systems under Base Excitation 191 6.4.1 Frequency Response of SDOF System under Base Motion 192 6.5 Support Excitation and Response Spectra 196 6.5.1 Peak Response Estimates of an MDOF System Using Response Spectra 197 6.6 Structures under multi-support excitation 198 6.6.1 Continuous system under multi-support excitation 199 6.6.2 MDOF systems under multi-support excitation 202 6.7 Conclusions 203 Exercises 204 Notations 205 References 206 Bibliography 206 7 Eigensolution Procedures 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Power and Inverse Iteration Methods and Eigensolutions 210 7.2.1 Order and Rate of Convergence – Distinct Eigenvalues 212 7.2.2 Shifting and Convergence 213 7.2.3 Multiple Eigenvalues 215 7.2.4 Eigenvalues within an Interval-Shifting Scheme with Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalisation and Sturm Sequence Property 216 7.3 Jacobi, Householder, QR Transformation Methods and Eigensolutions 220 7.3.1 Jacobi Method 220 7.3.2 Householder and QR Transformation Methods 224 7.4 Subspace Iteration 231 7.4.1 Convergence in Subspace Iteration 232 7.5 Lanczos Transformation Method 233 7.5.1 Lanczos Method and Error Analysis 235 7.6 Systems with Unsymmetric Matrices 237 7.6.1 Skew-Symmetric Matrices and Eigensolution 245 7.6.2 Unsymmetric Matrices – A Rotor Bearing System 246 7.6.3 Unsymmetric Systems and Eigensolutions 253 7.7 Dynamic Condensation and Eigensolution 260 7.7.1 Symmetric Systems and Dynamic Condensation 262 7.7.2 Unsymmetric Systems and Dynamic Condensation 264 7.8 Conclusions 268 Exercises 268 Notations 269 References 272 Bibliography 273 8 Direct Integration Methods 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Forward and Backward Euler Methods 281 8.2.1 Forward Euler Method 281 8.2.2 Backward (Implicit) Euler Method 284 8.3 Central Difference Method 286 8.4 Newmark-β Method – a Single-Step Implicit Method 289 8.4.1 Some Degenerate Cases of the Newmark-β Method and Stability 292 8.4.2 Undamped Case – Amplitude and Periodicity Errors 295 8.4.3 Amplitude and Periodicity Errors 295 8.5 HHT-α and Generalized-α Methods 297 8.6 Conclusions 303 Exercises 305 Notations 305 References 306 Bibliography 307 9 Stochastic Structural Dynamics 309 9.1 Introduction 309 9.2 Probability Theory and Basic Concepts 311 9.3 Random Variables 312 9.3.1 Joint Random Variables, Distributions and Density Functions 314 9.3.2 Expected (Average) Values of a Random Variable 315 9.3.3 Characteristic and Moment-Generating Functions 317 9.4 Conditional Probability, Independence and Conditional Expectation 317 9.4.1 Conditional Expectation 319 9.5 Some oft-Used Probability Distributions 319 9.5.1 Binomial Distribution 320 9.5.2 Poisson Distribution 320 9.5.3 Normal Distribution 321 9.5.4 Uniform Distribution 322 9.5.5 Rayleigh Distribution 322 9.6 Stochastic Processes 323 9.6.1 Stationarity of a Stochastic Process 323 9.6.2 Properties of Autocovariance/Autocorrelation Functions of Stationary Processes 325 9.6.3 Spectral Representation of a Stochastic Process 325 9.6.4 SXX(λ) as the Mean Energy Density of X(t) 327 9.6.5 Some Basic Stochastic Processes 328 9.7 Stochastic Dynamics of Linear Structural Systems 331 9.7.1 Continuous Systems under Stochastic Input 331 9.7.2 Discrete Systems under Stochastic Input – Modal Superposition Method 337 9.8 An Introduction to Ito Calculus 338 9.8.1 Brownian Filtration 340 9.8.2 Measurability 340 9.8.3 An Adapted Stochastic Process 340 9.8.4 Ito Integral 341 9.8.5 Martingale 342 9.8.6 Ito Process 343 9.8.7 Computing the Response Moments 352 9.8.8 Time Integration of SDEs 357 9.9 Conclusions 360 Exercises 361 Notations 363 References 365 Bibliography 366 Appendix A 367 Appendix B 369 Appendix C 375 Appendix D 379 Appendix E 387 Appendix F 391 Appendix G 393 Appendix H 399 Appendix I 407 Index 413

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Book SynopsisCreate a competitive advantage with data quality Data is rapidly becoming the powerhouse of industry, but low-quality data can actually put a company at a disadvantage. To be used effectively, data must accurately reflect the real-world scenario it represents, and it must be in a form that is usable and accessible. Quality data involves asking the right questions, targeting the correct parameters, and having an effective internal management, organization, and access system. It must be relevant, complete, and correct, while falling in line with pervasive regulatory oversight programs. Competing with High Quality Data: Concepts, Tools and Techniques for Building a Successful Approach to Data Quality takes a holistic approach to improving data quality, from collection to usage. Author Rajesh Jugulum is globally-recognized as a major voice in the data quality arena, with high-level backgrounds in international corporate finance. In the book, Jugulumprovides a roadmTable of ContentsForeword xiii Prelude xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 The Importance of Data Quality 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Understanding the Implications of Data Quality 1 1.2 The Data Management Function 4 1.3 The Solution Strategy 6 1.4 Guide to This Book 6 Section I Building a Data Quality Program 2 The Data Quality Operating Model 13 2.0 Introduction 13 2.1 Data Quality Foundational Capabilities 13 2.1.1 Program Strategy and Governance 14 2.1.2 Skilled Data Quality Resources 14 2.1.3 Technology Infrastructure and Metadata 15 2.1.4 Data Profi ling and Analytics 15 2.1.5 Data Integration 15 2.1.6 Data Assessment 16 2.1.7 Issues Resolution (IR) 16 2.1.8 Data Quality Monitoring and Control 16 2.2 The Data Quality Methodology 17 2.2.1 Establish a Data Quality Program 17 2.2.2 Conduct a Current-State Analysis 17 2.2.3 Strengthen Data Quality Capability through Data Quality Projects 18 2.2.4 Monitor the Ongoing Production Environment and Measure Data Quality Improvement Effectiveness 18 2.2.5 Detailed Discussion on Establishing the Data Quality Program 18 2.2.6 Assess the Current State of Data Quality 21 2.3 Conclusions 22 3 The DAIC Approach 23 3.0 Introduction 23 3.1 Six Sigma Methodologies 23 3.1.1 Development of Six Sigma Methodologies 25 3.2 DAIC Approach for Data Quality 28 3.2.1 The Defi ne Phase 28 3.2.2 The Assess Phase 31 3.2.3 The Improve Phase 36 3.2.4 The Control Phase (Monitor and Measure) 37 3.3 Conclusions 40 Section II Executing a Data Quality Program 4 Quantification of the Impact of Data Quality 43 4.0 Introduction 43 4.1 Building a Data Quality Cost Quantifi cation Framework 43 4.1.1 The Cost Waterfall 44 4.1.2 Prioritization Matrix 46 4.1.3 Remediation and Return on Investment 50 4.2 A Trading Offi ce Illustrative Example 51 4.3 Conclusions 54 5 Statistical Process Control and Its Relevance in Data Quality Monitoring and Reporting 55 5.0 Introduction 55 5.1 What Is Statistical Process Control? 55 5.1.1 Common Causes and Special Causes 57 5.2 Control Charts 59 5.2.1 Different Types of Data 59 5.2.2 Sample and Sample Parameters 60 5.2.3 Construction of Attribute Control Charts 62 5.2.4 Construction of Variable Control Charts 65 5.2.5 Other Control Charts 67 5.2.6 Multivariate Process Control Charts 69 5.3 Relevance of Statistical Process Control in Data Quality Monitoring and Reporting 69 5.4 Conclusions 70 6 Critical Data Elements: Identification, Validation, and Assessment 71 6.0 Introduction 71 6.1 Identifi cation of Critical Data Elements 71 6.1.1 Data Elements and Critical Data Elements 71 6.1.2 CDE Rationalization Matrix 72 6.2 Assessment of Critical Data Elements 75 6.2.1 Data Quality Dimensions 76 6.2.2 Data Quality Business Rules 78 6.2.3 Data Profi ling 79 6.2.4 Measurement of Data Quality Scores 80 6.2.5 Results Recording and Reporting (Scorecard) 80 6.3 Conclusions 82 7 Prioritization of Critical Data Elements (Funnel Approach) 83 7.0 Introduction 83 7.1 The Funnel Methodology (Statistical Analysis for CDE Reduction) 83 7.1.1 Correlation and Regression Analysis for Continuous CDEs 85 7.1.2 Association Analysis for Discrete CDEs 88 7.1.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratios Analysis 90 7.2 Case Study: Basel II 91 7.2.1 Basel II: CDE Rationalization Matrix 91 7.2.2 Basel II: Correlation and Regression Analysis 94 7.2.3 Basel II: Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratios 96 7.3 Conclusions 99 8 Data Quality Monitoring and Reporting Scorecards 101 8.0 Introduction 101 8.1 Development of the DQ Scorecards 102 8.2 Analytical Framework (ANOVA, SPCs, Thresholds, Heat Maps) 102 8.2.1 Thresholds and Heat Maps 103 8.2.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and SPC Charts 107 8.3 Application of the Framework 109 8.4 Conclusions 112 9 Data Quality Issue Resolution 113 9.0 Introduction 113 9.1 Description of the Methodology 113 9.2 Data Quality Methodology 114 9.3 Process Quality/Six Sigma Approach 115 9.4 Case Study: Issue Resolution Process Reengineering 117 9.5 Conclusions 119 10 Information System Testing 121 10.0 Introduction 121 10.1 Typical System Arrangement 122 10.1.1 The Role of Orthogonal Arrays 123 10.2 Method of System Testing 123 10.2.1 Study of Two-Factor Combinations 123 10.2.2 Construction of Combination Tables 124 10.3 MTS Software Testing 126 10.4 Case Study: A Japanese Software Company 130 10.5 Case Study: A Finance Company 133 10.6 Conclusions 138 11 Statistical Approach for Data Tracing 139 11.0 Introduction 139 11.1 Data Tracing Methodology 139 11.1.1 Statistical Sampling 142 11.2 Case Study: Tracing 144 11.2.1 Analysis of Test Cases and CDE Prioritization 144 11.3 Data Lineage through Data Tracing 149 11.4 Conclusions 151 12 Design and Development of Multivariate Diagnostic Systems 153 12.0 Introduction 153 12.1 The Mahalanobis-Taguchi Strategy 153 12.1.1 The Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization Process 155 12.2 Stages in MTS 158 12.3 The Role of Orthogonal Arrays and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Multivariate Diagnosis 159 12.3.1 The Role of Orthogonal Arrays 159 12.3.2 The Role of S/N Ratios in MTS 161 12.3.3 Types of S/N Ratios 162 12.3.4 Direction of Abnormals 164 12.4 A Medical Diagnosis Example 172 12.5 Case Study: Improving Client Experience 175 12.5.1 Improvements Made Based on Recommendations from MTS Analysis 177 12.6 Case Study: Understanding the Behavior Patterns of Defaulting Customers 178 12.7 Case Study: Marketing 180 12.7.1 Construction of the Reference Group 181 12.7.2 Validation of the Scale 181 12.7.3 Identification of Useful Variables 181 12.8 Case Study: Gear Motor Assembly 182 12.8.1 Apparatus 183 12.8.2 Sensors 184 12.8.3 High-Resolution Encoder 184 12.8.4 Life Test 185 12.8.5 Characterization 185 12.8.6 Construction of the Reference Group or Mahalanobis Space 186 12.8.7 Validation of the MTS Scale 187 12.8.8 Selection of Useful Variables 188 12.9 Conclusions 189 13 Data Analytics 191 13.0 Introduction 191 13.1 Data and Analytics as Key Resources 191 13.1.1 Different Types of Analytics 193 13.1.2 Requirements for Executing Analytics 195 13.1.3 Process of Executing Analytics 196 13.2 Data Innovation 197 13.2.1 Big Data 198 13.2.2 Big Data Analytics 199 13.2.3 Big Data Analytics Operating Model 206 13.2.4 Big Data Analytics Projects: Examples 207 13.3 Conclusions 208 14. Building a Data Quality Practices Center 209 14.0 Introduction 209 14.1 Building a DQPC 209 14.2 Conclusions 211 Appendix A 213 Equations for Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratios 213 Nondynamic S/N Ratios 213 Dynamic S/N Ratios 214 Appendix B 217 Matrix Theory: Related Topics 217 What Is a Matrix? 217 Appendix C 221 Some Useful Orthogonal Arrays 221 Two-Level Orthogonal Arrays 221 Three-Level Orthogonal Arrays 255 Index of Terms and Symbols 259 References 261 Index 267

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Book SynopsisThis text offers a unique interdisciplinary approach to multiscale biomaterial modeling aimed at both accessible introductory and advanced levels. It presents a breadth of computational approaches for modeling biological materials across multiple length scales (molecular to whole-tissue scale), including solid and fluid based approaches.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Part I MULTISCALE SIMULATION THEORY 1 Atomistic-to-Continuum Coupling Methods for Heat Transfer in Solids 3 Gregory J. Wagner 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The Coupled Temperature Field 5 1.2.1 Spatial Reduction 5 1.2.2 Time Averaging 6 1.3 Coupling the MD and Continuum Energy 7 1.3.1 The Coupled System 7 1.3.2 Continuum Heat Transfer 8 1.3.3 Augmented MD 8 1.4 Examples 9 1.4.1 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 9 1.4.2 Thermal Response of a Composite System 10 1.5 Coupled Phonon-Electron Heat Transport 12 1.6 Examples: Phonon–Electron Coupling 14 1.6.1 Equilibration of Electron/Phonon Energies 14 1.6.2 Laser Heating of a Carbon Nanotube 15 1.7 Discussion 17 Acknowledgments 18 References 18 2 Accurate Boundary Treatments for Concurrent Multiscale Simulations 21 Shaoqiang Tang 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Time History Kernel Treatment 22 2.2.1 Harmonic Chain 22 2.2.2 Square Lattice 23 2.3 Velocity Interfacial Conditions: Matching the Differential Operator 27 2.4 MBCs: Matching the Dispersion Relation 30 2.4.1 Harmonic Chain 30 2.4.2 FCC Lattice 33 2.5 Accurate Boundary Conditions: Matching the Time History Kernel Function 36 2.6 Two-Way Boundary Conditions 39 2.7 Conclusions 41 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 3 A Multiscale Crystal Defect Dynamics and Its Applications 43 Lisheng Liu and Shaofan Li 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Multiscale Crystal Defect Dynamics 44 3.3 How and Why the MCDD Model Works 47 3.4 Multiscale Finite Element Discretization 47 3.5 Numerical Examples 52 3.6 Discussion 54 Acknowledgments 54 Appendix 55 References 57 4 Application of Many-Realization Molecular Dynamics Method to Understand the Physics of Nonequilibrium Processes in Solids 59 Yao Fu and Albert C. To 4.1 Chapter Overview and Background 59 4.2 Many-Realization Method 60 4.3 Application of the Many-Realization Method to Shock Analysis 62 4.4 Conclusions 72 Acknowledgments 74 References 74 5 Multiscale, Multiphysics Modeling of Electromechanical Coupling in Surface-Dominated Nanostructures 77 Harold S. Park and Michel Devel 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Atomistic Electromechanical Potential Energy 79 5.2.1 Atomistic Electrostatic Potential Energy: Gaussian Dipole Method 80 5.2.2 Finite Element Equilibrium Equations from Total Electromechanical Potential Energy 83 5.3 Bulk Electrostatic Piola–Kirchoff Stress 84 5.3.1 Cauchy–Born Kinematics 84 5.3.2 Comparison of Bulk Electrostatic Stress with Molecular Dynamics Electrostatic Force 86 5.4 Surface Electrostatic Stress 87 5.5 One-Dimensional Numerical Examples 89 5.5.1 Verification of Bulk Electrostatic Stress 89 5.5.2 Verification of Surface Electrostatic Stress 91 5.6 Conclusions and Future Research 94 Acknowledgments 95 References 95 6 Towards a General Purpose Design System for Composites 99 Jacob Fish 6.1 Motivation 99 6.2 General Purpose Multiscale Formulation 103 6.2.1 The Basic Reduced-Order Model 103 6.2.2 Enhanced Reduced-Order Model 104 6.3 Mechanistic Modeling of Fatigue via Multiple Temporal Scales 106 6.4 Coupling of Mechanical and Environmental Degradation Processes 107 6.4.1 Mathematical Model 107 6.4.2 Mathematical Upscaling 109 6.4.3 Computational Upscaling 110 6.5 Uncertainty Quantification of Nonlinear Model of Micro-Interfaces and Micro-Phases 111 References 113 Part II PATIENT-SPECIFIC FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODELING, SIMULATION AND DIAGNOSIS 7 Patient-Specific Computational Fluid Mechanics of Cerebral Arteries with Aneurysm and Stent 119 Kenji Takizawa, Kathleen Schjodt, Anthony Puntel, Nikolay Kostov, and Tayfun E. Tezduyar 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Mesh Generation 120 7.3 Computational Results 124 7.3.1 Computational Models 124 7.3.2 Comparative Study 131 7.3.3 Evaluation of Zero-Thickness Representation 142 7.4 Concluding Remarks 145 Acknowledgments 146 References 146 8 Application of Isogeometric Analysis to Simulate Local Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery in Patient-Specific Coronary Arteries 149 Shaolie S. Hossain and Yongjie Zhang 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Materials and Methods 151 8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling 151 8.2.2 Parameter Selection 156 8.2.3 Mesh Generation from Medical Imaging Data 158 8.3 Results 159 8.3.1 Extraction of NP Wall Deposition Data 159 8.3.2 Drug Distribution in a Normal Artery Wall 160 8.3.3 Drug Distribution in a Diseased Artery Wall with a Vulnerable Plaque 160 8.4 Conclusions and Future Work 165 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 9 Modeling and Rapid Simulation of High-Frequency Scattering Responses of Cellular Groups 169 Tarek Ismail Zohdi 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Ray Theory: Scope of Use and General Remarks 171 9.3 Ray Theory 173 9.4 Plane Harmonic Electromagnetic Waves 177 9.4.1 General Plane Waves 177 9.4.2 Electromagnetic Waves 177 9.4.3 Optical Energy Propagation 178 9.4.4 Reflection and Absorption of Energy 179 9.4.5 Computational Algorithm 183 9.4.6 Thermal Conversion of Optical Losses 187 9.5 Summary 190 References 190 10 Electrohydrodynamic Assembly of Nanoparticles for Nanoengineered Biosensors 193 Jae-Hyun Chung, Hyun-Boo Lee, and Jong-Hoon Kim 10.1 Introduction for Nanoengineered Biosensors 193 10.2 Electric-Field-Induced Phenomena 193 10.2.1 Electrophoresis 194 10.2.2 Dielectrophoresis 195 10.2.3 Electroosmotic and Electrothermal Flow 198 10.2.4 Brownian Motion Forces and Drag Forces 199 10.3 Geometry Dependency of Dielectrophoresis 200 10.4 Electric-Field-Guided Assembly of Flexible Molecules in Combination with other Mechanisms 203 10.4.1 Dielectrophoresis in Combination with Fluid Flow 203 10.4.2 Dielectrophoresis in Combination with Binding Affinity 203 10.4.3 Dielectrophoresis in Combination with Capillary Action and Viscosity 203 10.5 Selective Assembly of Nanoparticles 204 10.5.1 Size-Selective Deposition of Nanoparticles 204 10.5.2 Electric-Property Sorting of Nanoparticles 205 10.6 Summary and Applications 205 References 205 11 Advancements in the Immersed Finite-Element Method and Bio-Medical Applications 207 Lucy Zhang, Xingshi Wang, and Chu Wang 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Formulation 208 11.2.1 The Immersed Finite Element Method 208 11.2.2 Semi-Implicit Immersed Finite Element Method 210 11.3 Bio-Medical Applications 211 11.3.1 Red Blood Cell in Bifurcated Vessels 211 11.3.2 Human Vocal Folds Vibration during Phonation 214 11.4 Conclusions 217 References 217 12 Immersed Methods for Compressible Fluid–Solid Interactions 219 Xiaodong Sheldon Wang 12.1 Background and Objectives 219 12.2 Results and Challenges 222 12.2.1 Formulations, Theories, and Results 222 12.2.2 Stability Analysis 227 12.2.3 Kernel Functions 228 12.2.4 A Simple Model Problem 231 12.2.5 Compressible Fluid Model for General Grids 231 12.2.6 Multigrid Preconditioner 232 12.3 Conclusion 234 References 234 Part III FROM CELLULAR STRUCTURE TO TISSUES AND ORGANS 13 The Role of the Cortical Membrane in Cell Mechanics: Model and Simulation 241 Louis Foucard, Xavier Espinet, Eduard Benet, and Franck J. Vernerey 13.1 Introduction 241 13.2 The Physics of the Membrane–Cortex Complex and Its Interactions 243 13.2.1 The Mechanics of the Membrane–Cortex Complex 243 13.2.2 Interaction of the Membrane with the Outer Environment 247 13.3 Formulation of the Membrane Mechanics and Fluid–Membrane Interaction 249 13.3.1 Kinematics of Immersed Membrane 249 13.3.2 Variational Formulation of the Immersed MCC Problem 251 13.3.3 Principle of Virtual Power and Conservation of Momentum 253 13.4 The Extended Finite Element and the Grid-Based Particle Methods 255 13.5 Examples 257 13.5.1 The Equilibrium Shapes of the Red Blood Cell 257 13.5.2 Cell Endocytosis 259 13.5.3 Cell Blebbing 260 13.6 Conclusion 262 Acknowledgments 263 References 263 14 Role of Elastin in Arterial Mechanics 267 Yanhang Zhang and Shahrokh Zeinali-Davarani 14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 The Role of Elastin in Vascular Diseases 268 14.3 Mechanical Behavior of Elastin 269 14.3.1 Orthotropic Hyperelasticity in Arterial Elastin 269 14.3.2 Viscoelastic Behavior 271 14.4 Constitutive Modeling of Elastin 272 14.5 Conclusions 276 Acknowledgments 276 References 277 15 Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Biological Tissue: Application to the FEM Analysis of the Urinary Bladder 283 Eugenio Oñate, Facundo J. Bellomo, Virginia Monteiro, Sergio Oller, and Liz G. Nallim 15.1 Introduction 283 15.2 Inverse Approach for the Material Characterization of Biological Soft Tissues via a Generalized Rule of Mixtures 284 15.2.1 Constitutive Model for Material Characterization 284 15.2.2 Definition of the Objective Function and Materials Characterization Procedure 286 15.2.3 Validation of the Inverse Model for Urinary Bladder Tissue Characterization 287 15.3 FEM Analysis of the Urinary Bladder 289 15.3.1 Constitutive Model for Tissue Analysis 290 15.3.2 Validation. Test Inflation of a Quasi-incompressible Rubber Sphere 292 15.3.3 Mechanical Simulation of Human Urinary Bladder 293 15.3.4 Study of Urine–Bladder Interaction 295 15.4 Conclusions 298 Acknowledgments 298 References 298 16 Structure Design of Vascular Stents 301 Yaling Liu, Jie Yang, Yihua Zhou, and Jia Hu 16.1 Introduction 301 16.2 Ideal Vascular Stents 303 16.3 Design Parameters that Affect the Properties of Stents 304 16.3.1 Expansion Method 305 16.3.2 Stent Materials 305 16.3.3 Structure of Stents 306 16.3.4 Effect of Design Parameters on Stent Properties 308 16.4 Main Methods for Vascular Stent Design 308 16.5 Vascular Stent Design Method Perspective 316 References 316 17 Applications of Meshfree Methods in Explicit Fracture and Medical Modeling 319 Daniel C. Simkins, Jr. 17.1 Introduction 319 17.2 Explicit Crack Representation 319 17.2.1 Two-Dimensional Cracks 320 17.2.2 Three-Dimensional Cracks in Thin Shells 323 17.2.3 Material Model Requirements 323 17.2.4 Crack Examples 323 17.3 Meshfree Modeling in Medicine 327 Acknowledgments 331 References 331 18 Design of Dynamic and Fatigue-Strength-Enhanced Orthopedic Implants 333 Sagar Bhamare, Seetha Ramaiah Mannava, Leonora Felon, David Kirschman, Vijay Vasudevan, and Dong Qian 18.1 Introduction 333 18.2 Fatigue Life Analysis of Orthopedic Implants 335 18.2.1 Fatigue Life Testing for Implants 335 18.2.2 Fatigue Life Prediction 337 18.3 LSP Process 338 18.4 LSP Modeling and Simulation 339 18.4.1 Pressure Pulse Model 339 18.4.2 Constitutive Model 340 18.4.3 Solution Procedure 341 18.5 Application Example 342 18.5.1 Implant Rod Design 342 18.5.2 Residual Stresses 342 18.5.3 Fatigue Tests and Life Predictions 344 18.6 Summary 348 Acknowledgments 348 References 349 Part IV BIO-MECHANICS AND MATERIALS OF BONES AND COLLAGENS 19 Archetype Blending Continuum Theory and Compact Bone Mechanics 353 Khalil I. Elkhodary, Michael Steven Greene, and Devin O’Connor 19.1 Introduction 353 19.1.1 A Short Look at the Hierarchical Structure of Bone 354 19.1.2 A Background of Generalized Continuum Mechanics 355 19.1.3 Notes on the Archetype Blending Continuum Theory 356 19.2 ABC Formulation 358 19.2.1 Physical Postulates and the Resulting Kinematics 358 19.2.2 ABC Variational Formulation 359 19.3 Constitutive Modeling in ABC 361 19.3.1 General Concept 361 19.3.2 Blending Laws for Cortical Bone Modeling 363 19.4 The ABC Computational Model 367 19.5 Results and Discussion 368 19.5.1 Propagating Strain Inhomogeneities across Osteons 368 19.5.2 Normal and Shear Stresses in Osteons 369 19.5.3 Rotation and Displacement Fields in Osteons 370 19.5.4 Damping in Cement Lines 372 19.5.5 Qualitative Look at Strain Gradients in Osteons 372 19.6 Conclusion 373 Acknowledgments 374 References 374 20 Image-Based Multiscale Modeling of Porous Bone Materials 377 Judy P. Yang, Sheng-Wei Chi, and Jiun-Shyan Chen 20.1 Overview 377 20.2 Homogenization of Porous Microstructures 379 20.2.1 Basic Equations of Two-Phase Media 379 20.2.2 Asymptotic Expansion of Two-Phase Medium 381 20.2.3 Homogenized Porous Media 386 20.3 Level Set Method for Image Segmentation 387 20.3.1 Variational Level Set Formulation 387 20.3.2 Strong Form Collocation Methods for Active Contour Model 389 20.4 Image-Based Microscopic Cell Modeling 391 20.4.1 Solution of Microscopic Cell Problems 391 20.4.2 Reproducing Kernel and Gradient-Reproducing Kernel Approximations 392 20.4.3 Gradient-Reproducing Kernel Collocation Method 393 20.5 Trabecular Bone Modeling 395 20.6 Conclusions 399 Acknowledgment 399 References 399 21 Modeling Nonlinear Plasticity of Bone Mineral from Nanoindentation Data 403 Amir Reza Zamiri and Suvranu De 21.1 Introduction 403 21.2 Methods 404 21.3 Results 407 21.4 Conclusions 408 Acknowledgments 408 References 408 22 Mechanics of Cellular Materials and its Applications 411 Ji Hoon Kim, Daeyong Kim, and Myoung-Gyu Lee 22.1 Biological Cellular Materials 411 22.1.1 Structure of Bone 411 22.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Bone 411 22.1.3 Failure of Bone 415 22.1.4 Simulation of Bone 417 22.2 Engineered Cellular Materials 421 22.2.1 Constitutive Models for Metal Foams 422 22.2.2 Structure Modeling of Cellular Materials 424 22.2.3 Simulation of Cellular Materials 428 References 431 23 Biomechanics of Mineralized Collagens 435 Ashfaq Adnan, Farzad Sarker, and Sheikh F. Ferdous 23.1 Introduction 435 23.1.1 Mineralized Collagen 435 23.1.2 Molecular Origin and Structure of Mineralized Collagen 436 23.1.3 Bone Remodeling, Bone Marrow Microenvironment, and Biomechanics of Mineralized Collagen 438 23.2 Computational Method 438 23.2.1 Molecular Structure of Mineralized Collagen 438 23.2.2 The Constant-pH Molecular Dynamics Simulation 441 23.3 Results 441 23.3.1 First-Order Estimation of pH-Dependent TC–HAP Interaction Possibility 441 23.3.2 pH-Dependent TC–HAP Interface Interactions 443 23.4 Summary and Conclusions 446 Acknowledgments 446 References 446 Index 449

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive presentation of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) theory, substrate fabrication, applications of SERS to biosystems, chemical analysis, sensing and fundamental innovation through experimentation. Written by internationally recognized editors and contributors. Relevant to all those within the scientific community dealing with Raman Spectroscopy, i.e. physicists, chemists, biologists, material scientists, physicians and biomedical scientists. SERS applications are widely expanding and the technology is now used in the field of nanotechnologies, applications to biosystems, nonosensors, nanoimaging and nanoscience.Trade Review“I believe this book is worth reading by anyone in the field, and I found myself noting a few references throughout each chapter. The book would also be particularly useful for students trying to understand issues in the broader field of current SERS research.” (Anal Bioanal Chem, 22 August 2014)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv 1. Calculation of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra Including Orientational and Stokes Effects Using TDDFT/Mie Theory QM/ED Method 1 George C. Schatz and Nicholas A. Valley 1.1 Introduction: Combined Quantum Mechanics/Electrodynamics Methods 1 1.2 Computational Details 3 1.3 Summary of Model Systems 4 1.4 Azimuthal Averaging 5 1.5 SERS of Pyridine: Models G, A, B, S, and V 6 1.6 Orientation Effects in SERS of Phthalocyanines 11 1.7 Two Particle QM/ED Calculations 13 1.8 Summary 15 Acknowledgment 16 References 16 2. Non-resonant SERS Using the Hottest Hot Spots of Plasmonic Nanoaggregates 19 Katrin Kneipp and Harald Kneipp 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Aggregates of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Their Hot Spots 21 2.2.1 Evaluation of Plasmonic Nanoaggregates by Vibrational Pumping due to a Non-resonant SERS Process 21 2.2.2 Probing Plasmonic Nanoaggregates by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 24 2.2.3 Probing Local Fields in Hot Spots by SERS and SEHRS 25 2.3 SERS Using Hot Silver Nanoaggregates and Non-resonant NIR Excitation 26 2.3.1 SERS Signal vs. Concentration of the Target Molecule 26 2.3.2 Spectroscopic Potential of Non-resonant SERS Using the Hottest Hot Spots 30 2.4 Summary and Conclusions 31 References 32 3. Effect of Nanoparticle Symmetry on Plasmonic Fields: Implications for Single-Molecule Raman Scattering 37 Lev Chuntonov and Gilad Haran 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Methodology 38 3.3 Plasmon Mode Structure of Nanoparticle Clusters 39 3.3.1 Dimers 39 3.3.2 Trimers 40 3.4 Effect of Plasmon Modes on SMSERS 47 3.4.1 Effect of the Spectral Lineshape 47 3.4.2 Effect of Multiple Normal Modes 49 3.5 Conclusions 54 Acknowledgment 54 References 54 4. Experimental Demonstration of Electromagnetic Mechanism of SERS and Quantitative Analysis of SERS Fluctuation Based on the Mechanism 59 Tamitake Itoh 4.1 Experimental Demonstration of the EM Mechanism of SERS 59 4.1.1 Introduction 59 4.1.2 Observations of the EM Mechanism in SERS Spectral Variations 60 4.1.3 Observations of the EM Mechanism in the Refractive Index Dependence of SERS Spectra 62 4.1.4 Quantitative Evaluation of the EM Mechanism of SERS 64 4.1.5 Summary 72 4.2 Quantitative Analysis of SERS Fluctuation Based on the EM Mechanism 72 4.2.1 Introduction 72 4.2.2 Intensity and Spectral Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 73 4.2.3 Framework for Analysis of Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 73 4.2.4 Analysis of Intensity Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 76 4.2.5 Analysis of Spectral Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 78 4.2.6 Summary 82 4.3 Conclusion 82 Acknowledgments 83 References 83 5. Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering as a Probe for Adsorption Dynamics on Metal Surfaces 89 Mai Takase, Fumika Nagasawa, Hideki Nabika and Kei Murakoshi 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Simultaneous Measurements of Conductance and SERS of a Single-Molecule Junction 90 5.3 SERS Observation Using Heterometallic Nanodimers at the Single-Molecule Level 96 5.4 Conclusion 101 Acknowledgments 101 References 101 6. Analysis of Blinking SERS by a Power Law with an Exponential Function 107 Yasutaka Kitahama and Yukihiro Ozaki 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Materials and Methods 110 6.3 Power Law Analysis 110 6.4 Plasmon Resonance Wavelength Dependence 117 6.4.1 Power Law Exponents for the Bright and Dark Events 117 6.4.2 Truncation Time for the Dark Events 123 6.5 Energy Density Dependence 123 6.5.1 Power Law Exponents for the Bright and Dark Events 123 6.5.2 Truncation Time for the Dark Events 125 6.5.3 Comparison with Other Analysis 126 6.6 Temperature Dependence 129 6.6.1 Power Law Exponents for the Bright and Dark Events 129 6.6.2 Truncation Time for the Dark Events 129 6.6.3 Comparison with Other Analysis 130 6.7 Summary 132 Acknowledgments 132 References 133 7. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) for Nanoscale Imaging and Analysis 139 Taka-aki Yano and Satoshi Kawata 7.1 Crucial Difference between TERS and SERS 139 7.2 TERS-Specific Spectral Change as a Function of Tip–Sample Distance 141 7.3 Mechanical Effect in TERS 143 7.4 Application to Analytical Nano-Imaging 144 7.5 Metallic Probe Tip: Design and Fabrication 149 7.6 Spatial Resolution 154 7.7 Real-Time and 3D Imaging: Perspectives 155 References 156 8. Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) 163 Jian-Feng Li and Zhong-Qun Tian 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Synthesis of Various Shell-Isolated Nanoparticles (SHINs) 167 8.3 Characterizations of SHINs 169 8.3.1 Correlation of the SHINERS Intensity and Shell Thickness 169 8.3.2 Characterization of the Ultra-Thin Uniform Silica Shell 171 8.3.3 Influence of the SHINs on the Surface 172 8.4 Applications of SHINERS 173 8.4.1 Single-Crystal Electrode Surface 173 8.4.2 Non-Metallic Material Surfaces 175 8.4.3 Single Particle SHINERS 178 8.5 Different Strategies of SHINERS Compared to Previous SERS Works Using Core–Shell or Overlayer Structures 178 8.6 Advantages of Isolated Mode over Contact Mode 180 8.7 Concluding Discussion 184 8.8 Outlook 185 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 9. Applying Super-Resolution Imaging Techniques to Problems in Single-Molecule SERS 193 Eric J. Titus and Katherine A. Willets 9.1 Introduction 193 9.1.1 Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SM-SERS) 193 9.1.2 Super-Resolution Imaging 194 9.2 Experimental Considerations for Super-Resolution SM-SERS 195 9.2.1 Sample Preparation 195 9.2.2 Instrument Set-up 196 9.2.3 Camera Pixels and Theoretical Uncertainties 197 9.2.4 Correlated Imaging and Spectroscopy in Super-Resolution SM-SERS 198 9.2.5 Correlated Optical and Structural Data 199 9.3 Super-Resolution SM-SERS Analysis 200 9.3.1 Mechanical Drift Correction 201 9.3.2 Analysis of Background Nanoparticle Luminescence 202 9.3.3 Calculating the SM-SERS Centroid Position 202 9.4 Super-Resolution SM-SERS Examples 204 9.4.1 Mapping SM-SERS Hot Spots 204 9.4.2 The Role of Plasmon-Enhanced Electromagnetic Fields: Structure Correlation Studies 206 9.4.3 The Role of the Molecule: Isotope-Edited Studies 210 9.5 Conclusions 214 References 214 10. Lithographically-Fabricated SERS Substrates: Double Resonances, Nanogaps, and Beamed Emission 219 Kenneth B. Crozier, Wenqi Zhu, Yizhuo Chu, Dongxing Wang and Mohamad Banaee 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Double Resonance SERS Substrates 220 10.3 Lithographically-Fabricated Nanogap Dimers 226 10.4 Beamed Raman Scattering 229 10.5 Conclusions 238 References 239 11. Plasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Fluorescence Used for Ultrasensitive Detection in Langmuir–Blodgett Monolayers 243 Diogo Volpati, Aisha Alsaleh, Carlos J. L. Constantino and Ricardo F. Aroca 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering of Tagged Phospholipids 245 11.2.1 Experimental Details 245 11.2.2 Langmuir and LB films 246 11.2.3 Electronic Absorption 247 11.2.4 Characteristic Vibrational Modes of the Tagged Phospholipid 248 11.2.5 Single Molecule Detection 250 11.3 Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle Enhanced Fluorescence (SHINEF) 251 11.3.1 Tuning the Enhancement Factor in SHINEF 251 11.3.2 SHINEF of Fluorescein-DHPE 253 11.4 Conclusions 254 Acknowledgments 255 References 255 12. SERS Analysis of Bacteria, Human Blood, and Cancer Cells: a Metabolomic and Diagnostic Tool 257 W. Ranjith Premasiri, Paul Lemler, Ying Chen, Yoseph Gebregziabher and Lawrence D. Ziegler 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 SERS of Bacterial Cells: Methodology and Diagnostics 258 12.3 Characteristics of SERS Spectra of Bacteria 261 12.4 PCA Barcode Analysis 263 12.5 Biological Origins of Bacterial SERS Signatures 265 12.6 SERS Bacterial Identification in Human Body Fluids: Bacteremia and UTI Diagnostics 266 12.7 Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin: Blood Aging and Disease Detection 267 12.8 SERS of Whole Blood 269 12.9 SERS of RBCs 271 12.10 Malaria Detection 273 12.11 Cancer Cell Detection: Metabolic Profiling by SERS 273 12.12 Conclusions 276 Acknowledgment 277 References 277 13. SERS in Cells: from Concepts to Practical Applications 285 Janina Kneipp and Daniela Drescher 13.1 Introduction 285 13.2 SERS Labels and SERS Nanoprobes: Different Approaches to Obtain Different Information 286 13.2.1 Highlighting Cellular Substructures with SERS Labels 286 13.2.2 Probing Intrinsic Cellular Biochemistry with SERS Nanoprobes 288 13.3 Consequences of Endocytotic Uptake and Processing for Intrinsic SERS Probing in Cells 289 13.4 Quantification of Metal Nanoparticles in Cells 292 13.5 Toxicity Considerations 295 13.6 Applications 298 13.6.1 pH Nanosensors for Studies in Live Cells 298 13.6.2 Following Cell Division with SERS 299 Acknowledgment 301 References 301 Index 309

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic approach to realizing NiTi shape memory alloy actuation, and is aimed at science and engineering students who would like to develop a better understanding of the behaviors of SMAs, and learn to design, simulate, control, and fabricate these actuators in a systematic approach. Several innovative biomedical applications of SMAs are discussed. These include orthopedic, rehabilitation, assistive, cardiovascular, and surgery devices and tools. To this end unique actuation mechanisms are discussed. These include antagonistic bi-stable shape memory-superelastic actuation, shape memory spring actuation, and multi axial tension-torsion actuation. These actuation mechanisms open new possibilities for creating adaptive structures and biomedical devices by using SMAs.Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1Christoph Haberland, Mahmoud Kadkhodaei and Mohammad H. Elahinia 2 Mathematical Modeling and Simulation 45Reza Mirzaeifar and Mohammad H. Elahinia 3 SMA Actuation Mechanisms 85Masood Taheri Andani, Francesco Bucchi and Mohammad H. Elahinia 4 Control of SMA Actuators 125Hashem Ashrafiuon and Mohammad H. Elahinia 5 Fatigue of Shape Memory Alloys 155Mohammad J. Mahtabi, Nima Shamsaei and Mohammad H. Elahinia 6 Fabricating NiTi SMA Components 191Christoph Haberland and Mohammad H. Elahinia 7 Experimental Characterization of Shape Memory Alloys 239Ali S. Turabi, Soheil Saedi, Sayed Mohammad Saghaian, Haluk E. Karaca and Mohammad H. Elahinia Index 279

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Book SynopsisStructural Health Monitoring (SHM) is the interdisciplinary engineering field devoted to the monitoring and assessment of structural health and integrity. SHM technology integrates non-destructive evaluation techniques using remote sensing and smart materials to create smart self-monitoring structures characterized by increased reliability and long life. Its applications are primarily systems with critical demands concerning performance where classical onsite assessment is both difficult and expensive. Advanced Structural Damage Detection: From Theory to Engineering Applications is written by academic experts in the field and provides students, engineers and other technical specialists with a comprehensive review of recent developments in various monitoring techniques and their applications to SHM. Contributing to an area which is the subject of intensive research and development, this book offers both theoretical principles and feasibility studies for a number of SHM Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structural Damage and Structural Damage Detection 2 1.3 SHM as an Evolutionary Step of NDT 4 1.4 Interdisciplinary Nature of SHM 5 1.5 Structure of SHM Systems 9 1.6 Aspects Related to SHM Systems Design 12 References 15 2 Numerical Simulation of ElasticWave Propagation 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Modelling Methods 18 2.3 Hybrid and Multiscale Modelling 29 2.4 The LISA Method 33 2.5 Coupling Scheme 39 2.6 Damage Modelling 47 2.7 Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Wave Propagation 48 2.8 Conclusions 50 References 51 3 Model Assisted Probability of Detection in Structural Health Monitoring 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Probability of Detection 58 3.3 Theoretical Aspects of POD 59 3.4 From POD to MAPOD 64 3.5 POD for SHM 65 3.6 MAPOD of an SHM System Considering Flaw Geometry Uncertainty 66 3.7 Conclusions 70 References 71 4 Nonlinear Acoustics 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Theoretical Background 75 4.3 Damage Detection Methods and Applications 85 4.4 Conclusions 103 References 104 5 Piezocomposite Transducers for Guided Waves 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Piezoelectric Transducers for Guided Waves 110 5.3 Novel Type of IDT-DS Based on MFC 118 5.4 Generation of Lamb Waves using Piezocomposite Transducers 120 5.5 Lamb Wave Sensing Characteristics of the IDT-DS4 131 5.6 Conclusions 136 Appendix 136 References 137 6 Electromechanical Impedance Method 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Theoretical Background 142 6.3 Numerical Simulations 147 6.4 The Developed SHM System 155 6.5 Laboratory Tests 158 6.6 Verification of the Method on Aircraft Structures 165 6.7 Conclusions 173 References 174 7 Beamforming of Guided Waves 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Theory 179 7.3 Numerical Results 190 7.4 Experimental Results 199 7.5 Discussion 207 7.6 Conclusions 209 References 210 8 Modal Filtering Techniques 213 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 State of the Art 214 8.3 Formulation of the Method 219 8.4 Numerical Verification of the Method 222 8.5 Monitoring System Based on Modal Filtration 231 8.6 Laboratory Tests 235 8.7 Operational Tests 245 8.8 Summary 248 References 248 9 Vibrothermography 251 9.1 Introduction 251 9.2 State of the Art in Thermographic Nondestructive Testing 252 9.3 Developed Vibrothermographic Test System 261 9.4 Virtual Testing 263 9.5 Laboratory Testing 269 9.6 Field Measurements 273 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 275 References 275 10 Vision-Based Monitoring System 279 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 State of the Art 281 10.3 Deflection Measurement by Means of Digital Image Correlation 282 10.4 Image Registration and Plane Rectification 284 10.5 Automatic Feature Detection and Matching 287 10.6 Developed Software Tool 291 10.7 Numerical Investigation of the Method 291 10.8 Laboratory Investigation of the Method 301 10.9 Key Studies and Evaluation of the Method 314 10.10 Conclusions 318 References 318 Index 321

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Book Synopsis

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