Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisPolarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers deals with the linear optics of birefringent materials, such as liquid crystals and polymers, and surveys light propagation in such media with special attention to applications.Trade Review?Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers by Toralf Scharf should be considered as essential reading for any postgraduate student embarking on the study of liquid crystals. In addition, the readily accessible index makes this book a valuable reference text for those already established in the field.? (Liquid Crystals Today, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Polarized Light. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Concept of Light Polarization. 1.3 Description of The State of Polarization. 1.4 The Stokes Concept. 1.5 The Jones Concept. 1.6 Coherence and Polarized Light. References. 2 Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic Materials. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Analytical Background. 2.3 Time Harmonic Fields and Plane Waves. 2.4 Maxwell’s Equations in Matrix Representation. 2.5 Separation of Polarizations for Inhomogeneous Problems. 2.6 Separation of Polarizations for Anisotropic Problems. 2.7 Dielectric Tensor and Index Ellipsoid. References. 3 Description of Light Propagation with Rays. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Light Rays and Wave Optics. 3.3 Light Propagation Through Interfaces (Fresnel Formula) . 3.4 Propagation Direction of Rays in Crystals. 3.5 Propagation Along A Principal Axis. 3.6 Rays at Isotropic–Anisotropic Interfaces. 3.7 Gaussian Beams. References. 4 Stratified Birefringent Media. 4.1 Maxwell Equations for Stratified Media. 4.2 Jones Formalism in Examples. 4.3 Extended Jones Matrix Method. 4.4 The 4x4 Berreman Method. 4.5 Analytical Solution for A Birefringent Slab. 4.6 Reflection and Transmission. References. 5 Space-Grid Time-Domain Techniques. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Description of the FDTD Method. 5.3 Implementation and Boundary Conditions. 5.4 Rigorous Optics for Liquid Crystals. References. 6 Organic Optical Materials. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Polymers for Optics. 6.3 Physical Properties of Polymers. 6.4 Optical Properties of Polymers. 6.5 Liquid Crystal Phases. 6.6 Liquid Crystal Polymers. 6.7 Birefringence in Isotropic Materials. 6.8 Form Birefringence. 6.9 Order-Induced Birefringence. 6.10 Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals and Oriented Polymers. References. 7 Practical Polarization Optics with the Microscope. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Microscope Characteristics. 7.3 Polarization Microscope. 7.4 Polarizers. 7.5 Polarization Colors. 7.6 Compensation and Retardation Measurement. 7.7 Conoscopy. 7.8 Local Polarization Mapping. References. 8 Optics of Liquid Crystal Textures. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Calculation of Liquid Crystal Director Distributions. 8.3 Optical Properties of Uniform Textures. 8.4 Optical Properties of Liquid Crystal Defects. 8.5 Surface Line Defects in Nematics. 8.6 Defects in Smectic Phases. 8.7 Confined Nematic Liquid Crystals. 8.8 Instabilities in Liquid Crystals. 8.9 Deformation of Liquid Crystal Directors by Fringing Fields. 8.10 Resolution Limit of Switchable Liquid Crystal Devices. 8.11 Switching in Layered Phases. References. 9 Refractive Birefringent Optics. 9.1 Birefringent Optical Elements. 9.2 Fabrication of Refractive Components. 9.3 Optical Properties of Modified Birefringent Components. 9.4 Liquid Crystal Phase Shifters. 9.5 Modal Control Elements. 9.6 Interferometers Based on Polarization Splitting. 9.7 Birefringent Microlenses. 9.8 Electrically Switchable Microlenses. References. 10 Diffractive Optics with Anisotropic Materials. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Principles of Fourier Optics. 10.3 Polarization Properties. 10.4 Diffraction at Binary Gratings. 10.5 Concepts and Fabrication. 10.6 Diffractive Elements Due to surface Modifications. 10.7 Electrically Switchable Gratings. 10.8 Switchable Diffractive Lenses. References. 11 Bragg Diffraction. 11.1 Reflection by Multilayer Structures. 11.2 Polymer Films. 11.3 Giant Polarization Optics. 11.4 Reflection by Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. 11.5 Color Properties of Cholesteric Bragg Reflectors. 11.6 Apodization of Cholesteric Bragg Filters. 11.7 Reflection by Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. 11.8 Depolarization Effects by Polymer Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. 11.9 Defect Structures in Cholesteric Bragg Reflectors. 11.10 Structured Cholesteric Bragg Filters. 11.11 Plane Wave Approach to the Optics of Blue Phases. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMetamaterials with Negative Parameters approaches metamaterials using physics principles and discusses microwave applications in a uniform textbook-like manner. It provides a thorough presentation of the theory, design, and applications of metamaterials with an emphasis on split ring resonators (SRRs).Table of ContentsDedicatory. Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. The electrodynamics of left-handed media. 1.1. Wave propagation in left-handed media. 1.2. Energy density and group velocity. 1.3. Negative refraction. 1.4. Fermat principle. 1.5. Other effects in left-handed media. 1.5.1. Inverse Doppler effect. 1.5.2. Backward Cerenkov radiation. 1.5.3. Negative Goos-Hänchen shift. 1.6. Waves at interfaces.. 1.6.1. Transmission and reflection coefficients. 1.6.2. Surface waves. 1.7. Waves through left-handed slabs.. 1.7.1. Transmission and reflection coefficients. 1.7.2. Guided waves. 1.7.3. Backward leaky and complex waves. 1.8. Slabs with ε/εo-1 and µ/µo-1. 1.8.1. Phase compensation and amplification of evanescent modes. 1.8.2. Perfect tunneling. 1.8.3. The perfect lens. 1.8.4. The perfect-lens as a tunneling/matching device. 1.9. Losses and dispersion. 1.10. Indefinite media. 1.11. Problems. References. 2. Synthesis of bulk metamaterials. 2.1. Scaling plasmas at microwave frequencies. 2.1.1. Metallic waveguides and plates as one- and two-dimensional plasmas. 2.1.2. Wire media. 2.1.3. Spatial dispersion in wire media. 2.2. Synthesis of negative magnetic permeability. 2.2.1. Analysis of the edge-coupled SRR. 2.2.2. Other SRR designs. The broadside-coupled SRR. The non-bianisotropic SRR. The double split SRR. Spirals. 2.2.3. Constitutive relationships for bulk SRR metamaterials. 2.2.4. Higher order resonances in SRRs. 2.2.5. Isotropic SRRs. 2.2.6. Scaling down SRRs to infrared and optical frequencies. 2.3. SRR-based left-handed metamaterials.. 2.3.1. One-dimensional SRR-based left-handed metamaterials. 2.3.2. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional SRR-based lefthanded metamaterials. 2.3.3. On the application of the continuous medium approach to discrete SRR-based left-handed metamaterials. 2.3.4. The ?superposition? hypothesis.. 2.3.5. On the numerical accuracy of the developed model for SRR-based metamaterials. 2.4. Other approaches to bulk metamaterial design. 2.4.1. Ferrite metamaterials. 2.4.2. Chiral metamaterials. 2.4.3. Other proposals. 2.5. Appendix. 2.6. Problems. References. 3. Synthesis of metamaterials in planar technology. 3.1. The dual (backward) transmission line concept. 3.2. Practical implementation of backward transmission lines. 3.3. Two-dimensional (2D) planar metamaterials. 3.4. Design of left handed transmission lines by means of SRRs: the resonant type approach. 3.4.1. Effective negative permeability transmission lines. 3.4.2. Left handed transmission lines in microstrip and CPW technologies. 3.4.3. Size reduction. 3.5. Equivalent circuit models for SRRs coupled to conventional transmission lines. 3.5.1. Dispersion diagrams. 3.5.2. Implications of the model. 3.6. Duality and complementary split rings resonators (CSRRs). 3.6.1. Electromagnetic properties of CSRRs. 3.6.2. Numerical calculation and experimental validation. 3.7. Synthesis of metamaterial transmission lines by using CSRRs. 3.7.1. Negative permittivity and left handed transmission lines. 3.7.2. Equivalent circuit models for CSRR loaded transmission lines. 3.7.3. Parameter extraction. 3.7.4. Effects of cell geometry on frequency response. 3.8. Comparison between the circuit models of resonant type and dual left handed lines. Problems. References. 4. Microwave applications of metamaterial concepts. 4.1. Filters and diplexers. 4.1.1. Stop band filters. 4.1.2. Planar filters with improved stop band. 4.1.3. Narrow band pass filter and diplexer design. 4.1.3.1. Band pass filters based on alternate right/left handed (ARLH) sections implemented by means of SRRs. 4.1.3.2. Band pass filters and diplexers based on alternate right/left handed (ARLH) sections implemented by means of CSRRs. 4.1.4. CSRR-based band pass filters with controllable characteristics. 4.1.4.1. Band pass filters based on the hybrid approach: design methodology and illustrative examples. 4.1.4.2. Other CSRR-based filters implemented by means of right handed sections. 4.1.5. High pass filters and ultra wide band pass filters (UWBPFs) implemented by means of resonant type balanced CRLH metamaterial transmission lines. 4.1.6. Tunable filters based on varactor-loaded split rings resonators (VLSRRs). 4.1.6.1. Topology of the VLSRR and equivalent circuit model. 4.1.6.2. Validation of the model. 4.1.6.3. Some illustrative results: tunable notch filters and stop band filters. 4.2. Synthesis of metamaterial transmission lines with controllable characteristics and applications. 4.2.1. Miniaturization of microwave components. 4.2.2. Compact broadband devices. 4.2.3. Dual band components. 4.2.4. Coupled line couplers. 4.3. Antenna applications. Problems. References. 5. Advanced and related topics. 5.1. SRR and CSRR based admittance surfaces. 5.1.1. Babinet principle for a single split rings resonator. 5.1.2. Surface admittance approach for SRR planar arrays. 5.1.3. Babinet principle for CSRR planar arrays. 5.1.4. Behavior at normal incidence. 5.1.5. Behavior at general incidence. 5.2. Magneto- and electro-inductive waves. 5.2.1. The magneto-inductive wave equation. 5.2.2. Magneto-inductive surfaces. 5.2.3. Electro-inductive waves in CSRR arrays. 5.2.4. Applications of magneto- and electro-inductive waves. 5.3. Sub-diffraction imaging devices. 5.3.1. Some universal features of sub-diffraction imaging devices. 5.3.2. Imaging in the quasi-electrostatic limit. Role of surface plasmons. 5.3.3. Imaging in the quasi-magnetostatic limit. Role of magnetostatic surface waves. 5.3.4. Imaging by resonant impedance surfaces. Magneto-inductive lenses. 5.3.5. Canalization devices. 5.4. Problems. References.

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Book SynopsisThe science needed to understand and undertake photorefractive materials research Photorefractive Materials presents an overview of the basic features and properties of photorefractive materials, covering a wide array of related topics.Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES. LIST OF TABLES. PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I FUNDAMENTALS. 1. ELECTRO-OPTIC EFFECT. 1.1 Light propagation in crystals. 1.2 Tensorial Analysis. 1.3 Electro-optic effect. 1.4 Concluding Remarks. 2. PHOTOACTIVE CENTERS AND PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY. 2.1 Photoactive centers: Deep and shallow traps. 2.2 Photoconductivity. 2.3 Photochromic effect. II HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING. 3. RECORDING A SPACE-CHARGE ELECTRIC FIELD. 3.1 Index of refraction modulation. 3.2 General formulation. 3.3 First spatial harmonic approximation. 3.4 Steady-state nonstationary process. 3.5 Photovoltaic Materials. 4. VOLUME HOLOGRAM WITH WAVE MIXING. 4.1 Coupled wave theory: Fixed grating. 4.2 Dynamic coupled wave theory. 4.3 Phase modulation. 4.4 Four-wave mixing. 4.5 Final remarks. 5. ANISOTROPIC DIFFRACTION. 5.1 Coupled wave with anisotropic diffraction. 5.2 Anisotropic diffraction and optical activity. 6. STABILIZED HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Mathematical formulation. 6.3 Self-stabilized recording in actual materials. III MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION. 7. NONHOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL METHODS. 7.1 Light-induced absorption. 7.2 Photoconductivity. 7.3 Electro-optic coefficient. 8. HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. 8.1 Direct holographic techniques. 8.2 Phase modulation techniques. 9. SELF-STABILIZED HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. 9.1 Holographic phase shift. 9.2 Fringe-locked running holograms. 9.3 Characterization of LiNbO3:Fe. IV APPLICATIONS. 10. VIBRATIONS AND DEFORMATIONS. 10.1 Measurement of Vibration and Deformation. 10.2 Experimental Setup. 11. FIXED HOLOGRAMS. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fixed holograms in LiNbO3. 11.3 Theory. 11.4 Experiment. V APPENDICES. A DETECTING A REVERSIBLE REAL-TIME HOLOGRAM. A.1 Naked-eye detection. A.1.1 Diffraction. A.1.2 Interference. A.2 Instrumental detection. B DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT: REVERSIBLE VOLUME HOLOGRAMS. B.1 Angular Bragg selectivity. B.1.1 In-Bragg recording beams. B.1.2 Probe beam. B.2 Reversible holograms. B.3 High index of refraction material. C EFFECTIVELY APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELD. D PHYSICAL MEANING OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS. D.1 Debye screening length. D.1.1 Temperature. D.1.2 Debye screening length. D.2 Diffusion and mobility. E PHOTODIODES. E.1 Photovoltaic regime. E.2 Photoconductive regime. E.3 Operational amplifier operated. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisUnique coverage of manufacturing management techniques--complete with cases and real-world examples. Improving Production with Lean Thinking picks up where other references on production processes leave off.Trade Review"…dedicated towards the Japanese management and production techniques ‘Lean Management" (Journal of the Operational Research Society, (2007) 58)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Continuous improvement tools. Introduction. Improvement philosophies and methodologies. Just-in-time (JIT). Thinking Revolution. Lean Manufacturing. 20 Keys to workplace improvement. Measuring and prioritizing the improvements. Book Structure. Recommended Readings. Chapter 2. Material flow and facilities layout. Introduction. Signs and reasons for a need to change the layout. Theoretical Bases. One-piece flow. Main types of industrial companies. Layout types. Characteristic of the traditional layouts. Layout design methodology. Step 1. Formulate the problem. Step 2. Analysis of the problem. Step 3. Search for alternatives. Step 4. Choose the right solution. Step 5. Specification of the solution. Step 6. Design cycle. Tools for layout study. Muther's 8 factors. Summary. Advised Bibliography. Chapter 3. Material flow and design of cellular layouts. Introduction. Theoretical basis. Mass production. Flow or assembly lines. Cell layout design justification. Basic cells design nomenclature. Cell design methodology. Cell design tools. Line Balancing. Group technology. Time study. Leveling production. Multifunctional workers. Workforce optimization. Summary. Recommended Readings. Chapter 4. Equipment Efficiency: Quality and Poka-Yoke. Introduction. Theoretical Bases. Inspection and SQC (Statistical Quality Control). From SQC to Zero defects. Poka-Yoke design methodology. Poka-Yoke examples. Summary. Recommended Readings. Chapter 5. Equipment Efficiency: Performance and Motion study. Introduction. Theoretical Bases. Motion economy principles. Motion study tools. Value analysis. 5W2H and 5-Why methods. Worker-machine diagram. Machine-worker ratio. Machine-machine diagram. Summary. Recommended Readings. Chapter 6. Equipment Efficiency: Availability, performance and maintenance. Introduction. Theoretical Bases. Types of maintenance. Maintenance program implementation. Getting started. Corrective maintenance implementation. Preventive maintenance implementation. Autonomous maintenance. TPM - Total Productive Maintenance. RCM - Reliability Centered Maintenance. Maintenance tools. FMEA for equipment. Reliability. P-M Analysis. Maintenance management. Summary. Recommended Readings. Chapter 7. Equipment Efficiency: Availability, quality and SMED. Introduction. Theoretical Bases. Basic steps in a set-up process. Traditional strategies to improve the set-up process. SMED methodology. Preliminary stage. Stage 1. Separating internal and external set-up. Stage 2. Converting internal set-up to external set-up. Stage 3. Streamlining all aspects of the set-up process. SMED tools. First stage tools. Second stage tools. Third stage tools. Zero changeover. SMED effects and benefits. Easier set-up process. On-hand stock production. Workplace tasks simplification. Productivity and flexibility. Economic benefits. Summary. Recommended Readings. Chapter 8. Environment Improvements and The 5S. Introduction. 5S implementation methodology. Getting started. Common steps in the five pillars. First pillar: Sort. Second pillar: Set in order. Third pillar: Shine. Fourth pillar: Standardize. Fifth pillar: Sustain. Implementation of the 5S in offices. 5S apply to computers. 5S tools. Red-tagging strategy. Sign strategy. Painting strategy. Preventive order. Preventive shine. Promotion tools. 5S Benefits and effects. Summary. Recommended Readings. Chapter 9. Other improvement keys. Human resources related keys. Rationalizing the system. Improvement team activities. Empowering workers to make improvements. Efficient materials use related keys. Developing your suppliers. Conserving energy and materials. Reducing inventory. Visual control related keys. Andon. Kanban. Technology related keys. Jidoka. Using information systems. Leading technology and site technology. Summary. Recommended Readings. Appendix A: Numeric problems. Continuous improvement tools. Facilities Layout. Cellular Layout. Maintenance. Motion Study. Machine-Machine diagram.

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Book SynopsisA balanced introduction to tomorrow''s energy sources Over the course of the next fifty years, there will be a shift in the quest for sustainble energy, including a major change in transportation from internal combustion engines burning petroleum-derived fuels to newer technology engines using new transportation fuels. Alternative Energy Reources examines our options for energy sources with a focus on hydrogen as a large-scale, secondary energy vector parallel to electricity. As the price of petroleum products increases, the world is scrambling to find a suitable replacement energy source. In this comprehensive primer, Professor Paul Kruger examines energy use throughout history and the exponential expansion of our energy use beginning with the Industrial Revolution through the present day. The book then analyzes the various alternative energy sources available, including renewable energy (hydroelectric, solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal), nuclear, aTrade Review"…makes for an excellent introductory text on a subject whose importance is sure to last well into the future." (Civil Engineering, 5/2006)Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii 1 Human Ecology on Spaceship Earth 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.01 Axiom 1 2 1.02 Axiom 2 5 1.03 Axiom 3 6 1.04 Philosophical Questions for the Quest 9 1.1 Development of Human Ecology 9 1.11 Major Ages in Human History 10 1.12 The Biosphere: ‘‘Spaceship Earth’’ 10 1.13 Limits to Growth 11 1.2 Summary 13 References 14 2 The Unending Quest for Abundant Energy 16 2.0 Historical Perspective 16 2.1 Characteristics of an Industrial Nation 17 2.11 Flow of Abundant Energy 20 2.12 Capital and Income Energy Resources 22 2.2 Exponential Growth Dynamics 24 2.21 Linear Growth 24 2.22 Exponential Growth 25 2.23 Doubling Time 26 2.24 Exponential Growth Scenarios 27 2.25 Calculation of Growth Rates by Regression Analysis 29 2.3 Current Growth in Energy Consumption 31 2.31 Trends in Energy Consumption 31 2.32 Energy Intensity 33 2.33 Projections of Energy Intensities 35 2.34 Projections of Future Primary Energy Consumption 35 2.4 Summary 38 References 38 3 The Fossil Fuel Era 40 3.0 Historical Perspective 40 3.01 Fossil Fuel Consumption in the United States since 1900 41 3.1 Fossil Fuels 42 3.11 Coal 43 3.12 Heating Value of Coal 43 3.13 Crude Oil 44 3.14 Natural Gas 45 3.2 Forecast of U.S. Energy Consumption through 2025 46 3.3 How Long Will Fossil Fuels Last? 48 3.31 Estimation of Fossil Fuel Reserves 48 3.32 The McKelvey Diagram 49 3.33 Production of a Finite Resource 52 3.34 The Logistic Production Curve Method 53 3.4 Growth of Fossil Fuel Demand for Generation of Electricity 59 3.5 Summary 60 References 61 4 Sustainability of Energy Resources 63 4.0 Sustainable Economic Development 63 4.01 Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development 64 4.02 Sustainable Energy Supply 65 4.1 Sustainability of Electric Energy Demand 65 4.11 The Electronic Way of Life 66 4.12 A Continental Superconducting Grid 66 4.13 The Hydrogen Fuel Era 68 4.2 Natural Gas in Sustainable Energy Supply 69 4.21 Petrochemical Use of Natural Gas 70 4.22 Growth of Natural Gas Consumption in the United States 71 4.23 Forecast of Natural Gas Consumption through 2025 73 4.24 Natural Gas Supply and Reserves 73 4.3 Natural Gas Commitment for Electric Power Generation 75 4.4 Sustainability of Natural Gas as an Energy Resource 77 4.5 Nonfossil Energy Resources 80 4.51 Growth of Alternative (Nonfossil) Energy Use 80 4.52 Forecast of Nonfossil Energy Supply 81 4.6 Summary 82 References 83 5 Environmental Impact of Energy Consumption 84 5.0 Historical Perspective 84 5.1 Basics of Environmental Impact 85 5.11 Relationship between Magnitude and Severity 86 5.12 Consequences of Environmental Threat 86 5.13 A Hypothetical Example of Magnitude-Severity Analysis 87 5.2 The Saga of the Greenhouse Effect 90 5.21 Components of the Saga 91 5.3 Local Air Pollution from Automobile Exhaust 101 5.31 Environmental Impact of Smog 103 5.32 Nitrogen Oxides in Photochemical ‘‘Smog’’ 104 5.33 Magnitude-Severity Aspects of Nitrogen Oxides 106 5.4 Value of Air Quality Improvement in Transportation 106 5.5 Some Data for the Los Angeles Air Basin 108 5.6 Summary 109 References 109 6 The Nuclear Energy Era 111 6.0 Historical Perspective 111 6.1 Basic Elements of Nuclear Science 112 6.11 The Atomic Nucleus 113 6.12 Isotopic Composition and Abundance 113 6.13 Atomic Mass 114 6.14 Equivalence of Mass and Energy 115 6.15 Binding Energy 116 6.16 Nuclear Stability 118 6.17 Types of Radioactive Decay 119 6.18 Properties of Radionuclides 120 6.2 Basic Elements of Nuclear Power 121 6.21 Nuclear Fission 122 6.22 Available Energy from Uranium Fuel 123 6.23 Nuclear Power Reactors 125 6.24 The Light-Water Uranium Fuel Cycle 126 6.25 Generation IV Nuclear Reactors 129 6.26 Nuclear Safety 130 6.27 Nuclear Waste 131 6.3 The Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors on Earth 132 6.4 Thermonuclear Fusion 133 6.5 Summary 135 References 135 7 Renewable Energy Resources 137 7.0 Renewable Energy 137 7.01 Types of Renewable Energy 137 7.02 Consumption of Renewable Energy 138 7.1 Hydroelectric Power 140 7.2 Solar Energy 142 7.21 The Solar Constant 144 7.22 Solar Energy ‘‘Reserves’’ 145 7.23 Solar Electricity 146 7.3 Wind Energy 150 7.31 Wind Power Rate 153 7.32 Wind Turbine Conversion Efficiency 154 7.33 The Wind Energy Resource 156 7.34 Estimated Cost of Wind Power 156 7.4 Biomass Energy 158 7.41 The Solar Biomass Resource 159 7.42 Biomass Conversion Processes 160 7.43 Environmental Aspects of Bioenergy Fuels 161 7.5 Other Renewable Resources 163 7.51 Tidal Energy 163 7.52 Geothermal Energy 164 7.6 Summary 166 References 167 8 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier 169 8.0 Historical Perspective 169 8.01 Physical Nature of Hydrogen 170 8.02 Chemical Nature of Hydrogen 171 8.03 Energetics of Hydrogen 173 8.1 Hydrogen and Electricity as Parallel Energy Carriers 173 8.11 Why Hydrogen? 173 8.12 Competitive Uses for Hydrogen 174 8.2 The Hydrogen Energy Fuel Cycle 175 8.21 Hydrogen Production 176 8.21a A Wee-Bit of Electrochemistry 177 8.22 Hydrogen Storage 188 8.23 Distribution of Hydrogen 191 8.24 End Uses for Hydrogen Fuel 192 8.25 Cost Factors of Hydrogen Fuel 194 8.3 Summary 196 References 198 9 Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel 200 9.0 Historical Perspective 200 9.01 Hydrogen Fuel in Aviation 200 9.02 Hydrogen Fuel in Marine Technology 201 9.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Vehicle Transportation 202 9.11 Just What Is a Fuel Cell? 202 9.12 A Wee-Bit of Thermodynamics 204 9.13 Aspects of Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel 207 9.14 Hydrogen Fuel Vehicles by Application Type 208 9.2 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles 209 9.21 Characteristics of Alternative Fuels for Fuel Cells 211 9.22 Methanol as a Fuel for Fuel Cells 212 9.23 Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel 213 9.3 What More Is Needed? 214 9.4 Summary 215 References 216 10 The Hydrogen Fuel Era 217 10.0 Perspective on an Era 217 10.1 Potential for Air Quality Improvement 218 10.11 Emission Standards 218 10.12 Factors That Affect Vehicle Emissions 220 10.13 History of California Emission Standards 221 10.2 Modeling Health Benefit from Hydrogen Fuel Transportation 222 10.21 Model Development for the Three-City Hydrogen Air Quality Study 223 10.22 The Metropolitan Tokyo Air Quality Study 226 10.3 Electric Energy Requirement for Hydrogen Fuel 230 10.31 Extrapolation of Historical Transportation Fuel Data to 2010 231 10.32 Growth of Demand for Hydrogen Fuel and Electric Energy: 2010–2050 234 10.4 Prospects for the Future of a Sustainable Energy Supply 236 10.41 Potential Distribution of Energy Resources 238 10.42 Possibilities to Resolve the Impasse 240 10.5 Wrap-Up 242 10.6 Summary 242 References 242

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Book SynopsisA complete overview of the fundamentals of three-dimensional descriptive geometry From an overview of the history of descriptive geometry to the application of the principles of descriptive geometry to real-world scenarios, Fundamentals of Three-Dimensional Descriptive Geometry provides a comprehensive look at the topic. Used throughout the disciplines of science, engineering, and architecture, descriptive geometry is crucial for everything from understanding the various segments and inter-workings of structural systems to grasping the relationship of molecules in a chemical compound. For those requiring a full accounting of the fundamentals of three-dimensional descriptive geometry, this text is a definitive and comprehensive resource.Table of ContentsPrinciples and Basic Concepts of Three-Dimensional DescriptiveGeometry. Lines in a Three-Dimensional Space. Plane Surfaces in a Three-Dimensional Space. Three-Dimensional Spatial Relationships of Lines and Planes. Rotation of Geometric Elements in a Three-Dimensional Space. Location of Points and Tangent Planes on Geometric Solids andSurfaces. Intersections of Common Geometric Solids and Surfaces. Development of Surfaces of Basic Geometric Solids. Principles of Descriptive Geometry Applied to Three-DimensionalSpace Vectors. Principles of Descriptive Geometry Applied to SelectedTopics. Principles of Descriptive Geometry Applied to Practical Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis fourth edition has been totally revised and updated with many additions and major changes. The material has been reorganized to match better the sequence of topics typically covered in an undergraduate course on kinematics. Text includes the use of iterative methods for linkage position analysis and matrix methods for force analysis.Table of ContentsChapter I Introduction I Chapter 2 Linkages and Mechanisms 20 Chapter 3 Cams 71 Chapter 4 Spur Gears 128 Chapter 5 Nonstandard Spur Gears 171 Chapter 6 Bevel, Helical, and Worm Gearing 206 Chapter 7 Gear Trains 245 Chapter 8 Velocity and Acceleration Analysis 291 Chapter 9 Force Analysis of Machinery 395 Chapter 10 Balance of Machinery 503 Chapter 11 Introduction to Synthesis 545 Chapter 12 Spatial Mechanisms and Robotics 582 Appendixes 612 Answers to Problems 628 Index 635

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Book SynopsisAn introductory textbook for senior/graduate couses in finite element analysis taught in all engineering departments. Covers the basic concepts of the finite element method and their application to the analysis of plane structures and two-dimensional continuum problems in heat transfer, irrotational fluid flow, and elasticity. This revised edition includes a reorganization of topics and an increase in the number of homework problems. The emphasis on numerical illustrations make topis clear without heavy use of sophisticated mathematics.Table of ContentsBASIC CONCEPTS. One-Dimensional Linear Element. A Finite Element Example. Element Matrices: Galerkin Formulation. Two-Dimensional Elements. Coordinate Systems. FIELD PROBLEMS. Two-Dimensional Field Equation. Torsion of Noncircular Sections. Derivative Boundary Conditions: Point Sources and Sinks. Irrotational Flow. Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection. Acoustical Vibrations. Axisymmetric Field Problems. Time-Dependent Field Problems: Theoretical Considerations. Time-Dependent Field Problems: Practical Considerations. Computer Program for Two-Dimensional Field Problems. STRUCTURAL AND SOLID MECHANICS. The Axial Force Member. Element Matrices: Potential Energy Formulations. The Truss Element. A Beam Element. A Plane Frame Element. Theory of Elasticity. Two-Dimensional Elasticity. Axisymmetric Elasticity. Computer Programs for Structural and Solid Mechanics. LINEAR AND QUADRATIC ELEMENTS. Element Shape Functions. Element Matrices. Isoparametric Computer Programs. References. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis Third Edition of the well--received engineering text retains the clarity of exposition that made the previous editions so popular, and contains the most widely--used problem sets in the business. Approach to vibration analysis is clear, concise, and simple, backed up by a wealth of problems and examples.Table of ContentsDynamics. Periodic Motion. Energy Methods. Forced Periodic Motion. Initial Conditions and Transient Vibration. Damping. Damped Forced Vibrations. Nonlinear Vibration. Two Degrees of Freedom. Torsional Vibration. Discrete Systems: Matrix Methods. Discrete Systems: Finite Elements. Distributed Systems. Random Vibration. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for a first year undergraduate course in mechanics of deformable bodies, this textbook presents the concepts and skills that form the foundation of all structural analysis and machine design. There are many illustrative examples, computer problems and an appendix of computer methods.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Stress, Strain, and Their Relationships. Axial Loading: Applications and Pressure Vessels. Torsional Loading. Flexural Loading: Stresses. Flexural Loading: Deflections. Statically Indeterminate Beams. Stress and Strain Transformation Equations. Combined Static Loadings. Columns. Inelastic Behavior. Energy Methods. Appendices. Answers. Name Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book provides a thorough step--by--step presentation of the computational models involved which allows the reader to easily construct a flow chart from which to operate. A unique feature to this book is that the author critically reviews all of the existing numerical models highlighting both advantages and drawbacks of each.Table of ContentsClassification and Basic Concepts of Fluid Mechanics. Fundamental Principles, Analysis, and Performance ofTurbomachinery. Cascade Inviscid Flows. Three-Dimensional Inviscid and Quasi-Viscous Flow Field. Computation of Turbomachinery Flows. Two- and Three-Dimensional Viscous Effects and Losses. Turbine Cooling and Heat Transfer. Appendices. Books of Turbomachinery. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow to improve decision-making skills in realistic situations and do it in a reasonably nonmathematical fashion. Develops practical techniques for deciding upon the best strategies in a variety of situations. Provides methods for reducing complex problems to easily-drawn decision diagrams (trees), supported by real-world examples. Includes detailed cases that employ the methods described in the text. Each chapter contains illustrative examples and exercises.Table of ContentsSome Fundamental Concepts. Elementary Probability Theory. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. Theoretical Probability Distributions. Decision Theory and Inference. Some Elementary Bayesian Concepts. Construction of Decision Diagrams. Information and Revision of Probabilities. Probability Assessment. The Theory and Application of Utility. Sensitivity Analysis. Decision Making and the Normal Distribution. Multicriteria Decisions. Cases. Appendices. Answers to Selected Exercises. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an easy introduction to the boundary element method, this book is ideal for any reader wishing to work in this field or use this method for the solution of engineering problems. From the beginning, the emphasis is on the implementation of the method into computer programs which can be used to solve real problems. The book covers two-andthree-dimensional linear and non-linear analysis in potential flow (heat flow and seepage) and static elasticity. Several computer programs are listed in the book and may be downloaded free of charge via the Internet. They include programs and subroutines for: * 2-D analysis of potential problems using the Trefftz method * 2-D and 3-D linear analysis of potential and static elasticity problems using isoparametric elements (single and multiple regions) * implementation of non-linear problems * coupling to finite elements The programs (written in FORTRAN 90) are well documented, and can be employed by the user to gaiTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Preliminaries. Programming. Discretisation and Interpolation. Material Modelling and Fundamental Solutions. Boundary Integral Equations. Boundary Element Methods - Numerical Implementation. Assembly and Solution. Postprocessing. Test Examples. Multiple Regions. Edges and Corners. Body Forces. Non-Linear Problems. Coupled Boundary Element/Finite Element Analysis. Industrial Applications. Appendix A: Program Libraries. Appendix B: Answers to Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisA practical approach to the application of viscoelastic damping materials to control vibration and noise problems in industrial structures, machinery, computer machinery, and vehicles.Table of ContentsFundamental Concepts in Structural Dynamics. Characterization of Damping in Structures and Materials. Behavior and Typical Properties of Damping Materials. Modeling of Structural Response of Damped Systems. Discrete Damping Devices. Surface Damping Techniques. Design Data Sheets. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn integrated presentation of dynamics, vibrations, and control theory, emphasizing the fundamentals of dynamics. It also includes examples, problems and applications.Table of ContentsConcepts from Linear System Theory. Kinematics. Dynamics of a Particle. Response of First-Order and Second-Order Systems. Dynamics of Systems of Particles. Dynamics of Rigid Bodies. Elements of Analytical Dynamics. Vibration of Linear Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. Introduction to System Stability. Computational Techniques for the Response. Feedback Control Systems. Appendix. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the overall design of power plant systems, focusing on system rather than component design. Examines thermal aspects of systems and the desicions necessary to produce optimal power plant design. Includes appropriate computer methodology. Suitable for introductory courses in mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Power Plant Thermodynamic Cycles. Economics. System Performance Cnaracteristics and Selection. Steam Generation Systems. Nuclear Steam Supply Systems. Steam Turbine Systems. Evaporative Cooling Tower. Condensers. Simulation. Optimization. Cooling System Design. Gas Trubines, Combined Cycles, and Cogeneration. Appendixes.

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Book SynopsisNumerical Computation of Internal and External Flows Volume 1: Fundamentals of Numerical DiscretizationC. Hirsch, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium This is the first of two volumes which together describe comprehensively the theory and practice of the numerical computation of internal and external flows. In this volume, the author explains the use of basic computational methods to solve problems in fluid dynamics, comparing these methods so that the reader can see which would be the most appropriate to use for a particular problem. The book is divided into four parts. In the first part, mathematical models are introduced. In the second part, the various numerical methods are described, while in the third and fourth parts the workings of these methods are investigated in some detail. Volume 2 will be concerned with the applications of numerical methods to flow problems, and together the two volumes will provide an excellent reference for Table of ContentsPreface Nomenclature Part 1 The Mathematical Models for Fluid Flow Simulations at Various Levels of Approximation Introduction Chapter 1 The Basic Equations of Fluid Dynamics Chapter 2 The Dynamic Levels of Approximation Chapter 3 The Mathematical Nature of the Flow Equations and their Boundary Conditions Part II Basic Discretization Techniques Chapter 4 The Finite Difference Method Chapter 5 The Finite Element Method Chapter 6 Finite Volume Method and Conservative Discretizations Part III The Analysis of Numerical Schemes Chapter 7 The Concepts of Consistency, Stability and Convergence Chapter 8 The Von Neumann Method for Stability Analysis Chapter 9 The Method of the Equivalent Differential Equation for the Analysis of Stability Chapter 10 The Matrix Method for Stability Analysis Part IV The Resolution of Discretized Equations Chapter 11 Integration Methods for Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations Chapter 12 Iterative Methods for the Resolution of Algebraic Systems Appendix Thomas Algorithm for Tridiagonal Systems Index

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Book SynopsisNumerical Computation of Internal and External Flows Volume 2: Computational Methods for Inviscid and Viscous Flows C. Hirsch, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium This second volume deals with the applications of computational methods to the problems of fluid dynamics.Table of ContentsPreface xv Nomenclature xix Part V: The Numerical Computation of Potential Flows 1 Chapter 13 The Mathematical Formulations of the Potential Flow Model 4 13.1 Conservative Form of the Potential Equation 4 13.2 The Non-conservative Form of the Isentropic Potential Flow Model 6 13.2.1 Small-perturbation potential equation 7 13.3 The Mathematical Properties of the Potential Equation 9 13.3.1 Unsteady potential flow 9 13.3.2 Steady potential flow 9 13.4 Boundary Conditions 14 13.4.1 Solid wall boundary condition 14 13.4.2 Far field conditions 15 13.4.3 Cascade and channel flows 17 13.4.4 Circulation and Kutta condition 18 13.5 Integral or Weak Formulation of the Potential Model 18 13.5.1 Bateman variational principle 19 13.5.2 Analysis of some properties of the variational integral 20 Chapter 14 The Discretization of the Subsonic Potential Equation 26 14.1 Finite Difference Formulation 27 14.1.1 Numerical estimation of the density 29 14.1.2 Curvilinear mesh 31 14.1.3 Consistency of the discretization of metric coefficients 34 14.1.4 Boundary conditions—curved solid wall 36 14.2 Finite Volume Formulation 38 14.2.1 Jameson and Caughey’s finite volume method 39 14.3 Finite Element Formulation 42 14.3.1 The finite element—Galerkin method 43 14.3.2 Least squares or optimal control approach 47 14.4 Iteration Scheme for the Density 47 Chapter 15 The Computation of Stationary Transonic Potential Flows 57 15.1 The Treatment of the Supersonic Region: Artificial Viscosity—Density and Flux Upwinding 61 15.1.1 Artificial viscosity—non-conservative potential equation 62 15.1.2 Artificial viscosity—conservative potential equation 66 15.1.3 Artificial compressibility 67 15.1.4 Artificial flux or flux upwinding 70 15.2 Iteration Schemes for Potential Flow Computations 77 15.2.1 Line relaxation schemes 77 15.2.2 Guidelines for resolution of the discretized potential equation 81 15.2.3 The alternating direction implicit method—approximate factorization schemes 88 15.2.4 Other techniques—multigrid methods 98 15.3 Non-uniqueness and Non-isentropic Potential Models 104 15.3.1 Isentropic shocks 105 15.3.2 Non-uniqueness and breakdown of the transonic potential flow model 105 15.3.3 Non-isentropic potential models 112 15.4 Conclusions 117 Part VI: The Numerical Solution of the System of Euler Equations 125 Chapter 16 The Mathematical Formulation of the System of Euler Equations 132 16.1 The Conservative Formulation of the Euler Equations 132 16.1.1 Integral conservative formulation of the Euler equations 133 16.1.2 Differential conservative formulation 134 16.1.3 Cartesian system of coordinates 134 16.1.4 Discontinuities and Rankine-Hugoniot relations—entropy condition 135 16.2 The Quasi-linear Formulation of the Euler Equations 138 16.2.l The Jacobian matrices for conservative variables 138 16.2.2 The Jacobian matrices for primitive variables 145 16.2.3 Transformation matrices between conservative and non-conservative variables 147 16.3 The Characteristic Formulation of the Euler Equations—Eigenvalues and Compatibility Relations 150 16.3.1 General properties of characteristics 151 16.3.2 Diagonalization of the Jacobian matrices 153 16.3.3 Compatibility equations 154 16.4 Characteristic Variables and Eigenvalues for One-dimensional Flows 157 16.4.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Jacobian matrix 158 16.4.2 Characteristic variables 162 16.4.3 Characteristics in the xt-plane—shocks and contact discontinuities 168 16.4.4 Physical boundary conditions 171 16.4.5 Characteristics and simple wave solutions 173 16.5 Eigenvalues and Compatibility Relations in Multidimensional Flows 176 16.5.1 Jacobian eigenvalues and eigenvectors in primitive variables 177 16.5.2 Diagonalization of the conservative Jacobians 180 16.5.3 Mach cone and compatibility relations 184 16.5.4 Boundary conditions 191 16.6 Some Simple Exact Reference Solutions for One-dimensional Inviscid Flows 196 16.6.1 The linear wave equation 196 16.6.2 The inviscid Burgers equation 196 16.6.3 The shock tube problem or Riemann problem 204 16.6.4 The quasi-one-dimensional nozzle flow 211 Chapter 17 The Lax–Wendroff Family of Space-centred Schemes 224 17.1 The Space-centred Explicit Schemes of First Order 226 17.1.1 The one-dimensional Lax–Friedrichs scheme 226 17.1.2 The two-dimensional Lax–Friedrichs scheme 229 17.1.3 Corrected viscosity scheme 233 17.2 The Space-centred Explicit Schemes of Second Order 234 17.2.1 The basic one-dimensional Lax–Wendroff scheme 234 17.2.2 The two-step Lax–Wendroff schemes in one dimension 238 17.2.3 Lerat and Peyret’s family of non-linear two-step Lax–Wendroff schemes 246 17.2.4 One-step Lax–Wendroff schemes in two dimensions 251 17.2.5 Two-step Lax–Wendroff schemes in two dimensions 258 17.3 The Concept of Artificial Dissipation or Artificial Viscosity 272 17.3.1 General form of artificial dissipation terms 273 17.3.2 Von Neumann–Richtmyer artificial viscosity 274 17.3.3 Higher-order artificial viscosities 279 17.4 Lerat’s Implicit Schemes of Lax–Wendroff Type 283 17.4.1 Analysis for linear systems in one dimension 285 17.4.2 Construction of the family of schemes 288 17.4.3 Extension to non-linear systems in conservation form 292 17.4.4 Extension to multi-dimensional flows 296 17.5 Summary 296 Chapter 18 The Central Schemes with Independent Time Integration 307 18.1 The Central Second-order Implicit Schemes of Beam and Warming in One Dimension 309 18.1.1 The basic Beam and Warming schemes 310 18.1.2 Addition of artificial viscosity 315 18.2 The Multidimensional Implicit Beam and Warming Schemes 326 18.2.1 The diagonal variant of Pulliam and Chaussee 328 18.3 Jameson’s Multistage Method 334 18.3.1 Time integration 334 18.3.2 Convergence acceleration to steady state 335 Chapter 19 The Treatment of Boundary Conditions 344 19.1 One-dimensional Boundary Treatment for Euler Equations 345 19.1.1 Characteristic boundary conditions 346 19.1.2 Compatibility relations 347 19.1.3 Characteristic boundary conditions as a function of conservative and primitive variables 349 19.1.4 Extrapolation methods 353 19.1.5 Practical implementation methods for numerical boundary conditions 357 19.1.6 Nonreflecting boundary conditions 369 19.2 Multidimensional Boundary Treatment 372 19.2.1 Physical and numerical boundary conditions 372 19.2.2 Multidimensional compatibility relations 376 19.2.3 Farfield treatment for steadystate flows 377 19.2.4 Solid wall boundary 379 19.2.5 Nonreflective boundary conditions 384 19.3 The Far-field Boundary Corrections 385 19.4 The Kutta Condition 395 19.5 Summary 401 Chapter 20 Upwind Schemes for the Euler Equations 408 20.1 The Basic Principles of Upwind Schemes 409 20.2 One-dimensional Flux Vector Splitting 415 20.2.1 Steger and Warming flux vector splitting 415 20.2.2 Properties of split flux vectors 417 20.2.3 Van Leer’s flux splitting 420 20.2.4 Non-reflective boundary conditions and split fluxes 425 20.3 One-dimensional Upwind Discretizations Based on Flux Vector Splitting 426 20.3.1 First-order explicit upwind schemes 426 20.3.2 Stability conditions for first-order flux vector splitting schemes 428 20.3.3 Non-conservative firstorder upwind schemes 438 20.4 Multi-dimensional Flux Vector Splitting 438 20.4.1 Steger and Warming flux splitting 440 20.4.2 Van Leer flux splitting 440 20.4.3 Arbitrary meshes 441 20.5 The Godunov-type Schemes 443 20.5.1 The basic Godunov scheme 444 20.5.2 Osher’s approximate Riemann solver 453 20.5.3 Roe’s approximate Riemann solver 460 20.5.4 Other Godunov-type methods 469 20.5.5 Summary 472 20.6 First-order Implicit Upwind Schemes 473 20.7 Multi-dimensional First-order Upwind Schemes 475 Chapter 21 Second-order Upwind and High-resolution Schemes 493 21.1 General Formulation of Higher-order Upwind Schemes 494 21.1.1 Higher-order projection stages-variable extrapolation or MUSCL approach 495 21.1.2 Numerical flux for higher-order upwind schemes 498 21.1.3 Second-order space- and time-accurate upwind schemes based on variable extrapolation 499 21.1.4 Linearized analysis of second-order upwind schemes 502 21.1.5 Numerical flux for higher-order upwind schemes—flux extrapolation 504 21.1.6 Implicit second-order upwind schemes 512 21.1.7 Implicit second-order upwind schemes in two dimensions 514 21.1.8 Summary 516 21.2 The Definition of High-resolution Schemes 517 21.2.1 The generalized entropy condition for inviscid equations 519 21.2.2 Monotonicity condition 525 21.2.3 Total variation diminishing (TVD)schemes 528 21.3 Second-order TVD Semi-discretized Schemes with Limiters 536 21.3.1 Definition of limiters for the linear convection equation 537 21.3.2 General definition of flux limiters 550 21.3.3 Limiters for variable extrapolation—MUSCL—method 552 21.4 Timeintegration Methods for TVD Schemes 556 21.4.1 Explicit TVD schemes of first-order accuracy in time 557 21.4.2 Implicit TVD schemes 558 21.4.3 Explicit second-order TVD schemes 560 21.4.4 TVD schemes and artificial dissipation 564 21.4.5 TVD limiters and the entropy condition 568 21.5 Extension to Non-linear Systems and to Multi-dimensions 570 21.6 Conclusions to Part VI 583 Part VII: The Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations 595 Chapter 22 The Properties of the System of Navier–Stokes Equations 597 22.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Navier–Stokes Equations 597 22.1.1 Conservative form of the Navier–Stokes equations 597 22.1.2 Integral form of the Navier–Stokes equations 599 22.1.3 Shock waves and contact layers 600 22.1.4 Mathematical properties and boundary conditions 601 22.2 Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes Equations 603 22.2.1 Turbulent-averaged energy equation 604 22.3 Turbulence Models 606 22.3.1 Algebraic models 608 22.3.2 One- and two-equation models—k–ε models 613 22.3.3 Algebraic Reynolds stress models 615 22.4 Some Exact One-dimensional Solutions 618 22.4.1 Solutions to the linear convection-diffusion equation 618 22.4.2 Solutions to Burgers equation 620 22.4.3 Other simple test cases 621 Chapter 23 Discretization Methods for the Navier–Stokes Equations 624 23.1 Discretization of Viscous and Heat Conduction Terms 625 23.2 Time-dependent Methods for Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations 627 23.2.1 First-order explicit central schemes 628 23.2.2 One-step Lax–Wendroff schemes 629 23.2.3 Two-step Lax–Wendroff schemes 630 23.2.4 Central schemes with separate space and time discretization 636 23.2.5 Upwind schemes 648 23.3 Discretization of the Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations 654 23.3.1 Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations 654 23.3.2 Pseudo-compressibility method 656 23.3.3 Pressure correction methods 661 23.3.4 Selection of the space discretization 666 23.4 Conclusions to Part VII 674 Index 685

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first comprehensive treatise of one of the key physical processes occurring in various materials at elevated temperatures. The book provides essential background information for materials scientists, metallurgists, solid state physicists and semiconductor technologists carrying out research or development in this and related areas. The first and second editions of the book were published by the University of Stuttgart in 1988 and 1989. In the present third edition the book has been updated and essentially enlarged to cover all recent developments in the area of grain and interphase boundary diffusion. The reader will find more than 100 new text pages, 60 new figures and 100 new references. This unique book is strongly recommended as a textbook for students as well as a reference book for physicists, chemists, metallurgists and engineers.Table of ContentsAnalytical Models of Grain Boundary Diffusion. Diffusion Along Dislocations and Small-Angle GrainBoundaries. Grain Boundary Diffusion in Thin Films. Diffusion Along Migrating Grain Boundaries. Structural Effects on and Mechanisms of Grain BoundaryDiffusion. Experimental Methods for Determination of Grain Boundary DiffusionData. Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent developments in passive control technology and theory have opened up a new world in dynamic stiffness theory. Passive Vibration Control makes extensive use of this valuable analytical research. The latest results of the author's internationally-known research on damping are included, as are new varied methods of passive vibration control.Table of ContentsThe Response of Structures to Harmonic Forces. Receptance and Dynamic Stiffness. The Response of Structures to Prescribed Harmonic Motions. The Response of Structures to Non-Harmonic Excitation. Factors Controlling Beam and Plate Vibration. The Control of Vibration by Structural Design. The Control of Vibration by Localized Additions. The Control of Vibration by Added Damping. The Control of Vibration by Resilient Isolation. The Control of Vibration by Combined Methods. Index.

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Book SynopsisHeat transfer analysis is a problem of major significance in vast range of industrial applcations. Heat conduction, phase change, coupled heat and mass transfer and thermal stress analysis can all pose key engineering problems. The use of numerical techniques to solve such problems is considered essential.Table of ContentsConduction Heat Transfer and Formulation. Linear Steady State Problems. Time Stepping Methods for Heat Transfer. Non-Linear Heat Conduction Analysis. Phase Change Problems--Solidification and Melting. Convective Heat Transfer. Nomenclature. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to describe the methods leading to mechanical and numerical modelling of the linear vibrations of elastic structures coupled with internal fluids (sloshing, hydroelasticity and structural acoustics). It is characteristic of the problems under consideration that they are multidisciplinary involving structural and fluid representation and related numerical aspects. The problems are solved by direct resolution of the coupled systems by finite element methods and modal reduction procedures using the eigenmodes of ?elementary subsystems?. The numerical methods described in this book have applications in various engineering disciplines such as the automotive and aerospace industries, civil engineering, nuclear engineering and bioengineering.Table of ContentsVibrations of Elastic Structures. Linearized Equations of Small Movements of Inviscid Fluids. Sloshing Modes. Sloshing Under Surface Tension. Hydroelastic Vibrations. Hydroelastic Vibrations Under Gravity. Acoustic Cavity Modes. Structural-Acoustic Vibrations. Modal Reduction in Fluid-Structure Interaction. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the general concept of the Virtual Distortion Method with the necessary theoretical background and a number of its applications to problems of structural analysis and design. The approach presented allows for the development of efficient computational methods for the numerical analysis of problems where, e.g., local failures, the temperature field or permanent plastic deformations are described by virtual distortions. On the other hand, properly modelled (fictitious) virtual distortions can be used to simulate structural modifications such as material redistribution applicable in the optimal redesign process. Finally, virtual distortions can be used to mimic the behaviour of actuators in active structural control problems: shape, stress or vibration control. A number of numerical algorithms are developed, enabling one to solve various problems of structural analysis, design and control.Table of ContentsAnalysis of Initial Stresses and Deformations Caused by VirtualDistortions. Nonlinear Structural Analysis, Truss Structures. Nonlinear Structural Analysis, General Skeletal Structures and 2DContinuum. Analysis. Optimal Structural Design. Optimal Prestress (Passive Control). Active Structural Control. References.

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Book SynopsisThis book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady and unsteady-state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficientTable of ContentsMathematical Models of Physics of Heat. Analytical Methods of Heat Transfer. Stationary Problems of Heat Transfer. Nonstationary Problems of Heat Transfer. Economical Difference Schemes for Nonstationary Heat Conduction Problems. Heat Conduction Problems with Phase Transitions. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches, to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady- and unsteady state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficieTable of ContentsRadiative Heat Exchange. Convective Heat Exchange. Problems of Thermoelasticity. Problems of Control Over Heat Processes. Inverse Problems of Heat Exchange. Examples of Numerical Modelling for Thermophysical Processes. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisCurrent CFD problems of interest are typically of a large-scalenature, characterized by a size and complexity demanding thecombined efforts of interdisciplinary teams from engineering,mathematics, computer science and physics. This book thus groups aprestigious cross-section of internationally known scientistsinvited to expound on the following themes: * Algorithms for vector, parallel and virtual-parallelarchitectures * Algorithms for massively parallel architectures * Convergence enhancement techniques, namely preconditionedinterative methods for implicit or fully-coupled approaches * Convergence enhancement techniques, such as defect correction,multigrid, formulation preconditioning and zonal methods * Application of these techniques to large-scale CFD analysis anddesign. This book should prove equally valuable for CFD developers,practitioners and graduate students.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: CFD ALGORITHMS FOR PARALLEL AND VIRTUAL-PARALLELARCHITECTURES. Solving Large Incompressible Time-Dependent Flow Problems onScalable Parallel Systems (H. Daniels & A. Peters). CFD ALGORITHMS FOR VECTOR-PARALLEL AND MPP ARCHITECTURES. Compressible Navier-Stokes Solvers on MPPs (L. Fezoui, etal.). CONVERGENCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES 1: PRECONDITIONED ITERATIVESOLVERS FOR IMPLICIT AND FULLY-COUPLED METHODS. The Algebraic Multilevel Iteration Method: A Scalable and OptimalAlgorithm (O. Axelsson). Quasi-Minimal Residual Iterative Solvers for CFD (N. Nachtigal& B. Semeraro). CONVERGENCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNQIUES II: DEFECT CORRECTION,MULTIGRID, FORMULATION PRECONDITIONING AND ZONAL METHODS. Multigrid Methods for Turbomachinery Navier-Stokes Calculations (A.Arnone). APPLICATION TO LARGE-SCALE SIMULATION AND DESIGN INAEROSPACE. Unstructured Mesh Methods for Aerospace Applications (K. Morgan, etal.).

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the formulation, approximation and numerical solution of optimal shape design problems: from the continuous model through its discretization and approximation results, to sensitivity analysis and numerical realization. Shape optimization of structures is addressed in the first part, using variational inequalities of elliptic type. New results, such as contact shape optimization for bodies made of non-linear material, sensitivity analysis based on isoparametric technique, and analysis of cost functionals related to contact stress distribution are included. The second part presents new concepts of shape optimization based on a fictitious domain approach. Finally, the application of the shape optimization methodology in the material design is discussed. This second edition is a fully revised and up-dated version of Finite Element Method for Optimal Shape Design. Numerous numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results, and industrial applications are given.Table of ContentsPreliminaries. Abstract Setting of the Optimal Shape Design Problem and ItsApproximation. Optimal Shape Design of Systems Governed by a Unilateral BoundaryValue State Problem the Scalar Case. Approximation of the Optimal Shape Design Problems by FiniteElements the Scalar Case. Numerical Realization of Optimal Shape Design Problems Associatedwith a Unilateral Boundary Value Problem the Scalar Case. Shape optimization in Unilateral Boundary Value Problems with a"Flux" Cost Functional. Optimal Shape Design Contact Problems the Elastic Case. Shape Optimization of Materially Non-linear Bodies inContact. Shape Optimization in Problems with Inner Obstacles. Optimum Composite Material Design. Topology Optimization in Unilateral Problems. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamentals of continuum mechanics as they apply to the analysis of plastic flow in metal forming. The basic theory behind flow mechanics is explained in detail before it is applied in a variety of machine-tool design situations.Table of ContentsMetal-forming Operations. Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Velocity Field. Further Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Strain-rateField. Kinetics of Deformable Bodies--Stokes' Principle of PowerExpended. Plastic Flow of Mises Materials. Accounting for Work-hardening. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesign encompasses some of the highest cognitive abilities of human beings, including creativity, synthesis and problem solving.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Design Problem and Its Structure (K. Dorst). The Designer as a Team of One (G. Goldschmidt). Ingredients of the Design Process: A Comparison Between Group andIndividual Work (S. Dwarakanath & L. Blessing). Design Strategies (C. Baykan). Analysis of Design Protocol by Functional Evolution Process Model(H. Takeda, et al.). Design Activity Structural Categories (V. Popovic). Comparing Paradigms for Describing Design Activity (K. Dorst &J. Dijkhuis). Observations of Teamwork and Social Processes in Design (N. Cross& A. Cross). Concurrency of Actions, Ideas and Knowledge Displays within aDesign Team (D. Radcliffe). Can Concurrent Verbalisation Reveal Design Cognition? (P. Lloyd, et al.). References.

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Book SynopsisDynamic unbounded medium-structure interactions occur in manyfields of engineering and physical science, such as wavepropagation in soil-structure and fluid-structure interactions,acoustics and electromagnetism and as diffusion in heat conductionand consolidation. This book presents three novel concepts, basedon the finite-element methodology, to model the unboundedmedium: * The consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method, aboundary finite-element procedure, requires the discretization ofthe structure-medium interface only and is exact in thefinite-element sense. It is applied to unbounded media governed bythe hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic differentialequations. * The damping-solvent extraction method permits the analysis of abounded medium only. * The doubly-asymptotic multi-directional transmitting boundary isexact for the low- and high-frequency limits at preselected wavepropagation directions. All concepts are explained using simple examples that the reTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: SIMILARITY-BASED FORMULATION FOR UNIT-IMPULSE RESPONSE AND DYNAMICSTIFFNESS. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Unit-Impulse Response withDynamic Stiffness and Rational Approximation. Forecasting Method. Consistent Infinitesimal Finite-Element Cell Method Applied toBounded Medium. DAMPING-SOLVENT EXTRACTION FOR DYNAMIC STIFFNESS AND INTERACTIONFORCE. Fundamentals of Damping-Solvent Extraction Method. DOUBLY-ASYMPTOTIC MULTI-DIRECTIONAL TRANSMITTING BOUNDARY. Concept and Numerical Implementation of Doubly-AsymptoticMulti-Directional Transmitting Boundary. Accuracy and Modelling Procedure of Doubly-AsymptoticMulti-Directional Transmitting Boundary. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe main objective of the authors is to deliver specifications and underlying concepts for future computer-aided tools for the design and the control of flexible manufacturing systems for mechanical and electro-mechanical assemblies. This book presents an integrated computer-aided method which supports a concurrent engineering approach for assembled products. This integrated method is divided in several modules which analyse the ease of assembly of a design, the assembly order, the design of an assembly workshop, and the simulation of the workshop taking into account scheduling and flow control. Automatic, semi-automatic and manual utilisations are presented for each module. Communication between design and manufacturing has been emphasised. The environment in this book is a real concurrent engineering one and for the first time the concurrent engineering steps are integrated in a CAD system. The method has been implemented in one of the world s most used CAD systems: CATIA.Table of ContentsThe CAD Method for Industrial Assembly and ConcurrentEngineering. Proposed Architecture for the New CAD Method. Product Design for Assembly. Assembly Planning. Resource Planning. The Simulation Module. The Scheduling Module. The Flow Control Module. Integration Aspects of the CAD Method. Introducing the Integrated CAD Method into Companies. Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents both an overview and forward assessment of medical device materials and test methods. Highlighting the complex problem of host responses and related issues which may restrict the accuracy and reliability of existing test methodology, the book provides an unbiased appraisal of the requirements for biocompatibility and the approaches that have been developed to evaluate it.Table of ContentsBiocompatibility Standards: An International Overview (D. Marlowe, et al.). The Role of Material Standardisation and Method Validation in Evaluating Biocompatibility (J. Braybrook). Biodegradation and Toxicokinetic Studies (D. Gott). The Surface Analysis of Polymeric Biomaterials (M. Davies, et al.). Sterilisation Processes and Residuals (V. Dorman-Smith). Cytotoxicity (M.-F. Harmand, et al.). Interactions with Blood (J. Anderson). Genotoxicity, Carcinogenicity and Reproductive Toxicity (R. Eloy & N. Weill). Explant Retrieval and Analysis (J. Butany). Assessment of Biological Safety - Risk Analysis (J. Tinkler). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first book to provide a comprehensive treatment integrating finite-time thermodynamics and optimal control, giving an overview of important breakthroughs in the last 20 years. It presents a survey of the optimization technique, including the basics of optimal control theory, and the principal thermodynamic concepts and equations.Table of ContentsMathematical Modeling of Thermodynamic Systems. Optimization Methods. Optimal Control Methods. Limiting Possibilities of Heat-Mechanical Systems with One Reservoir. Heat-Exchange Processes with Minimal Dissipation. Optimization and Estimates of the Limiting Possibilities of Heat-Mechanical Systems with a Number of Reservoirs. Limiting Possibilities of Complex Systems with a Number of Heat-Mechanical Systems. Mass Transfer Processes with Minimal Irreversibility. Thermodynamic Analysis of Separation Processes and Chemical Reactions. Commodity Exchange in Economic Systems. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe finite element method and the boundary element method are two computational methods available for designing structures ranging from aircraft and ships to dams and tunnels. This text presents the mathematical basis of the joint use of both methods and their computer implementation.Table of ContentsBasic principle and domains of application. I. BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR STATIC PROBLEMS : Integral Equations and Representations for the Poisson Equation; Numerical Solution using Boundary Elements; Integral Equations and Representations for Elastostatics; Integral Representations of Gradients and Stresses on the Boundary; Some Classical Mathematical Results II. BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR WAVE AND EVOLUTION PROBLEMS: Waves and Elastodynamics in Time Domain; Waves and Elastodynamics in Frequency Domain; Diffusion, Fluid Flow. III. ADVANCED TOPICS : Variational Boundary Integral Formulations; Exploitation of Geometrical Symmetry; Domain Derivative and Boundary Integral Eequations. IV. ADDITIONAL TOPICS IN SOLID MECHANICS : Boundary Integral Equations for Cracked Solids; Initial Strain or Stress: Inclusions, Elastoplasticity. APPENDICES : Tangential Differential Operators and Integration by Parts; Interpolation Functions and Numerical Integration. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisRapidly varying material and geometrical characteristics of composite materials and structures do not allow the direct study of their mechanical behavior even with the use of modern computers. This book is devoted to the mechanical design and optimization problems of composite structures, based on the previously developed asymptotic homogenization models and on the newly elaborated rigorous mathematical methods. It describes how to construct mathematically rigorous mechanical models to determine strength, stiffness, and weight minimization requirements, all important factors of design and optimization.Table of ContentsANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A PERIODIC STRUCTURE. Asymptotic Methods in the Mechanics of Composites. Analysis of the Effective Properties of Highly Porous Composite Materials and Structures. Homogenization Models for Thin-Walled Composite Structural Members. Effective Properties of Thin-Walled Composite Structural Members. Strength Criteria for Composite Materials. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. Design of Laminated Composites with Given Effective Characteristics. Design of High-Stiffness, Fibre-Reinforced Composites. Design of Composite Structural Members with Given Effective Characteristics. Smart Composite Structures. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic scientific computing methods for the solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) as they occur in engineering problems. Programming codes in Fortran and C are included for each problem.Table of ContentsSome Partial Differential Equations. PROGRAMMING THE MODEL PROBLEM BY A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Introduction to the Finite Element Method: Energy Minimisation. Finite Element Method: Variational Formulation and Direct Methods. Finite Element Method: Optimisation of the Method. GENERAL ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS AND EVOLUTION PROBLEMS. Finite Element Method for General Elliptic Problems. Non-symmetric or Non-linear Partial Differential Equations. Evolution Problems: Finite Differences in Time. COMPLEMENTS ON NUMERICAL METHODS. Integral Methods for the Laplacian. Some Algorithms for Parallel Computing. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisProperties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook offers the reader a self-contained, concise and up-to-date collection of the key properties of 125 of the most common and important optical materials used in modern optics, laser physics and technology, spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, quantum electronics and laser applications. This comprehensive volume presents not only the classical properties but also those that have appeared in the three decades since the invention of the laser. The presentation of the material is given in a clear tabular form with more than 1000 references. A wide variety of readers, ranging from workers in both industry and academia, to lecturers and students at postgraduate and undergraduate levels, will find Properties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook an invaluable resource.Table of ContentsLaser Materials and Their Hosts. Nonliner Optical Crystals. Main Optical Materials. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides. Oxides, Sulfides, Selenides and Tellurides. Semiconductors and Other Crystalline Materials. Glasses and Polymers. Liquids. Gases. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSintering is one of the most important industrial techniques for optimizing the capabilities of different materials and this book deals exclusively with the state-of-the-art on the processing of sintered materials, both metallic and ceramic.Table of ContentsSintered Low-alloy Ferrous Materials. Sintered High-alloy Ferrous Materials. Sintered Copper Alloys. Sintered Aluminium Alloys. Sintered Nickel Alloys. Sintered Titanium and Zirconium Alloys. Sintered Silver and Lead Alloys. Sintered Molybdenum and Tungsten Alloys. Sintered Rare Earth Intermetallics. Sintered Oxide Ceramics. Sintered Non-oxide Ceramics. Sintered Cermets. Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsReview of Fundamental Principles. Governing Equations for Compressible Fluid Flow. General Features of the Steady One-Dimensional Flow of aCompressible Fluid. Steady One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow with Area Change. Steady One-Dimensional Flow with Friction. Steady One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Transfer. Shock Wave. Expansion Waves. Mass Addition, Combustion Waves, and Generalized SteadyOne-Dimensional Flow. General Features of the Steady Multidimensional Adiabatic Flow ofan Inviscid Compressible Fluid. Introduction to Flow with Small Perturbations. Introduction to the Method of Characteristics with Application toSteady Two-Dimensional Irrotational Supersonic Flow. The Method of Characteristics Applied to Unsteady One-DimensionalHomentropic Flow.

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Book SynopsisThe first of its kind in the field, this title examines the use of modern, shock-capturing finite volume numerical methods, in the solution of partial differential equations associated with free-surface flows, which satisfy the shallow-water type assumption (including shallow water flows, dense gases and mixtures of materials as special examples).Trade Review"...a well-written book ..... I strongly recommend the book..." (Jnl of Hydraulic Research, Vol.41, No.1, 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. The Shallow Water Equations. Properties of the Equations. Linearised Shallow Water. Exact Riemann Solver: Wet Bed. Exact Riemann Solver: Dry Bed. Tests with Exact Solution. Basics on Numerical Methods. First-Order Methods. Approximate Riemann Solvers. TVD Methods. Sources and Multi-Dimensions. Dam-Break Modelling. Mach Reflection of Bores. Concluding Remarks. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolar Electricity Second Edition Edited by Tomas Markvart University of Southampton, UK .warmly recommended as a comprehensive, introductory text on a subject which should become increasingly important. (Review of the First Edition in Contemporary Physics) The rapid evolution of photovoltaic technology has highlighted the increasing capabilities of solar electricity as a power source for distributed energy generation. Building on the success of the first edition, Solar Electricity presents a balanced introduction to all aspects of solar energy conversion, from cell types to environmental impact and applications. Now fully revised to incorporate the latest industry achievements and featuring: New sections on the role of dye sensitised solar cells, photovoltaics in buildings, diesel hybrid systems, and photovoltaic markets and funding. Solar cell design and manufacturing technology including crystalline silicon and thin film devices. Introduction to a range of photovoltaic applications iTable of ContentsElectricity from the Sun. Solar Radiation. Solar Cells. Photovoltaic System Engineering. Applications. Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics. Advanced and Specialised Topics. Index.

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Book Synopsis* Applies the theory of constructal design across a number of engineering disciplines. * Begins with the basics and builds to more and more complex systems for better student understanding. * Problems and exercises at the end of each chapter will reinforce the coverage - a solutions manual is also available. .Trade Review"This book represents the outcome of over 12 years of research and teaching by the authors on constructal theory and its application. It provides comprehensive and elegant discussion of a revolutionary new approach for understanding and predicting the designs that arise in both nature and engineering, from the tree and the forest to the cooling of electronics, urban design, decontamination, and vascular smart materials. This book is highly recommended for everyone, especially students and professionals in mechanical, civil, environmental, energy and power, chemical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering, as well in geophysics and biology." (International Journal of Energy Research, 2010) "The constructal law provides a broad coverage of "designedness" everywhere, from engineering to geophysics and biology….it provides the student with strategy for how to pursue and discover design-the configurations or patterns-in both space and time. Constructal theory pushes design thinking closer to science and away from art. It tears down the walls between engineering and natural sciences." (Mechanical Engineering, September 2009) "A balance between individual and institutional approaches is the best idea, according to a new theory by a Duke University engineer Adrian Bejan, who thinks institutions benefit most from the co-existence of large groups that self-organize naturally and lone scientists coming up with brilliant new ideas…. big thinkers didn't disappear. Bejan argues they continued to thrive. He thinks his "constructal theory," which he began describing in 1996, might explain why. The theory states that so-called flow systems evolve to balance and minimize imperfections, reducing friction or other forms of resistance, so that the least amount of useful energy is lost. Examples in nature include rivers and streams that make up a delta or the intricate airways of the lungs. In research done by humans, Bejan sees two main flows: those of ideas in the form of scientific findings, and those of support, measured by tangible factors such as funding and lab space." (Robert Roy Brit, LiveScience.com, Yahoo.news.com, December 2008) "Design with Constructal Theory offers a revolutionary new approach to design based on physics for understanding and predicting the designs that arise in nature and engineering…This book shows how you can use the method of constructal theory to design human-made systems in order to reduce trial and error and increase the system performance. It is beautifully illustrated, in color and black & white. This book is highly recommended to professors, students and professionals in mechanical, civil, environmental, chemical, aerospace and biomedical engineering. It is recommended to all the readers interested in design in nature, and in design as science, strategy, and novel and effective designs." (International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 11/12/08)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xiii List of Symbols xvii 1. Flow Systems 1 1.1 Constructal Law, Vascularization, and Svelteness 1 1.2 Fluid Flow 6 1.2.1 Internal Flow: Distributed Friction Losses 7 1.2.2 Internal Flow: Local Losses 11 1.2.3 External Flow 18 1.3 Heat Transfer 20 1.3.1 Conduction 20 1.3.2 Convection 24 References 31 Problems 31 2. Imperfection 43 2.1 Evolution toward the Least Imperfect Possible 43 2.2 Thermodynamics 44 2.3 Closed Systems 46 2.4 Open Systems 51 2.5 Analysis of Engineering Components 52 2.6 Heat Transfer Imperfection 56 2.7 Fluid Flow Imperfection 57 2.8 Other Imperfections 59 2.9 Optimal Size of Heat Transfer Surface 61 References 62 Problems 63 3. Simple Flow Configurations 73 3.1 Flow Between Two Points 73 3.1.1 Optimal Distribution of Imperfection 73 3.1.2 Duct Cross Sections 75 3.2 River Channel Cross-Sections 78 3.3 Internal Spacings for Natural Convection 81 3.3.1 Learn by Imagining the Competing Extremes 81 3.3.2 Small Spacings 84 3.3.3 Large Spacings 85 3.3.4 Optimal Spacings 86 3.3.5 Staggered Plates and Cylinders 87 3.4 Internal Spacings for Forced Convection 89 3.4.1 Small Spacings 90 3.4.2 Large Spacings 90 3.4.3 Optimal Spacings 91 3.4.4 Staggered Plates, Cylinders, and Pin Fins 92 3.5 Method of Intersecting the Asymptotes 94 3.6 Fitting the Solid to the “Body” of the Flow 96 3.7 Evolution of Technology: From Natural to Forced Convection 98 References 99 Problems 101 4. Tree Networks for Fluid Flow 111 4.1 Optimal Proportions: T –and Y -Shaped Constructs 112 4.2 Optimal Sizes, Not Proportions 119 4.3 Trees Between a Point and a Circle 123 4.3.1 One Pairing Level 124 4.3.2 Free Number of Pairing Levels 127 4.4 Performance versus Freedom to Morph 133 4.5 Minimal-Length Trees 136 4.5.1 Minimal Lengths in a Plane 137 4.5.2 Minimal Lengths in Three Dimensions 139 4.5.3 Minimal Lengths on a Disc 139 4.6 Strategies for Faster Design 144 4.6.1 Miniaturization Requires Construction 144 4.6.2 Optimal Trees versus Minimal-Length Trees 145 4.6.3 75 Degree Angles 149 4.7 Trees Between One Point and an Area 149 4.8 Asymmetry 156 4.9 Three-Dimensional Trees 158 4.10 Loops, Junction Losses and Fractal-Like Trees 161 References 162 Problems 164 5. Configurations for Heat Conduction 171 5.1 Trees for Cooling a Disc-Shaped Body 171 5.1.1 Elemental Volume 173 5.1.2 Optimally Shaped Inserts 177 5.1.3 One Branching Level 178 5.2 Conduction Trees with Loops 189 5.2.1 One Loop Size, One Branching Level 190 5.2.2 Radial, One-Bifurcation and One-Loop Designs 195 5.2.3 Two Loop Sizes, Two Branching Levels 197 5.3 Trees at Micro and Nanoscales 202 5.4 Evolution of Technology: From Forced Convection to Solid-Body Conduction 206 References 209 Problems 210 6. Multiscale Configurations 215 6.1 Distribution of Heat Sources Cooled by Natural Convection 216 6.2 Distribution of Heat Sources Cooled by Forced Convection 224 6.3 Multiscale Plates for Forced Convection 229 6.3.1 Forcing the Entire Flow Volume to Work 229 6.3.2 Heat Transfer 232 6.3.3 Fluid Friction 233 6.3.4 Heat Transfer Rate Density: The Smallest Scale 234 6.4 Multiscale Plates and Spacings for Natural Convection 235 6.5 Multiscale Cylinders in Crossflow 238 6.6 Multiscale Droplets for Maximum Mass Transfer Density 241 References 245 Problems 247 7. Multiobjective Configurations 249 7.1 Thermal Resistance versus Pumping Power 249 7.2 Elemental Volume with Convection 250 7.3 Dendritic Heat Convection on a Disc 257 7.3.1 Radial Flow Pattern 258 7.3.2 One Level of Pairing 265 7.3.3 Two Levels of Pairing 267 7.4 Dendritic Heat Exchangers 274 7.4.1 Geometry 275 7.4.2 Fluid Flow 277 7.4.3 Heat Transfer 278 7.4.4 Radial Sheet Counterflow 284 7.4.5 Tree Counterflow on a Disk 286 7.4.6 Tree Counterflow on a Square 289 7.4.7 Two-Objective Performance 291 7.5 Constructal Heat Exchanger Technology 294 7.6 Tree-Shaped Insulated Designs for Distribution of Hot Water 295 7.6.1 Elemental String of Users 295 7.6.2 Distribution of Pipe Radius 297 7.6.3 Distribution of Insulation 298 7.6.4 Users Distributed Uniformly over an Area 301 7.6.5 Tree Network Generated by Repetitive Pairing 307 7.6.6 One-by-One Tree Growth 313 7.6.7 Complex Flow Structures Are Robust 318 References 325 Problems 328 8. Vascularized Materials 329 8.1 The Future Belongs to the Vascularized: Natural Design Rediscovered 329 8.2 Line-to-Line Trees 330 8.3 Counterflow of Line-to-Line Trees 334 8.4 Self-Healing Materials 343 8.4.1 Grids of Channels 344 8.4.2 Multiple Scales, Loop Shapes, and Body Shapes 352 8.4.3 Trees Matched Canopy to Canopy 355 8.4.4 Diagonal and Orthogonal Channels 362 8.5 Vascularization Fighting against Heating 364 8.6 Vascularization Will Continue to Spread 369 References 371 Problems 373 9. Configurations for Electrokinetic Mass Transfer 381 9.1 Scale Analysis of Transfer of Species through a Porous System 381 9.2 Model 385 9.3 Migration through a Finite Porous Medium 387 9.4 Ionic Extraction 393 9.5 Constructal View of Electrokinetic Transfer 396 9.5.1 Reactive Porous Media 400 9.5.2 Optimization in Time 401 9.5.3 Optimization in Space 403 References 405 10. Mechanical and Flow Structures Combined 409 10.1 Optimal Flow of Stresses 409 10.2 Cantilever Beams 411 10.3 Insulating Wall with Air Cavities and Prescribed Strength 416 10.4 Mechanical Structures Resistant to Thermal Attack 424 10.4.1 Beam in Bending 425 10.4.2 Maximization of Resistance to Sudden Heating 427 10.4.3 Steel-Reinforced Concrete 431 10.5 Vegetation 442 10.5.1 Root Shape 443 10.5.2 Trunk and Canopy Shapes 446 10.5.3 Conical Trunks, Branches and Canopies 449 10.5.4 Forest 453 References 458 Problems 459 11. Quo Vadis Constructal Theory? 467 11.1 The Thermodynamics of Systems with Configuration 467 11.2 Two Ways to Flow Are Better than One 470 11.3 Distributed Energy Systems 473 11.4 Scaling Up 482 11.5 Survival via Greater Performance, Svelteness and Territory 483 11.6 Science as a Consructal Flow Architecture 486 References 488 Problems 490 Appendix 491 A. The Method of Scale Analysis 491 B. Method of Undetermined Coefficients (Lagrange Multipliers) 493 C. Variational Calculus 494 D. Constants 495 E. Conversion Factors 496 F. Dimensionless Groups 499 G. Nonmetallic Solids 499 H. Metallic Solids 503 I. Porous Materials 507 J. Liquids 508 K. Gases 513 References 516 Author Index 519 Subject Index 523

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the pinciples of automatic flight of fixed--wing and rotary wing aircraft. Representative types of aircraft (UK and US) are used to show how these principles are applied in their systems. The revised edition includes new material on automatic flight control systems and helicopters.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition; Preface to Fourth Edition; Principles of flight - fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters; Servomechanisms and automatic control fundamentals; Sensing of attitude changes; Command signal detection; Command signal processing; Outer loop control; Conversion of command signals to powered control; Automatic control of helicopters; Flight director systems; Automatic landing and autothrottle systems; Fly-by-wire (FBW) Control Systems; Appendix - Fixed-wing aircraft/AFCS combinations; Helicopter/ AFCS combinations; Acronyms and abbreviations associated with AFCS equipment and controlling signal functions; Logic circuits; Solutions to multi-choice questions; Index

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Book SynopsisClimatology -- particularly the study of difficult and demanding weather conditions -- is of major importance to pilots now that aeroplanes fly over previously unavailable routes such as the North Pole and take direct routes over very large oceans.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; Introduction; Global air circulation; The global overview; Upper winds and jet streams; Easterly convergence waves; The inter-tropical conference zone or equatorial trough; Tropical storms; Upper air temperature and tropospheric heights; Polar climates; The climatic zones; Route and area climatology - introduction - North Atlantic; Weather in the Arctic; Arctic regions of Norway; Europe; Mediterranean; Africa; Middle East; Arabian Gulf to Singapore; Singapore to Japan; Singapore to Australia; South West Pacific region; Australia; New Zealand; The Pacific; North America; The Caribbean; South America and South Atlantic; Route weather, Dakar to Recefe; El Niño anad La Niña; Appendices; Glossary; Index

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Book SynopsisAviation law, with its associated flight rules and procedures, has always been a difficult subject for students and this well established text has provided an authoritative guide to the subject. Now, with the introduction of the Joint Airworthiness Requirements Flight Crew Licensing (JAR - FCL) examinations, it has been completely rewritten to cover the new syllabuses and to take account of the new FCL style of examinations. The opportunity has been taken to simplify presentation of information, with more checklists to aid revision work. Tests are included which are cross referenced to the pages containing the relevant text.Table of ContentsPreface. Abbreviations. 1 International and UK Air Law. 2 Airspace Divisions. 3 Visual Flight Rules and Instrument Flight Rules (VFR and IFR). 4 Altimeter Setting Procedures. 5 Aeronautical Information Service (AIS). 6 Aerodromes - General. 7 Flight Separation, Flight Planning, Carriage of Radio Equipment. 8 Flight at Aerodromes. 9 Flight in Other Types of Airspace. 10 Use of Radar in Air Traffic Services (ATS). 11 Airspace Restrictions, AIRPROX Procedures, Low Level Rules. 12 Meteorology. 13 Communications. 14 Search and Rescue. 15 Entry, Transit and Departure of Aircraft. 16 Aircraft Registration and Airworthiness (ICAO Annex 8). 17 Flight Personnel. 18 Operation of Aircraft (ICAO Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft). 19 Documents and reports. 20 Rules of the Air, Aircraft Lights and Marshalling Signals. 21 Miscellaneous Information. Test and Answers. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of this classic textbook, used by universities, training schools, industry and enthusiasts, has been extended to feature a number of new studies in practical aeroplane design. Mathematics - which general readers may skip - is the minimum needed to work out common sense shapes, aimed at meeting the certification requirements of the three world airworthiness authorities: FAA (USA), British CAA and European JAA. Land and seaplanes are included, from microlight and commuter, to a 30-seat surface-effect (ekranoplan) regional transport, to satisfy specific markets. A new chapter, on Using the back of an envelope, shows how to make ballpark technical judgements. Darrol Stinton MBE, PhD, CEng, FRAeS, FRINA, MIMechE, RAF(Retd) was born in New Zealand and grew up in England. He is qualified test pilot and aeronautical engineer who worked in the design offices of the Blackburn and De Havilland aircraft companies before joining the RAF. His test flying spanned 35 yTrade Review* 'an unusually well written and interesting text by an author with sterling credentials' - W.N. Hubin, 'The Science of Flight' on the first edition "This is a well-written and interesting text that should be enjoyed by a wide spectrum of readers" Light Aviation, Spring 2002Table of ContentsSection 1 - Introduction: Airworthiness the object; Vocabulary of Design. Section 2 - Aerodynamics: The nature of air; Arrangement of surfaces; Drag, flaps and wakes. Section 3 - Performance: Power for flight; Reciprocating engines; Turbine engines - and a range equation. Section 4 - Operational Characteristics: Fuselages, hulls and floats; Choice of landing gear; Longitudinal stability; Control surfaces; Lateral and directional stability and spinning; How big and how heavy. Section 5 - Project Examples: Layout, including 'Using the back of an envelope'; Appendices; Index

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