Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Praxis der Umformtechnik: Umform- und
Book SynopsisDieses Fachbuch stellt die wichtigsten Umformverfahren und die dazugehörigen Maschinen und Werkzeuge in prägnanter Form vor. Die Umformtechnik setzt sich in der industriellen Fertigung immer mehr durch, da viele Formteile dadurch wirtschaftlicher hergestellt werden können. Es werden typische Anwendungen und Einsatzgebiete vorgestellt. Beispiele und Testfragen ermöglichen die Eigenkontrolle des Lernfortschritts. In der 12. Auflage wurden Inhalte beim Tiefziehen, Biegen, Schneiden, Fügen durch Umformen und den Umformmaschinen überarbeitet und ergänzt. Die Schmierstoffaufbringung wird erstmals dargestellt.Table of ContentsGrundlagen.- Stauchen.- Fließpressen.- Gewindewalzen.- Kalteinsenken.- Massivprägen.- Abstreckziehen.- Drahtziehen.- Rohrziehen.- Strangpressen.- Gesenkschmieden.- Tiefziehen.- Drücken.- Biegen.- Hohlprägen.- Schneiden.- Feinschneiden.- Fügen durch Umformen.- Umformmaschinen.- Weiterentwicklung.
£61.74
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Umweltschutztechnik und Umweltmanagement: Ein
Book SynopsisDie Autoren beschreiben Gefährdungspotenziale für Luft, Wasser und Boden und den globalen Klimawandel sowie Maßnahmen zur Gegensteuerung. Sie stellen Konzepte zur Abfallwirtschaft vor und verweisen auf die Verankerung des Umweltschutzes in Unternehmen durch ein effizientes Umweltmanagement und einer Ökobilanz. So können Leser die globale Aufgabe, die Umwelt zu schützen, mit nationalen und internationalen politischen Rahmenbedingungen und vor allem dem Wissen im Bereich der Naturwissenschaften einschätzen und Umweltschäden vermeiden oder ihre Auswirkungen verringern. Die Politik schafft dazu auf nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Ebene mit Gesetzen, Regelungen und Normen die Voraussetzungen.Die AutorenDr. rer. nat. Dr. rer. pol. Dr. h.c. Ekbert Hering lehrt und forscht an der Hochschule Aalen. Er ist Verfasser erfolgreicher Fachbücher in renommierten Verlagen. Dr. rer. nat. Wolfgang Schulz ist Leiter der Forschung und Entwicklung Sonderanalytik beim Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung und Lehrbeauftragter an der Hochschule Aalen.Table of ContentsEntwicklung des Umweltschutzes und medialer Umweltschutz.- Energie und Klima.- Integrierte Umweltplanung und -bewertung.- Umweltmanagement.
£11.77
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Handbuch Klebtechnik 2018
Book SynopsisDas Handbuch zum Fachmagazin adhäsion KLEBEN+DICHTEN. Das aktuelle Nachschlagewerk für den Klebpraktiker bietet zuverlässige Informationen über Klebstoffanbieter, Geräte- und Anlagenhersteller sowie Trends aus Forschung und Entwicklung. Das Verzeichnis mit über 100 Firmenprofilen liefert einen umfassenden Überblick über Anbieter von Klebrohstoff- und Klebstoffhersteller sowie Unternehmen aus dem Geräte-, Forschungs- und Dienstleistungsbereich - ergänzt durch neueste gesetzliche Vorschriften, europäische Normen und Prüfverfahren sowie statistische Übersichten. Table of ContentsJahresbericht.- Gremien.- Verband europäischer Klebstoffindustrie FEICA.-Firmenprofile Klebstoffhersteller. Firmenprofile Geräte- und Anlagenhersteller.-Firmenprofile Klebtechnische Beratungsunternehmen. -Firmenprofile Institute und Forschungseinrichtungen.- Institute und Forschungseinrichtungen.- Deutsche Gesetzgebung und Vorschriften.- Statistische Übersichten.- Normung.- Bezugsquellen.
£18.99
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Handbuch Klebtechnik 2020
Book Synopsis Das Handbuch zum Fachmagazin adhäsion KLEBEN+DICHTEN. Das aktuelle Nachschlagewerk für den Klebpraktiker bietet zuverlässige Informationen über Klebstoffanbieter, Geräte- und Anlagenhersteller sowie Trends aus Forschung und Entwicklung. Das Verzeichnis mit über 100 Firmenprofilen liefert einen umfassenden Überblick über Anbieter von Klebrohstoff- und Klebstoffhersteller sowie Unternehmen aus dem Geräte-, Forschungs- und Dienstleistungsbereich - ergänzt durch neueste gesetzliche Vorschriften, europäische Normen und Prüfverfahren sowie statistische Übersichten. Table of ContentsJahresbericht.- Gremien.- Verband europäischer Klebstoffindustrie FEICA.-Firmenprofile Klebstoffhersteller. Firmenprofile Geräte- und Anlagenhersteller.-Firmenprofile Klebtechnische Beratungsunternehmen. -Firmenprofile Institute und Forschungseinrichtungen.- Institute und Forschungseinrichtungen.- Deutsche Gesetzgebung und Vorschriften.- Statistische Übersichten.- Normung.- Bezugsquellen.
£21.84
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Fertigungsmesstechnik: Alles zu Messunsicherheit,
Book SynopsisDieses Lehrbuch stellt praxisnah taktile und optische Messverfahren zur Erfassung geometrischer Merkmale sowie der Sichtprüfung und Defekterkennung von den Handmessmitteln bis zur Mikromesstechnik dar, ebenso relevante Teile des Qualitätsmanagements. Neu wurden die Themengebiete Digitalisierung und Verfahren der künstlichen Intelligenz und des maschinellen Lernens in einem auf die Fertigungsmesstechnik zugeschnittenen eigenen Kapitel aufgenommen.Ein ausführliches Normenverzeichnis lässt schnell gültige Standards finden. Außerdem enthalten sind Links zu Metrologie-, Normen- und Akkreditierungsinstitutionen. Ein deutsch-englisches Sachwortverzeichnis ermöglicht ein schnelles Auffinden der gesuchten Begriffe sowie die Korrespondenz mit englischsprachigen Kollegen. Das Buch eignet sich besonders gut für eine praxisgerechte Ausbildung an Hochschulen und Weiterbildungsinstitutionen. Für jeden Fertigungsbetrieb, in Konstruktion und Entwicklung sowie im Messraum und Qualitätsmanagement ist dieses Buch ein zuverlässiges Nachschlagewerk und effizienter Ratgeber.Table of ContentsEinführung.- Entwicklung der Fertigungsmesstechnik.- Grundlagen der Fertigungsmesstechnik.- Messunsicherheit und deren Ursachen.- Koordinatenmesstechnik.- Messtechnik für Form, Richtung, Ort und Lauf.- Oberflächen- und Konturmesstechnik.- Messräume.- Messmittel und Lehren für Werkstatt und Produktion.- Messtechnik im Produktionsprozess.- Sichtprüfung und deren Automatisierung.- Statistische Prozessregelung (SPC).- Optische Sensoren.- Optische Messsysteme.- Prüfplanung, beherrschte Prüfprozesse.- Digitale Prozessketten.- Glossar, Begriffe, Definitionen.- Dictionary English-German.
£26.59
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Systematische Auslegung von Karosseriekonzepten
Book SynopsisWährend bei konventionell angetriebenen Fahrzeugen die Nutzungsphase maßgeblich für die Umweltwirkungen im Lebenszyklus verantwortlich ist, verlagern sich die Umweltwirkungen im Lebenszyklus eines batterieelektrisch angetriebenen Fahrzeuges in Abhängigkeit des Energiemix für das Laden in die Produktionsphase. Folglich bedarf es neben Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der Umweltwirkungen in der Nutzungsphase ebenfalls Maßnahmen zu Optimierungen in der Produktionsphase. Neben der Batteriefertigung, die etwa 46 % der Treibhausgasemissionen in der Produktionsphase verursacht, zeigt auch die Fertigung der Karosserie mit etwa 26 % ein Potential zur Reduktion der Umweltwirkungen. Daher wird eine Konstruktionsmethodik entwickelt, mit der Karosseriekonzepte hinsichtlich minimaler Umweltwirkungen und bei Gewährleistung ihrer Funktionalität und Fertigbarkeit sowie bei Berücksichtigung variierender Lebenszyklusszenarien ausgelegt werden können. Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Grundlagen zur Auslegung der Karosserie.- Stand der Forschung zur Auslegung der Karosserie hinsichtlich minimaler Umweltwirkungen.- Vorgehensmodell zum Life Cycle Design der Karosserie hinsichtlich minimaler Umweltwirkungen.- Exemplarische Anwendung des Vorgehensmodells anhand von Fallstudien. Zusammenfassung, kritische Würdigung und Ausblick.
£49.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Werkstoff Glas: Alter Werkstoff mit großer Zukunft
Book SynopsisWas ist Glas? Wie wird es hergestellt? Wo wird Glas eingesetzt? Hat Glas eine Zukunft? Die Autoren sind Experten ihres Faches. Trotzdem gelingt es ihnen, informativ und doch unterhaltsam Antworten auf diese Fragen zu geben. An ausgewählten Beispielen erläutern sie die vielfältigen Anwendungen von Glas. Und sie vermitteln, wie die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften dieses Werkstoffes zur Entwicklung technischer, industriell gefertigter Produkte führen. So ermöglicht etwa die bis ins Extrem gesteigerte Lichtdurchlässigkeit einer Glasfaser die heutige Telekommunikation und das Internet. Besonders dünnes Glas, das zusätzlich verfestigt ist, wird für Bildschirme von Fernsehern, Laptops und Mobiltelefonen eingesetzt, Glaswerkstoffe mit thermischer Nullausdehnung sind der Werkstoff der Wahl für Teleskopspiegelträger und Kochflächen.Table of ContentsWas ist Glas ?.- Kurze Geschichte des Glases.- Glasstruktur.- Viskoelastisches Verhalten.- Glaszusammensetzungen und Glaseigenschaften.- Kalknatronsilicat Gläser, Spezialgläser, nicht-silicatische Gläser.- Keimbildung und Kristallisation.- Glas und seine vielfältigen Anwendungen.- Optik.- Architektur und Automobil.- Energie.- Lampen.- Verpackung / Pharma.- Elektronik.- Telekommunikation.- Andere.- Herstellung – Schmelzen von Glas.- Glasrohstoffe, Recyclingscherben.- Glasschmelzöfen.- Energieaufwand.- Umweltschutz.- Funktionsgläser.- Glasspiegel.- Entspiegeltes Glas.- Wärmeschutz- und Sonnenschutzgläser.- Glas mit variabler Lichtdurchlässigkeit.- Selbstreinigendes Glas.- Festigkeitserhöhtes Glas.- Glaslaminate.- Thermisch vorgespanntes Glas.- Chemisch vorgespanntes Glas.- Die Zukunft des Glases.- Dünnstgläser.- Glas von der Rolle.- Glas als Elektrolyt.- Laserglas für die Laserfusion.- Glaskügelchen für den Fusionsreaktor.- Nachwort.- Literaturauswahl.- Quellenverzeichnis.
£17.99
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Einführung in die Fertigungstechnik
Book SynopsisDieses einführend angelegte Lehrbuch orientiert sich an den wichtigsten in der industriellen Produktion eingesetzten Verfahren. Inhaltliche Gliederungsgrundlage bildet wie auch in den bisherigen Auflagen die DIN 8580. Behandelt werden Verfahren zur Bearbeitung metallischer und keramischer Werkstoffe, wobei auch nichtmetallische Werkstoffe auf der Basis von polymeren und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen berücksichtigt werden. Ferner wird der Miniaturisierung von Produkten und Komponenten durch die Techniken der Mikrofertigung Rechnung getragen. Seit der 6. Auflage wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Gesamtbetrachtung des Produktlebenszyklus gelegt. In der aktuellen Auflage wurde das Kapitel Schraubverbindungen aufgenommen sowie das Kapitel Vorbehandlung beim Beschichten deutlich erweitert.Trade Review"Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen prägnanten und leicht verständlichen Überblick über das Gebiet der Fertigungstechnik und orientiert sich an den wichtigsten in der Produktion eingesetzten Verfahren." Industrieanzeiger, 13.09.2010Table of ContentsGrundlagen zur Fertigungstechnik - Qualitätsmerkmale gefertigter Teile - Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen bei der Auswahl von Fertigungsverfahren - Werkstoffe - Fertigungsverfahren am Beispiel metallischer Werkstoffe - Bearbeitung von Kunststoffen - Besonderheiten der Keramikbearbeitung - Bearbeitung nachwachsender Rohstoffe - Reinstproduktion am Beispiel elektronischer Halbleiterbauelemente - Rapid Prototyping - Recycling
£28.49
Springer Verlag, Singapore Proceedings of International Conference on
Book SynopsisThe book comprises of selected papers presented at the Third International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation (ICIMA 2022), which was organized by the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Production Engineering of Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering (DJSCE), Mumbai, jointly with Indian Society of Manufacturing Engineers (ISME). The book focuses on specific topics of Intelligent Manufacturing, Automation, Advanced Materials and Design. It includes original research articles, focusing on the latest advances in the fields of Automation, Mechatronics & Robotics, CAD/CAM/CAE/CIM/FMS in Manufacturing, Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing, IOT in Manufacturing, Product Design & Development, DFM/DFA/FMEA, MEMS & Nano Technology, Rapid Prototyping, Computational Techniques, Nano & Micro-machining, Sustainable Manufacturing, Industrial Engineering, Manufacturing Process Management, Modelling & Optimization Techniques, CRM, MRP & ERP, Green, Lean & Agile Manufacturing, Logistics & Supply Chain Management, Quality Assurance & Environment protection, Advanced Material Processing & Characterization and Composite & Smart Materials. It is hoped that the contents in the book will serve as reference for future researchers. The book is also expected to act as a valuable resource for the students of Post Graduate and Doctoral Programmes.Table of ContentsPart 1: Manufacturing.- Chapter 1. Analysis of Poor Quality Cost in Auto Industry: A Case Study.- Chapter 2. Innovativeness in Indian Defence Sector: An Academic Strategy Perspective and the Way Ahead.- Chapter 3. Work center productivity analysis for making the manufacturing lean: A case study on glass lined pressure vessels.- Chapter 4. Improvement in Productivity of Assembly line by Cycle Time Reduction: A case study.- Chapter 5. A Challenging Future of Industry 4.0 – New Technologies and Lean Production Systems.- Chapter 6. Productivity Improvement Using Principles of Kaizen.- Chapter 7. Application of Work Measurement to reduce the cycle time in manufacturing firm: A Case Study.- Chapter 8. Rapid Tooling Technologies Based on Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review.- Chapter 9. Role of Drivers, Barriers and Critical success factors for lean readiness in Indian Manufacturing Industries.- Chapter 10. Investigation of Quality of clean-Cut surface for sheet metal blanking using Decision Tree.- Chapter 11. Increasing Time Efficiency in Jewellery Industry using Lean Manufacturing Principles.- Chapter 12. Productivity Improvement by Applying Lean Tools for Manufacturing of Mechanical Seal.- Chapter 13. A Conceptual Framework Involving Barriers in the Integration of Additive Manufacturing with Industry 4.0 Practices.- Chapter 14. A case study to control welding defects in Pressure Vessels.- Chapter 15. Managerial Insights into the GSCM Practices in the Indian SME Manufacturing Firms. etc.
£189.99
Springer Verlag, Singapore Recent Advances in Intelligent Manufacturing:
Book SynopsisThe book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Advancement in Manufacturing Engineering (ICAME) 2022 held at National Institute of Technology Delhi, India, during September 2–3, 2022. It discusses the latest research in the area of industrial and production engineering. Various topics covered in this book are precision engineering, additive manufacturing, computer-aided manufacturing, digital manufacturing, intelligent control systems and optimization, flexible manufacturing system, smart manufacturing, hybrid machining, smart materials, polymers, ceramics and composites and their processing, energy harvesting materials, design thinking and prototyping, product life cycle strategies, Industry 4.0, etc. The book is useful for researchers and professionals working in the area of industrial and production engineering.Table of ContentsExploring the Constructs and Measures of Innovation Management in Indian MSMEs.- Integrated MCDM model for prioritization of new electric vehicle selection.- LSTM Based Predictive Maintenance Approach for Zero Breakdown in Foundry Line Through Industry 4.0.- Taguchi coupled GRA based optimization of shoulder milling process parameters during machining of SS-304.- Batch Reactor System (BRS): Effective Conversion of Used Cooking Oil into Biodiesel in Presence of Different Catalyst.- Drivers of Industry 4.0 Operations for Logistics Management: An Analysis of critical performance indicators for Last Mile Delivery.- Stable zone identification during machining on CNC lathe using ANFIS.- A Compherehive Study on Supply Chain Management Using Artificial Intelligence: An Indian Railway Perspective.- A Quantification of Supply Chain Management Factors Using Artificial Intelligence.- Preparation and Characterization of CuO-Au Hybrid Nanofluid with Different Mixing Ratio.
£189.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Innovations in Materials Manufacturing Fabrication and Environmental Safety
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£58.89
Taylor & Francis Ltd Process Control Fundamentals Analysis Design Assessment and Diagnosis
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£104.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Respiratory Protection Handbook
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£58.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Engineering Mathematics and Statistics
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£45.59
Taylor & Francis Ltd Factory Information Systems
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Controlling InPlant Airborne Contaminants Systems Design and Calculations
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Strengthening of Ceramics
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Industrial Project Management
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Smart Innovation of Web of Things
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Chemical Methods for Processing Nanomaterials
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Chemical Engineering Computation with MATLAB
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Design of Pressure Vessels
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Flame Spray Drying
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Taylor & Francis Ltd New Paradigms in Ergonomics
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Flame Spray Drying
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Carbon Membrane Technology
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Concise Handbook of Waste Treatment Technologies
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Soft Computing in Materials Development and its Sustainability in the Manufacturing Sector
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Inventory Planning with Innovation
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Responsible Manufacturing Issues Pertaining to Sustainability
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Deterministic Flexibility Analysis Theory Design and Applications
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Elsevier Science The Pursuit of New Product Development
Book SynopsisContaining case examples, organizational analysis and project planning tools, this book looks at that longer, organizational view of product development, and how that view can improve product development cycle times and better take advantage of new market opportunities.Table of Contents1. The Business Objective2. Market Opportunity3. The Business Concept the New Product4. The Product and Business Plan5. Justifying a Program: The Accounting Viewpoint6. Starting Out7. Executing the Plan8. Manufacturing Development9. The Prelaunch Checklist10. The Product Launch11. The Pursuit and Product Management12. Business Development Records Format
£66.60
Taylor & Francis Ltd Productivity Improvement in Manufacturing SMEs
Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the application of workstudy in productivity of manufacturing SMEs locally and abroad and also explores various industrial problems which face manufacturing SMEs in developing and underdeveloped countries in the rest of the world. Low productivity is currently a serious challenge facing manufacturing SMEs, where these SMEs are operating below expected production output levels which makes it difficult for them to compete in the global market. SMEs are the engine drivers of economic growth, one of which is manufacturing.The challenge is that government from various countries in developing and underdeveloped countries, mandated agencies in their respective areas, to ensure that there is economic progress for these SMEs, but productivity remains low in the manufacturing SMEs. When SMEs do not perform well, productivity of manufacturing SMEs declines and unemployment increases. Thus, an increase in unemployment results in a drop of GDP in the country anTable of ContentsPreface; Chapter 1: The Background of Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 2: Work Study and Productivity Theory: Groundwork Theories; Chapter 3: Effectiveness versus Efficiency in Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 4: Factors Influencing Productivity in Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 5: Identifying the Environment for Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 6: Work Study (WS) Techniques: Method Study; Chapter 7: Work Study (WS) Techniques: Work Measurement; Chapter 8: The Impact of Work Study on Physical Capital in Relation to Productivity of Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 9: The Impact of Work Study on Technological Capital in Relation toProductivity of Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 10: The Impact of Management in Relation to Productivity to Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 11: Work Study Report Writing; Chapter 12: Conclusions and Further Research; Appendices; References
£73.14
Taylor & Francis Faster Better Cheaper in the History of
Book SynopsisThe industrial revolution, mechanization, water and steam power, computers, and automation have given an enormous boost to manufacturing productivity. Faster, Better, Cheaper in the History of Manufacturing shows how the ability to make products faster, better, and cheaper has evolved from the stone age to modern times. It explains how different developments over time have raised efficiency and allowed the production of more and better products with less effort and materials, and hence faster, better, and cheaper. In addition, it describes the stories of inventors, entrepreneurs, and industrialists and looks at the intersection between technology, society, machines, materials, management, and â most of all â humans. Faster, Better, Cheaper in the History of Manufacturing follows this development throughout the ages. This book covers not only the technical aspects (mechanization, power sources, new materials, interchangeable parts, electricity, automation), but oTrade Review"Brilliant insights regarding concepts of manufacturing systems for both practitioners and academics."- Dr. Masaru Nakano, Professor at Keio University, former manager of Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc."What an incredible abundance of facts and information comprehensively gathered and uniquely assembled. Its thorough production presents the fastest, best and cheapest way to make each reader more knowledgeable." - Dr. Stefan Bleiweis, Professor of International Management"This is sure to become a classic in the university curriculum to introduce students to the long history of how people improved society by making things. Roser links the progression of tools and processes from the Stone Age to emerging society to division of labor far earlier than most other scholars. He illustrates the regular progression of technology to improve productivity and closes with the future of work. Thought provoking and a necessary addition to the library of those in industry today."- Mark Warren, manufacturing engineer and amateur historianTable of ContentsThe Significance of Manufacturing – The GM-Toyota NUMMI Joint Venture. The Stone Age. The Urban Revolution – The Emergence of Society. Advances During Antiquity. The Middle Ages in Europe. Early Modern Europe. Pioneers of a New Age – The Factory System. Fire is Stronger than Blood and Water – Steam Power. Interchangeable Parts – The American System of Manufacturing. Social Conflict. Technological Advances. Science Meets Shop Floor. The Assembly Line and the Era of the Industrial Empires. Planned Economies – War, Communism, and Other Catastrophes. *Click* Let-Me-Do-This-for-You *Clack* – Computers in Manufacturing. The Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing. Where Are We Now?. Things to Come.
£51.29
Cambridge University Press Distillation Tray Fundamentals
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Cambridge University Press Chemical Reactor Theory An Introduction
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Cambridge University Press Thermodynamics Fundamentals for Applications Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering
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Cambridge University Press Robotics for Electronics Manufacturing Principles and Applications in Cleanroom Automation
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McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
Book Synopsis******Recently Published!******Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th edition continues its lengthy, successful tradition of being one of McGraw-Hill's oldest texts in the Chemical Engineering Series. Since 1956, this text has been the most comprehensive of the introductory, undergraduate, chemical engineering titles available. Separate chapters are devoted to each of the principle unit operations, grouped into four sections: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and equilibrium stages, and operations involving particulate solids.Now in its seventh edition, the text still contains its balanced treatment of theory and engineering practice, with many practical, illustrative examples included. Almost 30% of the problems have been revised or are new, some of which cover modern topics such as food processing and biotechnology. Other unique topics of this text include diafiltration, adsorption and membrane operations.Table of ContentsSection 1 Introduction1 Definitions and PrinciplesSection 2 Fluid Mechanics2 Fluid Statics and Its Applications3 Fluid Flow Phenomena4 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow5 Incompressible Flow in Pipes and Channels6 Flow of Compressible Fluids7 Flow past Immersed Objects8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids9 Agitation and Mixing of LiquidsSection 3 Heat Transfer and Its Applications10 Heat Transfer by Conduction11 Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids12 Heat Transfer to Fluids without Phase Change13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change14 Radiation Heat Transfer15 Heat-Exchange Equipment16 EvaporationSection 4 Mass Transfer and Its Applications17 Principles of Diffusion and Mass Transfer between Phases18 Gas Absorption19 Humidification Operations20 Equilibrium-Stage Operations21 Distillation22 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation23 Leaching and Extraction24 Drying of Solids25 Fixed-Bed Separatons26 Membrane Separation Processes27 CrystallizationSection 5 Operations Involving Particulate Solids28 Properties and Handling of Particulate Solids29 Mechanical SeparationsAppendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants of NatureAppendix 2 Dimensionless GroupsAppendix 3 Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights of Standard Steel PipeAppendix 4 Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tube DataAppendix 5 Tyler Standard Screen ScaleAppendix 6 Properties of Liquid WaterAppendix 7 Properties of Saturated Steam and WaterAppendix 8 Viscosities of GasesAppendix 9 Viscosities of LiquidsAppendix 10 Thermal Conductivities of MetalsAppendix 11 Thermal Conductivities of Various Solids and Insulating MaterialsAppendix 12 Thermal Conductivities of Gases and VaporsAppendix 13 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids Other Than WaterAppendix 14 Specific Heats of GasesAppendix 15 Specific Heats of LiquidsAppendix 16 Prandtl Numbers for Gases at 1 atm and 100CAppendix 17 Prandtl Numbers for LiquidsAppendix 18 Diffusivities and Schmidt Numbers for Gases in Air at 0c and 1 atmAppendix 19 Collision Integral and Lennard-Jones Force Constants
£386.98
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Niebels Methods Standards Work Design
Book SynopsisThis edition addresses the increasing global competition and the fact that every industry, business, and service organization is restructuring itself to operate more effectively. Cost-effectiveness and product reliability without excess capacity are the keys to successful activity in business, industry, and government. These keys are the end results of methods engineering.The 13th edition of Methods, Standards, and Work Design will provide practical, up-to-date descriptions of engineering methods to measure, analyze, and design manual work. The text emphasizes both the manual components and the cognitive aspects of work, recognizing the gradual decline of the manufacturing sector and the growth of the service sector. The importance of ergonomics and work design as part of methods engineering emphasizes not only increased productivity, but also to improve worker health and safety, and thus, company bottom-line costs. In the twenty-first century it is essential that the industTable of ContentsNiebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design 12eChapter 1: Methods, Standards, and Work Design: IntroductionChapter 2: Problem-Solving ToolsChapter 3: Operation AnalysisChapter 4: Manual Work DesignChapter 5: Workplace, Equipment, and Tool DesignChapter 6: Work Environment DesignChapter 7: Design of Cognitive WorkChapter 8: Workplace and Systems SafetyChapter 9: Proposed Method ImplementationChapter 10: Time StudyChapter 11: Performance Rating and AllowancesChapter 12: Standard Data and FormulasChapter 13: Predetermined Time SystemsChapter 14: Work SamplingChapter 15: Indirect and Expense Labor StandardsChapter 16: Standards Follow-Up and UsesChapter 17: Wage PaymentChapter 18: Training and Other Management PracticesAppendices1 Glossary2 Helpful Formulas3 Special Tables
£220.22
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Simulation Modeling and Analysis
Book SynopsisSimulation Modeling and Analysis provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art, and technically correct treatment of all important aspects of a simulation study. The book strives to make this material understandable by the use of intuition and numerous figures, examples, and problems. It is equally well suited for use in university courses, simulation practice, and self-study. The book is widely regarded as the âœbibleâ of simulation and now has more than 172,000 copies in print and has been cited more than 18,500 times. This textbook can serve as the primary text for a variety of courses. It is used in leading industrial and systems engineering departments at Georgia Tech, University of Michigan, University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University, Purdue University, Texas A&M University, Columbia University, University of Washington, and Naval Postgraduate School.Table of Contents1) Basic Simulation Modeling2) Modeling Complex Systems3) Simulation Software4) Review of Basic Probability and Statistics5) Building Valid, Credible, and Appropriately Detailed Simulation Models6) Selecting Input Probability Distributions7) Random-Number Generators8) Generating Random Variates9) Output Data Analysis for a Single System10) Comparing Alternative System Configurations11) Variance-Reduction Techniques12) Experimental Design, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optimization13) Simulation of Manufacturing Systems
£204.60
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Engineering Economy
Book SynopsisEngineering Economy presents a crisp, bold new design using color, highlighting and icons to focus on important concepts, terms, equations and decision guidelines. There are new features, new topics (such as ethics and staged decision making), and new online tools; yet no compromise on coverage, examples, or the well-accepted writing style of this popular text. Solved examples, problems and case studies target many of the current engineering challenges in areas such as energy, ethics, the environment, and the worldâs changing economics.McGraw-Hill's Connect, is also available as an optional, add on item. Connect is the only integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver precisely what they need, when they need it, how they need it, so that class time is more effective. Connect allows the professor to assign homework, quizzes, and tests easily and automatically grades and records the scores of the student's work. Problems are randomized tTable of ContentsLearning Stage 1 - The Fundamentals1) Foundations of Engineering Economy2) Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money3) Combining Factors and Spreadsheet Functions4) Nominal and Effective Interest RatesLearning Stage 2 - Basic Analysis Tools5) Present Worth Analysis6) Annual Worth Analysis7) Rate of Return Analysis: One Project8) Rate of Return Analysis: Multiple Alternatives9) Benefit/Cost Analysis and Public Sector EconomicsLearning Stage 2 - Epilogue: Selecting the Basic Analysis ToolLearning Stage 3 - Making Decisions10) Project Financing and Non-economic Attributes11) Replacement and Retention Decisions12) Independent Projects With Budget Limitation13) Breakeven and Payback AnalysisLearning Stage 4 - Rounding Out the Study14) Effects of Inflation15) Cost Estimation and Indirect Cost Allocation16) Depreciation Methods17) After-Tax Economic Analysis18) Sensitivity Analysis and Staged Decisions19) More on Variation and Decision Making under RiskAppendix A - Using Spreadsheets and Microsoft ExcelAppendix B - Basics of Accounting Reports and Business RatiosAppendix C - Code of Ethics for EngineersAppendix D - Alternate Methods For Equivalence CalculationsAppendix E - Glossary of Concepts and Terms
£225.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Practical Process Control
Book SynopsisPractical Process Control (loop tuning and troubleshooting). This book differs from others on the market in several respects. First, the presentation is totally in the time domain (the word LaPlace is nowhere to be found). The focus of the book is actually troubleshooting, not tuning. If a controller is tunable, the tuning procedure will be straightforward and uneventful. But if a loop is untunable, difficulties will be experienced, usually early in the tuning effort. The nature of any difficulty provides valuable clues to what is rendering the loop untunable. For example, if reducing the controller gain leads to increased oscillations, one should look for possible interaction with one or more other loops. Tuning difficulties are always symptoms of other problems; effective troubleshooting involves recognizing the clues, identifying the root cause of the problem, and making corrections. Furthermore, most loops are rendered untunable due to some aspect of the steady-state bTable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. The Process Industries and Regulatory Control. 1.2. P&I Diagrams. 1.3. Regulatory Control Example. 1.4. Control Loop. 1.5. Example Process. 1.6. Cascade Control. 1.7. Summary. Chapter 2: Gain or Sensitivity. 2.1. Process Design versus Process Control. 2.2. What Do We Mean by “Process Gain” 2.3. Linear versus Nonlinear Processes. 2.4. Operating Lines and Gains from Process Tests. 2.5. Action. 2.6. Impact of Process Nonlinearities on Tuning. 2.7. Scheduled Tuning. 2.8. Heat Transfer Processes. 2.9. Vacuum Processes. 2.10. Summary. Chapter 3: Process Dynamics. 3.1. First-Order Lag and Time Constant. 3.2. Integrating Process. 3.3. Self-Regulated versus Non-Self-Regulated Processes. 3.4. Dead Time. 3.5. Measurement Issues. 3.6. Effect of Dead Time on Loop Performance. 3.7. Mixing. 3.8. Process Models. 3.9. Approximating Time Constants. 3.10. Ultimate Gain and Ultimate Period. 3.11. Damping. 3.12. Simple Performance Measures. 3.13. The Integral Criteria. 3.14. Summary. Chapter 4: Controller Modes and Mode Selection. 4.1. Mode Characteristics. 4.2 Options for Tuning Coefficients. 4.3. Computing the PID Control Equation. 4.4. Mode Combinations. 4.5. Flow Control. 4.6. Level Control. 4.7. Nonlinear Algorithms. 4.8. Level-to-Flow Cascade. 4.9. Summary. Chapter 5: Proportional Mode. 5.1. Control Equation. 5.2. Regulators. 5.3. The Proportional Band. 5.4. Bumpless Transfer. 5.5. Set-Point Changes. 5.6. Disturbance or Load Changes. 5.7. Proportional Control of Simple Models. 5.8. Adjusting the Controller Gain. 5.9. Tuning. 5.10. Summary. Chapter 6: Integral Mode. 6.1. Control Equation. 6.2. Open-Loop Behavior. 6.3. Effect of Reset Time. 6.4. PI Control of Simple Models. 6.5. Tuning. 6.6. Speed of Response. 6.7. Avoiding Sloppy Tuning. 6.8. Suppressing the Proportional Kick. 6.9. Windup Protection. 6.10. Summary. Chapter 7: Derivative Mode. 7.1. Control Equation. 7.2. Incorporating Derivative into the Control Equation. 7.3. PID Control Equations. 7.4. Effect of Derivative Time. 7.5. Getting the Most from Derivative. 7.6. PID Control of Simple Models. 7.7. Tuning. 7.8. Summary. Chapter 8: Tuning Methods. 8.1. What Is a Tuning Method. 8.2. Process Characterizations. 8.3. Ziegler-Nichols Closed Loop Method. 8.4. The Relay Method. 8.5. Open-Loop Methods. 8.6. Graphical Constructions and Nonlinear Regression. 8.7. Ziegler-Nichols Open-Loop Method. 8.8. The Lambda Method. 8.9. IMC Method. 8.10. Integral Criteria Method. 8.11. Summary. Chapter 9: Measurement Devices. 9.1. Steady-State Behavior. 9.2. Very Small Process Gain. 9.3. Temperature Measurements. 9.4. Filtering and Smoothing. 9.5. Summary. Chapter 10: Final Control Elements. 10.1. Valves and Flow Systems. 10.2. Valve Sizing. 10.3. Inherent Valve Characteristics. 10.4. Flow System Dominated by Control Valve. 10.5. Flow System Dominated by Process. 10.6. Valve Nonidealities. 10.7. Valve Positioner. 10.8. On-Off Control. 10.9. Time Proportioning Control. 10.10. Variable Speed Pumping. 10.11. Summary. Chapter 11: Process and Instrumentation Diagrams. 11.1. Developing P&I Diagrams. 11.2. P&I Diagram for a Chlorine Vaporizer. 11.3. Simple PID Control Configuration. 11.4. Temperature-to-Flow Cascade. 11.5. Temperature-to-Flow-Ratio Cascade. 11.6. Steam Heater with Control Valve on Steam. 11.7. Steam Heater with Control Valve on Condensate. 11.8. Liquid Bypass Arrangements. 11.9. Summary. Chapter 12: Loop Interaction. 12.1. Multivariable Processes. 12.2. Off-Gas System. 12.3. Flow and Pressure Control. 12.4. Gains and Sensitivities. 12.5. Effect of Interaction on Loop Performance and Tuning. 12.6. Dynamics. 12.7. Addressing Interaction Problems. 12.8. Summary. Index.
£105.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc Control of Batch Processes
Book SynopsisBatch processing is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, coatings, and electronic materials industries, where new jobs are being created.Trade Review“This book gives a real world explanation of how to analyze and troubleshoot a process control system in a batch process plant.” (Heat Processing, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Categories of Processes 3 1.2. The Industry 5 1.3. The Ultimate Batch Process: The Kitchen in Your Home 13 1.4. Categories of Batch Processes 14 1.5. Automation Functions Required for Batch 18 1.6. Automation Equipment 26 Reference 30 2 Measurement Considerations 31 2.1. Temperature Measurement 32 2.2. Pressure Measurement 39 2.3. Weight and Level 47 2.4. Flow Measurements 61 2.5. Loss-in-Weight Application 67 References 72 3 Continuous Control Issues 73 3.1. Loops That Operate Intermittently 74 3.2. Emptying a Vessel 80 3.3. Terminating a Co-Feed 85 3.4. Adjusting Ratio Targets 89 3.5. Attaining Temperature Target for the Heel 97 3.6. Characterization Functions in Batch Applications 100 3.7. Scheduled Tuning in Batch Applications 101 3.8. Edge of the Envelope 104 3.9. No Flow Through Control Valve 107 3.10. No Pressure Drop across Control Valve 111 3.11. Attempting to Operate above a Process-Imposed Maximum 115 3.12. Attempting to Operate Below a Process-Imposed Minimum 121 3.13. Jacket Switching 124 3.14. Smooth Transitions between Heating and One Cooling Mode 129 3.15. Smooth Transitions between Two Cooling Modes 140 References 148 4 Discrete Devices 149 4.1. Discrete Inputs 149 4.2. Discrete Outputs 157 4.3. State Feedbacks 167 4.4. Associated Functions 176 4.5. Beyond Two-State Final Control Elements 182 5 Material Transfers 185 5.1. Multiple-Source, Single-Destination Material Transfer System 186 5.2. Single-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 189 5.3. Multiple-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 191 5.4. Validating a Material Transfer 194 5.5. Dribble Flow 197 5.6. Simultaneous Material Transfers 202 5.7. Drums 203 6 Structured Logic for Batch 205 6.1. Structured Programming 207 6.2. Product Recipes and Product Batches 212 6.3. Formula 215 6.4. Operations 216 6.5. Phases 220 6.6. Actions 223 References 226 7 Batch Unit or Process Unit 227 7.1. Defining a Batch Unit 228 7.2. Supporting Equipment 232 7.3. Step Programmer 237 7.4. Failure Considerations 241 7.5. Coordination 254 7.6. Shared Equipment: Exclusive Use 257 7.7. Shared Equipment: Limited Capacity 261 7.8. Identical Batch Units 262 8 Sequence Logic 265 8.1. Features Provided by Sequence Logic 265 8.2. Failure Monitoring and Response 267 8.3. Relay Ladder Diagrams 273 8.4. Procedural Languages 276 8.5. Special Languages 278 8.6. State Machine 280 8.7. Grafcet/Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) 283 9 Batches and Recipes 290 9.1. Organization of Recipes 291 9.2. Corporate Recipes 294 9.3. Executing Product Batches Simultaneously 299 9.4. Managing Product Batches 302 9.5. Executing Operations 305 9.6. Batch History Data 309 9.7. Performance Parameters 313 Index 319
£94.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing
Book SynopsisThe Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing is a condensed practical guide that gives the reader a broad introduction to properties of thermoplastics plastics, additives, the major processes (extrusion, injection molding, rotational molding, blow molding, and thermoforming), as well as troubleshooting. The main goal is to provide the plastics processor with an improved understanding of the basics by explaining the science behind the technology. Machine details are minimized as the emphasis is on processing problems and the defects in an effort to focus on basic root causes to problems and how to solve them. The book's framework is troubleshooting in plastics processing because of the importance it has to the eventual production of high quality end products. Each chapter contains both practical and detailed technical information. This basic guide provides state-of-the-art information on: Processing problems and defects during manufacturing <Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Market Trends. 1.2 Importance of Plastics. 1.3 Plastics Processing. 1.4 Fundamental. References. 2. Plastics Materials. 2.1 Properties and Processing. 2.2 Polyethylene. 2.3 Polypropylene (PP). 2.4 Polystyrene. 2.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC). 2.6 Engineering Plastics. 2.7 Advantages. 2.8 Fundamental. References. 3. Plastics Additives. 3.1 Antioxidants. 3.2 Anti-block Agents. 3.3 Antistatic Agent. 3.4 Clarifying Agents. 3.5 Slip Additives. 3.6 Processing Aids. 3.7 Antifogging Agents. 3.8 Antiblocking Agents. 3.9 Heat Stabilizers. 3.10 Lubricants. 3.11 Plasticizers. 3.12 Coupling Agents or Surface Modifiers. 3.13 Release Agents. 3.14 Flame Retardants. 3.15 Pigments. 3.16 Light Stabilizers. 3.17 Impact Modifiers. 3.18 Blowing Agents. 3.19 Nucleating Agents. 3.20 Biocides. 3.21 Fillers. 3.22 Fundamentals. References. 4. Plastics Processing. 4.1 Focus on Plastics Processing. 4.2 Injection Molding. 4.3 Extrusion. 4.4 Blow Molding. 4.5 Thermoforming. 4.6 Rotational Molding. 4.7 Fundamental. References. 5. Troubleshooting – Problems and Solutions. 5.1 Troubleshooting – Requirements. 5.2 Injection Molding – Troubleshooting. 5.3 Troubleshooting – Extrusion. 5.4 Troubleshooting – Blow molding. 5.5 Troubleshooting – Thermoforming. 5.6 Troubleshooting – Rotational molding. References. 6. Future Trends. 6.1 Productivity. 6.2 Automotive Applications. 6.3 Medical Applications. 6.4 Environmental Issues. 6.5 Fundamentals. References. Index.
£115.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Porous Media Transport Phenomena
Book SynopsisThis book covers the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, and their applications in engineered and natural porous media for general applications. This book is an important text for graduate courses in various disciplines involving fluids in porous materials and a useful reference book.Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xix Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Synopses of Topics Covered in Various Chapters 3 Chapter 2. Transport Properties of Porous Media 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Permeability of Porous Media Based on the Bundle of Tortuous Leaky-Tube Model 10 2.3 Permeability of Porous Media Undergoing Alteration by Scale Deposition 33 2.4 Temperature Effect of Permeability 44 2.5 Effects of Other Factors on Permeability 54 2.6 Exercises 54 Chapter 3. Macroscopic Transport Equations 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 REV 58 3.3 Volume-Averaging Rules 59 3.4 Mass-Area Averaging Rules 67 3.5 Surface Area Averaging Rules 68 3.6 Applications of Volume and Surface Averaging Rules 68 3.7 Double Decomposition for Turbulent Processes in Porous Media 70 3.8 Tortuosity Effect 73 3.9 Macroscopic Transport Equations by Control Volume Analysis 74 3.10 Generalized Volume-Averaged Transport Equations 76 3.11 Exercises 76 Chapter 4. Scaling and Correlation of Transport in Porous Media 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Dimensional and Inspectional Analysis Methods 81 4.3 Scaling 84 4.4 Exercises 92 Chapter 5. Fluid Motion in Porous Media 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Flow Potential 98 5.3 Modification of Darcy’s Law for Bulk- versus Fluid Volume Average Pressures 99 5.4 Macroscopic Equation of Motion from the Control Volume Approach and Dimensional Analysis 102 5.5 Modification of Darcy’s Law for the Threshold Pressure Gradient 105 5.6 Convenient Formulations of the Forchheimer Equation 108 5.7 Determination of the Parameters if the Forchheimer Equation 111 5.8 Flow Demarcation Criteria 115 5.9 Entropy Generation in Porous Media 117 5.10 Viscous Dissipation on Porous Media 123 5.11 Generalized Darcy’s Law by Control Volume Analysis 124 5.12 Equation of Motion for Non-Newtonian Fluids 134 5.13 Exercises 138 Chapter 6. Gas Transport in Tight Porous Media 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Gas Glow through a Capillary Hydraulic Tube 146 6.3 Relationship between Transports Expressed on Different Bases 147 6.4 The Mean Free Path of Molecules: FHS versus VHS 149 6.5 The Knudsen Number 150 6.6 Flow Regimes and Gas Transport as Isothermal Conditions 152 6.7 Gas Transport at Nonisothermal Conditions 159 6.8 Unified Hagen-Poiseuille-Type Equation fro Apparent Gas Permeability 160 6.9 Single-Component Gas Glow 165 6.10 Multicomponent Gas Flow 166 6.11 Effect of Different Flow Regimes in a Capillary Flow Path and the Extended Klinkenberg Equation 168 6.12 Effect of Pore Size Distribution on Gas Flow through Porous Media 170 6.13 Exercises 174 Chapter 7. Fluid Transport Through Porous Media 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Coupling Single-Phase Mass and Momentum Balance Equations 178 7.3 Cylindrical Leaky-Tank Reservoir Model Including the Non-Darcy Effect 179 7.4 Coupling Two-Phase Mass and Momentum Balance Equations for Immiscible Displacement 186 7.5 Potential Flow Problems in Porous Media 200 7.6 Streamline/Stream Tube Formulation and Front Tracking 205 7.7 Exercises 218 Chapter 8. Parameters of Fluid Transfer in Porous Media 227 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Wettability and Wettability Index 230 8.3 Capillary Pressure 231 8.4 Work of Fluid Displacement 234 8.5 Temperature Effect on Wettability-Related Properties of Porous Media 235 8.6 Direct Methods for the Determination of Porous Media Flow Functions and Parameters 238 8.7 Indirect Methods for the Determination of Porous Media Flow Functions and Parameters 259 8.8 Exercises 276 Chapter 9. Mass, Momentum, and Energy Transport in Porous Media 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 Dispersive Transport of Species in Heterogeneous and Anisotropic Porous Media 282 9.3 General Multiphase Fully Compositional Nonisothermal Mixture Model 288 9.4 Formulation of Source/Sink Terms in Conservation Equations 292 9.5 Isothermal Black Oil Model of a Nonvolatile Oil System 295 9.6 Isothermal Limited Compositional Model of a Volatile Oil System 298 9.7 Flow of Gas and Vaporizing Water Phases in the Near-Wellbore Region 299 9.8 Flow of Condensate and Gas Phase Containing Noncondensable Gas Species in the Near-Wellbore Region 301 9.9 Shape-Averaged Formulations 305 9.10 Conductive Heat Transfer with Phase Change 307 9.11 Simultaneous Phase Transition and Transport in Porous Media Containing Gas Hydrates 328 9.12 Modeling Nonisothermal Hydrocarbon Fluid Flow Considering Expansion/Compression and Joule-Thomson Effects 338 9.13 Exercises 346 Chapter 10. Suspended Particulate Transport in Porous Media 353 10.1 Introduction 353 10.2 Deep-Bed Filtration under Nonisothermal Conditions 355 10.3 Cake Filtration over an Effective Filter 370 10.4 Exercises 379 Chapter 11. Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Transport Units and Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media 385 11.3 Models for Transport in Fissured/Fractured Porous Media 388 11.4 Species Transport in Fractured Porous Media 394 11.5 Immiscible Displacement in Naturally Fractured Porous Media 396 11.6 Method of Weighted Sum (Quadrature) Numerical Solutions 410 11.7 Finite Difference Numerical Solution 415 11.8 Exercises 425 References 429 Index 455
£120.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent
Book SynopsisProviding in-depth guidance on how to design and rate emergency pressure relief systems, Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems incorporates the current best designs from the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems as well as American Petroleum Institute (API) standards.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv In Memoriam xxvii Files on the Web Accompanying This Book xxix Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Scope 2 1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information 3 1.4 Organization of This Book 5 1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria 7 1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis 8 1.5.2 Process Safety Information 9 1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems 11 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy 13 2.1 Limitations of the Technology 14 2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy 14 2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief 14 2.2.2 Approach to Design 15 2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure 17 2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines 19 2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents 19 2.3.2 General Provisions 24 2.3.3 Protection by System Design 36 2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation 40 2.4.1 General Terminology 41 2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves 41 2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices 54 2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series) 63 2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves & Vents 64 2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components 70 2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices 71 2.5 Relief System Layout 75 2.5.1 General Code Requirements 75 2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves 77 2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices 80 2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices 80 2.5.5 Devices in Series 81 2.5.6 Devices in Parallel 87 2.5.7 Header Systems 88 2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity 88 2.5.9 Material Selection 88 2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions 89 2.5.11 Noise 89 2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions 90 2.6.1 Safety Valves 92 2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow 95 2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices 95 2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices 95 2.6.5 Devices in Combination 99 2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices 100 2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations 100 2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure 101 2.7.2 Design Scenarios 102 2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization 104 2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation 105 2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties 105 2.8.3 Mixture Properties 106 2.8.4 Phase Behavior 106 2.8.5 Chemical Reaction 108 2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics 112 2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel 113 2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions 113 2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects 114 2.10 Flow of Fluids through Relief Systems 116 2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow 116 2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow 117 2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss 121 2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System 121 2.11 Relief System Reliability 122 2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability 122 2.11.2 System Reliability 125 Requirements for Relief System Design 131 3.1 Introduction 131 3.1.1 Required Background 132 3.2 Vessel Venting Background 133 3.2.1 General Considerations 133 3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters 135 3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances 140 3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties 148 3.2.5 Energy Input or Output 153 3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools 156 3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications 156 3.2.8 Limiting Cases 158 3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement 160 3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases 171 3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel 171 3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow 187 3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations 190 3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design 190 3.4.1 Executive Summary 190 3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects 191 3.4.3 Reaction Basics 192 3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification 196 3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates 197 3.4.6 Experimental Test Design 222 3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis 234 3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases 259 3.5.1 Executive Summary 259 3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load 260 3.5.3 Analytical Methods 267 3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling 279 3.5.5 Closing Comment 282 Methods for Relief System Design 283 4.1 Introduction 283 4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design 283 4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing 285 4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations 285 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods 298 4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing - Discharge Coefficient 310 4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing - Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit 314 4.3 Miscellaneous 317 4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices - Liquid Flow 317 4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices - Gas Flow 318 4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices - Two-Phase Flow 320 4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices - Associated Piping 320 4.4 Piping 321 4.4.1 Piping - Fundamental Equations 322 4.4.2 Piping - Pipe Friction Factors 322 4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow 328 4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow 329 4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow 333 4.4.6Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow 334 4.4.7 Piping - Separated Two-Phase Flows 346 4.4.8 Slip/Holdup 347 4.4.9 Piping - Temperature Effects 348 4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems 349 4.5.1 Rupture Disks - Nozzle Model 349 4.5.2 Rupture Disks - Pipe Model 349 4.6 Multiple Devices 350 4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel 350 4.6.2 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV 351 4.6.3 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV 351 4.7 Worked Example Index 352 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design 355 5.1 Introduction 355 5.2 Reaction Forces 356 5.3 Background 357 5.4 Selection of Design Case 363 5.5 Design Methods 363 5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere 363 5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor 367 5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor 367 5.6.1 Rupture Disks 368 5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves 370 5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping 372 5.7.1 Liquid Relief 373 5.7.2 Gas Relief 376 5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow 384 5.8 Pipe Tension 385 5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves 386 5.8.2 Rupture Disks 387 5.9 Real Gases 390 5.10 Changes in Pipe Size 390 5.11 Location of Anchors 390 5.12 Exit Geometry 391 5.13 Worked Examples 392 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents 393 6.1 General Strategy 395 6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment 399 6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable 401 6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems 403 6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 403 6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming 405 6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems 406 6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability 407 6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System 408 6.4.6 Plant Geography 409 6.4.7 Space Availability 409 6.4.8Turndown 409 6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation 410 6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer 410 6.4.11 Time Availability 411 6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs 411 6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling 411 6.5.1Containment 411 6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere 415 6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators 415 6.5.4 Quench Tanks 423 6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers) 429 6.5.6 Flares 432 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems 437 7.1 Design Basis Selection 438 7.2 Total Containment Systems 439 7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel 439 7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank) 440 7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers 442 7.3.1 Corrosion 443 7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture 444 7.3.3 Deposition 444 7.3.4 Vibration 444 7.3.5 Cleaning 445 7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators 445 7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations 450 7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators 451 7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators 460 7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features 463 7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation 464 7.5 Cyclone Separators 465 7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency 467 7.5.2 Design Procedure 469 7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure 470 7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure 472 7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force 475 7.6 Quench Pools 476 7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview 477 7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations 482 7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection 483 7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure 484 7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance 485 7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions 493 7.6.7 Sparger Design 499 7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices 509 7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems 509 7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer 510 7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads 510 7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design 511 Acronyms and Abbreviations 513 Glossary 517 Nomenclature 529 Appendix A: SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite – Description and Instructions 541 A.1 Scope 541 A.2 Software Functions 543 A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation 543 A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations 544 A.2.3 Physical Properties 545 A.2.4 Piping Isometrics 546 A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs 546 A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ 547 Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions 549 B.1 Scope 549 B.1.1 Uncertainties 550 B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options 550 B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow 552 B.2.2 File Operations 552 B.2.3 Help Files 554 B.2.4 Other Operations 555 B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata 556 B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options 556 B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input 560 B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options 562 B.4.1 Running COMFLOW 563 Appendix C: SuperChems™ for DIERS – Description and Instructions 565 C.1 Scope 565 C.2 Software Functions 567 C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs 567 C.2.2 Define Tab 568 C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation 570 C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations 571 C.2.5 Properties Tab 572 C.2.6 VLE Tab 574 C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ 576 Appendix D: Venting Requirements 577 D.1 Worked Examples – Emergency Venting 579 D.1.1 External Fire – Vapor Venting 580 D.1.2 Tube Rupture 590 D.1.3 Literature Examples for Non-Reactive Cases 596 D.2 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases 597 D.3 Relief Valve Sizing Examples 599 D.3.1 Incompressible Liquid Flow (with Viscosity Correction) 601 D.3.2 Real Gas Flow 603 D.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Flow 607 D.3.4 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Choked Flow 609 D.3.5 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Non-choked Flow 611 D.3.6 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid 614 D.3.7 Non-Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid 616 D.3.8 Multicomponent Fluid Flow 618 D.3.9 Equilibrium Flow of One-Component Fluid (Low Subcooled Liquid Flow) 621 D.3.10 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid (Highly Subcooled Liquid Flow) 626 D.3.11 Single-Component Vapor Flow with Retrograde Condensation 630 D.4 Piping Flow Examples 634 D.4.1 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow with Conventional Multiple Chokes 635 D.4.2 Real Gas Flow with Multiple Chokes 650 D.4.3 Flow of High Viscosity Liquid 654 D.5 Reaction Forces 658 D.5.1 PRV with Viscous Liquid Flow – Steady Forces 658 D.5.2 PRV with Real Gas Flow – Steady Forces 661 D.5.3 RD with Liquid Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 664 D.5.4 RD with Air Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 667 D.5.5 PRV with Steam Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 670 D.5.6 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 673 D.5.7 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 675 D.5.8 RD with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 678 Appendix E: Worked Examples – Effluent Handling 681 E.1 Phase Separator and Quench Tank Design Examples 681 E.1.1 Example Problem Statement 682 E.1.2 Given Conditions 683 E.1.3 Quench Pool Design 692 E.1.4 Gravity Separator Design 706 E.1.5 Cyclone Separator Design 710 E.1.6 Summary 715 References 717 Index 743
£256.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Plantwide Control
Book SynopsisThe use of control systems is necessary for safe and optimal operation of industrial processes in the presence of inevitable disturbances and uncertainties. Plant-wide control (PWC) involves the systems and strategies required to control an entire chemical plant consisting of many interacting unit operations. Over the past 30 years, many tools and methodologies have been developed to accommodate increasingly larger and more complex plants. This book provides a state-of-the-art of techniques for the design and evaluation of PWC systems. Various applications taken from chemical, petrochemical, biofuels and mineral processing industries are used to illustrate the use of these approaches. This book contains 20 chapters organized in the following sections: Overview and Industrial Perspective Tools and Heuristics Methodologies Applications Emerging Topics With contributions from the leading researchers and industrial Trade ReviewReview copy sent 25/04/12: Book NewsTable of ContentsPreface Section I: Overview and Perspective 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Plant-Wide Control 2 1.3 Scope and Organization of the Book 4 References 10 2 Industrial Perspective on Plant-Wide Control 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Design Environment 3 2.3 Disturbances and Measurement System Design 6 2.4 Academic Contributions 8 2.5 Conclusions 11 References 12 Section II: Tools and Heuristics 3 Control Degrees of Freedom Analysis for Plant-Wide Control of Industrial Processes 3.1 Introduction 2 3.2 Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF) 4 3.3 Computation Methods for Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF): A Review 7 3.4 Computation of CDOF Using Flowsheet-Oriented Method 14 3.4.1 Computation of Restraining Number for Unit Operations 16 3.5 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Distillation Columns and the Concept of Redundant Process Variables 19 3.6 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Compute CDOF to Complex Integrated Processes 22 3.7 Conclusions 23 References 24 4 Selection of Controlled Variables Using Self-Optimizing Control Method 4.1 Introduction 2 4.2 General Principle 4 4.3 Brute-Force Optimization Approach for CV Selection 8 4.4 Local Methods 11 4.4.1 Minimum Singular Value (MSV) Rule 12 4.4.2 Exact Local Method 14 4.4.3 Optimal Measurement Combination 16 4.4.3.1 Null Space Method 16 4.4.3.2 Explicit Solution 17 4.4.3.3 Toy Example 19 4.5 Branch and Bound Methods 21 4.6 Constraint Handling 23 4.7 Case Study: Forced Circulation Evaporator 26 4.8 Conclusions and Discussion 32 4.9 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 5 Input-Output Pairing Selection for Design of Decentralized Controller 5.1 Introduction 2 5.1.1 State of the Art 3 5.2 Relative Gain Array and Variants 5 Steady-State RGA 6 5.2.2 Niederlinski Index 8 5.2.3 The Dynamic Relative Gain Array 9 5.2.4 The Effective Relative Gain Array 11 5.2.5 The Block Relative Gain 12 5.2.6 Relative Disturbance Gain Array 14 5.3 µ-Interaction Measure 15 5.4 Pairing Analysis Based on the Controllability and Observability 17 5.4.1 The Participation Matrix 17 5.4.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 19 5.4.3 The Dynamic Input-Output Pairing Matrix 19 Input-Output Pairing for Uncertain Multivariable Plants 21 RGA in the Presence of Statistical Uncertainty 22 RGA in the Presence of Norm-Bounded Uncertainties 23 DIOPM and the Effect of Uncertainty 26 Input-Output Pairing for Nonlinear Multivariable Plants 28 5.6.1 Relative Order Matrix 29 5.6.2 The Nonlinear RGA 30 5.7 Conclusions and Discussion 31 References 33 6 Heuristics for Plantwide Control 6.1 Introduction 2 6.2 Basics of Heuristic Plantwide Control 4 6.2.1 Plumbing 5 6.2.2 Recycle 6 6.2.2.1 Effect of Recycle on Time Constants 6 6.2.2.2 Snowball Effects in Liquid Recycle Systems 7 6.2.2.3 Gas Recycle Systems 8 6.2.3 Fresh Feed Introduction 8 6.2.3.1 Ternary Example 9 6.2.3.2 Control Structures 11 6.2.3.3 Ternary Process with Altered Volatilities 12 6.2.4 Energy Management and Integration 12 6.2.5 Controller Tuning 13 6.2.5.1 Flow and Pressure Control 13 6.2.5.2 Level Control 14 6.2.5.3 Composition and Temperature Control 16 6.2.5.4 Interacting Control Loops 17 6.2.6 Throughput Handle 18 6.3 Application to HDA Process 18 6.3.1 Process Description 19 6.3.2 Application of Plantwide Control Heuristics 20 6.3.2.1 Throughput Handle 20 6.3.2.2 Maximum Gas Recycle 20 6.3.2.3 Component Balances (Downs Drill) 20 6.3.2.4 Flow Control in Liquid Recycle Loop 21 6.3.2.5 Product Quality and Constraint Loops 21 6.4 Conclusion 21 7 Throughput Manipulator Location Selection for Economic Plantwide Control 7.1 Introduction 2 7.2 Throughput Manipulation, Inventory Regulation and Plantwide Variability Propagation 3 7.3 Quantitative Case Studies 6 7.3.1 Case Study I: Recycle Process 7 7.3.1.1 Alternative Control Structures 7 7.3.1.2 Quantitative Back-Off Results 8 7.3.1.3 Salient Observations 10 7.3.2 Case Study II: Recycle Process with Side Reaction 11 7.3.2.1 Economically Optimal Process Operation 11 7.3.2.2 Self Optimizing Variables for Unconstrained Degrees of Freedom 14 7.3.2.3 Plantwide Control System Design 15 7.3.2.4 Dynamic Simulation Results 18 7.4 Discussion 19 7.5 Conclusions 23 7.6 Acknowledgments 23 7.7 Supplementary Information 23 References 24 8 Influence of Process Variability Propagation in Plant-Wide Control 8.1 Introduction 2 8.2 Theoretical Background 5 8.3 Local Unit Operation Control 12 8.3.1 Heat Exchanger 12 8.3.2 Extraction Process 13 8.4 Inventory Control 15 8.4.1 Pressure Control in Gas Headers 15 8.4.2 Parallel Unit Operations 17 8.4.3 Liquid Inventory Control 18 Plant-Wide Control Examples 21 8.5.1 Distillation Column Control 21 8.5.2 Esterification Process 22 8.6 Conclusion 25 References 27 Section III: Methodologies 9 A Review of Plant-Wide Control Methodologies and Applications 9.1 Introduction 1 9.2 Review and Approach-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 3 9.2.1 Heuristics-Based PWC Methods 4 9.2.2 Mathematical-Based PWC Methods 6 9.2.3 Optimization-Based PWC Methods 8 9.2.4 Mixed PWC Methods 9 9.3 Structure-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 12 9.4 Processes Studied in PWC Applications 14 9.5 Comparative Studies on Different Methodologies 16 9.6 Concluding Remarks 18 References 20 10 Integrated Framework of Simulation and Heuristics for Plant-Wide Control System Design 10.1 Introduction 1 10.2 HDA Process: Overview and Simulation 2 10.2.1 Process Description 2 10.2.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Simulation 4 10.3 Integrated Framework Procedure and Application to HDA Plant 5 10.4 Evaluation of the Control System 17 10.5 Conclusions 18 References 20 11 Economic Plantwide Control Introduction 1 Control Layers and Time Scale Separation 3 Plantwide Control Procedure 7 Degrees of Freedom for Operation 9 11.5 Skogestad’s Plantwide Control Procedure 12 Top-Down Part 12 Discussion 29 Conclusion 30 REFERENCES 30 12 Performance Assessment of Plant-Wide Control Systems 12.1 Introduction 2 12.2 Desirable Qualities of a Good Performance Measure 4 12.3 Performance Measure Based on Steady State: Steady-State Operating Cost/Profit 5 12.4 Performance Measures Based on Dynamics 6 12.4.1 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 6 12.4.2 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 7 12.4.3 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 8 12.4.4 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 8 12.4.5 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 10 12.5 Application of the Performance Measures to the HDA Plant Control Structure 11 12.5.1 Steady-State Operating Cost 12 12.5.2 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 12 12.5.3 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 13 12.5.4 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 14 12.5.5 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 15 12.5.6 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 15 12.6 Application of the Performance Measures for Comparing PWC Systems 15 12.7 Discussion and Recommendations 17 12.7.1 Disturbances and Set-Point Changes 17 12.7.2 Performance Measures 19 12.8 Concluding Remarks 21 References 21 Section IV: Applications Studies 13 Design and Control of a Cooled Ammonia Reactor 13.1 Introduction 2 13.2 Cold-Shot Process 4 13.2.1 Process Flowsheet 4 13.2.2 Equipment Sizes, Capital and Energy Costs 6 13.3 Cooled-Reactor Process 7 13.3.1 Process Flowsheet 7 13.3.2 Reaction Kinetics 9 13.3.3 Optimum Economic Design of the Cooled-Reactor Process 10 13.3.3.1 Effect of Pressure 10 13.3.3.2 Effect of Reactor Size 12 13.3.4 Comparison of Cold-Shot and Cooled-Reactor Processes 12 13.4 Control 13 13.5 Conclusion 16 13.6 Acknowledgement 16 References 16 14 Design and Plant-Wide Control of a Biodiesel Plant 14.1 Introduction 1 14.2 Steady-State Plant Design and Simulation 4 14.2.1 Process Design 4 14.2.1.1 Feed and Product Specifications 4 14.2.1.2 Reaction Section 5 14.2.1.3 Separation Section 6 14.2.2 Process Flowsheet and HYSYS Simulation 8 14.3 Optimization of Plant Operation 10 14.4 Application of IFSH to Biodiesel Plant 12 14.5 Validation of the Plant-Wide Control Structure 18 14.6 Conclusions 20 References 20 15 Plant-Wide Control of a Reactive Distillation Process 15.1 Introduction 2 15.2 Design of Ethyl Acetate Reactive-Distillation Process 3 15.2.1 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Models 3 15.2.2 The Process Flowsheet 4 15.2.3 Comparison of the Process Using Either Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalyst 6 15.3 Control Structure Development of the Two Catalyst Systems 8 15.3.1 Inventory Control Loops 8 15.3.2 Product Quality Control Loops 10 15.3.3 Tuning of the Two Temperature Control Loops 12 Closed-Loop Simulation Results 13 15.3.5 Summary of PWC Aspects 15 15.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 16 Control System Design of a Crystallizer Train for Para-Xylene Recovery 16.1 Introduction 3 16.1 Process 5 16.2 Description 5 16.2.1 Para-Xylene Production Process 5 16.2.2 Para-Xylene Recovery Based on Crystallization Technology 6 16.3 Process Model 8 16.3.1 Crystallizer (Units 1–5) 8 16.3.2 Cyclone Separator (Units 9, 11) 10 16.3.3 Centrifugal Separator (Units 8, 10) 11 16.3.4 Overall Process Model 12 16.4 Control System Design 14 16.4.1 Basic Regulatory Control 14 16.4.2 Steady State Optimal Operation Policy 15 16.4.2.1 Maximization of Para-Xylene Recovery 15 16.4.2.2 Load Distribution 17 16.4.3 Design of Optimizing Controllers 19 16.4.3.1 Multiloop Controller 20 16.4.3.2 Multivariable Controller 20 16.4.3.3 Simulation 21 16.4.4 Incorporation of Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.1 LP Based Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.2 Simulation 24 16.4.5 Justification of MPC Application 25 16.5 Conclusions 26 16.6 5.A Linear Steady State Model and Constraints 27 References 29 17 Modeling and Control of Industrial Off-Gas Systems 17.1 Introduction 3 17.2 Process Description 5 Off-Gas System Model Development 7 17.3.1 Roaster off-Gas Train 8 17.3.2 Furnace Off-Gas Train 12 17.4 Control of Smelter Off-Gas Systems 14 17.4.1 Roaster Off-Gas System 15 17.4.1.1 Degree of Freedom Analysis 15 17.4.1.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 16 17.4.1.3 Optimization 17 17.4.1.4 Production Rate 19 17.4.1.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control 21 17.4.1.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structure 22 17.4.2 Furnace Off-Gas System 22 17.4.2.1 Manipulated Variables and Degree of Freedom Analysis 22 17.4.2.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 23 17.4.2.3 Optimization 24 17.4.2.4 Production Rate 26 17.4.2.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control Layer 27 17.4.2.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structures 28 17.5 Conclusion 28 Notation 29 Subscripts 32 References 33 Section V: Emerging Topics 18 Plant-Wide Control via a Network of Autonomous Controllers 18.1 Introduction 2 18.2 Process and Controller Networks 7 18.2.1 Representation of Process Network 7 18.2.2 Representation of Control Network 10 Plant-Wide Stability Analysis Based on Dissipativity 13 18.4 Controller Network Design 18 18.4.1 Transformation of the Network Topology 18 Plant-Wide Connective Stability 25 18.4.3 Performance Design 27 18.5 Case Study 31 18.5.1 Process Model 32 18.5.2 Distributed Control System Design 34 18.6 Discussions and Conclusion 35 References 40 19 Co-Ordinated, Distributed Plant-Wide Control 19.1 Introduction 2 Co-Ordination Based Plant-Wide Control 8 19.2.1 Price-Driven Co-Ordination 11 19.2.1.1 The Price Decomposition Principle 11 19.2.1.2 Algorithm 12 Price-Driven Co-Ordination Procedure: 14 19.2.1.4 Summary 15 19.2.2 Augmented Price-Driven Method 15 19.2.2.1 The Newton Based Price Update Method as a Negotiation Principle 17 19.2.3 Resource Allocation Co-Ordination 18 19.2.3.1 Resource Allocation Principle 18 19.2.3.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 18 19.2.4 Prediction-Driven Co-Ordination 21 19.2.4.1 Prediction-Driven Principle 21 19.2.4.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 23 19.2.4.3 Prediction Driven Co-Ordination Procedure 23 19.2.5 Economic Interpretation 24 19.3 Case Studies 25 19.3.1 A Pulp Mill Process 25 19.3.1.1 Problem Formulation 25 Plant-Wide Coordination and Performance Comparison 27 19.3.2 A Forced-Circulation Evaporator System 29 19.3.2.1 Problem Formulation 30 Plant-Wide Co-Ordination and Performance 32 19.4 The Future 34 References 38 20 Determination of Plant-Wide Control Loop Configuration and Eco-Efficiency 20.1 Introduction 1 20.2 Relative Gain Array (RGA) and Relative Exergy Gain Array (REA) 4 20.2.1 Relative Gain Array (RGA) 4 20.2.2 Relative Exergy Array (REA) 6 20.2.2.1 Exergy 6 20.2.2.2 Relative Exergy Array 8 20.3 Exergy Calculation Procedure 10 20.4 Case Study 13 20.4.1 Distillation Column 13 20.4.2 Case Study 2 15 20.5 Summary 19 References
£128.20
