Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books

Book SynopsisCHEMICAL PROCESS ENGINEERING Written by one of the most prolific and respected chemical engineers in the world and his co-author, also a well-known and respected engineer, this two-volume set is the new standard in the industry, offering engineers and students alike the most up-do-date, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art coverage of processes and best practices in the field today. This new two-volume set explores and describes integrating new tools for engineering education and practice for better utilization of the existing knowledge on process design. Useful not only for students, university professors, and practitioners, especially process, chemical, mechanical and metallurgical engineers, it is also a valuable reference for other engineers, consultants, technicians and scientists concerned about various aspects of industrial design. The text can be considered as complementary to process design for senior and graduate students as well as a hands-on reference work or refresher for engineers at entry level. The contents of the book can also be taught in intensive workshops in the oil, gas, petrochemical, biochemical and process industries. The book provides a detailed description and hands-on experience on process design in chemical engineering, and it is an integrated text that focuses on practical design with new tools, such as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and UniSim simulation software. Written by two of the industry's most trustworthy and well-known authors, this book is the new standard in chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and petroleum refining. Covering design, analysis, simulation, integration, and, perhaps most importantly, the practical application of Microsoft Excel-UniSim software, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of all of the latest developments in the industry. It is a must-have for any engineer or student's library.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii About the Authors xxv 8 Heat Transfer 505 9 Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Network 947 10 Process Safety and Pressure-Relieving Devices 1093 11 Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design 1253 12 Engineering Economics 1335 13 Optimization in Chemical/Petroleum Engineering 1363 Epilogue 1405 Index 1415

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsTable of Contents v List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Glossary xxiii Acknowledgments xxix Preface xxxiii Part 1: Introduction, Background, and History of Cybersecurity 1 1 Purpose of this Book 1 1.1 Target Audience 6 1.2 What is Cybersecurity? 6 1.3 What is Operational Technology (OT)? 10 1.4 Which industries have OT? 13 1.5 Scope 15 1.6 Organization of the Book 17 2 Types of Cyber-Attacks, Who Engages in Them and Why 19 2.1 Types of Cyber-Attacks 19 2.2 Who Commits Cybercrimes and Their Motives 26 2.3 Summary 30 3 Types of Risk Receptors / Targets 33 3.1 What is Cybersecurity Risk 35 3.2 What are Common Cybersecurity Targets? 38 3.3 Types of Cybersecurity Consequences 43 3.4 Summary 45 4 Threat Sources and Types of Attacks 47 4.1 Non-Targeted Attacks 49 4.2 Targeted Attacks 53 4.3 Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) 58 4.4 Summary 62 5 Who Could Create a Cyber Risk? Insider vs Outsider Threats 65 5.1 Insider Cybersecurity Risk 65 5.2 Outsider Cybersecurity Risk 69 5.3 Summary 71 6 Case Histories 73 6.1 Maroochy Shire 73 6.2 Stuxnet 77 6.3 German Steel Mill 81 6.4 Ukrainian Power Grid 84 6.5 NotPetya 91 6.6 Triton 95 6.7 Düsseldorf Hospital Ransomware 99 6.8 SolarWinds 101 6.9 Florida Water System 105 6.10 Colonial Pipeline Ransomware 107 6.11 Summary 110 Part 2: Integrating Cybersecurity Management into the Process Safety Framework 113 7 General Model for Understanding Cybersecurity Risk 113 7.1 Cybersecurity Lifecycle 113 7.2 Integrated Cybersecurity and Safety Lifecycle 121 7.3 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 129 7.4 Summary 138 8 Designing a Secure Industrial Automation and Control System 141 8.1 The Disconnect between IT and OT Risk Management 141 8.2 Inherently Safer vs Inherently More Secure 146 8.3 Defense-in-Depth 149 8.4 Network Segmentation 153 8.5 System Hardening 173 8.6 Security Monitoring 176 8.7 Risk Compatibility Assessment 180 8.8 Summary 182 9 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) 183 9.1 Use of Process Safety Tools to Identify and Manage Cybersecurity Risk 185 9.2 Qualitative Methods 187 9.3 Quantitative Methods 217 9.4 How to Prioritize Risk Reduction Measures? 231 9.5 Revalidation/Reassessment 232 9.6 Summary 233 10 Manage the Risk 235 10.1 Management Approach 235 10.2 Initial Steps 236 10.3 Cybersecurity Culture 240 10.4 Compliance with Standards 242 10.5 Cybersecurity Competency 246 10.6 Workforce Involvement 248 10.7 Stakeholder Outreach 251 10.8 Process Knowledge Management 252 10.9 Operating Procedures 256 10.10 Safe Work Practices 259 10.11 Management of Change 262 10.12 Asset Integrity and Reliability 266 10.13 Contractor Management 272 10.14 Training and Performance Assurance 275 10.15 Operational Readiness 278 10.16 Conduct of Operations 281 10.17 Emergency Management 285 10.18 Incident Investigation 290 10.19 Measurements and Metrics 295 10.20 Auditing 300 10.21 Management Review and Continuous Improvement 304 10.22 Summary 307 11 Implementing a Holistic Approach to Safety and Cybersecurity 311 11.1 Cybersecurity Management Systems (CSMS) 312 11.2 Integrating CSMS with Process Safety Management 327 11.3 Summary 334 Part 3: Where Do We Go from Here? 337 12 What’s Next? A Look at Future Development Opportunities 337 12.1 Cybersecurity Adoption Trends 338 12.2 Emerging Technologies 350 12.3 Summary 353 13 Available Resources 355 13.1 Local, Regional, and Global Topics 355 13.2 Cybersecurity Incident Repositories 362 13.3 Competency Requirements and Training Availability 363 13.4 Administration vs Accountability Functions 368 13.5 Summary 370 Appendix A Excerpt from NIST Cybersecurity Framework 371 Appendix B Detailed Cybersecurity PHA and LOPA Example 377 B.1 System Basis 377 B.2 Initial Risk Assessment 382 B.3 Detailed Risk Assessment (Cyber PHA/HAZOP) 387 B.4 LOPA/ Semi-Quantitative SL Verification 405 Appendix C Example Cybersecurity Metrics 411 Appendix D Cybersecurity Sample Audit Question List 413 Appendix E Management System Review Examples 419 References 421 Index 437

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Book SynopsisFACTORIES OF THE FUTURE The book provides insight into various technologies adopted and to be adopted in the future by industries and measures the impact of these technologies on manufacturing performance and their sustainability. Businesses and manufacturers face a slew of demands beyond the usual issues of staying agile and surviving in a competitive landscape within a rapidly changing world. Factories of the Future deftly takes the reader through the continuous technology changes and looks ten years down the road at what manufacturing will mostly look like. The book is divided into two parts: Emerging technologies and advancements in existing technologies. Emerging technologies consist of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 themes, machine learning, intelligent machining, advanced maintenance, reliability, and green manufacturing. The advances of existing technologies consist of digital manufacturing, artificial intelligence in machine learning, Internet of Things, pTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Factories of the Future 1 Talwinder Singh and Davinder Singh 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Factory of the Future 3 1.1.1 Plant Structure 3 1.1.2 Plant Digitization 4 1.1.3 Plant Processes 4 1.1.4 Industry of the Future: A Fully Integrated Industry 5 1.2 Current Manufacturing Environment 6 1.3 Driving Technologies and Market Readiness 8 1.4 Connected Factory, Smart Factory, and Smart Manufacturing 11 1.4.1 Potential Benefits of a Connected Factory 13 1.5 Digital and Virtual Factory 13 1.5.1 Digital Factory 13 1.5.2 Virtual Factory 14 1.6 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies 14 1.6.1 Advantages of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies 16 1.7 Role of Factories of the Future (FoF) in Manufacturing Performance 17 1.8 Socio-Econo-Techno Justification of Factories of the Future 17 References 18 2 Industry 5.0 21 Talwinder Singh, Davinder Singh, Chandan Deep Singh and Kanwaljit Singh 2.1 Introduction 22 2.1.1 Industry 5.0 for Manufacturing 22 2.1.1.1 Industrial Revolutions 23 2.1.2 Real Personalization in Industry 5.0 25 2.1.3 Industry 5.0 for Human Workers 28 2.2 Individualized Human-Machine-Interaction 29 2.3 Industry 5.0 is Designed to Empower Humans, Not to Replace Them 31 2.4 Concerns in Industry 5.0 32 2.5 Humans Closer to the Design Process of Manufacturing 35 2.5.1 Enablers of Industry 5.0 36 2.6 Challenges and Enablers (Socio-Econo-Techno Justification) 37 2.6.1 Social Dimension 37 2.6.2 Governmental and Political Dimension 38 2.6.3 Interdisciplinarity 40 2.6.4 Economic Dimension 40 2.6.5 Scalability 41 2.7 Concluding Remarks 42 References 43 3 Machine Learning – A Survey 47 Navdeep Singh and Aanchal Goyal 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Machine Learning 49 3.2.1 Unsupervised Machine Learning 50 3.2.2 Variety of Unsupervised Learning 51 3.2.3 Supervised Machine Learning 52 3.2.4 Categories of Supervised Learning 54 3.3 Reinforcement Machine Learning 54 3.3.1 Applications of Reinforcement Learning 56 3.3.2 Dimensionality Reduction 57 3.4 Importance of Dimensionality Reduction in Machine Learning 58 3.4.1 Methods of Dimensionality Reduction 58 3.4.1.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 58 3.4.1.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 59 3.4.1.3 Generalized Discriminant Analysis (GDA) 61 3.5 Distance Measures 61 3.6 Clustering 65 3.6.1 Algorithms in Clustering 67 3.6.2 Applications of Clustering 68 3.6.3 Iterative Distance-Based Clustering 69 3.7 Hierarchical Model 70 3.8 Density-Based Clustering 72 3.8.1 Dbscan 72 3.8.2 Optics 73 3.9 Role of Machine Learning in Factories of the Future 74 3.10 Identification of the Probable Customers 75 3.11 Conclusion 78 References 79 4 Understanding Neural Networks 83 Er. Lal Chand, Sikander Singh Cheema and Manpreet Kaur 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Components of Neural Networks 84 4.2.1 Neurons 85 4.2.2 Synapses and Weights 86 4.2.3 Bias 86 4.2.4 Architecture of Neural Networks 86 4.2.5 How Do Neural Networks Work? 87 4.2.6 Types of Neural Networks 88 4.2.6.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 88 4.2.6.2 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) 89 4.2.6.3 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 89 4.2.7 Learning Techniques in Neural Network 90 4.2.8 Applications of Neural Network 90 4.2.9 Advantages of Neural Networks 91 4.2.10 Disadvantages of Neural Network 91 4.2.11 Limitations of Neural Networks 92 4.3 Back-Propagation 92 4.3.1 Working of Back-Propagation 92 4.3.2 Types of Back-Propagation 93 4.3.2.1 Static Back-Propagation 93 4.3.2.2 Recurrent Back-Propagation 93 4.3.2.3 Advantages of Back-Propagation 94 4.3.2.4 Disadvantages of Back-Propagation 94 4.4 Activation Function (AF) 94 4.4.1 Sigmoid Active Function 94 4.4.1.1 Advantages 95 4.4.1.2 Disadvantages 95 4.4.2 RELU Activation Function 95 4.4.2.1 Advantages 96 4.4.2.2 Disadvantages 96 4.4.3 TANH Active Function 96 4.4.3.1 Advantages 97 4.4.3.2 Disadvantages 97 4.4.4 Linear Function 97 4.4.5 Advantages 98 4.4.6 Disadvantages 98 4.4.7 Softmax Function 98 4.4.8 Advantages 98 4.5 Comparison of Activation Functions 98 4.6 Machine Learning 99 4.6.1 Applications of Machine Learning 100 4.7 Conclusion 100 References 101 5 Intelligent Machining 103 Jasvinder Singh, Chandan Deep Singh and Dharmpal Deepak 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Requirements for the Developments of Intelligent Machining 104 5.3 Components of Intelligent Machining 105 5.3.1 Intelligent Sensors 106 5.3.1.1 Features of Intelligent Sensors 106 5.3.1.2 Functions of Intelligent Sensors 107 5.3.1.3 Data Acquisition and Management System to Process and Store Signals 111 5.3.2 Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery Component 113 5.3.3 Database Knowledge Discovery 114 5.3.4 Programmable Logical Controller (PLC) 115 5.3.5 Role of Intelligent Machining for Implementation of Green Manufacturing 117 5.3.6 Information Integration via Knowledge Graphs 118 5.4 Conclusion 119 References 120 6 Advanced Maintenance and Reliability 121 Davinder Singh and Talwinder Singh 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Condition-Based Maintenance 122 6.3 Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS) 124 6.4 Preventive Maintenance (PM) 127 6.5 Predictive Maintenance (PdM) 128 6.6 Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) 129 6.6.1 RCM Principles 130 6.7 Condition Monitoring and Residual Life Prediction 131 6.8 Sustainability 133 6.8.1 Role of Sustainability in Manufacturing 134 6.9 Concluding Remarks 135 References 136 7 Digital Manufacturing 143 Jasvinder Singh, Chandan Deep Singh and Dharmpal Deepak 7.1 Introduction 144 7.2 Product Life Cycle and Transition 146 7.3 Digital Thread 148 7.4 Digital Manufacturing Security 150 7.5 Role of Digital Manufacturing in Future Factories 151 7.6 Digital Manufacturing and CNC Machining 152 7.6.1 Introduction to CNC Machining 152 7.6.2 Equipment’s Used in CNC Machining 153 7.6.3 Analyzing Digital Manufacturing Design Considerations 153 7.6.4 Finishing of Part After Machining 153 7.7 Additive Manufacturing 154 7.7.1 Objective of Additive Manufacturing 155 7.7.2 Design Consideration 155 7.8 Role of Digital Manufacturing for Implementation of Green Manufacturing in Future Industries 155 7.9 Conclusion 156 References 157 8 Artificial Intelligence in Machine Learning 161 Sikander Singh Cheema, Er. Lal Chand and Bhagwant Singh 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Case Studies 162 8.3 Advantages of A.I. in ml 164 8.4 Artificial Intelligence – Basics 166 8.4.1 History of A.I. 166 8.4.2 Limitations of Human Mind 166 8.4.3 Real Artificial Intelligence 166 8.4.4 Artificial Intelligence Subfields 167 8.4.5 The Positives of A.I. 167 8.4.6 Machine Learning 168 8.4.7 Machine Learning Models 168 8.4.8 Neural Networks 169 8.4.9 Constraints of Machine Learning 170 8.4.10 Different Kinds of Machine Learning 171 8.5 Application of Artificial Intelligence 171 8.5.1 Expert Systems 172 8.5.2 Natural Language Processing 172 8.5.3 Speech Recognition 172 8.5.4 Computer Vision 172 8.5.5 Robotics 172 8.6 Neural Networks (N.N.) Basics 173 8.6.1 Application of Neural Networks 173 8.6.2 Architecture of Neural Networks 173 8.6.3 Working of Artificial Neural Networks 175 8.7 Convolution Neural Networks 176 8.7.1 Working of Convolutional Neural Networks 176 8.7.2 Overview of CNN 181 8.7.3 Working of CNN 181 8.8 Image Classification 182 8.8.1 Concept of Image Classification 182 8.8.2 Type of Learning 182 8.8.3 Features of Image Classification 183 8.8.4 Examples of Image Classification 183 8.9 Text Classification 183 8.9.1 Text Classification Examples 183 8.9.2 Phases of Text Classification 184 8.9.3 Text Classification API 186 8.10 Recurrent Neural Network 186 8.10.1 Type of Recurrent Neural Network 187 8.11 Building Recurrent Neural Network 187 8.12 Long Short Term Memory Networks (LSTMs) 190 References 193 9 Internet of Things 195 Davinder Singh 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 M2M and Web of Things 198 9.3 Wireless Networks 199 9.4 Service Oriented Architecture 203 9.5 Complexity of Networks 205 9.6 Wireless Sensor Networks 205 9.7 Cloud Computing 207 9.8 Cloud Simulators 211 9.9 Fog Computing 214 9.10 Applications of IoT 217 9.11 Research Gaps and Challenges in IoT 220 9.12 Concluding Remarks 223 References 224 10 Product Life Cycle 229 Harpreet Singh, Neetu Kaplas, Amant Sharma and Sahil Raj 10.1 Introduction 230 10.2 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) 230 10.2.1 Why Product Lifecycle Management? 231 10.2.2 Biological Product Lifecycle Stages 231 10.2.3 An Example Related to Stages in Product Lifecycle Management 233 10.2.4 Advanced Stages in Product Lifecycle Management 234 10.2.5 Strategies of Product Lifecycle Management 235 10.3 High and Low-Level Skimming Strategies/Rapid or Slow Skimming Strategies 236 10.3.1 Considerations in High and Low-Level Pricing 236 10.3.2 Penetration Pricing Strategy 236 10.3.3 Example for Penetration Pricing Strategy 237 10.3.4 Considerations in Penetration Pricing 237 10.4 How Do Product Lifecycle Management Work? 240 10.5 Application Process of Product Lifecycle Management (plm) 241 10.6 Role of Unified Modelling Language (UML) 242 10.6.1 UML Activity Diagrams 243 10.7 Management of Product Information Throughout the Entire Product Lifecycle 244 10.8 PDM System in an Organization 245 10.8.1 Benefits of PDM 245 10.8.2 How Does the PDM Work? 245 10.8.3 The Services of Product Data Management 246 10.9 System Architecture 247 10.9.1 Process of System Architecture 248 10.10 Concepts of Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) 250 10.10.1 Benefits of Model-Based System Engineering (mbse) 251 10.11 Challenges of Post-COVID 19 in Manufacturing Sector 251 10.12 Recent Updates in Product Life Cycle 252 10.13 Conclusion 253 References 254 11 Case Studies 257 Chandan Deep Singh and Harleen Kaur 11.1 Case Study in a Two-Wheeler Manufacturing Industry 258 11.1.1 Company Strategy 258 11.1.2 Initiatives Towards Technological Advancement 262 11.1.3 Management Initiatives 263 11.1.4 Sustainable Development Goals 265 11.1.5 Growth Framework with Customer Needs 269 11.1.6 Vision for the Future 270 11.2 Case Study in a Four-Wheeler Manufacturing Unit 271 11.2.1 Company Principles 271 11.2.2 Company Objectives 271 11.2.3 Company Strategy and Business Initiatives 272 11.2.4 Technology Initiatives 272 11.2.5 Management Initiatives 273 11.2.6 Quality 275 11.2.7 Sustainable Development Goals 276 11.2.8 Future Plan of Action 280 11.3 Conclusions 281 11.3.1 Limitations 282 11.3.2 Suggestions for Future Work 282 Index 285

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Book SynopsisDIGITAL CONVERGENCE in ANTENNA DESIGN The latest addition to this series presents high-quality original research contributions on analytical and practical models and ideas in the field of antennas, including a thorough look at RF techniques like antennas, RFID, and filters with special emphasis on real-time applications like e-health, RADAR, and mobile and satellite communications. This book is intended to disseminate recent trends in antenna designs for real-time applications that leverage digital convergence. The book intends to report the latest research findings, as well as the state-of-the-art RF techniques related to antennas, RFID, filters, etc., with special emphasis on real-time applications like e-health, RADAR, and mobile and satellite communications. The book can be used as a reference for researchers who want to explore the convergence of AI/ML/DL, big data, and IoT in the areas of antenna and advanced communication technologies for real-tim

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Book SynopsisROLE OF MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES The book covers recent breakthroughs and highlights the major role microbes play in industrial products and processes. With the advent of industrial biotechnology, microbes became popular as cell factories, and with the recent advancements in recombinant DNA technology, the application of microorganisms in various sectors has increased enormously for the development of various processes and products. Role of Microbes in Industrial Products and Processes covers recent breakthroughs and highlights the major role microbes play in industrial products and processes. It mainly focuses on the bio-refinery concept where bio-energy production and wastewater treatment are done simultaneously using micro-algae. Additionally, this book describes the role of microbes involved in the production of various enzymes, organic acids, and bio-polymers. It also provides detailed insight on modeling and simulation of bioprocess for the production of suga

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Book SynopsisDistillation has historically been the main method for separating mixtures in the chemical process industry. However, despite the flexibility and widespread use of distillation processes, they still remain extremely energy inefficient.Trade Review“In conclusion, this book will be of most interest to chemical engineers working in the field of process intensification and distillation of petrochemicals and related materials.” (Organic Process Research & Development Journal, 26 July 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Basic Concepts in Distillation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Physical Property Methods 2 1.3 Vapor Pressure 6 1.4 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and VLE Non-ideality 8 1.5 Relative Volatility 13 1.6 Bubble Point Calculations 14 1.7 Ternary Diagrams and Residue Curve Maps 16 1.8 Analysis of Distillation Columns 24 1.9 Concluding Remarks 34 References 35 2 Design, Control and Economics of Distillation 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Design Principles 38 2.3 Basics of Distillation Control 44 2.4 Economic Evaluation 55 2.5 Concluding Remarks 63 References 64 3 Dividing-Wall Column 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 DWC Configurations 70 3.3 Design of DWCs 75 3.4 Modeling of a DWC 83 3.5 DWC Equipment 87 3.6 Case Study: Separation of Aromatics 97 3.7 Concluding Remarks 103 References 107 4 Optimal Operation and Control of DWC 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Degrees of Freedom Analysis 112 4.3 Optimal Operation and Vmin Diagram 114 4.4 Overview of DWC Control Structures 117 4.5 Control Guidelines and Rules 128 4.6 Case Study: Pentane–Hexane–Heptane Separation 129 4.7 Case Study: Energy Efficient Control of a BTX DWC 132 4.8 Concluding Remarks 148 References 149 5 Advanced Control Strategies for DWC 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Overview of Previous Work 154 5.3 Dynamic Model of a DWC 156 5.4 Conventional versus Advanced Control Strategies 163 5.5 Energy Efficient Control Strategies 171 5.6 Concluding Remarks 180 Notation 181 References 183 6 Applications of Dividing-Wall Columns 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Separation of Ternary and Multicomponent Mixtures 188 6.3 Reactive Dividing-Wall Column 195 6.4 Azeotropic Dividing-Wall Column 198 6.5 Extractive Dividing-Wall Column 199 6.6 Revamping of Conventional Columns to DWC 203 6.7 Case Study: Dimethyl Ether Synthesis by R-DWC 205 6.8 Case Study: Bioethanol Dehydration by A-DWC and E-DWC 212 6.9 Concluding Remarks 223 References 223 7 Heat Pump Assisted Distillation 229 7.1 Introduction 229 7.2 Working Principle 231 7.3 Vapor (Re)compression 232 7.4 Absorption–Resorption Heat Pumps 234 7.5 Thermo-acoustic Heat Pump 236 7.6 Other Heat Pumps 240 7.7 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column 244 7.8 Technology Selection Scheme 245 7.9 Concluding Remarks 265 References 265 8 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column 271 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 Working Principle 273 8.3 Thermodynamic Analysis 277 8.4 Potential Energy Savings 280 8.5 Design and Construction Options 282 8.6 Modeling and Simulation 295 8.7 Process Dynamics, Control, and Operation 297 8.8 Applications of HIDiC 300 8.9 Concluding Remarks 304 References 305 9 Cyclic Distillation 311 9.1 Introduction 311 9.2 Overview of Cyclic Distillation Processes 313 9.3 Process Description 316 9.4 Mathematical and Hydrodynamic Model 319 9.5 Modeling and Design of Cyclic Distillation 327 9.6 Control of Cyclic Distillation 335 9.7 Cyclic Distillation Case Studies 338 9.8 Concluding Remarks 347 References 349 10 Reactive Distillation 353 10.1 Introduction 353 10.2 Principles of Reactive Distillation 354 10.3 Design, Control and Applications 357 10.4 Modeling Reactive Distillation 362 10.5 Feasibility and Technical Evaluation 364 10.6 Case Study: Advanced Control of a Reactive Distillation Column 371 10.7 Case Study: Biodiesel Production by Heat-Integrated RD 378 10.8 Case Study: Fatty Esters Synthesis by Dual RD 383 10.9 Concluding Remarks 387 References 388 Index 393

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Book SynopsisWith resources at a premium, and ecological concerns paramount, the need for clean, efficient and low-cost processes is one of the most critical challenges facing chemical engineers. The ability to control these processes, optimizing one, two or several variables has the potential to make more substantial savings in time, money and resources than any other single factor. Building on the success of the previous editions, this new third edition of A Real-Time Approach to Process Control employs both real industry practice and process control education without the use of complex or highly mathematical techniques, providing a more practical and applied approach. Updated throughout, this edition: Includes a brand new chapter on Model predictive Control (MPC) Now includes wireless and web-based technologies Covers bio-related systems Details the new multivariable control measure developed by the authors Includes PowTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Foreword and Endorsements xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 A Brief History of Process Control and Process Simulation 1 1.1 Process Control 1 1.2 Process Simulation 5 References 11 2 Process Control Hardware Fundamentals 15 2.1 Control System Components 15 2.2 Primary Elements 16 2.3 Final Control Elements 33 References 53 3 Fundamentals of Single-Input/Single-Output Systems 55 3.1 Open Loop Control 55 3.2 Disturbances 56 3.3 Feedback Control – Overview 57 3.4 Feedback Control – A Closer Look 60 3.5 Process Attributes – Capacitance and Dead Time 66 3.6 Process Dynamic Response 74 3.7 Process Modelling and Simulation 76 References 93 4 Basic Control Modes 95 4.1 On–Off Control 95 4.2 Proportional (P-Only) Control 97 4.3 Integral (I-Only) Control 102 4.4 Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control 105 4.5 Derivative Action 107 4.6 Proportional Plus Derivative (PD) Controller 108 4.7 Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Control 111 4.8 Digital Electronic Controller Forms 112 4.9 Choosing the Correct Controller 112 4.10 Controller Hardware 114 References 117 5 Tuning Feedback Controllers 119 5.1 Quality of Control and Optimization 119 5.2 Tuning Methods 123 References 132 6 Advanced Topics in Classical Automatic Control 133 6.1 Cascade Control 133 6.2 Feedforward Control 137 6.3 Ratio Control 140 6.4 Override Control (Auto Selectors) 142 6.5 Split Range Control 147 References 149 7 Common Control Loops 151 7.1 Flow Loops 151 7.2 Liquid Pressure Loops 153 7.3 Liquid Level Control 155 7.4 Gas Pressure Loops 165 7.5 Temperature Control Loops 166 7.6 Pump Control 172 7.7 Compressor Control 172 7.8 Boiler Control 179 References 182 8 Distillation Column Control 185 8.1 Basic Terms 185 8.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Degrees of Freedom 186 8.3 Control System Objectives and Design Considerations 188 8.4 Methodology for Selection of a Controller Structure 190 8.5 Level, Pressure, Temperature and Composition Control 192 8.6 Optimizing Control 199 Section Sidestream 199 8.7 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Steady-State Models 204 8.8 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Dynamic Models 212 References 213 9 Using Steady-State Methods in a Multi-loop Control Scheme 215 9.1 Variable Pairing 215 9.2 The Relative Gain Array 216 9.3 Niederlinski Index 220 9.4 Decoupling Control Loops 220 9.5 Tuning the Controllers for Multi-loop Systems 222 9.6 Practical Examples 222 9.7 Summary 232 References 232 10 Plant-Wide Control 233 10.1 Short-Term versus Long-Term Control Focus 233 10.2 Cascaded Units 235 10.3 Recycle Streams 236 10.4 General Considerations for Plant-Wide Control 241 References 242 11 Advanced Process Control 245 11.1 Advanced Process Control 245 11.2 Model Predictive Control 246 11.3 Dynamic Matrix Control 249 11.4 General Considerations for Model Predictive Control Implementation 253 References 254 Appendix A P&ID Symbols 257 Appendix B Glossary of Terms 261 Appendix C New Capabilities with Control Technology Hardware and Software 267 Workshop 1 Learning through Doing 279 Workshop 2 Feedback Control Loop Concepts 283 Workshop 3 Process Capacity and Dead Time 289 Workshop 4 Feedback Control 295 Workshop 5 Controller Tuning for Capacity and Dead Time Processes 303 Workshop 6 Topics in Advanced Control 311 Workshop 7 Distillation Control 321 Workshop 8 Plant Operability and Controllability 333 Index

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Book SynopsisINDUSTRIAL VALVES Improve the design and safety of your industrial valves with this comprehensive guide Industrial valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids, gases, or slurries. They are fundamental to multiple industries, including marine shipping, in which valves regulate power supply, wastewater, water for fire-fighting, and other shipboard essentials. They are also critical to the oil and gas industry, where valves are used to control the flow of oil or gas out of deposits, direct the crude oil refining process, protect key areas and equipment from spillage and overflow, and more. Without the safety and regulating power provided by industrial valves these industries could not proceed. This book provides a thorough introduction to the modeling and calculation of key challenges related to valve design, manufacturing, and operation. It focuses particularly on solving problems of material failure due to corrosion and cavitation, allowing readers to construcTable of Contents1 Flow Capacity 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Flow Coefficient Chart and Flow Curve 8 1.3 Rangeability and Turndown 12 1.4 Valve Authority 14 1.5 Valve Gain 15 Questions and Answers 16 Further Reading 20 2 Valve Sizing 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Isolation Valve Sizing 22 2.3 Nonreturn (Check) Valve Sizing 26 2.4 Control Valve Sizing 34 2.4.1 Control Valve Sizing for Liquids 34 2.4.1.1 Specify the Variables Required to Size the Valve 35 2.4.1.2 Determine the Equation Constant (N) 37 2.4.1.3 Determine Piping Geometry Factor (FP) 37 2.4.1.4 Determine the Maximum Flow Rate (qmax) and Maximum Pressure Drop (ΔPmax) 39 2.4.1.5 Solve for Flow Coefficient 44 2.4.1.6 Select the Correct Valve Size 44 2.4.2 Control Valve Sizing for Gas and Steam 47 2.4.2.1 Specify the Variables Required to Size the Valve 47 2.4.2.2 Determine the Equation Constant (N) 48 2.4.2.3 Determine Piping Geometry Factor (FP) 48 2.4.2.4 Determine the Expansion Factor (Y) 48 2.4.2.5 Solve for the Required Flow Coefficient (Cv) 50 2.5 Safety Relief Valve Sizing 56 2.5.1 Sizing for Gas or Vapor Relief 59 2.5.1.1 Critical Flow 59 2.5.1.2 Subcritical Flow 73 2.5.2 Sizing for Steam Relief 75 2.5.3 Sizing for Liquid Relief 79 2.5.3.1 Sizing for Liquid Relief with Capacity Certification 79 2.5.3.2 Sizing for Liquid Relief Without Capacity Certification 84 2.5.4 Sizing for Two-Phase Liquid/Vapor Relief 85 2.5.4.1 Sizing for Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor, Liquid Flashes 88 2.5.4.2 Sizing for Subcooled at the Pressure Relief Valve Inlet 91 2.5.5 Sizing for Fire Case and Hydraulic Expansion 93 2.5.5.1 Hydraulic Expansion (Thermal Expansion) 95 2.5.5.2 Sizing Safety Valve for the Fire Case 96 Questions and Answers 103 Further Reading 110 3 Cavitation and Flashing 112 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 Cavitation 112 3.2.1 What is Cavitation? 112 3.2.2 Cavitation Essential Parameters 113 3.2.3 Cavitation Analysis 115 3.3 Flashing 116 Questions and Answers 118 Further Reading 123 4 Wall Thickness 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 ASME B16.34 Minimum Wall Thickness Calculation 125 4.2.1 Conservation Approach (Mandatory Appendix A) 125 4.2.2 Nonconservation Method 129 4.2.3 ASME Sec. VIII Div. 02 Wall Thickness Calculation 134 4.3 Wafer Design Thickness Validation 136 Questions and Answers 142 Further Reading 147 5 Material and Corrosion 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Carbon Dioxide Corrosion 150 5.2.1 Corrosion Mechanism 150 5.2.2 Corrosion Mitigation 151 5.2.3 Corrosion Rate Calculation 152 5.2.3.1 Basic CO2 Corrosion Rate 152 5.2.3.2 Corrective CO2 Corrosion Rate 154 5.2.3.3 Final CO2 Corrosion Rate 161 5.3 Pitting Corrosion 162 5.4 Carbon Equivalent 165 5.5 Hydrogen-Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) Corrosion 167 5.5.1 HISC and Vulnerable Materials 168 5.5.2 HISC and Stress 168 5.5.3 HISC and Cathodic Protection 168 5.5.4 HISC and DNV Standard 169 Questions and Answers 177 Further Reading 184 6 Noise 185 6.1 Introduction to Sound 185 6.2 Introduction to Noise 186 6.3 Noise in Industrial Valves 189 6.3.1 Mechanical Noise and Vibration 190 6.3.2 Fluid Noise 190 6.3.2.1 Aerodynamic Noise 191 6.3.2.2 Hydrodynamic Noise 191 6.3.3 Noise Control Strategies 191 6.4 Noise Calculations for Pipes and Valves 192 6.4.1 Acoustic Fatigue Analysis 192 6.4.1.1 Sound Power Level Calculations 193 6.4.1.2 Mach Number 198 6.4.2 Noise in Control Valves 203 6.4.2.1 Aerodynamic Noise in Control Valves 203 6.4.2.2 Hydrodynamic Noise in Control Valves 208 6.4.3 Noise in Pressure Safety or Relief Valves 215 6.4.3.1 Calculation of Noise Emission According to ISO 4126-9 216 6.4.3.2 Calculation of Noise Emission According to API 521 218 6.4.3.3 Calculation of Noise Emission According to VDI 2713 221 Questions and Answers 222 Further Reading 231 7 Water Hammering 233 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Water Hammering and Pressure Loss in Check Valves 233 7.3 Water Hammering Calculations 243 Questions and Answers 249 Further Reading 256 8 Safety Valves 258 8.1 Introduction 258 8.2 Safety Valve Parts 259 8.3 Safety Valve Design and Operation 259 8.3.1 Design and Operation Parameters 259 8.3.1.1 Overpressure Criteria 277 8.3.2 Principle of Operation 278 8.3.3 Safety Valve Reaction Forces 282 8.3.4 Safety Valve Capacity Conversion 294 Questions and Answers 296 Further Reading 302 9 Safety and Reliability 304 9.1 Introduction 304 9.2 Safety Standards 305 9.3 Risk Analysis 308 9.4 Basic Safety and Reliability Concepts 312 9.4.1 System Incidents and Failures 312 9.4.1.1 Failure Rate 313 9.4.1.2 Repair Rate 317 9.4.1.3 Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) 317 9.4.1.4 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) 318 9.4.1.5 Mean Time to Repair and Recovery (MTTR) 319 9.4.1.6 Mean Time to Detection (MTTD) 319 9.4.2 Reliability and Unreliability 319 9.4.3 Availability and Unavailability 331 9.5 Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Calculations 336 9.5.1 SIL 336 9.5.2 Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) 338 9.5.3 Mean Downtime 339 9.5.4 Diagnostic Coverage 342 9.5.5 Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) 342 9.6 Condition Monitoring (ValveWatch) 347 Questions and Answers 348 Further Reading 354 10 Valve Operation 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Valve Torque 358 10.3 Stem Design 363 10.3.1 MAST Calculations 363 10.3.2 Buckling Prevention 369 10.3.3 Torsional Deflection Prevention 374 10.3.4 MAST Limitation for Quarter-Turn Cryogenic Valves 376 Questions and Answers 378 Further Reading 384 11 Miscellaneous 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Joint Efficiency 386 11.2.1 Weld Joint Efficiency 386 11.2.2 Bolted Joint Efficiency 388 11.2.2.1 Bolted Bonnet or Cover Joints 388 11.2.2.2 Bolted Body Joints 392 11.2.3 Threaded Joint Efficiency 394 11.2.3.1 Threaded Bonnet or Cover Joints 394 11.2.3.2 Threaded Body Joints 395 11.3 Stem Sealing 395 Questions and Answers 399 Further Reading 405 Index 407

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Book SynopsisVolume 4: Optical Sensors covers various approaches used for modelling and simulation of different types optical sensors such as fibre optic, surface Plasmon resonance, Fabry-Perot interferometer, transmittance in the mid-infrared region, luminescence based devices, etc. Approaches used for design and optimization of optical systems aimed for remote gas sensing and gas analysis chamber for NDIR spectral range are discussed as well. The description of multiscale atomistic simulation of hierarchical nanostructured materials for optical chemical sensing is also included in present volume. This 5 volume reference work covering simulation and modelling will serve as the perfect complement to Momentum Pressâs 6 volume reference works Chemical Sensors: Fundamentals of Sensing Materials and Chemical Sensors: Comprehensive Sensor Technologies, which present detailed information related to materials, technologies, construction and application of various devices for chemical sensing.

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Book SynopsisThe Mahalanobis-Taguchi data handling and pattern recognition system is widely established - built and extended from the original quality control precepts of Genichi Taguchi. But the MT system is not always well understood. This new book makes the system much more vivid and concrete with real-life applications in a wide variety of disciplines from industry to general commerce. The book offers a clear computational method to show the user how to actually apply the system to real manufacturing control problems. With the renowned international industry background of the three authors and their historic ties to Genichi Taguchi, this book will bring a unique insight into how to get the most benefits from the MT System. The book offers: An overview of pattern recognition issues and the precepts of the MT system Explains the merits of the MT System and its computational methods Shows how to handle data with the MT System and extract useful information Provides a useful comparison of the advantages and disadvantages between traditional Artificial Intelligence systems and the MT system Provides case study examples of MT Systems applications

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Book SynopsisEngineers and technologists often operate from a worldview of 'ones and zeros.' The mission of this book is to interject the colorful world of creative thinking to help engineers and technologists learn to think and work differently. Thus, 'idea engineering' becomes the driving force, transforming engineers and technologists into innovators and entrepreneurs, using case studies and anecdotes from first-hand experience. The material in this book is organized to take the reader through basic concepts and techniques of creative thinking and innovation, to better solve engineering and technological challenges. It provides an overall understanding of who, what, why, when, and how 'idea engineering' can transform an individual and a company to formulate and apply the best possibilities.

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Book SynopsisThe Basics of Polymers is written exclusively about chemical methods of polymer testing aimed at producing a high degree of manufacturing and quality control of polymer products. Polymer testing has assumed importance for industries dependent on polymers and additives as key product components. The text is intended to serve as a handbook for students, engineers, and people involved in polymer synthesis and laboratory work. This book provides information on identification and characterization of polymers by chemical methods. Specifically aimed at graduate-level students, its style of presentation is practical, making it easier to grasp. The author hopes this book will encourage and foster continuing method development and application of chemical methods for characterizing polymers. Education and training of people being of paramount importance, it is also valuable to all educators/processors as a tremendous resource that answers commonly asked questions.

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Book SynopsisOur world changes faster today than at any time in the history of mankind. Organizations, like living breathing organisms, must learn to adapt to changes in the environment in which each operates. It is generally held today, by those who study organizations, that those who fail to adapt to seemingly unending change are certainly doomed but those able to adapt to constant change tend to thrive. The purpose of this book is to describe the leadership required to successfully implement continuous process improvement in organizations. The author begins the journey with a discussion of organizational culture as he sets out to describe how leaders develop a culture where continuous improvement can thrive. The challenges of organizational change faced by all leaders who strive to take advantage of the benefits of continuous process improvement is discussed, as well as what leaders must do to make change stick. The goal is to provide a description of the leadership necessary to make continuous process improvement a reality in any organization.

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Book SynopsisSustainable production automation, as an effective way to enable and expedite transitions to sustainability and enhance resource utilizations, attracts substantial efforts from researchers in both academy and industry. This book presents the recent development of innovative algorithms, models, heuristics, hardware and software in broad areas of sustainable production systems. It focuses on design, analysis and management of the processes involved in the product life cycle (from design to delivery to return) to have the minimal negative impacts on society (including environmental, economic and social). The contributors are experts from both universities and industrial research centers.

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Book SynopsisProcess control is essential in modern manufacturing. The control system is the eyes, ears, and nervous system of the plant. It senses, decides, and directs the activities of the pumps, valves, motors, and other equipment. The control system handles many routine tasks, freeing up the operator to oversee the operation and handle new situations that arise. Without process control, it would be nearly impossible to efficiently produce commodities like pulp and paper, gasoline, plastic, and pharmaceuticals.Most people learn process control through hands-on plant experience, accompanied by a healthy dose of self-study. This is because textbooks generally address the mathematics of process dynamics and control, but often miss the practical aspects. This easy-to-read book fills the gap by focusing on practical real-world knowledge of process control systems, providing clear and concise examples, and providing practical advice for handling day-to-day maintenance and documentation. The author begins by discussing control terminology, principles, and applications, the information one needs to form a basic understanding of process control. He then explains the differences between discrete, continuous, and batch control, as well as the different control systems, programming languages, and documentation needed for each. To complete the foundation, the author addresses the management of control systems including discussions about maintenance, change management, communications, and documentation. Finally, one chapter introduces advanced control topics such as advanced regulatory control, multivariable control, and neural networks.Whether you are a student of process control, a technician or engineer expanding their skills, or someone in operations, maintenance, sales, support, or management who wants to develop a basic understanding of process control, this book is for you.

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Book SynopsisThe objective of the book is to provide all the elements to evaluate the performance of production availability and reliability of a system, to integrate them and to manage them in its life cycle. By the examples provided (case studies) the main target audience is that of the petroleum industries (where I spent most of my professional years). Although the greatest rigor is applied in the presentation, and justification, concepts, methods and data this book is geared towards the user.Table of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1. Basic Concepts 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Definition of terms 1 1.2.1. Risk 1 1.2.2. Time definitions 2 1.2.3. Failures and repairs 4 1.2.4. IEC 61508 terms 8 1.3. Definition of parameters 10 1.3.1. Reliability 10 1.3.2. Maintainability 12 1.3.3. Availability and production availability 12 1.3.4. Dependability 13 1.3.5. Definitions used by maintenance engineers 13 1.3.6. Definitions used in the refinery industry 14 1.4. The exponential law/the constant failure rate 14 1.4.1. Reliability 14 1.4.2. Validity 15 1.4.3. Oil and gas industry 16 1.5. The bathtub curve 16 1.5.1. Meaning 16 1.5.2. Useful life and mission life 18 1.5.3. Validity 18 1.5.4. Oil and gas industry 18 Chapter 2. Mathematics for Reliability 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Basis of probability and statistics 22 2.2.1. Boolean algebra 22 2.2.2. Probability relations 22 2.2.3. Probability distributions 24 2.2.4. Characteristics of probability distributions 24 2.2.5. Families and conjugates 26 2.3. Formulae and theorems 27 2.3.1. Combinatorial analysis 27 2.3.2. Central limit theorem 28 2.3.3. Chebyshev’s inequality 28 2.3.4. Laws of large numbers 28 2.3.5. Supporting functions and distributions 29 2.3.6. Bayes’ theorem 30 2.4. Useful discrete probability distributions 32 2.4.1. Binomial distribution 33 2.4.2. Poisson distribution. 33 2.5. Useful continuous probability distributions 35 2.5.1. Exponential distribution 35 2.5.2. Uniform distribution 36 2.5.3. Triangular distribution 37 2.5.4. Normal distribution 38 2.5.5. Log-normal distribution 40 2.5.6. Weibull distribution 43 2.5.7. Gamma distribution 44 2.5.8. Beta distribution 45 2.5.9. Chi-squared distribution 46 2.5.10. Fisher-Snedecor distribution 46 2.6. Statistical estimates 47 2.6.1. Estimates 47 2.6.2. Calculation of point estimate 47 2.6.3. Calculation of confidence interval 50 2.6.4. Heterogeneous samples 52 2.6.5. Implementation 53 2.7. Fitting of failure distribution 53 2.7.1. Principle 53 2.7.2. Median rank method 54 2.7.3. Implementation 55 2.8. Hypothesis testing 57 2.8.1. Principle 57 2.8.2. Existing tests. 58 2.8.3. Implementation 58 2.9. Bayesian reliability 60 2.9.1. Definition 60 2.9.2. Use of Bayes’ theorem 61 2.9.3. Bayesian inference 61 2.9.4. Selection of the prior probability distribution 62 2.9.5. Determination of the posterior probability distribution 62 2.9.6. Bayesian credibility interval 64 2.10. Extreme value probability distributions 65 2.10.1. Meaning. 65 2.10.2. The three extreme value probability distributions 65 2.10.3. Use in the industry 66 Chapter 3. Assessment of Standard Systems 67 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Single item 67 3.2.1. Availability 68 3.2.2. Number of failures 69 3.3. System reliability 70 3.3.1. Series systems 70 3.3.2. Parallel systems 72 3.4. Specific architectures 73 3.4.1. Method of analysis 73 3.4.2. Redundant item system 74 3.5. On-guard items 76 3.5.1. Unrevealed failures 76 3.5.2. Full formula 77 3.5.3. Optimum proof test duration 79 Chapter 4. Classic Methods 81 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 81 4.2.1. Conventional Failure Mode and Effects Analysis/Failure Mode,Effects and Criticality Analysis 81 4.2.2. Functional/hardware FMEA 84 4.2.3. Case study 84 4.3. Fault trees 89 4.3.1. Conventional fault trees 89 4.3.2. Fault tree extensions 93 4.3.3. Facilities provided by software packages 94 4.3.4. Case study 94 4.4. Reliability block diagrams 98 4.4.1. Conventional RBDs 98 4.4.2. RBD extension 102 4.4.3. Facilities provided by software packages 103 4.4.4. Case study 103 4.5. Monte Carlo method 104 4.5.1. Principle 104 4.5.2. Use for production availability and reliability 106 4.5.3. How many runs are enough? 107 Chapter 5. Petri Net Method 109 5.1. Introduction 109 5.2. Petri nets 110 5.2.1. Definition 110 5.2.2. Mathematical properties 111 5.2.3. Petri net construction 112 5.2.4. GRAFCET 117 5.3. IEC 62551 extensions 117 5.3.1. Extensions to structure 117 5.3.2. Modified execution rules 120 5.4. Additional extensions 121 5.4.1. Extensions to structure 121 5.4.2. Modified execution rules 122 5.5. Facilities provided by software packages 123 5.5.1. Additional extensions to structure 123 5.5.2. Modified execution rules 123 5.5.3. Petri net processing 123 5.5.4. Results 123 5.6. Petri net construction 124 5.6.1. Petri net modeling 124 5.6.2. Minimizing the risk of error input 124 5.6.3. Petri net checking 124 5.6.4. Petri net validation 125 5.7. Case study 125 5.7.1. System description 125 5.7.2. Petri net model 126 Chapter 6. Sources of Reliability Data 133 6.1. Introduction 133 6.2. The OREDA project 133 6.2.1. History 133 6.2.2. Project management and organization 135 6.2.3. Description of OREDA 2015 handbooks 135 6.2.4. Use of the data tables 137 6.2.5. Use of the additional tables 141 6.2.6. Reliability database and data analysis software 143 6.2.7. Data collection software 144 6.3. The PDS handbook 144 6.3.1. History 144 6.3.2. Description of the handbook 145 6.3.3. Use of the handbook 145 6.4. Reliability Analysis Center/Reliability Information Analysis Center publications 145 6.4.1. History 145 6.4.2. Non-electronic Part Reliability Data handbook 146 6.4.3. FMD 146 6.4.4. NONOP 146 6.4.5. Use of the publications 146 6.5. Other publications 147 6.5.1. EXIDA handbooks 147 6.5.2. Electrical items 147 6.5.3. Pipelines 148 6.5.4. Flexibles 149 6.5.5. Miscellaneous 149 6.6. Missing information 150 Chapter 7. Use of Reliability Test and Field Data 151 7.1. Introduction 151 7.2. Reliability test data 151 7.2.1. Principle 151 7.2.2. Test organization 152 7.2.3. Assessment of failure rate 152 7.3. Field data 154 7.3.1. Principle 154 7.3.2. Data collection organization 155 7.3.3. Assessment of failure rate 155 7.3.4. Assessment of probability to fail upon demand 156 7.3.5. Assessment of MRT 156 7.3.6. Case study 156 7.4. Accelerated tests 157 7.4.1. Principle 157 7.4.2. Example 158 7.4.3. Highly accelerated tests 159 7.5. Reliability growth 159 7.5.1. Principle 159 7.5.2. Main models 159 Chapter 8. Use of Expert Judgment. 163 8.1. Introduction 163 8.2. Basis 164 8.2.1. Definitions 164 8.2.2. Protocol for expert elicitation 164 8.2.3. Role of the facilitator 165 8.3. Characteristics of the experts 166 8.3.1. Definition 166 8.3.2. Selection 166 8.3.3. Biases 167 8.3.4. Expert weighting 168 8.3.5. Expert dependence 169 8.3.6. Aggregation of judgments 169 8.4. Use of questionnaires 169 8.4.1. Conditions of use 169 8.4.2. The Delphi method 170 8.4.3. Case study 171 8.5. Use of interactive group 173 8.5.1. Number of experts 173 8.5.2. Procedure. 173 8.6. Use of individual interviews 174 8.6.1. Conditions of use 174 8.6.2. Case study 174 8.7. Bayesian aggregation of judgment 175 8.7.1. Form of information provided by experts 175 8.7.2. Assessment of failure rate (or MTBF) 176 8.7.3. Assessment of probability of failure upon demand 177 8.8. Validity of expert judgment 177 Chapter 9. Supporting Topics 179 9.1. Introduction 179 9.2. Common cause failures 179 9.2.1. Introduction 179 9.2.2. Definition 180 9.2.3. Defenses against CCF 181 9.2.4. CCF modeling with the beta-factor method 182 9.2.5. CCF modeling with the shock method 185 9.2.6. Extension of the beta-factor model: the PDS method 188 9.2.7. Field data 189 9.2.8. Impact of CCF on system reliability 190 9.2.9. Impact of testing policy on CCF 191 9.2.10. Impact of CCF on system production availability 194 9.2.11. Benchmark on CCF assessment 194 9.3. Mechanical reliability 195 9.3.1. Characteristics 195 9.3.2. Stress-strength interference 195 9.3.3. Empirical reliability relationships 197 9.3.4. Comparison with system (constant failure rate) approach 199 9.4. Reliability of electronic items 199 9.4.1. Characteristics 199 9.4.2. MIL-HDBK-217 200 9.4.3. UTE-C-80811 201 9.4.4. Other reliability data books 201 9.4.5. EPRD 203 9.4.6. Effect of dormancy period 203 9.4.7. Common cause failures 203 9.4.8. Comparison of previsions 204 9.4.9. Use in the oil and gas industry 205 9.5. Human reliability 205 9.5.1. Human factors 205 9.5.2. Human reliability in the nuclear industry 205 9.5.3. Evaluation of HRA techniques 206 9.5.4. Human reliability in the oil and gas industry 206 Chapter 10. System Reliability Assessment 209 10.1. Introduction 209 10.2. Definition of reliability target 209 10.2.1. Absolute reliability target 209 10.2.2. Risk target 210 10.3. Methodology of system reliability study 211 10.3.1. Overall description 211 10.3.2. Step 1: system analysis 212 10.3.3. Step 2: qualitative analysis. 212 10.3.4. Step 3: quantitative data selection 212 10.3.5. Step 4: system reliability modeling 214 10.3.6. Step 5: synthesis 214 10.4. SIL studies 214 10.4.1. Introduction 214 10.4.2. SIL assignment 214 10.4.3. SIL demonstration 217 10.5. Description of the case study 217 10.5.1. Origin of the risk 217 10.5.2. Description of the standard SIF 219 10.5.3. Risk assessment 219 10.6. System analysis 220 10.6.1. Description of HIPS functioning 220 10.7. Qualitative analysis 221 10.7.1. FMEA 221 10.7.2. CCF analysis 223 10.8. Quantitative data selection 225 10.8.1. Selection of reliability data 225 10.8.2. Collection of proof test data 225 10.8.3. CCF quantification 226 10.9. System reliability modeling 226 10.9.1. Building of system reliability model 226 10.9.2. System reliability calculation 226 10.10. Synthesis 232 10.10.1. Conclusions 232 10.10.2. Recommendations 233 10.11. Validity of system reliability assessments 234 10.11.1. Reports 234 10.11.2. Conclusions 234 Chapter 11. Production Availability Assessment 235 11.1. Introduction 235 11.2. Definition of production availability target 235 11.2.1. Absolute production availability target 235 11.2.2. Economic target 235 11.3. Methodology 236 11.3.1. Events considered in production availability assessments 236 11.3.2. Overall description 236 11.3.3. Step 1: system analysis 238 11.3.4. Step 2: quantitative data selection 238 11.3.5. Step 3: production availability assessment 238 11.3.6. Step 4: synthesis 238 11.4. System analysis 239 11.4.1. Determination of system running modes 239 11.4.2. Item failure analysis 242 11.5. Quantitative data selection 244 11.5.1. Selection of reliability data 244 11.5.2. Collection of operational data 245 11.6. Production availability assessment 246 11.6.1. Building of production availability model 246 11.6.2. Production availability calculations 246 11.7. Synthesis 248 11.7.1. Main results 248 11.7.2. Additional economic parameters 249 11.7.3. Flared gas 251 11.7.4. Other results 253 11.7.5. Recommendations 256 11.8. Uncertainty on the reliability parameters 256 11.9. Validity of production availability assessments 257 Chapter 12. Management of Production Availability and Reliability 259 12.1. Introduction 259 12.2. Principles of dependability management 260 12.2.1. Dependability property management 260 12.2.2. Phasing of the management 260 12.2.3. Lifecycle costing and dependability 261 12.3. Technical specifications 262 12.3.1. Contents. 262 12.3.2. Reliability specification 262 12.3.3. Production availability specification 263 12.4. Reliability and production availability program 264 12.4.1. Contents. 264 12.4.2. Reliability program 266 12.4.3. Production availability program 267 12.5. Validation of system reliability 267 12.5.1. Reliability data collection 267 12.5.2. Random failures 268 12.5.3. Common cause failures 268 12.6. Validation of production availability 268 12.6.1. Useful life 268 12.6.2. Reliability data 269 12.6.3. Production data 269 12.6.4. Use of production availability model 269 Appendices 271 Appendix 1. Notations and Abbreviations 273 Appendix 2. Markov Chain 283 Appendix 3. Comparison of Modeling Methods 293 Appendix 4. Solutions of Exercises. 301 Bibliography 315 Index 323

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Book SynopsisThe use of discrete-event simulation in various fields, such as in industry, logistics and public health, has really taken off over the last few decades. The implementation of discrete-event simulation does however require an understanding, and perhaps even a mastery, of precise theoretical and methodological principles. Discrete-Event Simulation presents the key concepts involved in any discrete-event simulation project, covering the most frequently used techniques for analysing data and results, the methodological and practical aspects of implementing discrete-event simulation, along with an introduction to the use of the Arena discrete-event simulation tool. This book combines the elements presented with applied examples, as well as numerous examples of simulation projects in various fields.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to provide a synthesis of work and ideas done by our team over the last fifteen years in the field of information processing for expression of industrial performance. The statement of objectives on the one hand and the calculation of the other performances are discussed, with the search for the explanation of the link between these two basic steps of an industrial improvement. Beyond the synthetic and typological character of this study, the originality of this work lies in the consideration of the temporal dimension of the objectives, and spread on performance expressions. A fuzzy processing and multi-criteria aggregations time information that can be quantitative, qualitative or symbolic are proposed, in line with industrial practice and literature in the field of performance management.Table of ContentsForeword ix Chapter 1. The Industrial System 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The RB company’s “Hydraulic Cylinder Production” line 2 1.2.1. The Overall Equipment Effectiveness – OEE 4 1.2.2. The Non-compliance rate 5 1.2.3. The Throughput time 5 1.3. Characterization of the industrial system 6 1.3.1. General comments about systems theory 7 1.3.2. The role of the observer 12 1.3.3. Abstraction levels 13 1.3.4. Structure of the industrial system 14 1.3.5. Behavior of the industrial system 17 1.3.6. To summarize these system characteristics 23 1.4. A few words about information handling for the “Hydraulic Cylinder Production” line of the RB company 24 1.5. Objectives and systems theory 26 1.6. Summary 29 Chapter 2. Industrial Objectives: The Variable 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. The objective and the variable: re-reading the tale of the chicken and the egg 34 2.3. Definition of the notion of a variable 37 2.4. When a variable becomes a criterion 42 2.5. Industrial typology 47 2.5.1. Key success factors and key performance factors 49 2.5.2. Strategic, tactical and operational variables 50 2.5.3. Action variables and state variables 51 2.5.4. Customer satisfaction, productivity and context 53 2.6. Relationships between variables: industrial practice 54 2.6.1. Hierarchical approaches 54 2.6.2. Cognitive approaches 60 2.7. Semantic and choice of a variable: the power of an intention 62 2.8. Summary 68 Chapter 3. Industrial Objectives: The Value 71 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. A value to define the objective 73 3.3. The value and the intention 78 3.3.1. The desire-objective 78 3.3.2. The requirement-objective 80 3.3.3. Inadequacy, improvement and desire 84 3.3.4. The value, the desire-objectives and the requirement-objectives 87 3.4. The value and the time 89 3.4.1. Achieving the objective, a question of time 89 3.4.2. Some characteristics of the temporal horizon 91 3.4.3. Summary 94 3.5. The observer’s intention and the temporal horizon: converging perspectives 95 3.6. What is said about objectives 97 3.7. Summary 105 Chapter 4. Industrial Objectives: A Fuzzy Formalization to Move from Natural Language to Numbers 107 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. The interest of using the theory of fuzzy subsets 109 4.3. When Mr. C.C. expresses himself about the Throughput time of the “Hydraulic Cylinder Production” line 113 4.4. Numbers and words 114 4.5. Graduality and fuzzy subsets 121 4.5.1. Membership function 121 4.5.2. Fuzzy meaning and description 124 4.6. Operations between fuzzy subsets 126 4.6.1. Fuzzy union, intersection and complement 126 4.6.2. Example of use of the operator of fuzzy union. 127 4.6.3. Example of use of the fuzzy intersection operator 129 4.6.4. Triangular norms 132 4.6.5. Triangular conorms 133 4.7. Imprecision of measurements and theory of possibilities 134 4.7.1. Generalities about measurement uncertainties 136 4.7.2. Confidence intervals and possibility distribution 138 4.7.3. Fuzzy descriptions of an imprecise measurement 141 4.8. Summary 144 Chapter 5. Industrial Objectives: Outlining Performance Expression 147 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. The notion of performance 148 5.2.1. General comments 148 5.2.2. Industrial performance 151 5.3. From performance to performance expression 155 5.3.1. General comments 155 5.3.2. Semantics of performance expression 157 5.4. The process of precisiation of the finality into objectives: model and notations 159 5.4.1. Principle 160 5.4.2. From the finality to the goal variables 162 5.4.3. From goal variables to objective variables 163 5.4.4. The process of precisiation 163 5.4.5. Objective attributes 163 5.5. Computation of performance expression: our assumptions 169 5.6. Summary 171 Chapter 6. Industrial Objectives: Computation of Performance Expression of the Desire-Objective 173 6.1. Introduction 173 6.2. Returning to the notion of the desire-objective 174 6.3. “Computation” of the performance expression of a desire-objective 176 6.4. The observer expresses their “feeling” directly 178 6.5. The observer has a measurement value associated with the considered variable 179 6.6. The observer has a set of measurement values or of information associated with the considered variable 182 6.7. Looking back over computation 187 6.8. Summary 189 Chapter 7. Industrial Objectives: Computation of the Performance Expression of the Requirement-Objective 191 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Returning to the notion of a requirement-objective 192 7.3. A few points about the notion of scale 194 7.4. Computation of the performance expression for the improvement-objective 196 7.4.1. The observer computes a numerical performance expression 197 7.4.2. The observer computes a linguistic performance expression 204 7.4.3. Looking back over the computation 212 7.5. Computation of the performance expression of the inadequacy-objective 214 7.5.1. The observer computes a performance expression 215 7.5.2. The observer computes a performance expression and represents it visually 220 7.5.3. Looking over the computation 227 7.6. Summary 227 Conclusion 229 Bibliography 233 Index 249

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Book SynopsisEnvironment and Technology in the Former USSR makes a major contribution to the literature, providing new perspectives on power engineering, power generation and associated environmental issues of atmospheric pollution in the former Soviet Union. It considers the consequences of acid rain emissions for neighbouring countries and the technological and commercial factors which influence these levels of pollution. The book begins by providing a contextual and technical background on the capacities, ages, scale of atmospheric pollution and fuel mix of the power generation industry in the former USSR. After establishing the industrial and technical facts using a wide range of Western and Russian literature and placing these in an international context, the author explores possible policy solutions for reducing acid rain emissions and improving power generation efficiency. The main policy prescription considered is the use of technology transfer from the West to the former Soviet Union. Using published data and case study research, the author evaluates the volume and rate of technology transfer, and the current stage of those engaged in, or potential recipients of, Western power engineering technologies. The analysis then extends to consider the political, economic and commercial factors affecting these levels of technological diffusion and future technological developments in the industry.This book will be of special interest to government officials, international agencies, academics and technical and commercial personnel with business interests in Russia.Trade Review'Hill makes an important contribution to the literature, providing new perspectives on power engineering, power generation, and associated environmental issues of atmospheric pollution in the former Soviet Union . . . the book also provides a clear example of the problems with respect to environment and technology that still remain in the former Soviet Union as a result of past policies.'Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Atmospheric Pollution in the Former USSR – Dimensions and Context 3. Fuels and Combustion 4. Combustion Processes 5. Power Generation in the Former USSR 6. Technology Transfer for Reduced Environmental Pollution in the Former USSR – the Roles of Western and Russian Companies 7. Political, Economic and Commercial Factors 8. Comments, Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research Index

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Book SynopsisDesign and Manufacture for Sustainable Development brings together a collection of papers from a conference held at the University of Liverpool in June 2002 that inspire the interchange of ideas on the theory, technology, tools, and methodology for the entire product life cycle within the framework of sustainable development. It also embraces key subjects including strategy, design, materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, disposal, recycling, and auditing. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE: Philosophy of, and strategy for, sustainable technologies Design principles for sustainable development Sustainable manufacturing technologies Use of recycling/bio-degradable materials Re-use and recycling design and technologies Tools for sustainable product design Measurement and auditing Best practices and case studies Impact of emerging legislation International trends and future development. Sustainable development will have a fundamental impact on the engineering community since, through design and manufacture, we are responsible for the use of energy, materials, and processes for the complete product life cycle. This is an essential volume for the bookshelves of those wanting to be well informed about this evolving technology.Table of ContentsPart 1 Keynote papers: concept, context and co-operation for sustainable technology, J.C. van Weenen; methods and elements towards sustainable products - BMW's strategy in design for recycling and the environment, W. Fried et al; sustainability in fast-moving consumer goods, M. Shaw; sustainable development -professional practice and systems thinking, A. Hall and S. Martin. Part 2 Overviews: evaluation of effective improvement strategies and successful measures for sustainable product design, R. Zust and W. Wimmer; sustainable product development - a view from the front line, G. Kane et al; implications of the integrated product policy (IPP) in new products design and development, M. Sorli et al; CIAM and North-eastern industry - the road to sustainability, T.D. Short et al; standardizing sustainability, R. Valentine. Part 3 New approaches and ideas: taking public perceptions of risk into account in engineering design for sustainable development - a multi-attribute decision making framework, J. Harvey et al; incorporating life-cycle cost into early product development, J.-H. Park and K.-K. Seo; a methodology to support the implementation of product recovery, A. Rahimifard et al; method and tools for the development of environmentally sound products, S. Leibrecht and R. Anderl; a web-based tool for design for sustainability of made-to-order products, P. Norman. Part 4 Manufacturing focus: object-oriented modelling of deep drawn tailored blanks, J. Ullrich and P. Groche; applications for eco-sufficient surface machining with dry ice blasting, E. Uhlmann et al; innovative machining technologies and tools for the disassembly of consumer goods, E. Uhlmann et al; dry machining of cast aluminium automotive wheels -innovative cutting tool design for improved machining performance and environmentally conscious manufacturing, I.S. Jawahir et al. Part 5 Advances in the electronics sector: development of a generic model for life-cycle inventory (LCI) of upstream processes in life-cycle assessment (LCA) of electronic products, A.S.G. Androe and J. Liu; the recycling of telecommunication products - a case study in a Brazilian company, A.C.C. Marques et al; telephone re-manufacture - sustainable development in action, K. Snowdon et al. Part 6 Educational issues: a case study approach to the teaching of design for sustainability - the Royal Academy of Engineering scheme for visiting professors, P. Norman et al; educational challenges of web-based case studies in sustainable development, M. Hutchings et al.

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Book SynopsisThe proceedings of the fourth ICMA in 2004 represent a huge contribution to research in this area. Everyone attending the conference was asked to submit their papers electronically which meant that 100 top quality papers from no less that 10 different countries contributed to the theme of the conference.Table of ContentsKeynote Abstracts Grand challenges for design and manufacturing F B Prinz 3 Optimization of heterogeneous solids with level set methods M Y Wang 4 Adaptable design - concepts, methods, and applications P Gu 5 Convergence of digital and physical worlds P Fu 6 Product Design Systems and Methodologies Extrusion forming technology applied in die design of plug extremity Z Jiang, X Feng, J Shi, and X Zong 9 Modelling and analysing complex product development processes using the design structure matrix (DSM) method X Liu and H Zhang 17 Research on groupware for Internet-based collaborative design A Xhu and Y Xie 23 A functional modelling approach for modular product design W Y Zhang, S B Tor, and G A Britton 31 A new method for constructing streamline surface by Bezier patch with restricted condition X Lu 39 Manufacturable and functional layout design of cooling system for plastic injection mould - an automatic approach C L Li and C G Li 47 Product dynamic development process modelling Y Gu and H Huang 55 A web-based multi-disciplinary collaborative design environment H Li, G Feng, and C Wang 63 Mechanical product conceptual design based on bond graphs D Cao, R Tan, B Yang, and N Zhu 71 Principle and method of graphic matching based on model reconstruction Y Hu, Z Ou, D C Ma, and A Shih 79 A timing-independent approach to mechanism path generation R Xiao and Y Liu 87 HCPN-based process modelling for workflow mining H Huang, F Zhou, X Zu, and Y Gu 95 Solid model reconstruction from engineering drawings using engineering semantics G Dou and M Chang 103 Research on the feature modelling technology for welded tube roll H Li and Y Zhang 111 Innovation design and application based on TOC and TRIZ Y Liu and R Tan 117 Adaptive triangular mesh compression with shape error control W F Wu, Y F Zhang, Y S Wong, and H T Loh 125 Study on CAD modelling for the objects with a multiphase perfect material F Zhu, K Chen, F Wang, and X Feng 133 Complexity reduction of parts in an assembly for layered manufacturing H Y Chow and S T Tan 143 Study of intelligent conceptual design based on extension case reasoning Y Zhao and G Zhang 151 Research and application of NURBS-based universal interpolation technology G Li, C Yan, and X Li 159 Material design of components made of multi-materials and its applications in high-tech product design X Zhang, K Chen, and X Feng 167 Application of CAD/CAM/CAE system in the design of go-kart vehicle chassis A Mimaroglu, S Iric, H Unal, I Kaya, and Z Demir 175 Haptic aided ergonomic evaluation in mass customized product design Z Y Yang, L L Lian, and Y H Chen 181 Research of hierarchy process control method for distributed collaborative design H Qiu, X Shao, P Li, and L Gao 189 Sustainable application in the product design L Li and Z Huang 197 Restriction of feature design and process drawing automatic generation H Wang, R Ning, and T Wang 205 Three-dimensional segmentation based on visibility cone for topology reconstruction W Hu and W Yang 213 The applications and researches on the method of processing decomposition and dynamic coordination in the concurrent engineering for the development of new auto-types J Yi, Q Bai, W Sun, Y Yao, X Gao, and P Xu 221 Intelligent Systems A 'joint-based constraint and elimination' approach to spatial linkage position analysis K Luo and Q Wang 231 Manufacturable topology optimization K Zuo, L Chen, S Wang, and Y Zhang 239 On relationship between vibration and machining quality of rolling bearing via grey system theory X Xia, L Chen, Z Wang, and H Chang 247 The contact force FEA of the bevel gears based on UG modelling S Wu, X Wang, and Z Zhang 255 Automatic generation of a parameterized finite element model for hypoid gears F Rao, X Wang, W Zhang, and Y Zhong 263 An explicit expression of kineto-elastodynamic analysis of mechanisms by finite element method P Lan, Q Ding, N Lu, and L Sun 271 Topology optimization design of continuum structure under stress and volumetric material density constraints S Yang, D Guo, Z Jia, R Yang, and D Mi 279 Research on the human-computer cooperative genetic algorithm and its application G Li, H Zhao, H Teng, F Zhao, and Z Qian 285 An improved parallel hybrid genetic algorithm and its application to layout design G Li, H Zhao, W Wang, H Teng, and F Zhao 295 Dynamic scheduling of road construction machines based on multi-agent system C Ding, H Wang, M Zhang, C Gao, and Y Jing 303 Methods to get circular saws' natural frequency and influences the saw geometrical parameters give to the natural frequency J Wu, Z ZHou, and R Tan 309 Flow balance analysis for plastics extrusion flow - influence of flow separation B Liu, K Jiang, and Q Zheng 315 Kinematic and dynamic modelling of a novel two-DOF direct-drive planar parallel manipulator L Sun, X Liu, Q Ding, and Y Zhu 323 Multiple-parameter optimization for CNC machining via machine learning M K Yeung, Z Gui, and Y Zhang 331 Gear fault classification using PCA and RBF networks W Li, G Zhang, and T Shi 339 Optimal location and size of piezoelectric actuators for topology optimization of compliant mechanisms X Zhang and Y Chen 349 Based on improved grey BP neural network of the regional logistics cost forecast F Zhang and J Wu 357 An integrated approach to design knowledge acquisition and transformation and its implementation R Yang, Z Tao, R Xiao, and R Li 365 Rough set-based multiple variant decision tree and its application in process planning Z Wang, X Shao, H Zhu, and Z Che 375 An improved study on the way of two-dimension rectangle layout X Huang, Z Gong, Z Zhong, and J Li 383 Research of design technology for the injection mould parting surface based on cases and knowledge T Yu, G Li, Y Li, and J Lan 391 Constructive logical network for proposition representation and calculus R Sun, Y Xiong, and L Zhu 399 Research on genetic algorithm-based scheduling approach for semiconductor wafer fab B Feng, F Qiao, and J Wang 407 Sequencing mixed model assembly lines with multi-objective genetic algorithms Z Cao, F Li, and Y Zhu 415 Intelligent optimization techniques in planning of parallel machines M Saravanakumar and K S Lee 423 Modelling of electro-jet drilling process using FEM M Sen, B Amarendrakumar, and H S Shan 435 Roll forging technology and three-dimensional finite element simulation for automobile front axle H Wang, J Xia, G Hu, X Wang, Y Jin, J Zhang, and C Chen 443 Research and implementation for intelligent plasma powder deposition manufacturing based on ANN-ES H Zhang, H Ai, G Wang, and J Xu 451 A practical heuristic approach for two-dimensional cutting stock problems X Wang and L Yang 459 Internet-based Systems The self-organization of dynamic manufacturing network G Li, L-Y Sun, and H-Q Li 469 Study on the development of a virtual turning test-bed J Li and Y Yao 477 Rapid manufacturing technology of simple Zn-based alloy plastic mould based on LOM prototype H Liu, Y Li, X Dong, Z Fan, and N Huang 485 The design of networked virtual instrument D Lei, H Duan, and W Wang 491 The research and development of numerical control machining simulation system based on hourglass cam Z Chang, J Sun, and A Ren 499 Visual diagnosis of bottleneck processes and redesign for the production line based on virtual manufacturing technologies and its application J Zhou, Z Liu, P Huang, and X Ai 505 Rapid prototyping of cloud data by segmentation G H Liu, H T Loh, Y S Wong, and Y F Zhang 513 Design and operation of a storage facility in a virtual environment Z Tuncali, S K Gupta, D K Anand, and Z Yao 521

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Book SynopsisIn an increasingly turbulent and competitive world, organizations are constantly working to improve. Many organizations look to one of many continuous process improvement methodologies available today. Leaders who have been able to reap the benefits of continuous improvement behave in very specific ways. Their behaviors are centered on imbedding specific values, assumptions and beliefs that support continuous improvement into the way their organization executes the processes necessary to produce goods and services. To improve, leaders must first understand what culture is and how it impacts everything the organization does. We describe the key values, assumptions, beliefs and leadership behaviors we've found to be effective in organizations working to constantly improve the way work is done.

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Book SynopsisWhereas innovation has become part of daily language, in practice, realizing new product and new service development is a complex and daunting task for engineers, design engineering managers, managers, and those involved in other functions in organizations. Most books on innovation management approach this topic from a managerial or economic perspective; this text takes the actual design and engineering processes as starting point. To this purpose, it relates product design and engineering processes and their management to sources of innovation, collaboration with suppliers, and knowledge providers (for example, inventors and universities), and users.The managerial aspects get ample attention as well as the socioeconomic aspects in the context of product design and engineering. For this wide range of topics, the book provides both theoretical underpinning and practical guidance. Readers and students will benefit from this book by not only understanding the key mechanisms for innovation but also by the practical guidance it offers. The author uses diagrams, models, methods, and steps to guide readers to a better understanding of innovation projects. This practical approach and the link to theory make the book valuable to practitioners as well as engineering students.

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Book SynopsisThis book elevates alarm management from a fragmented collection of procedures, metrics, experiences, and trial-and-error, to the level of a technology discipline. It provides a complete treatment of best practices in alarm management. The technology and approaches found here provide the opportunity to completely understand the what, the why, and the how of successful alarm systems. No modern industrial enterprise, particularly in such areas as chemical processing, can operate without a secure and reliable infrastructure of alarms and controls—they are an integral part of all production management and control systems. Improving alarm management is an effective way to provide operators with high-value support and guidance to successfully manage industrial plant operations.Readers will find: Recommendations and guidelines are developed from fundamental concepts to provide powerful technical tools and workable approaches; Alarms are treated as indicators of abnormal situations, not simply sensor readings that might be out of position; Alarm improvement is intimately linked to infrastructure management, including the vital role of plant maintenance to alarm management, the need to manage operators' charter to continue to operate during abnormal situations vs. cease operation, and the importance of situation awareness without undue reliance upon alarms. The ability to appreciate technical issues is important, but this book requires no previous specific technical, educational, or experiential background. The style and content are very accessible to a broad industrial audience from board operator to plant manager. All critical tasks are explained with workflow processes, examples, and insight into what it all means. Alternatives are offered everywhere to enable users to tailor-make solutions to their particular sites.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume book comprises a comprehensive up-to-date body of knowledge that provides a total in-depth insight into valve and actuator technology – looking not just at control valves, but a whole host of other types including: check valves, shut-off valves, solenoid valves, and pressure relief valves. Research studies within the process industry routinely indicate that the fluid control valve is responsible for 60 to 70% of poor-functioning control systems. Furthermore, valves in general are consistently wrongly selected, regularly misapplied, and often incorrectly installed. A methodology is presented to ensure the optimum selection of size, choice of body and trim materials, components, and ancillaries. Whilst studying the correct procedures for sizing, readers will also learn the correct procedures for calculating the spring 'wind-up' or 'bench set'. Maintenance issues also include: testing for deadband/hysteresis, stick-slip and non-linearity; on-line diagnostics; and signature analysis. Written in a detailed but understandable language, the two volumes are presented in a form suitable for both the beginner, with no prior knowledge of the subject, and the more advanced specialist.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume book comprises a comprehensive up-to-date body of knowledge that provides a total in-depth insight into valve and actuator technology – looking not just at control valves, but a whole host of other types including: check valves, shut-off valves, solenoid valves, and pressure relief valves. Research studies within the process industry routinely indicate that the fluid control valve is responsible for 60 to 70% of poor-functioning control systems. Furthermore, valves in general are consistently wrongly selected, regularly misapplied, and often incorrectly installed. A methodology is presented to ensure the optimum selection of size, choice of body and trim materials, components, and ancillaries. Whilst studying the correct procedures for sizing, readers will also learn the correct procedures for calculating the spring 'wind-up' or 'bench set'. Maintenance issues also include: testing for deadband/hysteresis, stick-slip and non-linearity; on-line diagnostics; and signature analysis. Written in a detailed but understandable language, the two volumes are presented in a form suitable for both the beginner, with no prior knowledge of the subject, and the more advanced specialist.

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Book SynopsisThis straightforward guide to compressors seeks to unveil a lot of myths surrounding compressors. In this book, we will be looking at most types of compressors, including the centrifugal compressors, the air compressors, and of course the most troublesome of all compressors, the reciprocating compressors.Having a compressor with minimal operating problems does not only depend on the selection of the right type and size for your job. Detailed specifications of all auxiliary equipment and operating conditions, as well as keeping constant vigilance over the engineering and installation is imperative. The Simple Guide will explain in a simple yet definitive manner which compressor type is best used for which job and what it can produce.

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Book SynopsisWhereas innovation has become part of daily language, in practice, realizing new product and new service development is a complex and daunting task for engineers, design engineering managers, managers, and those involved in other functions in organizations. Most books on innovation management approach this topic from a managerial or economic perspective; this text takes the actual design and engineering processes as starting point. To this purpose, it relates product design and engineering processes and their management to sources of innovation, collaboration with suppliers, and knowledge providers (for example, inventors and universities), and users.The managerial aspects get ample attention as well as the socioeconomic aspects in the context of product design and engineering. For this wide range of topics, the book provides both theoretical underpinning and practical guidance. Readers and students will benefit from this book by not only understanding the key mechanisms for innovation but also by the practical guidance it offers. The author uses diagrams, models, methods, and steps to guide readers to a better understanding of innovation projects. This practical approach and the link to theory make the book valuable to practitioners as well as engineering students.

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Book SynopsisArtificial Intelligence for Risk Management is about using AI to manage risk in the corporate environment.The content of this work focuses on concepts, principles, and practical applications that are relevant to the corporate and technology environments. The authors introduce AI and discuss the different types, capabilities, and purposes–including challenges.With AI also comes risk. This book defines risk, provides examples, and includes information on the risk-management process. Having a solid knowledge base for an AI project is key and this book will help readers define the knowledge base needed for an AI project by developing and identifying objectives of the risk-knowledge base and knowledge acquisition for risk. This book will help you become a contributor on an AI team and learn how to tell a compelling story with AI to drive business action on risk.

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Book SynopsisBasics of Polymer, Volume II, demonstrates the scope of polymer testing. In addition, it introduces versatile methods of testing equipment effectively and clearly. In recent years, polymer testing has been extensively developed. Its utility has also been explored in detail, and areas of its practical application in the polymer industry have been added. Polymers, with their macromolecules, undergo a wide variety of phase changes during their processing. Due to this, the author discusses these important, useful, and instrumental techniques aimed at improving the quality of products. This book introduces the exceptionally promising instrumental methods that are of interest and relevance to technologists. Students interested in various aspects of instrumental techniques will also find the book useful. The instrumental techniques are discussed along with their possible applications to polymers. Looking to the future, it might be said that instrumental techniques will be, and should be, the methods for further research and study.

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Book SynopsisThis book clarifies the differences between plans and schedules, takes the project manager through the process of plan development, and finally, points the way toward successful project execution. Although the terms ""plan"" and ""schedule"" are at times used interchangeably, they are in fact very different. A complete project plan contains a project schedule—but it also includes much more than that (e.g., risk management, quality management, human resource management, and procurement). These differences have implications for the layman as well as the experienced project manager and have implications for successful project management practice. Additionally, the contents of the project plan have evolved over time as versions of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) were updated. Due to this, project plans today include important elements that were not included in project planning in the context of earlier versions of the PMBOK and the execution of the project plan requires guidance beyond that which is outlined in the PMBOK framework. The PMBOK emphasizes planning and monitoring and controlling—but very little support is provided for project executing. This begs the question, just what does it mean to execute a project plan?

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Book SynopsisArtificial Intelligence for Security explores terminologies of security and how AI can be applied to automate security processes.Additionally, the text provides detailed explanations and recommendations for how implement procedures. Practical examples and real-time use cases are evaluated and suggest appropriate algorithms based on the author’s experiences.Threat and associated securities from the data, process, people, things (e.g., Internet of things), systems, and actions were used to develop security knowledge base, which will help readers to build their own knowledge base. This book will help the readers to start their AI journey on security and how data can be applied to drive business actions to build secure environment.

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Book SynopsisArtificial Intelligence Design and Solutions for Risk and Security targets readers to understand, learn, define problems, and architect AI projects.Starting from current business architectures and business processes to futuristic architectures. Introduction to data analytics and life cycle includes data discovery, data preparation, data processing steps, model building, and operationalization are explained in detail.The authors examine the AI and ML algorithms in detail, which enables the readers to choose appropriate algorithms during designing solutions. Functional domains and industrial domains are also explained in detail. The takeaways are learning and applying designs and solutions to AI projects with risk and security implementation and knowledge about futuristic AI in five to ten years.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses project management in the context of general project management.An introductory chapter discusses project features in general. Part I of the book focuses attention on the important human element in project management. Part II discusses two processes involved in the initial project definition stage, as well as covering estimation. Part III involves planning. Part III deals with project risk and implementation.A feature of the book is an effort to tie content to that of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). Each chapter includes reference to how each chapter relates to the PMBOK structure, and relationship to the 2020 PMP Exam Outline.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the use of quantitative tools to support general project management. Part I of the book deals with critical path modeling. Part II discusses risk modeling tools to include Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), critical chain modeling, and agile/scrum approaches. Project control through earned value analysis is also covered. Part III is a Microsoft Project orientation. A feature of the book is an effort to tie content to that of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK).Each chapter includes reference to how each chapter relates to the PMBOK structure and its relationship to the 2020 Project Management Professional (PMP) Exam Outline.

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Book SynopsisGeared to young and seasoned professionals alike, Process Operations: Lessons Learned in a Nontechnical Language is designed to present a straightforward approach to mastering the principles and concepts all process engineers should be able to apply without the need of a computer. While simulations and models are useful for examining long-term operational issues, they cannot replace the dimension of human logic and reason required when tackling the array of complex—and sometimes life-threatening—situations that occur in process plants. Using experiences from the author's more than 57-year career in the process industry, Process Operations: Lessons Learned in Nontechnical Language provides approaches to understanding core process concepts in ways that will equip the engineer to walk out of an office into a plant and directly resolve process deficiencies via small operational changes or simple retrofits.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of modeling and characterization of PEM fuel cells. It focuses on i) fuel cell performance modeling and performance characterization applicable from single cells to stacks, ii) fundamental and advanced techniques for structural and compositional characterization of fuel cell components and iii) electrocatalyst design. Written by experts in this field, this book is an invaluable tool for graduate students and professionals.

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Book SynopsisThe manufacture of artifi cial leather using polymeric systems is a vital component as an essential commodity for consumer, industrial and automobile applications. Both practical and exciting possibilities to the standard traditional coatings with PVC and polyurethanes with newer coatings of silicone and graphene induced coatings, and economical biomass materials as non-traditional fi llers, stiffening and softening agents are discussed.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an analysis of the state-of-the-art in high entropy alloys (HEA). In order to increase the qualities of an alloy, one major element is typically chosen and other elements are added to it in small amounts. In order to create multi-component alloys without a single major element, Professor J.W. Yeh described a novel method of alloy design in 2004. This method involved mixing elements in equiatomic or nearly equiatomic proportions. HEAs have a wide range of structural and physical properties and may find use in various applications. HEAs are intended to have high configurational entropy. The fundamental information now known in the subject, the range of different alloy systems and the features that have been investigated so far, the current major study fields, and the technological applications are presented in this book. Includes high entropy alloy fabrication and phase development. Discusses thermodynamic design criteria to develop HEAs. Covers the HEAs functioning characteristics. Compares the different processing routes used for the synthesis of HEAs

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Book SynopsisDer verständlich aufbereitete Stoff behandelt Fließkurven und Fließortkurven, die Ermittlung von Verfahrenswerten durch Messen, die Grundlagen der Werkzeugmaschinen zum Umformen sowie die Arbeitsgenauigkeit. Die Informationen sind ausführlich genug für die selbständige Lösung nicht zu spezieller Probleme. Umfassende Literaturangaben erleichtern die Einarbeitung in Spezialgebiete.Table of Contents0 Allgemeine Begriffe, Formelzeichen und Einheiten in der Uniform technik.- 1 Einführung.- 1.0 Begriffe, Allgemeines.- 1.1 Technisch-wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Umformtechnik.- 1.2 Übersicht über die Verfahren der Umformtechnik.- 1.3 Massivumformung — Blechumformung.- 1.4 Systematische Betrachtung von Umformvorgängen.- Literatur zu Kapitel 1.- 2 Metallkundliche Grundlagen.- 2.0 Einleitung.- 2.1 Kristallstruktur und Gefüge der Metalle.- 2.2 Elastische und plastische Formänderungen an Einkristallen bzw. Idealkristallen.- 2.2.1 Elastische Formänderungen.- 2.2.2 Plastische Formänderungen.- 2.2.2.1 Gleitung.- 2.2.2.2 Zwillingsbildung.- 2.2.3 Theoretische Schubfestigkeit.- 2.3 Gitterfehler.- 2.3.1 Arten von Gitterfehlern.- 2.3.2 Versetzungen.- 2.3.2.1 Arten von Versetzungen.- 2.3.2.2 Burgers-Umlauf, Burgers-Vektor.- 2.3.2.3 Teilversetzung, Stapelfehler.- 2.3.3 Andere Gitterfehler.- 2.3.3.1 Nulldimensionale Gitterfehler.- 2.3.3.2 Zweidimensionale Gitterfehler.- 2.4 Versetzungen und Werkstoffeigenschaften.- 2.4.1 Plastische Formänderungen durch Versetzungsbewegung.- 2.4.2 Erzeugung von Versetzungen, Versetzungsquellen.- 2.4.2.1 Frank-Read-Quelle.- 2.4.3 Quergleitung von Schraubenversetzungen.- 2.4.4 Klettern von Stufenversetzungen.- 2.4.5 Verfestigung.- 2.4.5.1 Ursachen der Verfestigung.- 2.5 Wechselwirkung von Versetzungen mit Fremdatomen und Teilchen.- 2.5.1 Mischkristallbildung.- 2.5.2 Obere und untere Streckgrenze, Reckalterung, Blaubrüchigkeit.- 2.5.3 Aushärtung, Dispersionshärtung.- 2.5.4 Martensitbildung, Stahlhärtung.- 2.6 Thermische aktivierte Vorgange.- 2.6.1 Übersicht.- 2.6.2 Kristallerholung.- 2.6.3 Rekristallisation und Kornvergrößerung.- 2.6.3.1 Primäre Rekristallisation.- 2.6.3.2 Sekundäre Rekristallisation, Kornvergrößerung.- 2.6.4 Statische und dynamische Gefügeänderungen bei der Warmumformung.- 2.6.4.1 Einleitung.- 2.6.4.2 Dynamische Erholung.- 2.6.4.3 Dynamische Rekristallisation.- 2.7 Anisotropie.- 2.7.1 Kristallanisotropie und Gefägeanisotropie.- 2.7.2 Elastische und plastische Anisotropie.- 2.8 Bruchvorgänge bei Metallen.- 2.8.1 Bedeutung der Bruchvorgänge.- 2.8.2 Der spröde Bruch.- 2.8.2.1 Theoretische Festigkeit.- 2.8.2.2 Theorie von Griffith.- 2.8.2.3 Rißbildung.- 2.8.2.4 Korngrenzeneinfluß.- 2.8.2.5 Einfluß des Spannungszustands.- 2.8.3 Der duktile Bruch.- Literatur zu Kapitel 2.- 3 Fließkurven, Fließortkurven und Formänderungsvermögen.- 3.0 Einleitung.- 3.1 Definition der Fließkurve.- 3.2 Fließkurven von Einkristallen.- 3.3 Fließkurven vielkristalliner Metalle.- 3.3.1 Korngrenzeneinfluß.- 3.3.2 Fließkurven bei Raumtemperatur.- 3.3.3 Einfluß von Temperatur und Umformgeschwindigkeit.- 3.4 Aufnahme von Fließkurven.- 3.4.1 Zugversuch.- 3.4.1.1 Zugversuch nach DIN 50 145.- 3.4.1.2 Verfahren nach Siebel und Schwaigerer.- 3.4.1.3 Zugversuch nach Reihle.- 3.4.2 Stauchversuch.- 3.4.2.1 Grundbegriffe.- 3.4.2.2 Einfluß der Reibung.- 3.4.2.3 Kontinuierlicher und diskontinuierlicher Stauchversuch.- 3.4.2.4 Zylinderstauchversuch nach Rastegaev.- 3.4.2.5 Einfluß der Umformgeschwindigkeit und der Temperatur.- 3.4.2.6 Flachstauchversuch.- 3.4.3 Verdrehversuch.- 3.4.3.1 Grundbegriffe.- 3.4.3.2 Berechnung der Fließkurve aus den Meßdaten.- 3.4.3.3 Auswirkung des Fließkriteriums.- 3.4.3.4 Das Hauptergebnis des Torsionsversuchs.- 3.4.3.5 Erzielen extrem hoher Umformgeschwindigkeiten.- 3.4.3.6 Berücksichtigung der Kerbwirkung.- 3.4.3.7 Abwandlungen des Torsionsversuchs.- 3.4.3.8 Fehler beim Torsionsversuch.- 3.4.4 Ermittlung der Fließkurven von Blechwerkstoffen.- 3.4.4.1 Flachzugversuch.- 3.4.4.2 Flachstauchversuch.- 3.4.4.3 Hydraulischer Tiefungsversuch.- 3.5 Vergleich der Verfahren.- 3.6 Fließkurven wichtiger Werkstoffe.- 3.6.1 Kaltfließkurven.- 3.6.2 Warmfließkurven.- 3.6.3 Vorhersage der Fließkurven von Einsatz- und Vergütungsstählen aus der chemischen Analyse und dem Gefügezustand.- 3.7 Fließkurven und Fließortkurven.- 3.7.1 Aufnahme von Fließortkurven.- 3.7.1.1 Definierte Spannungszustände.- 3.7.1.2 Ebener Formänderungsversuch.- 3.7.1.3 Texturanalyse.- 3.7.1.4 Knoop-Härtemessung.- 3.7.2 Vergleich der Verfahren.- 3.8 Formänderungsvermögen und Grenzformänderung.- 3.8.1 Formänderungsvermögen.- 3.8.2 Der Begriff „Zähigkeit“ oder „Duktilität“.- 3.8.3 Grenzformänderung.- Literatur zu Kapitel 3.- 4 Plastizitätstheoretische Grundlagen.- 4.0 Einleitung.- 4.1 Grundlagen der elementaren Plastizitätstheorie.- 4.1.1 Plastizität, Fließgrenze, Verfestigung.- 4.1.2 Bewegungszustand.- 4.1.3 Formänderungen und Formänderungsgeschwindigkeiten.- 4.1.3.1 Dehnungen.- 4.1.3.2 Schiebungen.- 4.1.4 Homogene Umformung, Umformgrad.- 4.1.5 Fließbedingung und Stoffgesetz.- 4.1.6 Formänderungsvermögen.- 4.1.7 Umformleistung und Umformarbeit.- 4.1.8 Vergleichsumformgrad und Vergleichsumformgeschwindigkeit.- 4.1.9 Lösungsverfahren der elementaren Plastizitätstheorie.- 4.1.9.1 Streifentheorie.- 4.1.9.2 Axialsymmetrische Umformung.- 4.1.9.3 Beispiele.- 4.2 Grundlagen und Anwendungen der v. Misesschen Plastizitätstheorie.- 4.2.1 Werkstoffmodelle.- 4.2.2 Spannungszustand und Spannungsverteilung.- 4.2.2.1 Spannungsverteilung und Gleichgewichtsbedingungen.- 4.2.2.2 Transformation des Spannungszustands, Spannungstensor.- 4.2.2.3 Hauptachsen und Invarianten.- 4.2.2.4 Deviator des Spannungszustands und Fließbedingung.- 4.2.3 Bewegungszustand.- 4.2.3.1 Kontinuitätsgleichung.- 4.2.3.2 Formänderungsgeschwindigkeiten.- 4.2.4 Stoffgesetz.- 4.2.5 Sonderfälle des Spannungs- und Formänderungszustands.- 4.2.5.1 Ebener Formänderungszustand.- 4.2.5.2 Vorgange mit axialer Symmetrie.- 4.2.6 Abgekürzte Schreibweise für kartesische Tensoren.- 4.2.7 Umformleistung.- 4.2.8 Zusammenhang zwischen Fließbedingung und Stoffgesetz; Druckersches Postulat.- 4.2.9 Extremalprinzipien der v. Misesschen Theorie.- 4.3 Lösungsverfahren.- 4.3.1 Strenge Lösungen.- 4.3.2 Gleitlinientheorie.- 4.3.3 Schrankenverfahren.- 4.3.4 Fehlerabgleichmethoden.- 4.3.5 Auswertung von im Versuch ermittelten Geschwindigkeitsfeldern („Visioplasticity“).- 4.3.6 Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM).- 4.3.6.1 Elastisches Werkstoffmodell.- 4.3.6.2 Elastisch-plastisches Werkstoffmodell.- 4.3.6.3 Starrplastisches Werkstoffmodell.- Literatur zu Kapitel 4.- 5 Tribologische Grundlagen; Oberflächenwandlung.- 5.0 Einleitung.- 5.1 Reibung.- 5.1.1 Reibung bei plastischen Formänderungen.- 5.1.2 Folgen der Reibung.- 5.1.3 Reibpartner, Oberflächeneinfluß.- 5.1.4 Mathematische Beschreibung der Reibung.- 5.1.5 Einflußgrößen der Reibung.- 5.2 Schmierung, Oberflächenbehandlung.- 5.2.1 Aufgaben der Schmierung.- 5.2.2 Schmierungszustände.- 5.2.2.1 Festkörperreibung.- 5.2.2.2 Grenzschmierung.- 5.2.2.3 Mischschmierung.- 5.2.2.4 Hydrodynamische Schmierung, Flüssigkeitsschmierung.- 5.2.3 Trenn- und Schmierstoffträgerschichten.- 5.2.3.1 Grundlagen des Zinkphosphatierens.- 5.2.3.2 Oxalieren.- 5.2.4 Schmierstoffe.- 5.2.4.1 Öle und Fette.- 5.2.4.2 Wäßrige Suspensionen.- 5.2.4.3 Seifenschmierstoffe.- 5.2.4.4 Festschmierstoffe.- 5.2.5 Anwendung der Schmierstoffe.- 5.2.6 Schmierstoffprüfung.- 5.2.6.1 Reibungsuntersuchungen in Modellversuchen.- 5.2.6.2 Reibungsuntersuchungen bei Umformverfahren.- 5.3 Verschleiß.- 5.3.1 Verschleißmechanismen.- 5.3.2 Möglichkeiten zur Minderung des Werkzeugverschleißes.- 5.3.3 Verschleißprüfung.- 5.4 Oberflächenwandlung.- 5.4.0 Begriffe.- 5.4.1 Beschreibung der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit.- 5.4.1.1 Senkrechtmaße.- 5.4.1.2 Waagerechtmaße.- 5.4.1.3 Aussagekraft der Oberflächenmaße; abgeleitete Größen.- 5.4.2 Oberflächenwandlungen beim Kaltumformen.- 5.4.2.1 Veränderung der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit bei der freien Umformung.- 5.4.2.2 Veränderung der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit bei der gebundenen Umformung.- Literatur zu Kapitel 5.- 6 Ermittlung von Verfahrenskennwerten durch Messen.- 6.0 Einleitung.- 6.1 Verfahrenskenngrößen.- 6.1.1 Kraft, Weg und Arbeit.- 6.1.2 Vorgangskenngrößen.- 6.2 Elektrische Messung mechanischer Größen.- 6.2.1 Meßwertaufnehmer.- 6.2.1.1 Wegaufnehmer.- 6.2.1.2 Geschwindigkeitsaufnehmer.- 6.2.1.3 Kraftaufnehmer.- 6.2.1.4 Druckaufnehmer.- 6.2.1.5 Beschleunigungsaufnehmer.- 6.2.1.6 Temperaturmessung.- 6.2.2 Meßwertaufbereitung.- 6.2.2.1 Verstärker.- 6.2.2.2 Meßbrücke.- 6.2.2.3 Elektronische Zähler.- 6.2.2.4 Analog-Digital-Umsetzer.- 6.2.3 Registriergeräte.- 6.2.3.1 Registrierung über der Zeit.- 6.2.3.2 Aufzeichnung von Meßwerten über einem weiteren Meßwert.- 6.2.3.3 Digitale Registrierung und Verarbeitung von Meßwerten.- 6.3 Messung der Vorgangskenngrößen.- 6.3.1 Visioplastizität.- 6.3.2 Messung örtlicher Spannungen.- 6.3.3 Modelltechnik.- 6.3.3.1 Modellwerkstoffe.- 6.3.3.2 Modellverfahren.- Literatur zu Kapitel 6.- 7 Grundlagen der Werkzeugmaschinen zum Umformen.- 7.0 Einleitung (Aufgabe, Definition).- 7.1 Kenngrößen von Preßmaschinen.- 7.1.0 Arten von Kenngrößen.- 7.1.1 Kraft- und Energiekenngrößen.- 7.1.2 Zeitkenngrößen.- 7.1.2.1 Zeiten.- 7.1.2.2 Geschwindigkeiten.- 7.1.3 Genauigkeitskenngrößen.- 7.1.3.1 Genauigkeitskenngrößen der unbelasteten Maschine.- 7.1.3.2 Genauigkeitskenngrößen der belasteten Maschine.- 7.1.4 Zusammenstellung der wichtigsten Kenngrößen von Preßmaschinen.- 7.2 Arbeitgebundene Preßmaschinen.- 7.2.1 Hämmer.- 7.2.1.1 Bauarten von Hämmern.- 7.2.1.2 Kennwerte von Hämmern.- 7.2.1.3 Bauelemente von Hämmern.- 7.2.1.4 Steuerungen von Hämmern.- 7.2.2 Spindelpressen.- 7.2.2.1 Antriebsarten und Bewegungsvorgänge.- 7.2.2.2 Energieumsetzung und Wirkungsgrad.- 7.2.2.3 Steuerungen.- 7.2.2.4 Anwendung und Baugrößen von Spindelpressen.- 7.3 Kraftgebundene Preßmaschinen.- 7.3.0 Einleitung.- 7.3.1 Druckflüssigkeiten.- 7.3.1.1 Aufgaben der Druckflüssigkeiten.- 7.3.1.2 Wichtige Eigenschaften der Druckflüssigkeiten.- 7.3.1.3 Schwer entflammbare Druckflüssigkeiten.- 7.3.2 Antriebssysteme.- 7.3.2.1 Pressen mit Förderstromquelle (unmittelbarer Pumpenantrieb).- 7.3.2.2 Kreisläufe mit Druckquelle (Speicherantrieb).- 7.3.2.3 Anwendungsgebiete von unmittelbarem Pumpenantrieb und Speicherantrieb.- 7.3.3 Kenngrößen hydraulischer Pressen.- 7.3.4 Bauarten hydraulischer Pressen.- 7.3.5 Bauelemente.- 7.3.5.1 Pumpen und zugehörige Regeleinrichtungen.- 7.3.5.2 Zylinder.- 7.3.5.3 Hydrospeicher.- 7.3.5.4 Ventile.- 7.3.5.5 Steuerung hydraulischer Pressen.- 7.3.6 Vor- und Nachteile hydraulischer Pressen, Einsatzgebiete.- 7.4 Weggebundene Preßmaschinen.- 7.4.0 Einleitung, Bauarten.- 7.4.1 Kinetisches und kinematisches Verhalten weggebundener Pressen.- 7.4.1.1 Kinetisches und kinematisches Verhalten von weggebundenen Pressen mit geradem, ungeschränktem Schubkurbelgetriebe und unveränderlichem Gesamthub des Stößels (Kurbelpressen).- 7.4.1.2 Kinetisches und kinematisches Verhalten von weggebundenen Pressen mit geradem, ungeschränktem Schubkurbelgetriebe und veränderlichem Gesamthub des Stößels (Exzenterpressen).- 7.4.1.3 Kinetisches und kinematisches Verhalten von weggebundenen Pressen mit Schubkurbel-Kniehebel-Getriebe (Kniehebelpressen).- 7.4.2 Baugruppen weggebundener Pressen.- 7.4.2.1 Gestell.- 7.4.2.2 Antrieb.- 7.5 Schutzeinrichtungen.- 7.5.1 Einrichtungen zum Schutz des arbeitenden Menschen.- 7.5.1.1 Arbeitsweise mit geringen Sicherheitsanforderungen.- 7.5.1.2 Arbeitsweise mit erhöhten Sicherheitsanforderungen.- 7.5.1.3 Arbeitsweise mit hohen Sicherheitsanforderungen.- 7.5.2 Einrichtungen zum Schutz der Maschine gegen Überlastung.- 7.5.2.1 Schutzeinrichtungen an weggebundenen Pressen.- 7.5.2.2 Schutzeinrichtungen an Schwungrad-Spindelpressen.- 7.6 Automatisierungsfragen.- 7.6.1 Die Gegebenheiten.- 7.6.2 Fertigungssysteme.- 7.6.3 Numerische Steuerungen für umformende Fertigungseinrichtungen.- 7.6.3.1 Definition und Benennung der Steuerungen.- 7.6.3.2 Strukturen von Steuerungen.- 7.6.3.3 Bauarten von NC-Steuerungen.- 7.6.4 Werkstückhandhabung.- 7.6.5 Lösung der Automatisierungsaufgaben.- 7.6.5.1 Einzelmaschinen.- 7.6.5.2 Maschinenfließreihen.- 7.6.5.3 Umformmaschinen für die Klein- und Mittelserienfertigung.- 7.6.5.4 Automatisierung und Fertigungskosten.- 7.6.5.5 Flexible Fertigungssysteme.- Literatur zu Kapitel 7.- 8 Arbeitsgenauigkeit.- 8.0 Begriffe, Allgemeines.- 8.1 Fehler.- 8.1.1 Systematische und zufällige Fehler.- 8.1.2 Werkzeugabhängige und maschinenabhängige Fehler.- 8.1.3 Fehler am Werkstück.- 8.2 Einflüsse auf die Genauigkeit beim Umformen.- 8.2.1 Werkstoff.- 8.2.2 Werkzeug.- 8.2.3 Maschine.- 8.2.4 Arbeitsablauf.- 8.3 Genauigkeit einzelner Verfahren.- 8.3.1 Warmumformen, Kaltumformen.- 8.3.2 Gesenkschmieden.- 8.3.3 Maßprägen.- 8.3.4 Kaltfließpressen, Kaltmassivumformen.- 8.3.5 Kombination von Warm-, Halbwarm- und Kaltumformung.- 8.3.6 Feinschneiden.- 8.3.7 Kaltwalzen von Präzisionsprofilen.- 8.4 Toleranzen.- 8.4.1 Toleranzfelder.- 8.4.2 ISO-Toleranzen.- 8.5 Normen und Richtlinien für Toleranzen an umgeformten Werkstücken.- 8.5.1 Toleranznormen für Gesenkschmiedestücke aus Stahl (DIN 7526).- 8.5.2 Toleranzsystem für Kaltumformteile aus Stahl.- Literatur zu Kapitel 8.

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Book SynopsisAn komplexe Karosserie-Blechformteile werden seitens der Automobilindustrie allerhöchste Anforderungen hinsichtlich Funktionalität und Oberflächenqualität gestellt. Um diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen, wird ein entsprechender Methodenplan entwickelt. Das geplante Werk führt zunächst in Grundlagen von Karosseriebau, Umform- und Werkstofftechnik, Werkzeugtechnik und Pressentechnik ein, soweit diese für die Herstellung von Karosserieteilen relevant sind. Auf Basis dieser Grundlagen wird im Hauptteil die Thematik der Methodenplanung behandelt, wobei der komplexe Planungsprozess zunächst auf ein sequentielles Gedankenmodell herunter gebrochen wird. Schließlich wird anhand von Praxisbeispielen aufgezeigt, wie die zuvor sequentiell behandelten Planungsschritte zum Teil gleichzeitig, zum Teil nacheinander in mehreren Iterationsschleifen in der Praxis abgearbeitet werden. Bei allen Ausführungen steht stets die Erfüllung der qualitätsmäßigen Anforderungen, die heute an moderne Karosserieteile gestellt werden, im Vordergrund.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Karosserietechnik und Karosseriewerkstoffe.- Plastizitätstheoretische und werkstofftechnische Grundlagen.- Verfahrenstechnische Grundlagen der Karosserieteilherstellung. Werkzeugtechnik und Werkzeugherstellungsprozess.- Grundlagen der Maschinen- und Anlagentechnik.- Fertigungsplanung und Fertigungsstrategien.- Methodenplanung.- Sachwortregister.- Literaturverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisDieses essential befasst sich mit den Prozessketten zur Herstellung optischer Komponenten für LED-Beleuchtungsanwendungen. Mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Fertigung der Komponenten gehen die Autoren besonders auf die Möglichkeiten zur kostengünstigen Replikation durch Kunststoffspritzguss oder Rolle-zu-Rolle-Prozesse ein. Sie thematisieren die notwendigen Fertigungsschritte für die Werkzeugherstellung genauso wie die messtechnische Charakterisierung der Kunststoffkomponenten. Dabei zeigen sie die notwendige Maschinen- und Werkzeugtechnik, mögliche Verfahrensvarianten, die verwendeten Materialien und entsprechende Beispielgeometrien auf.Table of ContentsWas Sie in diesem Essential finden können.- Einleitung.- LED-Vorsatzoptiken: Formen, Toleranzen und Anforderungen.- Herstellung von Werkzeugformeinsätzen durch Diamantzerspanung.- Replikation von Kunststoffoptiken im Spritzgießverfahren.- Herstellung von Flächenlichtleitern.- Messtechnische Charakterisierung optischer Komponenten.- Was Sie aus diesem Essential mitnehmen können.

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Book SynopsisDieses Fachbuch bündelt das Wissen von insgesamt 70 Experten aus Wissenschaft und Industrie. Sie beschreiben die Leistungsfähigkeit der Klebtechnik beim Fügen von Kunststoffen mit Kunststoffen oder anderen Werkstoffen. Ohne den Einsatz der industriellen Klebtechnik wäre es heute kaum möglich, kunststoffbasierende Produkte auf den Markt zu bringen. Die branchenübergreifenden Anforderungen an die Fügetechnologie Kleben sind allerdings hoch und wachsen kontinuierlich.Alle für das erfolgreiche Kleben von Kunststoffen wichtigen Aspekte werden behandelt. Zahlreiche Best-Practice-Beispiele aus verschiedensten Industriebranchen beleuchten anschließend die anwendungstechnischen und wirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten der Klebtechnik beim Fügen von Kunststoffen. Der Anwender in der industriellen Praxis erhält mit diesem Werk anwendungsnahe Unterstützung bei der erfolgreichen Lösung von Klebaufgaben zur Herstellung innovativer Produkte in allen Industriebereichen.Trade Review“... Angesprochen sind mit diesem Werk Klebtechnik-Anwender der Zielbranchen Fahrzeug- und Luftfahrtindustrie, Maschinen- und Apparatebau, Papier- und Verpackungsindustrie, Bau und Schiffbau, Medizintechnik und aus der Textilindustrie. Nach einführenden Beiträgen über Kunst- stoffe, Grundlagen der Klebstoffe und Klebtechnik werden alle für das erfolgreiche Kleben von Kunststoffen wichtigen Aspekte behandelt ...” (Konstruktionspraxis, Heft 5, Mai 2018)Table of ContentsGrundlagen: Vorbehandlung von Kunststoffen.- Auslegung geklebter Kunststofffügeteile.- Qualitätssicherung und Prüfverfahren. Klebstofftechnologien zum Kleben von Kunststoffen: PUR-Klebstoffe.- Expoxidharzklebstoffe.-Acrylatklebstoffe. Best-Practice-Beispiele: Kleben von Kunststoffen im Transportwesen, im Bauwesen, in der Verpackungsindustrie, in der Elektronik-, der Holz- und Möbelindustrie, im Schiffbau, in der Medizintechnik.

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