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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the application of process intensification to sustainable energy production, combining two very topical subject areas. Due to the increasing process of petroleum, sustainable energy production technologies must be developed, for example bioenergy, blue energy, chemical looping combustion, concepts for CO2 capture etc.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xiii 1. Introduction 1Fausto Gallucci and Martin van Sint Annaland 2. Cryogenic CO2 Capture 7M. van Sint Annaland, M. J. Tuinier and F. Gallucci 2.1 Introduction - CCS and Cryogenic Systems 7 2.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage 8 2.1.2 Cryogenic separation 10 2.2 Cryogenic Packed Bed Process Concept 11 2.2.1 Capture Step 11 2.2.2 CO2 Recovery Step 12 2.2.3 H2O Recovery and Cooling Step 13 2.3 Detailed Numerical Model 13 2.3.1 Model Description 13 2.3.2 Simulation Results 15 2.3.3 Simplified Model: Sharp Front Approach 16 2.3.4 Model Description 16 2.3.5 Process Analysis 22 2.3.6 Initial Bed Temperature 24 2.3.7 CO2 Inlet Concentration 24 2.3.8 Inlet Temperature 25 2.3.9 Bed Properties 25 2.4 Small-Scale Demonstration (Proof of Principle) 25 2.4.1 Results of the Proof of Principle 26 2.5 Experimental Demonstration of the Novel Process Concept in a Pilot-Scale Set-Up 31 2.5.1 Experimental Procedure 32 2.5.2 Experimental Results 33 2.5.3 Simulations for the Proof of Concept 36 2.5.4 Radial Temperature Profiles 36 2.5.5 Influence of the Wall 38 2.6 Techno-Economic Evaluation 39 2.6.1 Process Evaluation 40 2.6.2 Parametric Study 41 2.6.3 Comparison with Absorption and Membrane Technology 45 2.7 Conclusions 49 2.8 Note for the Reader 49 List of symbols 50 Greek letters 50 Subscripts 51 3. Novel Pre-Combustion Power Production: Membrane Reactors 53F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Membrane Reactor Concept 55 3.3 Types of Reactors 57 3.3.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactors 58 3.3.2 Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors 65 3.3.3 Membrane Micro-Reactors 72 3.4 Conclusions 74 3.5 Note for the reader 75 4. Oxy Fuel Combustion Power Production Using High Temperature O2 Membranes 81Vesna Middelkoop and Bart Michielsen 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 MIEC Perovskites as Oxygen Separation Membrane Materials for the Oxy-fuel Combustion Power Production 83 4.3 MIEC Membrane Fabrication 85 4.4 High-temperature ceramic oxygen separation membrane system on laboratory scale 87 4.4.1 Oxygen permeation measurements and sealing dense MIEC ceramic membranes 87 4.4.2 BaxSr1−xCo1−xFeyO3−δ and LaxSr1−xCo1−yFeyO3−δ Membranes 89 4.4.3 Chemical Stability of Perovskite Membranes Under Flue-Gas Conditions 96 4.4.4 CO2-Tolerant MIEC Membranes 99 4.5 Integration of High-Temperature O2 Transport Membranes into Oxy-Fuel Process: Real World and Economic Feasibility 103 4.5.1 Four-End and Three-End Integration Modes 103 4.5.2 Pilot-Scale Membrane Systems 104 4.5.3 Further Scale-Up of O2 Production Systems 106 5. Chemical Looping Combustion for Power Production 117V. Spallina H. P. Hamers, F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Oxygen carriers 120 5.2.1 Nickel-based OCs 122 5.2.2 Iron-based OCs 122 5.2.3 Copper-based OCs 122 5.2.4 Manganese-based OCs 123 5.2.5 Other Oxygen Carriers 123 5.2.6 Sulfur Tolerance 123 5.3 Reactor Concepts 124 5.3.1 Interconnected Fluidized Bed Reactors 124 5.3.2 Packed Bed Reactors 132 5.3.3 Rotating Reactor 143 5.4 The Integration of CLC Reactor in Power Plant 144 5.4.1 Natural Gas Power Plant with CLC 144 5.4.2 Coal-Based Power Plant with CLC 148 5.4.3 Comparison between CLC in packed beds and circulated fluidized beds 162 5.5 Conclusions 164 Nomenclature 167 Subscripts 168 6. Sorption-Enhanced Fuel Conversion 175G. Manzolini, D. Jansen and A. D. Wright 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Development in Sorption-Enhanced Processes 176 6.2.1 Enhanced Steam Methane Reformer 177 6.2.2 SEWGS 177 6.3 Sorbent Development 180 6.3.1 Sorbent for Sorption-Enhanced Reforming 180 6.3.2 Sorbent for Enhanced Water-Gas Shift 182 6.4 Process Descriptions 188 6.4.1 Fluidised Beds 189 6.4.2 Fixed Beds 190 6.4.3 Design Optimisation of Fixed Bed Processes 195 6.5 Sorption-Enhanced Reaction Processes in Power Plant for CO2 Capture 196 6.5.1 SER 196 6.5.2 SEWGS case 199 6.6 Conclusions 203 Nomenclature 204 7. Pd-Based Membranes in Hydrogen Production for Fuel cells 209Rune Bredesen, Thijs A. Peters, Tim Boeltken and Roland Dittmeyer 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Characteristics of Fuel Cells and Applications 211 7.3 Centralized and Distributed Hydrogen Production for Energy Applications 213 7.4 Pd-Based Membranes 216 7.5 Hydrogen Production Using Pd-Based Membranes 216 7.5.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas and Coal 217 7.5.2 Hydrogen from Ethanol 219 7.5.3 Hydrogen from Methanol 220 7.5.4 Hydrogen from Other Hydrocarbon Sources 221 7.5.5 Hydrogen from Ammonia 221 7.6 Process Intensification by Microstructured Membrane Reactors 221 7.7 Integration of Pd-Based Membranes and Fuel Cells 229 7.8 Final Remarks 231 8. From Biomass to SNG 243Luca Di Felice and Francesca Micheli 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Current Status of Bio-SNG Production and Facilities in Europe 244 8.3 Bio-SNG Process Configuration 245 8.3.1 The Gasification Step 247 8.3.2 Gas Cleaning 248 8.3.3 The Synthesis Step 250 8.4 Catalytic Systems 251 8.5 The Case Study 253 8.5.1 The Feeding Composition 254 8.5.2 Heat Exchangers 256 8.5.3 Scrubber Tar Removal 257 8.5.4 Ammonia Absorber 258 8.5.5 HCl and H2S Removal 259 8.5.6 Compression Section 259 8.5.7 Separation Section: H2O and CO2 Removal 259 8.5.8 Methanation Section Case 1: Adiabatic Fixed Bed with Intermediate Cooling 260 8.5.9 Methanation Section Case 2: Isothermal Fluidized Bed 262 8.6 Chemical Efficiency 263 8.7 Conclusions 263 9. Blue Energy: Salinity Gradient for Energy Conversion 267Paolo Chiesa, Marco Astolfi and Antonio Giuffrida 9.1 Introduction 267 9.2 Fundamentals of Salinity Gradient Exploitation 268 9.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Technology 270 9.3.1 Operating Principles 271 9.3.2 Plant Layout and Components 272 9.3.3 Design Criteria and Optimization 276 9.3.4 Technology Review 277 9.3.5 Pilot Testing 278 9.4 The Reverse Electrodialysis Technology 279 9.4.1 Operating Principles and Plant Layout 279 9.4.2 RED Technology Review 282 9.5 Other Salinity Gradient Technologies 284 9.5.1 Reverse Vapor Compression 284 9.5.2 Hydrocratic Generator 288 9.6 Osmotic Power Plants Potential 290 9.6.1 Site Criteria for Osmotic Power Plants 292 9.7 Conclusions 294 10. Solar Process Heat and Process Intensification 299Bettina Muster and Christoph Brunner 10.1 Solar Process Heat - A Short Technology Review 299 10.1.1 Examples of solar process heat system concepts 301 10.1.2 Solar process heat collector development 302 10.2 Potential of Solar Process Heat in Industry 305 10.3 Bottlenecks for Integration of Solar Process Heat in Industry 305 10.3.1 Introduction 305 10.3.2 Bottlenecks of the Industrial Process to Integrate Solar Heat Supply 306 10.3.3 Bottlenecks of the Solar Process Heat System 308 10.3.4 Engineering Intensified Process Systems for Renewable Energy Integration 308 10.4 PI - A Promising Approach to Increase the Solar Process Heat Potential? 309 10.4.1 Intensifying the Industrial Process and Possible Effects on Solar Process Heat 311 10.5 Conclusion 328 11. Bioenergy - Intensified Biomass Utilization 331Katia Gallucci and Pier Ugo Foscolo 11.1 Introduction 331 11.2 Biomass Gasification: State-of-the-Art Overview 332 11.2.1 Cold Gas Cleaning and Conditioning: Current Systems 335 11.3 Hot Gas Cleaning 343 11.3.1 Contaminant Problems Addressed 343 11.3.2 Dust Filtration 349 11.3.3 Catalytic Conditioning 352 11.3.4 The UNIQUE Concept for Gasification and Hot Gas Cleaning and Conditioning 363 11.4 Conclusions 376 Index 387

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Book SynopsisAIChE''s first manual for testing and measuring performance of centrifugal compressors The newest addition to AIChE''s long-running Equipment Testing Procedure series, Centrifugal Compressors: A Guide to Performance Evaluation and Site Testing provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with helpful advice to assess and measure the performance of a key component in a number of chemical process operations. From petrochemical refining and natural gas production to air separation plants, efficient, safe, and environmentally-sound operations depend on reliable performance by centrifugal compressors. The book presents a step-by-step approach to preparing for, planning, executing, and analyzing tests of centrifugal compressors, with an emphasis on methods that can be conducted on-siteand with an acknowledgement of the strengths and limitations of these methods. The book opens with an extensive and detailed section offering definitions of releTable of Contents100.0 PURPOSE & SCOPE 1 101.0 Purpose 1 102.0 Scope 1 200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 3 300.0 TEST PLANNING 18 301.0 General Guidance 18 302.0 Communication 18 400.0 INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 19 401.0 Minimum Instrumentation for Checking Compressor Performance 19 402.0 The Ideal Beginning 19 403.0 Schematic of Test Piping and Instrumentation 20 404.0 When Should Tests be Conducted? 20 405.0 Test Planning 20 405.1 Test Codes 21 405.2 Equipment 21 405.3 Process Considerations 22 405.4 Safety 22 405.5 Environmental Considerations 22 405.6 Pre-Test Inspection of Physical Facilities 22 406.0 Conducting the Test 23 407.0 Duration of Test Points 24 408.0 Selecting Instruments and Methods of Measurement 25 409.0 Testing Methods25 409.1 Pressure and Temperature Measurement 25 409.2 Gas Component Measurement27 409.3 Flow Measurement27 409.4 Power Measurement 28 409.5 Speed Measurement 29 500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 30 501.0 Site Test 30 502.0 Test Planning 30 503.0 Test Measurements 31 504.0 Test Procedure 32 600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS 34 700.0 EVALUATION OF RESULTS35 701.0 Guidelines for Field Modifications 35 702.0 Error Analysis with Example 36 800.0 APPENDIX 40 801.0 Applicable Codes and Specifications 40 802.0 List of Symbols and Notations 41-42 803.0 Subscripts 42 804.0 Results of Sample Performance Test 43

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Book SynopsisThis book provides designers and operators of chemical process facilities with a general philosophy and approach to safe automation, including independent layers of safety. An expanded edition, this book includes a revision of original concepts as well as chapters that address new topics such as use of wireless automation and Safety Instrumented Systems. This book also provides an extensive bibliography to related publications and topic-specific information.Table of ContentsList of Figures Xi List of Tables Xvii Abbreviations Xix Glossary Xxiii 1 Process Safety and Safe Automation 1 1.1 Objective 7 1.2 Scope 9 1.3 Limitations 9 1.4 Target Audience 11 1.5 Incidents That Define Safe Automation 13 1.6 Overview of the Contents 18 1.7 Key Differences 21 2 The Role of Automation in Process Safety 23 2.1 Process Operations 23 2.2 Plant Automation 33 2.3 A Framework for Process Safety 42 2.4 Risk-Based Design 54 2.5 Risk Management of Existing Facility 78 3 Automation Specification 83 3.1 Process Automation Lifecycle 83 3.2 Functional Specification 91 3.3 Designing For Operating Objectives 92 3.4 Inherently Safer Practices 104 3.5 Designing for Core Attributes 107 3.6 Control and Safety System Integration 133 4 Design And Implementation Of Process Control Systems 153 4.1 Input and Output Field Signal Types 161 4.2 Basic Application Program Functions 162 4.3 Process Control Objectives 165 4.4 Process Controller Technology Selection 172 4.5 Detailed Application Program Design 194 5 Design and Implementation of Safety Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) 211 5.1 SCAI Classification 215 5.2 Design Considerations 220 5.3 SCAI Technology Selection 244 6 Administrative Controls and Monitoring 265 6.1 Introduction 265 6.2 Automation Organization Management 266 6.3 Process Safety Information 269 6.4 Operating Procedures 273 6.5 Maintenance Planning 291 6.6 Human and Systematic Failure Management 303 6.7 Management of Change 316 6.8 Auditing, Monitoring and Metrics 321 Appendix A. Control System Considerations 329 Appendix B. Power, Grounding, and Shielding 371 Appendix C. Communications 391 C.1 Communication Classifications 391 C.2 Common Communication Network Topologies 395 C.3 Communication between Devices 397 C.4 Wireless Communication 400 C.5 Common Communication Configurations 403 C.6 Common Data Communication Issues 407 C.7 Process Control and Safety System Communications 412 C.8 SCAI Communications 419 Appendix D. Alarm Management 423 D.1 Alarms 423 D.2 Standards and Resources 423 D.3 Alarm Management 423 D.4 Managing the Safety Aspects Of Alarms 436 D.5 Alarm System Performance Benchmarking 437 D.6 Alarm Management Software 438 Appendix E. Field Device Considerations 441 E.1 General Signal Safety 441 E.2 Field Device Selection 458 E.3 Flow Measurement 465 E.4 Pressure Measurement 475 E.5 Level Measurement 476 E.6 Temperature Measurement 487 E.7 On-Stream Process Analysis 489 E.8 Automated Valves 493 E.9 Electric Motors 504 E.10 Steam Turbine Variable Speed Drives 505 Appendix F. Sis Equipment Selection 511 F.1 Selection Basis 511 F.2 Additional Considerations 518 Appendix G. Human Machine Interface Design 529 G.1 General 529 G.2 Operator Interface Standards and Resources 531 G.3 Instrument Panels 533 G.4 Configurable Operator Workstations 534 G.5 Process Alarms 538 G.6 Sis Impact on HMI 545 G.7 Control-Center Environment 545 G.8 Video 546 G.9 Operator Interfaces Of Future 546 G.10 HMI Considerations Checklist 547 Appendix H. Application Programming 551 H.1 Software Types 551 H.2 Application Program Development 552 H.3 Application Programming Languages 554 H.4 Application Program Developmental Models 556 H.5 Process Control Application Program 557 H.6 SCAI Application Program 563 Appendix I. Instrument Reliability Program 565 I.1 Introduction 565 I.2 Tracking Failure 566 I.3 Data Taxonomy 568 I.4 Data Collection Efforts 569 I.5 Failure Investigation 571 I.6 Calculation of Failure Rate 572 I.7 Verification 576 Appendix J. Acceptance Testing Guidelines 581 J.1 Acceptance Testing 581 J.2 Standards 581 J.3 Factory Acceptance Test 582 J.4 Site Acceptance Test (SAT) 589 Index 597

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Book SynopsisSi containing polymers have been instrumental in the development of membrane gas separation practices since the early 1970s. Their function is to provide a selective barrier for different molecular species, where selection takes place either on the basis of size or on the basis of physical interactions or both. Combines membrane science, organosilicon chemistry, polymer science, materials science, and physical chemistry Only book to consider polymerization chemistry and synthesis of Si-containing polymers (both glassy and rubbery), and their role as membrane materials Membrane operations present environmental benefits such as reduced waste, and recovered/recycled valuable raw materials that are currently lost to fuel or to flares Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xv 1 Permeability of Polymers 1Yuri Yampolskii 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Detailed mechanism of sorption and transport 3 1.2.1 Transition-state model 3 1.2.2 Free volume model 4 1.2.3 Sorption isotherms 5 1.3 Concentration dependence of permeability and diffusion coefficients 6 1.4 Effects of properties of gases and polymers on permeation parameters 10 Acknowledgement 13 References 13 2 Organosiloxanes (Silicones), Polyorganosiloxane Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Gas Permeation Membranes Based on Them 17Igor Raygorodsky, Victor Kopylov, and Alexander Kovyazin 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Synthesis and transformations of organosiloxanes 17 2.2.1 Polyorganosiloxanes with aminoalkyl groups at silicon 19 2.2.2 Organosilicon alcohols and phenols 21 2.3 Synthesis of polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 23 2.3.1 Polyester(ether)–polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 24 2.3.2 Synthesis of polyurethane–, polyurea–, polyamide–, polyimide– organosiloxane POBCs 25 2.4 Properties of polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 29 2.4.1 Phase state of polyblock organosiloxane copolymers 29 2.5 Morphology of POBCs and its effects on their diffusion properties 30 2.5.1 Types of heterogeneous structure 30 2.6 Some representatives of POBC as membrane materials and their properties 32 2.6.1 Polycarbonate–polysiloxanes 32 2.6.2 Polyurethane(urea)–polysiloxanes 39 2.6.3 Polyimide(amide)–polysiloxanes 42 2.7 Conclusions 45 References 46 3 Polysilalkylenes 53Nikolay V. Ushakov, Stepan Guselnikov, and Eugene Finkelshtein Acknowledgement 65 References 65 4 Polyvinylorganosilanes: The Materials for Membrane Gas Separation 69Nikolay V. Ushakov 4.1 Introduction: Historical background 69 4.2 Syntheses and polymerization of vinyltriorganosilanes 71 4.2.1 Syntheses of vinyltriorganosilanes 71 4.2.2 Vinyltriorganosilane (VTOS) polymerization 73 4.3 Physico-chemical and membrane properties of polymeric PVTOS materials 88 4.4 Concluding remarks 94 Acknowledgement 95 References 95 5 Substituted Polyacetylenes 107Toshikazu Sakaguchi, Yanming Hu, and Toshio Masuda 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) and related polymers 110 5.2.1 Synthesis and general properties 110 5.2.2 Permeation of gases and liquids 112 5.2.3 Aging effect and cross-linking 114 5.2.4 Free volume 115 5.2.5 Nanocomposites and hybrids 116 5.3 Poly[1-phenyl-2-(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)acetylene] and related polymers 117 5.3.1 Polymer synthesis 118 5.3.2 Gas separation 121 5.4 Desilylated polyacetylenes 124 5.4.1 Desilylation of poly[1(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)-2-phenylacetylene] 124 5.4.2 PDPAs from precursor polymers with various silyl groups 125 5.4.3 Soluble poly(diphenylacetylene)s obtained by desilylation 127 5.4.4 Poly(diarylacetylene)s 128 5.5 Polar-group-containing polyacetylenes 130 5.5.1 Hydroxy group 130 5.5.2 Sulfonated and nitrated poly(diphenylacetylene)s 132 5.5.3 Other polar groups 134 5.6 Concluding remarks 135 References 136 6 Polynorbornenes 143Eugene Finkelshtein, Maria Gringolts, Maksim Bermeshev, Pavel Chapala, and Yulia Rogan 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Monomer synthesis 144 6.2.1 Synthesis of silicon-substituted norbornenes and norbornadienes 145 6.2.2 Synthesis of Si-containing exo-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]non-7-enes 152 6.3 Metathesis polynorbornenes 163 6.4 Addition polymerization 183 6.4.1 Addition polynorbornenes and polynorbornenes with alkyl side groups 184 6.4.2 Silicon and germanium-substituted polynorbornenes 187 6.4.3 Composites with addition silicon-containing polytricyclononenes 205 6.5 Conclusions 209 Acknowledgement 210 References 210 7 Polycondensation Materials Containing Bulky Side Groups: Synthesis and Transport Properties 223Susanta Banerjee and Debaditya Bera 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Synthesis of the polymers 224 7.2.1 Polyimides 224 7.2.2 Poly(arylene ether)s (PAEs) 227 7.2.3 Aromatic polyamides (PAs) 228 7.3 Effect of different bulky groups on polymer gas transport properties 229 7.3.1 Gas transport properties of the polyimides containing different bulky groups 229 7.3.2 Gas transport properties of polyamides containing different bulky groups 241 7.3.3 Gas transport properties of poly(arylene ether)s containing different bulky groups 248 7.3.4 Concluding remarks 263 References 265 8 Gas and Vapor Transport Properties of Si-Containing and Related Polymers 271Yuri Yampolskii 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 Rubbery Si-containing polymers 272 8.2.1 Polysiloxanes 272 8.2.2 Siloxane-containing copolymers (block copolymers, random copolymers and graft copolymers) 274 8.2.3 Polysilmethylenes 277 8.3 Glassy Si-containing polymers 278 8.3.1 Polymers with Si–O–Si bonds in side chains 278 8.3.2 Poly(vinyltrimethyl silane) and related vinylic polymers 282 8.3.3 Metathesis norbornene polymers 285 8.3.4 Additive norbornene polymers 286 8.3.5 Polyacetylenes 290 8.3.6 Other glassy Si-containing polymers 293 8.4 Free volume in Si-containing polymers 294 8.5 Concluding remarks 296 Acknowledgement 298 References 298 9 Modeling of Si-Containing Polymers 307Joel R. Fried, Timothy Dubbs, and Morteza Azizi 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 Main-chain silicon-containing polymers 309 9.2.1 Polysiloxanes 309 9.2.2 Polysilanes and silalkylene polymers 314 9.3 Side-chain silicon-containing polymers 316 9.3.1 Poly(vinyltrimethylsilane) 316 9.3.2 Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] 317 9.4 Conclusions 324 Appendices 325 9.A Molecular flexibility 325 9.B Simulation of diffusivity 325 9.B.1 Einstein relationship 325 9.B.2 VACF method 325 9.C Simulation of solubility: Widom method 325 9.D Molecular mechanics force fields 326 9.D.1 DREIDING 326 9.D.2 Polymer-consistent force field (pcff ) 326 9.D.3 GROMOS 326 9.D.4 COMPASS 326 References 327 10 Pervaporation and Evapomeation with Si-Containing Polymers 335Tadashi Uragami 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Structural design of Si-containing polymer membranes 335 10.2.1 Chemical design of Si-containing polymer membrane materials 336 10.2.2 Physical construction of Si-containing polymer membranes 336 10.3 Pervaporation 337 10.3.1 Principle of pervaporation 337 10.3.2 Fundamentals of pervaporation 338 10.3.3 Solution–diffusion model in pervaporation 339 10.4 Evapomeation 340 10.4.1 Principle of evapomeation 340 10.4.2 Principle of temperature-difference controlled evapomeation 341 10.5 Technology of pervaporation with Si-containing polymer membranes 342 10.5.1 Alcohol permselective membranes 342 10.5.2 Hydrocarbon permselective membranes 353 10.5.3 Organic permselective membranes 360 10.5.4 Membranes for separation of organic–organic mixtures 361 10.5.5 Membranes for optical resolution 362 10.6 Technology of evapomeation with Si-containing polymer membranes 363 10.6.1 Permeation and separation by evapomeation 363 10.6.2 Concentration of ethanol by temperature-difference controlled evapomeation 364 10.7 Conclusions 365 References 365 11 Si-Containing Polymers in Membrane Gas Separation 373Adele Brunetti, Leonardo Melone, Enrico Drioli, and Giuseppe Barbieri Executive summary 373 11.1 Introduction 373 11.2 Si-containing polymer membranes used in gas separation 375 11.2.1 Silicon rubber membrane materials 375 11.2.2 Polyacetylene membrane materials 376 11.2.3 Polynorbornene membrane materials 378 11.2.4 Other Si-containing membrane materials 378 11.3 Separations 379 11.4 Membrane modules 381 11.5 Competing technologies for separation of gases 384 11.6 Applications 385 11.6.1 Air separation 385 11.6.2 Hydrogen separation 386 11.6.3 Hydrocarbon separation 390 11.6.4 VOC separation 392 References 393 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThis is a major new handbook that covers hundreds of subjects that cross numerous industry sectors; however, the handbook is heavily slanted to oil and gas environmental management, control and pollution prevention and energy efficient practices. Multi-media pollution technologies are covered : air, water, solid waste, energy. Students, technicians, practicing engineers, environmental engineers, environmental managers, chemical engineers, petroleum engineers, and environmental attorneys are all professionals who will benefit from this major new reference source. The handbook is organized in three parts. Part A provides an extensive compilation of abbreviations and concise glossary of pollution control and engineering terminology. More than 400 terms are defined. The section is intended to provide a simple look-up guide to confusing terminology used in the regulatory field, as well as industry jargon. Cross referencing between related definitions and acronyms are provided to aTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Author xiii PART A: Abbreviations and Glossary 1 PART B: Physical Properties and Safety Data 71 PART C: Macropedia of Subjects 81 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 83 Air Dispersion Modeling 95 Air Pollution Control Device 109 Air Quality Index 117 Anaerobic Lagoons 131 AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors 137 API Gravity 141 API Separator 143 Baghouses/Fabric Filters 149 Barrel Burning 163 Belt Filter Presses 167 Best Available Control Technology (BACT) 175 Best Management Practices 181 Bhopal Disaster 185 Blowdown and Purging (Natural Gas Industry Practices) 191 Calpuff 203 Carbon Adsorption 205 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 223 Ceramic Membrane Filtration Technology 235 Clean Air Act 241 Compressors 245 Control Efficiency 279 Cooling Towers (WET) 303 Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) 325 Cyclone Separators 333 Deep Well Waste Injection 345 Dioxins 355 Dissolved Gas Flotation 367 Electrostatic Precipitators 375 Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act 409 Emission Factors 417 Emissions Inventory 425 Environmental Management System 439 Environmental Site Assessment 443 EPA Environmental Voluntary Programs 457 Explosive Limits 461 Faculative Ponds 467 Filter Presses 473 Flares 487 Flue Gas Desulfurization 503 Fly Ash 513 Fugitive Dust Emissions 517 Contents vii Fugitive Emissions (Leaking Equipment) 547 Natural Gas Production Facilities (Emission Factors) 577 Gasification 585 Glycol Dehydrators 599 Gravity Settling Chambers 603 Green Chemistry Institute 611 Greenhouse Gases 613 Hazardous Air Pollutants 621 Haze 629 Heater-Treaters 637 HEPA Filtration 645 Hydraulic Fracturing 661 Ideal Gas Law 697 Impingement-Plate/Tray Tower Scrubbers 701 Indoor Air Quality 705 Indoor Air Quality Testing 711 Inertial Separators 721 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 745 Ion Exchange 749 Leak Detection and Repair 757 Life Cycle Costing Analysis 781 MACT (NESHAP) Standards 801 Mass Balance Method 823 Membrane Filtration 831 National Air Toxics Assessments 841 National Ambient Air Quaility Standards (NAAQS) 845 Odor Control 855 Odor Threshold 875 Oil and Gas Production Facilities (Emission Factors) 901 Petroleum Bulk Plants and Terminals (Emission Factors) 905 Phase Diagram 911 Photochemical Smog 913 Pneumatic Controllers (Natural Gas Industry) 917 Pneumatic Devices 925 Pollution Prevention Practices – Organic Chemicals Industry Sector 931 Pollution Prevention Practices – Petroleum Refining 947 Pressure Relief Valves and Regulators 955 Pressure Separators 969 Preventive Maintenance 975 Radionuclides 983 Radon 987 Reciprocating Engines (Natural Gas-Fired) 995 Regenerative Incinerator 1001 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 1013 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1023 Responsible Care Program 1031 Rotary Drum Filters 1035 Settling Ponds and Sedimentation 1043 Settling 1047 Snubbing 1073 Stack Emissions Testing 1087 Stokes’s Law 1101 Storage Tank Emissions (Oil and Condensate Tanks) 1107 Storage Tank Emissions (General) 1139 Thermal Incinerator 1159 Thermodynamic Processes 1173 Thickeners and Clarifiers 1179 Title V Permits 1189 Total Reduced Sulfurs 1195 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 1201 Toxics Release Inventory 1209 Transport Properties 1241 UV Disinfection 1255 Vapor Cloud Explosions and BLEVEs 1261 Vapor Intrusion 1283 Vapor Pressure 1305 Vapor Recovery Units 1311 Venturi Scrubber 1323 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 1331 Waste Heat to Power 1341 Well Swabbing 1351 Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization 1367 Wet Scrubbing Technology 1373

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Book Synopsis Learn and apply heat and mass transfer principles to real-world chemical engineering problemsThis hands-on textbook provides a concept-based introduction to heat and mass transfer procedures and lays out the foundation to practical applications in a broad range of fields relevant to chemical and biochemical processing.Written by a recognized academic and experienced author, Heat and Mass Transfer for Chemical Engineers: Principles and Applications contains comprehensive discussions on conductive and diffusive processes and the engineering correlations between momentum, heat, and mass transfer. Readers will get Mathematica workbooks that facilitate calculations and explore trends. The book refers extensively to Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ninth Edition for data and correlations.Coverage includes: Introduction to heat and mass transfer Thermal conductivity Steady-state, one-dimensional heat conductionTable of ContentsPrefaceGeneral ReferencesNomenclaturePart I Heat Transfer 1 Introduction to Heat Transfer 2 Thermal Conductivity 3 Steady-State, One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 4 Combined Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer 5 Multidimensional and Transient Heat Conduction 6 Convective Heat Transfer 7 Thermal Design of Heat ExchangersPart II Mass Transfer 8 Introduction to Mass Transfer 9 Fick’s Law 10 Diffusivity 11 One-Dimensional Diffusion 12 Multidimensional and Transient Diffusion 13 Convective Mass Transfer 14 Design of Packed Gas Absorption and Stripping Columns 15 Coupled Mass Transfer Processes 16 Mass Transfer with ReactionA Physical Properties of Liquid Water and AirB Unit Conversion Factors and Physical ConstantsIndex

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Book SynopsisUse this guideline to develop an effective Process Safety Knowledge Management system When managing the risks of hazardous materials and energies, a well-developed process safety program is critical for maintaining a healthy workforce, for protecting the environment, and for sustaining the business. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has identified Process Knowledge Management as one of its twenty Elements in its Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) approach. With an effective Process Safety Knowledge Management (PSKM) system, an organization will be able to capture, organize, maintain, and access its technical, engineering, and administrative information. Thus, an effective PSKM system will help an organization successfully manage its risks. This book provides a set of comprehensive guidelines for implementing a Process Safety Knowledge Management (PSKM) system, which will help an organization improve its process safety performance. The book begins with a discussion on the char

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Book SynopsisPacked with more need-to-know information than any other book on the market, Residential Oil Burners, 3E provides the knowledge and skills that residential oil burner technicians will need to succeed in the industry. Now in its third edition, the book has been fully updated to incorporate the latest technological advancements, with an all-new chapter on boilers, and updated chapters on electrical equipment and oil burner controls. With coverage of the combustion process, oil burners, heating systems, as well as electrical systems and equipment, users will build a solid foundation of information that is easily transferable to work situations they may encounter in the field. Straightforward and easy-to-use, this book is a valuable addition to every service technician's vehicle or learning library.Trade ReviewChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. The Combustion Process Chapter 3 Oil Burners Chapter 4. The Air Delivery System Chapter 5. The Fuel Delivery System - Oil Tank Installations Chapter 6. The Fuel Delivery System - Pumps and Nozzles Chapter 7. The Ignition System Chapter 8. Boilers Chapter 9. The Steam Heating system Chapter 10. The Hot Water Heating Systems Chapter 11. Warm Air Heating systems Chapter 12. Basic Electricity Chapter 13. Electrical Equipment Chapter 14. Oil Burner Controls Chapter 15. Control Circuit Wiring Chapter 16. Service Procedures - Burner Not Operating Chapter 17. Service Procedures - Improper Operation Chapter 18. Domestic Hot Water Chapter 19. Annual Tune-Up Chapter 20. Combustion Efficiency Testing Chapter 21. Improving Combustion EfficiencyTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. The Combustion Process Chapter 3 Oil Burners Chapter 4. The Air Delivery System Chapter 5. The Fuel Delivery System - Oil Tank Installations Chapter 6. The Fuel Delivery System - Pumps and Nozzles Chapter 7. The Ignition System Chapter 8. Boilers Chapter 9. The Steam Heating system Chapter 10. The Hot Water Heating Systems Chapter 11. Warm Air Heating systems Chapter 12. Basic Electricity Chapter 13. Electrical Equipment Chapter 14. Oil Burner Controls Chapter 15. Control Circuit Wiring Chapter 16. Service Procedures - Burner Not Operating Chapter 17. Service Procedures - Improper Operation Chapter 18. Domestic Hot Water Chapter 19. Annual Tune-Up Chapter 20. Combustion Efficiency Testing Chapter 21. Improving Combustion Efficiency

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Book SynopsisBased on the innovative Project Lead the Way (PLTW) curriculum, this dynamic new text is designed to prepare students for college and career success in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Whether students are interested in becoming engineering or architecture professionals, or simply want to understand the structural systems and building styles in their communities, this text will help them develop the technological literacy to appreciate, describe, and make informed decisions about our built environment. As an integrated part of your PLTW program or a standalone classroom resource, CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE is an ideal choice to support your students' STEM success. This book provides a richly illustrated history of architectural styles and the engineering achievements that produced them, as well as detailed coverage of the principles and concepts that current professionals use to shape today's built environment. From site discovery through landscaping, the textTable of Contents1. Definitions and History of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2. Careers. 3. Research, Documentation, and Communication. 4. Architectural Design. 5. Site Discovery for Viability Analysis. 6. Site Planning. 7. Site Design. 8. Energy Conservation and Design. 9. Residential Space Planning. 10. Commercial Space Planning. 11. Dimensioning and Specifications. 12. Building Materials and Components. 13. Framing Systems: Residential and Commercial Applications. 14. Structural Systems: What Makes a Building Stand? 15. Planning Electric Codes. 16. Planning for Plumbing. 17. Indoor Environmental Quality and Security. 18. Landscaping. 19. Visual Communication of Design Intent. 20. Formal Communication and Analysis.

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Book SynopsisWood as an engineering material can be technically defined “as a hygroscopic, orthotropic, biological, and permeable material having extreme chemical diversity and physical complexity with structures, that vary extensively in their shape, size, properties and function”. Therefore, using wood to its best advantage and most efficiency in engineering applications, specific characteristics or chemical, physical and mechanical properties must be considered. The products are divided into two classes, solid wood and composite wood products. Solid wood includes shipbuilding, bridges, flooring, mine timbers, etc. Composite wood products include insulation board, plywood, oriented strand board, hardboard and particle board. In recent years, the machining of wood products has acquired great importance due the short supply of wood and increasing environmental awareness among users and manufacturers. The optimization of the machining process centers around the mechanism of chip formation, tool wear, workpiece surface quality, crack initiation and propagation of different types of wood. Other factors are also humidity, temperature, static preloads, and vibrations that can affect the wood during the machining process. The book provides some fundamentals and recent research advances on machining wood and wood products.Trade Review"This book should be valuable in advanced courses for undergraduate engineering students in courses dealing with wood machining. It might also serve as a reference for researchers inside the field of wood mechanics and wood manufacturing." (International Wood Products Journal, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Machining of Wood and Wood Composites 1 Grzegorz KOWALUK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wood and wood-based composites 2 1.3. Approach to cutting 7 1.4. Main techniques of machining 11 1.5. Problems of machining wood and wood composites – a review 19 1.6. Into the future – further scenarios of wood and wood composites machining 21 1.7. Acknowledgement 23 1.8. Bibliography 24 Chapter 2. Wood and Wood-based Panel Machining Quality 27 Cristina COELHO, Nuno GARRIDO, Jorge MARTINS, Luisa CARVALHO and Carlos COSTA 2.1. Solid wood machining 27 2.2. Wood-based panels machining 39 2.3. Surface quality 50 2.4. Case study: solid wood machining and surface quality evaluation 65 2.5. Case study: particleboard machining and edge quality evaluation 73 2.6. Bibliography 75 Chapter 3. Reducing Tool Wear by Cryogenic Treatment and Cooling with Refrigerated Air when Processing Medium Density Fiberboard 83 Rado GAZO, Judith GISIP and Harold A. STEWART 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Effects of refrigerated air 85 3.3. Effects of cryogenic treatment and refrigerated air 98 3.4. Acknowledgements 111 3.5. Bibliography 111 Chapter 4. Wearing Mechanisms Contributing to Reduced Tool Life after Wood and Secondary Wood Products Machining 115 Boles³aw PORANKIEWICZ 4.1. Introduction 116 4.2. Cutting edge-material cut interface 116 4.3. TGA indirect evidence of HTTR 119 4.4. Theoretical QC analysis of HTTR 134 4.5. Investigations of direct evidence of HTTR 140 4.6. Cutting edge SEM image examinations 143 4.7. Synergistic effect of high temperature reactions and mechanical wear 146 4.8. Final remarks 150 4.9. Conclusions 154 4.10. Acknowledgements 155 4.11. Bibliography 155 Chapter 5. Monitoring Surface Quality on Molding and Sawing Processes for Solid Wood and Wood Panels 159 Alfredo AGUILERA 5.1. Introduction 159 5.2. General concepts 160 5.3. Monitoring the cutting process 176 5.4. Surface roughness and quality for solid wood and panels 190 5.5. Concluding remarks 210 5.6. Acknowledgements 211 5.7. Bibliography 211 Chapter 6. Evaluating the Roughness of Sanded Wood Surfaces 217 Lidia GURAU, Hugh MANSFIELD-WILLIAMS and Mark IRLE 6.1. Introduction 217 6.2. Profile filtering applied to wood surfaces 228 6.3. A proposed method for separating processing roughness from anatomical roughness 246 6.4. A case study: the processing roughness of oak surfaces sanded with various grit sizes 250 6.5. Concluding remarks 259 6.6. Perspectives 260 6.7. Acknowledgements 261 6.8. Bibliography 261 List of Authors 269 Index 273

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Book SynopsisFault tree analysis is an important technique in determining the safety and dependability of complex systems. Fault trees are used as a major tool in the study of system safety as well as in reliability and availability studies. The basic methods – construction, logical analysis, probability evaluation and influence study – are described in this book. The following extensions of fault trees, non-coherent fault trees, fault trees with delay and multi-performance fault trees, are also explained. Traditional algorithms for fault tree analysis are presented, as well as more recent algorithms based on binary decision diagrams (BDD).Table of ContentsIntroduction 11 Chapter 1 Single-Component Systems 17 1.1 Distribution of failure and reliability 17 1.1.1 Function of distribution and density of failure 17 1.1.2 Survival function: reliability 18 1.1.3 Hazard rate 19 1.1.4 Maintainability 19 1.1.5 Mean times 20 1.1.6 Mean residual lifetime 21 1.1.7 Fundamental relationships 21 1.1.8 Some probability distributions 22 1.2 Availability of the repairable systems 25 1.2.1 Instantaneous availability 25 1.2.2 Asymptotic availability 26 1.2.3 Mean availability 26 1.2.4 Asymptotic mean availability 27 1.3 Reliability in discrete time 27 1.3.1 Discrete distributions 28 1.3.2 Reliability 28 1.4 Reliability and maintenance 29 1.4.1 Periodic test: repair time is negligible 29 1.4.2 Periodic test: repair time is not negligible 30 1.4.3 Mean duration of a hidden failure 30 1.5 Reliability data 31 Chapter 2 Multi-Component Systems 33 2.1 Structure function 33 2.2 Modules andmodular decomposition 36 2.3 Elementary structure systems 37 2.3.1 Series system 37 2.3.2 Parallel system 38 2.3.3 System k-out-of-n 38 2.3.4 Parallel-series system 39 2.3.5 Series-parallel system 39 2.4 Systems with complex structure 40 2.5 Probabilistic study of the systems 42 2.5.1 Introduction 42 2.5.2 Inclusion-exclusion method 43 2.5.3 Disjoint products 44 2.5.4 Factorization 46 2.5.5 Reliability bounds 46 Chapter 3 Construction of Fault Trees 49 3.1 Basic ideas and definitions 49 3.1.1 Graphic symbols 52 3.1.2 Use of the operators 53 3.2 Formal definition and graphs 56 3.3 Stages of construction 57 3.3.1 Preliminary analysis 58 3.3.2 Specifications 59 3.3.3 Construction 59 3.4 Example of construction 60 3.4.1 Preliminary analysis 60 3.4.2 Specifications 62 3.4.3 Construction 62 3.5 Automatic construction 63 Chapter 4 Minimal Sets 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Methods of study 68 4.2.1 Direct methods 68 4.2.2 Descending methods 71 4.2.3 Ascending methods 73 4.3 Reduction 74 4.4 Other algorithms for searching the cut sets 75 4.5 Inversion of minimal cut sets 76 4.6 Complexity of the search for minimal cut sets 78 Chapter 5 Probabilistic Assessment 79 5.1 The problem of assessment 79 5.2 Direct methods 80 5.2.1 AND operator 81 5.2.2 OR operator 81 5.2.3 Exclusive OR operator 82 5.2.4 k-out-of-n operator 83 5.2.5 Priority-AND operator 83 5.2.6 IF operator 83 5.3 Methods of minimal sets 84 5.3.1 Inclusion-exclusion development 84 5.3.2 Disjoint products 85 5.3.3 Kitt method 86 5.4 Method of factorization 88 5.5 Direct recursive methods 90 5.5.1 Recursive inclusion-exclusion method 90 5.5.2 Method of recursive disjoint products 91 5.6 Other methods for calculating the fault trees 92 5.7 Large fault trees 93 5.7.1 Method of Modarres and Dezfuli [MOD 84] 93 5.7.2 Method of Hughes [HUG 87] 94 5.7.3 Schneeweiss method [SCH 87] 95 5.7.4 Brown method [BRO 90] 95 Chapter 6 Influence Assessment 97 6.1 Uncertainty 97 6.1.1 Introduction 97 6.1.2 Methods for evaluating the uncertainty 98 6.1.3 Evaluation of the moments 99 6.2 Importance 103 6.2.1 Introduction 103 6.2.2 Structural importance factors 105 6.2.3 Probabilistic importance factors 106 6.2.4 Importance factors over the uncertainty 109 Chapter 7 Modules – Phases – Common Modes 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Modular decomposition of an FT 111 7.2.1 Module and better modular representation 111 7.2.2 Modularization of a fault tree 114 7.3 Multiphase fault trees 116 7.3.1 Example 117 7.3.2 Transformation of a multiphase system 118 7.3.3 Method of eliminating the minimal cut sets 118 7.4 Common mode failures 119 Chapter 8 Extensions: Non-Coherent, Delay and Multistate Fault Trees 123 8.1 Non-coherent fault trees 123 8.1.1 Introduction 123 8.1.2 An example of a non-coherent FT 126 8.1.3 Prime implicants and implicates 126 8.1.4 Probabilistic study 128 8.2 Delay fault trees 129 8.2.1 Introduction 129 8.2.2 Treatment 129 8.3 FTs and multistate systems 131 8.3.1 Multistate systems 131 8.3.2 Structure function 132 8.3.3 Stochastic description and function of reliability 135 8.3.4 Fault trees with restrictions 136 8.3.5 Multistate fault trees 138 Chapter 9 Binary Decision Diagrams 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Reduction of the Shannon tree 143 9.2.1 Graphical representation of a BDD 143 9.2.2 Formal BDD 145 9.2.3 Probabilistic calculation 147 9.3 Probabilistic assessment of the FTs based on the BDD 148 9.4 Research about the prime implicants 151 9.5 Algorithmic complexity 153 Chapter 10 Stochastic Simulation of Fault Trees 155 10.1 Introduction 155 10.2 Generation of random variables 155 10.2.1 Generation of a uniform variable 155 10.2.2 Generation of discrete random variables 157 10.2.3 Generation of real random variables 158 10.3 Implementation and evaluation of the method 159 10.3.1 The Monte Carlo method 159 10.3.2 Estimating the probability of the top event 160 10.3.3 Precision of the estimation 161 10.3.4 Acceleration of the convergence 164 10.3.5 Rare events 165 Exercises 167 Appendices 177 A BDD Algorithms in FT Analysis 179 A1 Introduction 179 A2 Obtaining the BDD 180 A3 Algorithm of probabilistic assessment 182 A4 Importance factors 183 A5 Prime implicants 184 B European Benchmark Fault Trees 187 B1 Description of the data 187 B2 Fault tree: Europe-1 188 B2.1 Structure of the fault tree (structural data) 188 B2.2 Probabilistic data 190 B2.3 Results 190 B3 Fault tree: Europe-2 191 B3.1 Structure of the fault tree 191 B3.2 Probabilistic data 192 B3.3 Results 192 B4 Fault tree: Europe-3 193 B4.1 Structure of the FT 193 B4.2 Probabilistic data 195 B4.3 Results 195 C Some Results of Probabilities 197 Main Notations 201 Bibliography 205 Index 221

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