Geographical information systems Books

Book SynopsisThese four volumes present innovative thematic applications implemented using the open source software QGIS. These are applications that use remote sensing over continental surfaces. The volumes detail applications of remote sensing over continental surfaces, with a first one discussing applications for agriculture. A second one presents applications for forest, a third presents applications for the continental hydrology, and finally the last volume details applications for environment and risk issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Introduction to QGIS 1 Nicolas MOYROUD and Frédéric PORTET 1.1. History 1 1.2. QGIS graphical user interface 2 1.2.1. Standard interface 2 1.2.2. Settings 3 1.2.3. Add layer 4 1.2.4. QGIS project. 5 1.2.5. Navigation 5 1.2.6. Attributes of entities 6 1.3. The processing module, the toolkit for spatial analysis 6 1.3.1. History and interest of the treatment module 6 1.3.2. Presentation of the toolbox and its algorithms 7 1.3.3. Example of an algorithm’s execution 10 1.3.4. Adding custom Python scripts 11 1.3.5. The graphic modeler 13 1.3.6. Batch processing 16 Chapter 2. Introduction to GDAL Tools in QGIS 19 Kenji OSE 2.1. GDAL: The Swiss army knife of raster processing 19 2.1.1. What is GDAL used for? 19 2.1.2. Licenses 19 2.1.3. How is GDAL used? 20 2.1.4. How GDAL works in QGIS 23 2.2. GDAL tools: Practical examples 26 2.2.1. Introduction 26 2.2.2. Useful data 27 2.2.3. Reading image metadata 29 2.2.4. Basic processing of raster files 33 2.2.5. Analysis tools 44 2.3. Bibliography 65 Chapter 3. GRASS GIS Software with QGIS 67 Bernard LACAZE, Julita DUDEK and Jérôme PICARD 3.1. Presentation 67 3.1.1. GRASS software: A modular GIS package 67 3.1.2. Vector functions (v.*) 68 3.1.3. GIS raster functions (r.*) 70 3.1.4. Imagery functions (i.* or r.*) 73 3.1.5. Temporal functions 74 3.2. GRASS GIS download and GRASS plugin in QGIS 77 3.2.1. Operating systems for GRASS GIS software 77 3.2.2. QGIS interface for GRASS GIS 77 3.3. GRASS GIS capabilities 79 3.3.1. Definition of a GRASS GIS project: Location and mapsets 79 3.3.2. Modifications of the GRASS region 80 3.3.3. Importing raster data into GRASS 81 3.3.4. Importing vector data into GRASS 83 3.3.5. Image georeferencing 84 3.3.6. Radiometric preprocessing of images 85 3.3.7. Pan-sharpening 86 3.3.8. Computation of spectral indices and biophysical parameters 86 3.3.9. Classifications and segmentation 87 3.4. Using Grass GIS functions from QGIS 89 3.4.1. Creating, opening, closing a dataset and adding a raster file 90 3.4.2. Creating, adding, editing a vector layer 95 3.4.3. Examples of image processing with QGIS-GRASS 97 3.5. Acknowledgments 106 3.6. Bibliography 106 Chapter 4. The Use of SAGA GIS Modules in QGIS 107 Paul PASSY and Sylvain THÉRY 4.1. SAGA GIS in QGIS 107 4.1.1. Development of SAGA GIS 107 4.1.2. SAGA GIS interface in QGIS 108 4.2. Using SAGA GIS to work with multispectral satellite images 111 4.2.1. Methodology 111 4.2.2. Acquisition and presentation of used data 112 4.2.3. Correction of the satellite images 112 4.2.4. Cropping the images according to the study area 115 4.2.5. Color composites and exploration of the area 116 4.2.6. Calculation of indices in order to extract vegetation and water surfaces 119 4.3. Hydrological network extraction using SAGA GIS in QGIS 131 4.3.1. Interests 131 4.3.2. DEM preprocessing 132 4.3.3. Filling sinks 135 4.3.4. Hydrographic network extraction 137 4.4. Interpolation using SAGA GIS 140 4.4.1. Principle of the interpolation 140 4.4.2. Interpolation of measures of water quality in the aquifers of the Seine basin 140 4.5. Bibliography 148 Chapter 5. Orfeo ToolBox Applications 151 Rémi CRESSON, Manuel GRIZONNET and Julien MICHEL 5.1. The Orfeo ToolBox 151 5.1.1. Introduction 151 5.1.2. History 151 5.1.3. Application features 153 5.1.4. Governance and community 153 5.1.5. C++ library 155 5.1.6. Internal mechanisms 156 5.1.7. Download and installation 158 5.2. Using OTB applications 158 5.2.1. Interface 158 5.2.2. Command line interface 161 5.2.3. Graphical user interface 164 5.2.4. Use from QGIS 165 5.2.5. Python bindings 165 5.2.6. Monteverdi 166 5.3. Exercises 167 5.3.1. Basic tools 167 5.3.2. Applications for image preprocessing 190 5.3.3. Feature extraction applications 221 5.3.4. Classification 231 5.4. Conclusion 240 5.5. Acknowledgments 240 5.6. Bibliography 240 Chapter 6. Online Publication of a Land Cover Map Using LizMap 243 Jean-Baptiste LAURENT and Louise LEROUX 6.1. Context 243 6.2. Workflow to publish a map online using LizMap 244 6.2.1. Presentation of LizMap 245 6.2.2. Main steps for publishing a map online with LizMap 246 6.3. Implementation with QGIS 247 6.3.1. Setup a QGIS project for Web 247 6.3.2. Setup a QGIS project for LizMap 248 6.3.3. Publish the map by FTP 251 6.3.4. Some tips to go further 253 6.4. Bibliography 255 Chapter 7. GeoHealth and QuickOSM, Two QGIS Plugins for Health Applications 257 Vincent HERBRETEAU, Christophe RÉVILLION and Etienne TRIMAILLE 7.1. Background on the use of GIS for health and the development of dedicated plugins in QGIS 257 7.2. Methodology 258 7.2.1. Importing data 259 7.2.2. Case geolocation 260 7.2.3. Data anonymization (“blurring”) 260 7.2.4. Creating an incidence or density map 262 7.2.5. Importing data from the OSM database 262 7.2.6. Environmental analyses 264 7.2.7. Export 265 7.3. Implementation: GeoHealth, assisted mapping with QGIS 267 7.3.1. Installation of GeoHealth and QuickOSM plugins 267 7.3.2. Datasets 268 7.3.3. Producing an incidence map with the GeoHealth plugin 268 7.3.4. “Blurring” of point data with GeoHealth and QuickOSM plugins 271 7.3.5. Example of spatial analyzes for health studies 277 7.3.6. Contribution to the OSM database using satellite images 281 7.4. Bibliography 286 List of Authors 287 Index 289 Scientific Committee 293

Read more less

Book SynopsisOur four volumes propose to present innovative thematic applications implemented using the open source software QGIS. These are applications that use remote sensing over continental surfaces. The four volumes detail applications of remote sensing over continental surfaces, with a first one discussing applications for agriculture. A second one presents applications for forest, a third presents applications for the continental hydrology, and finally the last volume details applications for environment and risk issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Monitoring Coastal Bathymetry Using Multispectral Satellite Images at High Spatial Resolution 1Bertrand LUBAC 1.1. Definition, context and objective 1 1.2. Description of the methodology 3 1.2.1. Step 1: selection and preprocessing of MSI images 5 1.2.2. Step 2: calibration of the bathymetry inversion model 7 1.2.3. Step 3: preparation and application of the masks 8 1.2.4. Step 4: characterization of the morphological evolution of the main sedimentary structures 9 1.3. Practical application 10 1.3.1. Software and data 10 1.3.2. Step 1: extraction of the region of interest and preprocessing 13 1.3.3. Step 2: calculation of bathymetry 20 1.3.4. Step 3: preparation and application of masks 25 1.3.5. Step 4: characterization of the morphological evolution of the main submarine sedimentary structures 31 1.4. Bibliography 33 Chapter 2. Contribution of the Integrated Topo-bathymetric Model for Coastal Wetland Evolution: Case of Geomorphologic and Biological Evolution of Ichkeul Marshes (North Tunisia) 35Zeineb KASSOUK, Zohra LILI-CHABAANE, Benoit DEFFONTAINES, Mohammad EL HAJJ and Nicolas BAGHDADI 2.1. Coastal wetland dynamic 35 2.2. Ichkeul marshes wetland 36 2.3. Object-oriented classification method integrating the topo-bathymetric terrain model 39 2.3.1. Construction of the topo-bathymetric DTM 40 2.3.2. Image preprocessing 44 2.3.3. Segmentation 48 2.3.4. Classification 49 2.3.5. Limitations of the methodology 51 2.3.6. Case example of topo-bathymetric transect with the associated vegetation communities 51 2.3.7. Conclusion 53 2.4. From a practical point of view in QGIS 53 2.4.1. Software and data 53 2.4.2. Computation of the topo-bathymetric DTM 55 2.4.3. Image preprocessing 58 2.4.4. Segmentation 65 2.4.5. Classification 71 2.5. Bibliography 76 Chapter 3. Reservoir Hydrological Monitoring by Satellite Image Analysis 77Paul PASSY and Adrien SELLES 3.1. Context and scientific issue 77 3.1.1. Scientific issue 77 3.1.2. Physical and human context 77 3.1.3. The importance of water resources in Central India 78 3.2. Methods and data set 78 3.2.1. Methods 78 3.2.2. Data set 79 3.2.3. Data set preparation 80 3.3. Extraction and quantification of the Singur reservoir area 82 3.3.1. Calculation of the AWEI Index. 82 3.3.2. Construction of the water–land binary raster 83 3.3.3. Vectorization of the binary raster 84 3.3.4. Selection of water polygons 85 3.3.5. Calculation of the water area of the reservoir 86 3.4. Characterization of vegetation 88 3.4.1. Choosing an indicator of the state of vegetation 88 3.4.2. Calculation of the SAVI on the study area 88 3.4.3. Creating a land–water mask 89 3.4.4. Statistics of the SAVI land surface index 90 3.5. Automation of the processing chain via the construction of a QGIS model 91 3.5.1. Model setting 91 3.5.2. Construction of the chain of treatments for the extraction of the reservoir 92 3.6. Conclusions 103 3.7. Bibliography 103 Chapter 4. Network Analysis and Routing with QGIS 105Hervé PELLA and Kenji OSE 4.1. Introduction 105 4.2. General notions 105 4.2.1. Definition of a network 105 4.2.2. Network topology 106 4.2.3. Topological relationships 107 4.2.4. Graph traversal – example of the shortest path (Dijkstra) 109 4.3. Examples of development and analysis of hydrographic networks 109 4.4. Thematic analysis 111 4.4.1. Introduction 111 4.4.2. Useful data 112 4.4.3. Step 1: verification of network consistency 113 4.4.4. Step 2: routes organization 119 4.4.5. Step 3: alignment of points on a network 121 4.4.6. Step 4: network classification 123 4.4.7. Step 5: stations characterization 124 4.4.8. Step 6: distance calculation between observation points 129 4.4.9. Step 7: upstream path and drainage basins calculation 133 4.4.10. Step 8: downstream path 135 4.4.11. Step 9: calculation of availability areas 140 4.5. Bibliography 144 Chapter 5. Representation of the Drainage Network in Urban and Peri-urban Areas Using a 2D Polygonal Mesh Composed of Pseudo-convex Elements 145Pedro SANZANA, Sergio VILLAROEL, Isabelle BRAUD, Nancy HITSCHFELD, Jorge GIRONAS, Flora BRANGER, Fabrice RODRIGUEZ, Ximena VARGAS and Tomas GOMEZ 5.1. Definitions and context 145 5.1.1. General context and objectives 145 5.1.2. Derivation of input GIS layers 148 5.1.3. Identification of badly-shaped HRUs and methodology to improve the model mesh quality 149 5.2. Implementation of the TriangleQGIS module and general methodology 153 5.2.1. Used technologies 153 5.2.2. Context and general methodology 153 5.2.3. Structure of the QGIS plugin 155 5.2.4. Basic used library: MeshPy 156 5.2.5. Installation of the plugin in Windows 156 5.2.6. Installation of the virtual box, QGIS plugin and Geo-PUMMA 160 5.3. Illustration of the TriangleQGIS plugin and some Geo-PUMMA scripts 167 5.3.1. Insertion of nodes for long and thin polygons 168 5.3.2. Triangulation using the TriangleQGIS plugin 169 5.3.3. Dissolution of tirangulated elements 178 5.3.4. Effect of the model mesh improvement 181 5.4. Acknowledgments 182 5.5. Bibliography 183 Chapter 6. Mapping of Drought 185Mohammad EL HAJJ, Mehrez ZRIBI, Nicolas BAGHDADI and Michel LE PAGE 6.1. Context 185 6.2. Satellite data 186 6.2.1. MODIS products 186 6.2.2. Land cover map 187 6.3. Drought index based on satellite NDVI data 187 6.4. Methodology 188 6.4.1. Preprocessing of MOD13Q1 images (step 1) 189 6.4.2. Delimitation of drought zones (steps 2–5) 189 6.4.3. Calculate the area of agricultural, urban and forest zones affected by the drought (step 6) 190 6.5. Implementation of the application via QGIS 191 6.5.1. Download MODIS MOD13Q1 data 191 6.5.2. Preprocessing of MODIS MOD13Q1 data (step 1) 193 6.5.3. Calculate VCI index (steps 1 and 2) 195 6.5.4. Delimitation of drought zones (steps 2–5) 199 6.5.5. Calculation of agricultural, forest and urban areas affected by drought (step 6) 204 6.5.6. Visualization of results (step 7) 206 6.6. Drought map 212 6.7. Bibliography 213 Chapter 7. A Spatial Sampling Design Based on Landscape Metrics for Pest Regulation: The Millet Head Miner Case Study in the Bambey Area, Senegal 215Valérie SOTI 7.1. Definition and context 215 7.2. The spatial sampling methodology 217 7.2.1. Step 1: quantification of landscape metrics 218 7.2.2. Step 2: sampling plan production 221 7.2.3. Step 3: exportation of selected sampling sites to a GPS 223 7.3. Practical application 223 7.3.1. Software and data 223 7.3.2. Step 1: landscape variables calculation 224 7.3.3. Step 2: sampling plan production 232 7.3.4. Step 3: integrating sampling points into a GPS device 238 7.3.5. Limits of the method 241 7.4. Bibliography 242 Chapter 8. Modeling Erosion Risk Using the RUSLE Equation 245Rémi ANDREOLI 8.1. Definition and context 245 8.2. RUSLE model 246 8.2.1. Climatic factor: rainfall aggressiveness R 248 8.2.2. Topographic factor: slope length and gradient 249 8.2.3. Soil types and land cover factors 251 8.2.4. Estimation of soil losses A 254 8.2.5. Limits of the method considered 254 8.3. Implementation of the RUSLE model 255 8.3.1. Software and data 255 8.3.2. Step 1: R factor calculation 257 8.3.3. Step 2: LS factor calculation 263 8.3.4. Step 3: preparation of the K factor 274 8.3.5. Step 4: C factor creation 275 8.3.6. Step 5: soil loss A calculation from the RUSLE equation 280 8.4. Bibliography 281 List of Authors 283 Index 285 Scientific Committee 289

Read more less

Book SynopsisToday, Global Positioning System (GPS) has taken a significant place in human life with wide-scale applications. It is a multi-use, space-based radio-navigation system, embracing defense and security, civil, commercial, and scientific research needs. Taking into account the importance of the system, it has been suggested to present current advances of GPS with attention focused on vital aspects of technology. This book provides a general description of GPS, GNSS, and GLONASS with reference to the improvement of characteristics of the segments, including software applications and the equipment itself containing GPS. The book also provides information on application areas. Equally, a number of common shortcomings and errors are described, and elimination and mnimization of such consequences are demonstrated.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProviding an authoritative assessment of the current landscape of spatial analysis in the social sciences, this cutting-edge Handbook covers the full range of standard and emerging methods across the social science domain areas in which these methods are typically applied. Accessible and comprehensive, it expertly answers the key questions regarding the dynamic intersection of spatial analysis and the social sciences. The chapters are split into insightful sections dedicated to foundational background material, methods, social science applications and the challenges on the horizon, using state-of-the-art coverage of the traditional and novel spatial methods. Leading scholars in the field use a range of applications to illustrate the diverse ways in which spatial analysis methods can inform research in the field of social sciences. Furthermore, the Handbook discusses the key challenges to that research including uncertainty, reproducibility and replicability. This Handbook of Spatial Analysis in the Social Sciences will be an excellent informative resource for scholars in the fields of geography, social sciences and public health. Established and early career researchers of the social sciences alike will appreciate the detailed overview of the methods and applications as well as the ability to expand their methodological knowledge.Trade Review‘Rey and Franklin introduce this new Handbook with an allusion to a rapidly changing landscape. And perhaps because any landscape, but especially a swiftly evolving one needs solid landmarks, this collection is a welcome addition to the literature that should appeal to any researchers in the social sciences working to learn the ropes of spatial analysis.’ -- Antonio Paez, McMaster University, Canada‘A comprehensive collection of chapters, carefully curated, spanning the current state of the art of spatial analysis in the social sciences written by established experts in the field ably accompanied by those creating the expertise of the future.’ -- Danny Dorling, Oxford University, UKTable of ContentsContents: Introduction: Spatial analysis and the social sciences in a rapidly changing landscape xi Sergio J. Rey and Rachel S. Franklin PART 1 THEORY, FRAMEWORKS AND FOUNDATIONS 1 GIScience through the looking glass 2 Barbara P. Buttenfield 2 Locating spatial data in the social sciences 16 Jonathan Reades 3 Analytical environments 36 Roger Bivand 4 Complexity 64 Li An 5 Linking spatial patterns to processes 85 Colin Robertson and Jed Long PART 2 METHODS 6 Spatial econometrics 101 Luc Anselin 7 Local modeling in a regression framework 123 Mehak Sachdeva, Taylor Oshan and A. Stewart Fotheringham 8 Simulating geographical systems using cellular automata and agent-based models 142 Alison Heppenstall, Andrew Crooks, Ed Manley and Nick Malleson 9 Microsimulation 158 Nik Lomax 10 Multilevel models 173 Richard Harris 11 Context-dependent movement analysis 187 Somayeh Dodge 12 Spatial interaction modeling 208 Taylor Oshan 13 Spatial optimization 223 Alan T. Murray 14 Cluster identification 245 Edward Helderop and Tony H. Grubesic 15 Spatial point patterns 262 Stuart Sweeney and Sophia Arabadjis 16 Spatial dynamics 277 Wei Kang 17 GeoAI in social science 291 Wenwen Li 18 Exploratory spatial data analysis 305 Ran Wei 19 Geovisualization and geovisual analysis 322 Alasdair Rae 20 Immersive virtual reality and spatial analysis 336 Trevor M. Harris 21 Spatiotemporal data mining 352 Arun Sharma, Zhe Jiang and Shashi Shekhar PART 3 APPLICATIONS 22 Neighborhood change 370 Elizabeth Delmelle 23 The spatial analysis of gentrification: Formalizing geography in models of a multidimensional urban process 384 Elijah Knaap 24 Social networks in space 400 Clio Andris and Dipto Sarkar 25 Analysing the dynamics of inter-regional inequality: The case of Canada 416 Sébastien Breau 26 Spatial approaches to energy poverty 434 Caitlin Robinson 27 The shape of bias: Understanding the relationship between compactness and bias in U.S. elections 451 Levi John Wolf 28 Space and New Urbanism 470 Emily Talen 29 Space for wellbeing 481 Victoria Houlden 30 Urban analytics: History, trajectory and critique 503 Geoff Boeing, Michael Batty, Shan Jiang and Lisa Schweitzer PART 4 EMERGING CHALLENGES AND ISSUES 31 Reproducibility and replicability in spatial science 518 Michael F. Goodchild 32 An image library: The potential of imagery in (quantitative) social sciences 528 Daniel Arribas-Bel, Francisco Rowe, Meixu Chen and Sam Comber 33 Uncertainty 544 David C. Folch Index 559

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book reviews the contributions of Earth Observation (EO) to public health practices. It examines how EO is being used to understand, track, predict, and manage infectious and chronic diseases, and it provides discussion on the current challenges and the significant development potential of EO to a One Health approach. Its objective is to address a set of questions: How does EO currently assist public health activities? What are the challenges for operational use of EO in public health? What are the opportunities for EO to benefit public health in the near future? This review concentrates on the following priority themes to which EO and geomatics can make important contributions: mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases; water-borne diseases; air quality and extreme heat effects; and geospatial indicators of vulnerable human populations. EO has also demonstrated potential during the COVID-19 pandemic as an efficient provider of data on rapid environmental and socio-economic changes and impacts. Remotely sensed data are particularly useful for risk modelling and mapping projects to help generate information on occurrence and spatio-temporal trends of disease risk. Similarly, EO can be used to identify risk factors for disease risk or emergence detected in surveillance, and support development of early warning systems. Risk maps enable public health professionals to anticipate and prepare for health threats, and they can support responses to infectious disease epidemics or existing endemic conditions. This book emerged from the collaboration of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency with contributions of international experts. Their findings will be of great value to public health and EO professionals interested in developing and applying geospatial applications in the risk assessment and management of public health issues.Table of ContentsSection 1: Introduction to Public Health and Earth Observation Chapter 1: Public Health and Earth Observation Chapter 2: Work Programme Organization and Management Approaches Section 2: Earth Observation and Public Health Priority Application and Research Areas by Theme Chapter 3: Mosquito-Borne Diseases Chapter 4: Tick-Borne Diseases Chapter 5: Air Quality and Heat-Related Health Issues Chapter 6: Water-Borne Diseases- Earth Observation System for the Coastal Monitoring of Non-Cholera Vibrios Chapter 7: Vulnerable Populations Chapter 8: Earth Observation and Geospatial Data Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Appraisal Chapter 9: Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities – A Review by Experts Chapter 10: Conclusions and Opportunities

Read more less

Book SynopsisOver the last fifty years, humanity has developed an extraordinary global utility which is omnipresent, universal, and available to all: the Global Positioning System (GPS). A network of twenty-four satellites and their monitoring stations on Earth, it makes possible almost all modern technology, from the smartphone in your pocket to the Mars rover. Neither the internet nor the cloud would work without it. And it is changing us in profound ways we've yet to come to terms with. While GPS has brought us breathtakingly accurate methods of timekeeping, navigation, and earthquake tracking, our overwhelming reliance on it is having unexpected consequences on our culture, and on ourselves. GPS is reshaping our thinking about privacy and surveillance, and brings with it the growing danger of GPS terrorism. Neuroscientists have even found that using GPS for navigation may be affecting our cognitive maps - possibly rearranging the grey matter in our heads - leading to the increasingly common phenomenon 'Death by GPS', in which drivers blindly follow their devices into deserts, lakes, and impassable mountains. Deeply researched, inventive and with fascinating insights into the way we think about our place in the world, Pinpoint reveals the way that the technologies we design to help us can end up shaping our lives. It is at once a grand history of science and a far-reaching book about contemporary culture.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title focuses on the evolution of the modeling process and on new research perspectives in theoretical and applied geography, as well as spatial planning. In the last 50 years, the achievements of spatial analysis models opened the way to a new understanding of the relationship between society and geographical space. In this book, these models are confronted by the real conditions of territorial prospect, regional dynamism, cultural policy, HMO, and spatial segregation. This confrontation takes into account the instability of social behavior and the permanence of partial determinist trajectories.Table of ContentsForeword. The Taste for Measuring and Modeling xi Nicole MATHIEU Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Chapter 1. The Place of Both the Model and Modeling in HSS 1 Patrice LANGLOIS and Daniel REGUER 1.1. Models and modeling: definitions 2 1.2. The mathematical concept of a model 5 1.3. Is there a specificity of HSS? 7 1.4. Modeling: explain to understand? 11 1.5. Bibliography 13 Chapter 2. From Classic Models to Incremental Models 15 Yves GUERMOND 2.1. The geographic “object” 16 2.2. Lessons from the “classic models” 16 2.3. Introduction to dynamics and auto-organization 22 2.4. From auto-organization to complexity 26 2.5. Spatial agents 30 2.6. Incremental modeling 32 2.7. Bibliography 35 Chapter 3. The Formalization of Knowledge in a Reality Simplifying System 39 Françoise LUCCHINI 3.1. Formalizing a complex cultural system using a series of perspectives 40 3.2. Differentiation of the system of cities by culture: contribution of the spatial analysis for testing the“global cultural model” 51 3.3. Alternative formalizations 63 3.4. Conclusion 69 3.5. Bibliography 69 Chapter 4. Modeling and Territorial Forecasting: Issues at Stake in the Modeling of Réunion’s Spatial System 71 Gilles LAJOIE 4.1. Introduction 71 4.2. A few major theoretical breakthroughs for modeling spatial complexity 72 4.3. Modeling and territorial forecasting of the socio-spatial system of Réunion 78 4.4. Modeling of Réunion’s socio-spatial system 90 4.5. Towards a modeling of the dynamics of Réunion’s system 93 4.6. Conclusion 97 4.7. Bibliography 98 Chapter 5. One Model May Conceal Another: Models of Health Geographies 101 Alain VAGUET 5.1. Modeling in order to surpass descriptions? 102 5.2. Mode of the models and models in vogue 104 5.3. Conclusion 111 5.4. Bibliography 111 Chapter 6. Operational Models in HMO 113 Jean-François MARY and Jean-Manuel TOUSSAINT 6.1. Buffer and barycenter to determine the location of cardiac defibrillation 114 6.2. Thiessen’s accessibility formula 117 6.3. Accessibility: the direct added-value of the GIS 121 6.4. A regional database of road accessibility devoted to emergency 123 6.5. The reallocation projects and their consequences 126 6.6. Relocation of a medical clinic: simulation of a new accessibility 131 6.7. Bibliography 134 Chapter 7. Modeling Spatial Logics of Individual Behaviors: From Methodological Environmentalism to the Individual Resident Strategist 137 Michel BUSSI 7.1. Reconsidering spatial determinism: modeling versus local development 138 7.2. Ecological methodology 142 7.3. Towards a post-industrialist behavior 149 7.4. From neighborhood effect to the theory of the citizen-resident-strategist 152 7.5. Bibliography 157 Chapter 8. Temporalities and Modeling of Regional Dynamics: The Case of the European Union 161 Bernard ELISSALDE 8.1. Integrating time and temporalities into spatial models 162 8.2. Introduction of complexity theory in the interpretation of regional inequalities in Europe 168 8.3. Conclusion 186 8.4. Bibliography 188 Chapter 9. Modeling the Watershed as a Complex Spatial System: A Review 191 Daniel DELAHAYE 9.1. Shape indices for measuring various forms of a watershed 192 9.2. Organization of the networks 193 9.3. Synthesis concerning the shape and organization indices 200 9.4. From morphometry to complex systems 202 9.5. Conclusion 213 9.6. Bibliography 213 Chapter 10. Understanding to Measure...or Measuring to Understand? HBDS: Towards a Conceptual Approach for the Geographic Modeling of the Real World 217 Thierry SAINT-GERAND 10.1. A forgotten face of the geographic approach 217 10.2. Formalizing a spatial reasoning in databases 226 10.3. Example of thematic application: the industrial risks at Notre- Dame-de-Gravenchon (lower Seine valley) 246 10.4. Back to the sources 252 10.5. Bibliography 253 Chapter 11. Complexity and Spatial Systems 255 Patrice LANGLOIS 11.1 The paradigm of complexity 255 11.2. The systemic paradigm: from the combinatorial to emergence 260 11.3. Moving towards a more formalized definition of the notion of a spatial system 266 11.4. Bibliography 275 Chapter 12. Cellular Automata for Modeling Spatial Systems 277 Patrice LANGLOIS 12.1. The concept of the automaton and its modeling 277 12.2. A little bit of history 278 12.3. The concept of the finite state automaton 279 12.4. The concept of the cellular automaton 285 12.5. CAs used for geographic modeling 293 12.6. Bibliography 306 12.7. Websites 307 Chapter 13. Multi-Agent Systems for Simulation in Geography: Moving Towards an Artificial Geography 309 Eric DAUDE 13.1. Introduction 309 13.2. From global to local description of structures and spatial dynamics 310 13.3. Multi-agent systems 313 13.4. Artificial geography: simulations of structures and spatial dynamics 319 13.5. Conclusion 329 13.6. Bibliography 329 Conclusion 335 Yves GUERMOND List of Authors 337 Index 339

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book includes two parts. The first part is more theoretical and general, and it covers fundamental principles : geospatial climate data measurement ; spatial analysis, mapping and climate ; geographical information, remote sensing and climatology ; and geographical information for initialisation of forecasting and climate models. The second part describes geographical information used in various climate applications of importance today, related to risk : urban climate ; air pollution ; hydrological problems linked to climatology ; forest fires.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1. Basics of Climatological and Meteorological Observations for GIS Applications 1 Wolfgang SCHOENER 1.1. Data measurements and observations in climatology 2 1.2. Data quality control and data homogenization in climatology 12 1.3. Metadata: documenting quality and usability 20 1.4. Future perspectives 25 1.5. Bibliography 26 Chapter 2. Spatial Analysis, Cartography and Climate 29 Daniel JOLY 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Geographic information necessary for interpolation 32 2.3. The main interpolation methods 36 2.4. Geographic information used in statistical interpolations: advantages and disadvantages 42 2.5. Conclusion 67 2.6. Bibliography 69 Chapter 3. Geographical Information, Remote Sensing and Climatology 73 Vincent DUBREUIL 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. The development phases of meteorological satellites 74 3.3. Examples of how geostationary data are used in Brazil 85 3.4. Examples of NOAA-AVHRR data used in Western France 92 3.5. Conclusion 99 3.6. Acknowledgements 100 3.7. Bibliography 100 Chapter 4. Geographical Information for the Initialization of Numerical Weather Forecast Models and Climate Modeling 103 Pierre BESSEMOULIN 4.1. Introduction 103 4.2. Brief description of the climate system 103 4.3. Brief overview of numerical weather forecast models 107 4.4. Role and description of the Earth’s surface 111 4.5. Description of surface parameters used in a forecast model 119 4.6. Bibliography 123 Chapter 5. Assessing and Modeling the Urban Climate in Lisbon 125 Maria João ALCOFORADO 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Historical evolution of urban climate studies 126 5.3. Spatial scales 127 5.4. Climatic modifications induced by settlements 128 5.5. Urban climate monitoring methods 130 5.6. Modeling 134 5.7. Modeling Lisbon’s urban climate at the mesoscale 135 5.8. Modeling Lisbon’s urban climate at the microscale (Telheiras city-district) 144 5.9. Conclusion 152 5.10. Acknowledgements 153 5.11. Bibliography 154 Chapter 6. Geographical Information, Climate and Atmospheric Pollution 159 Isabelle ROUSSEL 6.1. Introduction 159 6.2. Peak pollution periods and alerts: pollution and climate paroxysm 161 6.3. LAURE and territory age 171 6.4. The geography of science and action 180 6.5. Conclusion 190 6.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 7. Geographical Information and Climatology for Hydrology 195 Jean-Pierre LABORDE 7.1. Hydrological problems of today’s society 195 7.2. Pluviometry: a spatially continuous piece of geographical information 200 7.3. The problems associated with recording rainfall and average spatial rainfall 218 7.4. Conclusion 228 7.5. Bibliography 229 Chapter 8. Geographical Information, Climatology and Forest Fires 233 Pierre CARREGA 8.1. Forest fires: associated risks and individual components 233 8.2. The influence that different climate and weather factors have on forest fires: the indexes 238 8.3. Using geographic information to work out the meteorological risks associated with forest fires 246 8.4. Conclusion List of Authors 271 Index 273

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents a general overview of the applications and use of geopositioning and GNSS for assisting the supervision and management of mobile terrestrial professions, information, traffic regulation, multimodal information, pedestrian mobility and indoor geopositioning, etc. It especially focuses on the field of mobility and terrestrial transport, the automotive industry and tourism (on foot, by bicycle or motorcycle, by car, by professional vehicles or by public transport, etc.). This book explores the many possibilities, developmental and organizational factors, as well as new paradigms, which will contribute to an essential part of GNSS’s civil economy, especially to Galileo in the mid-term and to Egnos in the short-term. Several of GNSS’s integration structuring aspects in sustainable terrestrial mobilities will be analyzed; for example in terms of system architecture, data safety or legal constraints. Numerous diverse points of view will be presented regarding subjects such as dynamic cartography and new computing architectures of: mobility systems, interconnection, service quality, regulation or supervision functions of individual freedoms. Contents Foreword, Matthias Ruete. 1. The Geopositioning Concept, Yves Alexandre. 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System, Jérôme Legenne and Daniel Brocard. 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction, Arnaud De La Fortelle, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes and Fabien Moutarde. 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues, Thierry Piette-Coudol. 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications, Wafaa Ait-Cheik-Bihi, Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh, Mohamed Bakhouya, Jaafer Gaber and Maxime Wack. 6. Geofencing, Fabrice Reclus. 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility, Pierre-Yves Gillieron, Véronique Chazal, Michael Flamm, Dominique Von Der Mühll and Monique Ruzicka-Rossier. 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis,Patrick Gendre, Alexis Bacelar and Philippe Marchal. About the Authors Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh is Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering and Computer Engineering at the University of Picardie Jules Verne, St Quentin, France. His research interests include modeling, analysis of discrete event systems, performance evaluation and optimization, routing policies, scheduling and interoperability for service composition. Mohamed Bakhouya is a senior research scientist at Aalto University, Finland. His research interests include various aspects on the design, validation, implementation, performance evaluation and analysis of distributed systems, architectures, protocols and services. Jaafar Gaber is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. His research interests include ubiquitous and pervasive computing, distributed systems, geopositioning and mobility, security and experimental performance evaluations. Maxime Wack is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. He heads the Geopositioning, Embedded Systems and Mobility (GSEM) team. His research interests include intelligent transportation systems, security, digital signature and certification, location-based services and distributed systems.Table of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xvii Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK Chapter 1. The Geopositioning Concept 1 Yves ALEXANDRE 1.1. A revolution is announced 1 1.2. The basis of powerful technological systems 2 1.2.1. US creation of a GPS economic industry 2 1.2.2. The European momentum introduced with Galileo which can rely on Egnos from now on 3 1.2.3. An open dynamic beyond the space industry sector 5 1.3. The fundamentals of geopositioning development 6 1.3.1. The universalism decentralizing of the Internet 6 1.3.2. The trend toward “service” of the electronic communication economy 7 1.3.3. The dynamic and lessons of the European GSM success story 9 1.4. Prospective visions of large geopositioning markets in transport and land transport 11 1.4.1. Multiple factors for geopositioning growth 11 1.4.2. Toll systems 12 1.4.3. Transport control and surveillance 15 1.4.4. The production of information 17 1.4.5. Intelligence systems in vehicles 19 1.4.6. Individual mobility (tourism and recreation) 21 1.5. The challenge for the future of the European GNSS incubation services 22 1.5.1. The need for downstream marketing “services, applications and uses” 22 1.5.2. The obligation of “system” strategies 23 1.5.3. The requirement to include GNSS in the new intelligent digital architectures 25 1.6. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System 31 Jérôme LEGENNE and Daniel BROCARD 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Operating principles of Egnos 35 2.3. Improving GPS performance with Egnos 37 2.4. The behavior of Egnos faced with a GPS breakdown 42 2.5. Conclusion 43 2.6. Links 45 Chapter 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction 47 Arnaud DE LA FORTELLE, Jean-Marc LASGOUTTES and Fabien MOUTARDE 3.1. New technologies and development 48 3.2. Modeling and algorithms 52 3.3. Analysis and overall traffic prediction 59 3.4. Realizations and experiments 63 3.5. Perspectives 69 3.6. Bibliography 71 Chapter 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues 75 Thierry PIETTE-COUDOL 4.1. General legal framework of geopositioning 76 4.1.1. Legal texts 76 4.1.2. Relevant legal concepts 77 4.1.3. Technical concepts and the law 81 4.2. Operating a geopositioning service 82 4.2.1. Due diligence – prerequisites 83 4.2.2. Establishment of a general framework for security 86 4.2.3. Determining the aim of the service 88 4.2.4. Administrative declaration 89 4.2.5. The principle of consent in geopositioning 91 4.2.6. Records management issues 95 4.3. Authentication and anonymity 97 4.3.1. Identity, name and anonymity 97 4.3.2. Identity and digital certificates 99 4.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications 103 Wafaa AIT-CHEIK-BIHI, Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafer GABER and Maxime WACK 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Technologies for LBS-based systems 104 5.2.1. Positioning systems and techniques 105 5.2.2. Communication techniques 106 5.2.3. Cartography and geographical information systems 106 5.2.4. Business process 108 5.3. Fields of application of LBS 111 5.3.1. Control and monitoring of vehicles 113 5.3.2. Real-time monitoring of snowplows 116 5.3.3. Application to antilock braking systems 118 5.3.4. TransportML for the collaboration and interaction of services 119 5.3.5. eCall: automatic emergency call system 120 5.3.6. Other LBS-based platforms 122 5.4. Conclusions 122 5.5. Bibliography 123 Chapter 6. Geofencing 127 Fabrice RECLUS 6.1. General presentation 127 6.1.1. Introduction 127 6.1.2. Terminology 128 6.2. Fields of application 131 6.2.1. Merchandise transportation 131 6.2.2. Fleet management 131 6.2.3. Security and defense applications 132 6.2.4. Surveillance of individuals 133 6.3. Tracking and geofencing system 133 6.3.1. Composition of system 133 6.3.2. Functionalities 134 6.4. Geofences 135 6.4.1. Classification 135 6.4.2. Calculation algorithms 137 6.5. Errors and false alarms 139 6.5.1. Parasite phenomena 139 6.5.2. Buffer zones 140 6.5.3. Configuration of a buffer zone 141 6.5.4. Examples of detection methods using geofencing 142 6.5.5. Geographical zones 143 6.5.6. The circle method 144 6.5.7. The rectangle method 144 6.5.8. The polygon method 145 6.5.9. Zones with scheduled time slots 145 6.5.10. Routes 146 6.5.11. Dynamic zones 147 6.6. Possible applications 149 6.6.1. Interest and reduced gains 149 6.7. Applications to road transport 150 6.7.1. Restrictions of access to zones 150 6.7.2. Freeway corridors 151 6.7.3. Monitoring parking in service areas 151 6.7.4. User services 152 6.7.5. Summary table of geofencing applications 152 6.8. Conclusion 153 6.9. Bibliography 154 Chapter 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility 155 Pierre-Yves GILLIÉRON, Véronique CHAZAL, Michael FLAMM, Dominique VON DER MÜHLL and Monique RUZICKA-ROSSIER 7.1. Context 155 7.2. Preamble – Pedestrians 156 7.2.1. Pedestrian travel: an ambiguous status 156 7.2.2. Understanding individuals’ pedestrian thought processes 158 7.3. Current state of pedestrian navigation technologies 162 7.3.1. Location and orientation technologies 162 7.4. Modeling of traffic areas accessible to pedestrians 176 7.4.1. Cartography for pedestrians 176 7.4.2. Navigation maps: from automobile to pedestrian 178 7.4.3. Navigation solutions for built environments 179 7.4.4. The importance of reference point systems 180 7.5. User needs and contexts of use 182 7.5.1. List of potential fields of application 182 7.5.2. Applications to help people with disabilities 183 7.5.3. Applications for leisure activities 188 7.5.4. Applications for navigation in complex infrastructures 190 7.5.5. Applications to serve professionals 194 7.6. Summary and conclusion 196 7.7. Bibliography 198 Chapter 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis 203 Patrick GENDRE, Alexis BACELAR and Philippe MARCHAL 8.1. Introduction 203 8.2. Use of geopositioning for travel surveys 204 8.2.1. Context 204 8.2.2. Technical principles 204 8.2.3. Existing supply 204 8.2.4. 2007 National Transport Survey (ENTD) 205 8.2.5. Hardware 207 8.2.6. Software 207 8.2.7. Other recent projects 209 8.2.8. Other similar uses of GNSS 209 8.3. Travel time via GPS: the Cap Vista application 210 8.3.1. Context 210 8.3.2. Creation of software 211 8.4. Presentation of the Cap Vista application 212 8.4.1. GPS, DB and GIS 212 8.4.2. Possible uses 216 8.4.3. Initial assessment and paths of improvement 217 8.5. Conclusions and perspectives 218 8.6. Bibliography 219 Conclusion 223 Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK Glossary 227 List of Authors 235 Index 237

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book addresses the field of geographic information extraction and retrieval from textual documents. Geographic information retrieval is a rapidly emerging subject, a trend fostered by the growing power of the Internet and the emerging possibilities of data dissemination.After positioning his work in this field in Chapter 1, the author makes proposals in the following two chapters. Chapter 2 focuses on spatial and temporal information indexing and retrieval in corpora of textual documents. Propositions for both spatial and temporal information retrieval (IR) are made. Chapter 3 tackles the use of generalized spatial and temporal indexes, which are produced from there in the framework of multi-criteria IR. Geographic IR (GIR) is discussed at length, since this IR combines the criteria of spatial, temporal and thematic research.The author provides a rich bibliographical study of the current approaches focused on the modeling and retrieval of spatial and temporal information in textual documents, and similarity measures developed thus far in the literature.The book concludes with a broad perspective of the remaining scientific challenges. Several areas of research are discussed, such as integration of a domain-based ontology, modeling of spatial footprints from the interpretation of spatial relation, and parsing of relations between features deemed relevant within a document resulting from a GIR process. Contents Foreword, Christophe Claramunt.1. Access by Geographic Content to Textual Corpora: What Orientations ?2. Spatial and Temporal Information Retrieval in Textual Corpora.3. Multicriteria Information Retrieval in Textual Corpora.4. General Conclusion. About the Authors Christian Sallaberry is currently Assistant Professor at the Law, Economics and Management Faculty in Pau, France. His current research interests are in the fields of geographical information retrieval (GIR) in textual corpora: spatial, temporal and thematic information recognition, analyzing, indexing and retrieval. He is interested in spatial, temporal and thematic criteria combinations within a GIR process.Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix Christophe CLARAMUNT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. ACCESS BY GEOGRAPHIC CONTENT TO TEXTUAL CORPORA: WHAT ORIENTATIONS? 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Access by geographic content to textual corpora 1 1.2.1. Document retrieval and textual corpora 2 1.2.2. Textual corpora with “territorial” denotations 2 1.2.3. Access to textual content 6 1.3. Reinforcement of GIR by contributions from NLP, reasoning and multicriteria IR 7 1.4. Toward the construction of a multicriteria IR engine 9 1.4.1. Challenges, hypotheses and research objectives 10 1.4.2. Approach 11 1.4.3. Applications 13 CHAPTER 2. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN TEXTUAL CORPORA 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Review of challenges, hypotheses and research objectives 18 2.3. Spatial and temporal information in textual documents: literature review 19 2.3.1. Geographic information in text and IR 19 2.3.2. Named entities 19 2.3.3. Modeling languages 21 2.3.4. Reasoning 24 2.3.5. Linguistic processing 26 2.3.6. GIR: systems and similarity measure models 27 2.3.7. Evaluation campaigns, corpora and resources 31 2.3.8. Summary 34 2.4. Proposition for spatial and temporal information indexing and retrieval in textual corpora 35 2.4.1. Reminder and focus on the notion of space and time in “heritage” corpora 35 2.4.2. Core spatial model and core temporal model 36 2.4.3. Spatial and temporal relations 37 2.4.4. Spatial and temporal indexing process flows: PIV prototype 39 2.4.5. Spatial and temporal IR: PIV prototype 42 2.4.6. Evaluation and discussion 45 2.5. Summary 47 2.5.1. Contributions 47 2.5.2. Perspectives 49 CHAPTER 3. MULTICRITERIA INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN TEXTUAL CORPORA 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. Review of challenges, hypotheses and research objectives 54 3.3. Standardization and combination of criteria: literature review 56 3.3.1. Criterion standardization 56 3.3.2. Combination of criteria 58 3.3.3. Summary and positioning of a partially compensatory GIR 64 3.4. Proposition for indexing by tiling and multicriteria IR in textual corpora 65 3.4.1. Standardization by tiling 65 3.4.2. Spatial and temporal IR applied to tiling: PIV2 70 3.4.3. Multicriteria IR applied to tiling: PIV3 72 3.5. Evaluation and discussion 77 3.5.1. Evaluation framework of geographic IRSs: proposal for a test collection and an experimental protocol 78 3.5.2. Evaluation of the spatial and temporal IR applied to tiling 79 3.5.3. Evaluation of the multicriteria IR applied to tiling 81 3.6. Summary 84 3.6.1. Contributions 84 3.6.2. Perspectives 86 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSION 87 4.1. Summary 87 4.1.1. Contributions to the access by geographic content to textual corpora 87 4.1.2. Spatial and temporal IR in texts 88 4.1.3. Multicriteria IR in texts 89 4.2. Perspectives 90 4.2.1. Intradimensional axis 92 4.2.2. Interdimensional axis 97 4.2.3. Expansion of the vocabulary for a qualitative representation of the geographic dimensions 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 INDEX 123

Read more less

Book SynopsisStudying the Ocean Planet requires measuring and sampling instruments to feed models that take into account its complexity. This book presents the diversity of observation and monitoring techniques at various scales, but also different kinds of model that take into account some conceptual schemes incorporating various scientific knowledge. Sampling is approached via the efficiency of fishing gears; underwater acoustics is used to detect, count, identify and listen to live and mobile living resources. Bio-logging allows us to rely on the behavior of marine animals to help investigate environments that are difficult to sample by conventional means, while listing the physiological changes they undergo. Modeling is presented not only in a functional framework, but also in an exploratory design incorporating various scenarios for ecosystem changes under the pressure of global change. This ninth volume completes the "Seas and Oceans" Set that adopts a transversal approach leading to the governance and sustainable management of the marine environment.Table of ContentsForeword xi Chapter 1. For a Systemic and Transdisciplinary Approach to the Environment 1André MONACO, Patrick PROUZET and Patrick VINCENT 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A complex and vulnerable ocean system 4 1.3. Suitable observation tools 9 1.3.1. For a systemic vision of the ocean 10 1.3.2. To assess our vulnerability to global change 11 1.3.3. The contribution of operational oceanography 13 1.3.4. New technologies applied to the living world 15 1.4. Conclusion 16 1.5. Acknowledgments 17 1.6. Bibliography 17 Chapter 2. Vulnerability to Global Change: Observation Strategies for the Marine Environment 19Patrick FARCY, Gilles REVERDIN and Philippe BERTRAND 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Marine environment observation strategies 20 2.2.1. Parameters to measure 21 2.2.2. Measurement techniques with wide-ranging applications 25 2.3. Some large observation domains 28 2.3.1. The open sea 28 2.3.2. The coastal and littoral ocean 30 2.3.3. The ocean floor: substratum and population 36 2.4. Satellite contribution to observation strategies 42 2.5. In situ observation 45 2.5.1. Lagrangian measurements at the surface and in the water column 45 2.5.2. Eulerian measurements 56 2.5.3. Other significant parameters 60 2.6. Observation strategies 64 2.6.1. The “observatory” approach 64 2.6.2. Some examples of the complementariness of the measurements taken by networks 66 2.6.3. What’s the point of modeling? 67 2.7. What next? 69 2.8. Bibliography 72 Chapter 3. Fishing Technology for Fisheries Research 75Pascal LARNAUD and Benoit VINCENT 3.1. Introduction 75 3.2. The methods employed to measure selectivity 77 3.2.1. What is selectivity? 77 3.2.2. The tools employed to measure meshes 79 3.2.3. The case of trawls 81 3.2.4. Fishing nets and other gear 89 3.3. The tools and observation methods of fishing gear 94 3.3.1. Hydrodynamic tank test 95 3.3.2. Submarine video recording 99 3.3.3. Measurement tools in the domain of fishing technology 103 3.4. Computer simulation tools 104 3.5. Perspectives 108 3.6. Bibliography 109 Chapter 4. Acoustics to Detect and Measure Underwater Organisms 113Verena TRENKEL, Aude PACINI and Laurent BERGER 4.1. Introduction 113 4.1.1. Physical principles of underwater acoustics 113 4.1.2. Instruments 117 4.2. How animals use acoustics 120 4.2.1. Marine mammals 121 4.2.2. Fish 123 4.2.3. Other marine animals 124 4.3. How researchers use acoustics 124 4.3.1. Widening the observation scope 124 4.3.2. Describing animal behavior 126 4.3.3. Estimating fish abundance 128 4.3.4. Ecosystem indicators 130 4.3.5. Seafloor and benthic habitat characterization 131 4.3.6. Quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems 131 4.4. Practical uses of acoustics 132 4.4.1. Equipment 132 4.4.2. Carrying out a research cruise 135 4.4.3. Data processing 137 4.4.4. Advantages and drawbacks of acoustics 139 4.5. Acknowledgments 140 4.6. Bibliography 140 Chapter 5. “Bio-logging” as a Tool to Study and Monitor Marine Ecosystems, or How to Spy on Sea Creatures 143Yann TREMBLAY and Sophie BERTRAND 5.1. Introduction 143 5.2. The variety of sensors and measurements 144 5.2.1. Position measurements 144 5.2.2. Physiological measurements 147 5.2.3. Behavioral measurements 147 5.2.4. Environmental measurements 148 5.2.5. Presence measurements 149 5.3. Attachment methods: limits and ethics 150 5.4. Current challenges 152 5.5. Some examples of discoveries resulting from bio-logging 153 5.5.1. The marine field is huge, and yet… 153 5.5.2. To adjust, yes, but how? 154 5.5.3. Animals as oceanographers 156 5.5.4. The impact of oceanographic structures 156 5.5.5. Interactions with fisheries, their management and conservation 157 5.6. Conclusion 161 5.7. Bibliography 162 Chapter 6. Modeling Strategies for Ecosystems 175Cédric BACHER and Nathalie NIQUIL 6.1. Definition of mathematical modeling 175 6.1.1. Introduction 175 6.1.2. The main currents of ecological modeling 177 6.2. Mathematical formalization 178 6.2.1. State variables, process variables and the equation of state 178 6.2.2. Functional responses 180 6.2.3. Simplified food web 187 6.3. Metabolic foundations of population dynamics 192 6.3.1. Metabolic laws 192 6.3.2. Population and communities 197 6.4. Modeling complexity 199 6.4.1. Introduction 199 6.4.2. From NPZD to trophodynamic models 203 6.4.3. Static holistic models 204 6.5. Conclusion 209 6.5.1. The ideal of end-to-end models 209 6.5.2. To find out more 210 6.6. Acknowledgments 212 6.7. Bibliography 212 Chapter 7. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Reconciling Conservation and Exploitation 221Philippe CURY, Arnaud BERTRAND, Sophie BERTRAND, Marta COLL, Philippe GROS, Souad KIFANI, François Le LOCH, Olivier MAURY, Frédéric MENARD, Florent RENAUD, Lynn SHANNON and Yunne-Jai SHIN 7.1. The ecosystem approach to fisheries: a shared view on the management of marine resources 221 7.1.1. The challenges of the ecosystem approach 221 7.1.2. Three bodies of the United Nations structure the ecosystem approach to global fisheries 223 7.1.3. The complex matter of scientific issues supporting governance 233 7.2. The way marine ecosystems work 236 7.2.1. Bottom-up, top-down and wasp-wait controls 236 7.2.2. Trophic relationships in marine ecosystems 248 7.3. EAF and research on marine ecosystems 256 7.3.1. Quantifying ecological interactions 256 7.3.2. Understanding spatial dynamics 258 7.3.3. Modeling as a tool to integrate knowledge 262 7.4. Ecological indicators Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) 271 7.4.1. Three current levels of organization: international, national and regional 273 7.4.2. The ecosystem approach of the MSFD 274 7.4.3. The assessment of food webs 275 7.5. Implementing the EAF: the Benguela and Humboldt examples 278 7.5.1. Benguela 278 7.5.2. The Humboldt 283 7.6. Dynamic approaches to the ecosystem management of fisheries 289 7.7. Bibliography 290 Chapter 8. Modeling in Contemporary Sciences: Efficiency and Limits Examples from Oceanography 313Alain PAVÉ 8.1. Introduction 313 8.2. A language to describe reality 314 8.3. Relationships between models and reality 315 8.4. What about marine ecological systems and their management? 323 8.5. Interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity and modeling 329 8.5. Bibliography 332 List of Authors 337 Index 339

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive manual that examines the systems available for data capture and photogrammetic processing, and provides an opportunity for readers to apply photo-interpretation, reconnaissance and photomapping techniques to many planning, resource harvesting, pollution prevention, civil engineering, disaster mitigation and containment requirements. Included within the 12 chapters are the principles of digital systems, digital aerial photography, cameras, survey-camera mountings, survey navigation, GPS and (d)GPS systems. In addition there is sound coverage of soft-copy photogrammetry, gorund survey control and a final chapter devoted to typical digital air surveys worldwide.Table of ContentsA brief history of aerial survey; Principles of digital aerial photography; Sensors for aerial photography; Digital camera systems; Digital cameras for aerial photography; Survey aircraft, camera mounts and intervalometers; Survey flight management: tracing, GPS, mission planning; Digital survey planning and logistics; Photo-interpretation, objective analysis and image quality; Ground control acquisition; Principles and methods of digital photogrammetry; Digital survey missions: profiles and their applications; Appendix A: Unit conversions; Appendix B: Binary and ASCII codes; Appendix C: Suppliers, manufacturers and institutes; Appendix D: Air survey computer programs; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book contributes to the transformative and revolutionary use of small, unmanned vehicle systems for three-dimensional geospatial data acquisition and mapping, which is considered to be a paradigm shift in the science and technology of geomatics. The book presents a systematic and comprehensive approach for the use of small mobile unmanned systems for robotic geomatics research and applications. Emphasis is placed on aerial unmanned mapping systems as aerial data collection provides better perspective and coverage of an area, and offers the ability for targeted coverage.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFully automated interpretation and understanding of remotely sensed data by a computer has been a challenge for many decades, and many approaches have been developed over the years. Significant advances in knowledge-based image understanding, machine learning and artificial intelligence has led to this topic being the focus of much research in recent years. This book highlights the different theoretical and application-oriented aspects and potential solutions to the topic of automated remote sensing data analysis. Thereby, both classical knowledge-based as well as modern machine learning-oriented concepts are described. A field such as this is specialized and dynamic and also interdisciplinary and multilayered. Written by an international team of experts, the book has therefore been split into parts dealing with the concepts and applications, and the focus is on elucidating the complementarity of different lines of research rather than providing the complete set of scientific approaches.Part A of this book gives insight into the basic theories and concepts of feature extraction, image understanding and the respective assessment strategies as well as into geometric, radiometric and sensor-related fundamentals of remote sensing technology. Part B focuses on various scientific and practical applications of remote sensing data analysis. These range from the automatic detailed reconstruction of complex 3D environments to visual tracking of objects in image sequences as well as monitoring natural and anthropogenic long-term processes on a regional scale. Part C sketches recent trends in automatic analysis of remote sensing data.Table of ContentsPart A: Methodology Introduction; Object, data and sensor modelling; Feature extraction from images and point clouds: Fundamentals, advances and trends; A short survey on supervised classification in remote; Context-based classification; Toward a framework for quality assessment in remote sensing applicationsPart B: Application From raw 3D point clouds to semantic objects; Traffic extraction and characterization from optical remote sensing data; Object extraction in image sequences; A process-based model approach to predict future land-use changes and link biodiversity with soil erosion in Chile; Interferometric SAR Image analysis for 3D building reconstruction; Detection and classification of collapsed buildings after a strong earthquake by means of laser scanning and image analysis; A settlement process analysis in coastal Benin - confronting scarce data availability in developing countriesPart C: Conclusion Benchmarking - a basic requirement for effective performance evaluation; Remote sensing and computer vision image analysis: summary and recent trends

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a visual reconstruction of Palmyra, a World Heritage Site situated in Syria, which flourished in Greco-Roman times. Palmyra is situated in a desert oasis and served as a vibrant caravan station on the Silk Road connecting the Roman world with the East. It has been called 'the Queen of the Desert' and 'Venice of the Sands'.In 2015-2017 the city was conquered by ISIS who destroyed its monuments and museum, also killing several of its inhabitants. Their aim was to erase the memory and identity of the place, its people and our common heritage. However, through the use of modern technology including photogrammetry, digital imagery and 3D modelling, it has been possible to recreate the documented monuments, thus overcoming to some extent the trauma, cultural destruction and loss. The book unveils the rediscovery of the site by the West and revives and reconstructs the ancient city through images and history. The reader is taken through the spectacular city and its past by providing the information to follow the roots and development of the site, its monuments and its people through the ages, including rulers such as Queen Zenobia. The combination of visualization and written accounts interlink the environment and its people, the monuments and archaeological small finds by using ancient written sources, old photographs, new imagery, 3D models and 3D printing. Thus this ancient site and its past is revived in multiple dimensions. Monuments are visualized as digitally reconstructed ruins or as complete virtual models. This text is therefore the perfect guide for readers who wish to immerse themselves visually in the history of the area and to discover more about the archaeology and its preservation using diverse methods employing modern technology.Trade Review`...richly illustrated with countless photographs, maps, drawings and 3D models. ...one of the biggest strengths of this book is its holistic approach, the wide range of sources used and identifying many themes and issues relevant to the study of the heritage of Palmyra and its broader context. ...authors do a marvellous job in illustrating the long continuity and multiculturalism of Palmyra. ...a well researched and comprehensive overview of Palmyra...' International Journal of Heritage Studies-------------------'...provides a detailed description of the site of Palmyra, documenting images of the site recorded through the ages. It is richly illustrated with many colour photographs, and drawings that represent the evidence used for reconstructions in an appealing way...it should appeal to readers interested in the history of Palmyra and the extent of the damage it has sustained in the ongoing Syrian Civil War'. AntiquityTable of ContentsIntroducing the memory of the place; Approaching Palmyra from air, space and by land; Revealing cities beneath cities; Individual, families and tribes in inscriptions and images; Palmyra's destiny between Rome and Persia; The Temple of Bel at the core of Palmyra; The Triumphal Arch and the Grand Colonnade; Sacred and public spaces along the Grand Colonnade; The tombs for the eternal souls of Palmyreans; The Camp of Diocletian, the Christian Basilicas and the Arab Citadel; Appendix - The documentation of the architectural heritage by spherical photogrammetry

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe second edition of this book has been fully updated to include information on optical sensors launched since 2012 and on new developments in technology, particularly on small satellites and on constellations. There is also a new chapter on applications which looks at how products from optical sensors are used by various organisations for the benefit of end users. Information is given on acquiring images and value added products. Examples and case studies from various disciplines and regions are included. The book is a comprehensive guide to the characteristics and use of high resolution optical images from satellite-borne sensors, concentrating on sensors designed for mapping. It considers in detail the SPOT series of satellites and sensors with a ground sample distance (GSD) of less than 15m, operational since SPOT 1 and particularly the sensors launched since 1999 with GSD of less than 1m The book explains to students, anyone working in map production and scientists working in fields other than mapping, the way in which high resolution imagery is obtained and the issues which surround its collection and use. It deals progressively with the fundamentals of mapping from imagery, followed by the key features in the design of sensors and methods of data storage and transmission, including data compression. Subsequent chapters cover the sensors, calibration, sensor models and the methods of determining the orientation elements and extracting coordinates from the images. Rigorous orientation, use of rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) and approximate methods are covered. Results from tests showing the accuracy which can be obtained, generation of digital elevations models, their accuracy and the production of orthoimages are included, as are image processing and data fusion. Finally, future missions and the issues which face further development are discussed. High Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery is written by a team of acknowledged international experts, is the only comprehensive text on the subject and has been well received by the geospatial community.Table of ContentsIntroduction; History of Optical Sensors in Space; Principles of High Resolution Optical Sensors; Sensors with a GSD of Greater than 1 m up to 16 m; Sensors with a GSD of 1 m or less; Calibration, Sensor Models and Orientation; Processing and Products; Applications; Conclusions and Future Developments; Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn their 112-year history, the many special characteristics of Calcium Aluminate Cements have led to their use in all kinds of applications that are beyond the capabilities of other cements, such as Portland cements. This encompasses characteristics such as chemical resistance, rapid hardening properties, high temperature resistance, and an ideal component for blended systems and many more. The first International conference on calcium aluminate cements was held in London in 1990 and since then there have been further events in Edinburgh (2001) and twice in Avignon, France (2008 and 2014). This volume presents the fifth conference in this series and once again provides essential reading for anyone interested in the subject. This volume contains over 60 international contributions with the most up to date information about calcium aluminates and their unique properties. Topics covered include new types, hydration and durability studies including blended systems, the latter are now widely used and some of these have significantly different hydration chemistry to the pure calcium aluminates. A variety of applications of these interesting cements is covered, including traditional applications such as concretes for contrasting marine situations (seabed and coastal), temperature-resistant refractory applications, formulated blended systems within the building chemistry sector along with the necessary admixtures and the many uses in corrosive biogenic situations that give sewage system infrastructure a considerably longer lifespan. Other new applications are also explored including 3D printing, thermochemical storage encapsulation, oil well cements, and ettringite-based repair systems. The peer-reviewed papers presented in these proceedings include a wide variety of techniques used by the authors to deliver new understanding of aspects of these cements and will undoubtedly drive future research into the various aspects of these cements.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThere is an enormous need to map cities, rivers, coasts, roads, industrial installations and infrastructure in general, and also vulnerable areas in full three dimensions. It has to be done accurately and in detail. The main technologies for detailed 3D mapping are based on imaging devices (photogrammetry) and Lidar sensors (laser scanning). These geodata acquisition technologies routinely acquire point clouds of billions of points and have matured rapidly since the mid-1990s. They have become key geodata sources for 3D city modelling, creation of digital twins and smart cities, and inspection of roads, railways, and natural features. Many GIS analysts extensively use point clouds in the form of digital elevation models. Pointcloudmetry is the specialized branch of geomatics that encompasses the acquisition and processing of point clouds captured by Lidar devices as well as point clouds derived from photogrammetric images. The technology allows accurate and detailed geo-information about earth-related objects, including the bare earth surface, to be obtained. This book covers the entire chain from the principles of geo-referencing and the basics of electromagnetic energy up to the generation of 2.5D and 3D geoinformation. The book provides vital knowledge about the fundamentals, idiosyncrasies and unparalleled potential of point cloud technology and is an indispensable aid to acquiring competent knowledge on the processing steps necessary for converting raw data into high quality 3D geo-information.Table of ContentsSetting light on the landscape; Electromagnetic energy; Laser light; Photogrammetry and 3D computer vision; Airborne Lidar; Ground-based Lidar; Survey peculiarities; Digital elevation models; Interpolation; Ground filtering; Feature detection from images and point clouds; Point cloud processing software; Pilot studies and applications

Read more less

Book SynopsisOver the years since its first appearance, "Datums and Map Projections" has become a key book for many students and professionals around the world. Its theme - a practical guide to coordinate reference systems - is as important now as when it was first published, probably more so when we consider the ever growing use of satellite navigation systems and the introduction of web mapping services such as Google Earth.While retaining the benefits of the first edition - clear presentation assuming no prior knowledge, a problem-solving approach, practical examples and the combination of GPS-derived data with data from other sources - the rewritten and expanded second edition offers very much more: a different structure to give a better grouping of common themes; greater scope to cover all possible different types of coordinate reference system that are used in mapping and related areas; more examples and case studies from around the world; adoption of the terminology of the ISO 19111 standard (Spatial referencing by coordinates); and use of colour illustrations.This remains a vital text for students and practitioners in all areas of geomatics - surveying, remote sensing, GIS, GPS - and much more. Its accessible nature also makes it suitable for anyone with an interest in the subject and its applications.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition:'What a wonderful little book! ... first class ... worthy of recommendation to students and professional practitioners alike.' The Photogrammetric Record.'The book is a welcome addition to the Whittles stable of geomatics texts ... I'll certainly be recommending it to my students!' SoC Bulletin'... would suggest it becomes compulsory reading before anyone attempts to use maps to display positionally referenced data. It will also be of value to all surveying students ...' Surveying World'... the author should be congratulated on providing a clear explanation of the terminology, relationships, transformations and computations involved when combining data from different sources. ... well detailed case studies ...ideal for anyone trying to come to grips with the complexities of datums and map projections.' Cartography------------------‘…is one of those books you will refer to over and over again during your career…this completely revised and updated second edition would suit students and practising professionals equally…professionals of geoscience, geology, engineering, geodesy or cartography would clearly benefit from the material presented in this text…The book is concise, logically presented, with clear and highly resolved colour images. Qualitatively the book serves as an excellent guide for all geoscience professionals’. PESA NewsTable of ContentsContents: Introduction; Coordinates and reference systems; Map projections; Transformations; Global navigation satellite systems; Case studies - Transformation of GPS data into a local coordinate reference system; Creation of a three-parameter geocentric transformation from an official national transformation; Designing a map projection; Calculations using map grid coordinates; Creating overlays in Google Earth; Appendices - Terminology; Computations with spherical coordinates; Basic geometry of the ellipsoid; The Molodensky equations; Determination of transformation parameters by least squares; References

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by a team of international experts, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the major applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. The book focuses on principles and methods and presents an integrated treatment of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning technology. Laser scanning is a relatively young 3D measurement technique offering much potential in the acquisition of precise and reliable 3D geodata and object geometries. However, there are many terrestrial and airborne scanners on the market, accompanied by numerous software packages that handle data acquisition, processing and visualization, yet existing knowledge is fragmented over a wide variety of publications, whether printed or electronic. This book brings together the various facets of the subject in a coherent text that will be relevant for advanced students, academics and practitioners. After consideration of the technology and processing methods, the book turns to applications.The primary use thus far has been the extraction of digital terrain models from airborne laser scanning data, but many other applications are considered including engineering, forestry, cultural heritage, extraction of 3D building models and mobile mapping.Trade Review'The authors and editors are to be congratulated for this effort at bringning together the knowledge of the technology, data handling and applications of laser scanning in a comprehensive book for the first time. I would recommend it as essential reading for any student or professional in the fieldof geospatial technology and its applications.' GIS DEVELOPMENT '...the editors ... did a tremendous job and provided a comprehensive and coherent textbook... The book ... is a must-have textbook for students which are interested in the large field of airborne and terrestrial LiDAR and will surely become an important reference for practitioners involved in the acquisition and use of laser scanning data.' Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation '...a comprehensive work... This text provides a comprehensive account of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. ... This will likely become a core textfor undergraduate students, but will doubtlessly also appeal to a broader range of readers, including those engaged in academic research and commercial practice.' Geomatics World '...this book will form a useful reference work... ...an excellent basic text... ...will serve as a reference book for the many users who need to understand the technology and principles of airborna and terrestrial laser scanning. There is no better alternative today.' International Journal of Digital Earth 'A valuable addition to laser scanning literature... For advanced undergraduates or postgrads, Chapters 1 to 3 are an excellent introduction to the technology, and for practitioners, the applications chapters show how laser scanning data is processd to produce the products they use in many, diverse disciplines. An excellent purchase for either group.' GEOconnexion InternationalTable of ContentsIntroduction. Laser Scanning Technology (J.-Angelo Beraldin, National Research Council Canada, Francois Blais, National Research Council Canada and Uwe Lohr, Lohr Consulting Germany). Visualisation and Structuring of Point Clouds (George Vosselman and Reinhard Klein). Registration and Calibration (Derek Lichti, University of Calgary, Canada and Jan Skaloud, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [EPFL]). Extraction of Digital Terrain Models (Christian Briese, Vienna University of Technology, Austria). Building Extraction (Claus Brenner, Leibnitz Universitat Hannover, Germany). Forestry Applications (Hans-Gerd Maas). Engineering Applications (Roderick Lindenbergh, Technical University of Delft, Netherlands). Cultural Heritage Applications (Pierre Grussenmeyer, INSA Strasbourg, Graduate School of Science and Technology, France and Klaus Hanke, University of Innsbruck, Austria). Mobile Mapping (Hansjorg Kutterer, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Germany). Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explains the concept of spatial data quality, a key theory for minimizing the risks of data misuse in a specific decision-making context. Drawing together chapters written by authors who are specialists in their particular field, it provides both the data producer and the data user perspectives on how to evaluate the quality of vector or raster data which are both produced and used. It also covers the key concepts in this field, such as: how to describe the quality of vector or raster data; how to enhance this quality; how to evaluate and document it, using methods such as metadata; how to communicate it to users; and how to relate it with the decision-making process. Also included is a Foreword written by Professor Michael F. Goodchild.Table of ContentsForeword. Introduction. Chapter 1. Development in the Treatment of Spatial Data Quality (Nicholas Chrisman). Chapter 2. Spatial Data Quality: Concepts (Rodolphe Devillers and Robert Jeansoulin). Chapter 3. Approaches to Uncertainty in Spatial Data (Peter Fisher, Alexis Comber and Richard Wadsworth). Chapter 4. Quality of Raster Data (Serge Riazanoff and Richard Santer). Chapter 5. Understanding the Nature and Magnitude of Uncertainty in Geopolitical and Interpretative Choropleth Maps (Kim Lowell). Chapter 6. The Impact of Positional Accuracy on the Computation of Cost Functions (Alfred Stein and Pepijn Van Oort). Chapter 7. Reasoning Methods for Handling Uncertain Information in Land Cover Mapping (Alexis Comber, Richard Wadsworth and Peter Fisher). Chapter 8. Vector Data Quality: A Data Provider’s Perspective (Jenny Harding). Chapter 9. Spatial Integrity Constraints: A Tool for Improving the Internal Quality of Spatial Data (Sylvain Vallières, Jean Brodeur and Daniel Pilon). Chapter 10. Quality Components, Standards and Metadata, Sylvie Servigne (Nicolas Lesage and Thérèse Libourel). Chapter 11. Spatial Data Quality Assessment and Documentation (Jean-François Hangouët). Chapter 12. Communication and Use of Spatial Data Quality Information in GIS (Rodolphe Devillers and Kate Beard). Chapter 13. External Quality Evaluation of Geographical Applications: An Ontological Approach (Bérengère Vasseur, Robert Jeansoulin, Rodolphe Devillers and Andrew Frank). Chapter 14. A Case Study in the Use of Risk Management to Assess Decision Quality (Gary Hunter and Sytze De Bruin). Chapter 15. On the Importance of External Data Quality in Civil Law (Marc Gervais). Appendix. Quality, and Poem Alike. List of Authors. Index.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis open access peer-reviewed volume was inspired by the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology International Workshop held at Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia in November 2016. Content is based on, but not limited to, the work presented at the workshop which was dedicated to 3D recording and interpretation for maritime archaeology. The volume consists of contributions from leading international experts as well as up-and-coming early career researchers from around the globe. The content of the book includes recording and analysis of maritime archaeology through emerging technologies, including both practical and theoretical contributions. Topics include photogrammetric recording, laser scanning, marine geophysical 3D survey techniques, virtual reality, 3D modelling and reconstruction, data integration and Geographic Information Systems. The principal incentive for this publication is the ongoing rapid shift in the methodologies of maritime archaeology within recent years and a marked increase in the use of 3D and digital approaches. This convergence of digital technologies such as underwater photography and photogrammetry, 3D sonar, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing has highlighted a pressing need for these new methodologies to be considered together, both in terms of defining the state-of-the-art and for consideration of future directions. As a scholarly publication, the audience for the book includes students and researchers, as well as professionals working in various aspects of archaeology, heritage management, education, museums, and public policy. It will be of special interest to those working in the field of coastal cultural resource management and underwater archaeology but will also be of broader interest to anyone interested in archaeology and to those in other disciplines who are now engaging with 3D recording and visualization.Table of ContentsCalibration of Camera Systems for Underwater Photogrammetry - Mark ShortisPresenting Photogrammetric 3D Recording Essays in the Submerged Harbour Infrastructure of the Ancient and Medieval Harbour of Kyllene/Glarentza - Kalliopi BaikaUsing Digital Visualisation of Archival Sources to Enhance Archaeological Interpretation of the 'Life History' of Ships: Case Study of HMCS/HMAS Protector - J. Hunter IIIPresenting Computer Vision Photogrammetry (CVP) for Maritime Archaeology Research and Public Outreach: A Recording and Surveying Procedure Combining Photogrammetry and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) - Barbara DaviddeHigh-Resolution Sub-Seabed Survey and Visualisation: Recent Korean Case Studies - YonHwa JungFrom Integration to Explanation: Moving from 3 to 4 Dimensions. Maximising the Temporal Potential of 3D Datasets with Regard to Integration and Comparison of Data from Multiple Sources - Fraser Sturt3D Scanning and Mapping of the City of Adelaide - Daniel AtkinsonRecent 3D Survey Work in Egypt - Ziad M. MorsyInnomar's Parametric Sub-Bottom Profiler (SBP) Survey of Sub-Seabed Viking Fortifications in the Baltic - Douglas BergersenEarly Results of the High-Resolution Imaging of HMAS Sydney and HSK Kormoran - Andrew HutchinsonUnderwater Archaeology using Riegl Bathymetric Lidars: An Overview - Jorg HackerThe 17th/18th Century Drumbeg Shipwreck in Scotland: Seamless Integration of Multi-Sensor Non-Intrusive 3D Survey - John McCarthyJames Matthews Trial Sub-Bottom Profile Survey - Trevor WintonImage-Based 3D Underwater Recording and Ocularcentrism - Madeline McAllister3D Photogrammetry for and by the Public - Kevin EdwardsIntegration of Topographical and Bathymetrical Surveys in High-Resolution Textured 3D Prints - Andrew Ternes

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents cutting‐edge research on urban and regional systems applying modern spatial analytical techniques of Geographic Information Science & Technologies (GIS&T), spatial statistics, and location modeling. The contributions, written by leading scholars from around the globe, adopt a spatially explicit analytical perspective and highlight methodological innovations and substantive breakthroughs on many facets of the socioeconomic and environmental reality of urban and regional contexts. The book is divided into three parts: The first part offers an introduction to the research field, while the second part discusses critical issues in urban growth and urban management, presenting case studies on city and urban environments, their growth, data infrastructures and spatial and management issues. The third part then broadens the analysis to the regional scale, addressing growth, convergence and adaptation to new economic and information‐based realities. This book appeals to scholars of spatial and regional sciences as well as to policy decision-makers interested in advanced methods of spatial analysis, location modeling, and GIS&T. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Part I: Urban Growth​.- Part II: Economic Restructuring, Convergence, Growth, and Regional Systems.- Conclusion.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians. Table of ContentsPart A: Basics of Atmospheric Measuring Techniques.- Introduction to Atmospheric Measurements.- Principles of Measurements.- Quality Assurance and Control.- Standardization in Atmospheric Measurements.- Physical Quantities.- Part B: In-situ Measuring Techniques.- Ground based platforms.- Temperature Sensors.- Humidity Sensors.- Wind Sensors.- Pressure Sensors.- Radiation Sensors.- Precipitation Measurements.- Visibility Sensors.- Electricity Measurements.- Radioactivity Sensors.- Gas Analysers and Laser Techniques.- Measurements of Stabile Isotopes.- Measurement of Fundamental Aerosol Physical Properies. Methods of Sampling Trace Substances in Air.- Optical Fiber-Based Distributed Sensing Methods.- Odor measurements.- Visual Observations.- Part C: Remote Sensing Techniques (Ground-Based).- Sodar and RASS.- Backscatter Lidar for Aerosol and Cloud Profiling.- Raman Lidar for Water-Vapor and Temperature Profiling.- Doppler Wind Lidar.- Spectrometers.- Passive Solar and Microwave Spectral Radiometers.- Radar Wind Profiler.- Radar in the mm-Range.- High-Frequency Radar.- Scintillometer.- Acoustic Tomography.- GNSS Water Vapor Tomography.- Part D: Remote Sensing Techniques (Space and Aircraft-based).- Satellite and Aircraft Remote Sensing Platforms.- Airborne Lidar.- Airborne Radar. - Airborne Solar Radiation Sensors.- Spaceborne Mircrowave Radiometry.- Spaceborne Microwave Radiometery.- Imaging Techniques.- Part E: Complex Measuring Systems – Methods and Applications.- Atmospherice Measurements for Different Purposes.- Crowdsourcing.- Mesometeorological Networks.- Aerological Measurements.- Composite Atmospheric Profiling.- Aircraft-Based Flux Density Measurements.- Unmanned Aircraft Systems.- Ground-based Mobile Measurement Systems.- Measurements Systems for Wind, Solar, and Hydro Power Applications.- Urban Measurement and their Interpretation.- Immission and Dry Deposition.- Eddy-Covariance Measurements.- Alternative Turbulent Trace GAs Flux Measurement Methods.- Evapotranspiration Measurements and Calculations.- Lysimeter.- Plant Chamber Measurements.- Soil Chamber Measurements.- Soil Measurements.- Water Measurements.- Part F: Measurements Networks.- Networks of Atmospheric Measurement Techniques.- Integration of Meteorological and Ecological Measurements.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive introduction to well logging and the inverse problem. It explores challenges such as conventional data processing methods’ inability to handle local minima issues, and presents the explanations in an easy-to-follow way. The book describes statistical data interpretation by introducing the fundamentals behind the approach, as well as a range of sampling methods. In each chapter, a specific method is comprehensively introduced, together with representative examples. The book begins with basic information on well logging and logging while drilling, as well as a definition of the inverse problem. It then moves on to discuss the fundamentals of statistical inverse methods, Bayesian inference, and a new sampling method that can be used to supplement it, the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The book then addresses a specific problem in the inversion of downhole logging data, and the interpretation of earth model complexity, before concluding with a meta-technique called the tempering method, which serves as a supplement to statistical sampling methods. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference guide for drilling engineers, well logging tool physicists, and geoscientists, as well as students in the areas of petroleum engineering and electrical engineering. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Foundation of Bayesian Inversion and Sampling Methods.- Beyond the Random Walk: a Hybrid Monte Carlo Sampling.- Interpret Model Complexity: Trans-Dimensional Markov Chain Monet Carlo Method.- Accelerated Bayesian Inversion Using Parallel Tempering

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book focusses on hydrological modeling, water management, and water governance. It covers the applications of remote sensing and GIS tools and techniques for land use and land cover classifications, estimation of precipitation, evaluation of morphological changes, and monitoring of soil moisture variability. Moreover, remote sensing and GIS techniques have been applied for crop mapping to assess cropping patterns, computation of reference crop evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient. Hydrological modeling studies have been carried out to address various issues in the water sector. MODFLOW model was successfully applied for groundwater modeling and groundwater recharge estimation. Runoff modeling has been carried out to simulate the snowmelt runoff together with the rainfall and sub-surface flow contributions for snow-fed basins. A study has been included, which predicts the impact of the land use and land cover on stream flow. Various problems in the water sector have been addressed employing hydrological models such as SWAT, ArcSWAT, and VIC. An experimental study has been presented wherein the laboratory performance of rainfall simulator has been evaluated. Hydrological modeling studies involving modifications in the curve number methodology for simulation of floods and sediment load have also been presented. This book is useful for academicians, water practitioners, scientists, water managers, environmentalists, and administrators, NGOs, researchers, and students who are involved in water management with the focus on hydrological modeling, water management, and water governance. Table of Contents1. Application of RS and GIS in Watershed Management.- 2. Application of RS and GIS in Agricultural Water Management.- 3. Hydrological Modeling.- 4. Intelligent Water Management.- 5. Water Governance

Read more less

Book SynopsisOver the past century, mechanization has been an important means for optimizing resource utilization, improving worker health and safety and reducing labor requirements in farming while increasing productivity and quality of 4F (Food, Fuel, Fiber, Feed). Recognizing this contribution, agricultural mechanization was considered as one of the top ten engineering achievements of 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering. Accordingly farming communities have adopted increasing level of automation and robotics to further improve the precision management of crops (including input resources), increase productivity and reduce farm labor beyond what has been possible with conventional mechanization technologies. It is more important than ever to continue to develop and adopt novel automation and robotic solutions into farming so that some of the most complex agricultural tasks, which require huge amount of seasonal labor such as fruit and vegetable harvesting, could be automated while meeting the rapidly increasing need for 4F. In addition, continual innovation in and adoption of agricultural automation and robotic technologies is essential to minimize the use of depleting resources including water, minerals and other chemicals so that sufficient amount of safe and healthy food can be produced for current generation while not compromising the potential for the future generation. This book aims at presenting the fundamental principles of various aspects of automation and robotics as they relate to production agriculture (the branch of agriculture dealing with farming operations from field preparation to seeding, to harvesting and field logistics). The building blocks of agricultural automation and robotics that are discussed in the book include sensing and machine vision, control, guidance, manipulation and end-effector technologies. The fundamentals and operating principles of these technologies are explained with examples from cutting-edge research and development currently going on around the word. This book brings together scientists, engineers, students and professionals working in these and related technologies to present their latest examples of agricultural automation and robotics research, innovation and development while explaining the fundamentals of the technology. The book, therefore, benefits those who wish to develop novel agricultural engineering solutions and/or to adopt them in the future. Table of Contents

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents fundamental and applied research in developing geospatial modeling solutions to manage the challenges that urban areas are facing today. It aims to connect the academics, researchers, experts, town planners, investors and government officials to exchange ideas. The areas addressed include urban heat island analysis, urban flood vulnerability and risk mapping, green spaces, solar energy, infrastructure management, among others. The book suggests directions for smart city research and outlines practical propositions. As an emerging and critical area of research and development, much research is now being done with regard to cities. At the international level and in India alike, the “smart cities” concept is a vital topic for universities and research centers, and well as for civic bodies, town planners and policymakers. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for a broad readership.Table of ContentsAnalyzing the role of geospatial technology in smart city development .- Part II: Urban expansion and infrastructure.- The dark side of the earth: Benchmarking lighting access for all cities on Earth and the citynet dataset.- Object-oriented approach for urbanization growth by using remote sensing and Gis techniques: A case study in Hilla city, Babylon Governorate, Iraq.- Designing the streets for smart cities.- An automated approach to facilitate rooftop solar Pv installation in smart cities: Acomparative study between Bhopal, India and Trondheim, Norway.- Analyzing and predicting urban expansion and its effects on surface temperature for two Indian megacities: Bengaluru and Chennai.- Analyzing new frontiers in urban preference and perception research.- Land transformation and future projections of land consumption using high resolution remote sensing data for Allahabad, India.- The meta-analysis of studies on urban sprawl.- Four-dimensional slum urban simulation using hologram interferometry of Envisat satellite.- Geospatial technologies for public health management system.- Utilisation of geo spatial technology to study the variation in access of urban health care centres in Kamrup Metro, Assam.- Geo-spatial analysis of health care service centres for smart cities: A study of South East district, Delhi-India.- Usage of transport apps by Indian commuters: An empirical investigation.- Parking maximums and work place levies: Time to adopt new paradigms in India, the case of Kochi.- Assessing to append homeless people to plan smart regions to be more inclusive.- Part II: Urban ecology and disaster management.- Fire and flood vulnerability, and implications for evacuation.- An information and communication technology (ICT) driven disaster management system: A case of fire-fighting in Mumbai.- Selection of suitable site for biomedical waste disposal in Lucknow city, India using remote sensing data, GIS and AHP method.- How does tourism affect urban ecological standards? A geospatial analysis of wetland transformations in the coastal resort town of Digha, West Bengal, India.- Urban housing in Itanagar: Mountain geomorphology, hazard vulnerability vis-à-vis smart city framework.- Hydrogeological studies of urban-rural interface in the northwest part of Pune Metropolis, India.- Ground water analytics for measuring quality and quantity.- Status of ground water quality in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan: A geospatial approach.- Green infrastructure as a tool for improving livability of area based development projects under smart city mission.- Evaluating decadal change in green cover of Dehradun city.- Summary and way forward.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book integrates spatial analysis into the study and management of conflicts, and offers a model in conflict studies that incorporates theoretical explanations of conflict, its causes, and impacts, with a geospatial strategy for intervening in disputes over allocation and use of natural resources (connects theory and practice). Alongside a theoretical analysis of resource conflicts and an account of Participatory Mapping and PGIS development, this book provides a case study of GIS applications in conflict mediation. The book also lays out a practical and straightforward demonstration of PGIS applications in conflict management using a real-world case study, and traces the Participatory Mapping and PGIS movements’ evolution, compares PPGIS and PGIS practices, and makes distinctions between traditional GIS applications and PGIS practice. The approach embodies the enhanced use of spatial information and media, sets of tools for analyzing, mapping, and displaying spatial data and a platform for participatory discussions that enhances consensus-building. The book, therefore, contributes to the search for novel approaches for managing current and emerging conflicts. With this book, resource managers, development practitioners, students, and scholars of Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications and conflict studies will be equipped with the principles, skills, and the tools they need to manage non-violent resource conflicts and keep the disputes from slipping into violence. The book will also be a valuable text for basic and advanced studies in Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications, Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management. Table of ContentsPart1. Sources, impacts, and the perspectives on resource conflicts.- Chapter1. Natural Resources, Conflict of Interests and their Management.- Chapter2. Sources, Impacts and Management of Natural Resources Conflicts.- Chapter3. Perspectives on Natural Resource Conflicts.- Part2. Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter4. Participatory Mapping and management of natural resource conflicts.- Chapter5. The Development of Community-based GIS Applications.- Chapter6. The impact of geospatial data processing on conflict-supporting beliefs.- Chapter7. Case study: Participatory mapping and management of conflict of interests over allocation of resources within the Aboma Forest Reserve at Kofiase, Ghana.- Part3. Assessment of Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter8. Important factors in successful Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter9. Appraisal of the roles of Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter10. Conclusion.

Read more less