Geographical information systems Books

Book SynopsisA section on bioacoustic echolocation, with a focus on the superior sonar systems of bats and whales and a discussion of the advanced technology of next-generation airborne signal processors, opens the imagination to fascinating possibilities for the future.Trade ReviewThis is an impressive, enjoyable and unique book... The style is light and entertaining, without in any way trivializing the subject or appearing patronizing, and Blip, Ping, and Buzz achieves the rather special trick of being valuable both to the non-specialist and to the seasoned practitioner. -- Hugh Griffiths Physics World 2008 This well written book... is highly recommended for just about everyone including, dare I say it, experts. -- Richard J. Peppin International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration 2008 The writing style is clear and sometimes whimsical, making for easy reading... An excellent addition to the ever-popular genre of books about how things work. -- Colin Keay Australian Physics 2008 Denny largely sheds the complexity of mathematical constructs, distilling their most salient features into a more qualitative understanding of radar and sonar systems. Choice 2008 Indeed, Denny's writing is anything but dry and boring. He adeptly explains complex subject matter and does so with relatively simple language and minimal use of symbolic notation. -- Paul A. Faure Bat Research News 2008Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Hearing the Picture1. Early Days2. Remote Sensing Foundations3. Signal Processing Techniques4. Tactics: Skunks and Old Crows5. Mapping: Hearing the Picture6. Specialized Applications and Advanced TechniquesFinal ThoughtsTechnical NotesGlossaryIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers a practical state-of-the-field overview of big data as both a means and an object of research, with essays from prominent and emerging scholars. Part 1 explores how the advent of geoweb technologies and big data sets has influenced some of geography's major subdisciplines. Part 2 addresses how the geographic study of big data has implications for other disciplinary fields.Trade Review"In recent years, big data has been frequently touted as the new reality in research, business, and nearly everything else. This work examines the promise and realities of big data specifically as it relates to geographically referenced information."—J. Cummings, Choice“The drumbeat of ‘big data’ is reorganizing everyday life, for some. This important collection takes the pulse of this hype from the perspective of the discipline of geography, pursuing questions that highlight the peculiarities of this location-based, techno-cultural moment.”—Matthew W. Wilson, associate professor of geography at the University of Kentucky “This collection is a key step along the road from hyperbole to engagement with regard to the significance and impacts of big spatial data. It offers key insights into big spatial data as both means and object of researcher, tracing the socio-spatial and epistemological possibilities and limits of this dynamic phenomenon.”—Sarah Elwood, professor of geography at the University of Washington “Thinking Big Data in Geography delivers vital theoretical and empirical perspectives on the problems and possibilities of spatialized data in both extraordinary circumstances and everyday life.”—Craig Dalton, assistant professor of global studies and geography at Hofstra UniversityTable of ContentsList of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction Jim Thatcher, Andrew Shears, and Josef Eckert Part 1. What Is Big Data and What Does It Mean to Study It? 1. Toward Critical Data Studies: Charting and Unpacking Data Assemblages and Their Work Rob Kitchin and Tracey P. Lauriault 2. Big Data: Why (Oh Why?) This Computational Social Science? David O’Sullivan Part 2. Methods and Praxis in Big Data Research 3. Smaller and Slower Data in an Era of Big Data Renee Sieber and Matthew Tenney 4. Reflexivity, Positionality, and Rigor in the Context of Big Data Research Britta Ricker Part 3. Empirical Interventions 5. A Hybrid Approach to Geotweets: Reading and Mapping Tweet Contexts on Marijuana Legalization and Same-Sex Marriage in Seattle, Washington Jin-Kyu Jung and Jungyeop Shin 6. Geosocial Footprints and Geoprivacy Concerns Christopher D. Weidemann, Jennifer N. Swift, and Karen K. Kemp 7. Foursquare in the City of Fountains: Using Kansas City as a Case Study for Combining Demographic and Social Media Data Emily Fekete Part 4. Urban Big Data: Urban-Centric and Uneven 8. Big City, Big Data: Four Vignettes Jessa Lingel 9. Framing Digital Exclusion in Technologically Mediated Urban Spaces Matthew Kelley Part 5. Talking across Borders 10. Bringing the Big Data of Climate Change Down to Human Scale: Citizen Sensors and Personalized Visualizations in Climate Communication David Retchless 11. Synergizing Geoweb and Digital Humanitarian Research Ryan Burns Part 6. Conclusions 12. Rethinking the Geoweb and Big Data: Future Research Directions Mark Graham Bibliography List of Contributors Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresents the latest on the rapidly growing use of innovative archaeological remote sensing for anthropological applications in North America. Updating the highly praised 2006 publication Remote Sensing in Archaeology, this is a must-have volume for today's archaeologist.Trade ReviewAn important collection that illustrates the diversity of techniques used to collect geophysical data and their use in archaeological interpretation. The inclusion of chapters that cover several regions and historic as well as prehistoric sites adds further value."" - Berle Clay, principal investigator and geophysical specialist at Cultural Resource Analysis, Inc.""Includes current, well-written, and interesting material that provides a significant contribution to the field. The use of remote sensing technology with traditional methods is current with the state of research. The chapters are well grounded in archaeological and anthropological theory. The methods outlined in the book also start to set a standard or baseline that can be implemented by others."" - Roy Stine, associate professor, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a practical solution sourcebook for real-world high-resolution and spotlight SAR image processing. Widely-used algorithms are presented for both system errors and propagation phenomenon, and a chapter is devoted to SAR system performance.Table of ContentsPart 1 Introduction: spotlight SAR; SAR modes; importance of spotlight SAR; early SAR chronology. Part 2 Synthetic aperture radar fundamentals: SAR system overview; imaging considerations; pulse compression and range resolution; synthetic aperture technique for Azimuth resolution; SAR coherence requirements; signal phase equation; inverse SAR (ISAR); SAR sensor parametric design. Part 3 Spotlight SAR and polar format algorithm: scope of processing task; polar format overview; polar data storage as a two-dimensional signal; correction for non-planar motion; polar format algorithm limitations; Taylor series expansion procedures; phase of image pixels; image geometric distortion; image focus error equations; displacements and absolute positioning. Part 4 Digital polar format processing: sampling rate conversion; polyphase filters; polar interpolation; image scale factors; image distortion correction; signal history projections; stabilized scene polar interpolation; subpatch processing and mosaicking. Part 5 Phase errors: classification of phase error; management of phase error; magnitude of phase error; requirements on a practical SAR motion sensor; moving target effects. Part 6 Autofocus techniques: mapdrift; multiple aperture mapdrift; phase difference; phase gradient; prominent point processing; considerations for space-variant refocus. Part 7 Processor design examples: the common UNIX SAR processor; the ground to air imaging radar processor. Part 8 SAR system performance: image quality metrics; system performance budgeting; requirements on system impulse response; requirements on system noise; geometric distortion; secondary image quality metrics; test arrays. Part 9 Spotlight processing applications: spotlight processing of scan and stripmap SAR data; interferometric SAR; forward look SAR; vibrating target detection. Part 10 Range migration algorithm: model; algorithm overview; analytical development; discussion; efficient algorithms for range migration processing. Part 11 Chirp scaling algorithm: non-dechirped signal model; algorithm overview; analytical development; discussion. Part 12 Comparison of image formation algorithms: image formation algorithm models; computational complexity; memory requirements; other considerations.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe wide range of challenges in studying Earth system dynamics due to uncertainties in climate change and complex interference from human activities is creating difficulties in managing land and water resources and ensuring their sustainable use. Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling Land and Water Resources brings together real-world case studies accurately surveyed and assessed through spatial modeling. The book focuses on the effectiveness of combining remote sensing, geographic information systems, and R. The use of open source software for different spatial modeling cases in various fields, along with the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems, will aid researchers, students, and practitioners to understand better the phenomena and the predictions by future analyses for problem-solving and decision-making.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis comprehensive textbook identifies the emerging legal, policy, and ethical considerations associated with the collection, analysis, storage, and distribution of data that can be tied to location on Earth otherwise known as geospatial information.Drawing on the author's extensive professional, legal, and scholarly experience in the geospatial community, the book explains how these issues cut across both legal and technology domains and how they impact geospatial information management across the globe. While focused on the USA, the framework and analysis can be applied to other nations and legal systems. Key topics covered include intellectual property, privacy, data protection, data quality and liability, security, ethical issues, licensing, and the impact of existing and emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, satellites, drones, software, machine learning, small satellites, and 5G. The book includes helpful features, such as a glossary of key legal term

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides the tools, the methods, and the theory to meet the challenges of contemporary data science applied to geographic problems and data. In the new world of pervasive, large, frequent, and rapid data, there are new opportunities to understand and analyze the role of geography in everyday life. Geographic Data Science with Python introduces a new way of thinking about analysis, by using geographical and computational reasoning, it shows the reader how to unlock new insights hidden within data.Key Features:?       Showcases the excellent data science environment in Python.?       Provides examples for readers to replicate, adapt, extend, and improve.?       Covers the crucial knowledge needed by geographic data scientists.It presents concepts in a far more geographic way than competing textbooks, covering spatial data, mapping, and spatial sTrade Review"The geospatial Python ecosystem is evolving rapidly, and until now there has been no one-stop reference for the geospatial programmer on data I/O, spatial analysis, and geovisualization. I will use this book in my teaching and will also recommend it to students as a book to keep on the shelf and use as a supplement to other courses, for independent projects, and for their future careers. I don't think there is anything quite like it in the market."-Professor Lee Hachadoorian, Temple University"Geographic Data Science with Python is an essential resource for data scientists looking to extend their skills into the geographic domain and for geographers looking to add data science skills. The book's approach achieves a highly effective balance between introducing theoretical concepts and applying them to practical examples. The book also serves as a guide to the modern open source spatial Python stack. The accompanying interactive Jupyter notebooks are great resources for running what-if scenarios to extend the concepts introduced in the book and for getting started with new projects. If you want to understand the unique properties of spatial data and how to apply them in creative ways using Python, this book is a must have."- David C. Folch, Associate Professor, Northern Arizona University"Three things will stand out after taking a close look at this book. First, the authors present a timely book that is like an encyclopedia of the emerging field of geographic data science. This book will aspire geographers with what data science can do in helping them answer questions with spatial data, and data scientists in providing critical spatial and methodological contexts of the data. For this reason, this book provides what the seemingly countless tutorials out there in the digital cloud cannot do: a wholistic view of the landscape that may often be daunting to grasp by both communities. Second, the core of this book comes from years of intensive software development of the authors. Their experience (and hard work) has made reading this book a treasure hunt -- not necessarily the challenging sort because you can find good stuff everywhere you turn. Lastly, this is an "open" book because of the Jupyter notebooks associated with this book that are ready to use and, more importantly, to extend to new problems and applications. Because of these features, this book transcends a traditional GIS textbook or how-to tech book and is highly recommended for anyone wishing to understand geographic data."- Ningchuan Xiao, Professor, The Ohio State UniversityTable of ContentsPart 1. Building Blocks 1. Geographic thinking for data scientists 2. Computational Tools for Geographic Data Science 3. Spatial Data 4. Spatial Weights Part 2. Spatial Data Analysis 5. Choropleth Mapping 6. Global Spatial Autocorrelation 7. Local Spatial Autocorrelation 8. Point Pattern Analysis Part 3. Advanced Topics 9. Spatial Inequality Dynamics 10. Clustering & Regionalization 11. Spatial Regression 12. Spatial Feature Engineering

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith this practical book, geospatial professionals, data scientists, business analysts, geographers, geologists, and others familiar with data analysis and visualization will learn the fundamentals of spatial data analysis to gain a deeper understanding of their data questions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFully updated, with significant new coverage of advances in satellite oceanography and results from new satellite missions, the second edition of this popular textbook introduces students to how remote sensing works, how to understand observations from Earth-observing systems, and the observations' importance to physical and biological oceanography. It provides full explanations of radiative transfer, ocean surface properties, satellite orbits, instruments and methods, visible remote sensing of biogeochemical properties, infrared and microwave retrieval of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity retrieval, passive microwave measurements, scatterometer wind retrieval, altimetry and SAR. Also included are descriptions of the online archives where data can be obtained, and readers can obtain online tools for working with the data - enabling hands-on engagement with real-world observations. This is an ideal textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in oceanography, reTrade Review'This complex book has been written by a practitioner who is aware of the requirements of the user, but he presents the required information in a concise and yet accessible form.' Averil Leaver, Open University Geological Society JournalTable of ContentsPreface; List of chemical symbols; List of mathematical symbols; List of abbreviations and acronyms; 1. Background; 2. Ocean surface phenomena; 3. Electromagnetic radiation; 4. Atmospheric properties and radiative transfer; 5. Reflection, transmission and absorption at the atmosphere/ocean interface; 6. Ocean color; 7. Infrared observations of sea surface temperature (SST); 8. Introduction to microwave imagers; 9. Passive microwave observations of the atmosphere and ocean surface; 10. Introduction to radars; 11. Scatterometers; 12. The altimeter; 13. Imaging radars; 14. Other missions: the gravity missions, ICESat-1 and -2, CryoSat-2, SMOS, Aquarius/SAC-D; Appendix: useful data tables; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplains how GIS enhances the development of chemical fate and transport models Over the past decade, researchers have discovered that geographic information systems (GIS) are not only excellent tools for managing and displaying maps, but also useful in the analysis of chemical fate and transport in the environment. Among its many benefits, GIS facilitates the identification of critical factors that drive chemical fate and transport. Moreover, GIS makes it easier to communicate and explain key model assumptions. Based on the author''s firsthand experience in environmental assessment, GIS Based Chemical Fate Modeling explores both GIS and chemical fate and transport modeling fundamentals, creating an interface between the two domains. It then explains how GIS analytical functions enable scientists to develop simple, yet comprehensive spatially explicit chemical fate and transport models that support real-world applications. In addition, the book features:<Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xvii Chapter 1 | Chemicals, Models, and GIS: Introduction 1 1-1 Chemistry, Modeling, and Geography 1 1-2 Mr. Palomar and Models 2 1-3 What Makes a Model Different? 4 1-4 Simple, Complex, or Tiered? 7 Compatibility of Emissions and Concentrations 9 Spatiotemporal Variability 10 Spatial Patterns 12 More Complex Models and the Tale of Horatii and Curiatii 15 1-5 For Whom is this Book Written? 17 References 19 Chapter 2 | Basics of Chemical Compartment Models and Their Implementation with GIS Functions 23 2-1 Introduction 23 2-2 Phase Partitioning 24 Air Compartment 24 Surface Water Compartment 25 Soil Compartment 25 2-3 Diffusion, Dispersion, and Advection 26 2-4 Fluxes at the Interfaces 28 Air–Ground Surface Interface 28 Water–Air and Water–Bottom Sediment Interface 28 Soil–Air and Soil–Water Interface 29 Parameterization of Advection Velocities and Diffusion/Dispersion Rates 29 2-5 Reactions 32 2-6 Transport Within an Environmental Medium: The Advection–Diffusion Equation (ADE) 33 Soils 37 Surface Water 38 Atmosphere 39 2-7 Analytical Solutions 40 Example: The Domenico Model 40 Example: Implementation of a River Plug Flow Model in a Spreadsheet 45 2-8 Box Models, Multimedia and Multispecies Fate and Transport 47 Example: Implementing a Box Model of Soil Contamination and Water Pollution Loading in a Spreadsheet 51 2-9 Spatial Models: Implicit, Explicit, Detailed Explicit, and GIS-Based Schemes 57 References 65 Chapter 3 | Basics of GIS Operations 71 3-1 What is GIS? 71 3-2 GIS Data 72 Coordinate Systems 72 Example: Coordinate Transformation 75 Example: Georeference a Map from a Paper Using ArcGIS 77 GIS Formats 81 3-3 GIS Software 92 3-4 GIS Standards 93 Exercise: Browse and Export Geographic Objects in KML and Combine Them with Layers from a WMS 94 3-5 A Classification of GIS Operations for Chemical Fate Modeling 99 3-6 Spatial Thinking 100 3-7 Beyond GIS 103 3-8 Further Progress on GIS 104 References 104 Chapter 4 | Map Algebra 107 4-1 Map Algebra Operators and Syntaxes 109 4-2 Using Map Algebra to Compute a Gaussian Plume 112 Example: Using Map Algebra to Compute Volatilization Rates from Water Bodies 119 4-3 Using Map Algebra to Implement Isolated Box Models 121 References 124 Chapter 5 | Distance Calculations 127 5-1 Concepts of Distance Calculations 127 Example: Feature Buffering 127 Example: Join Based on Distance 129 5-2 Distance Along a Surface and Vertical Distance 134 5-3 Applications of Euclidean Distance in Pollution Problems 135 5-4 Cost Distance 139 Exercise: Euclidean and Cost distance Calculations 140 References 148 Chapter 6 | Spatial Statistics and Neighborhood Modeling in GIS 149 6-1 Variograms: Analyzing Spatial Patterns 149 Exercise: Computing Variograms of Observed Atmospheric Contaminants 154 6-2 Interpolation 160 6-3 Zonal Statistics 163 6-4 Neighborhood Statistics and Filters 164 Exercise: Creating a Population Map from Point and Polygon Data 169 References 170 Chapter 7 | Digital Elevation Models, Topographic Controls, and Hydrologic Modeling in GIS 171 7-1 Basic Surface Analysis 171 7-2 Drainage 178 Example: Pit Filling, Flow Direction, Flow Accumulation, and Flow Length in ArcGIS 178 Example: Catchment Population in India 183 Example: Travel Time 185 7-3 Using GIS Hydrological Functions in Chemical Fate and Transport Modeling 187 7-4 Non-D8 Methods and the TauDEM Algorithms 190 7-5 ESRI’s ‘‘Darcy Flow’’ and ‘‘Porous Puff’’ Functions 191 References 193 Chapter 8 | Elements of Dynamic Modeling in GIS 195 8-1 Dynamic GIS Models 195 8-2 Studying Time-Dependent Effects With Simple Map Algebra 200 Intermittent Emissions 200 Lagged Release from Historical Stockpiles 201 Stepwise Constant Emission and Removal Processes 202 8-3 Decoupling Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Models: The Mappe Global Approach 203 References 206 Chapter 9 | Metamodeling and Source–Receptor Relationship Modeling in GIS 209 9-1 Introduction 209 9-2 Metamodeling 210 9-3 Source–Receptor Relationships 213 References 215 Chapter 10 | Spatial Data Management in GIS and the Coupling of GIS and Environmental Models 217 10-1 Introduction 217 10-2 Historical Perspective of Emergence of Spatial Databases in Environmental Domain 218 10-3 Spatial Data Management in GIS: Theory and History 221 Spatial Database Definition 221 Relational Data Model Foundations 221 Object Relational Concepts: A Foundation Model for Spatial Databases—Theoretical Background 224 PostgreSQL/PostGIS Object Relational Support 225 Oracle Object Relational Support 225 10-4 Spatial Database Solutions 226 ESRI Geodatabase 226 PostgreSQL and PostGIS 229 Oracle Locator and Spatial 230 10-5 Simple Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and GIS: Hands-On Examples 230 Simple PostgreSQL/PostGIS Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and QuantumGIS 231 Simple Oracle XE Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton 237 10-6 Generalized Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and Geographic Mashups 244 Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton 244 Geographic Mashup 246 References 249 Chapter 11 | Soft Computing Methods for the Overlaying of Chemical Data with Other Spatially Varying Parameters 253 11-1 Introduction 253 11-2 Fuzzy Logic and Expert Judgment 258 11-3 Spatial Multicriteria Analysis 262 11-4 An Example of Vulnerability Mapping of Water Resources to Pollution 266 References 276 Chapter 12 | Types of Data Required for Chemical Fate Modeling 279 12-1 Climate and Atmospheric Data 280 12-2 Soil Data 286 12-3 Impervious Surface Area 289 12-4 Vegetation 289 12-5 Hydrological Data 291 12-6 Elevation Data 293 12-7 Hydrography 296 12-8 Lakes 298 12-9 Stream Network Hydraulic Data 298 12-10 Ocean Parameters 299 12-11 Human Activity 301 Land Use/Land Cover 303 Population 305 Stable Lights at Night 306 12-12 Using Satellite Images for the Extraction of Environmental Parameters 306 12-13 Compilations of Data for Chemical Fate and Transport Modeling 307 References 307 Chapter 13 | Retrieval and Analysis of Emission Data 311 13-1 Characterization of Emissions 311 13-2 Emissions based on Production Volumes 312 13-3 Estimation from Usage or Release Inventories 313 13-4 Emission Factors 313 13-5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Emissions 314 Diffuse Emissions at Local to Regional Scale 317 Example: Estimating Urban Runoff Contaminants from Land Use and Population Data in the Province of Naples, Italy 318 Exercise: Apportionment of Emissions Using a Geographic Pattern 318 13-6 Modeling Traffic Flows 322 References 326 Chapter 14 | Characterization of Environmental Properties and Processes 329 14-1 Physicochemical Properties and Partition Coefficients 329 14-2 Aerosol and Suspended Sediments 330 Exercise: Computing SPM in Rivers Using the Formula of Hakanson and Co-workers 332 14-3 Diffusive Processes 335 14-4 Dispersion 335 14-5 Advective Processes 336 Atmospheric Deposition 336 Soil Water Budget Calculations 338 Soil Erosion 344 14-6 River and Lake Hydraulic Geometry 344 References 350 Chapter 15 | Complex Models, GIS, and Data Assimilation 353 15-1 Atmospheric Transport Models 353 Example: Dispersion Modeling of an Atmospheric Emission in Australia 354 15-2 Transport in Groundwater and the Analytic Element Method 361 15-3 GIS Functions of Modeling Systems and Data Assimilation 361 References 363 Chapter 16 | The Issue of Monitoring Data and the Evaluation of Spatial Models of Chemical Fate 365 16-1 Existing Monitoring Programs 366 16-2 Distributed Sampling 366 16-3 Methods for the Comparison of Measured and Modeled Concentrations 367 Exercise: Comparison of Two PCB Soil Concentration Models 368 References 375 Chapter 17 | From Fate to Exposure and Risk Modeling with GIS 377 17-1 Exposure and Risk for Human Health 377 17-2 Models for the Quantification of Chemical Intake by Humans 382 Exercise: Human Exposure, Intake, and Cancer Risk Related to Ingestion of Aboveground Produce Contaminated by Gas and Dust Deposition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Emitted from an Industrial Emission Source 386 17-3 Ecological and Environmental Risk Assessment 393 Exercise: Mapping Patch Area and Ecotones in South America 398 17-4 Data for GIS Based Risk Assessment 400 References 401 Chapter 18 | GIS Based Models in Practice: The Multimedia Assessment of Pollutant Pathways in the Environment (MAPPE) Model 405 18-1 Introduction 405 18-2 Environmental Compartments Considered in the Model 407 Atmosphere Compartment 409 Soil Compartment 412 Inland Water Compartment 413 Seawater 415 18-3 Implementation in GIS: Example with Lindane 416 Scalar Input Quantities 416 Maps Describing Landscape and Climate Parameters 418 Air Compartment Calculations 419 Soil Compartment Calculations 422 Inland Water Compartment Calculations 427 Seawater Compartment Calculations 434 18-4 Using the Model For Scenario Assessment 436 References 441 Chapter 19 | Inverse Modeling and Its Application to Water Contaminants 443 19-1 Introduction 443 Exercise: Inverse Modeling of Caffeine in Europe 447 References 451 Chapter 20 | Chemical Fate and Transport Indicators and the Modeling of Contamination Patterns 453 20-1 The Relative Risk Model 453 Example: Relative Risk Assessment for Coastal Ecosystems Due to Wastewater Emission in South Africa 456 20-2 Use of Chemical Fate and Transport Indicators in the Context of Relative Risk Assessment: An Example with Contaminants Applied to Soil 459 Example: Generic Modeling of Sewage Sludge Soil Application in Mexico 464 References 472 Chapter 21 | Perspectives: The Challenge of Cumulative Impacts and Planetary Boundaries 475 References 478 Index 481

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn integrated approach that combines essential GIS background with a practical workbook on applying the principles in ArcGIS 10.0 and 10.1 Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ArcGISintegrates a broad introduction to GIS with a software-specific workbook for Esri''s ArcGIS. Where most courses make do using two separate texts, one covering GIS and another the software, this book enables students and instructors to use a single text with an integrated approach covering both in one volume with a common vocabulary and instructional style. This revised edition focuses on the latest software updatesArcGIS 10.0 and 10.1. In addition to its already successful coverage, the book allows students to experience publishing maps on the Internet through new exercises, and introduces the idea of programming in the language Esri has chosen for applications (i.e., Python). A DVD is packaged with the book, as in prior editions, containing data for working out all

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn authoritative guide to the essential techniques and most recent advances in urban remote sensing Techniques and Methods in Urban Remote Sensing offers a comprehensive guide to the recent theories, methods, techniques, and applications in urban remote sensing. Written by a noted expert on the subject, this book explores the requirements for mapping impervious surfaces and examines the issue of scale. The book covers a range of topics and includes illustrative examples of commonly used methods for estimating and mapping urban impervious surfaces, explains how to determine urban thermal landscape and surface energy balance, and offers information on impacts of urbanization on land surface temperature, water quality, and environmental health. Techniques and Methods in Urban Remote Sensing brings together in one volume the latest opportunities for combining ever-increasing computational power, more plentiful and capable data, and more advanced algorithms. This allows the technologies Table of ContentsPreface ix Synopsis of the Book xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix 1 Urban Mapping Requirements 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Spectral Resolution Requirement 3 1.3 Temporal Resolution Requirement 6 1.4 Spatial Resolution Requirement 7 1.5 Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis of Urban Landscape 9 1.6 Summary 25 References 26 2 The Scale Issue 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Urban Land Mapping and Categorical Scale 34 2.3 Observational Scale and Image Scene Models 36 2.4 Operational Scale 40 2.5 Scale Dependency of Urban Phenomena 41 2.6 Summary 46 References 47 3 Building Extraction and Classification 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Building Reconstruction 56 3.3 Building Classification 64 References 66 4 Estimation and Mapping of Impervious Surfaces 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Methods for Impervious Surface Extraction 70 4.3 Case Studies 72 4.4 Summary 85 References 85 5 Land Surface Temperature Data Generation 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Generating Daily Land Surface Temperature by Data Fusion 95 5.3 Reconstructing Consistent LSTs at Landsat Resolution 111 References 121 6 Urban Heat Islands Modeling and Analysis 129 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Characterizing UHIs Using a Convolution Model 130 6.3 Object‐Based Extraction of Hot Spots 138 References 146 7 Estimation of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes 151 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Data and Methodology 154 7.3 Heat Fluxes in Four Seasons 160 7.4 Heat Fluxes by LULC Type 162 7.5 Extreme Values of Heat Fluxes 164 7.6 Anthropogenic Heat Discharge 166 7.7 Summary 167 References 169 8 Cities at Night 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Detecting Urban Extent Changes 177 8.3 Spatiotemporal Pattern of Energy Consumption in United States and China 185 References 197 9 Urban Runoff Modeling and Prediction 201 9.1 Introduction 201 9.2 Estimating Composite CN and Simulating Urban Surface Runoff 205 9.3 Surface Water Quality and Urban Land‐Cover Changes 212 References 227 10 Urban Ecology of West Nile Virus 233 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Research Background 235 10.3 Effect of Landscape and Socioeconomic Conditions on WNV Dissemination in Chicago 236 10.4 WNV‐Risk Areas in Southern California, 2007–2009 247 References 260 11 Impacts of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature and Water Quality 267 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Impact of Urbanization‐Induced Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Change on LST 269 11.3 Simulating the Impacts of Future Land‐Use and Climate Changes on Surface Water Quality 283 11.4 Summary 299 References 300 12 Remote Sensing of Socioeconomic Attributes 307 12.1 Introduction 307 12.2 Population Estimation Using Landsat ETM+ Imagery 312 12.3 Assessing Urban Environmental Quality Change 322 References 337 Index 343

Read more less

Book SynopsisEmploy the latest satellite positioning tech with this extensive guide GPS Satellite Surveying is the classic text on the subject, providing the most comprehensive coverage of global navigation satellite systems applications for surveying.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix ABBREVIATIONS xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 LEAST-SQUARES ADJUSTMENTS 11 2.1 Elementary Considerations 12 2.1.1 Statistical Nature of Surveying Measurements 12 2.1.2 Observational Errors 13 2.1.3 Accuracy and Precision 13 2.2 Stochastic and Mathematical Models 14 2.3 Mixed Model 17 2.3.1 Linearization 18 2.3.2 Minimization and Solution 19 2.3.3 Cofactor Matrices 20 2.3.4 A Posteriori Variance of Unit Weight 21 2.3.5 Iterations 22 2.4 Sequential Mixed Model 23 2.5 Model Specifications 29 2.5.1 Observation Equation Model 29 2.5.2 Condition Equation Model 30 2.5.3 Mixed Model with Observation Equations 30 2.5.4 Sequential Observation Equation Model 32 2.5.5 Observation Equation Model with Observed Parameters 32 2.5.6 Mixed Model with Conditions 34 2.5.7 Observation Equation Model with Conditions 35 2.6 Minimal and Inner Constraints 37 2.7 Statistics in Least-Squares Adjustment 42 2.7.1 Fundamental Test 42 2.7.2 Testing Sequential Least Squares 48 2.7.3 General Linear Hypothesis 49 2.7.4 Ellipses as Confidence Regions 52 2.7.5 Properties of Standard Ellipses 56 2.7.6 Other Measures of Precision 60 2.8 Reliability 62 2.8.1 Redundancy Numbers 62 2.8.2 Controlling Type-II Error for a Single Blunder 64 2.8.3 Internal Reliability 67 2.8.4 Absorption 67 2.8.5 External Reliability 68 2.8.6 Correlated Cases 69 2.9 Blunder Detection 70 2.9.1 Tau Test 71 2.9.2 Data Snooping 71 2.9.3 Changing Weights of Observations 72 2.10 Examples 72 2.11 Kalman Filtering 77 3 RECURSIVE LEAST SQUARES 81 3.1 Static Parameter 82 3.2 Static Parameters and Arbitrary Time-Varying Variables 87 3.3 Dynamic Constraints 96 3.4 Static Parameters and Dynamic Constraints 112 3.5 Static Parameter, Parameters Subject to Dynamic Constraints, and Arbitrary Time-Varying Parameters 125 4 GEODESY 129 4.1 International Terrestrial Reference Frame 131 4.1.1 Polar Motion 132 4.1.2 Tectonic Plate Motion 133 4.1.3 Solid Earth Tides 135 4.1.4 Ocean Loading 135 4.1.5 Relating of Nearly Aligned Frames 136 4.1.6 ITRF and NAD83 138 4.2 International Celestial Reference System 141 4.2.1 Transforming Terrestrial and Celestial Frames 143 4.2.2 Time Systems 149 4.3 Datum 151 4.3.1 Geoid 152 4.3.2 Ellipsoid of Rotation 157 4.3.3 Geoid Undulations and Deflections of the Vertical 158 4.3.4 Reductions to the Ellipsoid 162 4.4 3D Geodetic Model 166 4.4.1 Partial Derivatives 169 4.4.2 Reparameterization 170 4.4.3 Implementation Considerations 171 4.4.4 GPS Vector Networks 174 4.4.5 Transforming Terrestrial and Vector Networks 176 4.4.6 GPS Network Examples 178 4.5 Ellipsoidal Model 190 4.5.1 Reduction of Observations 191 4.5.2 Direct and Inverse Solutions on the Ellipsoid 195 4.5.3 Network Adjustment on the Ellipsoid 196 4.6 Conformal Mapping Model 197 4.6.1 Reduction of Observations 198 4.6.2 Angular Excess 200 4.6.3 Direct and Inverse Solutions on the Map 201 4.6.4 Network Adjustment on the Map 201 4.6.5 Similarity Revisited 203 4.7 Summary 204 5 SATELLITE SYSTEMS 207 5.1 Motion of Satellites 207 5.1.1 Kepler Elements 208 5.1.2 Normal Orbital Theory 210 5.1.3 Satellite Visibility and Topocentric Motion 219 5.1.4 Perturbed Satellite Motion 219 5.2 Global Positioning System 225 5.2.1 General Description 226 5.2.2 Satellite Transmissions at 2014 228 5.2.3 GPS Modernization Comprising Block IIM, Block IIF, and Block III 239 5.3 GLONASS 245 5.4 Galileo 248 5.5 QZSS 250 5.6 Beidou 252 5.7 IRNSS 254 5.8 SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS, GAGAN, MSAS, and SDCM 254 6 GNSS POSITIONING APPROACHES 257 6.1 Observables 258 6.1.1 Undifferenced Functions 261 6.1.2 Single Differences 271 6.1.3 Double Differences 273 6.1.4 Triple Differences 275 6.2 Operational Details 275 6.2.1 Computing the Topocentric Range 275 6.2.2 Satellite Timing Considerations 276 6.2.3 Cycle Slips 282 6.2.4 Phase Windup Correction 283 6.2.5 Multipath 286 6.2.6 Phase Center Offset and Variation 292 6.2.7 GNSS Services 295 6.3 Navigation Solution 299 6.3.1 Linearized Solution 299 6.3.2 DOPs and Singularities 301 6.3.3 Nonlinear Closed Solution 303 6.4 Relative Positioning 304 6.4.1 Nonlinear Double-Difference Pseudorange Solution 305 6.4.2 Linearized Double- and Triple-Differenced Solutions 306 6.4.3 Aspects of Relative Positioning 310 6.4.4 Equivalent Undifferenced Formulation 315 6.4.5 Ambiguity Function 316 6.4.6 GLONASS Carrier Phase 319 6.5 Ambiguity Fixing 324 6.5.1 The Constraint Solution 324 6.5.2 LAMBDA 327 6.5.3 Discernibility 334 6.5.4 Lattice Reduction and Integer Least Squares 337 6.6 Network-Supported Positioning 357 6.6.1 PPP 357 6.6.2 CORS 363 6.6.3 PPP-RTK 367 6.7 Triple-Frequency Solutions 382 6.7.1 Single-Step Position Solution 382 6.7.2 Geometry-Free TCAR 386 6.7.3 Geometry-Based TCAR 395 6.7.4 Integrated TCAR 396 6.7.5 Positioning with Resolved Wide Lanes 397 6.8 Summary 398 7 REAL-TIME KINEMATICS RELATIVE POSITIONING 401 7.1 Multisystem Considerations 402 7.2 Undifferenced and Across-Receiver Difference Observations 403 7.3 Linearization and Hardware Bias Parameterization 408 7.4 RTK Algorithm for Static and Short Baselines 418 7.4.1 Illustrative Example 422 7.5 RTK Algorithm for Kinematic Rovers and Short Baselines 429 7.5.1 Illustrative Example 431 7.6 RTK Algorithm with Dynamic Model and Short Baselines 435 7.6.1 Illustrative Example 437 7.7 RTK Algorithm with Dynamic Model and Long Baselines 441 7.7.1 Illustrative Example 442 7.8 RTK Algorithms with Changing Number of Signals 445 7.9 Cycle Slip Detection and Isolation 450 7.9.1 Solutions Based on Signal Redundancy 455 7.10 Across-Receiver Ambiguity Fixing 466 7.10.1 Illustrative Example 470 7.11 Software Implementation 473 8 TROPOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE 475 8.1 Overview 476 8.2 Tropospheric Refraction and Delay 479 8.2.1 Zenith Delay Functions 482 8.2.2 Mapping Functions 482 8.2.3 Precipitable Water Vapor 485 8.3 Troposphere Absorption 487 8.3.1 The Radiative Transfer Equation 487 8.3.2 Absorption Line Profiles 490 8.3.3 General Statistical Retrieval 492 8.3.4 Calibration of WVR 494 8.4 Ionospheric Refraction 496 8.4.1 Index of Ionospheric Refraction 499 8.4.2 Ionospheric Function and Cycle Slips 504 8.4.3 Single-Layer Ionospheric Mapping Function 505 8.4.4 VTEC from Ground Observations 507 8.4.5 Global Ionospheric Maps 509 9 GNSS RECEIVER ANTENNAS 513 9.1 Elements of Electromagnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Waves 515 9.1.1 Electromagnetic Field 515 9.1.2 Plane Electromagnetic Wave 518 9.1.3 Complex Notations and Plane Wave in Lossy Media 525 9.1.4 Radiation and Spherical Waves 530 9.1.5 Receiving Mode 536 9.1.6 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 537 9.1.7 The dB Scale 544 9.2 Antenna Pattern and Gain 546 9.2.1 Receiving GNSS Antenna Pattern and Reference Station and Rover Antennas 546 9.2.2 Directivity 553 9.2.3 Polarization Properties of the Receiving GNSS Antenna 558 9.2.4 Antenna Gain 562 9.2.5 Antenna Effective Area 564 9.3 Phase Center 565 9.3.1 Antenna Phase Pattern 566 9.3.2 Phase Center Offset and Variations 568 9.3.3 Antenna Calibrations 575 9.3.4 Group Delay Pattern 577 9.4 Diffraction and Multipath 578 9.4.1 Diffraction Phenomena 578 9.4.2 General Characterization of Carrier Phase Multipath 585 9.4.3 Specular Reflections 587 9.4.4 Antenna Down-Up Ratio 593 9.4.5 PCV and PCO Errors Due to Ground Multipath 597 9.5 Transmission Lines 600 9.5.1 Transmission Line Basics 600 9.5.2 Antenna Frequency Response 606 9.5.3 Cable Losses 608 9.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 609 9.6.1 Noise Temperature 609 9.6.2 Characterization of Noise Sources 611 9.6.3 Signal and Noise Propagation through a Chain of Circuits 615 9.6.4 SNR of the GNSS Receiving System 619 9.7 Antenna Types 620 9.7.1 Patch Antennas 620 9.7.2 Other Types of Antennas 629 9.7.3 Flat Metal Ground Planes 629 9.7.4 Impedance Ground Planes 634 9.7.5 Vertical Choke Rings and Compact Rover Antenna 642 9.7.6 Semitransparent Ground Planes 644 9.7.7 Array Antennas 645 9.7.8 Antenna Manufacturing Issues 650 APPENDIXES A GENERAL BACKGROUND 653 B THE ELLIPSOID 697 C CONFORMAL MAPPING 715 D VECTOR CALCULUS AND DELTA FUNCTION 741 E ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD GENERATED BY ARBITRARY SOURCES, MAGNETIC CURRENTS, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, AND IMAGES 747 F DIFFRACTION OVER HALF-PLANE 755 G SINGLE CAVITY MODE APPROXIMATION WITH PATCH ANTENNA ANALYSIS 759 H PATCH ANTENNAS WITH ARTIFICIAL DIELECTRIC SUBSTRATES 763 I CONVEX PATCH ARRAY GEODETIC ANTENNA 769 REFERENCES 773 AUTHOR INDEX 793 SUBJECT INDEX 801

Read more less

Book SynopsisEffective use of today's powerful GIS technology requires an understanding of the science of problem-solving that underpins it. Since the first edition published over a decade ago, this book has led the way, with its focus on the scientific principles that support GIS usage. It has also provided thorough, upto- date coverage of GIS procedures, techniques and public policy applications. This unique combination of science, technology and practical problem solving has made this book a best-seller across a broad spectrum of disciplines. This fully updated 4th edition continues to deliver on these strengths.Table of ContentsFOREWORD x DEDICATION xi PREFACE xii LIST OF ACRONYMS xiv Introduction 1 Geographic Information: Science, Systems, and Society 1 1.1 Introduction: What Are GI Science and Systems, and Why Do They Matter? 1 1.2 Data, Information, Evidence, Knowledge, and Wisdom 9 1.3 GI Science and Systems 11 1.4 The Technology of Problem Solving 14 1.5 The Disciplinary Setting of GI Science and Systems (GISS) 16 1.6 GI Science and Spatial Thinking 30 1.7 GI Systems and Science in Society 31 Questions for Further Study 32 Further Reading 32 1 Principles 2 The Nature of Geographic Data 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 The Fundamental Problem 34 2.3 Spatial Autocorrelation and Scale 37 2.4 Spatial Sampling 39 2.5 Sampling and VGI 42 2.6 Distance Decay 43 2.7 Measuring Distance Effects as Spatial Autocorrelation 48 2.8 Taming Geographic Monsters 51 2.9 Induction and Deduction and How It All Comes Together 53 Questions for Further Study 54 Further Reading 54 3 Representing Geography 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Digital Representation 57 3.3 Representation of What and for Whom? 58 3.4 The Fundamental Problem 61 3.5 Discrete Objects and Continuous Fields 62 3.6 Rasters and Vectors 66 3.7 The Paper Map 69 3.8 Generalization 71 3.9 Conclusion 76 Questions for Further Study 76 Further Reading 76 4 Georeferencing 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Place-Names and Points of Interest 80 4.3 Postal Addresses and Postal Codes 82 4.4 IP Addresses 84 4.5 Linear Referencing Systems 84 4.6 Cadasters and the U.S. Public Land Survey System 85 4.7 Measuring the Earth: Latitude and Longitude 86 4.8 Projections and Coordinates 88 4.9 Measuring Latitude, Longitude, and Elevation: GPS 94 4.10 Converting Georeferences 95 4.11 Geotagging and Mashups 96 4.12 Georegistration 96 4.13 Summary 98 Questions for Further Study 98 Further Reading 98 5 Uncertainty 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 U1: Uncertainty in the Conception of Geographic Phenomena 101 5.3 U2: Further Uncertainty in the Representation of Geographic Phenomena 111 5.4 U3: Further Uncertainty in the Analysis of Geographic Phenomena 117 5.5 Consolidation 126 Questions for Further Study 127 Further Reading 127 2 Techniques 6 GI System Software 128 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 The Evolution of GI System Software 129 6.3 Architecture of GI System Software 131 6.4 Building GI Software Systems 136 6.5 GI Software Vendors 137 6.6 Types of GI Systems 140 6.7 Conclusion 150 Questions for Further Study 151 Further Reading 151 7 Geographic Data Modeling 152 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 GI Data Models 154 7.3 Example of a Water-Facility Object Data Model 168 7.4 Geographic Data Modeling in Practice 170 Questions for Further Study 172 Further Reading 172 8 Data Collection 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Primary Geographic Data Capture 175 8.3 Secondary Geographic Data Capture 181 8.4 Obtaining Data from External Sources (Data Transfer) 187 8.5 Capturing Attribute Data 190 8.6 Citizen-Centric Web-Based Data Collection 190 8.7 Managing a Data Collection Project 191 Questions for Further Study 193 Further Reading 193 9 Creating and Maintaining Geographic Databases 194 9.1 Introduction 194 9.2 Database Management Systems 195 9.3 Storing Data in DBMS Tables 198 9.4 SQL 201 9.5 Geographic Database Types and Functions 202 9.6 Geographic Database Design 205 9.7 Structuring Geographic Information 206 9.8 Editing and Data Maintenance 212 9.9 Multiuser Editing of Continuous Databases 213 9.10 Conclusion 214 Questions for Further Study 216 Further Reading 216 10 The GeoWeb 217 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Distributing the Data 222 10.3 The Mobile User 227 10.4 Distributing the Software: GI Services 233 10.5 Prospects 235 Questions for Further Study 236 Further Reading 236 3 Analysis 11 Cartography and Map Production 237 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Maps and Cartography 241 11.3 Principles of Map Design 246 11.4 Map Series 257 11.5 Applications 261 11.6 Conclusion 265 Questions for Further Study 265 Further Reading 265 12 Geovisualization 266 12.1 Introduction: Uses, Users, Messages, and Media 266 12.2 Geovisualization, Spatial Query, and User Interaction 268 12.3 Geovisualization and Transformation 274 12.4 Participation, Interaction, Augmentation, and Dynamic Representation 280 12.5 Consolidation 288 Questions for Further Study 289 Further Reading 289 13 Spatial Data Analysis 290 13.1 Introduction: What Is Spatial Analysis? 290 13.2 Analysis Based on Location 295 13.3 Analysis Based on Distance 304 13.4 Conclusion 317 Questions for Further Study 318 Further Reading 318 14 Spatial Analysis and Inference 319 14.1 The Purpose of Area-Based Analyses 319 14.2 Centrality 321 14.3 Analysis of Surfaces 324 14.4 Design 329 14.5 Hypothesis Testing 334 14.6 Conclusion 337 Questions for Further Study 338 Further Reading 338 15 Spatial Modeling with GI Systems 339 15.1 Introduction 339 15.2 Types of Models 343 15.3 Technology for Modeling 351 15.4 Multicriteria Methods 352 15.5 Accuracy and Validity: Testing the Model 354 15.6 Conclusion 356 Questions for Further Study 357 Further Reading 357 4 Policy, Management, and Action 16 Managing GI Systems 358 16.1 Introduction 359 16.2 Managing Risk 359 16.3 The Case for the GI System: ROI 360 16.4 The Process of Developing a Sustainable GI System 366 16.5 Sustaining a GI System—The People and Their Competences 378 16.6 Conclusions 380 Questions for Further Study 380 Further Reading 380 17 Information and Decision Making 381 17.1 Why We Need Information 381 17.2 Information as Infrastructure 386 17.3 Different Forms of GI 391 17.4 Open Data and Open Government 404 17.5 Example of an Information Infrastructure: The Military 406 17.6 Conclusions 409 Questions for Further Study 410 Further Reading 410 18 Navigating the Risks 411 18.1 Clashes Between Scientists and the Judiciary 412 18.2 Business Models for GI-Related Enterprises 412 18.3 Legal and Regulatory Constraints 414 18.4 Privacy and GI Systems 421 18.5 Public Trust, Ethics, and Coping with the Media 424 18.6 Partnerships, Up-Scaling Activities, and Risk Mitigation 426 18.7 Coping with Spatial Stupidity 432 18.8 Conclusions 433 Questions for Further Study 434 Further Reading 434 19 Epilog: GISS in the Service of Humanity 435 19.1 GISS, the Active Citizen, and Citizen Scientists 435 19.2 Context: Our Differentiated World 437 19.3 Context: Our Interdependent World 440 19.4 The Process 441 19.5 The Grand Challenges 443 19.6 Grand Challenges Whose Effects We Can Help to Ameliorate 445 19.7 Conclusions 459 Questions For Further Study 460 Further Reading 460 INDEX 461

Read more less

Book SynopsisFollowing the successful publication of the 1st edition in 2009, the 2nd edition maintains its aim to provide an application-driven package of essential techniques in image processing and GIS, together with case studies for demonstration and guidance in remote sensing applications.Table of ContentsOverview of the book xi Part I Image processing 1 Digital image and display 3 1.1 What is a digital image? 3 1.2 Digital image display 4 1.3 Some key points 8 1.4 Questions 8 2 Point operations (contrast enhancement) 9 2.1 Histogram modification and lookup table 9 2.2 Linear contrast enhancement (LCE) 11 2.2.1 Derivation of a linear function from two points 12 2.3 Logarithmic and exponential contrast enhancement 13 2.4 Histogram equalisation (HE) 14 2.5 Histogram matching (HM) and Gaussian stretch 15 2.6 Balance contrast enhancement technique (BCET) 16 2.7 Clipping in contrast enhancement 18 2.8 Tips for interactive contrast enhancement 18 2.9 Questions 19 3 Algebraic operations (multi‐image point operations) 21 3.1 Image addition 21 3.2 Image subtraction (differencing) 22 3.3 Image multiplication 22 3.4 Image division (ratio) 22 3.5 Index derivation and supervised enhancement 26 3.6 Standardization and logarithmic residual 29 3.7 Simulated reflectance 29 3.8 Summary 33 3.9 Questions 34 4 Filtering and neighbourhood processing 35 4.1 FT: Understanding filtering in image frequency 35 4.2 Concepts of convolution for image filtering 37 4.3 Low pass filters (smoothing) 38 4.4 High pass filters (edge enhancement) 42 4.5 Local contrast enhancement 45 4.6 FFT selective and adaptive filtering 46 4.7 Summary 52 4.8 Questions 52 5 RGB‐IHS transformation 55 5.1 Colour co‐ordinate transformation 55 5.2 IHS de‐correlation stretch 57 5.3 Direct de‐correlation stretch technique 58 5.4 Hue RGB colour composites 60 5.5 Derivation of RGB‐IHS and IHS‐RGB transformation based on 3D geometry of the RGB colour cube 63 5.6 Mathematical proof of DDS and its properties 65 5.7 Summary 67 5.8 Questions 67 6 Image fusion techniques 69 6.1 RGB‐IHS transformation as a tool for data fusion 69 6.2 Brovey transform (intensity modulation) 71 6.3 Smoothing filter‐based intensity modulation 71 6.4 Summary 75 6.5 Questions 75 7 Principal component analysis 77 7.1 Principle of the PCA 77 7.2 PC images and PC colour composition 79 7.3 Selective PCA for PC colour composition 82 7.4 De‐correlation stretch 84 7.5 Physical property orientated coordinate transformation and tasselled cap transformation 85 7.6 Statistical methods for band selection 87 7.7 Remarks 88 7.8 Questions 89 8 Image classification 91 8.1 Approaches of statistical classification 91 8.2 Unsupervised classification (iterative clustering) 92 8.3 Supervised classification 96 8.4 Decision rules: Dissimilarity functions 97 8.5 Post‐classification processing: Smoothing and accuracy assessment 98 8.6 Summary 101 8.7 Questions 101 9 Image geometric operations 103 9.1 Image geometric deformation 103 9.2 Polynomial deformation model and image warping co‐registration 106 9.3 GCP selection and automation of image co‐registration 109 9.3.1 Manual and semi‐automatic GCP 9.4 Summary 110 9.5 Questions 110 10 Introduction to interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique 113 10.1 The principle of a radar interferometer 113 10.2 Radar interferogram and DEM 115 10.3 Differential InSAR and deformation measurement 117 10.4 Multi‐temporal coherence image and random change detection 119 10.5 Spatial de‐correlation and ratio coherence technique 121 10.6 Fringe smoothing filter 123 10.7 Summary 124 10.8 Questions 125 11 Sub‐pixel technology and its applications 127 11.1 Phase correlation algorithm 127 11.2 PC scanning for pixel‐wise disparity estimation 132 11.3 Pixel‐wise image co‐registration 134 11.4 Very narrow‐baseline stereo matching and 3D data generation 139 11.5 Ground motion/deformation detection and estimation 143 11.6 Summary 146 Part II Geographical information systems 12 Geographical information systems 151 12.1 Introduction 151 12.2 Software tools 152 12.3 GIS, cartography and thematic mapping 152 12.4 Standards, inter‐operability and metadata 153 12.5 GIS and the internet 154 13 Data models and structures 155 13.1 Introducing spatial data in representing geographic features 155 13.2 How are spatial data different from other digital data? 155 13.3 Attributes and measurement scales 156 13.4 Fundamental data structures 156 13.5 Raster data 157 13.6 Vector data 161 13.7 Data conversion between models and structures 171 13.8 Summary 174 13.9 Questions 175 14 Defining a coordinate space 177 14.1 Introduction 177 14.2 Datums and projections 177 14.3 How coordinate information is stored and accessed 188 14.4 Selecting appropriate coordinate systems 189 14.5 Questions 189 15 Operations 191 15.1 Introducing operations on spatial data 191 15.2 Map algebra concepts 192 15.3 Local operations 194 15.4 Neighbourhood operations 199 15.5 Vector equivalents to raster map algebra 206 15.6 Automating GIS functions 209 15.7 Summary 209 15.8 Questions 210 16 Extracting information from point data: Geostatistics 211 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 Understanding the data 211 16.2.1 Histograms 212 16.3 Interpolation 214 16.4 Summary 224 16.5 Questions 225 17 Representing and exploiting surfaces 227 17.1 Introduction 227 17.2 Sources and uses of surface data 227 17.3 Visualising surfaces 230 17.4 Extracting surface parameters 236 17.5 Summary 245 17.6 Questions 246 18 Decision support and uncertainty 247 18.1 Introduction 247 18.2 Decision support 247 18.3 Uncertainty 248 18.4 Risk and hazard 250 18.5 Dealing with uncertainty in GIS‐based spatial analysis 250 18.6 Summary 254 18.7 Questions 255 19 Complex problems and multi‐criterion evaluation 257 19.1 Introduction 257 19.2 Different approaches and models 258 19.3 Evaluation criteria 259 19.4 Deriving weighting coefficients 260 19.5 Multi‐criterion combination methods 263 19.6 Summary 272 19.7 Questions 272 Part III Remote sensing applications 20 Image processing and GIS operation strategy 275 20.1 General image processing strategy 276 20.2 Remote sensing‐based GIS projects: From images to thematic mapping 284 20.3 An example of thematic mapping based on optimal visualisation and interpretation of multi‐spectral satellite imagery 284 20.4 Summary 292 21 Thematic teaching case studies in SE Spain 293 21.1 Thematic information extraction (1): Gypsum natural outcrop mapping and quarry change assessment 293 21.2 Thematic information extraction (2): Spectral enhancement and mineral mapping of epithermal gold alteration and iron‐ore deposits in ferroan dolomite 299 21.3 Remote sensing and GIS: Evaluating vegetation and landuse change in the Nijar Basin, SE Spain 308 21.4 Applied remote sensing and GIS: A combined interpretive tool for regional tectonics, drainage and water resources in the Andarax basin 318 22 Research case studies 335 22.1 Vegetation change in the Three Parallel Rivers region, Yunnan Province, China 335 22.2 GIS modelling of earthquake damage zones using satellite imagery and digital elevation model (DEM) data 345 22.3 Predicting landslides using fuzzy geohazard mapping: An example from Piemonte, north‐west Italy 369 22.4 Land surface change detection in a desert area in Algeria using multi‐temporal ERS SAR coherence images 380 23 Industrial case studies 389 23.1 Multi‐criteria assessment of mineral prospectivity in SE Greenland 389 23.2 Water resource exploration in Somalia 405 Part IV Summary 24 Concluding remarks 419 24.1 Image processing 419 24.2 Geographic Information Systems 422 24.3 Final remarks 425 Appendix A Imaging sensor systems and remote sensing satellites 427 A.1 Multi‐spectral sensing 427 A.2 Broadband multi‐spectral sensors 431 A.2.1 Digital camera 431 A.2.2 Across‐track mechanical scanner 432 A.2.3 Along‐track push‐broom scanner 433 A.3 Thermal sensing and TIR sensors 434 A.4 Hyperspectral sensors (imaging spectrometers) 434 A.5 Passive microwave sensors 436 A.6 Active sensing: SAR imaging systems 437 Appendix B Online resources for information, software and data 441 B.1 Software – proprietary, low cost and free (shareware) 441 B.2 Information and technical information on standards, best practice, formats, techniques and various publications 441 B.3 Data sources including online satellite imagery from major suppliers, DEM data plus GIS maps and data of all kinds 442 References 443 Index 451

Read more less

Book SynopsisUrban Remote Sensing The second edition of Urban Remote Sensing is a state-of-the-art review of the latest progress in the subject. The text examines how evolving innovations in remote sensing allow to deliver the critical information on cities in a timely and cost-effective way to support various urban management activities and the scientific research on urban morphology, socio-environmental dynamics, and sustainability. Chapters are written by leading scholars from a variety of disciplines including remote sensing, GIS, geography, urban planning, environmental science, and sustainability science, with case studies predominately drawn from North America and Europe. A review of the essential and emerging research areas in urban remote sensing including sensors, techniques, and applications, especially some critical issues that are shifting thedirections in urban remote sensing research. Illustrated in full color throughout, including numerous relevaTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Authors Biography xv Preface xxvii Part I Introduction 1 Progress in Urban Remote Sensing: An Overview 3 Xiaojun Yang Part II Sensors and Systems for Urban Areas 2 Examining Urban Built-up Volume: Three-Dimensional Analyses with Lidar and Radar Data 17 Adam J. Mathews and Son V. Nghiem 3 Opportunities and Challenges of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Urban Applications 47 Feilin Lai, Austin Bush, Xiaojun Yang, and David Merrick 4 Methods of Social Sensing for Urban Studies 71 Yu Liu, Song Gao, Yihong Yuan, Fan Zhang, Chaogui Kang, Yuhao Kang, and Keli Wang 5 Urban Remote Sensing Using Ground-Based Street View Images 91 Xiaojiang Li 6 Spatial Distribution of City Tweets and Their Densities 115 Bin Jiang, Ding Ma, Junjun Yin, and Mats Sandberg 7 Integrating Remote Sensing and Social Sensing to Examine Socioeconomic Dynamics: A Case Study of Twitter and Nighttime Light Imagery 131 Guofeng Cao and Naizhuo Zhao Part III Algorithms and Techniques for Urban Attribute Extraction 8 Deep Learning for Urban and Landscape Mapping from Remotely Sensed Imagery 153 Feilin Lai, Atharva Sharma, Xiuwen Liu, and Xiaojun Yang 9 Google Earth Engine Advancing Urban Land Change Science 175 Le Wang, Dameng Yin, Jinyan Tian, and Ying Lu 10 Use of Image Endmember Libraries for Multi-Sensor, Multi-Scale, and Multi-Site Mapping of Urban Areas 189 Frank Canters, Sam Cooper, Jeroen Degerickx, Uta Heiden, Marianne Jilge, Akpona Okujeni, Frederik Priem, Ben Somers, and Sebastian van der Linden 11 Satellite Monitoring of Urbanization and Environmental Impacts in Stockholm, Sweden, Through a Multiscale Approach 217 Dorothy Furberg and Yifang Ban Part IV Urban Socioeconomic Applications 12 Global Monitoring with the Atlas of Urban Expansion 247 Alejandro Blei and Shlomo Angel 13 Effect of Image Classification Accuracy on Dasymetric Population Estimation 283 Jacob McKee and Eric Weber 14 Mapping the Morphology of Urban Deprivation: The Role of Remote Sensing for Developing a Global Slum Repository 305 Monika Kuffer, Taïs Grippa, Claudio Persello, Hannes Taubenböck, Karin Pfeffer, and Richard Sliuzas 15 The City is the Medium and Satellite Imagery Are a Prism: Conceptualizing Urban Conflict Damage Monitoring with Multitemporal Remote Sensing Data 325 Jamon Van Den Hoek Part V Urban Environmental Applications 16 US Cities in the Dark: Mapping Man-Made Carbon Dioxide Emissions Over the Contiguous US Using NASA’s Black Marble Nighttime Lights Product 337 Tomohiro Oda, Miguel O. Román, Zhuosen Wang, Eleanor C. Stokes, Qingsong Sun, Ranjay M. Shrestha, Sha Feng, Thomas Lauvaux, Rostyslav Bun, Shamil Maksyutov, Srija Chakraborty, Ian Paynter, and Virginia L. Kalb 17 Thermal Infrared Imaging of the Urban Landscape to Understand Urban Microclimate 369 Jinxin Yang, Massimo Menenti, Man S. Wong, Zhifeng Wu, Xiaoying Ouyang, Yong Xu, and Sawaid Abbas 18 Monitoring Air Pollution in the Urban Environment by Remote Sensing 391 Alexandra A. Chudnovsky 19 Characterizing After-Rain Standing Waters in Urban Built Environments Through a Multilevel Image Analysis 423 Tzai-Hung Wen, Hao-Yu Liao, Kai-Ling Yang, and Tzu-Hsin Karen Chen 20 Remote Sensing and Urban Green Infrastructure: A Synthesis of Current Applications and New Advances 447 Yanhua Chen, Giovanni Sanesi, Xun Li, Wendy Y. Chen, and Raffaele Lafortezza 21 Remote Sensing for Urban Sustainability Research and Sustainable Development Goals: Green Space, Public Recreation Space, and Urban Climate 469 Arthur Lehner and Thomas Blaschke Index 495

Read more less

Book SynopsisSensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality A comprehensive guide to the development and application of smart sensing technologies for water quality monitoring With contributions from a panel of experts on the topic, Sensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality offers an authoritative resource that explores a complete set of sensing technologies designed to monitor, in real-time, water quality including agriculture. The contributing authors explore the fundamentals of sensing technologies and review the most recent advances of various materials and sensors for water quality??monitoring. This comprehensive resource includes information on a range of designs of smart electronics, communication systems, packaging, and innovative implementation approaches used for remote monitoring of water quality in various atmospheres. The book explores a variety of techniques for online water quality monitoring including internet of Things (IoT), communication systTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xix Section I Materials and Sensors Development Including Case Study 1 1 Smart Sensors for Monitoring pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Electrical Conductivity, and Temperature in Water 3 Kiranmai Uppuluri 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Water Quality Parameters and Their Importance 4 1.2.1 Impact of pH on Water Quality 4 1.2.2 Impact of Dissolved Oxygen on Water Quality 5 1.2.3 Impact of Electrical Conductivity on Water Quality 5 1.2.4 Impact of Temperature on Water Quality 5 1.3 Water Quality Sensors 6 1.3.1 pH 7 1.3.1.1 pH Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 7 1.3.1.2 Glass Electrode 7 1.3.1.3 Solid- State Ion- Selective Electrodes 8 1.3.1.4 Metal Oxide pH Sensors 8 1.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen 10 1.3.2.1 DO Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 10 1.3.2.2 Chemical Sensors 10 1.3.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 11 1.3.2.4 Optical or Photochemical Sensors 12 1.3.3 Electrical Conductivity 13 1.3.3.1 Conductivity Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 13 1.3.4 Temperature 15 1.3.4.1 Temperature Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 16 1.3.4.2 Thermocouples 17 1.3.4.3 Resistance Temperature Detector 17 1.3.4.4 Thermistor 17 1.3.4.5 Integrated Circuit 18 1.4 Smart Sensors 18 1.5 Conclusion 18 Acknowledgment 19 References 19 2 Dissolved Heavy Metal Ions Monitoring Sensors for Water Quality Analysis 25 Tarun Narayan, Pierre Lovera, and Alan O’Riordan 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Sources and Effects of Heavy Metals 26 2.3 Detection Techniques 26 2.3.1 Analytical Detection: Conventional Detection Techniques of Heavy Metals 26 2.3.2 Electrochemical Detection Techniques of Heavy Metals 26 2.3.2.1 Nanomaterial- Modified Electrodes 29 2.3.2.2 Metal Nanoparticle- Based Modification 29 2.3.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle- Based Modification 33 2.3.2.4 Carbon Nanomaterials- Based Modification 34 2.3.3 Biomolecules Modification for Heavy Metal Detection 35 2.3.3.1 Antibody- Based Detection 35 2.3.3.2 Nucleic Acid- Based Detection 37 2.3.3.3 Cell- Based Sensor 38 2.4 Future Direction 40 2.5 Conclusions 40 Acknowledgment 41 References 42 3 Ammonia, Nitrate, and Urea Sensors in Aquatic Environments 51 Fabiane Fantinelli Franco 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Detection Techniques for Ammonia, Nitrate, and Urea in Water 53 3.2.1 Spectrophotometry 53 3.2.2 Fluorometry 54 3.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 54 3.3 Ammonia 59 3.3.1 Ammonia in Aquatic Environments 59 3.3.2 Ammonia Detection Techniques 62 3.4 Nitrate 65 3.4.1 Nitrate in Aquatic Environments 65 3.4.2 Nitrate Detection Techniques 65 3.5 Urea 67 3.5.1 Urea in Aquatic Environment 67 3.5.2 Urea Detection Techniques 69 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 71 Acknowledgment 71 References 71 4 Monitoring of Pesticides Presence in Aqueous Environment 77 Yuqing Yang, Pierre Lovera, and Alan O’Riordan 4.1 Introduction: Background on Pesticides 77 4.1.1 Types and Properties 77 4.1.2 Risks 78 4.1.3 Regulation and Legislation 79 4.1.4 Occurrence of Pesticide Exceedance 80 4.2 Current Pesticides Detection Methods 80 4.2.1 Detection of Pesticides Based on Electrochemical Methods 82 4.2.1.1 Brief Overview of Electrochemical Methods 82 4.2.1.2 Detection of Pesticides by Electrochemistry 82 4.2.2 Detection of Pesticides Based on Optical Methods 83 4.2.2.1 Detection of Pesticides Based on Fluorescence 87 4.2.3 Detection of Pesticides Based on Raman Spectroscopy 89 4.2.3.1 Introduction to SERS 89 4.2.3.2 Fabrication of SERS Substrates 91 4.2.3.3 Detection of Pesticide by SERS 92 4.2.3.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 95 4.3 Conclusion 96 Acknowledgment 96 References 96 5 Waterborne Bacteria Detection Based on Electrochemical Transducer 107 Nasrin Razmi, Magnus Willander, and Omer Nur 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Typical Waterborne Pathogens 108 5.3 Traditional Diagnostic Tools 108 5.4 Biosensors for Bacteria Detection in Water 110 5.4.1 Common Bioreceptors for Electrochemical Sensing of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria 110 5.4.1.1 Antibodies 111 5.4.1.2 Enzymes 111 5.4.1.3 DNA and Aptamers 111 5.4.1.4 Phages 112 5.4.1.5 Cell and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 112 5.4.2 Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensing of Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria 112 5.4.2.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 113 5.4.2.2 Conducting Polymeric Nanoparticles 114 5.4.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 114 5.4.2.4 Silica Nanoparticles 114 5.5 Various Electrochemical Biosensors Available for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection in Water 115 5.5.1 Amperometric Detection 115 5.5.2 Impedimetric Detection 121 5.5.3 Conductometric Detection 123 5.5.4 Potentiometric Detection 124 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 126 Acknowledgment 127 References 127 6 Zinc Oxide- Based Miniature Sensor Networks for Continuous Monitoring of Aqueous pH in Smart Agriculture 139 Akshaya Kumar Aliyana, Aiswarya Baburaj, Naveen Kumar S. K., and Renny Edwin Fernandez 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Metal Oxide- Based Sensors and Detection Methods 140 6.3 pH Sensor Fabrication 141 6.3.1 Detection of pH: Materials and Method 141 6.3.2 Detection of pH: Surface Morphology of the Nanostructured ZnO and IDEs 144 6.3.3 Detection of pH: Electrochemical Sensing Performance 145 6.3.4 Detection of Real- Time pH Level in Smart Agriculture: Wireless Sensor Networks and Embedded System 149 6.4 Conclusion 151 Acknowledgment 152 References 152 Section II Readout Electronic and Packaging 161 7 Integration and Packaging for Water Monitoring Systems 163 Muhammad Hassan Malik and Ali Roshanghias 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Advanced Water Quality Monitoring Systems 167 7.2.1 Multi- sensing on a Single Chip 167 7.2.2 Heterogeneous Integration 169 7.2.3 Case Study: MoboSens 169 7.3 Basics of Packaging 171 7.4 Hybrid Flexible Packaging 173 7.4.1 Interconnects 174 7.4.2 Thin Die Embedding 176 7.4.3 Encapsulation and Hermeticity 178 7.4.4 Roll to Roll Assembly 180 7.5 Conclusion 181 References 181 8 A Survey on Transmit and Receive Circuits in Underwater Communication for Sensor Nodes 185 Noushin Ghaderi and Leandro Lorenzelli 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Sensor Networks in an Underwater Environment 186 8.2.1 Acoustic Sensor Network 186 8.2.1.1 Energy Sink- Hole Problem 187 8.2.1.2 Acoustic Sensor Design Problems 188 8.2.1.3 The Underwater Transducer 189 8.2.1.4 Amplifier Design 190 8.2.1.5 Analog- to- Digital Converter 194 8.2.2 Electromagnetic (EM) Waves Underwater Sensors 197 8.2.2.1 Antenna Design 198 8.2.2.2 Multipath Propagation 198 8.3 Conclusion 199 Acknowledgment 199 References 200 Section III Sensing Data Assessment and Deployment Including Extreme Environment and Advanced Pollutants 203 9 An Introduction to Microplastics, and Its Sampling Processes and Assessment Techniques 205 Bappa Mitra, Andrea Adami, Ravinder Dahiya, and Leandro Lorenzelli 9.1 Introduction 205 9.1.1 Properties of Microplastics 208 9.1.2 Microplastics in Food Chain 209 9.1.3 Human Consumption of Microplastics and Possible Health Effects 209 9.1.4 Overview 210 9.2 Microplastic Sampling Tools 212 9.2.1 Non- Discrete Sampling Devices 212 9.2.1.1 Nets 212 9.2.1.2 Pump Tools 213 9.2.2 Discrete Sampling Devices 215 9.2.3 Surface Microlayer Sampling Devices 215 9.3 Microplastics Separation 215 9.3.1 Separating Microplastics from Liquid Samples 215 9.3.1.1 Filtration 215 9.3.1.2 Sieving 216 9.3.2 Separating Microplastics from Sediments 218 9.3.2.1 Density Separation 218 9.3.2.2 Elutriation 218 9.3.2.3 Froth Floatation 219 9.4 Microplastic Sample Digestion Process 220 9.4.1 Acidic Digestion 221 9.4.2 Alkaline Digestion 221 9.4.3 Oxidizing Digestion 221 9.4.4 Enzymatic Degradation 222 9.5 Microplastic Identification and Classification 222 9.5.1 Visual Counting 222 9.5.2 Fluorescence 223 9.5.3 Destructive Analysis 223 9.5.3.1 Thermoanalytical Methods 224 9.5.3.2 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography 225 9.5.4 Nondestructive Analysis 225 9.5.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 225 9.5.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 226 9.6 Conclusions 228 Acknowledgment 229 References 229 10 Advancements in Drone Applications for Water Quality Monitoring and the Need for Multispectral and Multi- Sensor Approaches 235 Joao L. E. Simon, Robert J. W. Brewin, Peter E. Land, and Jamie D. Shutler 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Airborne Drones for Environmental Remote Sensing 237 10.3 Drone Multispectral Remote Sensing 239 10.4 Integrating Multiple Complementary Sensor Strategies with a Single Drone 241 10.5 Conclusion 242 Acknowledgment 243 References 243 11 Sensors for Water Quality Assessment in Extreme Environmental Conditions 253 Priyanka Ganguly 11.1 Introduction 253 11.2 Physical Parameters 255 11.2.1 Electrical Conductivity 255 11.2.2 Temperature 258 11.2.3 Pressure 260 11.3 Chemical Parameters 262 11.3.1 pH 262 11.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Chemical Oxygen Demand 265 11.3.3 Inorganic Content 268 11.4 Biological Parameters 271 11.5 Sensing in Extreme Water Environments 273 11.6 Discussion and Outlook 276 11.7 Conclusion 278 References 278 Section IV Sensing Data Analysis and Internet of Things with a Case Study 283 12 Toward Real- Time Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks 285 Sohail Sarang, Goran M. Stojanović, and Stevan Stankovski 12.1 Introduction 285 12.2 Water Quality Monitoring Systems 286 12.2.1 Laboratory- Based WQM (LB- WQM) 286 12.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks- Based WQM (WSNs- WQM) 287 12.2.2.1 Solar- Powered Water Quality Monitoring 289 12.2.2.2 Battery- Powered Water Quality Monitoring 291 12.3 The Use of Industry 4.0 Technologies for Real- Time WQM 296 12.4 Conclusion 297 References 298 13 An Internet of Things- Enabled System for Monitoring Multiple Water Quality Parameters 305 Fowzia Akhter, H. R. Siddiquei, Md. E. E. Alahi, and S. C. Mukhopadhyay 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 Water Quality Parameters and Related Sensors 306 13.3 Design and Fabrication of the Proposed Sensor 310 13.3.1 Sensor’s Working Principle 312 13.4 Experimental Process 312 13.5 Autonomous System Development 313 13.5.1 Algorithm for Data Classification 315 13.6 Experimental Results 318 13.6.1 Sensor Characterization for Temperature, pH, Nitrate, Phosphate, Calcium, and Magnesium Measurement 319 13.6.2 Repeatability 323 13.6.3 Reproducibility 325 13.6.4 Real Sample Measurement and Validation 327 13.6.5 Data Collection 330 13.6.6 Power Consumption 330 13.7 Conclusion 333 Acknowledgment 333 References 333 Index 339

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book introduces readers to new ways of thinking about how to look at social statistics, particularly those about people in places.Trade Review“One of the more enjoyable aspects of this book is that every section begins with an interesting quote from the literature, which adds up to 60+ quotes that readers may wish to consult for future reference. A final, light-hearted observation: each chapter is divided into exactly seven sections! In some cultures, this would be interpreted as an attempt to curry favor with fate. Readers will have to decide whether Dorling played a lucky hand in turning his doctoral dissertation into a book, two decades on.” (Journal of Regional Science, 1 October 2013)Table of ContentsList of figures xi List of text boxes xxi Preface xxiii Introduction: Human cartography xxxv 1 Envisioning information 1 1.1 Visual thinking 1 1.2 Pictures over time 4 1.3 Beyond illustration 11 1.4 Texture and colour 13 1.5 Perspective and detail 16 1.6 Pattern and illusion 20 1.7 From mind to mind 24 2 People, spaces and places 31 2.1 Which people? 31 2.2 Why study places? 34 2.3 What are spaces? 40 2.4 Drawing lines 41 2.5 Picturing points 50 2.6 Population space 52 2.7 Adding time 56 3 Artificial reality 59 3.1 Imagining reality 59 3.2 Abstract spaces 60 3.3 Area cartograms 66 3.4 The nature of space 69 3.5 Producing illusions 77 3.6 Population space 81 3.7 Stretching spacetime 85 4 Honeycomb structure 95 4.1 Viewing society 95 4.2 Who the people are 97 4.3 Disparate origins 106 4.4 Lost opportunities 109 4.5 Work, industry and home 114 4.6 How people vote 120 4.7 The social landscape 123 5 Transforming the mosaic 131 5.1 Still images of change 131 5.2 Forming the structure 132 5.3 Structure transformed 136 5.4 Variable employment 138 5.5 House price inflation 143 5.6 Reshaping votes 148 5.7 Erosion and deposition 159 6 Cobweb of flows 167 6.1 What flow is 167 6.2 What flows there are 168 6.3 Unravelling the tangles 171 6.4 Drawing the vortices 177 6.5 Commuting chaos 184 6.6 Migration networks 185 6.7 A space of flows 194 7 On the surface 199 7.1 2D vision, 3D world 199 7.2 Surface definition 202 7.3 Depth cues 209 7.4 Landscape painting 210 7.5 Surface geometry 213 7.6 Travel time surface 220 7.7 Surface value 222 8 The wood and the trees 225 8.1 Sculptured characters 225 8.2 Circles, pies and rings 227 8.3 Bars and pyramids 230 8.4 Flocks of arrows 237 8.5 Trees and castles 238 8.6 Crowds of faces 239 8.7 Information overload 243 9 Volume visualization 251 9.1 The third dimension 251 9.2 Spaces, times and places 252 9.3 Spacetime continuum 259 9.4 Three-dimensional graphs 262 9.5 Flows through time 275 9.6 Volume rendering 279 9.7 Interactive visualization 280 10 Conclusion: Another geography 283 Endnote 297 Acknowledgements 299 Appendix: Drawing faces 301 References 305 Author Index 317 Subject Index 321 Note. The original thesis from which this book was derived had a further six appendices and a larger bibliography. Some can be found at www.dannydorling.org. Appendix A: Circular Cartogram Algorithm Appendix B: Parliamentary Constituencies 1955–1987 Continuity Appendix C: Parliamentary Constituencies 1955–1987 Results Appendix D: Average Housing Price by Constituency 1983–1989 Appendix E: Scottish Ward to Postcode Sector Look-up Table Appendix F: Local Government Wards, 1981 and 1987

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe goal of How to Make Maps is to equip readers with the foundational knowledge of concepts they need to conceive, design, and produce maps in a legible, clear, and coherent manner, drawing from both classical and modern theory in cartography.This book is appropriate for graduate and undergraduate students who are beginning a course of study in geospatial sciences or who wish to begin producing their own maps. While the book assumes no a priori knowledge or experience with geospatial software, it may also serve GIS analysts and technicians who wish to explore the principles of cartographic design.The first part of the book explores the key decisions behind every map, with the aim of providing the reader with a solid foundation in fundamental cartography concepts. Chapters 1 through 3 review foundational mapping concepts and some of the decisions that are a part of every map. This is followed by a discussion of the guiding principles of cartographic dTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Mapping concepts 3. The language of maps 4. Cartographic design 5. Coordinate systems and projections 6. Text and typography 7. Color in cartography 8. 3D, animated, and web cartography 9. Scholarly research in cartography 10. Data in mapping 11. GIS and graphics software 12. Examples from the field Appendix 1: Map gallery, “Maps from the wild” Appendix 2: Sources of spatial data Appendix 3: Eleven guidelines for constructing and critiquing maps Appendix 4: Professional cartography societies Glossary

Read more less

Book SynopsisFundamentals of Satellite Remote Sensing: An Environmental Approach, Third Edition, is a definitive guide to remote sensing systems that focuses on satellite-based remote sensing tools and methods for space-based Earth observation (EO). It presents the advantages of using remote sensing data for studying and monitoring the planet, and emphasizes concepts that make the best use of satellite data. The book begins with an introduction to the basic processes that ensure the acquisition of space-borne imagery, and provides an overview of the main satellite observation systems. It then describes visual and digital image analysis, highlights various interpretation techniques, and outlines their applications to science and management. The latter part of the book covers the integration of remote sensing with Geographic Information System (GIS) for environmental analysis. This latest edition has been written to reflect a global audience and covers the most recent advances incorporateTable of ContentsIntroduction. Physical Principles of Remote Sensing. Sensors and Remote Sensing Satellites. Basis for Analyzing EO Satellite Images. Visual Interpretation. Digital image processing (I): From Raw to Corrected Data. Digital image processing (II): Generation of Derived Variables. Validation. Earth Observation and Geographic Information Systems. References. Appendices

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvanced imaging spectral technology and hyperspectral analysis techniques for multiple applications are the key features of the book. This book will present in one volume complete solutions from concepts, fundamentals, and methods of acquisition of hyperspectral data to analyses and applications of the data in a very coherent manner. It will help readers to fully understand basic theories of HRS, how to utilize various field spectrometers and bioinstruments, the importance of radiometric correction and atmospheric correction, the use of analysis, tools and software, and determine what to do with HRS technology and data. Trade Review"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Practices is an excellent resource for both research and classroom needs. Concepts and applications are presented clearly and in a user-friendly fashion. The book is an innovative tool for environmental science practitioners interested in getting up-to-date on remote sensing techniques. The hyperspectral sections, especially, provide excellent content both in theory and applications. This is and will be a wonderful resource for the current generation of remote sensing scientists and students." — Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, University of Alberta, Canada"This masterful book provides a comprehensive and much-needed overview of hyperspectral remote sensing and imaging spectroscopy. Covering all aspects of the field, including characteristics of field, aerial and satellite borne sensors, the pre-processing and analysis of hyperspectral data, available software packages, and a wide array of applications, this book will be the key reference for students and those working in the field. The engaging style, detailed theoretical background, and numerous practical insights offer an unparalleled treatment of the subject." — Timothy Warner, West Virginia University, USA"The quantitative retrieval of biophysical properties of the earth’s surface from remote sensing has become a reality over the past twenty years, largely because of the synergistic development of hyperspectral sensors and detailed physical models of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation for a range of earth surface classes. Implicit in these successes is an in-depth understanding of the corrections to be applied to the sensor data and the specific analysis approaches for each surface type, suited to the available spectral detail. Ruiliang Pu’s comprehensive and timely book reflects the author’s intimate experience with all aspects of hyperspectral remote sensing, including applications --- an invaluable work for students and professionals alike!"—John R. Miller, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"This book provides a comprehensive and timely overview on all aspects of hyperspectral remote sensing combined with various applications. As such, it is an excellent book of reference for both students and professionals active in the field of optical remote sensing. It deals with all aspects of retrieving quantitative information on biophysical properties of the Earth’s surface, the data corrections needed and the range of analysis approaches available." —International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, January 2018"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Practices book is likely to prove valuable to upperclassmen, graduate students, and practitioners. It covers the field in depth and draws heavily on extensive literature."—Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, September 2018"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Practices is an excellent resource for both research and classroom needs. Concepts and applications are presented clearly and in a user-friendly fashion. The book is an innovative tool for environmental science practitioners interested in getting up-to-date on remote sensing techniques. The hyperspectral sections, especially, provide excellent content both in theory and applications. This is and will be a wonderful resource for the current generation of remote sensing scientists and students." — Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, University of Alberta, Canada"This masterful book provides a comprehensive and much-needed overview of hyperspectral remote sensing and imaging spectroscopy. Covering all aspects of the field, including characteristics of field, aerial and satellite borne sensors, the pre-processing and analysis of hyperspectral data, available software packages, and a wide array of applications, this book will be the key reference for students and those working in the field. The engaging style, detailed theoretical background, and numerous practical insights offer an unparalleled treatment of the subject." — Timothy Warner, West Virginia University, USA"The quantitative retrieval of biophysical properties of the earth’s surface from remote sensing has become a reality over the past twenty years, largely because of the synergistic development of hyperspectral sensors and detailed physical models of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation for a range of earth surface classes. Implicit in these successes is an in-depth understanding of the corrections to be applied to the sensor data and the specific analysis approaches for each surface type, suited to the available spectral detail. Ruiliang Pu’s comprehensive and timely book reflects the author’s intimate experience with all aspects of hyperspectral remote sensing, including applications --- an invaluable work for students and professionals alike!"—John R. Miller, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"This book provides a comprehensive and timely overview on all aspects of hyperspectral remote sensing combined with various applications. As such, it is an excellent book of reference for both students and professionals active in the field of optical remote sensing. It deals with all aspects of retrieving quantitative information on biophysical properties of the Earth’s surface, the data corrections needed and the range of analysis approaches available." —International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, January 2018"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Practices book is likely to prove valuable to upperclassmen, graduate students, and practitioners. It covers the field in depth and draws heavily on extensive literature."—Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, September 2018Table of ContentsOverview of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing. Field Spectrometers and Plant Biology Instruments for HRS. Imaging Spectrometers, Sensors, Systems, and Missions. Hyperspectral Image Radiometric Correction. Hyperspectral Data Analysis Techniques. Hyperspectral Data Processing Software. Hyperspectral Applications in Geology and Soil Sciences. Hyperspectral Applications to Vegetation. Hyperspectral Applications to Environments.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Routledge Companion to Spatial History explores the full range of ways in which GIS can be used to study the past, considering key questions such as what types of new knowledge can be developed solely as a consequence of using GIS and how effective GIS can be for different types of research. Global in scope and covering a broad range of subjects, the chapters in this volume discuss ways of turning sources into a GIS database, methods of analysing these databases, methods of visualising the results of the analyses, and approaches to interpreting analyses and visualisations. Chapter authors draw from a diverse collection of case studies from around the world, covering topics from state power in imperial China to the urban property market in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro, health and society in twentieth-century Britain and the demographic impact of the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915. Critically evaluating both the strengths and limitations oTrade Review"This wide-ranging, insightful and richly-illustrated volume provides a wealth of practical case studies elucidating the potential of GIS to enrich our understanding of the past, as well as incisive critical examination of its implications for and impact on historical scholarship. It will be invaluable for everyone interested in the use of new digital technologies and methods in historical research."Nick Baron, University of Nottingham, UK"From the leading scholars in the use of historical GIS methods, these valuable essays give us a clear sense of the possibilities and challenges of spatial history. This is a groundbreaking edited volume that will inspire, guide, and teach anyone considering spatial history approaches in their own work."William G. Thomas III, University of Nebraska, USA"This wide-ranging, insightful and richly-illustrated volume provides a wealth of practical case studies elucidating the potential of GIS to enrich our understanding of the past, as well as incisive critical examination of its implications for and impact on historical scholarship. It will be invaluable for everyone interested in the use of new digital technologies and methods in historical research."Nick Baron, University of Nottingham, UK"From the leading scholars in the use of historical GIS methods, these valuable essays give us a clear sense of the possibilities and challenges of spatial history. This is a groundbreaking edited volume that will inspire, guide, and teach anyone considering spatial history approaches in their own work."William G. Thomas III, University of Nebraska, USATable of ContentsIntroduction Part I: Population and demography Part II: Urban Part III: Economics Part IV: Rural and Environment Part V: Health Part VI: Social Dynamics Part VII: Political Dimensions Part VIII: The Emergence of Digital Humanities Conclusion

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis* Takes readers step--by--step through the key stages of a GPS fieldwork project. * Explains complex background topics in clear, easy--to--understand language. * Provides simple guidelines for GPS equipment selection. * Provides practical solutions for real GPS data collection issues.Trade Review"An invaluable resource for social, economic or health researchers and practitioners who want to add a geographic component to their work." (Uwe Deichmann, Development Research Group, World Bank) "This information will help users collect data at an appropriate level of accuracy in the most effcient manner. This nuts-and-bolts approach addresses such topics as training field-workers; creating equipment checklists; logistics; and safety in the field." (ArcUser, October - December 2004) "An excellent introduction and field guide on GPS for the social sciences ... The book makes a valuable addition to any reference collection on geographical research." (Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. Part I: Understanding GPS. 2. Why Use GPS?. 3. What Is GPS?. 4. Coordinate Systems And Datums. 5. GPS Considerations: Getting Started. Part II: Utilizing GPS. 6. Developing A GPS Project. 7. Project Fundamentals. 8. Fieldwork Planning And Preparations: Data And Methods. 9. Fieldwork Planning And Preparations: Field Resources. 10. Fieldwork Planning And Preparations: Data Quality And Logistics. 11. Transitioning To Fieldwork. 12. Post-Fieldwork Processing. 13. Utilizing GPS Data Within Geographic Information Systems. 14. Conclusion. References Cited. Appendix A: GPS Manufacturers. Appendix B: Sample Field Instrument. Appendix C: UTM Zones. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides the reader a broad grounding in the science of Earth Observation (EO) of our changing planet. It contains a comprehensive sequenced discussion covering the significant themes of global change, their cause, and how they can be monitored through time.Trade Review"...the book provides a useful text and reference source for information on remote sensing of the Earth's surface for the study of global environmental change...the book's strengths include the comprehensive material presented in the chapters on remote sensing of the land, oceans and coastal regions, which are areas of expertise for the authors. For this reason alone it is a valuable addition to the bookshelf of any student of remote sensing." (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, June 2013) “An exciting and informative book to read and a pleasure to review, this work constitutes a generalist’s dream. . . By that virtue, this book should also appeal to the informed public at large.” (Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 1 October 2012) "A comprehensive and accessible introduction to remote-sensing applications within the area of global environmental monitoring and should represent a welcome addition to the bookshelves of many university libraries, for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and non-specialists with an interest in applying remotely sensed data." (Rachel Gaulton, January 2013, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34:2, 751-752) "This is an extremely valuable bock for educators and students alike, serving as a quick, high level, and accurate reference source for the basics, while offering current and solid examples of applications and results." (Demetrio Zourarakis, Photogrammatic Engineering & Remote Sensing, October 2012) “I would recommend this book to those unfamiliar with remote-sensing methods and applications and to others who want to see how these techniques can be applied to global environmental change.” (The Leading Edge, 1 May 2012) "I highly recommend the well explained and invaluable reference book Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change by Samuel J. Purkis and Victor V. Klemas, to any students, professionals, and policy makers who are seeking a comprehensive and well presented approach to the application of remote sensing technology to global environmental change. This book will enhance and enrich your understanding of remote sensing, and of its accompanying technologies and environmental applications." (Blog Business World, 22 October 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Key concepts. 2 Remote sensing basics. 2.1 Electromagnetic waves. 2.2 The electromagnetic spectrum. 2.3 Reflectance and radiance. 2.4 Atmospheric effects. 2.5 Multispectral feature recognition. 2.6 Resolution requirements. 2.7 Key concepts. 3 Remote sensors and systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Remote sensors. 3.2.1 Multispectral satellite sensors. 3.2.2 Digital aerial cameras. 3.2.3 Thermal infrared sensors. 3.2.4 Radar and microwave radiometers. 3.2.5 Laser profilers. 3.3 Remote sensing platforms. 3.3.1 Airborne platforms. 3.3.2 Medium-resolution satellites. 3.3.3 High-resolution satellites. 3.3.4 Global observation satellites. 3.4 The NASA Earth observing system. 3.5 Global Earth observation systems. 3.5.1 Global Climate Observing System. 3.5.2 Global Earth Observation System of Systems. 3.5.3 Integrated Ocean Observing System. 3.6 Existing image archives. 3.7 Key concepts. 4 Digital image analysis. 4.1 Image data format. 4.2 Image pre-processing. 4.3 Image enhancement and interpretation. 4.4 Image classification. 4.5 Image band selection. 4.6 Error assessment. 4.7 Time-series analysis and change detection. 4.8 Field sampling using GPS. 4.9 Use of Geographic Information Systems. 4.10 Key concepts. 5 Monitoring changes in global vegetation cover. 5.1 EM spectrum of vegetation. 5.2 Vegetation indices. 5.3 Biophysical properties and processes of vegetation. 5.4 Classification systems. 5.5 Global vegetation and land cover mapping programmes. 5.5.1 NASA Pathfinder global monitoring project. 5.5.2 International geosphere-biosphere program. 5.5.3 Application of new satellites and radar. 5.6 Remote sensing of vegetation as a monitor for global change. CASE STUDY: Desertification in the African Sahel. CASE STUDY: Deforestation of Amazonia. 5.7 Remote sensing of wetlands change. 5.8 Fire detection. 5.9 Key concepts. 6 Remote sensing of urban environments. 6.1 Urbanization. 6.2 Urban remote sensing. 6.2.1 Three-dimensional urban model generation. 6.2.2 Stereo imaging. 6.2.3 LiDAR. 6.2.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). 6.3 Microwave sensing of subsidence. 6.4 Textural metrics. 6.5 Monitoring city growth. 6.6 Assessing the ecology of cities. 6.7 Urban climatology. 6.8 Air quality and air pollution. 6.9 Climate change as a threat to urbanization. 6.10 Key concepts. 7 Surface and ground water resources. 7.1 Remote sensing of inland water quality. 7.2 Remote sensing sediment load and pollution of inland waters. 7.3 Remote sensing non-coastal flooding. 7.4 Bathymetry of inland waters. 7.5 Mapping watersheds at the regional scale. 7.6 Remote sensing of land surface moisture. 7.7 Remote sensing of groundwater. 7.8 Key concepts. 8 Coral reefs, carbon and climate. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The status of the world's reefs. 8.3 Remote sensing of coral reefs. 8.4 Light, corals and water. 8.4.1 Light and the water surface. 8.4.2 Light and the water body. 8.4.3 Reflectance models for optically shallow waters. 8.4.4 Reflectance signatures of reef substrata. 8.5 Passive optical sensing. 8.6 Sensor-down versus reef-up sensing. 8.7 Spectral unmixing. 8.8 Image-derived bathymetry. 8.9 LiDAR. 8.10 Sonar. 8.11 Sub-bottom acoustic profiling. 8.12 Radar applications. 8.13 Class assemblages and the minimum mapping unit. 8.14 Change detection. 8.15 Key concepts. 9 Coastal impact of storm surges and sea level rise. 9.1 Predicting and monitoring coastal flooding. 9.2 Coastal currents and waves. 9.3 Mapping beach topography. 9.4 LiDAR bathymetry. CASE STUDY: LiDAR application to modelling sea level rise at the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. 9.5 Key concepts. 10 Observing the oceans. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Ocean colour, chlorophyll and productivity. 10.3 Hazardous algal blooms and other pollutants. 10.4 Sea surface temperature. CASE STUDY: Upwelling and El Niño. 10.5 Ocean salinity. 10.6 Physical ocean features. 10.6.1 Sea surface elevation and ocean currents. 10.6.2 Sea surface winds. 10.6.3 Ocean waves. 10.6.4 Oil slicks and other surface features. 10.7 Ocean observing systems. 10.8 Marine GIS. 10.9 Key concepts. 11 Monitoring Earth's atmosphere. 11.1 The status of Earth's atmosphere. 11.2 Atmospheric remote sensing. 11.3 The 'A- Train' satellite constellation. 11.3.1 Dancing on the A- Train. 11.4 Remote sensing atmospheric temperature. 11.5 Atmospheric remote sensing of ozone. 11.6 Atmospheric remote sensing of carbon dioxide. 11.7 Remote sensing atmospheric dust. CASE STUDY: Spaceborne monitoring of African dust events. 11.8 Clouds. 11.9 Forecasting Earth's atmosphere. 11.10 Atmospheric models and reality. 11.11 Hurricanes. CASE STUDY: Hurricane Katrina. 11.12 Key concepts. 12 Observing the cryosphere. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The history and status of the polar ice sheets. 12.3 Ice and sea level. 12.4 Ice and climate. 12.5 Present ice loss in context. 12.6 Remote sensing of the Earth's ice sheets. 12.6.1 Passive optical and thermal remote sensing. 12.6.2 Passive microwave remote sensing. 12.6.3 Active microwave remote sensing. 12.6.4 Active optical remote sensing – ICESat. 12.7 Ice sheet mass balance. CASE STUDY: Disintegration of the Larsen and Wilkins ice shelves. 12.8 Remote sensing permafrost. 12.9 Key concepts. 13 Effective communication of global change information using remote sensing. 13.1 Global environmental change as an interdisciplinary issue. 13.2 Effective communication through accessibility of data. 14 Looking ahead: future developments. 14.1 Emerging technologies. 14.1.1 Fusion in remote sensing. 14.1.2 Hyper-spatial satellites. 14.1.3 Hyperspectral hyper-spatial satellites. 14.2 The near future. 14.3 The more distant future. 14.4 Advanced image analysis techniques. 14.5 Looking ahead at a changing Earth. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe iPhone and iPad allow user positioning via multiple methods, including GPS. This book walks you through the basic tools you need to build geo-aware applications before diving into the available third-party geo-SDKs available for the iOS platform.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis accessible text prepares students to understand and work with geographic information systems (GIS), offering a detailed introduction to essential theories, concepts, and skills. The book is organized in four modular parts that can be used in any sequence in entry-level and more specialized courses. Basic cartographic principles are integrated with up-to-date discussions of GIS technologies and applications. Coverage includes everything from what geographic information is to its many uses and societal implications. Practical examples and exercises invite readers to explore the choices involved in producing reliable maps and other forms of geographic information. Illustrations include 170 figures (with 15 in color). The companion website provides links to Web resources for each chapter, plus downloadable PowerPoint slides of most of the figures. New to This Edition *Chapter on online mapping and Big Data. *New and updated discussions of remote sensing, vector and Trade Review"Harvey provides a unique resource that blends presentation of geographic information concepts, cartography principles, and GIS technology application. The well-developed linkages between geographic information and cartography are particularly valuable. All levels of readers will rediscover the importance of appropriate mapping technique in GIS practice, whether in the desktop, Web, or mobile environment. The second edition has been thoroughly updated and includes new material on Web applications and Big Data issues. While the contents are organized to provide a comprehensive overview of GIS, individual sections and chapters can also be flexibly used as stand-alone modules."--Jeff Hamerlinck, PhD, Director, Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, University of Wyoming "A well-written text that introduces the fundamentals of spatial geographic information. The coverage is broad and up to date, and the concepts are well explained. I like the pedagogical features--the end-of-chapter review questions with answers will help students understand the concepts and methods discussed in lectures, and the end-of-chapter exercises and extended exercises will further strengthen students’ understanding of course materials."--Jun Liang, PhD, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill "The writing style is authoritative yet genial, and doesn't overwhelm the reader, as other texts on this topic may do. For example, the author invites the reader to look out the window and then view a map of the same area, a simple exercise that makes the experience of reading personal, immediate, and interactive. The discussion of map projections and geoid, ellipsoid, and spheroid models is robust; this is an underlying concept of GIS, and one of the most difficult for students to comprehend, so it is important to give it such focused attention."--Karen E. Blevins, MA, Geography Program, Mesa Community College "An invaluable resource for a broad range of students and instructors. The text puts human communication about the environment before GIS commands and file formats. The engaging, conversational style provides easy access to rich insights on how maps and geographic information are used to answer important questions. The text covers a wide range of issues pertaining to mapping in the digital age, from measurement to decision making. It will make the reader curious to dig deeper into the many human, technical, and organizational aspects discussed. Harvey's emphasis on choices to make in communicating about the environment fosters dearly needed critical thinking about geographic representations and computations."--Werner Kuhn, PhD, Jack and Laura Dangermond Chair, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara "A great introduction to cartographic analysis and GIS. Harvey covers a broad range of information that will appeal to many students and professionals with different specializations in geography. The text encourages the reader to think critically about the implications of using GIS and the future of the field. The material is up to date and includes helpful hands-on examples and exercises. I was happy to see the new chapter on online mapping, which covers very current topics, such as Big Data. I also like the detailed description of geocoding and the revamped discussion of privacy and surveillance. This is an enjoyable text to read, and one that I will definitely recommend."--Holly M. Widen, PhD candidate, Department of Geography, Florida State University "This solid introductory text presents fundamental concepts in an easy and accessible manner that brings complicated content to life. The sequencing of the book makes it possible for instructors to switch the chapters around. It provides an essential framework that allows me the flexibility to fill in additional details that I want my students to have on a particular topic. At the same time, I feel confident that students who read only this book would have a solid understanding of the central concepts of GIS."--Timothy LeDoux, PhD, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Westfield State University "A substantive introduction to our rapidly expanding field. The second edition includes a new overview of GIS that is chock full of teachable applications from across the industry; new and updated figures; and a section focused on Web GIS, big data, and online mapping. Harvey conducts a broad-brush tour across the constellation of geotechnologies that have been swept into the realm of GIS, such as global navigation satellite systems and remote sensing. This text will serve well for students and professionals who are starting out fresh or entering the field from another discipline."--Patrick McHaffie, PhD, Department of Geography, DePaul University -Harvey…packs a tremendous amount of information into a single volume. It is arranged with a textbook presentation, including discussion questions and exercises. This could have become a simple taxonomy, but Harvey presents the key issues in clear language. Mapping sciences have evolved rapidly in recent years; this book reflects the transition from cartography to geographic information use….This is an excellent option for instructors building an introductory lecture/lab course who need a primary text….Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates.--Choice Reviews, 10/1/2016ƒƒAn important contribution....Provides the beginner as well as the more advanced GIS user with the knowledge to bridge the gap between the conceptual and the practical in GIS....The concepts, principles, issues, and applications covered in the book are important to all aspects of GIS-related planning issues in all parts of the world, and most students, teachers, and practitioners will gain valuable insight from this book, particularly those without a background in GIS or geography. (on the first edition)--International Planning Studies, 2/1/2010Table of ContentsI. Your World and Geographic Information Technology 1. Goals of Cartography and GI: Representation and Communication 2. Choices in How We Make Representations 3. GI and Cartography Issues 4. The Many Uses of GIS with Case Examples 5. Projections II. The Functions and Methods of GIS 6. Locational and Coordinate Systems 7. Databases, Cartography, and Geographic Information 8. Surveying, GPS, Digitization 9. Remote Sensing 10. Locations and Fields: Discrete and Nondiscrete Geographic Information III. Techniques and Practices 11. Cartographic Representation 12. Map Cultures, Misuses, and GI 13. Administration of Spaces 14. Online Mapping and Geocoded Worlds IV. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Analysis: Understanding the World 15. GI Analysis and GIS 16. Geospatial Statistics 17. Considering the Past and Future of GIS

Read more less

Book SynopsisA balanced review of differing approaches based on remote sensing tools and methods to assess and monitor biodiversity, carbon and water cycles, and the energy balance of terrestrial ecosystem. Earth Observation of Ecosystem Services highlights the advantages Earth observation technologies offer for quantifying and monitoring multiple ecosystem functions and services. It provides a multidisciplinary reference that expressly covers the use of remote sensing for quantifying and monitoring multiple ecosystem services. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible ecosystem services, this book takes a global look at the most relevant remote sensing approaches to estimate key ecosystem services from satellite data. Structured in four main sections, it covers carbon cycle, biodiversity, water cycle, and energy balance. Each section contains a review of conceptual and empirical methods, techniques, and case studies linking remotely sensed data to the biophysical variables and eTrade Review"… a valuable compendium of information… should serve as an impetus driving greater awareness of remote sensing technologies and their adoption in ecosystem service assessments."—African Journal of Range & Forage Science 2015, 32(1)"Monitoring and mapping ecosystem services is critical to their effective management. This book covers the latest remote sensing techniques for doing that. A must read for anyone concerned with ecosystem services."—Robert Costanza, The Australian National University"… a broad and valuable introduction to the use of remotely sensed data sets in assessing and monitoring key ecosystem services. … relevant to students and researchers interested in using earth observations in advancing their methods of inquiry. The subject matter is impressive, ranging from the carbon cycle to urban heat island effects. As humankind brings increasingly greater pressure to bear on natural systems, an improved understanding of their function in the context of change is critical. … an important contribution in explaining the utility of remotely sensed data in meeting this challenge."—Matthew C. Hansen, University of Maryland"… synthesizes the state of the art of how remote sensing can contribute to get the pulse of the planet, specifically on how our ecosystems are changing and what key benefits they provide to societies. … Timely, systematic, reliable, and easily accessible information on the flow of services to society from ecosystems is urgently needed: this book contributes one great leap forward. A massive effort from all nations will be needed to achieve full implementation of the suggested approach."—Patricia Balvanera, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México"… offers a great overview of how earth observation systems are being used, can be used in the near future and what the caveats and pitfalls are at present. … It is one of the objectives of GEO BON to provide this overview and develop capacity building programmes for the whole community. This book is a good step into that direction."—Rob H.G. Jongman, Alterra, Wageningen UR, Steering Committee GEO BON"… a valuable compendium of information… should serve as an impetus driving greater awareness of remote sensing technologies and their adoption in ecosystem service assessments."—African Journal of Range & Forage Science 2015, 32(1)"Monitoring and mapping ecosystem services is critical to their effective management. This book covers the latest remote sensing techniques for doing that. A must read for anyone concerned with ecosystem services."—Robert Costanza, The Australian National University"… a broad and valuable introduction to the use of remotely sensed data sets in assessing and monitoring key ecosystem services. … relevant to students and researchers interested in using earth observations in advancing their methods of inquiry. The subject matter is impressive, ranging from the carbon cycle to urban heat island effects. As humankind brings increasingly greater pressure to bear on natural systems, an improved understanding of their function in the context of change is critical. … an important contribution in explaining the utility of remotely sensed data in meeting this challenge."—Matthew C. Hansen, University of Maryland"… synthesizes the state of the art of how remote sensing can contribute to get the pulse of the planet, specifically on how our ecosystems are changing and what key benefits they provide to societies. … Timely, systematic, reliable, and easily accessible information on the flow of services to society from ecosystems is urgently needed: this book contributes one great leap forward. A massive effort from all nations will be needed to achieve full implementation of the suggested approach."—Patricia Balvanera, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México"… offers a great overview of how earth observation systems are being used, can be used in the near future and what the caveats and pitfalls are at present. … It is one of the objectives of GEO BON to provide this overview and develop capacity building programmes for the whole community. This book is a good step into that direction."—Rob H.G. Jongman, Alterra, Wageningen UR, Steering Committee GEO BONTable of ContentsIntroduction. Ecosystem Services Related to Biodiversity Conservation. Ecosystem Services Related to the Carbon Cycle. Ecosystem Services Related to the Water Cycle. Ecosystem Services Related to the Land-Surface Energy Balance. Challenges and Conclusions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOutdoor wayfinding and navigation systems and services have become indispensable in people''s mobility in unfamiliar environments. Advances in key technologies (e.g., positioning and mobile devices), has spurred interest in research and development of indoor wayfinding and navigation systems and services in recent years. Indoor Wayfinding and Navigation provides both breadth and depth of knowledge in designing and building indoor wayfinding and navigation systems and services. It covers the types of sensors both feasible and practical for localization of users inside buildings.The book discusses current approaches, techniques, and technologies for addressing issues in indoor wayfinding and navigation systems and services. It includes coverage of the cognitive, positioning, mapping, and application perspectives, an unusual but useful combination of information. This mix of different perspectives helps you better understand the issues and challenges of building indoor waTrade Review"This book is a timely addition to the resources available to researchers and practitioners in the area. This edited collection of 11 chapters, written by area experts, explores different facets of the indoor wayfinding and navigation problem, such as cognitive factors, positioning and mapping, applications of these technologies, and privacy of individuals. This book is relevant for researchers, students, and practitioners in the area. Each chapter ends with related references, which will help readers dig deeper into the subject."—Satyajayant Misra, IEEE Wireless Communications, December 2015Table of ContentsA-GPS Positioning. WiFi Positioning. RFID. Integrated sensors. Map Data Content and Sources. Routing and Directions. Architectures. Indoor Wayfinding and Navigation on Smartphones. Indoor Wayfinding and Navigation for Blind and Visually Impaired Users. Indoor Wayfinding and Navigation for Wheelchair Users. Navigation Assistance Through Social Media.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRemote sensing has witnessed a renaissance as new sensor systems, data collection capabilities and image processing methodologies have expanded the technological capabilities of this science into new and important applications areas. Perhaps nowhere has this trend been more evident than in the study of earth environments. Within this broad application area remote sensing has proven to be an invaluable asset supporting timely data gathering at a range of synoptic scales, facilitating the mapping of complex landscapes and promoting the analysis of environmental process. Yet remote sensing''s contribution to the study of human/environmental interaction is scattered throughout a rich and diverse literature spanning the social and physical sciences, which frustrates access to, and the sharing of the knowledge gained through, these recent advances, and inhibits the operational use of these methods and techniques in day to day environmental practice, a recognized gap that reduces the effecTable of ContentsThe Earth Observation Perspective.- Environmental Sensing.- Sensors and Systems.- Fundamentals of Image Processing.- Sensing Uncertainty.- Environmental Characterization.- Environmental Monitoring and Change Detection.- Thermal Sensing and Anomaly Detection.- Hyper-spectral Sensing.- Hyper-spectral Classification.- Object-based Analysis.- Forensic Remote Sensing.- Integrative Sensing.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers a practical state-of-the-field overview of big data as both a means and an object of research, with essays from prominent and emerging scholars. Part 1 explores how the advent of geoweb technologies and big data sets has influenced some of geography's major subdisciplines. Part 2 addresses how the geographic study of big data has implications for other disciplinary fields.Trade Review"In recent years, big data has been frequently touted as the new reality in research, business, and nearly everything else. This work examines the promise and realities of big data specifically as it relates to geographically referenced information."—J. Cummings, Choice“The drumbeat of ‘big data’ is reorganizing everyday life, for some. This important collection takes the pulse of this hype from the perspective of the discipline of geography, pursuing questions that highlight the peculiarities of this location-based, techno-cultural moment.”—Matthew W. Wilson, associate professor of geography at the University of Kentucky “This collection is a key step along the road from hyperbole to engagement with regard to the significance and impacts of big spatial data. It offers key insights into big spatial data as both means and object of researcher, tracing the socio-spatial and epistemological possibilities and limits of this dynamic phenomenon.”—Sarah Elwood, professor of geography at the University of Washington “Thinking Big Data in Geography delivers vital theoretical and empirical perspectives on the problems and possibilities of spatialized data in both extraordinary circumstances and everyday life.”—Craig Dalton, assistant professor of global studies and geography at Hofstra UniversityTable of ContentsList of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction Jim Thatcher, Andrew Shears, and Josef Eckert Part 1. What Is Big Data and What Does It Mean to Study It? 1. Toward Critical Data Studies: Charting and Unpacking Data Assemblages and Their Work Rob Kitchin and Tracey P. Lauriault 2. Big Data: Why (Oh Why?) This Computational Social Science? David O’Sullivan Part 2. Methods and Praxis in Big Data Research 3. Smaller and Slower Data in an Era of Big Data Renee Sieber and Matthew Tenney 4. Reflexivity, Positionality, and Rigor in the Context of Big Data Research Britta Ricker Part 3. Empirical Interventions 5. A Hybrid Approach to Geotweets: Reading and Mapping Tweet Contexts on Marijuana Legalization and Same-Sex Marriage in Seattle, Washington Jin-Kyu Jung and Jungyeop Shin 6. Geosocial Footprints and Geoprivacy Concerns Christopher D. Weidemann, Jennifer N. Swift, and Karen K. Kemp 7. Foursquare in the City of Fountains: Using Kansas City as a Case Study for Combining Demographic and Social Media Data Emily Fekete Part 4. Urban Big Data: Urban-Centric and Uneven 8. Big City, Big Data: Four Vignettes Jessa Lingel 9. Framing Digital Exclusion in Technologically Mediated Urban Spaces Matthew Kelley Part 5. Talking across Borders 10. Bringing the Big Data of Climate Change Down to Human Scale: Citizen Sensors and Personalized Visualizations in Climate Communication David Retchless 11. Synergizing Geoweb and Digital Humanitarian Research Ryan Burns Part 6. Conclusions 12. Rethinking the Geoweb and Big Data: Future Research Directions Mark Graham Bibliography List of Contributors Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisBy synthesizing scholarly work at the intersection of political ecology, digital geography, and science and technology studies, The Nature of Data analyzes how new digital technologies affect environments and their control.Trade Review"This book is a necessary piece to lay the groundwork for a political ecology of data and urge more research in this direction. . . . A welcome integration of digital social sciences, political ecology, critical GIS, and science and technology studies, and as such which will be of interest to scholars across these fields, but also to conservation practitioners. This collection of essays might also be useful as a methodological text for advanced graduate students."—Anne-Lise Boyer, H-Environment"Thanks to insights from ecomedia studies, environmental humanists are increasingly studying how the environment becomes digital and the digital becomes environmental. The Nature of Data ably contributes to this research."—Heather Houser, ISLE“Data may not grow on trees, but it increasingly shapes how humans know, govern, and struggle over forests—and indeed, much of the nonhuman world. The Nature of Data captures this moment empirically while advancing political ecology conceptually. An altogether stellar volume.”—Susanne Freidberg, author of Fresh: A Perishable History“In accelerating ways, environmental politics are data politics. This powerful book shows what this looks like in different settings and at different scales, persuasively calling for a new subfield focused on the political ecology of data. Extending from prior work on the delimitations and politics of environmental science, the collection draws out what environmental data can help us see, what it cuts out, and how environmental data production itself is both polluting and weighted by commercial interests.”—Kim Fortun, author of Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders“This is an original, diverse, and scintillating collection. Researchers working on political ecology of conservation and conservation social science have not taken challenges of data justice or the political economy of data production seriously enough. We must—and this book shows us how and why.”—Dan Brockington, author of Celebrity Advocacy and International Development“As environments are reverse engineered to match the spreadsheets and management platforms in which they are tallied, the environmental politics of data control, organization, and proliferation will hugely influence ecologies and politics going forward. By putting that insight front and center, Goldstein and Nost assemble a sweeping set of essays that gaze into the sometimes-disturbing future of the planet.”—Paul Robbins, author of Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction“This volume contributes to the growing discourses around political ecological work on data and the infrastructures that sustain, produce, and exchange them. The volume is startling in both its depth and breadth of engagement with timely and important topics; it marks a significant contribution to a growing field.”—Jim Thatcher, author of Thinking Big Data in Geography: New Regimes, New Research“Throughout, the reader is plunged into the complexities of digital systems, the environments they monitor and conserve, and the limits to their governance and oversight across a variety of places and scales and sovereignties. What emerges is resolutely not an endorsement of further digitalization of nature but a recognition that digitalization is perhaps yet another set of processes in which nature is actively produced.”—Matthew W. Wilson, author of New Lines: Critical GIS and the Trouble of the MapTable of ContentsList of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction: Infrastructuring Environmental Data Jenny Goldstein and Eric Nost Part 1. Sensors, Servers, and Structures 1. Data’s Metropolis: The Physical Footprints of Data Circulation and Modern Finance Graham Pickren 2. An Emerging Satellite Ecosystem and the Changing Political Economy of Remote Sensing Luis F. Alvarez León 3. Smart Earth: Environmental Governance in a Wired World Karen Bakker and Max Ritts 4. Data, Colonialism, and the Transformation of Nature in the Pacific Northwest Anthony Levenda and Zbigniew Grabowski Part 2. Civic Science and Community-Driven Data 5. Environmental Sensing Infrastructures and Just Good Enough Data Jennifer Gabrys and Helen Pritchard 6. Collaborative Modeling as Sociotechnical Data Infrastructure in Rural Zimbabwe M. V. Eitzel, Jon Solera, K. B. Wilson, Abraham Mawere Ndlovu, Emmanuel Mhike Hove, Daniel Ndlovu, Abraham Changarara, Alice Ndlovu, Kleber Neves, Adnomore Chirindira, Oluwasola E. Omoju, Aaron C. Fisher, and André Veski 7. Citizen Scientists and Conservation in the Anthropocene: From Monitoring to Making Coral Irus Braverman 8. Data Infrastructures, Indigenous Knowledge, and Environmental Observing in the Arctic Noor Johnson, Colleen Strawhacker, and Peter Pulsifer 9. Digital Infrastructure and the Affective Nature of Value in Belize Patrick Gallagher 10. Infrastructuring Environmental Data Justice Dawn Walker, Eric Nost, Aaron Lemelin, Rebecca Lave, Lindsey Dillon, and Environmental Data and Governance Initiative (EDGI) Part 3. Governing Data, Infrastructuring Land and Resources 11. “A Poverty of Data”? Exporting the Digital Revolution to Farmers in the Global South Madeleine Fairbairn and Zenia Kish 12. Illicit Digital Environments: Monitoring and Surveilling Environmental Crime in Southeast Asia Hilary O. Faxon and Jenny Goldstein 13. Data Gaps: Penguin Science and Petrostate Formation in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) James J. A. Blair 14. Data Structures, Indigenous Ontologies, and Hydropower in the U.S. Northwest Corrine Armistead 15. How Forest Became Data: The Remaking of Ground-Truth in Indonesia Cindy Lin Conclusion: Toward a Political Ecology of Data Rebecca Lave, Eric Nost, and Jenny Goldstein Source Acknowledgments Contributors Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnvironmental remote sensing plays a critical role in observing key hydrological components such as precipitation, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and total water storage on a global scale. As water security is one of the most critical issues in the world, satellite remote sensing techniques are of particular importance for emerging regions which have inadequate in-situ gauge observations. This book reviews multiple remote sensing observations, the application of remote sensing in hydrological modeling, data assimilation and hydrological capacity building in emerging regions.Trade Review"I teach Remote Sensing for Hydrology for graduate students and Ph.D. students. This book will be a perfect text book and reference book for the course. I believe this book will be a valuable textbook or reference book for senior undergraduates or graduate students with emphasis, interest, or major in remote sensing and/or hydrology." — Hongjie Xie, University of Texas at San Antonio, USATable of ContentsSatellite Remote Sensing Observations. Satellite Remote Sensing for Global Precipitation Monitoring. Diurnal Variability of Precipitation in West Africa Monsoon Region. ET Mapping Utilizing Remote Sensing Data. Soil Moisture Estimation Using Active and Passive Remote Sensing Techniques. Remote Sensing Streamflow Estimation via AMSR-E and TMI. Remote Sensing for Surface and Ground Water Observation. Total Water Storage Observed by GRACE. Modeling and Data Assimilation. The Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) Distributed Hydrological Mode. AMMAS Land Surface Model Intercomparison over West Africa. Multi-Sensor Imaging and Space-Ground Cross-Validation for 2010 Flood along Indus River, Pakistan. Hydroclimatology of Lake Victoria Region Using Hydrologic Model and Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Microwave Satellite Data for Hydrologic Modeling in an Ungauged Basin in Africa. Assimilating the Passive Microwave Streamflow Signals for Improving the Hydrological Predictions in Okavango River Basin, Africa. Statistical and Hydrologic Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Products for Mountainous Basin. Capacity Building. Real Time Operation Hydrological Monitoring and Forecasting System for Local Decision Makers. Satellite Remote Sensing Drought Monitoring and Predictions Over the Globe. Capacity Building Efforts in Hydrological Modeling for Africa - Workshops about CREST Mode. Capacity Building for Pakistan Hydrometeorologic Hazards. Cloud-Based Cyber-Infrastructure for Disaster Monitoring sand Mitigation Mobile Device Apps for Empowering Citizen Scientists.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFuture remote sensing systems will make extensive use of Compressive Sensing (CS) as it becomes more integrated into the system design with increased high resolution sensor developments and the rising earth observation data generated each year. Written by leading experts in the field Compressive Sensing of Earth Observations provides a comprehensive and balanced coverage of the theory and applications of CS in all aspects of earth observations. This work covers a myriad of practical aspects such as the use of CS in detection of human vital signs in a cluttered environment and the corresponding modeling of rib-cage breathing. Readers are also presented with three different applications of CS to the ISAR imaging problem, which includes image reconstruction from compressed data, resolution enhancement, and image reconstruction from incomplete data. Table of ContentsPreface. Editor. Contributors. 1 Compressed Sensing: From Theory to Praxis. 2 Compressive Sensing on the Sphere: Slepian Functions for Applications in Geophysics. 3 Compressive Sensing–Based High Resolution Imaging and Tracking of Targets and Human Vital Sign Detection behind Walls. 4 Recovery Guarantees for High Resolution Radar Sensing with Compressive Illumination. 5 Compressive Sensing for Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging. 6 A Novel Compressed Sensing–Based Algorithm for Space–Time Signal Processing Using Airborne Radars. 7 Bayesian Sparse Estimation of Radar Targets in the Compressed Sensing Framework. 8 Virtual Experiments and Compressive Sensing for Subsurface Microwave Tomography. 9 Seismic Source Monitoring with Compressed Sensing. 10 Seismic Data Regularization and Imaging Based on Compressive Sensing and Sparse Optimization. 11 Land Use Classification with Sparse Models. 12 Compressive Sensing for Reconstruction, Classification, and Detection of Hyperspectral Images. 13 Structured Abundance Matrix Estimation for Land Cover Hyperspectral Image Unmixing. 14 Parallel Coded Aperture Method for Hyperspectral Compressive Sensing on GPU. 15 Algorithms and Prototyping of a Compressive Hyperspectral Imager. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this new edition of an SPIE bestseller, R. C. Olsen examines the definition and uses of remote sensing from a military perspective. The book discusses the instruments and principles that support a wide range of systems, including optical, thermal, radar, and LiDAR. Full-color images, as well as detailed examples and problems sets, make this a valuable textbook for students and engineers alike.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis edited book, composed of chapters written by scholars of the geomatics-based, environmental and biological sciences, examines selected topics from the intersecting fields of geomatics (including remote sensing, geographical information science (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), mapping and field survey methods) and conservation biology (including ecology and conservation policy), with case studies from West Africa, Canada, India and Malaysia. The focus is on some of the more important issues that dominate current intersections between developments in geomatics technology and those of conservation biology. Chapter One examines the history and themes of geomatics and applications to conservation biology research. Chapter Two presents a case study of geomatics-based research on the vital issue of vulture ecology, extinction and conservation in Central India. Chapter Three examines the relationship between people and elephants in the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary and its surroundings in India, and it creates habitat suitability models from geomatics techniques to assess and predict elephant presence and potential human-elephant conflicts. Chapter Four examines the history and status of remote sensing as an aspect of geomatics, focusing mainly on satellite imagery. Chapter Five looks at development in GIS and takes an example of multidirectional landcover change from the West African savanna. Chapter Six looks at developments in GPS technology, especially concerning applications to the micro-habitats of bird presence and applications to mammal behavior. Chapter Seven looks at the subfield of animal geography, which looks at the subjective behavior of individual animals and the technology used to measure these detailed phenomena. Chapter Eight takes a case study of bird migration and habitat utilization in the swamps of coastal Malaysia. Chapter Nine looks at the utility of dated aerial photographs and supporting field methods in the evaluation of historical landcover change, covering periods before the development of modern imaging techniques and using an example from the West African savanna. This book makes an important contribution to the intersections of geomatics and conservation biology.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEarth resources are the precious assets that provide living space for human beings. In the last few decades, the pressure on earth resources has increased due to anthropogenic activities and rapid industrialisation. The sustainable management of earth resources requires reliable, accurate, and timely information at different observational scales. Geo-information technology is an efficient tool for acquiring information required for environmental protection, earth resources monitoring, and addressing the issues associated with sustainable development and management. It offers an influential and capable tool for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management of earth resources. Many researchers have reported their findings and operational applications of direct relevance to the management of earth resources with the launch of imaging satellites in the 1970s. However, few studies have been reported to understand the core science and research basics, as there are larger issues of capacity building to use geo-information technology in sustainable development and management of earth resources. There is also a fundamental gap between the theoretical concepts and the operational use of these advanced tools. This could be resolved by providing a broad range of applications of this technology to the scientific and research community in the field of geospatial technologies and allied subjects. This book, entitled "Geo-Information Technology in Earth Resources Monitoring and Management," deals with the challenges for sustainable management and development of earth resources with a focus on India and other countries around the world. The chapters are written by prominent academicians, researchers, and experts in the field of geo-information technology and related subjects. This book is a collection of chapters providing a multi-disciplinary overview for academicians, researchers, scientists, administrators, policymakers, social scientists, and professionals involved in the various aspects of earth resources development, planning, and management. The aim of this book is to replenish the gap in the available literature on the subject by bringing together the concepts, theories, and experiences of specialists and professionals in this field.Table of ContentsPreface; Land Cover Mapping Using Sentinel and Landsat Data: Potential and Challenges in the Context of the National Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Bulgaria; Recent Trends of Urban Expansion and Consequent Land Transformations: An Appraisal of Asansol City, West Bengal; Changing Trends of Land Surface Temperature in Relation to Land Use Land Cover of Delhi, India; Spatio Temporal Analysis of Air Quality of Udaipur and Its Relation with Land Surface Temperature Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic; Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol Over Indo-Gangetic Basin: Trend, Origin of Sources and Impact on Climate; Analysing Urban Landscape Changes with Multi-Sensor Datasets on a Temporal Scale; Assessment of the Spatio-Temporal Variation of Biophysical Indices in the Spectral Delineation of the Urban Green Cover: A Case Study from Ranchi; RS-GIS Application in Designing Sustainable Land Use Pattern of Killi Ar, Sub-Basin of Karamana River, Kerala; A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach to Create 3D Building Model Using Cartosat-1 Imagery: A Case Study From Oshiwara City, Mumbai; Identification of New Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Sites Using Integrated GIS-MCDM Techniques A Review; Assessing Inadequate Urban Infrastructure in Gated Societies of Greater Faridabad, India and Application of IOT in Smart Governance: Way Forward to Sustainable Development Goals; Characteristics and Nutrient Status of Limestone Soils in Leyte and Samar, Philippines; Remote Sensing-Based Agricultural Drought Monitoring A Review; Application of Meteorological and Vegetation Indices for Monitoring of Drought Condition Using Geospatial Techniques and Statistical Approach in the Semi Arid Regions of Rajasthan, India; Evaluation of Remote Sensing Based Agricultural Drought Indicators for Crop Insurance; Lessons from Central and Eastern Europe Changes and Reasons of Renewable Energy Support Schemes; Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Limnological Studies: A Case Study from Northwest Himalayan Lakes, India; Identification of Locations for Artificial Recharge Structures Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Sitapur District; The Application of Morphometric Parameters in River Watershed Management: A Case Study of Rihand River, India; Geospatial Distribution of Dar Zarrouk Parameters Resulting from Vertical Electrical Sounding in Dharangaon and Erandol Block of Jalgaon District, (India); Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAlthough magnetic sensors are usually only briefly mentioned in most textbooks on sensors, this reference provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles and uses of such devices in remote sensing applications.Table of ContentsBasics; induction sensors; fluxgte sensors; magnetoresistors; Hall-effect magnetic sensors; magneto-optical sensors; resonant magnetometers; superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs); other principles; applications of magentic sensors; testing and calibration instruments; magnetic sensors for nonmagnetic variables; magnetic sensors, magnometers and calibration equipment manufacturers; list of sysmbols and abbrviations.

Read more less