Electronics: circuits and components Books

Book SynopsisThe book discusses a broad overview of traditional machine learning methods and state-of-the-art deep learning practices for hardware security applications, in particular the techniques of launching potent "modeling attacks" on Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) circuits, which are promising hardware security primitives. The volume is self-contained and includes a comprehensive background on PUF circuits, and the necessary mathematical foundation of traditional and advanced machine learning techniques such as support vector machines, logistic regression, neural networks, and deep learning. This book can be used as a self-learning resource for researchers and practitioners of hardware security, and will also be suitable for graduate-level courses on hardware security and application of machine learning in hardware security. A stand-out feature of the book is the availability of reference software code and datasets to replicate the experiments described in the book.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: Fundamental Concepts of Machine Learning.- Chapter 3: Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for PUF Modeling Attacks.- Chapter 4: Deep Learning based PUF Modeling Attacks.- Chapter 5: Tensor Regression based PUF Modeling Attack.- Chapter 6: Binarized Neural Network based PUF Modeling.- Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Work.

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Book SynopsisThis book guides you through all of the techniques listed, which are required for a reliable integrated system. Through extensive illustrations and minimal equations, anyone with an interest in electronics will quickly grasp the ideas discussed.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1. Circuit Variables 2. Circuit Elements 3. Simple Resistive Circuits 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 5. The Operational Amplifier 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 9. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 10. Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 14. Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits 15. Active Filter Circuits 16. Fourier Series 17. The Fourier Transform 18. Two-Port Circuits Appendix A: The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations Appendix B: Complex Numbers Appendix C: More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers Appendix D: The Decibel Appendix E: Bode Diagrams Appendix F: An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities Appendix G: An Abbreviated Table of Integrals Appendix H: Common Standard Component Values

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Book SynopsisA hands-on introduction to FPGA prototyping and SoC design This Second Edition of the popular book follows the same learning-by-doing approach to teach the fundamentals and practices of VHDL synthesis and FPGA prototyping. It uses a coherent series of examples to demonstrate the process to develop sophisticated digital circuits and IP (intellectual property) cores, integrate them into an SoC (system on a chip) framework, realize the system on an FPGA prototyping board, and verify the hardware and software operation. The examples start with simple gate-level circuits, progress gradually through the RT (register transfer) level modules, and lead to a functional embedded system with custom I/O peripherals and hardware accelerators. Although it is an introductory text, the examples are developed in a rigorous manner, and the derivations follow strict design guidelines and coding practices used for large, complex digital systems. The new edition is completely Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xv PART I BASIC DIGITAL CIRCUITS DEVELOPMENT 1 Gate-level Combinational Circuit 1 1.1 Overview of VHDL 1 1.2 General description 2 1.3 Structural description 6 1.4 Top-level signal mapping 8 1.5 Testbench 9 1.6 Bibliographic notes 11 1.7 Suggested experiments 11 2 Overview of FPGA and EDA software 13 2.1 FPGA 13 2.2 Overview of the Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board 15 2.3 Development flow 16 2.4 Xilinx Vivado Design Suite 18 2.5 Bibliographic notes 18 2.6 Suggested experiments 18 3 RT-level combinational circuit 23 3.1 RT-level components 23 3.2 Routing circuit with concurrent assignment statements 29 3.3 Modeling with a process 34 3.4 Routing circuit with if and case statements 36 3.5 Constants and generics 41 3.6 Replicated structure 44 3.7 Design examples 46 3.8 Bibliographic notes 58 3.9 Suggested experiments 58 4 Regular Sequential Circuit 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 HDL code of the FF and register 64 4.3 Simple design examples 67 4.4 Testbench for sequential circuits 72 4.5 Case study 75 4.6 Timing and clocking 87 4.7 Bibliographic notes 90 4.8 Suggested experiments 90 5 FSM 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 FSM code development 97 5.3 Design examples 100 5.4 Bibliographic notes 110 5.5 Suggested experiments 110 6 FSMD 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Code development of an FSMD 119 6.3 Design examples 125 6.4 Bibliographic notes 140 6.5 Suggested experiments 141 7 RAM and Buffer of FPGA 145 7.1 Embedded memory of FPGA device 145 7.2 General description for RAM-like component 147 7.3 FIFO buffer 153 7.4 HDL templates for memory inference 158 7.5 Overview of memory controller 164 7.6 Bibliographic notes 166 7.7 Suggested experiments 166 PART II EMBEDDED SOC I: VANILLA FPRO SYSTEM 8 Overview of Embedded SoC Systems 171 8.1 Embedded SoC 171 8.2 Development Flow of Embedded SoC 173 8.3 FPro SoC Platform 176 8.4 Adaption on Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board 180 8.5 Portability 182 8.6 Organization 184 8.7 Bibliographic notes 184 9 Bare Metal System Software Development 187 9.1 Bare metal system development overview 187 9.2 Memory-mapped I/O 189 9.3 Direct I/O Register Access 191 9.4 Robust I/O Register Access 193 9.5 Techniques for low-level I/O operations 197 9.6 Device Drivers 199 9.7 FPro Utility Routines and Directory Structure 204 9.8 Test program 208 9.9 Bibliographic notes 211 9.10 Suggested experiments 211 10 FPro Bus Protocol and MMIO Slot Specification 213 10.1 FPro Bus 213 10.2 Interface with bus 216 10.3 MMIO I/O core 222 10.4 Timer core development 226 10.5 MMIO controller 229 10.6 MCS I/O bus and bridge 234 10.7 Vanilla FPRO System Construction 238 10.8 Bibliographic notes 240 10.9 Suggested experiments 240 11 UART Core 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 UART Construction 245 11.3 UART core development 253 11.4 UART driver 256 11.5 Additional Project Ideas 262 11.6 Bibliographic notes 265 11.7 Suggested experiments 266 PART III EMBEDDED SOC II: BASIC I/O CORES 12 Xilinx XADC Core 271 12.1 Overview of XADC 271 12.2 XADC core development 273 12.3 XADC core device driver 278 12.4 Sampler FPro System 281 12.5 Additional Project Ideas 291 12.6 Bibliographic notes 292 12.7 Suggested experiments 292 13 Pulse Width Modulation Core 295 13.1 Introduction 295 13.2 PWM Design 296 13.3 PWM core development 299 13.4 PWM driver 302 13.5 Testing 303 13.6 Project ideas 304 13.7 Suggested experiments 305 14 Debouncing core and LED-Mux Core 307 14.1 Debouncing Core 307 14.2 LED-Mux Core 313 14.3 Project Ideas 319 14.4 Suggested Experiments 320 15 SPI Core 323 15.1 Overview 323 15.3 SPI Core Development 333 15.4 SPI Driver 336 15.5 Test 338 15.6 Project Ideas 341 15.7 Bibliographic notes 342 15.8 Suggested Experiments 342 16 I2C Core 347 16.1 Overview 347 16.2 I2C Controller 350 16.3 I2C Core Development 360 16.4 I2C Driver 361 16.5 Test 365 16.6 Project Idea 366 16.7 Bibliographic notes 367 16.8 Suggested experiments 367 17 PS2 Core 371 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 PS2 Controller 373 17.3 PS2 core development 383 17.4 PS2 driver 384 17.5 Test 393 17.6 Bibliographic notes 394 17.7 Suggested experiments 394 18 Sound I: DDFS Core 397 18.1 Introduction 397 18.2 Design and implementation 397 18.3 Fixed-point arithmetic 400 18.4 DDFS Construction 402 18.5 DAC (digital-to-analog converter) 404 18.6 DDFS core development 407 18.7 DDFS driver 409 18.8 Testing 412 18.9 Bibliographic notes 413 18.10 Suggested experiments 413 19 Sound II: ADSR Core 415 19.1 Introduction 415 19.2 ADSR envelope generator 416 19.3 ADSR core development 421 19.4 ADRS driver 423 19.5 Testing 429 19.6 Project Idea 430 19.7 Bibliographic notes 431 19.8 Suggested experiments 431 PART IV EMBEDDED SOC III: VIDEO CORES 20 Introduction to Video System 435 20.1 Introduction to a video display 435 20.2 Stream interface 437 20.3 VGA Synchronization 439 20.4 Bar test-pattern generator 448 20.5 Color-to-grayscale conversion circuit 449 20.6 Demo video system 451 20.7 Advanced video standards 452 20.8 Bibliographic notes 453 20.9 Suggested experiments 454 21 FPro Video Subsystem 457 21.1 Organization of video subsystem 457 21.2 FPro video IP core 461 21.3 Example video cores 466 21.4 FPro video synchronization core 470 21.5 Daisy video subsystem 479 21.6 Vanilla daisy FPro system 486 21.7 Video driver and testing program 490 21.8 Bibliographic notes 493 21.9 Suggested experiments 493 22 Sprite Core 497 22.1 Introduction 497 22.2 Basic design 498 22.3 Mouse pointer core 500 22.4 “Ghost” character core 505 22.5 Sprite core driver and testing program 513 22.6 Bibliographic notes 516 22.7 Suggested experiments 516 23 On-Screen-Display Core 519 23.1 Introduction to tile graphics 519 23.2 Basic OSD design 521 23.3 OSD core 524 23.4 OSD core driver and testing program 530 23.5 Bibliographic notes 532 23.6 Suggested experiments 532 24 VGA Frame Buffer Core 535 24.1 Overview 535 24.2 Frame buffer core 536 24.3 Register map 540 24.4 Driver and testing program 542 543 24.5 Project Ideas 545 24.6 Bibliographic notes 547 24.7 Suggested experiments 547 PART V EPILOGUE 25 What Next 553 References 557 Appendix A: Tutorials 561 A.1 Overview of Xilinx Vivado IDE 561 A.2 Short tutorial on Vivado hardware development 565 A.3 Short tutorial on Vivado simulation 570 A.4 Tutorial on IP instantiation 574 A.5 Short tutorial on FPro system development 580 A.6 Bibliographic notes 587 Topic Index 589

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and expanded to help readers systematically increase their knowledge and insight about Sigma-Delta Modulators Sigma-Delta Modulators (SDMs) have become one of the best choices for the implementation of analog/digital interfaces of electronic systems integrated in CMOS technologies. Compared to other kinds of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), S?Ms cover one of the widest conversion regions of the resolution-versus-bandwidth plane, being the most efficient solution to digitize signals in an increasingly number of applications, which span from high-resolution low-bandwidth digital audio, sensor interfaces, and instrumentation, to ultra-low power biomedical systems and medium-resolution broadband wireless communications. Following the spirit of its first edition, Sigma-Delta Converters: Practical Design Guide, 2nd Edition takes a comprehensive look at SDMs, their diverse types of architectures, circuit techniques, analysis synthesis methTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii 1 Introduction to 𝚺𝚫 Modulators: Fundamentals, Basic Architecture and Performance Metrics 1 1.1 Basics of Analog-to-Digital Conversion 2 1.1.1 Sampling 3 1.1.2 Quantization 4 1.1.3 Quantization White Noise Model 5 1.1.4 Noise Shaping 8 1.2 Sigma-Delta Modulation 9 1.2.1 From Noise-shaped Systems to ΣΔ Modulators 10 1.2.2 Performance Metrics of ΣΔMs 11 1.3 The First-order ΣΔ Modulator 13 1.4 Performance Enhancement and Taxonomy of ΣΔMs 16 1.4.1 ΣΔM System-level Design Parameters and Strategies 17 1.4.2 Classification of ΣΔMs 18 1.5 Putting All The Pieces Together: From ΣΔMs to ΣΔ ADCs 19 1.5.1 Some Words about ΣΔ Decimators 20 1.6 ΣΔ DACs 22 1.6.1 System Design Trade-offs and Signal Processing in ΣΔ DACs 22 1.6.2 Implementation of Digital ΣΔMs used in DACs 24 1.7 Summary 25 References 26 2 Taxonomy of 𝚺𝚫 Architectures 29 2.1 Second-order ΣΔ Modulators 30 2.1.1 Alternative Representations of Second-order ΣΔMs 31 2.1.2 Second-Order ΣΔM with Unity STF 34 2.2 High-order Single-loop ΣΔMs 35 2.3 Cascade ΣΔ Modulators 39 2.3.1 SMASH ΣΔM Architectures 46 2.4 Multi-bit ΣΔ Modulators 49 2.4.1 Influence of Multi-bit DAC Errors 49 2.4.2 Dynamic Element Matching Techniques 50 2.4.3 Dual Quantization 53 2.4.3.1 Dual-quantization Single-loop ΣΔMs 53 2.4.3.2 Dual-quantization Cascade ΣΔMs 54 2.5 Band-pass ΣΔ Modulators 55 2.5.1 Quadrature BP-ΣΔMs 56 2.5.2 The z → −z2 LP–BP Transformation 58 2.5.3 BP-ΣΔMs with Optimized NTF 58 2.5.4 Time-interleaved and Polyphase BP-ΣΔMs 61 2.6 Continuous-time ΣΔ Modulators: Architecture and Basic Concepts 64 2.6.1 An Intuitive Analysis of CT-ΣΔMs 66 2.6.2 Some Words about Alias Rejection in CT-ΣΔMs 69 2.7 DT–CT Transformation of ΣΔMs 70 2.7.1 The Impulse-invariant Transformation 70 2.7.2 DT–CT Transformation of a Second-order ΣΔM 72 2.8 Direct Synthesis of CT-ΣΔMs 74 2.9 Summary 76 References 76 3 Circuit Errors in Switched-capacitor 𝚺𝚫 Modulators 83 3.1 Overview of Nonidealities in Switched-capacitor ΣΔ Modulators 84 3.2 Finite Amplifier Gain in SC-ΣΔMs 86 3.3 Capacitor Mismatch in SC-ΣΔMs 90 3.4 Integrator Settling Error in SC-ΣΔMs 91 3.4.1 Behavioral Model for the Integrator Settling 91 3.4.2 Linear Effect of Finite Amplifier Gain–Bandwidth Product 95 3.4.3 Nonlinear Effect of Finite Amplifier Slew Rate 98 3.4.4 Effect of Finite Switch On-resistance 100 3.5 Circuit Noise in SC-ΣΔMs 101 3.6 Clock Jitter in SC-ΣΔMs 105 3.7 Sources of Distortion in SC-ΣΔMs 107 3.7.1 Nonlinear Amplifier Gain 107 3.7.2 Nonlinear Switch On-Resistance 109 3.8 Case Study: High-level Sizing of a ΣΔM 111 3.8.1 Ideal Modulator Performance 111 3.8.2 Noise Leakages 112 3.8.3 Circuit Noise 115 3.8.4 Settling Error 116 3.8.5 Overall High-Level Sizing and Noise Budget 117 3.9 Summary 119 References 119 4 Circuit Errors and Compensation Techniques in Continuous-time 𝚺𝚫 Modulators 123 4.1 Overview of Nonidealities in Continuous-time ΣΔ Modulators 123 4.2 CT Integrators and Resonators 124 4.3 Finite Amplifier Gain in CT-ΣΔMs 126 4.4 Time-constant Error in CT-ΣΔMs 128 4.5 Finite Integrator Dynamics in CT-ΣΔMs 130 4.5.1 Effect of Finite Gain–Bandwidth Product on CT-ΣΔMs 131 4.5.2 Effect of Finite Slew Rate on CT-ΣΔMs 133 4.6 Sources of Distortion in CT-ΣΔMs 134 4.6.1 Nonlinearities in the Front-end Integrator 134 4.6.2 Intersymbol Interference in the Feedback DAC 136 4.7 Circuit Noise in CT-ΣΔMs 137 4.7.1 Noise Analysis Considering NRZ Feedback DACs 137 4.7.2 Noise Analysis Considering SC Feedback DACs 139 4.8 Clock Jitter in CT-ΣΔMs 140 4.8.1 Jitter in Return-to-zero DACs 141 4.8.2 Jitter in Non-return-to-zero DACs 142 4.8.3 Jitter in Switched-capacitor DACs 144 4.8.4 Lingering Effect of Clock Jitter Error 145 4.8.5 Reducing the Effect of Clock Jitter with FIR and Sine-shaped DACs 147 4.9 Excess Loop Delay in CT-ΣΔMs 149 4.9.1 Intuitive Analysis of ELD 149 4.9.2 Analysis of ELD based on Impulse-invariant DT-CT Transformation 151 4.9.3 Alternative ELD Compensation Techniques 154 4.10 Quantizer Metastability in CT-ΣΔMs 155 4.11 Summary 159 References 160 5 Behavioral Modeling and High-level Simulation 165 5.1 Systematic Design Methodology of ΣΔ Modulators 165 5.1.1 System Partitioning and Abstraction Levels 167 5.1.2 Sizing Process 167 5.2 Simulation Approaches for the High-level Evaluation of ΣΔMs 169 5.2.1 Alternatives to Transistor-level Simulation 169 5.2.2 Event-driven Behavioral Simulation Technique 171 5.2.3 Programming Languages and Behavioral Modeling Platforms 172 5.3 Implementing ΣΔM Behavioral Models 173 5.3.1 From Circuit Analysis to Computational Algorithms 173 5.3.2 Time-domain versus Frequency-domain Behavioral Models 175 5.3.3 Implementing Time-domain Behavioral Models in MATLAB 178 5.3.4 Building Time-domain Behavioral Models as SIMULINK C-MEX S-functions 182 5.4 Efficient Behavioral Modeling of ΣΔM Building Blocks using C-MEX S-functions 188 5.4.1 Modeling of SC Integrators using S-functions 188 5.4.1.1 Capacitor Mismatch and Nonlinearity 190 5.4.1.2 Input-referred Thermal Noise 191 5.4.1.3 Switch On-resistance Dynamics 194 5.4.1.4 Incomplete Settling Error 197 5.4.2 Modeling of CT Integrators using S-functions 200 5.4.2.1 Single-pole Gm-C Model 200 5.4.2.2 Two-pole Dynamics Model 201 5.4.2.3 Modeling Transconductors as S-functions 203 5.4.3 Behavioral Modeling of Quantizers using S-functions 205 5.4.3.1 Modeling Multi-level ADCs as S-functions 205 5.4.3.2 Modeling Multi-level DACs as S-functions 207 5.5 SIMSIDES: A SIMULINK-based Behavioral Simulator for ΣΔMs 209 5.5.1 Model Libraries Included in SIMSIDES 210 5.5.2 Structure of SIMSIDES and its User Interface 211 5.5.2.1 Creating a New ΣΔM Block Diagram 212 5.5.2.2 Setting Model Parameters 215 5.5.2.3 Simulation Analyses 215 5.6 Using SIMSIDES for High-level Sizing and Verification of ΣΔMs 216 5.6.1 SC Second-order Single-Bit ΣΔM 216 5.6.1.1 Effect of Amplifier Finite DC Gain 218 5.6.1.2 Effect of Thermal Noise 218 5.6.1.3 Effect of the Incomplete Settling Error 220 5.6.1.4 Cumulative Effect of All Errors 221 5.6.2 CT Fifth-order Cascade 3-2 Multi-bit ΣΔM 224 5.6.2.1 Effect of Nonideal Effects 227 5.6.2.2 High-level Synthesis and Verification 229 5.7 Summary 231 References 231 6 Automated Design and Optimization of 𝚺𝚫Ms 235 6.1 Architecture Exploration and Selection: Schreier’s Toolbox 236 6.1.1 Basic Functions of Schreier’s Delta-Sigma Toolbox 236 6.1.2 Synthesis of a Fourth-order CRFF LP/BP SC-ΣΔM with Tunable Notch 238 6.1.3 Synthesis of a Fourth-order BP CT-ΣΔM with Tunable Notch 240 6.2 Optimization-based High-level Synthesis of ΣΔ Modulators 245 6.2.1 Combining Behavioral Simulation and Optimization 246 6.2.2 Using Simulated Annealing as Optimization Engine 247 6.2.3 Combining SIMSIDES with MATLAB Optimizers 253 6.3 Lifting Method and Hardware Acceleration to Optimize CT-ΣΔMs 255 6.3.1 Hardware Emulation of CT-ΣΔMs on an FPGA 257 6.3.2 GPU-accelerated Computing of CT-ΣΔMs 258 6.4 Using Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms to Optimize ΣΔMs 259 6.4.1 Combining MOEA with SIMSIDES 261 6.4.2 Applying MOEA and SIMSIDES to the Synthesis of CT-ΣΔMs 262 6.5 Summary 269 References 269 7 Electrical Design of 𝚺𝚫Ms: From Systems to Circuits 271 7.1 Macromodeling ΣΔMs 272 7.1.1 SC Integrator Macromodel 272 7.1.1.1 Switch Macromodel 272 7.1.1.2 OTA Macromodel 274 7.1.2 CT Integrator Macromodel 274 7.1.2.1 Active-RC Integrators 274 7.1.2.2 Gm-C Integrators 274 7.1.3 Nonlinear OTA Transconductor 275 7.1.4 Embedded Flash ADC Macromodel 276 7.1.5 Feedback DAC Macromodel 277 7.2 Examples of ΣΔM Macromodels 279 7.2.1 SC Second-order Example 279 7.2.2 Second-order Active-RC ΣΔM 283 7.3 Including Noise in Transient Electrical Simulations of ΣΔMs 286 7.3.1 Generating and Injecting Noise Data Sequences in HSPICE 287 7.3.2 Analyzing the Impact of the Main Noise Sources in SC Integrators 289 7.3.3 Generating and Injecting Flicker Noise Sources in Electrical Simulations 289 7.3.4 Test Bench to Include Noise in the Simulation of ΣΔMs 293 7.4 Processing ΣΔM Output Results of Electrical Simulations 294 7.5 Summary 298 References 298 8 Design Considerations of 𝚺𝚫M Subcircuits 301 8.1 Design Considerations of CMOS Switches 302 8.1.1 Trade-Off Between Ron and the CMOS Switch Drain/Source Parasitic Capacitances 302 8.1.2 Characterizing the Nonlinear Behavior of Ron 302 8.1.3 Influence of Technology Downscaling on the Design of Switches 304 8.1.4 Evaluating Harmonic Distortion due to CMOS Switches 305 8.2 Design Considerations of Operational Amplifiers 308 8.2.1 Typical Amplifier Topologies 309 8.2.2 Common-mode Feedback Networks 311 8.2.3 Characterization of the Amplifier in AC 313 8.2.4 Characterization of the Amplifier in DC 313 8.2.5 Characterization of the Amplifier Gain Nonlinearity 316 8.3 Design Considerations of Transconductors 317 8.3.1 Highly Linear Front-end Transconductor 318 8.3.2 Loop-filter Transconductors 320 8.3.3 Widely Programmable Transconductors 323 8.4 Design Considerations of Comparators 324 8.4.1 Regenerative Latch-based Comparators 325 8.4.2 Design Guidelines of Comparators 327 8.4.3 Characterization of Offset and Hysteresis Based on the Input-ramp Method 328 8.4.4 Characterization of Offset and Hysteresis Based on the Bisectional Method 328 8.4.5 Characterizing the Comparison Time 330 8.5 Design Considerations of Current-Steering DACs 332 8.5.1 Fundamentals and Basic Concepts of CS DACs 333 8.5.2 Practical Realization of CS DACs 333 8.5.3 Current Cell Circuits, Error Limitations, and Design Criteria 336 8.5.4 CS 4-bit DAC Example 336 8.6 Summary 338 References 338 9 Practical Realization of 𝚺𝚫Ms: From Circuits to Chips 341 9.1 Auxiliary ΣΔM Building Blocks 341 9.1.1 Clock-phase Generators 342 9.1.1.1 Phase Generation 342 9.1.1.2 Phase Buffering 342 9.1.1.3 Phase Distribution 344 9.1.2 Generation of Common-mode Voltage, Reference Voltage, and Bias Currents 345 9.1.2.1 Bandgap Circuit 345 9.1.2.2 Reference Voltage Generator 345 9.1.2.3 Master Bias Current Generator 346 9.1.2.4 Common-mode Voltage Generator 346 9.1.3 Additional Digital Logic 347 9.2 Layout Design, Floorplanning, and Practical Issues 348 9.2.1 Layout Floorplanning 348 9.2.1.1 Divide Layout into Different Parts or Regions 348 9.2.1.2 Shield Sensitive ΣΔM Analog Subcircuits from Switching Noise 349 9.2.1.3 Buses to Distribute Signals Shared by Different ΣΔM Parts 349 9.2.1.4 Be Obsessive about Layout Symmetry and Details of Analog Parts 349 9.2.2 I/O Pad Ring 350 9.2.3 Importance of Layout Verification and Catastrophic Failure 350 9.3 Chip Package, Test PCB, and Experimental Setup 354 9.3.1 Bonding Diagram and Package 354 9.3.2 Test PCB 355 9.4 Experimental Test Set-Up 355 9.4.1 Planning the Type and Number of Instruments Needed 357 9.4.2 Connecting Lab Instruments 357 9.4.3 Measurement Set-Up Example 358 9.5 ΣΔM Design Examples and Case Studies 359 9.5.1 Programmable-gain ΣΔMs for High Dynamic Range Sensor Interfaces 360 9.5.1.1 Main Design Criteria and Performance Limitations 361 9.5.1.2 SC Realization with Programmable Gain and Double Sampling 362 9.5.1.3 Influence of Chopper Frequency on Flicker Noise 362 9.5.2 Reconfigurable SC-ΣΔMs for Multi-standard Direct Conversion Receivers 364 9.5.2.1 Power-scaling Circuit Techniques 367 9.5.2.2 Experimental Results 368 9.5.3 Using Widely-programmable Gm-LC BP-ΣΔMs for RF Digitizers 368 9.5.3.1 Application Scenario 371 9.5.3.2 Gm-LC BP-ΣΔM High-level Sizing 371 9.5.3.3 BP CT-ΣΔM Loop-Filter Reconfiguration Techniques 375 9.5.3.4 Embedded 4-bit Quantizer with Calibration 378 9.5.3.5 Biasing, Digital Control Programmability and Testability 382 9.6 Summary 385 References 386 10 Frontiers, Trends and Challenges: Towards Next-generation 𝚺𝚫 Modulators 389 10.1 State-of-the-Art ADCs: Nyquist-rate versus ΣΔ Converters 390 10.1.1 Conversion Energy 391 10.1.2 Figures of Merit 392 10.2 Comparison of Different Categories of ΣΔ ADCs 393 10.2.1 Aperture Plot of ΣΔMs 406 10.2.2 Energy Plot of ΣΔMs 407 10.3 Empirical and Statistical Analysis of State-of-the-Art ΣΔMs 408 10.3.1 SC versus CT ΣΔMs 408 10.3.2 Technology used in State-of-the-Art ΣΔMs 410 10.3.3 Single-Loop versus Cascade ΣΔMs 410 10.3.4 Single-bit versus Multi-bit ΣΔMs 411 10.3.5 Low-pass versus Band-pass ΣΔMs 413 10.3.6 Emerging ΣΔM Techniques 415 10.4 Gigahertz-range ΣΔMs for RF-to-digital Conversion 415 10.5 Enhanced Cascade ΣΔMs 418 10.5.1 SMASH CT-ΣΔMs 418 10.5.2 Two-stage 0-L MASH 419 10.5.3 Stage-sharing Cascade ΣΔMs 420 10.5.4 Multi-rate and Hybrid CT/DT ΣΔMs 420 10.5.4.1 Upsampling Cascade MR-ΣΔMs 421 10.5.4.2 Downsampling Hybrid CT/DT Cascade MR-ΣΔMs 422 10.6 Power-efficient ΣΔM Loop-filter Techniques 423 10.6.1 Inverter-based ΣΔMs 423 10.6.2 Hybrid Active/Passive and Amplifier-less ΣΔMs 424 10.6.3 Power-efficient Amplifier Techniques 426 10.7 Hybrid ΣΔM/Nyquist-rate ADCs 428 10.7.1 Multi-bit ΣΔM Quantizers based on Nyquist-rate ADCs 428 10.7.2 Incremental ΣΔ ADCs 429 10.8 Time-based ΣΔ ADCs 431 10.8.1 ΣΔMs with VCO/PWM-based Quantization 432 10.8.2 Scaling-friendly Mostly-digital ΣΔMs 433 10.8.3 GRO-based ΣΔMs 434 10.9 DAC Techniques for High-performance CT-ΣΔMs 436 10.10 Classification of State-of-the-Art References 437 10.11 Summary and Conclusions 437 References 438 A State-space Analysis of Clock Jitter in CT-𝚺𝚫Ms 463 A.1 State-space Representation of NTF (z) 463 A.2 Expectation Value of (Δqn)2 465 A.3 In-band Noise Power due to Clock Jitter 466 References 467 B SIMSIDES User Guide 469 B.1 Getting Started: Installing and Running SIMSIDES 470 B.2 Building and Editing ΣΔM Architectures in SIMSIDES 470 B.3 Analyzing ΣΔMs in SIMSIDES 473 B.3.1 Node Spectrum Analysis 474 B.3.2 Integrated Power Noise 474 B.3.3 SNR/SNDR 475 B.3.4 Harmonic Distortion 475 B.3.5 Integral and Differential Non-Linearity 477 B.3.6 Multi-tone Power Ratio 477 B.3.7 Histogram 478 B.3.8 Parametric Analysis 478 B.3.9 Monte Carlo Analysis 479 B.4 Optimization Interface 480 B.5 Tutorial Example: Using SIMSIDES to Model and Analyze ΣΔMs 482 B.5.1 Creating the Cascade 2-1 ΣΔM Block Diagram in SIMSIDES 482 B.5.2 Setting Model Parameters 482 B.5.3 Computing the Output Spectrum 484 B.5.4 SNR versus Input Amplitude Level 486 B.5.5 Parametric Analysis Considering Only One Parameter 487 B.5.6 Parametric Analysis Considering Two Parameters 488 B.5.7 Computing Histograms 489 B.6 Getting Help 489 C SIMSIDES Block Libraries and Models 491 C.1 Overview of SIMSIDES Libraries 491 C.2 Ideal Libraries 492 C.2.1 Ideal Integrators 492 C.2.1.1 Building-block Model Purpose and Description 492 C.2.1.2 Model Parameters 493 C.2.2 Ideal Resonators 493 C.2.2.1 Ideal_LD_Resonator 493 C.2.2.2 Ideal_FE_Resonator 493 C.2.2.3 Ideal_CT_Resonator 493 C.2.3 Ideal Quantizers 494 C.2.3.1 Ideal_Comparator 494 C.2.3.2 Ideal_Comparator_for_SI 495 C.2.3.3 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer 495 C.2.3.4 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer_for_SI 496 C.2.3.5 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer_levels 496 C.2.3.6 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer_levels_SD2 496 C.2.3.7 Ideal_Sampler 496 C.2.4 Ideal D/A Converters 496 C.2.4.1 Ideal_DAC_for_SI 496 C.2.4.2 Ideal_DAC_dig_level_SD2 497 C.3 Real SC Building-Block Libraries 497 C.3.1 Real SC Integrators 497 C.3.2 Real SC Resonators 501 C.4 Real SI Building-Block Libraries 503 C.4.1 Real SI Integrators 503 C.4.2 Real SI Resonators 505 C.4.3 SI Errors and Model Parameters 506 C.4.3.1 Basic_SI_FE(LD)_Integrator and Basic_SI_FE(LD)_Resonator 506 C.4.3.2 SI_FE(LD)_Int_Finite_Conductance 507 C.4.3.3 SI_FE(LD)_Int_Finite_Conductance & Settling & ChargeInjection 508 C.5 Real CT Building-Block Libraries 508 C.5.1 Real CT Integrators 508 C.5.1.1 Model Parameters used in Transconductors and Gm-C Integrator Building Blocks 511 C.5.1.2 Gm-MC Integrators 511 C.5.1.3 Active-RC Integrators 512 C.5.1.4 MOSFET-C Integrators 513 C.5.2 Real CT Resonators 513 C.5.2.1 Gm-C Resonators 514 C.5.2.2 Gm-LC Resonators 517 C.6 Real Quantizers & Comparators 517 C.7 Real D/A Converters 518 C.8 Auxiliary Blocks 519 Index 523

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Book SynopsisGetting Started with Soldering not only teaches new makers and experimenters the core principles of soldering, it also functions as an excellent reference and resource for beginners and more advanced makers alike. The book guides readers through the fundamentals of soldering, explains the tools and materials, demonstrates proper techniques, and shows how to fix mistakes or broken connections. It even includes guidance on more advanced techniques such as surface-mount soldering for electronics. From choosing the right soldering iron to making perfect connections, readers will acquire the knowledge and skills needed to form a strong foundation for a lifetime of making. Soldering is a core concept in making, electronics prototyping, and home repairs The many different types of soldering -- requiring different materials and tools -- are explained with easy-to-follow instructions Full-color photographs and illustrations throughout create a visually engaging format for learning Pricing and technical considerations help readers select the best tools for their budgets and needs Troubleshooting guidelines show how to repair solder connections that have failed from improper technique or from age

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to First Edition xi About the Companion Website xiii 1 What is Density Functional Theory? 1 1.1 How to Approach This Book 1 1.2 Examples of DFT in Action 2 1.2.1 Ammonia Synthesis by Heterogeneous Catalysis 2 1.2.2 Embrittlement of Metals by Trace Impurities 3 1.2.3 Materials Properties for Modeling Planetary Formation 4 1.2.4 Screening Large Collections of Materials to Develop Photoanodes 5 1.3 The Schrödinger Equation 7 1.4 Density Functional Theory – From Wavefunctions to Electron Density 9 1.5 The Exchange-Correlation Functional 12 1.6 The Quantum Chemistry Tourist 13 1.6.1 Localized and Spatially Extended Functions 13 1.6.2 Wavefunction-Based Methods 15 1.6.3 The Hartree–Fock Method 15 1.6.4 Beyond Hartree–Fock 18 1.7 What Can DFT Not Do? 22 1.8 Density Functional Theory in Other Fields 23 1.9 How to Approach This Book (Revisited) 24 1.10 Which Code Should I Use? 25 Further Reading 26 References 27 2 DFT Calculations for Simple Solids 29 2.1 Periodic Structures, Supercells, and Lattice Parameters 29 2.2 Face-Centered Cubic Materials 31 2.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Materials 32 2.4 Crystal Structure Prediction 35 2.5 Phase Transformations 35 Exercises 37 Further Reading 37 Appendix – Calculation Details 38 Reference 38 3 Nuts and Bolts of DFT Calculations 39 3.1 Reciprocal Space and k-Points 40 3.1.1 Plane Waves and the Brillouin Zone 40 3.1.2 Integrals in k-Space 42 3.1.3 Choosing k-Points in the Brillouin Zone 43 3.1.4 Metals – Special Cases in k-Space 47 3.1.5 Summary of k-Space 48 3.2 Energy Cutoffs 49 3.2.1 Pseudopotentials 50 3.3 Numerical Optimization 51 3.3.1 Optimization in One Dimension 52 3.3.2 Optimization in More Than One Dimension 54 3.3.3 What Do I Really Need to Know About Optimization? 57 3.4 DFT Total Energies – An Iterative Optimization Problem 58 3.5 Geometry Optimization 59 3.5.1 Internal Degrees of Freedom 59 3.5.2 Geometry Optimization with Constrained Atoms 61 3.5.3 Optimizing Supercell Volume and Shape 61 Exercises 62 Further Reading 63 Appendix – Calculation Details 64 References 64 4 Accuracy of DFT Calculations 65 4.1 How Accurate are DFT Calculations? 65 4.2 Choosing a Functional 69 4.3 Examples of Physical Accuracy 73 4.3.1 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems – Energy and Geometry 74 4.3.2 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems – Vibrational Frequencies 75 4.3.3 Crystal Structures and Cohesive Energies 75 4.3.4 Adsorption Energies and Bond Strengths 76 4.4 When Might DFT Fail? 77 Exercises 78 Further Reading 79 References 79 5 DFT Calculations for Surfaces of Solids 81 5.1 Why Surfaces are Important 81 5.2 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Slab Models 82 5.3 Choosing k-Points for Surface Calculations 85 5.4 Classification of Surfaces by Miller Indices 85 5.5 Surface Relaxation 88 5.6 Calculation of Surface Energies 91 5.7 Symmetric and Asymmetric Slab Models 92 5.8 Surface Reconstruction 93 5.9 Adsorbates on Surfaces 95 5.9.1 Accuracy of Adsorption Energies 98 5.10 Effects of Surface Coverage 99 5.11 DFT Calculations for Grain Boundaries 101 Exercises 102 Further Reading 103 Appendix – Calculation Details 104 References 105 6 DFT Calculations of Vibrational Frequencies 107 6.1 Isolated Molecules 107 6.2 Vibrations of a Collection of Atoms 110 6.3 Molecules on Surfaces 112 6.4 Zero-Point Energies 114 6.5 Reaction Energies at Finite Temperatures 118 6.6 Phonons and Delocalized Modes 119 Exercises 120 Further Reading 120 Appendix – Calculation Details 121 Reference 122 7 Calculating Rates of Chemical Processes Using Transition State Theory 123 7.1 One-Dimensional Example 124 7.2 Multidimensional Transition State Theory 128 7.3 Finding Transition States 131 7.3.1 Elastic Band Method 132 7.3.2 Nudged Elastic Band Method 134 7.3.3 Initializing NEB Calculations 135 7.4 Finding the Right Transition States 137 7.5 Connecting Individual Rates to Overall Dynamics 139 7.6 Quantum Effects and Other Complications 141 7.6.1 High Temperatures/Low Barriers 142 7.6.2 Quantum Tunneling 142 7.6.3 Zero-Point Energies 142 Exercises 143 Further Reading 144 Appendix – Calculation Details 145 Reference 146 8 Predicting Equilibrium Phase Diagrams and Electrochemistry Using Open Ensemble Methods 147 8.1 Stability of Bulk Metal Oxides 148 8.1.1 Examples Including Disorder – Configurational Entropy 152 8.2 Stability of Metal and Metal Oxide Surfaces 154 8.3 DFT for Electrochemistry: The Computational Hydrogen Electrode 156 8.4 Using DFT to Predict Dissolution of Solids in Electrochemical Environments 159 Exercises 161 Further Reading 162 Appendix – Calculation Details 163 References 163 9 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties 165 9.1 Electronic Density of States 165 9.2 Local DOS and Atomic Charges 170 9.3 Magnetism 172 Exercises 174 Further Reading 174 Appendix – Calculation Details 175 10 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 177 10.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 177 10.1.1 Molecular Dynamics with Constant Energy 177 10.1.2 Molecular Dynamics in the Canonical Ensemble 179 10.1.3 Practical Aspects of Classical Molecular Dynamics 180 10.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 180 10.3 Applications of Ab Initio MD 182 10.3.1 Exploring Structurally Complex Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Phases 182 10.3.2 Exploring Complex Energy Surfaces 183 Exercises 186 Further Reading 186 Appendix – Calculation Details 188 References 188 11 Methods Beyond “Standard” Calculations 189 11.1 Estimating Uncertainties in DFT 189 11.2 DFT+X Methods for Improved Treatment of Electron Correlation 191 11.2.1 Dispersion Interactions and DFT-D 191 11.2.2 Self-Interaction Error, Strongly Correlated Electron Systems and DFT+U 192 11.3 Random Phase Approximation 194 11.4 TD-DFT 196 11.5 Larger System Sizes with Linear Scaling Methods and Classical Forcefields 197 11.6 Conclusion 197 Further Reading 198 References 199 Index 201

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Book SynopsisGet up to speed with the fundamentals of electronic sensor design with this comprehensive guide, and discover powerful techniques to reduce the overall design timeline for your specific applications. Includes a step-by-step introduction to a generalized information-centric approach for designing electronic sensors, demonstrating universally applicable practical approaches to speed up the design process. Features detailed coverage of all the tools necessary for effective characterization and organization of the design process, improving overall process efficiency. Provides a coherent and rigorous theoretical framework for understanding the fundamentals of sensor design, to encourage an intuitive understanding of sensor design requirements. Emphasising an integrated interdisciplinary approach throughout, this is an essential tool for professional engineers and graduate students keen to improve their understanding of cutting-edge electronic sensor design.Table of ContentsPart I. Fundamentals; 1. Introduction; 2. Sensors Modeling and Characterization; 3. Sensor Design Optimization and Tradeoffs; 4. Overview of Mathematical Tools; 5. Compressive Sensing; Part II. Noise and Electronic Interfaces; 6. The Origin of Noise; 7. Noise in Electronic Devices and Circuits; 8. Detection Techniques; Part III. Selected Topics on Physics of Transduction; 9. Selected Topics on Photon Transduction; 10. Selected Topics on Ionic-Electronic Transduction; 11. Selected Topics on Mechanical and Thermal Transduction; Part IV. Problems and Solutions; 12. Problems and Solutions.

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Book SynopsisDrawing on over twenty years of teaching experience, this comprehensive yet self-contained text provides an in-depth introduction to the field of integrated microwave electronics. Ideal for a first course on the subject, it covers essential topics such as passive components and transistors, linear, low-noise and power amplifiers, and microwave measurements. An entire chapter is devoted to CAD techniques for analysis and design, covering examples of easy-to-medium difficulty for both linear and non-linear subsystems, and supported online by ADS and AWR project files. More advanced topics are also covered, providing an up-to-date overview of compound semiconductor technologies and treatment of electromagnetic issues and models. Readers can test their knowledge with end-of-chapter questions and numerical problems, and solutions and lecture slides are available online for instructors. This is essential reading for graduate and senior undergraduate students taking courses in microwave, radiTable of Contents1. A system introduction to microwave electronics; 2. Passive elements and circuit layout; 3. CAD techniques; 4. Directional couplers and power dividers; 5. Active RF and microwave semiconductor devices; 6. Microwave linear amplifiers; 7. Low-noise amplifier design; 8. Power amplifiers; 9. Microwave measurements; 10. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) projects.

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Book SynopsisMaster the usage of s-parameters in signal integrity applications and gain full understanding of your simulation and measurement environment with this rigorous and practical guide. Solve specific signal integrity problems including calculation of the s-parameters of a network, linear simulation of circuits, de-embedding, and virtual probing, all with expert guidance. Learn about the interconnectedness of s-parameters, frequency responses, filters, and waveforms. This invaluable resource for signal integrity engineers is supplemented with the open-source software SignalIntegrity, a Python package for scripting solutions to signal integrity problems.Trade Review'The most modern and up-to-date book on linear network theory with applications. Deep and comprehensive theory is coupled with detailed applications, making this book a must-have not only for signal integrity professionals, but for any microwave engineer.' Andrea Ferrero, Keysight'This book provides unique and consistent description of S-parameters use for analysis of linear networks, signal measurement and processing in one volume, supplemented and illustrated with free open source signal integrity software. The book can be used for learning the subject of emerging microwave signal integrity or as a comprehensive and indispensable reference for every microwave and signal integrity engineer and scientist.' Yuriy Shlepnev, Simberian Inc.'This is an outstanding and refreshing book for the novice and advanced engineer alike. Written by a well-known expert in the field, it provides a rather unique access to the difficult topic of signal integrity, through a systematic learning by doing approach. A software, which is freely accessible through an open-source Python library, 'Signal Integrity', allows the user to easily program the numerous examples that accompany the theory. The material ranges from simple to complex problems, using the S-parameter concept for high-speed signal integrity as a unifying theme. The book is appropriate for self-study and as a reference for teaching, and empowers the reader with a very unusual and stimulating blend of competences.' Peter Wittwer, University of Geneva'S-parameters for Signal Integrity is a more circuit-heavy look at the S-parameter data/simulation/design environment than one usually sees and that approach can be very helpful for a number of problems.' Jon Martens, Anritsu'This is a long overdue and amazing book that will equally appeal to people looking for a deep theoretical foundation in the mathematics behind some of the commonly-used signal integrity computations we use today and also to those practicing engineers who are looking for real-life answers about S-parameter simulations, measurements and applications. This is also a 'must-read' book for anyone who wants to learn and use the open-source code that does pretty much everything we need to simulate in signal integrity.' Istvan Novak, IEEE Life Fellow, Samtec'S-parameters are the industry-standard way of describing the electrical properties of interconnects; in measurement, in simulation and in specifications. While there are scattered resources on the formalism of S-parameters, they all focus on RF and microwave applications. Here, in one resource, is the definitive standard for using S-parameters in signal integrity applications where a time domain transform is essential. This new book, written by a world-class expert, establishes the foundations for using S-parameters to solve real world signal integrity related problems.' Eric Bogatin, Teledyne LeCroy Signal Integrity Academy and University of Colorado, Boulder'… combines frequency-domain concepts from S-parameter theory with the time-domain concepts of digital oscilloscope technology to optimize transmission of digital signals through circuitry. Pupalaikis, an engineer for Teledyne LeCroy and IEEE Fellow, has produced what is likely to be the definitive work on scattering parameters as applied to modern digital systems. Supplementing its descriptive character, the book also provides code for use with an open-source Python package to perform many of the extremely complex operations discussed in the text … The ideal reader is a Python programmer and linear algebra expert who is also familiar with graduate-level signals and systems topics. That said, for specialists in signal integrity, Pupalaikis appears to have asked and answered most of the important questions about modeling and measurements with respect to passive linear circuits for digital transmission, including coverage of equalization and other recent developments.' K. D. Stephan, ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction; Part I. Scattering Parameters: 1. Network parameter models; 2. Waves; 3. Scattering parameters; 4. S-parameter system models; 5. Reference impedance; 6. Sources; 7. Transmission lines; Part II. Applications: 8. System descriptions; 9. Simulation; 10. De-embedding; 11. Virtual probing; Part III. Signal Processing and Measurement: 12. Frequency responses, impulse responses and convolution; 13. Waveforms and filters; 14. The impedance profile; 15. Measurement; 16. Model extraction; Part IV. SignalIntegrity: 17. SignalIntegrity.Lib package; 18. SignalIntegrity app; Afterword; Appendices: A. Terminology and conventions; B. Telegrapher's equations; C. Matrix algebra; D. Symbolic device solutions; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscover the concepts, architectures, components, tools, and techniques needed to design millimeter-wave circuits for current and emerging wireless system applications. Focusing on applications in 5G, connectivity, radar, and more, leading experts in radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) design provide a comprehensive treatment of cutting-edge physical-layer technologies for radio frequency (RF) transceivers - specifically RF, analog, mixed-signal, and digital circuits and architectures. The full design chain is covered, from system design requirements through to building blocks, transceivers, and process technology. Gain insight into the key novelties of 5G through authoritative chapters on massive MIMO and phased arrays, and learn about the very latest technology developments, such as FinFET logic process technology for RF and millimeter-wave applications. This is an essential reading and an excellent reference for high-frequency circuit designers in both academia and industry.Trade Review'The 5G cellular standard has been under development for a number of years and is projected to support speeds far greater than those of earlier generations. This ambitious goal relies on innovations at all levels of abstraction, and is well served by the publication of Millimeter-Wave Circuits for 5G and Radar. Written by nearly thirty experts in the field, this book provides a great overview of the state of the art and will benefit those who wish to advance their knowledge of millimeter-wave circuits.' Behzad Razavi, University of California, Los Angeles'A book of landmark importance for practitioners of 5G RF system and RF circuit design covering millimeter-wave and frequency-division duplex (FDD) transceivers. It covers the essential topics of transceiver system design, beam forming and circuit design for advanced 5G and radar systems.' Kamal Sahota, Qualcomm'This book is an excellent read with topics ranging from architecture to layouts, and the concepts are illustrated by test results from manufactured circuits in advance technology nodes. Leading industry and academic researchers give a comprehensive overview of system aspects as well as in-depth state-of-the-art circuit design solutions. The scope is also very timely, as integration of advanced radio and radar transceivers is the key enabling technology for 5G communication and automotive application hardware.' Sven Mattisson, Ericsson'This book is on the 5G system and radar, which are both part of our future indeed. A wide range of experts have been brought together to discuss the design of high-frequency circuitry for 5G and radar. Both the system level and the transistor level are addressed in great detail. It includes 5G system considerations and transceivers, Digital PLLs, VCOs, and power amplifiers, etc. Actually in systems of such complexity few circuits of importance can be missing. Linearity and noise considerations are omnipresent as well. The last chapter provides the trade-off between planar CMOS and FinFETs. This is a choice which each designer faces sooner or later. As a result this book is a must for whoever wants to play a design role in the coming 5G or radar systems.' Willy Sansen, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenTable of ContentsForeword Thomas Lee; 1. Introduction Gernot Hueber and Ali M. Niknejad; 2. 5G Transceivers from requirements to system models and analysis Aarno Pärsinnen; 3. MU-MIMO and massive MIMO for 5G radios Antonio Puglielli, Greg LaCaille, Elad Alon, Borivoje Nikolić and Ali M. Niknejad; 4. RF and millimeter-wave full-duplex wireless for 5G and beyond Harish Krishnaswamy and Tolga Dinc; 5. Flexible integrated architectures for frequency division duplex communication Lucas A. Calderin, Sameet Ramakrishnan, Elad Alon, Borivoje Nikolić and Ali M. Niknejad; 6. Scalable RF and millimeter-wave multi-beam approaches Arun Natarajan; 7. Millimeter-wave radar SoC integration in CMOS Piet Wambacq, Davide Guermandi, André Bourdoux and Jan Craninckx; 8. CMOS transceiver design for ultra-high-speed millimeter-wave wireless communication Kenichi Okada and Rui Wu; 9. Phased arrays for 5G millimeter-wave communications Bodhisatwa Sadhu and Leonard Rexberg; 10. Millimeter-wave frequency synthesis based on frequency multiplications Payam Heydari; 11. Digitally intensive PLL and clock generation Wanghua Wu and R. Bogdan Staszewski; 12. Practical VCO design Mohyee Mikhemar; 13. CMOS power amplifier design for 5G mobile applications Yang Zhang and Patrick Reynaert; 14. FinFET process technology for RF and millimeter-wave applications Hyung-Jin Lee and Bernhard Sell.

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Book SynopsisThis book begins with metamaterials technology, a novel approach for the design of radiofrequency and microwave components and circuits. Since reliability is a key success factor to engineering products today, the different misconceptions in the common reliability practices of integrated circuits manufacturers are presented. A bio-inspired approach designed to solve some tasks raised in the "Bionic Eyeglass Project" is described, which aims to help the everyday life of visually impaired people. This book also discusses the intrinsic charge transport in organic field-effect transistors based on self-assembled monolayers and on the nature of transport in organic systems. A combined view of spectroscopic studies on electronic states in working organic thin film is presented based on experimental results. Solution-processed organic thin-film transistors are also introduced. The use of photodiode array detectors as a powerful tool in HLPC is examined with an emphasis in peak identification and confirmatory results. The mechanisms of avalanche photodiodes as a particle detector and its latest results are reviewed. The main characteristics and properties of photodiodes and their applications in textile industry and biomedicine are also discussed. Finally, the specific application of photodiodes in cardiac optical mapping is presented.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides an introduction to the study of digital signal processing, employing a top-to-bottom structure to motivate the reader, a graphical approach to the solution of the signal processing mathematics, and extensive use of MATLAB.In contrast to the conventional teaching approach, the book offers a top-down approach which first introduces students to digital filter design, provoking questions about the mathematical tools required. The following chapters provide answers to these questions, introducing signals in the discrete domain, Fourier analysis, filters in the time domain and the Z-transform. The author introduces the mathematics in a conceptual manner with figures to illustrate the physical meaning of the equations involved. Chapter six builds on these concepts and discusses advanced filter design, and chapter seven discusses matters of practical implementation. This book introduces the corresponding MATLAB functions and programs in every chapter with examples, and the final chapter introduces the actual real-time filter from MATLAB.Aimed primarily at undergraduate students in electrical and electronic engineering, this book enables the reader to implement a digital filter using MATLAB.Deliver the conceptual knowledge of digital signal processing with extensive use of the illustrations from practical viewpoint. Also, the digital signal processing is initiated from the digital not from the continuous domain.Trade Review“The lecture of this book can help the readers by understanding the fundamentals of DSP to employ them to real-world applications.” (Ioan Tomescu, zbMATH 1459.94001, 2021)Table of ContentsCh. 1: Preliminary digital filter designCh. 2: Frequency and signals in discrete domainCh. 3: Fourier analysisCh. 4: Filters in time domainCh. 5: Z-transformCh. 6. Filter designCh. 7: Implementation mattersCh. 8: Filters with MatlabAppendix A: Matlab fundamentals

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of System Design.- Radio Architectures and Design Considerations.- Receiver System Analysis and Design.- Transmitter System Analysis and Design.- Applications of System Design.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1. Wireless Systems. 1.2. System Design Convergence. 1.3. Organization of This Book. -2. Fundamentals of System Design. 2.1. Linear Systems and Transformations. 2.2. Nonlinear System Representation and Analysis Approaches. 2.3. Noise and Random Process. 2.4. Elements of Digital Base-Band System. -3. Radio Architectures and Design Considerations. 3.1. Superheterodyne Architecture. 3.2. Direct Conversion (Zero IF) Architecture. 3.3. Low IF Architecture. 3.4. Band-Pass Sampling Radio Architecture. Appendix 3A. Intermodulation Distortion Formulas. Appendix 3B. Effective Interference Evaluation of Second Order Distortion Products. Appendix 3C. I and Q Imbalance and Image Rejection Formula. Appendix 3D. Estimation of ADC Equivalent Noise Figure.-4. Receiver System Analysis and Design. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Sensitivity and Noise Figure of Receiver. 4.3. Intermodulation Characteristics. 4.4. Single Tone Desensitization. 4.5. Adjacent/Alternate Channel Selectivity and Blocking Characteristics. 4.6. Receiver Dynamic Range and AGC System. 4.7. System Design and Performance Evaluation. Appendix 4A. Conversion Between Power dBm and Electric Field Strength dBuV/m. Appendix 4B. Proof of Relationship (4.4.6) Appendix 4C. A Comparison of Wireless Mobile Station Minimum Performance Requirements. Appendix 4D. An Example of Receiver Performance Evaluation by Means of Matlab.-5. Transmitter System Analysis and Design. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Transmission Power and Spectrum. 5.3. Modulation Accuracy. 5.4. Adjacent and Alternate Channel Power. 5.5. Noise Emission Calculation. 5.6. Some Important Considerations in System Design. Appendix 5A. Approximate Relationship between p and EVM. Appendix 5B. Image Suppression of Transmission Signal. Appendix 5C. Amplifier Nonlinear Simulation: ACPR Calculation. -6. Applications of System Design. 6.1. Multimode and Multiband Superheterodyne Transceiver. 6.2. Direct Conversion Transceiver.

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