Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisA new approach to the study of arithmetic circuits In Synthesis of Arithmetic Circuits: FPGA, ASIC and Embedded Systems, the authors take a novel approach of presenting methods and examples for the synthesis of arithmetic circuits that better reflects the needs of today's computer system designers and engineers.Trade Review"…useful both in the academia and industry…suited for students taking specialist courses…[and] a valuable reference for practicing engineers." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, November/December 2006) "This book is warmly recommended to anyone having to design or understand how computer arithmetic operates at almost every conceivable level of detail." (Computing Reviews.com, June 8, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Number Representation. 1.2 Algorithms. 1.3 Hardware Platforms. 1.4 Hardware–Software Partitioning. 1.5 Software Generation. 1.6 Synthesis. 1.7 A First Example. 1.7.1 Specification. 1.7.2 Number Representation. 1.7.3 Algorithms. 1.7.4 Hardware Platform. 1.7.5 Hardware–Software Partitioning. 1.7.6 Program Generation. 1.7.7 Synthesis. 1.7.8 Prototype. 1.8 Bibliography. 2. Mathematical Background. 2.1 Number Theory. 2.1.1 Basic Definitions. 2.1.2 Euclidean Algorithms. 2.1.3 Congruences. 2.2 Algebra. 2.2.1 Groups. 2.2.2 Rings. 2.2.3 Fields. 2.2.4 Polynomial Rings. 2.2.5 Congruences of Polynomial. 2.3 Function Approximation. 2.4 Bibliography. 3. Number Representation. 3.1 Natural Numbers. 3.1.1 Weighted Systems. 3.1.2 Residue Number System. 3.2 Integers. 3.2.1 Sign-Magnitude Representation. 3.2.2 Excess-E Representation. 3.2.3 B’s Complement Representation. 3.2.4 Booth’s Encoding. 3.3 Real Numbers. 3.4 Bibliography. 4. Arithmetic Operations: Addition and Subtraction. 4.1 Addition of Natural Numbers. 4.1.1 Basic Algorithm. 4.1.2 Faster Algorithms. 4.1.3 Long-Operand Addition. 4.1.4 Multioperand Addition. 4.1.5 Long-Multioperand Addition. 4.2 Subtraction of Natural Numbers. 4.3 Integers. 4.3.1 B’s Complement Addition. 4.3.2 B’s Complement Sign Change. 4.3.3 B’s Complement Subtraction. 4.3.4 B’s Complement Overflow Detection. 4.3.5 Excess-E Addition and Subtraction. 4.3.6 Sign–Magnitude Addition and Subtraction. 4.4 Bibliography. 5. Arithmetic Operations: Multiplication. 5.1 Natural Numbers Multiplication. 5.1.1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Shift and Add Algorithms. 5.1.2.1 Shift and Add 1. 5.1.2.2 Shift and Add 2. 5.1.2.3 Extended Shift and Add Algorithm: XY þ C þ D. 5.1.2.4 Cellular Shift and Add. 5.1.3 Long-Operand Algorithm. 5.2 Integers. 5.2.1 B’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.1.1 Mod Bnþm B’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.1.2 Signed Shift and Add. 5.2.1.3 Postcorrection B’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.2 Postcorrection 2’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.3 Booth Multiplication for Binary Numbers. 5.2.3.1 Booth-r Algorithms. 5.2.3.2 Per Gelosia Signed-Digit Algorithm. 5.2.4 Booth Multiplication for Base-B Numbers (Booth-r Algorithm in Base B). 5.3 Squaring. 5.3.1 Base-B Squaring. 5.3.1.1 Cellular Carry–Save Squaring Algorithm. 5.3.2 Base-2 Squaring. 5.4 Bibliography. 6 Arithmetic Operations: Division. 6.1 Natural Numbers. 6.2 Integers. 6.2.1 General Algorithm. 6.2.2 Restoring Division Algorithm. 6.2.3 Base-2 Nonrestoring Division Algorithm. 6.2.4 SRT Radix-2 Division. 6.2.5 SRT Radix-2 Division with Stored-Carry Encoding. 6.2.6 P–D Diagram. 6.2.7 SRT-4 Division. 6.2.8 Base-B Nonrestoring Division Algorithm. 6.3 Convergence (Functional Iteration) Algorithms. 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 Newton–Raphson Iteration Technique. 6.3.3 MacLaurin Expansion—Goldschmidt’s Algorithm. 6.4 Bibliography. 7. Other Arithmetic Operations. 7.1 Base Conversion. 7.2 Residue Number System Conversion. 7.2.1 Introduction. 7.2.2 Base-B to RNS Conversion. 7.2.3 RNS to Base-B Conversion. 7.3 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Functions. 7.3.1 Taylor–MacLaurin Series. 7.3.2 Polynomial Approximation. 7.3.3 Logarithm and Exponential Functions Approximation by Convergence Methods. 7.3.3.1 Logarithm Function Approximation by Multiplicative Normalization. 7.3.3.2 Exponential Function Approximation by Additive Normalization. 7.3.4 Trigonometric Functions—CORDIC Algorithms. 7.4 Square Rooting. 7.4.1 Digit Recurrence Algorithm—Base-B Integers. 7.4.2 Restoring Binary Shift-and-Subtract Square Rooting Algorithm. 7.4.3 Nonrestoring Binary Add-and-Subtract Square Rooting Algorithm. 7.4.4 Convergence Method—Newton–Raphson. 7.5 Bibliography. 8. Finite Field Operations. 8.1 Operations in Zm. 8.1.1 Addition. 8.1.2 Subtraction. 8.1.3 Multiplication. 8.1.3.1 Multiply and Reduce. 8.1.3.2 Modified Shift-and-Add Algorithm. 8.1.3.3 Montgomery Multiplication. 8.1.3.4 Specific Ring. 8.1.4 Exponentiation. 8.2 Operations in GF(p). 8.3 Operations in Zp[x]/f (x). 8.3.1 Addition and Subtraction. 8.3.2 Multiplication. 8.4 Operations in GF(pn). 8.5 Bibliography. Appendix 8.1 Computation of fki. 9 Hardware Platforms. 9.1 Design Methods for Electronic Systems. 9.1.1 Basic Blocks of Integrated Systems. 9.1.2 Recurring Topics in Electronic Design. 9.1.2.1 Design Challenge: Optimizing Design Metrics. 9.1.2.2 Cost in Integrated Circuits. 9.1.2.3 Moore’s Law. 9.1.2.4 Time-to-Market. 9.1.2.5 Performance Metric. 9.1.2.6 The Power Dimension. 9.2 Instruction Set Processors. 9.2.1 Microprocessors. 9.2.2 Microcontrollers. 9.2.3 Embedded Processors Everywhere. 9.2.4 Digital Signal Processors. 9.2.5 Application-Specific Instruction Set Processors. 9.2.6 Programming Instruction Set Processors. 9.3 ASIC Designs. 9.3.1 Full-Custom ASIC. 9.3.2 Semicustom ASIC. 9.3.2.1 Gate-Array ASIC. 9.3.2.2 Standard-Cell-Based ASIC. 9.3.3 Design Flow in ASIC. 9.4 Programmable Logic. 9.4.1 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). 9.4.2 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). 9.4.2.1 Why FPGA? A Short Historical Survey. 9.4.2.2 Basic FPGA Concepts. 9.4.3 XilinxTM Specifics. 9.4.3.1 Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs). 9.4.3.2 Input/Output Blocks (IOBs). 9.4.3.3 RAM Blocks. 9.4.3.4 Programmable Routing. 9.4.3.5 Arithmetic Resources in Xilinx FPGAs. 9.4.4 FPGA Generic Design Flow. 9.5 Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). 9.5.1 Today’s and Tomorrow’s HDLs. 9.6 Further Readings. 9.7 Bibliography. 10. Circuit Synthesis: General Principles. 10.1 Resources. 10.2 Precedence Relation and Scheduling. 10.3 Pipeline. 10.4 Self-Timed Circuits. 10.5 Bibliography. 11 Adders and Subtractors. 11.1 Natural Numbers. 11.1.1 Basic Adder (Ripple-Carry Adder). 11.1.2 Carry-Chain Adder. 11.1.3 Carry-Skip Adder. 11.1.4 Optimization of Carry-Skip Adders. 11.1.5 Base-Bs Adder. 11.1.6 Carry-Select Adder. 11.1.7 Optimization of Carry-Select Adders. 11.1.8 Carry-Lookahead Adders (CLAs). 11.1.9 Prefix Adders. 11.1.10 FPGA Implementation of Adders. 11.1.10.1 Carry-Chain Adders. 11.1.10.2 Carry-Skip Adders. 11.1.10.3 Experimental Results. 11.1.11 Long-Operand Adders. 11.1.12 Multioperand Adders. 11.1.12.1 Sequential Multioperand Adders. 11.1.12.2 Combinational Multioperand Adders. 11.1.12.3 Carry-Save Adders. 11.1.12.4 Parallel Counters. 11.1.13 Subtractors and Adder-Subtractors. 11.1.14 Termination Detection. 11.1.15 FPGA Implementation of the Termination Detection. 11.2 Integers. 11.2.1 B’s Complement Adders and Subtractors. 11.2.2 Excess-E Adders and Subtractors. 11.2.3 Sign-Magnitude Adders and Subtractors. 11.3 Bibliography. 12 Multipliers. 12.1 Natural Numbers. 12.1.1 Basic Multiplier. 12.1.2 Sequential Multipliers. 12.1.3 Cellular Multiplier Arrays. 12.1.3.1 Ripple-Carry Multiplier. 12.1.3.2 Carry-Save Multiplier. 12.1.3.3 Figures of Merit. 12.1.4 Multipliers Based on Dissymmetric Br Bs Cells. 12.1.5 Multipliers Based on Multioperand Adders. 12.1.6 Per Gelosia Multiplication Arrays. 12.1.6.1 Introduction. 12.1.6.2 Adding Tree for Base-B Partial Products. 12.1.7 FPGA Implementation of Multipliers. 12.2 Integers. 12.2.1 B’s Complement Multipliers. 12.2.2 Booth Multipliers. 12.2.2.1 Booth-1 Multiplier. 12.2.2.2 Booth-2 Multiplier. 12.2.2.3 Signed-Digit Multiplier. 12.2.3 FPGA Implementation of the Booth-1 Multiplier. 12.3 Bibliography. 13. Dividers. 13.1 Natural Numbers. 13.2 Integers. 13.2.1 Base-2 Nonrestoring Divider. 13.2.2 Base-B Nonrestoring Divider. 13.2.3 SRT Dividers. 13.2.3.1 SRT-2 Divider. 13.2.3.2 SRT-2 Divider with Carry-Save Computation of the Remainder. 13.2.3.3 FPGA Implementation of the Carry-Save SRT-2 Divider. 13.2.4 SRT-4 Divider. 13.2.5 Convergence Dividers. 13.2.5.1 Newton–Raphson Divider. 13.2.5.2 Goldschmidt Divider. 13.2.5.3 Comparative Data Between Newton–Raphson (NR) and Goldschmidt (G) Implementations. 13.3 Bibliography. 14 Other Arithmetic Operators. 14.1 Base Conversion. 14.1.1 General Base Conversion. 14.1.2 BCD to Binary Converter. 14.1.2.1 Nonrestoring 2p Subtracting Implementation. 14.1.2.2 Shift-and-Add BCD to Binary Converter. 14.1.3 Binary to BCD Converter. 14.1.4 Base-B to RNS Converter. 14.1.5 CRT RNS to Base-B Converter. 14.1.6 RNS to Mixed-Radix System Converter. 14.2 Polynomial Computation Circuits. 14.3 Logarithm Operator. 14.4 Exponential Operator. 14.5 Sine and Cosine Operators. 14.6 Square Rooters. 14.6.1 Restoring Shift-and-Subtract Square Rooter (Naturals). 14.6.2 Nonrestoring Shift-and-Subtract Square Rooter (Naturals). 14.6.3 Newton–Raphson Square Rooter (Naturals). 14.7 Bibliography. 15. Circuits for Finite Field Operations. 15.1 Operations in Zm. 15.1.1 Adders and Subtractors. 15.1.2 Multiplication. 15.1.2.1 Multiply and Reduce. 15.1.2.2 Shift and Add. 15.1.2.3 Montgomery Multiplication. 15.1.2.4 Modulo (Bk2c) Reduction. 15.1.2.5 Exponentiation. 15.2 Inversion in GF(p). 15.3 Operations in Zp[x]/f (x). 15.4 Inversion in GF(pn). 15.5 Bibliography. 16. Floating-Point Unit. 16.1 Floating-Point System Definition. 16.2 Arithmetic Operations. 16.2.1 Addition of Positive Numbers. 16.2.2 Difference of Positive Numbers. 16.2.3 Addition and Subtraction. 16.2.4 Multiplication. 16.2.5 Division. 16.2.6 Square Root. 16.3 Rounding Schemes. 16.4 Guard Digits. 16.5 Adder-Subtractor. 16.5.1 Alignment. 16.5.2 Additions. 16.5.3 Normalization. 16.5.4 Rounding. 16.6 Multiplier. 16.7 Divider. 16.8 Square Root. 16.9 Comments. 16.10 Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisNine innovative methods to think outside the box and solve complex system problems Managing Complex Systems provides specific tools and guidance needed to be a more creative and innovative thinker.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Systems and Thinking. 2. Building and Managing Systems. 3. Problems to Ponder. 4. The Inventive Mind. 5. Perspective 1: Broaden and Generalize. 6. Perspective 2: Crossover. 7. Perspective 3: Question Conventional Wisdom. 8. Perspective 4: Back of the Envelope. 9. Perspective 5: Expanding the Dimensions. 10. Perspective 6: Obversity. 11. Perspective 7: Remove Constraints. 12. Perspective 8: Thinking with Pictures. 13. Perspective 9: The Systems Approach. 14. Thinking in Groups. 15. Widening the Circle. 16. Final Thoughts and a Test. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis introduction to digital data transmission, modulation, and error-correction coding, together with the underlying communication and information theory is an all-inclusive text suitable for all those connected with Mechanical Engineering or Computer Science. Equal emphasis is given to underlying mathematical theory and engineering practice. Not meant to be an encyclopedic treatise, the book offers strong, accessible pedagogy. This Second Edition presents enhanced explanations of key ideas as well as additional examples and problems. It also provides greatly expanded coverage of wireless communication, which has seen exponential growth since the release of the first edition. A pedagogocal approach aimed at the 5th year EE student A balance of theory with engineering and design Integration of important topics such as synchronization, radio channels, and wireless communication, which are left out of competing books, or lost in more lengthy formTrade Review"…the author really presents this area from his position of expertise as a lecturer…focuses on core topics, and on an effective combination of theory and practice." (Computing Reviews.com, January 13, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. List of Programs. List of Examples. Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Transmission. Chapter 2: Baseband Pulse Transmission. Chapter 3: Carrier Transmission. Chapter 4: Synchronization. Chapter 5: Channels. Chapter 6: Error Correction Coding. Chapter 7: Receivers for Disturbed Channels. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book to completely cover the whole body of knowledge of Six Sigma and Design for Six Sigma with Simulation Methods as outlined by the American Society for Quality. Both simulation and contemporary Six Sigma methods are explained in detail with practical examples that help understanding of the key features of the design methods.Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I SIX-SIGMA FUNDAMENTALS. 1 Six-Sigma Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Quality and Six-Sigma Defined. 1.3 Introduction to Process Modeling. 1.4 Introduction to Business Process Management. 1.5 Measurement Systems Analysis. 1.6 Process Capability and Six-Sigma Process Performance. 1.7 Overview of Six-Sigma Improvement: DMAIC. 1.8 Six-Sigma Goes Upstream: Design for Six-Sigma. 1.9 Summary. 2 Lean Six-Sigma Fundamentals. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Lean Six-Sigma Approach. 2.3 LSS-Enhanced DMAIC. 2.4 Lean Manufacturing. 2.5 Value Stream Mapping. 2.6 Lean Techniques. 2.7 Summary. 3 Design for Six-Sigma Fundamentals. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Transaction-Based Design for Six-Sigma. 3.3 Service Design for Six-Sigma. 3.4 Service DFSS: The ICOV Process. 3.5 Service DFSS: The ICOV Process in Service Development. 3.6 Summary. PART II SIMULATION FUNDAMENTALS. 4 Basic Simulation Concepts. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 System Modeling. 4.3 Simulation Modeling. 4.4 The Role of Simulation. 4.5 Simulation Software. 4.6 Summary. 5 Discrete Event Simulation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 System Modeling with DES. 5.3 Elements of Discrete Event Simulation. 5.4 DES Mechanisms. 5.5 Manual Simulation Example. 5.6 Computer DES Example. 5.7 Summary. 6 The Simulation Process. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Categories of Simulation Studies. 6.3 Systematic Simulation Approach. 6.4 Steps in a Simulation Study. 6.5 Example: Applying Simulation Process to a Hospital Emergency Room. 6.6 Summary. 7 Simulation Analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Terminating Versus Steady-State Simulation. 7.3 Determination of Simulation Run Controls. 7.4 Variability in Simulation Outputs. 7.5 Simulation-Based Optimization. PART III SIMULATION-BASED SIX-SIGMA AND DESIGN FOR SIX-SIGMA. 8 Simulation-Based Six-Sigma Road Maps. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Lean Six-Sigma Process Overview. 8.3 Simulation-Based Lean Six-Sigma Road Map. 8.4 Simulation-Based Design for a Six-Sigma Road Map. 8.5 Summary. 9 Simulation-Based Lean Six-Sigma Application. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 3S-LSS Integrated Approach. 9.3 3S-LSS Case Study. 9.4 Summary. 10 Simulation-Based Design for Six-Sigma Application. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 3S-DFSS Process. 10.3 3S-DFSS Case Study: Dental Clinic Redesign. 10.4 Summary. 11 Practical Guide to Successful Development of Simulation-Based Six-Sigma Projects. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Characteristics of a 3S Application. 11.3 Ingredients for a Successful 3S Program. 11.4 Framework for Successful 3S Implementation. 11.5 3S Project Charter. 11.6 3S Software Tools. APPENDIX A BASIC STATISTICS. APPENDIX B RANDOM NUMBERS. APPENDIX C AXIOMATIC DESIGN. APPENDIX D TAGUCHI’S QUALITY ENGINEERING. APPENDIX E PROCESS MAPPING. APPENDIX F VENDORS. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis text provides quantitative analysis for software engineering practices in order to build reliable software products. Readers learn from discussions of real on-the-job experiences how important it is to plan, measure, and assess each stage of development. Illuminated with case studies, the book concentrates on problem analysis.Trade Review"In a study, the book was found to be successful at significantly increasing the students' willingness and competency in using good software engineering processes." (Computing Reviews.com, May 10, 2006) "…the book is an excellent and very readable guide to the development of reliable software, augmented with humor, case studies, useful tidbits…highly recommended for all software engineers." (CHOICE, March 2006)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgment xxv Part 1 Getting Started 1 1. Think Like an Engineer—Especially for Software 3 1.1 Making a Judgment 4 1.2 The Software Engineer’s Responsibilities 6 1.3 Ethics 6 1.4 Software Development Processes 11 1.5 Choosing a Process 12 1.5.1 No-Method “Code and Fix” Approach 15 1.5.2 Waterfall Model 16 1.5.3 Planned Incremental Development Process 18 1.5.4 Spiral Model: Planned Risk Assessment-Driven Process 18 1.5.5 Development Plan Approach 23 1.5.6 Agile Process: an Apparent Oxymoron 25 1.6 Reemergence of Model-Based Software Development 26 1.7 Process Evolution 27 1.8 Organization Structure 29 1.9 Principles of Sound Organizations 31 1.10 Short Projects—4 to 6 Weeks 33 1.10.1 Project 1: Automating Library Overdue Book Notices 33 1.10.2 Project 2: Ajax Transporters, Inc. Maintenance Project 34 1.11 Problems 35 2. People, Product, Process, Project—The Big Four 39 2.1 People: Cultivate the Guru and Support the Majority 40 2.1.1 How to Recognize a Guru 41 2.1.2 How to Attract a Guru to Your Project 42 2.1.3 How to Keep Your Gurus Working 43 2.1.4 How to Support the Majority 43 2.2 Product: “Buy Me!” 45 2.2.1 Reliable Software Products 46 2.2.2 Useful Software Products 47 2.2.3 Good User Experience 48 2.3 Process: “OK, How Will We Build This?” 49 2.3.1 Agile Processes 49 2.3.2 Object-Oriented Opportunities 53 2.3.3 Meaningful Metrics 60 2.4 Project: Making It Work 61 2.5 Problems 65 2.6 Additional Problems Based on Case Studies 67 Part 2 Ethics and Professionalism 73 3. Software Requirements 75 3.1 What Can Go Wrong With Requirements 75 3.2 The Formal Processes 76 3.3 Robust Requirements 81 3.4 Requirements Synthesis 84 3.5 Requirements Specification 86 3.6 Quantitative Software Engineering Gates 87 3.7 sQFD 88 3.8 ICED-T Metrics 91 3.8.1 ICED-T Insights 92 3.8.2 Using the ICED-T Model 94 3.9 Development Sizing and Scheduling With Function Points 95 3.9.1 Function Point Analysis Experience 95 3.9.2 NCSLOC vs Function Points 96 3.9.3 Computing Simplified Function Points (sFP) 97 3.10 Case Study: The Case of the Emergency No-Show Service 98 3.11 Problems 103 4. Prototyping 107 4.1 Make It Work; Then Make It Work Right 107 4.1.1 How to Get at the Governing Requirements 108 4.1.2 Rapid Application Prototype 108 4.1.3 What’s Soft Is Hard 110 4.2 So What Happens Monday Morning? 111 4.2.1 What Needs to Be Prototyped? 111 4.2.2 How Do You Build a Prototype? 112 4.2.3 How Is the Prototype Used? 112 4.2.4 What Happens to the Prototype? 114 4.3 It Works, But Will It Continue to Work? 116 4.4 Case Study: The Case of the Driven Development 116 4.4.1 Significant Results 119 4.4.2 Lessons Learned 122 4.4.3 Additional Business Histories 123 4.5 Why Is Prototyping So Important? 128 4.6 Prototyping Deficiencies 130 4.7 Iterative Prototyping 130 4.8 Case Study: The Case of the Famished Fish 131 4.9 Problems 133 5. Architecture 137 5.1 Architecture Is a System’s DNA 137 5.2 Pity the Poor System Administrator 139 5.3 Software Architecture Experience 141 5.4 Process and Model 142 5.5 Components 144 5.5.1 Components as COTS 144 5.5.2 Encapsulation and Abstraction 145 5.5.3 Ready or Not, Objects Are Here 146 5.6 UNIX 148 5.7 Tl1 149 5.7.1 Mission 150 5.7.2 Comparative Analysis 151 5.7.3 Message Formatting 152 5.7.4 TL1 Message Formulation 152 5.7.5 Industry Support of TL1 152 5.8 Documenting the Architecture 153 5.8.1 Debriefing Report 154 5.8.2 Lessons Learned 154 5.8.3 Users of Architecture Documentation 154 5.9 Architecture Reviews 155 5.10 Middleware 156 5.11 How Many Times Before We Learn? 158 5.11.1 Comair Cancels 1100 Flights on Christmas 2004 158 5.11.2 Air Traffic Shutdown in September 2004 159 5.11.3 NASA Crashes into Mars, 2004 159 5.11.4 Case Study: The Case of the Preempted Priorities 160 5.12 Financial Systems Architecture 163 5.12.1 Typical Business Processes 163 5.12.2 Product-Related Layer in the Architecture 164 5.12.3 Finding Simple Components 165 5.13 Design and Architectural Process 166 5.14 Problems 170 6. Estimation, Planning, and Investment 173 6.1 Software Size Estimation 174 6.1.1 Pitfalls and Pratfalls 174 6.1.2 Software Size Metrics 175 6.2 Function Points 176 6.2.1 Fundamentals of FPA 176 6.2.2 Brief History 176 6.2.3 Objectives of FPA 177 6.2.4 Characteristics of Quality FPA 177 6.3 Five Major Elements of Function Point Counting 177 6.3.1 EI 177 6.3.2 EO 178 6.3.3 EQ 178 6.3.4 ILF 178 6.3.5 EIF 179 6.4 Each Element Can Be Simple, Average, or Complex 179 6.5 Sizing an Automation Project With FPA 182 6.5.1 Advantages of Function Point Measurement 183 6.5.2 Disadvantages of Function Point Measurement 184 6.5.3 Results Common to FPA 184 6.5.4 FPA Accuracy 185 6.6 NCSLOC Metric 186 6.6.1 Company Statistics 187 6.6.2 Reuse 187 6.6.3 Wideband Delphi 189 6.6.4 Disadvantages of SLOC 190 6.7 Production Planning 192 6.7.1 Productivity 192 6.7.2 Mediating Culture 192 6.7.3 Customer Relations 193 6.7.4 Centralized Support Functions 193 6.8 Investment 195 6.8.1 Cost Estimation Models 195 6.8.2 COCOMO 197 6.8.3 Scheduling Tools—PERT, Gantt 205 6.8.4 Project Manager’s Job 207 6.9 Example: Apply the Process to a Problem 208 6.9.1 Prospectus 208 6.9.2 Measurable Operational Value (MOV) 209 6.9.3 Requirements Specification 209 6.9.4 Schedule, Resources, Features—What to Change? 214 6.10 Additional Problems 216 7. Design for Trustworthiness 223 7.1 Why Trustworthiness Matters 224 7.2 Software Reliability Overview 225 7.3 Design Reviews 228 7.3.1 Topics for Design Reviews 229 7.3.2 Modules, Interfaces, and Components 230 7.3.3 Interfaces 234 7.3.4 Software Structure Influences Reliability 236 7.3.5 Components 238 7.3.6 Open&Closed Principle 238 7.3.7 The Liskov Substitution Principle 239 7.3.8 Comparing Object-Oriented Programming With Componentry 240 7.3.9 Politics of Reuse 240 7.4 Design Principles 243 7.4.1 Strong Cohesion 243 7.4.2 Weak Coupling 243 7.4.3 Information Hiding 244 7.4.4 Inheritance 244 7.4.5 Generalization/Abstraction 244 7.4.6 Separation of Concerns 245 7.4.7 Removal of Context 245 7.5 Documentation 246 7.6 Design Constraints That Make Software Trustworthy 248 7.6.1 Simplify the Design 248 7.6.2 Software Fault Tolerance 249 7.6.3 Software Rejuvenation 251 7.6.4 Hire Good People and Keep Them 254 7.6.5 Limit the Language Features Used 254 7.6.6 Limit Module Size and Initialize Memory 255 7.6.7 Check the Design Stability 255 7.6.8 Bound the Execution Domain 259 7.6.9 Engineer to Performance Budgets 260 7.6.10 Reduce Algorithm Complexity 263 7.6.11 Factor and Refactor 266 7.7 Problems 268 Part 3 Taking the Measure of the System 275 8. Identifying and Managing Risk 277 8.1 Risk Potential 278 8.2 Risk Management Paradigm 279 8.3 Functions of Risk Management 279 8.4 Risk Analysis 280 8.5 Calculating Risk 282 8.6 Using Risk Assessment in Project Development: The Spiral Model 286 8.7 Containing Risks 289 8.7.1 Incomplete and Fuzzy Requirements 289 8.7.2 Schedule Too Short 290 8.7.3 Not Enough Staff 291 8.7.4 Morale of Key Staff Is Poor 292 8.7.5 Stakeholders Are Losing Interest 295 8.7.6 Untrustworthy Design 295 8.7.7 Feature Set Is Not Economically Viable 296 8.7.8 Feature Set Is Too Large 296 8.7.9 Technology Is Immature 296 8.7.10 Late Planned Deliveries of Hardware and Operating System 298 8.8 Manage the Cost Risk to Avoid Outsourcing 299 8.8.1 Technology Selection 300 8.8.2 Tools 300 8.8.3 Software Manufacturing 300 8.8.4 Integration, Reliability, and Stress Testing 301 8.8.5 Computer Facilities 301 8.8.6 Human Interaction Design and Documentation 301 8.9 Software Project Management Audits 303 8.10 Running an Audit 304 8.11 Risks with Risk Management 304 8.12 Problems 305 9. Human Factors in Software Engineering 309 9.1 A Click in the Right Direction 309 9.2 Managing Things, Managing People 312 9.2.1 Knowledge Workers 313 9.2.2 Collaborative Management 313 9.3 FAA Rationale for Human Factors Design 316 9.4 Reach Out and Touch Something 319 9.4.1 Maddening Counterintuitive Cues 319 9.4.2 GUI 319 9.4.3 Customer Care and Web Agents 319 9.5 System Effectiveness in Human Factors Terms 320 9.5.1 What to Look for in COTS 320 9.5.2 Simple Guidelines for Managing Development 322 9.6 How Much Should the System Do? 323 9.6.1 Screen Icon Design 324 9.6.2 Short- and Long-Term Memory 326 9.7 Emerging Technology 327 9.8 Applying the Principles to Developers 334 9.9 The Bell Laboratories Philosophy 336 9.10 So You Want to Be a Manager 338 9.11 Problems 338 10. Implementation Details 344 10.1 Structured Programming 345 10.2 Rational Unified Process and Unified Modeling Language 346 10.3 Measuring Complexity 353 10.4 Coding Styles 360 10.4.1 Data Structures 360 10.4.2 Team Coding 363 10.4.3 Code Reading 364 10.4.4 Code Review 364 10.4.5 Code Inspections 364 10.5 A Must Read for Trustworthy Software Engineers 365 10.6 Coding for Parallelism 366 10.7 Threats 366 10.8 Open-Source Software 368 10.9 Problems 369 11. Testing and Configuration Management 372 11.1 The Price of Quality 373 11.1.1 Unit Testing 373 11.1.2 Integration Testing 373 11.1.3 System Testing 373 11.1.4 Reliability Testing 374 11.1.5 Stress Testing 374 11.2 Robust Testing 374 11.2.1 Robust Design 374 11.2.2 Prototypes 375 11.2.3 Identify Expected Results 375 11.2.4 Orthogonal Array Test Sets (OATS) 376 11.3 Testing Techniques 376 11.3.1 One-Factor-at-a-Time 377 11.3.2 Exhaustive 377 11.3.3 Deductive Analytical Method 377 11.3.4 Random/Intuitive Method 377 11.3.5 Orthogonal Array-Based Method 377 11.3.6 Defect Analysis 378 11.4 Case Study: The Case of the Impossible Overtime 379 11.5 Cooperative Testing 380 11.6 Graphic Footprint 382 11.7 Testing Strategy 384 11.7.1 Test Incrementally 384 11.7.2 Test Under No-Load 384 11.7.3 Test Under Expected-Load 384 11.7.4 Test Under Heavy-Load 384 11.7.5 Test Under Overload 385 11.7.6 Reject Insufficiently Tested Code 385 11.7.7 Diabolic Testing 385 11.7.8 Reliability Tests 385 11.7.9 Footprint 385 11.7.10 Regression Tests 385 11.8 Software Hot Spots 386 11.9 Software Manufacturing Defined 392 11.10 Configuration Management 393 11.11 Outsourcing 398 11.11.1 Test Models 398 11.11.2 Faster Iteration 400 11.11.3 Meaningful Test Process Metrics 400 11.12 Problems 400 12. The Final Project: By Students, For Students 404 12.1 How to Make the Course Work for You 404 12.2 Sample Call for Projects 405 12.3 A Real Student Project 407 12.4 The Rest of the Story 428 12.5 Our Hope 428 Index 429

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Book SynopsisThe first edition, published in 1973, has become a classic reference in the field. Now with the second edition, readers will find information on key new topics such as neural networks and statistical pattern recognition, the theory of machine learning, and the theory of invariances. Also included are worked examples, comparisons between different methods, extensive graphics, expanded exercises and computer project topics. An Instructor''s Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.Table of ContentsBayesian Decision Theory. Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian Parameter Estimation. Nonparametric Techniques. Linear Discriminant Functions. Multilayer Neural Networks. Stochastic Methods. Nonmetric Methods. Algorithm-Independent Machine Learning. Unsupervised Learning and Clustering. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a wide range of topics dealing with network security. It is focused on the current status of security protocols, architectures, implementations and policies. It makes future projections by analyzing current research activities, proposals, and trends.Trade Review"This book is a handy overview of topics related to network security for both students and researchers working in the field, and should be used as a starting point toward supplementary considerations on the latest research and practical developments." (Computing Reviews, November 17, 2008) "Students, novice and long-time network security researchers and practitioners will appreciate…this compendium." (Computing Reviews.com, October 5, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. Computer Network Security: Basic Background and Current Issues (Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Christos Douligeris). 1.1 Some Terminology on Network Security. 1.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model for Networks. 1.3 Network Security Attacks. 1.4 Mechanisms and Controls for Network Security: Book Overview and Structure. References. Part One Internet Security. 2. Secure Routing (Ioannis Avramopoulos, Hisashi Kobayashi, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Randy Wang). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Networking Technologies. 2.3 Attacks in Networks. 2.4 State of the Art. 2.5 Conclusion and Research Issues. References. 3. Designing Firewalls: A Survey (Angelos D. Keromytis and Vassilis Prevelakis). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Firewall Classifi cation. 3.3 Firewall Deployment: Management. 3.4 Conclusions. References. 4. Security in Virtual Private Networks (Srinivas Sampalli). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 VPN Overview. 4.3 VPN Benefi ts. 4.4 VPN Terminology. 4.5 VPN Taxonomy. 4.6 IPSec. 4.7 Current Research on VPNs. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5. IP Security (IPSec) (Anirban Chakrabarti and Manimaran Govindarasu). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 IPSec Architecture and Components. 5.3 Benefi ts and Applications of IPSec. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6. IDS for Networks (John C. McEachen and John M. Zachary). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background. 6.3 Modern NIDSs. 6.4 Research and Trends. 6.5 Conclusions. References. 7. Intrusion Detection Versus Intrusion Protection (Luis Sousa Cardoso). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Detection Versus Prevention. 7.3 Intrusion Prevention Systems: The Next Step in Evolution of IDS. 7.4 Architecture Matters. 7.5 IPS Deployment. 7.6 IPS Advantages. 7.7 IPS Requirements: What to Look For. 7.8 Conclusions. References. 8. Denial-of-Service Attacks (Aikaterini Mitrokotsa and Christos Douligeris). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 DoS Attacks. 8.3 DDoS Attacks. 8.4 DDoS Defense Mechanisms. 8.5 Conclusions. References. 9. Secure Architectures with Active Networks (Srinivas Sampalli, Yaser Haggag, and Christian Labonte). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Active Networks. 9.3 SAVE Test bed. 9.4 Adaptive VPN Architecture with Active Networks. 9.5 (SAM) Architecture. 9.6 Conclusions. References. Part Two Secure Services. 10. Security in E-Services and Applications (Manish Mehta, Sachin Singh, and Yugyung Lee). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 What Is an E-Service? 10.3 Security Requirements for EServices and Applications. 10.4 Security for Future EServices. References. 11. Security in Web Services (Christos Douligeris and George P. Ninios). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Web Services Technologies and Standards. 11.3 Web Services Security Standard. 11.4 Conclusions. References. 12. Secure Multicasting (Constantinos Boukouvalas and Anthony G. Petropoulos). 12.1 Introduction 205 12.2 IP Multicast. 12.3 Application Security Requirements. 12.4 Multicast Security Issues. 12.5 Data Authentication. 12.6 Source Authentication Schemes. 12.7 Group Key Management. 12.8 Group Management and Secure Multicast Routing. 12.9 Secure IP Multicast Architectures. 12.10 Secure IP Multicast Standardization Efforts. 12.11 Conclusions. References. 13. Voice Over IP Security (Son Vuong and Kapil Kumar Singh). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Security Issues in VoIP. 13.3 Vulnerability Testing. 13.4 Intrusion Detection Systems. 13.5 Conclusions. References. 14. Grid Security (Kyriakos Stefanidis, Artemios G. Voyiatzis, and Dimitrios N. Serpanos). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Security Challenges for Grids. 14.3 Grid Security Infrastructure. 14.4 Grid Computing Environments. 14.5 Grid Network Security. 14.6 Conclusions and Future Directions. References. 15. Mobile Agent Security (Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou, Christos Douligeris, Rosa Mavropodi, and Vassilios Chrissikopoulos). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Taxonomy of Solutions. 15.3 Security Mechanisms for Mobile Agent Systems. References Part Three Mobile and Security. 16. Mobile Terminal Security (Olivier Benoit, Nora Dabbous, Laurent Gauteron, Pierre Girard, Helena Handschuh, David Naccache, Stéphane Socié, and Claire Whelan). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 WLAN and WPAN Security. 16.3 GSM and 3GPP Security. 16.4 Mobile Platform Layer Security. 16.5 Hardware Attacks on Mobile Equipment. 16.6 Conclusion. References. 17. IEEE 802.11 Security (Daniel L. Lough, David J. Robinson, and Ian G. Schneller). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Introduction to IEEE 802.11. 17.3 Wired Equivalent Privacy. 17.4 Additional IEEE 802.11 Security Techniques. 17.5 Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems. 17.6 Practical IEEE 802.11 Security Measures. 17.7 Conclusions. References. 18. Bluetooth Security (Christian Gehrmann). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Bluetooth Wireless Technology. 18.3 Security Architecture. 18.4 Security Weaknesses and Countermeasures. 18.5 Bluetooth Security: What Comes Next? References. 19. Mobile Telecom Networks (Christos Xenakis and Lazaros Merakos). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Architectures Network. 19.3 Security Architectures. 19.4 Research Issues. 19.5 Conclusions. References. 20. Security in Mobile Ad HocNetworks (Mike Burmester, Panayiotis Kotznanikolaou, and Christos Douligeris). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Routing Protocols. 20.3 Security Vulnerabilities. 20.4 Preventing Attacks in MANETs. 20.5 Trust in MANETs. 20.6 Establishing Secure Routes in a MANET. 20.7 Cryptographic Tools for MANETs. References. 21. Wireless Sensor Networks (Artemios G. Voyiatzis and Dimitrios N. Serpanos). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Sensor Devices. 21.3 Sensor Network Security. 21.4 Future Directions. 21.5 Conclusions. References. 22. Trust (Lidong Chen). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 What Is a trust Model? 22.3 How Trust Models Work? 22.4 Where Trust Can Go Wrong? 22.5 Why Is It Diffi cult to Defi ne Trust? 22.6 Which Lessons Have We Learned? References. Part Four Trust, Anonymity, and Privacy. 23. PKI Systems (Nikos Komninos). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Origins of Cryptography. 23.3 Overview of PKI Systems. 23.4 Components of PKI Systems. 23.5 Procedures of PKI Systems. 23.6 Current and Future Aspects of PKI Systems. 23.7 Conclusions. References. 24. Privacy in Electronic Communications (Alf Zugenmaier and Joris Claessens). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Protection from Third Party: Confidentiality. 24.3 Protection from Communication Partner. 24.4 Invasions of Electronic Private Sphere. 24.5 Balancing Privacy with Other Needs. 24.6 Structure of Privacy. 24.7 Conclusion and Future Trends. References. 25. Securing Digital Content (Magda M. Mourad and Ahmed N. Tantawy). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Securing Digital Content: Need and Challenges. 25.3 Content Protection Techniques. 25.4 Illustrative Application: EPublishing of E-Learning Content. 25.5 Concluding Remarks. References. Appendix A. Cryptography Primer: Introduction to Cryptographic Principles and Algorithms (Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Christos Douligeris). A.1 Introduction. A.2 Cryptographic Primitives. A.3 Symmetric-Key Cryptography. A.4 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography. A.5 Key Management. A.6. Conclusions and Other Fields of Cryptography. References. Appendix B. Network Security: Overview of Current Legal and Policy Issues (Andreas Mitrakas). B.1 Introduction. B.2 Network Security as a Legal Requirement. B.3 Network Security Policy Overview. B.4 Legal Aspects of Network Security. B.5 Self-Regulatory Security Frameworks. B.6 Conclusions. References. Appendix C. Standards in Network Security (Despina Polemi and Panagiotis Sklavos). C.1 Introduction. C.2 Virtual Private Networks: Internet Protocol Security (IPSec). C.3 Multicast Security (MSEC). C.4 Transport Layer Security (TLS). C.5 Routing Security. C.6 ATM Networks Security. C.7 Third-Generation (3G) Mobile Networks. C.8 Wireless LAN (802.11) Security. C.9 E-Mail Security. C.10 Public-Key Infrastructure (X.509). Index. About the Editors and Authors.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents fundamental passive optical network (PON) concepts, providing you with the tools needed to understand, design, and build these new access networks. The logical sequence of topics begins with the underlying principles and components of optical fiber communication technologies used in access networks.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1 Access Technologies. 1.1 General Network Concepts. 1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts. 1.1.2 Types of Networks. 1.1.3 Network Terminology. 1.1.4 First-Mile Concept. 1.1.5 Network Market Opportunities. 1.1.6 Terminology for Premises. 1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies. 1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber–Coax. 1.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line. 1.2.3 WiMAX. 1.3 Passive Optical Networks. 1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures. 1.3.2 What Is FTTx? 1.4 Point-to-Point Links. 1.5 Summary. Further Reading. Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials. 2.1 Definitions of Units and Terms. 2.1.1 Metric Prefixes. 2.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands. 2.1.3 Optical Spectral Band. 2.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy. 2.1.5 Decibel Units. 2.1.6 Refractive Index. 2.2 Elements of an Optical Link. 2.3 Optical Fibers. 2.3.1 Fiber Structures. 2.3.2 Rays and Modes. 2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation. 2.5 Fiber Information Capacity. 2.5.1 Modal Dispersion. 2.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion. 2.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion. 2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers. 2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 2.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering. 2.7 Optical Fiber Standards. 2.8 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing. 3.1 Operational Principles of WDM. 3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions. 3.1.2 Generic WDM Link. 3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids. 3.2.1 Dense WDM. 3.2.2 Coarse WDM. 3.2.3 PON Spectral Regions. 3.3 Optical Couplers. 3.3.1 Basic 22 Coupler. 3.3.2 Coupler Performance. 3.3.3 Tap Coupler. 3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links. 3.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 4 PON Transceivers. 4.1 Optical Sources for PONs. 4.1.1 Source Characteristics. 4.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers. 4.1.3 Modulation Speed. 4.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages. 4.2 Optical Receivers. 4.2.1 Photodetector Types. 4.2.2 Quantum Efficiency. 4.2.3 Responsivity. 4.2.4 Speed of Detector Response. 4.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth. 4.2.6 Photodetector Noise. 4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR. 4.4 Burst-Mode Receiver Concept. 4.5 Burst-Mode ONT Transmission. 4.6 PON Transceiver Packages. 4.7 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components. 5.1 WDM Couplers for PONs. 5.1.1 Thin-Film Filters. 5.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings. 5.2 Optical Power Splitter. 5.2.1 Splitting Loss. 5.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure. 5.3 Optical Cables for PONs. 5.3.1 Cable Structures. 5.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding. 5.4 Fiber Interconnections. 5.4.1 Optical Connectors. 5.4.2 Connector Losses. 5.4.3 Optical Splices. 5.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks. 6.1 Fundamental PON Architecture. 6.2 Active PON Modules. 6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal. 6.2.2 Optical Network Terminal. 6.2.3 Optical Network Unit. 6.3 Traffic Flows. 6.4 Passive Component Applications. 6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs. 6.4.2 Optical Power Splitters. 6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures. 6.4.4 Wavelength Couplers. 6.5 PON Alternatives. 6.5.1 BPON Basics. 6.5.2 EPON and EFM. 6.5.3 GPON Basics. 6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges. 6.7 Standards Development. 6.7.1 ITU-T. 6.7.2 FSAN. 6.7.3 IEEE. 6.8 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics. 7.1 BPON Architecture. 7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes. 7.1.2 OLT Capabilities. 7.2 ATM Basics. 7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells. 7.2.2 ATM Service Categories. 7.2.3 Service Level Agreements. 7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics. 7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows. 7.3.2 Protection of Grants. 7.3.3 Video Traffic. 7.4 Traffic Control. 7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation. 7.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation. 7.5 Standards Details. 7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1. 7.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2. 7.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3. 7.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4. 7.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5. 7.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6. 7.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7. 7.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8. 7.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile. 8.1 EFM Options. 8.2 EPON Architecture. 8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions. 8.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows. 8.2.3 Power Levels Received. 8.3 MPCP Functions. 8.3.1 Discovery Process. 8.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment. 8.3.3 Transmission Timing. 8.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet. 8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber. 8.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper. 8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards. 8.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics. 9.1 GPON Architecture. 9.1.1 GSR Specification. 9.1.2 GPON Protection Switching. 9.1.3 Information Security in a GPON. 9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2. 9.2.1 Optical Performances. 9.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control. 9.2.3 Forward Error Correction. 9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer. 9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format. 9.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format. 9.3.3 GEM Segment. 9.4 ONT Management and Control. 9.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications. 10.1 Implementation Scenarios. 10.1.1 Application Alternatives. 10.1.2 Installation Types. 10.2 Network Architectures. 10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations. 10.2.2 Network Design Variations. 10.3 Local Powering Options. 10.3.1 Indoor Power Supply. 10.3.2 Outdoor Power Supply. 10.3.3 Network Powering. 10.4 Service Applications. 10.4.1 Bandwidth Requirements. 10.4.2 Video Service Issues. 10.5 Expanded WDM PON. 10.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 11 FTTP Network Design. 11.1 Design Criteria. 11.1.1 System Requirements. 11.1.2 System Margin. 11.1.3 Power Penalties. 11.2 Link Power Budget. 11.2.1 Power-Budgeting Process. 11.2.2 FTTP 1310-nm Power Budget. 11.2.3 FTTP 1490-nm Power Budget. 11.3 Photonic Design Automation Tools. 11.3.1 Modeling Tool Characteristics. 11.3.2 FTTP Network Modeling Tool. 11.4 Link Capacity Estimates. 11.4.1 Basic Formulation. 11.4.2 Basic Rise Times. 11.4.3 FTTP Link Rise Time. 11.5 Network Protection Schemes. 11.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 12 FTTP Network Implementations. 12.1 Central Office Configuration. 12.1.1 Service Inputs to the FTTP Network. 12.1.2 Cable Layout and Interfaces. 12.1.3 WDM Coupler Placement. 12.1.4 Patch Cords and Intrafacility Cables. 12.2 Feeder Cables. 12.2.1 Feeder Cable Structures. 12.2.2 OSP Distribution Cabinet. 12.3 Distribution Section. 12.4 Installation of PON Cables. 12.4.1 Direct-Burial Installations. 12.4.2 Horizontal Drilling. 12.4.3 Pulling Cable into Ducts. 12.4.4 Cable Jetting Installation. 12.4.5 Aerial Installation. 12.4.6 Cable Warning and Identification Markers. 12.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 13 Network Installation Testing. 13.1 International Measurement Standards. 13.2 Basic Test Instruments. 13.3 Optical Power Measurements. 13.3.1 Definition of Optical Power. 13.3.2 Optical Power Meter. 13.3.3 Power Meter Applications. 13.4 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer. 13.4.1 OTDR Trace. 13.4.2 OTDR Dead Zone. 13.4.3 Fiber Fault Location. 13.5 Optical Return Loss. 13.6 Visual Fault Locator. 13.7 Optical-Loss Test Set. 13.8 Multifunction Test Instrument. 13.9 Device Conformance Testing. 13.10 FTTP Network Testing. 13.10.1 Checking Individual Link Losses. 13.10.2 Optical-Loss Budget Check. 13.10.3 End-to-End Link Characterization. 13.10.4 ORL Measurements. 13.10.5 OLT and Video Output Checks. 13.10.6 ONT Output Check. 13.11 FTTP Network Troubleshooting. 13.11.1 Resolutions of Network Problems. 13.11.2 Troubleshooting Guidelines. 13.12 Summary. Problems. References and Further Reading. Chapter 14 Network Management Functions. 14.1 Basic Network Management. 14.2 Management Functions. 14.2.1 Performance Management. 14.2.2 Configuration Management. 14.2.3 Accounting Management. 14.2.4 Fault Management. 14.2.5 Security Management. 14.3 OAM&P in FTTP Networks. 14.4 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Appendix A Units, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors. Appendix B Acronyms. Appendix C Video Transmission. Appendix D Communication Signals. Appendix E Telcordia Generic Requirements for PON Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisA classroom-tested book addressing key issues of electrical noise This book examines noise phenomena in linear and nonlinear high-frequency circuits from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The authors explore important noise mechanisms using equivalent sources and analytical and numerical methods.Trade Review"…a complete and organized document where [the reader will] find well-structured and in depth material on electrical noise in high-frequency circuits." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, November/December 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Mathematical and System-oriented Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 hlathematical basics for the description of noise signals. 1.3 Transfer of noise signals by linear networks. 2 Noise of Linear One- and Two-Ports. 2.1 Noise of one-ports. 2.2 Noise of two-ports. 2.3 Noise figure of linear two-ports. 3 Measurement of Noise Parameters. 3.1 Measurement of noise power. 3.2 Measurement of the correlation function and the crossspectrum. 3.3 Illustrative interpretation of the correlation. 3.4 Measurement of the equivalent noise temperature of a one-port. 3.5 Special radiometer circuits. 3.6 Measurement of the noise figure. 3.7 Measurement of minimum noise figure and optimum source impedance. 3.8 De-embedding of the noise parameters. 3.9 Alternative determination of the noise temperature of a one-port. 4 Noise of Diodes and Transistors. 4.1 Shot noise. 4.2 Shot noise of Schottky diodes. 4.3 Shot noise of pn-diodes. 4.4 Noise of PIK diodes. 4.5 Noise equivalent circuits of bipolar transistors. 4.6 Noise of field effect transistors. 5 Parametric Circuits. 5.1 Parametric theory. 5.2 Down converters with Schottky diodes. 5.3 Mixer circuits. 5.4 Noise equivalent circuit of pumped Schottky diodes. 5.5 Noise figure of down-converters with Schottky diodes. 5.6 Mixers with field effect transistors. 5.7 Noise figure of down converters with field effect transistors. 5.8 Harmonic mixers. 5.9 Noise figure of harmonic mixers. 5.10 Noise figure measurements of down converters. 5.11 Noise figure of a parametric amplifier. 5.12 Up-converters with varactors. 6 Noise in Non-linear Circuits. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Problems with the noise characterization of non-linear two-ports. 6.3 l/f-noise. 6.4 Amplitude and phase noise. 6.5 Normalized single sideband noise power density. 6.6 Amplitude and phase noise of amplifiers. 6.7 Transformation of amplitude and phase noise in linear two-ports. 6.8 Amplitude and phase noise in non-linear two-ports. 6.9 Measurement of the phase noise. 7 Noise in Oscillators. 7.1 Two-port and one-port oscillators. 7.2 Oscillation condition. 7.3 Noise analysis. 7.4 Stability condition. 7.5 Examples. 7.5.1 Two-port oscillator with transmission resonator. 7.5.2 One-port oscillator with a series resonator. 7.5.3 Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). 7.6 Noise in phase-locked loop circuits. 7.7 Measurement of the oscillator noise. 7.7.1 Amplitude noise. 7.7.2 Phase noise. 7.7.3 Injection locking. 7.8 Disturbing effects of oscillator noise. 7.8.1 Heterodyne reception. 7.8.2 Sensitivity of a spectrum analyzer. 7.8.3 Distance measurements. 7.8.4 Velocity measurements. 7.8.5 Transmission of information by a frequency or. phase modulated carrier signal. 7.8.6 Measurement system for the microwave gas spectroscopy. 8 Quantization Noise. 8.1 Quantization noise of analog-to-digital converters. 8.2 Quantization noise of fractional divider phase locked loops. 8.2.1 Application of the Sigma-Delta modulation. 8.2.2 Multiple integration. 8.2.3 Identity of the cascade and the chain circuit. 8.2.4 Chain circuit with weighting coefficients. 8.2.5 Transient behavior of a fractional logic circuit. 8.2.6 Fractional divider without a PLL. Appendix A Solutions to the problems of Chapter 1. Appendix B Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 2. Appendix C Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 3. Appendix D Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 4. Appendix E Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 5. Appendix F Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 6. Appendix G Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 7. Appendix H Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 8. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll the expert guidance you need to understand, build, and operate GPS receivers The Second Edition of this acclaimed publication enables readers to understand and apply the complex operation principles of global positioning system (GPS) receivers.Trade Review"Recommended for libraries serving graduate engineering programs or specialists." (E-STREAMS, May 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to the First Edition. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Basic GPS Concept. Chapter 3. Satellite Constellation. Chapter 4. Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed Coordinate System. Chapter 5. GPS C/A Code Signal Structure. Chapter 6. Receiver Hardware Considerations. Chapter 7. Acquisition of GPSb C/A Code Signals. Chapter 8. Tracking GPS Signals. Chapter 9. GPS Software Receivers. Chapter 10. Acquisition of Weak Signals. Chapter 11. Tracking Weak Signals. Chapter 12. GPS Receiver-Related Subjects. Index.

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Book SynopsisA unique system focus that presents specific solutions for specific appliances This publication presents state-of-the-art power management techniques for modern electronic appliances that rely on such very large-scale integration (VLSI) chips as CPUs and DSPs.Trade Review"The book is written in an easy-to-understand tone…highly recommended." (CHOICE, June 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Technology Landscape. 1.2 A Young Industry after All. 2. Power Management Technologies. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Integrated Circuits Power Technology: Processing and Packaging. Diodes and Bipolar Transistors. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Transistors. DMOS Transistors. CMOS Transistors. Passive Components. A Monolithic Process Example. Packaging. 2.3 Discrete Power Technology: Processing and Packaging. From Wall to Board. Power MOSFET Technology Basics. Package Technologies. 2.4 Ongoing Trends. 3. Circuits. PART I. ANALOG CIRCUITS. 3.1 Transistors. NPN. PNP. Trans-Conductance. Transistor as Transfer-Resistor. Transistor Equations. MOS versus Bipolar Transistors. 3.2 Elementary Circuits. Current Mirror. Current Source. Differential Input Stage. Differential to Single Input Stage. Buffer. 3.3 Operational Amplifier (Opamp). Inverting and Non-Inverting Inputs. Rail to Rail Output Operation. CMOS Opamp. Opamp Symbol and Configurations. DC Open Loop Gain. AC Open Loop Gain. 3.4 Voltage Reference. Positive TC of ?VBE. Negative TC of VBE. Build a ?VBE. Building a Voltage Reference. Fractional Band-Gap Voltage Reference. 3.5 Voltage Regulator. 3.6 Linear versus Switching. 3.7 Switching Regulators. 3.8 Buck Converters. Switching Regulator Power Train. Output Capacitor. Electrolytic Capacitors and Transient Response. Ceramic Capacitors. Losses in the Power Train. The Analog Modulator. Driver. Switching Regulator Block Diagram. Switching Regulator Control Loop. Input Filter. Input Inductor LIN. Input Capacitor. Current Mode. 3.9 Flyback Converters. PART II. DIGITAL CIRCUITS. 3.10 Logic Functions. NAND Gate. Set-Reset R Flip-Flop. Current Mode with Anti-Bouncing Flip-Flop. 4. DC-DC Conversion Architectures. 4.1 Valley Control Architecture. Peak and Valley Control Architectures. Transient Response of Each System. Valley Control with FAN5093. Conclusion. 4.2 Monolithic Buck Converter. A New Design Methodology for Faster Time to Market The Design Cycle. The FAN5301. The Behavioral Model. Light Load Operation. Full Load Operation. Over-Current. One Shot. Comparator. Results. Timing. Conclusion. 4.3 Active Clamp. Introduction. Application. Test Results. Comments. 4.4 Battery Charging Techniques: New Solutions for Notebook Battery Chargers. High Efficiency. The Smart Battery System. Data Conversion. Fast Charge. Battery Charger System. 4.5 Digital Power. Control Algorithm of Modern Switching Regulators: Analog or Digital?. Fast Switchmode Regulators and Digital Control. 5. Offline (AC-DC) Architectures. 5.1 Offline Power Architectures. Introduction. Offline Control. PFC Architecture. DC-DC Conversion Down to Low Voltage. Future Trends. 5.2 Power AC Adapter: Thermal and Electrical Design. Introduction: The Challenge. AC Adapter Power Dissipation. AC Adapter Case Temperature. Active and No-load Operation. Development of a Solution. Conclusion. 6. Power Management of Ultraportable Devices. 6.1 Power Management of Wireless Computing and Communications Devices. The Wireless Landscape. Power Management Technologies for Wireless. Cellular Telephones. Wireless Handheld. Charge. Protection and Fuel Gauging. Convergence of Cellular Telephone and Handheld. Future Architectures. 6.2 Power Management in Wireless Telephones: Subsystem Design Requirements. Smart Phone Subsystems. Display Board. Keypad Board. Main Board. Battery Pack. AC Adapter. 6.3 Powering Feature-Rich Handsets. Growing Complexity and Shrinking Cycle Time. Power Management Unit. Low Dropouts (LDOs). 6.4 More on Power Management Units in Cell Phones. Barriers to Up-Integration. PMU Building Blocks. CPU Regulator. Low Dropout Block. The Microcontroller. The Microcontroller Die. Processing Requirements. Microcontroller-Driven Illumination System. 6.5 Color Displays and Cameras Increase Demand on Power Sources and Management. Digital Still Camera. Camera Phones. Power Minimization. Untethered Operation. 7. Computing and Communications Systems. 7.1 Power Management of Desktop and Notebook Computers. Power Management System Solution for a Pentium III Desktop System. Power Management System Solution for Pentium IV Systems (Desktop and Notebook). Desktop Systems. Powering the Silver Box. Notebook Systems. Future Power Trends. 7.2 Computing and Data Communications Converge at the Point of Load. The Proliferation of Power Supplies. Telecom Power Distribution. Computing Power Distribution. Multiphase Buck Converter for POLs and VRMs. Conclusion. 7.3 Efficient Power Management ICs Tailored for DDR-SDRAM Memories. Introduction. DDR Power Management Architecture. Worst Case Current Consumption. Average Power Consumption. Transient Operation. Standby Operation. Linear versus Switching. Second Generation DDR-DDR2. FAN5236 for DDR and DDR2 Memories. Future Trends. 7.4 Power Management of Digital Set-Top Boxes. Set-Top Box Architecture. Power Management. High Power Set-Top Boxes. Low Power Set-Top Boxes. Conclusion. 7.5 Power Conversion for the Data Communications Market. Introduction. Current Environment with Separate Networks. Migration to Converged Voice/Data/Video IP. Telecom -48 V DC Power Distribution. Datacom AC Power Distribution. Conclusion. 8. Future Directions and Special Topics. 8.1 Beyond Productivity and Toys: Designing ICs for the Health Care Market. 8.2 Power Management Protocols Help Save Energy. ACPI. Motherboard (DC-DC) Voltage Regulators. Offline (AC-DC) Voltage Regulators with Power. Factor Correction (PFC). Green Power (Energy Management). New Low Power System Requirements. Conclusion. 8.3 Heat Disposal in Electronics Applications. Active versus Passive Cooling. Limits of Passive Cooling. Active Cooling. Active Cooling-Yes or No?. Active Cooling Implementation. 8.4 Web Based Design Tools. The Tools on the Web. 8.5 Motor Drivers for Portable Electronic Appliances. Introduction. Camera Basics. Motors and Motor Drivers. Driving Implementation. Efficiency. DSC Power Consumption. Conclusion. Appendix A.Fairchild Specifications for FAN5093. Appendix B. Fairchild Specifications for FAN4803. Appendix C. Fairchild Specifications for FSD210 and FSD200. Appendix D. Fairchild Specifications for FAN5307. Appendix E. Fairchild Specifications for ACE1502. Appendix F. Fairchild Specifications for FAN5236. Appendix G. Fairchild Specifications for FAN8702. Glossary. Further Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn the fundamentals of integrated communication microsystems Advanced communication microsystems-the latest technology to emerge in the semiconductor sector after microprocessors-require integration of diverse signal processing blocks in a power-efficient and cost-effective manner.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 Fundamental Concepts and Background 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Communication Systems 1 1.2 History and Overview of Wireless Communication Systems 3 1.3 History and Overview of Wired Communication Systems 4 1.4 Communication System Fundamentals 5 1.4.1 Channel Capacity 5 1.4.2 Bandwidth and Power Tradeoff 6 1.4.3 SNR as a Metric 7 1.4.4 Operating Frequency 8 1.4.5 The Cellular Concept 9 1.4.6 Digital Communications 10 1.4.7 Power Constraint 11 1.4.8 Symbol Constellation 12 1.4.9 Quadrature Basis and Sideband Combination 12 1.4.10 Negative Frequency 13 1.5 Electromagnetics 14 1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equations 14 1.5.2 Application to Circuit Design 14 1.5.3 Signal Propagation in Wireless Medium 15 1.6 Analysis of Circuits and Systems 16 1.6.1 Laplace Transformation 16 1.6.2 Fourier Series 16 1.6.3 Fourier Transform 18 1.6.4 Time and Frequency Domain Duality 18 1.6.5 Z Transform 20 1.6.6 Circuit Dynamics 21 1.6.7 Frequency Domain and Time Domain Simulators 21 1.6.8 Matrix Representation of Circuits 21 1.7 Broadband, Wideband, and Narrowband Systems 26 1.7.1 LC Tank as a Narrowband Element 26 1.7.2 LC Tank at Resonance 27 1.7.3 Q Factor, Power, and Area Metrics 28 1.7.4 Silicon-Specific Considerations 28 1.7.5 Time Domain Behavior 29 1.7.6 Series/Parallel Resonance 29 1.8 Semiconductor Technology and Devices 30 1.8.1 Silicon-Based Processes 31 1.8.2 Unity Current and Power Gain 31 1.8.3 Noise 33 1.8.4 Bipolar vs. MOS 34 1.8.5 Device Characteristics 35 1.8.6 Passive Components 41 1.8.7 Evaluation Testbenches 51 1.9 Key Circuit Topologies 55 1.9.1 Differential Circuits 55 1.9.2 Translinear Circuits 58 1.9.3 Feedback Circuits 59 1.9.4 Cascode Circuits 61 1.9.5 Common Source, Common Gate, and Common Drain Stages 62 1.9.6 Folded Cascode Topology 64 1.10 Gain/Linearity/Noise 65 1.10.1 Noise and Intermodulation Tradeoff 65 1.10.2 Narrowband and Wideband Systems 66 Conclusion 66 References 66 2 Wireless Communication System Architectures 69 Introduction 69 2.1 Fundamental Considerations 70 2.1.1 Center Frequency, Modulation, and Process Technology 70 2.1.2 Frequency Planning 71 2.1.3 Blockers 72 2.1.4 Spurs and Desensing 74 2.1.5 Transmitter Leakage 74 2.1.6 LO leakage and Interference 74 2.1.7 Image 76 2.1.8 Half-IF Interference 76 2.2 Link Budget Analysis 77 2.2.1 Linearity 77 2.2.2 Noise 80 2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 82 2.2.4 Receiver Gain 82 2.3 Propagation Effects 83 2.3.1 Path Loss 83 2.3.2 Multipath and Fading 85 2.3.3 Equalization 86 2.3.4 Diversity 86 2.3.5 Coding 87 2.4 Interface Planning 87 2.5 Superheterodyne Architecture 87 2.5.1 Frequency Domain Representation 88 2.5.2 Phase Shift and Image Rejection 89 2.5.3 Transmitter and Receiver 90 2.5.4 Imbalance and Harmonics 90 2.6 Low IF Architecture 91 2.7 Direct Conversion Architecture 92 2.7.1 Advantages 93 2.7.2 Modulation 93 2.7.3 Architecture and Frequency Planning 93 2.7.4 Challenges in the Direct Conversion Receiver 94 2.8 Two-Stage Direct Conversion 102 2.9 Current-Mode Architecture 103 2.10 Subsampling Architecture 104 2.11 Multiband Direct Conversion Radio 105 2.12 Polar Modulator 106 2.13 Harmonic Reject Architecture 108 2.14 Practical Considerations for Transceiver Integration 109 2.14.1 Transmitter Considerations 109 2.14.2 Receiver Considerations 110 Conclusion 111 References 111 3 System Architecture for High-Speed Wired Communications 113 Introduction 113 3.1 Bandlimited Channel 118 3.1.1 Fiber Optical Link 118 3.1.2 Dispersion in Fibers 120 3.1.3 Backplane Multi-Gb/s Data Interface 123 3.1.4 Backplane Channel Loss 124 3.2 Equalizer System Study 129 3.2.1 Equalization Overview 129 3.2.2 Historical Background 131 3.2.3 Equalizer Topology Study 133 3.2.4 Equalizer System Simulation 139 Conclusion 143 References 143 4 Mixed Building Blocks of Signal Communication Systems 144 Introduction 144 4.1 Inverters 145 4.1.1 Key Design Parameters 145 4.1.2 Key Electrical Equations 146 4.1.3 Current Reuse Amplifier 147 4.1.4 Cascade and Fan-Out 148 4.2 Static D Flip-Flop 148 4.3 Bias Circuits 151 4.3.1 Current Sources and Sinks 151 4.3.2 Voltage References 153 4.4 Transconductor Cores 154 4.5 Load Networks 157 4.5.1 Passive Load 157 4.5.2 Active Load 158 4.6 AVersatile Analog Signal Processing Core 159 4.7 Low Noise Amplifier 162 4.7.1 Single-Ended Interfaces 163 4.7.2 Design Steps 163 4.7.3 Gain Expansion 165 4.7.4 Layout Considerations 165 4.7.5 Inductorless LNAs 166 4.7.6 Gain Variation 166 4.8 Power Amplifiers 168 4.8.1 Performance Metrics 168 4.8.2 Classes of Amplifiers 170 4.8.3 Practical Considerations 172 4.8.4 PA Architectures 172 4.8.5 Feedback and Feedforward 174 4.8.6 Predistortion Techniques 177 4.9 Balun 178 4.10 Signal Generation Path 179 4.10.1 Oscillator Circuits 179 4.10.2 Quadrature Generation Networks 188 4.10.3 Passive Hybrid Networks 194 4.10.4 Regenerative Frequency Dividers 194 4.10.5 Phase Locked Loop 195 4.11 Mixers 201 4.11.1 Basic Functionality 201 4.11.2 Architectures 202 4.11.3 Conversion Gain/Loss 203 4.11.4 Noise 204 4.11.5 Port Isolation 205 4.11.6 Receive and Transmit Mixers 205 4.11.7 Impedances 206 4.12 Baseband Filters 207 4.12.1 Classification of Integrated Filters 207 4.12.2 Biquadratic Stages 208 4.12.3 Switched Capacitor Filters 209 4.12.4 Gm-C Filters 211 4.12.5 OP-Amp-RC Filters 213 4.12.6 Calibration of On-Chip Filters 224 4.12.7 Passive Filter Configuration 226 4.13 Signal Strength Indicator (SSI) 226 4.14 ADC/DAC 227 4.15 Latch 230 Conclusion 231 References 231 5 Examples of Integrated Communication Microsystems 235 Introduction 235 5.1 Direct Conversion Receiver Front End 235 5.1.1 Circuit Design 236 5.1.2 The Integration: Interfaces and Layout 242 5.1.3 Compensation and Corrections 243 5.2 Debugging: A Practical Scenario 244 5.3 High-Speed Wired Communication Example 245 5.3.1. Bandlimited Channel 245 5.3.2 Design Example 247 Conclusion 258 References 258 6 Low-Voltage, Low-Power, and Low-Area Designs 260 Introduction 260 6.1. Power Consumption Considerations 261 6.1.1 Active Inductors 261 6.1.2 Adding Transfer Function Zero 263 6.1.3 Driving Point Impedance 263 6.1.4 Stacking Functional Blocks 265 6.2 Device Technology and Scaling 266 6.2.1 Digital and Analog Circuits 266 6.2.2 Supply Voltage, Speed, and Breakdown 266 6.2.3 Circuit Impacts of Increased fT 267 6.2.4 MOSFETs in Weak Inversion 267 6.2.5 Millimeter-Wave Applications 268 6.2.6 Practical Considerations 268 6.3 Low-Voltage Design Techniques 269 6.3.1 Separate DC Paths per Circuit Functionality 269 6.3.2 Transformer Coupled Feedback 270 6.3.3 Positive Feedback 271 6.3.4 Current-Mode Interface 272 6.3.5 Circuits Based on Weak Inversion 273 6.3.6 Voltage Boosting 273 6.3.7 Bulk-Driven Circuits 274 6.3.8 Flipped Voltage Follower 276 6.4 Injection-Locked Techniques 277 6.5. Subharmonic Architectures 279 6.5.1 Formalism 279 6.5.2 System Considerations 280 6.5.3 Antiparallel Diode Pair 281 6.5.4 Active Subharmonic Mixers 284 6.5.5 Subharmonic Architecture Building Blocks 286 6.6. Super-Regenerative Architectures 286 6.6.1 Formalism 287 6.6.2 Architecture and Circuit Illustration 289 6.7. Hearing Aid Applications 290 6.7.1 Architecture Based on Digital/Mixed-Signal Circuits 290 6.7.2 Architecture Based on Subthreshold Current-Mode Circuits 292 6.8. Radio Frequency Identification Tags 297 6.8.1 System Considerations 297 6.8.2 System Architecture 297 6.8.3 Rectifier, Limiter, and Regulator 298 6.8.4 Antenna Design 301 6.9. Ultra-Low-Power Radios 302 Conclusion 303 References 304 7 Packaging for Integrated Communication Microsystems 309 Introduction 309 7.1. Background 311 7.1.1 Trends from 1970 to 1995 311 7.1.2 Trends from 1995 to Today 313 7.1.3 Before 2006 314 7.1.4 After 2006 314 7.2 Elements of a Package 315 7.2.1 Power/GND Planes 315 7.2.2 Package Materials 317 7.3 Current Chip Packaging Technologies 317 7.3.1 Ball Grid Arrays (BGAs) 317 7.3.2 Flip-Chip Technology (FCT) 319 7.3.3 Flip-Chip vs. Wire Bond 319 7.3.4 Choice of Transmission Line 320 7.3.5 Thermal Issues 320 7.3.6 Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) 321 7.4 Driving Forces for RF Packaging Technology 322 7.5 MCM Definitions and Classifications 323 7.6 RF–SOP Modules 325 7.7 Package Modeling and Optimization 329 7.8 Future Packaging Trends 333 7.9 Chip-Package Codesign 334 7.10 Package Models and Transmission Lines 335 7.10.1 Frequency of Operations 335 7.10.2 Bends and Discontinuities 336 7.10.3 Differential Signaling 337 7.11 Calculations for Package Elements 339 7.11.1 Inductance 339 7.11.2 Capacitance 340 7.11.3 Image Theory 341 7.12 Crosstalk 342 7.13 Grounding 343 7.14 Practical Issues in Packaging 344 7.15 Chip-Package Codesign Examples 346 7.16 Wafer Scale Package 349 7.17 Filters Using Bondwire 349 7.18 Packaging Limitation 350 Conclusion 351 References 351 8 Advanced SOP Components and Signal Processing 355 Introduction 355 8.1 History of Compact Design 358 8.2 Previous Techniques in Performance Enhancement 361 8.3 Design Complexities 363 8.4 Modeling Complexities 363 8.5 Compact Stacked Patch Antennas Using LTCC Multilayer Technology 365 8.6 Suppression of Surface Waves and Radiation Pattern Improvement Using SHS Technology 378 8.7 Radiation-Pattern Improvement Using a Compact Soft-Surface Structure 382 8.8 A Package-Level-Integrated Antenna Based on LTCC Technology 395 Conclusion 401 References 401 9 Simulation and Characterization of Integrated Microsystems 404 Introduction 404 9.1 Computer-Aided Analysis of Wireless Systems 404 9.1.1 Operating Point Analysis 405 9.1.2 Impedance Matching 407 9.1.3 Tuning at Resonance 407 9.1.4 Transient Analysis 408 9.1.5 Noise Analysis 409 9.1.6 Linearity Analysis 410 9.1.7 Parasitic Elements 413 9.1.8 Process Variation 413 9.2 Measurement Equipments and their Operation 413 9.2.1 DC/Operating Point 413 9.2.2 C–V Measurement 414 9.2.3 Vector Network Analyzer and S-Parameter Measurements 415 9.2.4 Spectrum Analyzer (SA) 416 9.3 Network Analyzer Calibration 418 9.3.1 Overview of Network Analyzer Calibration 418 9.3.2 Types of Calibration 420 9.3.3 SOLT Calibration 420 9.3.4. TRL Calibration 424 9.4 Wafer Probing Measurement 429 9.4.1 Calibration Quantification of Random Errors 429 9.4.2 On-Wafer Measurement at the W-Band (75–110 GHz) 430 9.4.3 On-Wafer Microstrip Characterization Techniques 435 9.4.4 On-Wafer Package Characterization Technique 440 9.5 Characterization of Integrated Radios 448 9.6 In the Lab 451 9.6.1 Operating Point 451 9.6.2 Functionality Test 451 9.6.3 Impedance Matching 451 9.6.4 Conversion Gain 453 9.6.5 Linearity 453 9.6.6 Nonlinear Noise Figure 454 9.6.7 I/Q Imbalance 455 9.6.8 DC Offset 456 Conclusion 457 References 458 Appendix A Compendium of the TRL Calibration Algorithm 459 Appendix A 462 Index 469

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Book SynopsisAs one of the few rising stars of the semiconductor industry, WLAN design is engaging more and more engineers and companies. Essential to the overall system design, is the radio design. In Wireless LAN Radios Arya Behzad covers the necessary theory while emphasizing the practical aspects of this promising technology.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acronyms xi CHAPTER 1 802.11 Flavors and System Requirements 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 WLAN Market Trends 3 1.3 History of 802.11 6 1.4 802.11: b, a, or g? 8 1.5 802.11b Standard 10 1.6 802.11a Channel Allocation 13 1.7 802.11a and 802.11g: OFDM Mapping 14 1.7.1 Multipath Fading 14 1.8 802.11a/g: Data Rates 21 1.9 802.11a/g OFDM Packet Construction 24 1.10 802.11 System Requirements 24 1.10.1 Receiver Sensitivity 24 1.10.2 Transmitter Error Vector Magnitude 26 1.10.3 Transmitter Spectral Mask 28 1.11 Vector Signal Analysis 33 CHAPTER 2 Radio Receiver and Transmitter Architectures 43 2.1 Architectures 43 2.1.1 Superheterodyne Receiver 44 2.1.1.1 Choice of Intermediate Frequency in Superheterodyne Receiver 47 2.1.2 Low IF Receiver 51 2.1.3 Direct-Conversion Receiver 55 2.1.4 Receiver Architectures: Summary 59 2.1.5 Superheterodyne Transmitter 60 2.1.6 Low IF Transmitter 64 2.1.7 Direct-Conversion Transmitter 64 2.1.8 Polar Modulators 66 2.2 Process Choices: CMOS versus SiGe BiCMOS 67 CHAPTER 3 Analog Impairments and Issues 73 3.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Noise Figure 73 3.2 Receiver DC Offsets and LO Leakage 75 3.3 Receiver Flicker Noise 79 3.4 Receiver Interferers and Intermodulation Distortion 83 3.4.1 IP3, IP2, and P1dB 83 3.4.2 Tools for Analyzing Modulated Signal Distortion 96 3.5 Receiver Image Rejection 102 3.5.1 Superheterodyne Receiver 102 3.5.2 Low IF Architecture 104 3.5.3 Direct-Conversion Receiver 106 3.6 Quadrature Balance and Relation to Image Rejection 107 3.7 Quadrature Balance and Relation to EVM 109 3.8 Other Transmitter (Modulator) Impairments 116 3.9 Peak-to-Average Ratio and Relation to Linearity and Efficiency 121 3.10 Local Oscillator Pulling in PLL 124 3.11 Phase Noise in PLL 126 3.12 Far-Out Phase Noise 130 3.13 Effect of Phase Noise on OFDM Systems 131 3.14 Effect of Frequency Errors on OFDM 132 3.15 Summary of Analog/RF Impairments 135 CHAPTER 4 Some Key Radio Building Blocks 137 4.1 Low Noise Amplifier 137 4.2 Mixer and its Local Oscillator Buffers 142 4.3 Power Amplifier 148 4.4 Fully Integrated VCO 153 4.5 Multifrequency (Stacked) Mixer 157 4.6 Open-Loop Transconductance Linearization Circuit 158 CHAPTER 5 Calibration Techniques 161 5.1 VCO Calibration 163 5.2 Automatic Frequency Control 165 5.3 Quadrature Error and Local Oscillator Feedthrough Calibration 172 5.4 Bias Current Calibrations (R Calibration) 175 5.5 Filter Time-Constant Calibration (RC Calibration) 176 5.6 Other Calibrations 177 CHAPTER 6 Case Studies 179 6.1 Case Study 1: A CMOS 802.11a Transceiver 179 6.1.1 Architecture and Circuit Implementation 179 6.1.2 Receiver 181 6.1.3 Transmitter 183 6.1.4 Phase-Locked Loop 186 6.2 Case Study 2: High Performance WLAN Transmitter Utilizing Quadrature and LOFT Calibration 189 CHAPTER 7 Brief Discussion Of 802.11n and Concluding Remarks 197 7.1 Need for 802.11n 197 7.2 802.11a/b/g/n MIMO Transceiver 202 7.2.1 Architecture and Circuit Implementation 203 7.2.1.1 Receiver 203 7.2.1.2 Transmitter 205 7.2.1.3 PLL and LO Generation 207 7.2.1.4 Calibration Techniques 209 7.2.2 Packaging Issues 211 7.2.3 Measurement Results 211 7.2.4 MIMO Case Study Conclusion 216 7.3 Concluding Remarks 217 References 221 Annotated Bibliography 223 Index 233 About the Author 241

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Book SynopsisKey problems for the IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Certification Program IEEE Computer Society Real-World Software Engineering Problems helps prepare software engineering professionals for the IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Certification Program. The book offers workable, real-world sample problems with solutions to help readers solve common problems. In addition to its role as the definitive preparation guide for the IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Certification Program, this resource also serves as an appropriate guide for graduate-level courses in software engineering or for professionals interested in sharpening or refreshing their skills. The book includes a comprehensive collection of sample problems, each of which includes the problem''s statement, the solution, an explanation, and references. Topics covered include:Trade Review"…this book provides a valuable resource to help software professionals prepare for the CSDP exam, as well as a study aid for software engineering students in general." (Computing Reviews.com, November 8, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface: How was this book developed? What is the Computer Society's Software Development Professional Exam? What are the target audiences? How is this book structured? How are problems and their answers structured? How to use this book. A.Engineering Economics. B.Ethics. C.Professional Practice. D.Standards. A.Requirements. B.Software Design. C.Coding. D.Test. E.Maintenance. F.Software COnfiguration. G.QA. H.Metrics. I.Tools and Methods. J.SQA and V&V.

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Book SynopsisAn expert guide to the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication This exciting publication makes it easy for readers to enter into and deepen their knowledge of the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication.Trade Review"The book, with its details and practical information, will certainly help advance optical fiber communication…a welcome reference book…" (IEEE Circuits & Devices, May/June 2006)Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Optical Fiber 11 3 Photodetectors 25 4 Receiver Fundamentals 45 5 Transimpedance Amplifiers 105 6 Main Amplifiers 159 7 Optical Transmitters 233 8 Laser and Modulator Drivers 259 Appendix A Eye Diagrams 313 Appendix B Differential Circuits 321 Appendix C S Parameters 329 Appendix D Transistors and Technologies MOSFET and MESFET 343 Appendix E Answers to the Problems 359 Appendix F Notation 385 Appendix G Symbols 387 Appendix H Acronyms 399 References 407 Index 425

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Book SynopsisEffective project management tailored to the needs of the telecommunications industry In our rapidly changing world, the information and communication technologies and services have an immense impact on virtually all aspects of our lives...Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Projects in Telecommunication Services 1 Introduction 1 Project Management Versus Product Management 1 Virtual Network Operators 3 Contribution of Project Management 4 The Two Facets of Telecommunication Services 5 Categories of Projects in Telecommunication Services 6 Upgrades of Public Networks 7 Establishment of Specialized Business Networks 8 Temporary Networks 10 Characteristics of Telecommunication Service Projects 11 Complex Interfaces 11 External Interfaces 11 Internal Interfaces 12 International Orientation 15 Multidisciplinarity 15 No Mass Production 16 Diverse Users 16 A Relatively Long Planning Stage 17 Summary of Distinctions Between the Development of 17 Telecommunication Services and Equipment Summary 17 2 Standards and Innovation in Telecommunication Services 19 The Two Dimensions of Telecommunication Projects 19 The Technological Dimension 19 The Marketing and Social Dimension 22 Classification of Innovations 23 Innovations and the Technology Life Cycle 25 Innovation in Telecommunication Services 26 Incremental Innovation 27 Architectural Innovation 28 Platform Innovation 30 Radical Innovation 30 Interaction of Innovations in Equipment and Services 30 Phasic Relation Between Equipment and Services 31 Standardization for Telecommunication Services 34 Timing of Standards 35 Marketing Perspective 35 Technological View of Standards 35 Anticipatory Standards 36 Enabling (Participatory) Standards 37 Responsive Standards 38 Lack of Standards 38 Standards Policy and Knowledge Management 39 Summary 40 3 The Project Management Context 43 Organization of the Project Team 43 Functional Organization 44 Examples 45 Advantages 47 Disadvantages 47 Matrix Organization 47 Examples 48 Advantages 50 Disadvantages 50 Projectized Organization 50 Examples 51 Advantages 51 Disadvantages 51 Comparison of Project Organizations 52 Project Organization and Innovation Type 52 Incremental Innovation 52 Architectural Innovation 53 Platform Innovation 54 Radical Innovation 54 The Role of the Project Sponsor 54 Phase Management and Portfolio Management 56 The Rolling Wave Method for Service Development 56 Phase 1: Concept Definition 57 Phase 2: Initiation and Preliminary Planning Phase 58 Phase 3: Implementation 58 Phase 4: Controlled Introduction 58 Phase 5: General Availability and Close-Out 59 Canceling Projects 59 Relation to the Build–Operate–Transfer Model 59 Summary 60 4 Scope Management 61 Scope Initiation 62 Scope Planning 62 Market Service Description (MSD) 62 Scope Definition 63 Work Breakdown Structure 63 Technical Plan 64 The Need for Scope Management 66 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 66 E-Zpass Toll Collection System 66 Background 66 Gaps in the Definition ITS Scope 67 Scope Creep in New Jersey 68 Sources of Scope Change 68 Customer Profile 69 Vendor’s Effect 69 Basic Principles of Scope Management 69 Change Control Policy 71 Strictness of the Change Control Policy 71 Change Control Board 72 Scope Verification 72 Tracking and Issue Management 72 Project Termination 73 Case Studies 74 Telecommunications Alliances/Joint Ventures 74 Net 1000 76 Background 77 Timeline and Organization Evolution 78 Postmortem Analysis 80 Lessons Learned 84 Lessons Not Learned 84 Summary 85 5 Time and Cost Management 87 Scheduling 87 Delays in Telecommunication Projects 88 Compressing the Schedule 89 Cost Management 90 Project Tracking with Earned Value Analysis 91 Metrics for the Earned Value 92 Discrete Effort Method 92 Apportioned Effort Method 93 Level of Effort Method 93 Budget Types 93 Monitoring Project Progress 93 Measures of Efficiency 94 Prerequisites for Earned Value Analysis 95 Earned Value Analysis in Telecommunication Projects 95 Summary 97 6 Information and Communication Management 99 The Role of Communication Management 99 Dissemination of Information 100 Team Cohesion 100 Historical Database 101 Communication and Outsourcing 101 The Communication Plan 102 Audience 102 Circumstances 103 Nature of Information 103 Content of the Plan 104 Communication Channels 104 One-on-One Communication 105 Meetings 105 Telephony and Teleconferences 107 E-Mail 107 Intranets and Project Portals 107 Evaluation of the Communication Processes 108 Measure of Communication Effectiveness 108 Signs of Communication Problems 108 Barriers to Successful Communications 109 Summary 109 7 Resources Management 111 Formation of the Project Team 111 Team Building 116 Team Building and the Hierarchy of Human Needs 116 Signs of a Jelled Team 117 Enablers of Team Cohesiveness 117 Impediments to Team Consolidation 118 No Self-Actualization 118 No Self-Esteem 118 No Belongingness 119 No Security 119 Team Breakup (Adjourning) 119 Project Leadership 119 Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership 120 Project Manager’s Authority 120 Manipulative Behavior 120 MBTI Classification of Leadership Styles 121 Time-Dependent Leadership 123 Matching Leadership Style with the Project Phase 123 Matching Leadership Style with Innovation Type 124 Matching Leadership with Technology Maturity 125 Conflict Resolution 126 Conflicts Due to Contractual Structures 126 Conflicts Due to Connectual Structures 127 Types of Diversity 127 Examples of Social Diversity 128 Examples of Informational Diversity 128 Examples of Value Diversity 129 Conflicts and Diversity 130 Effects of Conflict on Project Performance 130 Dealing with Conflicts 132 Problem Solving 132 Coercion 132 Compromise 132 Accommodation 132 Withdrawal or Avoidance 132 Summary 133 8 Quality Management 135 Overview 135 Quality and Innovation 136 Service Release Management 137 Quality Plan 138 Categorization of the Defects: Urgency and Criticality 139 Appraisal 141 Schedule Compression 144 Evaluation of Testing Progress 145 When to Stop Testing? 145 Vendor Management During the Testing Program 148 Summary 150 Appendix 151 Poisson Model 151 The Basic Model 152 The Jelinski–Moranda Model 152 Deployability 153 Learning Effect with the Yamada Model 154 9 Vendor Management 157 The Importance of Vendor Management 157 Vendor Management Versus Procurement Management 157 Acquisition Process 158 Evaluation of the Formal Solicitation Process 160 Vendor Selection 160 Contract Type 161 Vendor Types in Telecommunications Services 161 Vendor Evaluation 162 Additional Criteria for Equipment Vendors 164 Additional Criteria for Connectivity Vendors 164 Communications with Technology Vendors 165 Statement of Work 165 Vendor Tracking 166 Partnerships and Virtual Organizations 166 Metrics for Vendor Tracking During Acceptance Testing 168 Vendor’s Handoff 169 Metrics for Vendor Tracking for Problems in the Field 169 Risks in the Management of Technology Vendors 170 The Technology Life Cycle 170 Vendor Type 170 Risk of Supply Disruption 171 Congruence of the Plans for the Vendor and the Service Provider 171 Lack of Standards 172 Intellectual Property and Knowledge Management 172 Inadequate Field Support 173 Risk Mitigation in the Management of Technology Vendor 173 Connectivity Vendors 174 Types of Agreements Among Network Operators 174 Risks Management for Interconnectivity Vendors 174 Summary 175 10 Risk Management 177 Risk Identification 178 Risk Evaluation 178 Risk Mitigation 180 Risk Avoidance 180 Risk Reduction 180 Combined Risk Avoidance and Reduction 181 Risk Deflection 181 Risk Financing 182 Risks Identification Telecommunications Services 183 Project Characteristics 184 Complexity 184 Schedule 184 Novelty 185 Geography 185 Internal Organization 185 Technology 186 Supplier 187 Customer 187 Risk Mitigation in Telecommunications Services 187 Risks Due to Project Characteristics 187 Technological Risks 188 Supplier’s Risks 189 Customer’s Risks 189 Standardization and Risk 189 Innovation and Risk 191 Incremental Innovation 191 Architectural Innovation 192 Platform Innovation 193 Radical Innovation 193 Risk Mitigation and Organizational Culture 193 Risk Mitigation and the Project Manager’s Tolerance for Risk 194 Summary 194 11 Service Development 197 Opportunity Analysis and Concept Definition 197 Product Definition and Project Setup 198 Design and Procurement 199 Architecture Design 199 Supplier Management 200 Technical Definition of the Service 202 Site Selection 202 Service Operations Technical Plan (SOTP) 202 Support Processes 203 Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OA&M) 205 Disaster Recovery 207 Customer Network Management 209 Development 209 Equipment Handoff 210 System and Integration Testing 210 Network Operations Center (NOC) 211 Human Resources 211 Return Maintenance Authorization (RMA) 211 Customer Care 211 Service Turn-Up 212 Installing the Equipment 212 In-Field Tests 212 Pilot Trials 213 Controlled Introduction 214 Management of the Controlled Introduction 214 Marketing and Sales Plans for General Availability 215 Commissioning and Life-Cycle Management 217 Lessons Learned and Closeout 217 Quality-of-Service Metrics 217 Customer Care Performance 219 Network Performance 219 OA&M Quality 219 Business and Network Evolution 219 Summary 221 Appendix 221 12 Some Final Thoughts 223 Continuity and Change 223 Project Success or Service Success? 224 Competition and Government Policies 225 Standardization 227 Outsourcing 228 References 229 Index 239

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Book SynopsisThis book tells you how to meet people's expectations with quality planning, software quality, automation, execution, validation, verification, measurement and analysis, and support. It is divided into four major parts: Part I introduces all the major topics and covers quality planning. Part II is devoted to software testing topics.Trade Review"... seasoned throughout with practical experience and examples ... these combine to give a well-balanced feel overall which is really quite satisfying." (Software Testing, Verification and Reliability, June 2006)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. PART I OVERVIEW AND BASICS. 1 Overview. 1.1 Meeting People's Quality Expectations. 1.2 Book Organization and Chapter Overview. 1.3 Dependency and Suggested Usage. 1.4 Reader Preparation and Background Knowledge. Problems. 2 What Is Software Quality? 2.1 Quality: Perspectives and Expectations. 2.2 Quality Frameworks and ISO-9126. 2.3 Correctness and Defects: Definitions, Properties, and Measurements. 2.4 A Historical Perspective of Quality. 2.5 So, What Is Software Quality? Problems. 3 Quality Assurance. 3.1 Classification: QA as Dealing with Defects. 3.2 Defect Prevention. 3.2.1 Education and training. 3.2.2 Formal method. 3.2.3 Other defect prevention techniques. 3.3 Defect Reduction. 3.3.1 Inspection: Direct fault detection and removal. 3.3.2 Testing: Failure observation and fault removal. 3.3.3 Other techniques and risk identification. 3.4 Defect Containment. 3.4.1 Software fault tolerance. 3.4.2 Safety assurance and failure containment. 3.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 4 Quality Assurance in Context. 4.1 Handling Discovered Defect During QA Activities. 4.2 QA Activities in Software Processes. 4.3 Verification and Validation Perspectives. 4.4 Reconciling the Two Views. 4.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 5 Quality Engineering. 5.1 Quality Engineering: Activities and Process. 5.2 Quality Planning: Goal Setting and Strategy Formation. 5.3 Quality Assessment and Improvement. 5.4 Quality Engineering in Software Processes. 5.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. PART II SOFTWARE'TESTING. 6 Testing: Concepts, Issues, and Techniques. 6.1 Purposes, Activities, Processes, and Context. 6.2 Questions About Testing. 6.3 Functional vs. Structural Testing: What to Test? 6.4 Coverage-Based vs. Usage-Based Testing: When to Stop Testing? 6.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 7 Test Activities, Management, and Automation. 7.1 Test Planning and Preparation. 7.1.1 Test planning: Goals, strategies, and techniques. 7.1.2 Testing models and test cases. 7.1.3 Test suite preparation and management. 7.1.4 Preparation of test procedure. 7.2 Test Execution, Result Checking, and Measurement. 7.3 Analysis and Follow-up. 7.4 Activities, People, and Management. 7.5 Test Automation. 7.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 8 Coverage and Usage Testing Based on Checklists and Partitions. 8.1 Checklist-Based Testing and Its Limitations. 8.2 Testing for Partition Coverage. 8.2.1 Some motivational examples. 8.2.2 Partition: Concepts and definitions. 8.2.3 Testing decisions and predicates for partition coverage. 8.3 Usage-Based Statistical Testing with Musa's Operational Profiles. 8.3.1 The cases for usage-based statistical testing. 8.3.2 Musa OP: Basic ideas. 8.3.3 Using OPs for statistical testing and other purposes. 8.4 Constructing Operational Profiles. 8.4.1 Generic methods and participants. 8.4.2 OP development procedure: Musa-1. 8.4.3 OP development procedure: Musa-2. 8.5 Case Study: OP for the Cartridge Support Software. 8.5.1 Background and participants. 8.5.2 OP development in five steps. 8.5.3 Metrics collection, result validation, and lessons learned. 8.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 9 Input Domain Partitioning and Boundary Testing. 9.1 Input Domain Partitioning and Testing. 9.1.1 Basic concepts, definitions, and terminology. 9.1.2 Input domain testing for partition and boundary problems. 9.2 Simple Domain Analysis and the Extreme Point Combination Strategy. 9.3 Testing Strategies Based on Boundary Analysis. 9.3.1 Weak N x 1 strategy. 9.3.2 Weak 1 x 1 strategy. 9.4 Other Boundary Test Strategies and Applications. 9.4.1 Strong and approximate strategies. 9.4.2 Other types of boundaries and extensions. 9.4.3 Queuing testing as boundary testing. 9.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 10 Coverage and Usage Testing Based on Finite-State Machines and Markov Chains. 10.1 Finite-State Machines and Testing. 10.1.1 Overcoming limitations of simple processing models. 10.1.2 FSMs: Basic concepts and examples. 10.1.3 Representations of FSMs. 10.2 FSM Testing: State and Transition Coverage. 10.2.1 Some typical problems with systems modeled by FSMs. 10.2.2 Model construction and validation. 10.2.3 Testing for correct states and transitions. 10.2.4 Applications and limitations. 10.3 Case Study: FSM-Based Testing of Web-Based Applications. 10.3.1 Characteristics of web-based applications. 10.3.2 What to test: Characteristics of web problems. 10.3.3 FSMs for web testing. 10.4 Markov Chains and Unified Markov Models for Testing. 10.4.1 Markov chains and operational profiles. 10.4.2 From individual Markov chains to unified Markov models. 10.4.3 UMM construction. 10.5 Using UMMs for Usage-Based Statistical Testing. 10.5.1 Testing based on usage frequencies in UMMs. 10.5.2 Testing based on other criteria and UMM hierarchies. 10.5.3 Implementation, application, and other issues. 10.6 Case Study Continued: Testing Based on Web Usages. 10.6.1 Usage-based web testing: Motivations and basic approach. 10.6.2 Constructing UMMs for statistical web testing. 10.6.3 Statistical web testing: Details and examples. 10.7 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 11 Control Flow, Data Dependency, and Interaction Testing. 11.1 Basic Control Flow Testing. 1 1.1.1 General concepts. 1 1.1.2 Model construction. 11.1.3 Path selection. 1 1.1.4 Path sensitization and other activities. 11.2 Loop Testing, CFT Usage, and Other Issues. 11.2.1 Different types of loops and corresponding CFGs. 11.2.2 Loop testing: Difficulties ant1 a heuristic strategy. 11.2.3 CFT Usage and Other Issues. 11.3 Data Dependency and Data Flow Testing. 11 .3.1 Basic concepts: Operations C Id~at a and data dependencies. 11.3.2 Basics of DFT and DDG. 11.3.3 DDG elements and characteristics. 11.3.4 Information sources and generic procedure for DDG construction. 11.3.5 Building DDG indirectly. 11.3.6 Dealing with loops. 1 1.4 DFT: Coverage and Applications. 11.4.1 Achieving slice and other coverage. 1 1.4.2 DFT: Applications and other issues. 11.4.3 DFT application in synchronization testing. 1 1.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 12 Testing Techniques: Adaptation, Splecialization, and Integration. 12.1 Testing Sub-phases and Applicable 'Testing Techniques. 12.2 Specialized Test Tasks and Techniques. 12.3 Test Integration. 12.4 Case Study: Hierarchical Web Testing. 12.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. PART Ill QUALITY ASSURANCE BEYOND TESTING. 13 Defect Prevention and Process lmp~rovement. 13.1 Basic Concepts and Generic Approaches. 13.2 Root Cause Analysis for Defect Prevention. 13.3 Education and Training for Defect Prevention. 13.4 Other Techniques for Defect Prevention. 13.4.1 Analysis and modeling for Defect Prevention. 13.4.2 Technologies, standards, and methodologies for defect prevention. 13.4.3 Software tools to block defect injection. 13.5 Focusing on Software Processes. 13.5.1 Process selection, definition, and conformance. 13.5.2 Process maturity. 13.5.3 Process and quality improvement. 13.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 14 Software Inspection. 14.1 Basic Concepts and Generic Process. 14.2 Fagan inspection. 14.3 Other Inspections and Related Activities. 14.3.1 Inspections of reduced scope or team size. 14.3.2 Inspections of enlarged scope or team size. 14.3.3 Informal desk checks, reviews, and walkthroughs. 14.3.4 Code reading. 14.3.5 Other formal reviews and static analyses. 14.4 Defect Detection Techniques, Tool/Process Support, and Effectiveness. 14.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 15 Formal Verification. 15.1 Basic Concepts: Formal Verification and Formal Specification. 15.2 Formal Verification: Axiomatic Approach. 15.2.1 Formal logic specifications. 15.2.2 Axioms. 15.2.3 Axiomatic proofs and a comprehensive example. 15.3 Other Approaches. 15.3.1 Weakest pre-conditions and backward chaining. 15.3.2 Functional approach and symbolic execution. 15.3.3 Seeking alternatives: Model checking and other approaches. 15.4 Applications, Effectiveness, and Integration Issues. 15.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 16 Fault Tolerance and Failure Containment. 16.1 Basic Ideas and Concepts. 16.2 Fault Tolerance with Recovery Blocks. 16.3 Fault Tolerance with N-Version Programming. 16.3.1 NVP: Basic technique and implementation. 16.3.2 Ensuring version independence. 16.3.3 Applying NVP ideas in other QA activities. 16.4 Failure Containment: Safety Assurance and Damage Control. 16.4.1 Hazard analysis using fault-trees and event-trees. 16.4.2 Hazard resolution for accident prevention. 16.4.3 Accident analysis and post-accident damage control. 16.5 Application in Heterogeneous Systerns. 16.5.1 Modeling and analyzing heterogeneous systems. 16.5.2 Prescriptive specifications for safety. 16.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 17 Comparing Quality Assurance Techniques and Activities. 17.1 General Questions: Cost, Benefit, and Environment. 17.2 Applicability to Different Environments. 17.3 Effectiveness Comparison. 17.3.1 Defect perspective. 17.3.2 Problem types. 17.3.3 Defect level and pervasive level. 17.3.4 Result interpretation and constructive information. 17.4 Cost Comparison. 17.5 Comparison Summary and Recommendations. Problems. PART IV QUANTIFIABLE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT. 18 Feedback Loop and Activities for Quantifiable Quality Improvement. 18.1 QA Monitoring and Measurement. 18.1.1 Direct vs. indirect quality me:asurements. 18.1.2 Direct quality measurements Result and defect measurements. 18.1.3 Indirect quality measurements: Environmental, product internal, and activity measurements. 18.2 Immediate Follow-up Actions and Feedback. 18.3 Analyses and Follow-up Actions. 18.3.1 Analyses for product release decisions. 18.3.2 Analyses for other project management decisions. 18.3.3 Other feedback and follow-up actions. 18.4 Implementation, Integration, and Tool Support. 18.4.1 Feedback loop: Implementation and integration. 18.4.2 A refined quality engineering, process. 18.4.3 Tool support: Strategy, implementation, and integration. 18.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 19 Quality Models and Measurements. 19.1 Models for Quality Assessment. 19.2 Generalized Models. 19.3 Product-Specific Models. 19.4 Model Comparison and Interconnections. 19.5 Data Requirements and Measurement. 19.6 Selecting Measurements and Models. 19.7 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 20 Defect Classification and Analysis. 20.1 General Types of Defect Analyses. 20.1.1 Defect distribution analysis. 20.1.2 Defect trend analysis and defect dynamics model. 20.1.3 Defect causal analysis. 20.2 Defect Classification and ODC. 20.2.1 ODC concepts. 20.2.2 Defect classification using ODC: A comprehensive example. 20.2.3 Adapting ODC to analyze web errors. 20.3 Defect Analysis for Classified Data. 20.3.1 One-way analysis: Analyzing a single defect attribute. 20.3.2 Two-way and multi-way analysis: Examining cross-interactions. 20.4 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 21 Risk Identification for Quantifiable Quality Improvement. 21.1 Basic Ideas and Concepts. 21.2 Traditional Statistical Analysis Techniques. 21.3 New Techniques for Risk Identification. 2 1.3.1 Principal component and discriminant analyses. 21.3.2 Artificial neural networks and learning algorithms. 21.3.3 Data partitions and tree-based modeling. 21.3.4 Pattern matching and optimal set reduction. 2 1.4 Comparisons and Integration. 21.5 Risk Identification for Classified Defect Data. 21.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 22 Software Reliability Engineering. 22.1 SRE: Basic Concepts and General Approaches. 22.2 Large Software Systems and Reliability Analyses. 22.3 Reliability Snapshots Using IDRMs. 22.4 Longer-Term Reliability Analyses Using SRGMs. 22.5 TBRMs for Reliability Analysis and Improvement. 22.5.1 Constructing and using TBRMs. 22.5.2 TBRM Applications.. 22.5.3 TBRM's impacts on reliability improvement. 22.6 Implementation and Software Tool Support. 22.7 SRE: Summary and Perspectives. Problems. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on ultra wideband (UWB) communication technology for applications including WPAN, sensor and ad-hoc networks, as well as wireless telemetry and telemedicine, Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication covers both theory and practical issues, including RF, hardware and circuit issues and digital signal processing aspects.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband 1Hüseyin Arslan and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Benefits of UWB 2 1.1.2 Applications 3 1.1.3 Challenges 3 1.2 Scope of the Book 4 Chapter 2 UWB Channel Estimation and Synchronization 11Irena Maravic and Martin Vetterli 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Channel Estimation at SubNyquist Sampling Rate 14 2.2.1 UWB Channel Model 14 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 15 2.2.3 Polynomial Realization of the Model-Based Methods 16 2.2.4 Subspace-Based Approach 20 2.2.5 Estimation of Closely Spaced Paths 24 2.3 Performance Evaluation 25 2.3.1 Analysis of Noise Sensitivity 25 2.3.2 Computational Complexity and Alternative Solutions 27 2.3.3 Numerical Example 28 2.4 Estimating UWB Channels with Frequency-Dependent Distortion 29 2.4.1 Algorithm Outline 31 2.5 Channel Estimation from Multiple Bands 32 2.5.1 Filter Bank Approach 32 2.5.2 Estimation from Nonadjacent Bands 32 2.6 Low-Complexity Rapid Acquisition in UWB Localizers 34 2.6.1 Two-Step Estimation 36 2.7 Conclusions 39 Chapter 3 Ultra Wideband Geolocation 43Sinan Gezici, Zafer Sahinoglu, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Signal Model 44 3.3 Positioning Techniques 44 3.3.1 Angle of Arrival 45 3.3.2 Received Signal Strength 49 3.3.3 Time-Based Approaches 51 3.4 Main Sources of Error in Time-Based Positioning 52 3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 52 3.4.2 Multiple Access Interference 53 3.4.3 Nonline-of-Sight Propagation 53 3.4.4 High Time Resolution of UWB Signals 54 3.5 Ranging and Positioning 55 3.5.1 Relationship Between Ranging and Optimal Positioning Algorithms 55 3.5.2 ToA Estimation Algorithms 58 3.5.3 Two-Way Ranging Protocols 69 3.6 Location-Aware Applications 70 3.7 Conclusions 71 Chapter 4 UWB Modulation Options 77Hüseyin Arslan, Ismail Güenc¸, and Sadia Ahmed 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 UWB Signaling Techniques 78 4.2.1 UWB-IR Signaling 79 4.2.2 Multiband UWB 83 4.2.3 Multicarrier UWB 85 4.2.4 OFDM 85 4.3 Data Mapping 87 4.3.1 Binary Data Mapping Schemes 87 4.3.2 M-ary Data Mapping Schemes 89 4.4 Spectral Characteristics 91 4.5 Data Mapping and Transceiver Complexity 92 4.6 Modulation Performances in Practical Conditions 93 4.6.1 Effects of Multipath 93 4.6.2 Effects of Multiple Access Interference 95 4.6.3 Effects of Timing Jitter and Finger Estimation Error 96 4.7 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5 Ultra Wideband Pulse Shaper Design 103Zhi Tian, Timothy N. Davidson, Xiliang Luo, Xianren Wu, and Georgios B. Giannakis 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Transmit Spectrum and Pulse Shaper 105 5.3 FIR Digital Pulse Design 108 5.4 Optimal UWB Single Pulse Design 110 5.4.1 Parks–McClellan Algorithm 110 5.4.2 Optimal UWB Pulse Design via Direct Maximization of NESP 111 5.4.3 Constrained Frequency Response Approximation 113 5.4.4 Constrained Frequency Response Design with Linear Phase Filters 114 5.5 Optimal UWB Orthogonal Pulse Design 115 5.5.1 Orthogonality Formulation 115 5.5.2 Sequential UWB Pulse Design 117 5.5.3 Sequential UWB Pulse Design with Linear Phase Filters 118 5.6 Design Examples and Comparisons 120 5.6.1 Single-Pulse Designs and their Spectral Utilization Efficiency 120 5.6.2 Multiband Pulse Design 122 5.6.3 Multiple Orthogonal Pulse Design 123 5.6.4 Pulse Designs for Narrowband Interference Avoidance 125 5.6.5 Impact of Pulse Designs on Transceiver Power Efficiency 126 5.7 Conclusions 128 Chapter 6 Antenna Issues 131Zhi Ning Chen 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Design Considerations 132 6.2.1 Description of Antenna Systems 132 6.2.2 Single-Band and Multiband Schemes 134 6.2.3 Source Pulses 136 6.2.4 Transmit Antenna and PDS 136 6.2.5 Transmit–Receive Antenna System 141 6.3 Antenna and Pulse versus BER Performance 148 6.3.1 Pulsed UWB System 148 6.3.2 Effects of Antennas and Pulses 151 Chapter 7 Ultra Wideband Receiver Architectures 157Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 System Model 158 7.3 UWB Receiver Related Issues 160 7.3.1 Sampling 160 7.3.2 UWB Channel and Channel Parameters Estimation 161 7.3.3 Interference in UWB 164 7.3.4 Other Receiver-Related Issues 165 7.4 TH-IR-UWB Receiver Options 165 7.4.1 Optimal Matched Filter 167 7.4.2 TR-Based Scheme 171 7.4.3 Differential Detector 175 7.4.4 Energy Detector 176 7.5 Conclusion 178 Chapter 8 Ultra Wideband Channel Modeling and Its Impact on System Design 183Chia-Chin Chong 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Principles and Background of UWB Multipath Propagation Channel Modeling 184 8.2.1 Basic Multipath Propagation Mechanisms 184 8.2.2 Classification of UWB Channel Models 185 8.3 Channel Sounding Techniques 187 8.3.1 Time-Domain Technique 187 8.3.2 Frequency-Domain Technique 188 8.4 UWB Statistical-Based Channel Modeling 189 8.4.1 Modeling Philosophy and Mathematical Framework 189 8.4.2 Large-Scale Channel Characterization 190 8.4.3 Small-Scale Channel Characterization 193 8.4.4 Temporal Dispersion and Correlation Properties 197 8.5 Impact of UWB Channel on System Design 199 8.6 Conclusion 200 Chapter 9 MIMO and UWB 205Thomas Kaiser 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Potential Benefits of MIMO and UWB 206 9.3 Literature Review of UWB Multiantenna Techniques 208 9.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 208 9.3.2 Spatial Diversity 209 9.3.3 Beamforming 209 9.3.4 Related Topics 210 9.4 Spatial Channel Measurements and Modeling 211 9.4.1 Spatial Channel Measurements 211 9.4.2 Spatial Channel Modeling 213 9.5 Spatial Multiplexing 215 9.6 Spatial Diversity 216 9.7 Beamforming 220 9.8 Conclusion and Outlook 223 Chapter 10 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation in Ultra Wideband Systems 227Sinan Gezici, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Signal Model 228 10.2.1 Transmitted Signal 228 10.2.2 Received Signal 229 10.3 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Receiver Side 231 10.3.1 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection 232 10.3.2 Linear Receivers 232 10.3.3 Iterative (Turbo) Algorithms 240 10.3.4 Other Receiver Structures 243 10.4 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Transmitter Side 244 10.4.1 Time-Hopping Sequence Design for MAI Mitigation 245 10.4.2 Pseudochaotic Time Hopping 246 10.4.3 Multistage Block-Spreading UWB Access 247 10.5 Concluding Remarks 248 Chapter 11 Narrowband Interference Issues in Ultra Wideband Systems 255Hüseyin Arslan and Mustafa E. Sahin 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Effect of NBI in UWB Systems 258 11.3 Avoiding NBI 261 11.3.1 Multicarrier Approach 261 11.3.2 Multiband Schemes 263 11.3.3 Pulse Shaping 264 11.3.4 Other NBI Avoidance Methods 266 11.4 Canceling NBI 267 11.4.1 MMSE Combining 268 11.4.2 Frequency Domain Techniques 268 11.4.3 Time–Frequency Domain Techniques 269 11.4.4 Time Domain Techniques 270 11.5 Conclusion and Future Research 271 Chapter 12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Ultra Wideband Communications 277Ebrahim Saberina and Ahmed H. Tewfik 12.1 Introduction 277 12.2 Multiband OFDM System 278 12.2.1 Band Planning 278 12.2.2 Sub-Band Hopping 278 12.2.3 OFDM Modulation 280 12.2.4 Frequency Repetition Spreading 280 12.2.5 Time Repetition Spreading 280 12.2.6 Coding 281 12.2.7 Supported Bit Rates 281 12.2.8 MB-OFDM Transceiver 282 12.2.9 Improvement to MB-OFDM 283 12.3 Multiband Pulsed-OFDM UWB system 284 12.3.1 Pulsed-OFDM Transmitter 284 12.3.2 Pulsed-OFDM Signal Spectrum 284 12.3.3 Digital Equivalent Model and Diversity of Pulsed-OFDM 286 12.3.4 Pulsed-OFDM Receiver 288 12.3.5 Selecting the Up-sampling Factor 289 12.4 Comparing MB-OFDM and MB-Pulsed-OFDM systems 290 12.4.1 System Parameters 290 12.4.2 Complexity Comparision 290 12.4.3 Power Consumption Comparison 290 12.4.4 Chip Area Comparison 291 12.4.5 Performance Comparison 293 12.5 Conclusion 295 Chapter 13 UWB Networks and Applications 297Krishna M. Sivalingam and Aniruddha Rangnekar 13.1 Introduction 297 13.2 Background 298 13.2.1 UWB Physical Layer 298 13.2.2 IEEE 802.15.3 Standards 299 13.3 Medium Access Protocols 300 13.3.1 IEEE 802.15.3 MAC Protocol 300 13.3.2 Impact of UWB Channel Acquisition Time 303 13.3.3 Multiple Channels 305 13.4 Network Applications 310 13.5 Summary and Discussion 311 Acknowledgments 311 Chapter 14 Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 315Luca DeNardis and Gian Mario Maggio 14.1 Low Data-Rate UWB Network Applications 315 14.1.1 802.15.4a: A Short History 315 14.1.2 The 802.15.4a PHY 316 14.1.3 PHY: 802.15.4a versus 802.15.4 316 14.1.4 Technical Requirements 317 14.1.5 Applications 319 14.2 The 802.15.4 MAC Standard 321 14.2.1 Network Devices and Topologies 321 14.2.2 Medium Access Strategy 322 14.2.3 From 802.15.4 to 802.15.4a 324 14.3 Advanced MAC Design for Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 324 14.3.1 (UWB)2: Uncoordinated, Wireless, Baseborn Medium Access for UWB Communication Networks 325 14.3.2 Transmission Procedure 328 14.3.3 Reception Procedure 331 14.3.4 Simulation Results 333 Chapter 15 An Overview of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 341David A. Sumy, Branimir Vojcic, and Jinghao Xu 15.1 Introduction 341 15.2 Ad Hoc Networks 343 15.3 Routing in MANETs 345 15.4 Proactive Routing 345 15.4.1 DSDV 346 15.4.2 WRP 348 15.4.3 CGSR 350 15.4.4 STAR 351 15.4.5 HSR 352 15.4.6 OLSR 355 15.4.7 TBRPF 356 15.4.8 DREAM 358 15.4.9 GSR 360 15.4.10 FSR 360 15.4.11 HR 362 15.4.12 HSLS and A-HSLS 363 15.5 Reactive Routing 364 15.5.1 DSR 365 15.5.2 ARA 367 15.5.3 ABR 369 15.5.4 AODV 372 15.5.5 BSR 374 15.5.6 CHAMP 376 15.5.7 DYMO 377 15.5.8 DNVR 378 15.5.9 LAR 380 15.5.10 LBR 381 15.5.11 MPABR 383 15.5.12 NDMR 384 15.5.13 PLBM 385 15.5.14 RDMAR 387 15.5.15 SOAR 388 15.5.16 TORA 391 15.6 Power-Aware Routing 393 15.6.1 BEE 394 15.6.2 EADSR 395 15.6.3 MTPR/MBCR/MMBCR/CMMBCR 395 15.6.4 PARO 396 15.6.5 PAWF 398 15.6.6 MFP/MIP/MFPenergy/MIPenergy 400 15.7 Hybrid Routing 400 15.7.1 MultiWARP 401 15.7.2 SHARP 402 15.7.3 SLURP 403 15.7.4 ZRP 406 15.7.5 AZRP 408 15.7.6 IZR 408 15.7.7 TZRP 408 15.8 Other 410 15.9 Conclusion 411 Appendix 418 Chapter 16 Adaptive UWB Systems 429Francesca Cuomo and Crishna Martello 16.1 Introduction 429 16.1.1 Related Work on Adaptive UWB Systems 431 16.2 A Distributed Power-Regulated Admission Control Scheme for UWB 432 16.2.1 Problem Formalization 434 16.2.2 Power Selection in UWB 435 16.2.3 Steps of the Access Scheme 438 16.3 Performance Analysis 439 16.3.1 Impact of the Initial MEI on Performance of MEI-Based Power Regulation Schemes 442 16.3.2 Performance Behavior as a Function of the Offered Load 445 16.4 Summary 449 Chapter 17 UWB Location and Tracking—A Practical Example of an UWB-Based Sensor Network 451Ian Oppermann, Kegen Yu, Alberto Rabbachin, Lucian Stoica, Paul Cheong, Jean-Philippe Montillet, and Sakari Tiuraniemi 17.1 Introduction 451 17.2 Multiple Access in UWB Sensor Systems 452 17.2.1 Location/Ranging Support 453 17.2.2 Constraints and Implications of UWB Technologies on MAC Design 453 17.3 UWB Sensor Network Case Study 454 17.4 System Description—UWEN 456 17.4.1 Communications System 456 17.4.2 Transmitted Signal 456 17.4.3 Framing Structure 458 17.4.4 Location Approach 458 17.5 System Implementation 459 17.5.1 Transceiver Overview 459 17.5.2 Transmitter 460 17.5.3 UWB Pulse Generator 462 17.6 Location System 463 17.7 Position Calculation Methods 468 17.8 Tracking Moving Objects 473 17.8.1 Simulation Results 474 17.9 Conclusion 476 Acknowledgments 477 Index 481

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Book SynopsisFilling an important gap in the existing curriculum, this book takes account of the mathematical capabilities of undergraduate students. At the same time, the author focuses on devices and physical interpretations rather than mathematical developments.Trade Review"…provides introductory-level coverage of a wide range of topics…recommended." (CHOICE, October 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: PROPAGATION OF LIGHT. 1. Overview. 1-1 Photonics Defined. 1-2 Fiber Optic Communications. 1-3 Overview of Topics. 2. Review of Optics. 2-1 The Nature of Light. 2-2 Light at a Boundary. 2-3 Light Passing through. 2-4 Imaging Optics. 3. Planar Waveguides. 3-1 Waveguide Modes. 3-2 Mode Chart. 3-3 Dispersion. 4. Cylindrical Waveguides. 4-1 Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture. 4-2 Cylindrical Waveguide. 5. Losses in Optical Fibers. 5-1 Absorption Loss. 5-2 Scattering. 5-3 Bending Losses. 6. Dispersion in Optical Fibers. 6-1 Graded Index Fiber. 6-2 Intramodal Dispersion. 7. Fiber Connections and Diagnostics. 7-1 Fiber Connections. 7-2 Losses in Fiber Connections. 7-3 Fiber Loss Diagnostics. 8. Photonic Crystal Optics. 8-1 1-D Photonic Crystals. 8-2 2-D Photonic Crystals. 8-3 3-D Photonic Crystals. 9. Nonlinear Optics. 9-1 Fundamental Mechanisms. 9-2 Frequency Conversion. 9-3 Nonlinear Refractive Index. 9-4 Electro-optic Effects. PART II: GENERATION AND DETECTTION OF LIGHT. 10. Review of Semiconductor Physics. 10-1 Uniform Semiconductors. 10-2 Layered Semiconductors. 11. Light Sources. 11-1 The LED. 11-2 The Laser Diode. 12. Light Source to Waveguide Coupling Efficiency. 12-1 Point Source. 12-2 Lambertian Source. 12-3 Laser Source. 13. Optical Detectors. 13-1 Thermal Detectors. 13-2 Photon Detectors. 13-3 Noise in Photon Detectors. Part 2 Generation and Detection of Light. 14. Photodiode Detectors . 14-1 Biasing the Photodiode. 14-2 Output Saturation. 14-3 Response Time. 14-4 Types of Photodiodes. 14-5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 14-6 Detector Circuits. PART 3: LASER LIGHT. 15. Lasers and Coherent Light. 15-1 Overview of Laser. 15-2 Optical Coherence. 16. Optical Resonators. 16-1 Mode Frequencies. 16-2 Mode Width. 16-3 Fabry-Perot Interferometer. 17. Gaussian Beam Optics. 17-1 Gaussian Beams in Free. 17-2 Gaussian Beams in a Laser. 17-3 Gaussian Beams Passing. 18. Stimulated Emission and Optical Gain. 18-1 Transition Rates. 18-2 Optical Gain. 19. Optical Amplifiers. 19-1 Gain Coefficient. 19-2 Total Gain of Amplifier. 20. Laser Oscillation. 20-1 Threshold Condition. 20-2 Above Lasing Threshold. 21. CW Laser Characteristics. 21-1 Mode Spectrum of Laser. 21-2 Controlling the Laser. 22. Pulsed Lasers. 22-1 Uncontrolled Pulsing. 22-2 Pulsed Pump. 22-3 Theory of Q-Switching. 22-4 Methods of Q-Switching. 22-5 Theory of Mode Locking. 22-6 Methods of Mode Locking. 23 Survey of Laser Types. PART 4: LIGHT-BASED COMMUNICATIONS. 23-1 Optically Pumped Lasers. 23-2 Electrically Pumped Lasers. 24 Optical Communications. 24-1 Fiber Optic CommunicationsSystems. 24-2 Signal Multiplexing. 24-3 Power Budget in Fiber Optic. 24-4 Optical Amplifiers. 24-5 Free-Space Optics. Bibliography. Appendix A: Solid Angle and the Brightness Theorem. Appendix B: Fourier Synthesis and the Uncertainty Relation. List of Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisMobile satellite services are set to change with the imminent launch of satellite personal communication services (S-PCS), through the use of non-geostationary satellites. This new generation of satellites will be placed in low earth orbit or medium earth orbit, hence, introducing new satellite design concepts.Trade Review"...presents a very well-organized summary of satellite-based communications systems...this self-contained book can easily be used as a textbook..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Figures. Tables. Mobile Communication System Evolution. Mobile Satellite Systems. Constellation Characteristics and Orbital Parameters. Channel Characteristics. Radio Link Design. Network Procedures. Integrated Terrestial-Satellite Mobile Networks. Market Analysis. Future Developments. Appendix A: Acronyms. Appendix B: Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe skills and guidance needed to master RTL hardware design This book teaches readers how to systematically design efficient, portable, and scalable Register Transfer Level (RTL) digital circuits using the VHDL hardware description language and synthesis software. Focusing on the module-level design, which is composed of functional units, routing circuit, and storage, the book illustrates the relationship between the VHDL constructs and the underlying hardware components, and shows how to develop codes that faithfully reflect the module-level design and can be synthesized into efficient gate-level implementation. Several unique features distinguish the book: * Coding style that shows a clear relationship between VHDL constructs and hardware components * Conceptual diagrams that illustrate the realization of VHDL codes * Emphasis on the code reuse * Practical examples that demonstrate and reinforce design concepts, procedures, and technTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowlegmentss. 1. Introduction to Digital System Design. 2. Overview on Hardware Description Language. 3. Basic Language Constructs of VHDL. 4. Concurrent Signal Assignment Statements of VHDL. 5. Sequential Statements of VHDL. 6. Synthesis of VHDL Code. 7. Combinational Circuit Design: Practice. 8. Sequential Circuit Design: Principle. 9. Sequential Circuit Design: Practice. 10. Finite State Machine: Princple and Practice. 11. Register Transfer Methodology: Principle. 12. Register Transfer Methodology: Practice. 13. Hierarchical Design in VHDL. 14. Parameterized Design: Principle. 15. Parameterized Design: Practice. 16. Clock and Synchronization: Principle and Practice. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn how to study, analyze, select, and design a successful mechatronic product This innovative, cutting-edge publication presents the essential nature of mechatronics, a field at the crossroads of information technology and mechanical and electrical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 A personal view. 1.2 What is and is not mechatronics. 2. The bare essentials. 2.1 Actuators. 2.2 Sensors. 2.3 Sensors for vision. 2.4 The computer. 2.5 Interface electronics for output. 2.6 Interface electronics for input. 2.7 Pragmatic control. 2.8 Robotics and kinematics. 3. Gaining Experience. 3.1 Getting to grips with QBasic. 3.2 The simplest mobile robot. 3.3 Ball and beam. 3.4 'Professional' position control. 3.5 An inverted pendulum. 4. Introduction to the Next Level. 4.1 The www.EssMech.com web site. 5. Electronic Design. 5.1 The rudiments of circuit theory. 5.2 The operational amplifier. 5.3 Filters for sensors. 5.4 Logic and latches. 6. Essential Control Theory. 6.1 State variables. 6.2 Simulation. 6.3 Solving the first-order equation. 6.4 Second order problems. 6.5 Modeling position control. 6.6 Matrix state equations. 6.7 Analogue simulation. 6.8 More formal computer simulation. 7. Vectors, Matrices and Tensors. 7.1 Meet the matrix. 7.2 More on vectors. 7.3 Matrix multiplication. 7.4 Transposition of matrices. 7.5 The unit matrix. 7.6 Coordinate transformations. 7.7 Matrices, notation and computing. 7.8 Eigenvectors. 8. Mathematics for Control. 8.1 Differential equations. 8.2 The Laplace transform. 8.3 Difference equations. 8.4 The z-transform. 8.5 Correlation and convolution. 9. Robotics, Dynamics and Kinematics. 9.1 Gears, motors and mechanisms. 9.2 Three dimensional motion. 9.2 Kinematic Chains. 9.3 Robot dynamics. 9.4 Simulating a robot. 10. Further Control Theory. 10.1 Control topology and non-linear systems. 10.2 Phase-plane methods. 10.3 Optimisation. 11. Computer Implementation. 11.1 Essentials of computing. 11.2 Software implications. 11.3 Embedded processors. 12. Machine Vision. 12.1 Vision sensors. 12.2 Acquiring an image. 12.3 Analyzing an image. 13. Case Studies. 13.1 Robocow - a mobile robot for training horses. 13.2 Vision guidance for tractors. 13.3 A shape recognition example. 14. The Human Element. 14.1 The user interface. 14.2 If all else fails, read the instructions. 14.3 It just takes imagination. Index.

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Book SynopsisDelivering the best possible solution for phase noise and output power efficiency in oscillators This complete and thorough analysis of microwave oscillators investigates all aspects of design, with particular emphasis on operating conditions, choice of resonators and transistors, phase noise, and output power. It covers both bipolar transistors and FETs. Following the authors'' guidance, readers learn how to design microwave oscillators and VCOs that can be tuned over a very wide frequency range, yet have good phase noise, are low cost, and are small in size. All the essential topics in oscillator design and development are covered, including: * Device and resonator technology * Study of noise sources * Analysis methods * Design, calculation, and optimization methodologies * Practical design of single and coupled oscillators While most of the current literature in the field concentrates on classic design strategies based on measurements, simulTrade Review"…this is a text worth having." (Microwaves & RF Update Newsletter, June 9, 2005)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Biographies. 1. Introduction. 2. General Comments on Oscillators. 3. Teransistor Models. 4. Large-Signal S-Parameters. 5. Resonator Choices. 6. General Theory of Oscillators. 7. Noise in Oscillators. 8. Calculation and Optimization of Phase Noise in Oscillators. 9. Validation Circuits. 10. Systems of Coupled Oscillators. 11. Validation Circuits for Wideband Coupled Resonator VCOs. 12. References. Appendix A: Design of an Oscillator Using Large Signal S-Paramenters. Appendix B: Design Example for Large Signal Design Based on Bessel Functions. Appendix C: Design Example for Best Phase Noise and Good Output Power. Appendix D: A Complete Analytical Approach For Designing Efficient Microwave EFT and Bipolar Oscillators. Appendix E: CAD Solution for Calculating Phase Noise in Oscillators. Appendix F: General Noise Presentation. Appendix G: Calculation of Noise Properties of Bipolar Transistors and EFTs. Appendix H: Noise Analysis of the N-Coupled Oscillator Coupled Through Different Coupling Topologies. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the readers with the myriad of developments in wireless communications.Table of ContentsPreface xi Part I Introduction to Wireless Networks 1 1 Overview of Wireless Networks 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Network Architecture and Design Issues 6 1.3 Key Trends in Wireless Networking 20 1.4 Outline of the Book 21 Questions 22 2 Evolution of the Wireless Industry 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Three Views of the Wireless Industry 29 2.3 Three Generations of Cellular Networks 32 2.4 Trends in Wireless Technologies 43 Questions 49 Part II Characteristics of Radio Propagation 51 3 Characterization of Radio Propagation 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Multipath Fading and the Distance–Power Relationship 55 3.3 Local Movements and Doppler Shift 64 3.4 Multipath for Wideband Signals 66 3.5 Classical Uncorrelated Scattering Model 72 3.6 Indoor and Urban Radio Propagation Modeling 81 Questions 86 Problems 87 Projects 89 4 Modeling and Simulation of Narrowband Signal Characteristics 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Modeling Path Loss and Slow Shadow Fading 96 4.3 Doppler Spectrum of Fast Envelope Fading 110 4.4 Statistical Behavior of Fast Envelope Fading 122 4.5 Simulation of Fast Envelope Fading 126 Questions 133 Problems 134 Projects 137 5 Measurement of Wideband and UWB Channel Characteristics 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Time-Domain Measurement Techniques 151 5.3 Frequency-Domain Measurement Techniques 171 5.4 Advances in Frequency-Domain Channel Measurement 180 Questions 197 Problems 198 Project 200 6 Modeling of Wideband Radio Channel Characteristics 205 6.1 Introduction 206 6.2 Wideband Time-Domain Statistical Modeling 208 6.3 Wideband Frequency-Domain Channel Modeling 234 6.4 Comparison Between Statistical Models 243 6.5 Ray-Tracing Algorithms 245 6.6 Direct Solution of Radio Propagation Equations 261 6.7 Comparison of Deterministic and Statistical Modeling 263 6.8 Site-Specific Statistical Model 265 Appendix 6A: GSM-Recommended Multipath Propagation Models 270 Appendix 6B: Wideband Multipath Propagation Models 272 Questions 274 Problems 275 Projects 277 Part III Modem Design 279 7 Narrowband Modem Technology 281 7.1 Introduction 282 7.2 Basic Modulation Techniques 284 7.3 Theoretical Limits and Practical Impairments 307 7.4 Traditional Modems for Wide-Area Wireless Networks 312 7.5 Other Aspects of Modem Implementation 328 Questions 335 Problems 336 Projects 338 8 Fading Diversity and Coding 341 8.1 Introduction 341 8.2 Radio Communication on Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels 343 8.3 Diversity Combining 347 8.4 Error-Control Coding for Wireless Channels 353 8.5 Space-Time Coding 363 8.6 MIMO and STC 365 Questions 372 Problems 372 Projects 374 9 Broadband Modem Technologies 377 9.1 Introduction 378 9.2 Effects of Frequency-Selective Multipath Fading 380 9.3 Discrete Multipath Fading Channel Model 384 9.4 Adaptive Discrete Matched Filter 389 9.5 Adaptive Equalization 393 9.6 Sectored Antennas 405 9.7 Multicarrier OFDM and Frequency Diversity 411 9.8 Comparison of Traditional Broadband Modems 421 9.9 MIMO in Frequency-Selective Fading 423 Appendix 9A: Analysis of the Equalizers 425 Questions 428 Problems 429 Projects 431 10 Spread-Spectrum and CDMA Technology 435 10.1 Introduction 435 10.2 Principles of Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 439 10.3 Principles of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 444 10.4 Interference in Spread-Spectrum Systems 464 10.5 Performance of CDMA Systems 476 Questions 494 Problems 495 Part IV Systems Aspects 499 11 Topology Medium Access and Performance 501 11.1 Introduction 501 11.2 Topologies for Local Networks 503 11.3 Cellular Topology for Wide-Area Networks 506 11.4 Centrally Controlled Assigned Access Methods 521 11.5 Distributed Contention-Based Access Control 537 Questions 572 Problems 573 Project 576 12 Ultrawideband Communications 581 12.1 Introduction 581 12.2 UWB Channel Characteristics 584 12.3 Impulse Radio and Time-Hopping Access 589 12.4 Direct-Sequence UWB 595 12.5 Multiband OFDM 599 Questions 603 Problems 604 13 RF Location Sensing 607 13.1 Introduction 607 13.2 RF Location-Sensing Techniques 611 13.3 Modeling The Behavior of RF Sensors 619 13.4 Wireless Positioning Algorithms 626 Questions 636 Problems 637 14 Wireless Optical Networks 639 14.1 Introduction 639 14.2 Implementation 641 14.3 Eye Safety 643 14.4 IR Channel Characterization and Data-Rate Limitations 644 14.5 Modulation Techniques for Optical Communications 653 14.6 Multiple Access and Data Rate 659 Questions 661 15 Systems and Standards 663 15.1 Introduction 663 15.2 GSM GPRS and EDGE 664 15.3 CDMA and HDR 674 15.4 Other Historical Systems 679 15.5 Wireless LANs 682 15.6 Speech Coding in Wireless Systems 685 Questions 687 References 689 Index 713 About the Authors 721

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to the latest in phased array antenna analysis and design--the Floquet modal based approach This comprehensive book offers an extensive presentation of a new methodology for phased array antenna analysis based on Floquet modal expansion.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Phased Array Fundamentals: Pattern Analysis and Synthesis. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Array Fundamentals. 1.3 Pencil Beam Array. 1.4 Linear Array Synthesis. 1.5 Planar Aperture Synthesis. 1.6 Discretization of Continuous Sources. 1.7 Summary. References. Bibliography. Problems. 2 Introduction to Floquet Modes in Infinite Arrays. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fourier Spectrum and Floquet Series. 2.3 Floquet Excitations and Floquet Modes. 2.4 Two-Dimensional Floquet Excitation. 2.5 Grating Beams from Geometrical Optics. 2.6 Floquet Mode and Guided Mode. 2.7 Summary. References. Problems. 3 Floquet Modal Functions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 TEz and TMz Floquet Vector Modal Functions. 3.3 Infinite Array of Electric Surface Current on Dielectric-Coated Ground Plane. 3.4 Determination of Blind Angles. 3.5 Active Element Pattern. 3.6 Array of Rectangular Horn Apertures. References. Bibliography. Problems. 4 Finite Array Analysis Using Infinite Array Results: Mutual Coupling Formulation. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Symmetry Property of Floquet Impedance. 4.3 Mutual Coupling. 4.4 Array of Multimodal Sources. 4.5 Mutual Coupling in Two-Dimensional Arrays. 4.6 Active Input Impedance of Finite Array. 4.7 Active Return Loss of Open-Ended Waveguide Array. 4.8 Radiation Patterns of Finite Array. 4.9 Radiation Patterns of Open-Ended Waveguide Array. 4.10 Array with Nonuniform Spacing. 4.11 Finite Array Analysis Using Convolution. References. Bibliography. Problems. 5 Array of Subarrays. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Subarray Analysis. 5.3 Subarray with Arbitrary Number of Elements. 5.4 Subarrays with Arbitrary Grids. 5.5 Subarray and Grating Lobes. 5.6 Active Subarray Patterns. 5.7 Four-Element Subarray Fed by Power Divider. 5.8 Subarray Blindness. 5.9 Concluding Remarks. References. Bibliography. Problems. 6 GSM Approach for Multilayer Array Structures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 GSM Approach. 6.3 GSM Cascading Rule. 6.4 Transmission Matrix Representation. 6.5 Building Blocks for GSM Analysis. 6.6 Equivalent Impedance Matrix of Patch Layer. 6.7 Stationary Character of MoM Solutions. 6.8 Convergence of MoM Solutions. 6.9 Advantages of GSM Approach. 6.10 Other Numerical Methods. References. Bibliography. Problems. 7 Analysis of Microstrip Patch Arrays. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Probe-Fed Patch Array. 7.3 EMC Patch Array. 7.4 Slot-Fed Patch Array. 7.5 Stripline-Fed Slot-Coupled Array. 7.6 Finite Patch Array. References. Bibliography. Problems. 8 Array of Waveguide Horns. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Linearly Flared Horn Array. 8.3 Grazing Lobes and Pattern Nulls. 8.4 Surface and Leaky Waves in an Array. 8.4.1 Surface Wave. 8.5 Wide-Angle Impedance Matching. 8.6 Multimodal Rectangular/Square Horn Elements. 8.7 Multimodal Circular Horn Elements. References. Bibliography. Problems. 9 Frequency-Selective Surface, Polarizer, and Reflect-Array Analysis. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Frequency-Selective Surface. 9.3 Screen Polarizer. 9.4 Printed Reflect Array. References. Bibliography. Problems. 10 Multilayer Array Analysis with Different Periodicities and Cell Orientations. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Layers with Different Periodicities: Rectangular Lattice. 10.3 Nonparallel Cell Orientations: Rectangular Lattice. 10.4 Layers with Arbitrary Lattice Structures. 10.5 Summary. References. Bibliography. Problems. 11 Shaped-Beam Array Design: Optimization Algorithms. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Array Size: Linear Array. 11.3 Element Size. 11.4 Pattern Synthesis Using Superposition (Woodward’s Method). 11.5 Gradient Search Algorithm. 11.6 Conjugate Match Algorithm. 11.7 Successive Projection Algorithm. 11.8 Other Optimization Algorithms. 11.9 Design Guidelines of a Shaped Beam Array. References. Bibliography. Problems. 12 Beam Forming Networks in Multiple-Beam Arrays. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 BFN Using Power Dividers. 12.3 Butler Matrix Beam Former. 12.4 Blass Matrix BFN. 12.5 Rotman Lens. 12.6 Digital Beam Former. 12.7 Optical Beam Formers. References. Bibliography. Problems. 13 Active Phased Array Antenna. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Active Array Block Diagrams. 13.3 Aperture Design of Array. 13.4 Solid State Power Amplifier. 13.5 Phase Shifter. 13.6 Intermodulation Product. 13.7 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure of Antenna Subsystems. 13.8 Active Array System Analysis. 13.9 Active Array Calibration. 13.10 Concluding Remarks. References. Bibliography. Problems. 14 Statistical Analysis of Phased Array Antenna. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Array Pattern. 14.3 Statistics of R and I. 14.4 Probability Density Function. 14.5 Confidence Limits. 14.6 Element Failure Analysis. 14.7 Concluding Remarks. References. Bibliography. Problems. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisBridges the gap between theory and practice by employing numerical examples based on real-life situations. This book uses only classical electrodynamics in dealing with the interaction of light with matter, except in the last chapter on quantum wells.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The Electromagnetic Field. Chapter 2. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter. Chapter 3. Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves. Chapter 4. Optics of A Single Homogeneous and Isotropic Layer. Chapter 5. Matrix Formulation for Isotropic Layered Media. Chapter 6. Optics of Periodic Layered Media. Chapter 7. Some Applications of Isotropic Layered Media. Chapter 8. Inhomogeneous Layers. Chapter 9. Optics of Anisotropic Layered Media. Chapter 10. Some Applications of Anisotropic Layered Media. Chapter 11. Guided Waves in Layered Media. Chapter 12. Optics of Semiconductor Quantum Wells and Superlattice Structures. Appendix: Zeros of Mode Dispersion RElation. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisExtending beyond the classic approach by focusing on more advanced, accurate, and realistic models, this book investigates the concepts and techniques of task scheduling by developing a consistent and unifying theoretical framework.Trade Review"The theoretical framework presented and the realistic parallel computing issues make reading this book worthwhile." (Computing Reviews.com, October 1, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Organization 5 2. Parallel Systems and Programming 7 2.1 Parallel Architectures 7 2.1.1 Flynn’s Taxonomy 7 2.1.2 Memory Architectures 9 2.1.3 Programming Paradigms and Models 11 2.2 Communication Networks 13 2.2.1 Static Networks 13 2.2.2 Dynamic Networks 18 2.3 Parallelization 22 2.4 Subtask Decomposition 24 2.4.1 Concurrency and Granularity 24 2.4.2 Decomposition Techniques 25 2.4.3 Computation Type and Program Formulation 27 2.4.4 Parallelization Techniques 28 2.4.5 Target Parallel System 28 2.5 Dependence Analysis 29 2.5.1 Data Dependence 29 2.5.2 Data Dependence in Loops 32 2.5.3 Control Dependence 35 2.6 Concluding Remarks 36 2.7 Exercises 37 3. Graph Representations 40 3.1 Basic Graph Concepts 40 3.1.1 Computer Representation of Graphs 43 3.1.2 Elementary Graph Algorithms 46 3.2 Graph as a Program Model 49 3.2.1 Computation and Communication Costs 50 3.2.2 Comparison Criteria 50 3.3 Dependence Graph (DG) 51 3.3.1 Iteration Dependence Graph 53 3.3.2 Summary 55 3.4 Flow Graph (FG) 56 3.4.1 Data-Driven Execution Model 60 3.4.2 Summary 61 3.5 Task Graph (DAG) 62 3.5.1 Graph Transformations and Conversions 64 3.5.2 Motivations and Limitations 68 3.5.3 Summary 69 3.6 Concluding Remarks 69 3.7 Exercises 70 4. Task Scheduling 74 4.1 Fundamentals 74 4.2 With Communication Costs 76 4.2.1 Schedule Example 81 4.2.2 Scheduling Complexity 82 4.3 Without Communication Costs 86 4.3.1 Schedule Example 87 4.3.2 Scheduling Complexity 88 4.4 Task Graph Properties 92 4.4.1 Critical Path 93 4.4.2 Node Levels 95 4.4.3 Granularity 101 4.5 Concluding Remarks 105 4.6 Exercises 105 5. Fundamental Heuristics 108 5.1 List Scheduling 108 5.1.1 Start Time Minimization 111 5.1.2 With Dynamic Priorities 114 5.1.3 Node Priorities 115 5.2 Scheduling with Given Processor Allocation 118 5.2.1 Phase Two 119 5.3 Clustering 119 5.3.1 Clustering Algorithms 121 5.3.2 Linear Clustering 124 5.3.3 Single Edge Clustering 128 5.3.4 List Scheduling as Clustering 135 5.3.5 Other Algorithms 138 5.4 From Clustering to Scheduling 139 5.4.1 Assigning Clusters to Processors 139 5.4.2 Scheduling on Processors 141 5.5 Concluding Remarks 141 5.6 Exercises 142 6. Advanced Task Scheduling 145 6.1 Insertion Technique 145 6.1.1 List Scheduling with Node Insertion 148 6.2 Node Duplication 150 6.2.1 Node Duplication Heuristics 153 6.3 Heterogeneous Processors 154 6.3.1 Scheduling 157 6.4 Complexity Results 158 6.4.1 α|β|γ Classification 158 6.4.2 Without Communication Costs 165 6.4.3 With Communication Costs 165 6.4.4 With Node Duplication 168 6.4.5 Heterogeneous Processors 170 6.5 Genetic Algorithms 170 6.5.1 Basics 171 6.5.2 Chromosomes 172 6.5.3 Reproduction 177 6.5.4 Selection, Complexity, and Flexibility 180 6.6 Concluding Remarks 182 6.7 Exercises 183 7. Communication Contention in Scheduling 187 7.1 Contention Awareness 188 7.1.1 End-Point Contention 189 7.1.2 Network Contention 190 7.1.3 Integrating End-Point and Network Contention 192 7.2 Network Model 192 7.2.1 Topology Graph 192 7.2.2 Routing 198 7.2.3 Scheduling Network Model 202 7.3 Edge Scheduling 203 7.3.1 Scheduling Edge on Route 204 7.3.2 The Edge Scheduling 208 7.4 Contention Aware Scheduling 209 7.4.1 Basics 209 7.4.2 NP-Completeness 211 7.5 Heuristics 216 7.5.1 List Scheduling 216 7.5.2 Priority Schemes—Task Graph Properties 219 7.5.3 Clustering 220 7.5.4 Experimental Results 221 7.6 Concluding Remarks 223 7.7 Exercises 224 8. Processor Involvement in Communication 228 8.1 Processor Involvement—Types and Characteristics 229 8.1.1 Involvement Types 229 8.1.2 Involvement Characteristics 232 8.1.3 Relation to LogP and Its Variants 236 8.2 Involvement Scheduling 238 8.2.1 Scheduling Edges on the Processors 240 8.2.2 Node and Edge Scheduling 246 8.2.3 Task Graph 247 8.2.4 NP-Completeness 248 8.3 Algorithmic Approaches 250 8.3.1 Direct Scheduling 251 8.3.2 Scheduling with Given Processor Allocation 254 8.4 Heuristics 257 8.4.1 List Scheduling 257 8.4.2 Two-Phase Heuristics 261 8.4.3 Experimental Results 263 8.5 Concluding Remarks 264 8.6 Exercises 265 Bibliography 269 Author Index 281 Subject Index 285

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the new and important technology of asymmetric passive components for miniaturized microwave passive circuits. The asymmetric design methods and ideas set forth by the author are groundbreaking and have not been treated in previous works.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Asymmetric Passive Components. 1.2 Circuit Parameters. 1.3 Asymmetric Four-Port Hybrids. 1.4 Asymmetric Three-Port Power Dividers. 1.5 Asymmetric Two-Port Components. References. 2. Circuit Parameters. 2.1 Scattering Matrix. 2.2 Scattering Parameters of Reduced Multiports. 2.3 Two-Port Network Analysis Using Scattering Parameters. 2.4 Other Circuit Parameters. 2.5 Analyses of Symmetric Networks. 2.6 Analyses with Image Parameters. Exercises. References. 3. Conventional Ring Hybrids. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Original Concept of the 3-dB Ring Hybrid. 3.3 Conventional Ring Hybrids. 3.4 Conventional 3-dB Uniplanar Ring Hybrids. Exercises. References. 4. Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Derivation of Design Equations of Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.3 Small Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.4 Wideband or Small Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 4.5 Miniaturized Ring Hybrids Terminated in Arbitrary Impedances. Exercises. References. 5. Asymmetric Branch-Line Hybrids. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Origin of Branch-Line Hybrids. 5.3 Multisection Branch-Line Couplers. 5.4 Branch-Line Hybrids for Impedance Transforming. 5.5 Asymmetric Four-Port Hybrids. Exercises. References. 6. Conventional Three-Port Power Dividers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers. 6.3 Three-Port Power Dividers with Arbitrary Power Divisions. 6.4 Symmetric Analyses of Asymmetric Three-Port Power Dividers. 6.5 Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers Terminated in Complex Frequency-Dependent Impedances. 6.6 Three-Port 45◦ Power Divider/Combiner. Exercises. References. 7. Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers Terminated in Different Impedances. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Perfect Isolation Condition. 7.3 Analyses. 7.4 Scattering Parameters of Three-Port Power Dividers. 7.5 Lumped-Element Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers. 7.6 Coplanar Three-Port 3-dB Power Dividers. Exercises. References. 8. General Design Equations for N-Way Arbitrary Power Dividers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Design Equations for Three-Port Power Dividers. 8.3 General Design Equations for N-Way Power Dividers. Exercises. References. 9. Asymmetric Ring-Hybrid Phase Shifters and Attenuators. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Scattering Parameters of Asymmetric Ring Hybrids. 9.3 Asymmetric Ring-Hybrid Phase Shifters. 9.4 Asymmetric Ring-Hybrid Attenuator with Phase Shifts. Exercises. References. 10. Ring Filters and Their Use in a New Measurement Technique for Inherent Ring-Resonance Frequency. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Ring Filters. 10.3 New Measurement Technique for Inherent Ring-Resonance Frequency. 10.4 Conclusions. Exercises. References. 11. Small Impedance Transformers, CVTs and CCTs, and Their Applications to Small Power Dividers and Ring Filters. 11.1 Small Transmission-Line Impedance Transformers. 11.2 Mathematical Approach for CVTs and CCTs. 11.3 CVT3PDs and CCT3PDs. 11.4 Asymmetric Three-Port 45◦ Power Divider Terminated in Arbitrary Impedances. 11.5 CVT and CCT Ring Filters. 11.5.1 Analyses of Ring Filters. Exercises. References. Appendix A: Symbols and Abbreviations. Appendix B: Conversion Matrices. Appendix C: Derivation of the Elements of a Small Asymmetric Ring Hybrid. Appendix D: Trigonometric Relations. Appendix E: Hyperbolic Relations. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents two recently developed knowledge areas that can significantly improve the management and the performance of business enterprise: System Science and Cybernetics and Key Performance Areas. Included in this book are advanced (and evolving) methods and technologies for planning and budgeting, creating and keeping customers, quality and productivity, innovation, improving organization capability, sustainability in the company''s social and ecological environments, and profitability-all integrated with this new viable systems model and system thinking.Trade Review"…recognized for its innovative and bold attempt to go beyond conventional theories of management." (Electric Review, June/July 2007)Table of ContentsForeword, Antoine D. Savary. Preface. Contributors for Chapter 3. 1. From System Science—A New Way to Structure and Manage the Company. 2. The Viable System Model (VSM). 3. How the Viable System Model Improves Performance — Reports on Five Applications. 4. Key Performance Areas That Determine Company Success. 5. The Viable System Model and Planning and Budgeting. 6. The Viable System Model and Creating and Keeping Customers. 7. The Viable System Model and Quality and Productivity. 8. The Viable System Model and Innovation. 9. The Viable System Model and Organization Capability. 10. The Viable System Model and Public and Environmental Responsibility. 11. The Viable System Model and Profitability. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn exciting new technology, described by the one who invented it This is the first book dedicated to cognitive radio, a promising new technology that is poised to revolutionize the telecommunications industry with increased wireless flexibility. Cognitive radio technology integrates computational intelligence into software-defined radio for embedded intelligent agents that adapt to RF environments and user needs. Using this technology, users can more fully exploit the radio spectrum and services available from wireless connectivity. For example, an attempt to send a 10MB e-mail in a zone where carrier charges are high might cause a cognitive radio to alert its user and suggest waiting until getting to the office to use the LAN instead. Cognitive Radio Architecture examines an ideal cognitive radio that features autonomous machine learning, computer vision, and spoken or written language perception. The author of this exciting new book is the inventor of the technology Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Perception 3 1.2 Aware, Adaptive, or Cognitive? 5 1.3 Adaptation 8 1.4 Cognition 10 1.5 Cognitive Radio and Public Policy 15 1.6 Are We There Yet? 16 1.7 Key Questions 18 1.8 Organization of the Text 19 1.9 Exercises 20 I Foundations 2 Technical Overview 25 2.1 The iCR Has Seven Capabilities 25 2.2 Sensing and Perception: What and Whom to Perceive 27 2.3 Ideal Cognitive Radio (iCR) Platform Evolution 41 2.4 The serModel of Machine Learning for iCR 47 2.5 Architecture 51 2.6 Synoptic iCR Functional Definition 56 2.7 Exercises 56 3 Evolving From Aware and Adaptive to Cognitive Radio 58 3.1 Revolution or Evolution? 58 3.2 Moving Day 59 3.3 Developing AML for Genie 62 3.4 Learning Etiquette 73 3.5 Value Proposition for AML in AACR 75 3.6 Exercises 79 4 Autonomous Machine Learning for AACR 80 4.1 Machine Learning Framework 80 4.2 Histogram as a Discovery Algorithm 85 4.3 User-Domain Learning 88 4.4 Radio-Domain Learning 97 4.5 Reinforcement, Extension, and Constraint Discovery 108 4.6 Learning Strategies 118 4.7 Exercises 121 5 Cognitive Radio Architecture 123 5.1 CRA I: Functions, Components, and Design Rules 124 5.2 CRA II: The Cognition Cycle 134 5.3 CRA III: The Inference Hierarchy 138 5.4 CRA IV: Architecture Maps 143 5.5 CRA V: Building the CRA on SDR Architectures 144 5.6 Cognition Architecture Research Topics 152 5.7 Exercises 152 II Radio-Domain Competence 6 Radio-Domain Use Cases 157 6.1 Radio Use-Case Metrics 157 6.2 FCC Unused TV Spectrum Use Case 163 6.3 Demand Shaping Use Case 170 6.4 Military Market Segment Use Cases 176 6.5 RF Knowledge That Saves Lives 177 6.6 Prognostication 180 6.7 Exercises 180 7 Radio Knowledge 183 7.1 Radio-Domain Overview 183 7.2 Knowledge of the HF Radio Band 195 7.3 Knowledge of the LVHF Radio Band 208 7.4 Radio Noise and Interference 224 7.5 Knowledge of the VHF Radio Band 228 7.6 Knowledge of the UHF Radio Band 237 7.7 Knowledge of the SHF Radio Band 246 7.8 Knowledge of EHF, Terahertz, and Free Space Optics 256 7.9 Satellite Communications Knowledge 260 7.10 Cross-Band/Mode Knowledge 267 8 Implementing Radio-Domain Skills 275 8.1 Cognitive Radio Architecture Structures Radio Skills 276 8.2 Embedded Databases Enable Skills 281 8.3 Production Systems Enable Skills 288 8.4 Embedded Inference Enables Skills 291 8.5 Radio Knowledge Objects (RKOs) 296 8.6 Evolving Skills Via RKO and RDH 303 8.7 Implementing Spatial Skills 305 8.8 Generalized 318 8.9 Microworlds 323 8.10 Radio Skills Conclusions 325 8.11 Exercises 326 III User-Domain Competence 9 User-Domain Use Cases 331 9.1 Emergency Companion Use Case 331 9.2 Office Assistant Use Case 333 9.3 Cognitive Assistants for Wireless 334 9.4 User Skill Enhancements 343 9.5 Exercises 346 10 User-Domain Knowledge 347 10.1 Users’ Natural Language Expression 348 10.2 Acoustic Sensory Perception 352 10.3 Visual Sensory Perception 359 10.4 Audio-Visual Integration 363 10.5 Lexical Conceptual Semantics (LCS) 366 10.6 Other Sensors 369 10.7 Architecture Implications 369 10.8 Exercises 369 11 Implementing User-Domain Skills 372 11.1 Integrating Cognition 373 11.2 Autonomous Extensibility 382 11.3 Supervised Extensibility 401 11.4 Uncertainty 407 11.5 Learning Requires Grounding 417 11.6 Sleep Cycles 423 11.7 Pitfalls and Opportunities 424 11.8 Exercises 426 12 Semantic Radio 428 12.1 CYC, eBusiness Solutions, and the Semantic Web 428 12.2 CYC Case Study 429 12.3 CYC Implications 437 12.4 Web Languages 439 12.5 Radio XML 439 12.6 Conclusions 443 Glossary 444 References 451 Index 467

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Book SynopsisA high-quality textbook that provides a carefully designed exposition of the important aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough coverage of wireless sensor networks, including applications, communication, and networking protocols, middleware, security, and management.Trade Review"…the best-written book in its subject area…a must-have volume for anyone interested in the potential of wireless sensor networks." (RFID Journal Online, August 20, 2007) "…a valuable contribution to the WSN literature…it will occupy a conspicuous place in the reader's library." (Computing Reviews.com, October 8, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii 1 Introduction and Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.1.1 Background of Sensor Network Technology, 2 1.1.2 Applications of Sensor Networks, 10 1.1.3 Focus of This Book, 12 1.2 Basic Overview of the Technology, 13 1.2.1 Basic Sensor Network Architectural Elements, 15 1.2.2 Brief Historical Survey of Sensor Networks, 26 1.2.3 Challenges and Hurdles, 29 1.3 Conclusion, 31 References, 31 2 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 38 2.1 Introduction, 38 2.2 Background, 38 2.3 Range of Applications, 42 2.4 Examples of Category 2 WSN Applications, 50 2.4.1 Home Control, 51 2.4.2 Building Automation, 53 2.4.3 Industrial Automation, 56 2.4.4 Medical Applications, 57 2.5 Examples of Category 1 WSN Applications, 59 2.5.1 Sensor and Robots, 60 2.5.2 Reconfigurable Sensor Networks, 62 2.5.3 Highway Monitoring, 63 2.5.4 Military Applications, 64 2.5.5 Civil and Environmental Engineering Applications, 67 2.5.6 Wildfire Instrumentation, 68 2.5.7 Habitat Monitoring, 68 2.5.8 Nanoscopic Sensor Applications, 69 2.6 Another Taxonomy of WSN Technology, 69 2.7 Conclusion, 71 References, 71 3 Basic Wireless Sensor Technology 75 3.1 Introduction, 75 3.2 Sensor Node Technology, 76 3.2.1 Overview, 76 3.2.2 Hardware and Software, 78 3.3 Sensor Taxonomy, 80 3.4 WN Operating Environment, 84 3.5 WN Trends, 87 3.6 Conclusion, 91 References, 91 4 Wireless Transmission Technology and Systems 93 4.1 Introduction, 93 4.2 Radio Technology Primer, 94 4.2.1 Propagation and Propagation Impairments, 94 4.2.2 Modulation, 101 4.3 Available Wireless Technologies, 103 4.3.1 Campus Applications, 105 4.3.2 MAN/WAN Applications, 120 4.4 Conclusion, 131 Appendix A: Modulation Basics, 131 References, 139 5 Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 142 5.1 Introduction, 142 5.2 Background, 143 5.3 Fundamentals of MAC Protocols, 144 5.3.1 Performance Requirements, 145 5.3.2 Common Protocols, 148 5.4 MAC Protocols for WSNs, 158 5.4.1 Schedule-Based Protocols, 161 5.4.2 Random Access-Based Protocols, 165 5.5 Sensor-MAC Case Study, 167 5.5.1 Protocol Overview, 167 5.5.2 Periodic Listen and Sleep Operations, 168 5.5.3 Schedule Selection and Coordination, 169 5.5.4 Schedule Synchronization, 170 5.5.5 Adaptive Listening, 171 5.5.6 Access Control and Data Exchange, 171 5.5.7 Message Passing, 172 5.6 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs Standard Case Study, 173 5.6.1 PHY Layer, 176 5.6.2 MAC Layer, 178 5.7 Conclusion, 192 References, 193 6 Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 197 6.1 Introduction, 197 6.2 Background, 198 6.3 Data Dissemination and Gathering, 199 6.4 Routing Challenges and Design Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks, 200 6.4.1 Network Scale and Time-Varying Characteristics, 200 6.4.2 Resource Constraints, 201 6.4.3 Sensor Applications Data Models, 201 6.5 Routing Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks, 202 6.5.1 WSN Routing Techniques, 203 6.5.2 Flooding and Its Variants, 203 6.5.3 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation, 206 6.5.4 Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, 210 6.5.5 Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, 213 6.5.6 Directed Diffusion, 215 6.5.7 Geographical Routing, 219 6.6 Conclusion, 225 References, 225 7 Transport Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 229 7.1 Traditional Transport Control Protocols, 229 7.1.1 TCP (RFC 793), 231 7.1.2 UDP (RFC 768), 233 7.1.3 Mobile IP, 233 7.1.4 Feasibility of Using TCP or UDP for WSNs, 234 7.2 Transport Protocol Design Issues, 235 7.3 Examples of Existing Transport Control Protocols, 237 7.3.1 CODA (Congestion Detection and Avoidance), 237 7.3.2 ESRT (Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport), 237 7.3.3 RMST (Reliable Multisegment Transport), 239 7.3.4 PSFQ (Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly), 239 7.3.5 GARUDA, 239 7.3.6 ATP (Ad Hoc Transport Protocol), 240 7.3.7 Problems with Transport Control Protocols, 240 7.4 Performance of Transport Control Protocols, 241 7.4.1 Congestion, 241 7.4.2 Packet Loss Recovery, 242 7.5 Conclusion, 244 References, 244 8 Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks 246 8.1 Introduction, 246 8.2 WSN Middleware Principles, 247 8.3 Middleware Architecture, 248 8.3.1 Data-Related Functions, 249 8.3.2 Architectures, 252 8.4 Existing Middleware, 253 8.4.1 MiLAN (Middleware Linking Applications and Networks), 253 8.4.2 IrisNet (Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor Networks Services), 254 8.4.3 AMF (Adaptive Middleware Framework), 255 8.4.4 DSWare (Data Service Middleware), 255 8.4.5 CLMF (Cluster-Based Lightweight Middleware Framework), 256 8.4.6 MSM (Middleware Service for Monitoring), 256 8.4.7 Em*, 256 8.4.8 Impala, 257 8.4.9 DFuse, 257 8.4.10 DDS (Device Database System), 258 8.4.11 SensorWare, 258 8.5 Conclusion, 259 References, 259 9 Network Management for Wireless Sensor Networks 262 9.1 Introduction, 262 9.2 Network Management Requirements, 262 9.3 Traditional Network Management Models, 263 9.3.1 Simple Network Management Protocol, 263 9.3.2 Telecom Operation Map, 264 9.4 Network Management Design Issues, 264 9.5 Example of Management Architecture: MANNA, 267 9.6 Other Issues Related to Network Management, 268 9.6.1 Naming, 269 9.6.2 Localization, 269 9.7 Conclusion, 270 References, 270 10 Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks 273 10.1 Introduction, 273 10.2 Operating System Design Issues, 274 10.3 Examples of Operating Systems, 276 10.3.1 TinyOS, 276 10.3.2 Mate, 277 10.3.3 MagnetOS, 278 10.3.4 MANTIS, 278 10.3.5 OSPM, 279 10.3.6 EYES OS, 279 10.3.7 SenOS, 280 10.3.8 EMERALDS, 280 10.3.9 PicOS, 281 10.4 Conclusion, 281 References, 281 11 Performance and Traffic Management 283 11.1 Introduction, 283 11.2 Background, 283 11.3 WSN Design Issues, 286 11.3.1 MAC Protocols, 286 11.3.2 Routing Protocols, 286 11.3.3 Transport Protocols, 287 11.4 Performance Modeling of WSNs, 288 11.4.1 Performance Metrics, 288 11.4.2 Basic Models, 289 11.4.3 Network Models, 292 11.5 Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span, 294 11.5.1 Analysis, 296 11.5.2 Discussion, 298 11.6 Conclusion, 300 References, 300 Index 303

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Book SynopsisThis excellent text combines a solid treatment of optical signal processing theory with detailed descriptions of selected processing applications. With a focus on processing two-dimensional analog signals, it treats the important area of acousto-optic signal processing.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Basic Signal Parameters. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Characterization of a General Signal. 1.3 The Sample Function. 1.4 Examples of Signals. 1.5 Spatial Signals. Chapter 2. Geometrical Optics. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Refractive Index and Optical Path. 2.3 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics. 2.4 Refraction by Prisms. 2.5 The Lens Formulas. 2.6 The General Imaging Condition. 2.7 The Optical Invariant. 2.8 Classification of Lenses and Systems. 2.9 Aberrations. Chapter 3. Physical Optics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Fresnel Transform. 3.3 The Fourier Transform. 3.4 Examples of Fourier Transforms. 3.5 The Inverse Fourier Transform. 3.6 Extended Fourier-Transform Analysis. 3.7 Maximum Information Capacity and Optimum. 3.8 System Coherence. Chapter 4. Spectrum Analysis. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Light Sources. 4.3 Spatial Light Modulators. 4.4 The Detection Process in the Fourier Domain. 4.5 System Performance Parameters. 4.6 Dynamic Range. 4.7 Raster-Format Spectrum Analyzer. 4.8 Summary of the Main Design Concepts. Chapter 5. Spatial Filtering. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Some Fundamentals of Signal Processing. 5.3 Spatial Filters. 5.4 Binary Spatial Filters. 5.5 Magnitude Spatial Filters. 5.6 Phase Spatial Filters. 5.7 Real-Valued Spatial Filters. 5.8 Experimental Examples. 5.9 The Spatial Carrier Frequency Filter. 5.10 Interferometric Methods for Constructing Filters. 5.11 Information Processing. 5.12 Arbitrary Reference Function. 5.13 Bandwidth Considerations. 5.14 Multiplexed Filters. 5.15 Computer Generated Filters. 5.16 Reference Function Optical Processors. Chapter 6. Spatial Filtering Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Optical Signal Processor and Filter Generator. 6.3 The Readout Module. 6.4 The Reference-to-Signal-Beam Ratio. 6.5 Orientation and Scale-Searching Operations. 6.6 Methods for Handling Nonuniform Noise Spectral Densities. 6.7 Other Applications for Optical Spatial Filtering. 6.8 The Effects of Small Displacements of Spatial Filters. Chapter 7. Acousto-Optic Devices. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Acousto-Optic Cell Spatial Light Modulators. 7.3 Dynamic Transfer Relationships. 7.4 Time Delays and Notation. 7.5 Phase-Modulation Notation. 7.6 Sign Notation. 7.7 Conjugate Relationships. 7.8 Visualization of the Acousto-Optic Interaction. 7.9 Applications of Acousto-Optic Devices. Chapter 8. Acousto-Optic Power Spectrum Analyzers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 A Basic Spectrum Analyzer. 8.3 Aperture Weighting for Sidelobe Control. 8.4 Resolution. 8.5 Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 8.6 Spur-Free Dynamic Range. 8.7 Photodetector Geometric Considerations. 8.8 Example. 8.9 The Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 8.10 Radiometers. 8.11 Summary of the Main Design Concepts. Chapter 9. Heterodyne Systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The Interference Between Two Waves. 9.3 Overlapping Waves and Photodetector Size. 9.4 The Optical Radio. 9.5 A Generalized Heterodyne System. Chapter 10. Heterodyne Spectrum Analysis. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Basic Theory. 10.3 Spatial and Temporal Frequencies: The Mixed Transform. 10.4 The Distributed Local Oscillator. 10.5 Photodetector Geometry and Bandwidth. 10.6 Temporal Frequencies of the Reference Bias Term. 10.7 Dynamic Range. 10.8 Comparison of the Heterodyne and Power Spectrum. 10.9 Hybrid Heterodyne Spectrum Analyzer. Chapter 11. Decimated Arrays and Cross-Spectrum Analysis. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Background for the Heterodyne Spectrum Analyzer. 11.3 Photodetector Geometry and Detection Scheme. 11.4 The Reference and Scanning Functions. 11.5 Signal-to-Noise Radio and Dynamic Range. 11.6 Improved Reference Waveform. 11.7 The Cross-Spectrum Analyzer. Chapter 12. The Heterodyne Transform and Signal Excision. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The Heterodyne Transform. 12.3 The Temporal Frequency Range of the Baseband Terms. 12.4 Probing Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Fields. 12.5 Signal Excision. 12.6 Arbitrary Filter Function. Chapter 13. Space-Integrating Correlators. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Reference-Function Correlators. 13.3 Multichannel Operation. 13.4 Heterodyne/Homodyne Detection. 13.5 Homodyne Detection in the Fourier Domain. 13.6 Heterodyne Detection. 13.7 Carrier Frequency Requirements. 13.8 Illumination Requirements. 13.9 Integrate and Dump. 13.10 Some More Configurations. Chapter 14. Time-Integrating Systems. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Spectrum Analysis. 14.3 Time-Integrating Correlation. 14.4 Electronic Reference Correlator. 14.5 Comparison of Features. 14.6 Integrated Optical Systems. Chapter 15. Two-Dimensional Processing. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Triple-Product Processing. 15.3 Crossed Acousto-Optic Cell Geometry. 15.4 The Bispectrum. 15.5 Spectrum Analysis. 15.6 Ambiguity Function Generation. 15.7 Wigner-Ville Distributions. 15.8 Range and Doppler Signal Processing. 15.9 Optical Transversal Processor for Notch Filtering. 15.10 Phased Array Processing. Appendix I. Appendix II. References. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete and accessible introduction to the important field of microtechnology. Avoiding complex mathematics, it covers all the pertinent microwave terminology, devices, systems and subsystems in order to facilitate an understanding of how everything fits together to create communications, navigation and radar equipment.Table of ContentsPART I: MICROWAVE FUNDAMENTALS. 1. A Survey of Microwave Systems and Devices. 1.1 The Relationship of Microwaves to Other Electronic Equipment. 1.2 Microwave Systems. 1.3 The Microwave System. 1.4 Why Microwave Devices are Needed. 1.5 Basic Microwave System Design. 1.6 Microwave Transmission Lines. 1.7 Signal Control Components. 1.8 Semiconductor Amplifiers and Oscillators. 1.9 Microwave Tubes. 1.10 Low Noise Microwave Receivers. 1.11 Microwave Antennas. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 2. Microwave Fields. 2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields. 2.2 Electromagnetic Waves. 2.3 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves. 2.4 Microwaves in Transmission Lines. 2.5 Skin Depth. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 3. Microwave Power--dB and dBm. 3.1 Microwave Power. 3.2 dB Terminology. 3.3 dBm Terminology. 3.4 Equipment for Measuring Microwave Power . Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 4. Insertion Loss, Gain, and Return Loss. 4.1 Insertion Loss. 4.2 Insertion Loss of Components in Cascade. 4.3 Gain. 4.4 Cascaded Insertion Loss and Gain. 4.5 Mismatches and Return Loss. 4.6 Alternative Ways of Specifying Reflected Power. 4.7 S-Parameters. 4.8 Equipment for Measuring Insertion Loss and Return Loss. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 5. Matching with the Smith Chart. 5.1 Derivation of the Smith Chart. 5.2 Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart. 5.3 Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart. 5.4 Moving Toward the Load. 5.5 Lumped Inductance in Series. 5.6 Matching Elements in Parallel. 5.7 Matching Stubs. 5.8 Quarter-Wave Transformer. 5.9 Lumped Elements in Combination. 5.10 Selecting the Best matching Technique. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. PART II: MICROWAVE DEVICES. 6. Microwave Transmission Lines. 6.1 Comparison of Transmission Lines. 6.2 Guide Wavelength and Characteristic Impedance. 6.3 Coaxial Cable. 6.4 Waveguide. 6.5 Stripline and Microstrip. 6.6 Connectors and Adapters. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 7. Microwave Signal Control Components. 7.1 Microwave Semiconductors. 7.2Microwave Ferrites. 7.3 Terminations. 7.4 Directional Couplers. 7.5 Combiners. 7.6 Isolators and Circulators. 7.7 Filters. 7.8 Attenuators. 7.9 Switches. 7.10 Phase Shifters. 7.11 Detectors. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 8. Microwave Semiconductor Amplifiers. 8.1 Amplifier Performance Characteristics. 8.2 Types of Microwave Semiconductor Amplifiers. 8.3 Bipolar Transistors. 8.4 Field-Effect Transistors. 8.5 HEMTs. 8.6 Transistor Packaging and Mounting. 8.7 S-Parameters. 8.8 Transistor Biasing and Matching. 8.9 IMPATT Amplifiers. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 9. Microwave Oscillators. 9.1 Oscillator Principles. 9.2 Oscillator Performance Requirements. 9.3 Fixed-Tuned and Mechanically Tuned Oscillators. 9.4 Electronically Tuned Oscillators. 9.5 Harmonic Multipliers. 9.6 Phase-Locked Oscillators. 9.7 Up-converters. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 10. Low-Noise Receivers. 10.1 The Significance of Low-Noise Receivers. 10.2 Sources of Noise. 10.3 Noise Units. 10.4 Mixers. 10.5 Low-Noise Transistors. 10.6 Parametric Amplifiers. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 11. Microwave Integrated Circuits. 11.1 Types of Microwave Integrated Circuits. 11.2 Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits. 11.3 Microstrip Materials and Design. 11.4 Microstrip Circuit Elements. 11.5 Components Added after Microstrip Fabrication. 11.6 Mounting and Packaging. 11.7 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 12. Microwave Tubes. 12.1 Advantages and Disadvantages. 12.2 Comparison. 12.3 Gridded Tubes. 12.4 Klystrons. 12.5 Traveling Wave Tubes. 12.6 Crossed-Field Amplifiers. 12.7 Magnetrons. 12.8 High Power Microwave Tubes. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 13. Microwave Antennas. 13.1 Requirements. 13.2 Types. 13.3 Arrays. 13.4 Parabolic. 13.5 Phased Array. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. PART III: MICROWAVE SYSTEMS. 14. Introduction to Microwave Systems. 14.1 Spectrum Analysis of Electronic Signals. 14.2 Communication System Signals. 14.3 Signal-to-Noise Requirements. 14.4 Pulse Code Modulation. 14.5 Baseband Signals. 14.6 Transmission Systems. 14.7 Modulation. 14.8 Carrier Modulation with Digital Baseband Signals. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 15. Microwave Relay. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Block Diagrams. 15.3 Antennas. 15.4 Path Loss Calculations. 15.5 Diversity Systems. 15.6 Diffraction and Troposcatter Systems. 15.7 Wireless Local Area Networks. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises 16. Satellite Communications. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Path Loss Calculations (ERP and G/T). 16.3 International Satellites. 16.4 Domestic Satellites. 16.5 Ship-to-Shore Communication by Satellite. 16.6 Direct Broadcast Satellites. 16.7 Comparison of Communication Satellites. 16.8 Remote-Sensing Satellites. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 17. Radar Systems. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Velocity Measurement. 17.3 Range Measurement. 17.4 Combined Range and Velocity Measurement. 17.5 Angle Measurement. 17.6 Techniques to Improve Angular Resolution. 17.7 Phased Array Radar. 17.8 Block Diagrams. 17.9 The Radar Equation. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 18. Electronic Warfare Systems. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Stealth. 18.3 Antiradiation Missiles. 18.4 Chaff and Decoys. 18.5 Noise Jamming. 18.6 Deceptive Jamming. 18.7 Electronic Counter-Countermeasures. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. 19. Navigation and Other Microwave Systems. 19.1 Global Positioning System. 19.2 Cellular Telephones. 19.3 Microwave Ovens. 19.4 Medical Applications of Microwaves. 19.5 Scientific Applications of Microwaves. Annotated Bibliography. Exercises. Exercise Answers. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn to solve both simple and complex electromagnetic problems with this text's unique integration of theoretical and mathematical concepts. With the author's guidance, you'll discover a broad range of classic and cutting-edge applications across a wide array of fields, including biomedicine, wireless communication, process control, and instrumentation. Case studies, detailed derivations, and 170 fully solved examples deepen your understanding of theory, and help you apply numerical methods to real-world problems.Trade Review"…a perfect, very good introductory work…" (CHOICE, August 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Electrical sources and fundamental quantities. 1.2 Static and dynamic fields. 1.3 Working with complex numbers and functions. 2. VECTORS AND FIELDS. 2.1 Working with vectors. 2.2 Coordinate systems. 2.3 Differentiation and integration of vectors. 2.4 Gradient of the scalar field and its applications. 2.5 Divergence of the vector field and its applications. 2.6 Curl of the vector field and its applications. 2.7 The divergence theorem. 2.8 Stokes’ theorem. Δ. 2.9 Other operations involving 2.10 Helmholtz theorem. 3. BASIC LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS. 3.1 Maxwell’s equations in large scale/integral form. 3.2 Maxwell’s equations in point/differential form. 3.3 Constitutive relations. 3.4 Boundary conditions. 3.5 Lorentz force equation. 3.6 Poynting vector and power flow. 4. UNIFORM PLANE WAVES. 4.1 The wave equation and uniform plane wave solutions. 4.2 Plane electromagnetic waves in Lossy media. 4.3 Uniform plane wave incident normally on an interface. 4.4 Uniform plane wave incident obliquely on an interface. 5. TRANSMISSION LINES. 5.1 Transmission line equations. 5.2 Finite length transmission line. 5.3 Smith chart. 5.4 Transients on transmission lines. 6. MODIFIED MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 6.1 Magnetic charge and current. 6.2 Magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials. 6.3 Electric vector and magnetic scalar potentials. 6.4 Construction of solution in rectangular coordinates. 6.5 Construction of solution in cylindrical coordinates. 6.6 Construction of solution in spherical coordinates. 7. SOURCE IN INFINITE SPACE. 7.1 Fields of an infinitesimal source. 7.2 Antenna parameters. 7.3 Linear antennas. 7.4 Antenna arrays. 7.5 Friis transmission formula and the radar range equation. 8. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS. 8.1 Laws of electrostatic fields. 8.2 Gauss’ law. 8.3 Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 8.4 Capacitors and energy storage. 8.5 Further applications of Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 9. MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS. 9.1 Laws of magnetostatic fields. 9.2 Inductors and energy storage. 9.3 Magnetic materials. 9.4 Magnetic Circuits. 10. WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS. 10. 1 Metallic rectangular waveguide. 10. 2 Metallic circular cylindrical waveguide. 10.3 Rectangular cavity resonators. 10.4 Circular cylindrical cavity resonators. 11. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES. 11.1 Finite difference methods. 11.2 The method of moments. 11.3 Scattering of plane EM waves from an infinitely long cylinder. Appendix A. Mathematical formulas. Appendix B. Delta function and evaluation of fields in unbounded media. Appendix C. Bessel functions. Appendix D. Legendre functions. Appendix E. Characteristics of selected materials. Appendix F. Physical constants. Appendix G. Decibels and Neper. Appendix H. Nomenclature and characteristics of standard rectangular waveguides. SELECTED REFERENCE BOOKS . Index.

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Book SynopsisThe principle aim of this book is to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth overview of GIT research to create a unified framework of the technology's diverse uncertainty theories. Through the use of examples and exercises, the author discusses probability theory, fuzzy set theory, evidence theory and possibility theory.Trade Review"..will establish a better understanding of the complex concepts…will make significant contributions toward stimulating research in the area of generalized information theory." (Computing Reviews.com, October 17, 2006) "…contains comprehensive and up-to-date coverage…can serve as a graduate-level text and a reference for researchers and practitioners…" (IEEE Computer Magazine, February 2006)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Uncertainty and Its Significance 1 1.2. Uncertainty-Based Information 6 1.3. Generalized Information Theory 7 1.4. Relevant Terminology and Notation 10 1.5. An Outline of the Book 20 Notes 22 Exercises 23 2 Classical Possibility-Based Uncertainty Theory 26 2.1. Possibility and Necessity Functions 26 2.2. Hartley Measure of Uncertainty for Finite Sets 27 2.2.1. Simple Derivation of the Hartley Measure 28 2.2.2. Uniqueness of the Hartley Measure 29 2.2.3. Basic Properties of the Hartley Measure 31 2.2.4. Examples 35 2.3. Hartley-Like Measure of Uncertainty for Infinite Sets 45 2.3.1. Definition 45 2.3.2. Required Properties 46 2.3.3. Examples 52 Notes 56 Exercises 57 3 Classical Probability-Based Uncertainty Theory 61 3.1. Probability Functions 61 3.1.1. Functions on Finite Sets 62 3.1.2. Functions on Infinite Sets 64 3.1.3. Bayes’ Theorem 66 3.2. Shannon Measure of Uncertainty for Finite Sets 67 3.2.1. Simple Derivation of the Shannon Entropy 69 3.2.2. Uniqueness of the Shannon Entropy 71 3.2.3. Basic Properties of the Shannon Entropy 77 3.2.4. Examples 83 3.3. Shannon-Like Measure of Uncertainty for Infinite Sets 91 Notes 95 Exercises 97 4 Generalized Measures and Imprecise Probabilities 101 4.1. Monotone Measures 101 4.2. Choquet Capacities 106 4.2.1. Möbius Representation 107 4.3. Imprecise Probabilities: General Principles 110 4.3.1. Lower and Upper Probabilities 112 4.3.2. Alternating Choquet Capacities 115 4.3.3. Interaction Representation 116 4.3.4. Möbius Representation 119 4.3.5. Joint and Marginal Imprecise Probabilities 121 4.3.6. Conditional Imprecise Probabilities 122 4.3.7. Noninteraction of Imprecise Probabilities 123 4.4. Arguments for Imprecise Probabilities 129 4.5. Choquet Integral 133 4.6. Unifying Features of Imprecise Probabilities 135 Notes 137 Exercises 139 5 Special Theories of Imprecise Probabilities 143 5.1. An Overview 143 5.2. Graded Possibilities 144 5.2.1. Möbius Representation 149 5.2.2. Ordering of Possibility Profiles 151 5.2.3. Joint and Marginal Possibilities 153 5.2.4. Conditional Possibilities 155 5.2.5. Possibilities on Infinite Sets 158 5.2.6. Some Interpretations of Graded Possibilities 160 5.3. Sugeno l-Measures 160 5.3.1. Möbius Representation 165 5.4. Belief and Plausibility Measures 166 5.4.1. Joint and Marginal Bodies of Evidence 169 5.4.2. Rules of Combination 170 5.4.3. Special Classes of Bodies of Evidence 174 5.5. Reachable Interval-Valued Probability Distributions 178 5.5.1. Joint and Marginal Interval-Valued Probability Distributions 183 5.6. Other Types of Monotone Measures 185 Notes 186 Exercises 190 6 Measures of Uncertainty and Information 196 6.1. General Discussion 196 6.2. Generalized Hartley Measure for Graded Possibilities 198 6.2.1. Joint and Marginal U-Uncertainties 201 6.2.2. Conditional U-Uncertainty 203 6.2.3. Axiomatic Requirements for the U-Uncertainty 205 6.2.4. U-Uncertainty for Infinite Sets 206 6.3. Generalized Hartley Measure in Dempster–Shafer Theory 209 6.3.1. Joint and Marginal Generalized Hartley Measures 209 6.3.2. Monotonicity of the Generalized Hartley Measure 211 6.3.3. Conditional Generalized Hartley Measures 213 6.4. Generalized Hartley Measure for Convex Sets of Probability Distributions 214 6.5. Generalized Shannon Measure in Dempster-Shafer Theory 216 6.6. Aggregate Uncertainty in Dempster–Shafer Theory 226 6.6.1. General Algorithm for Computing the Aggregate Uncertainty 230 6.6.2. Computing the Aggregated Uncertainty in Possibility Theory 232 6.7. Aggregate Uncertainty for Convex Sets of Probability Distributions 234 6.8. Disaggregated Total Uncertainty 238 6.9. Generalized Shannon Entropy 241 6.10. Alternative View of Disaggregated Total Uncertainty 248 6.11. Unifying Features of Uncertainty Measures 253 Notes 253 Exercises 255 7 Fuzzy Set Theory 260 7.1. An Overview 260 7.2. Basic Concepts of Standard Fuzzy Sets 262 7.3. Operations on Standard Fuzzy Sets 266 7.3.1. Complementation Operations 266 7.3.2. Intersection and Union Operations 267 7.3.3. Combinations of Basic Operations 268 7.3.4. Other Operations 269 7.4. Fuzzy Numbers and Intervals 270 7.4.1. Standard Fuzzy Arithmetic 273 7.4.2. Constrained Fuzzy Arithmetic 274 7.5. Fuzzy Relations 280 7.5.1. Projections and Cylindric Extensions 281 7.5.2. Compositions, Joins, and Inverses 284 7.6. Fuzzy Logic 286 7.6.1. Fuzzy Propositions 287 7.6.2. Approximate Reasoning 293 7.7. Fuzzy Systems 294 7.7.1. Granulation 295 7.7.2. Types of Fuzzy Systems 297 7.7.3. Defuzzification 298 7.8. Nonstandard Fuzzy Sets 299 7.9. Constructing Fuzzy Sets and Operations 303 Notes 305 Exercises 308 8 Fuzzification of Uncertainty Theories 315 8.1. Aspects of Fuzzification 315 8.2. Measures of Fuzziness 321 8.3. Fuzzy-Set Interpretation of Possibility Theory 326 8.4. Probabilities of Fuzzy Events 334 8.5. Fuzzification of Reachable Interval-Valued Probability Distributions 338 8.6. Other Fuzzification Efforts 348 Notes 350 Exercises 351 9 Methodological Issues 355 9.1. An Overview 355 9.2. Principle of Minimum Uncertainty 357 9.2.1. Simplification Problems 358 9.2.2. Conflict-Resolution Problems 364 9.3. Principle of Maximum Uncertainty 369 9.3.1. Principle of Maximum Entropy 369 9.3.2. Principle of Maximum Nonspecificity 373 9.3.3. Principle of Maximum Uncertainty in GIT 375 9.4. Principle of Requisite Generalization 383 9.5. Principle of Uncertainty Invariance 387 9.5.1. Computationally Simple Approximations 388 9.5.2. Probability–Possibility Transformations 390 9.5.3. Approximations of Belief Functions by Necessity Functions 399 9.5.4. Transformations Between l-Measures and Possibility Measures 402 9.5.5. Approximations of Graded Possibilities by Crisp Possibilities 403 Notes 408 Exercises 411 10 Conclusions 415 10.1. Summary and Assessment of Results in Generalized Information Theory 415 10.2. Main Issues of Current Interest 417 10.3. Long-Term Research Areas 418 10.4. Significance of GIT 419 Notes 421 Appendix A Uniqueness of the U-Uncertainty 425 Appendix B Uniqueness of Generalized Hartley Measure in the Dempster–Shafer Theory 430 Appendix C Correctness of Algorithm 6.1 437 Appendix D Proper Range of Generalized Shannon Entropy 442 Appendix E Maximum of GSa in Section 6.9 447 Appendix F Glossary of Key Concepts 449 Appendix G Glossary of Symbols 455 Bibliography 458 Subject Index 487 Name Index 494

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Book SynopsisA Comprehensive, Thorough Introduction to High-Speed Networking Technologies and Protocols Network Infrastructure and Architecture: Designing High-Availability Networks takes a unique approach to the subject by covering the ideas underlying networks, the architecture of the network elements, and the implementation of these elements in optical and VLSI technologies. Additionally, it focuses on areas not widely covered in existing books: physical transport and switching, the process and technique of building networking hardware, and new technologies being deployed in the marketplace, such as Metro Wave Division Multiplexing (MWDM), Resilient Packet Rings (RPR), Optical Ethernet, and more. Divided into five succinct parts, the book covers: Optical transmission Networking protocols VLSI chips Data switching Networking elements and design Complete with case studies, exampleTable of ContentsPreface. Part I: Optical Transmission. 1. Introduction to Networking. 2. Filer-Optic Transmission. 3. Wavelength-Division Multiplexing. Part II: Networking Protocols. 4. Sonet. 5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite. 6. Protocol Stacks. Part III: VLSI Chips. 7. VLSI Integrated Circuits. 8. Circuits for Optical-to-Electrical Conversion. Part IV: Data Switching. 9. Physical Circuits Switching. 10. Time-Division-Multipleured Switching. 11. Packet and Cell Switching and Queuing. Part V: Networking. 12. Network Elements. 13. Network Design: Efficient, Survivable Networks. Index.

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Filter Synthesis, originally published in 1967 is the classic reference for continuous time filter design. The plots of filter behaviour for different designs, such as ripple and group delay, make this book invaluable.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Filters in Electronics 1 1.1 Types of Filters 1 1.2 Filter Applications 3 1.3 All-Pass Filters 5 1.4 Properties of Lattice Filters 6 1.5 Filter Building Blocks 9 1.6 Higher Order Filters 17 1.7 Coil-Saving Bandpass Filters 17 1.8 Frequency Range of Applications 20 1.9 Physical Elements of the Filter 21 1.10 Active Bandpass Filters 22 1.11 RC Passive and Active Filters 22 1.12 Microwave Filters 25 1.13 Parametric Filters 29 Chapter 2 Theory of Effective Parameters 31 2.1 Power Balance 32 2.2 Types of General Network Equations 33 2.3 Effective Attenuation 35 2.4 Reflective (Echo) Attenuation 36 2.5 Transmission Function as a Function of Frequency Parameter, s 37 2.6 Polynomials of Transmission and Filtering Functions 38 2.7 Filter Networks 39 2.8 Voltage and Current Sources 41 2.9 The Function D(s) As an Approximation Function 42 2.10 Examples of Transmission Function Approximation 45 2.11 Simplest Polynomial Filters in Algebraic Form 49 2.12 Introduction to Image-Parameter Theory 50 2.13 Bridge Networks 52 2.14 Examples of Realization in the Bridge Form 53 2.15 Hurwitz Polynomial 54 2.16 The Smallest Realizable Networks 55 2.17 Fourth-Order Networks 57 2.18 Fifth-Order Networks 58 Chapter 3 Filter Characteristics in The Frequency Domain 60 3.1 Amplitude Responses 60 3.2 Phase-and Group-Delay Responses 61 3.3 Group Delay of an Idealized Filter 61 3.4 Group-Delay—Attenuation Relationship 61 3.5 The Chebyshev Family of Response Characteristics 62 3.6 Gaussian Family of Response Characteristics 67 3.7 A Filter with Transitional Magnitude Characteristics 74 3.8 Legendre Filters 74 3.9 Minimum-Loss Characteristics 76 3.10 Synchronously Tuned Filters 76 3.11 Arithmetically Symmetrical Bandpass Filters 77 3.12 Attenuation Characteristics of Image Parameter Filters 78 3.13 Other Types of Filter Characteristics 80 3.14 Plots of the Attenuation and Group Delay Characteristics 81 Chapter 4 Elliptic Functions and Elements of Realization 107 4.1 Double Periodic Elliptic Functions 107 4.2 Mapping of s-Plane into u-Plane 109 4.3 First Basic Transformation of Elliptic Functions 110 4.4 Filtering Function in z-Plane 112 4.5 Graphical Representation of Parameters 114 4.6 Characteristic Values of D(s) 115 4.7 An Example of Filter Design 116 4.8 Consideration of Losses 119 4.9 Introduction of Losses by Frequency Transformation 119 4.10 Highpass Filters with Losses 120 4.11 Transmission Functions with Losses 121 4.12 Conclusions on Consideration of Losses 123 4.13 Realization Process 124 4.14 Bandpass Filter with a Minimum Number of Inductors 125 4.15 The Elements of a Coil-Saving Network 127 4.16 Consideration of Losses in Zig-Zag Filters 128 4.17 Realization Procedure 129 4.18 Numerical Example of Realization 131 4.19 Full and Partial Removal for a Fifth-Order Filter 132 Chapter 5 The Catalog of Normalized Lowpass Filters 137 5.1 Introduction to the Catalog137 5.2 Real Part of the Driving Point Impedance146 5.3 Lowpass Filter Design148 5.4 Design of Highpass Filters151 5.5 Design of LC Bandpass Filters154 5.6 Design of Narrowband Crystal Filters160 5.7 Design of Bandstop Filters163 5.8 Catalog of Normalized Lowpass Models168 Chapter 6 Design Techniques for Polynomial Filters 290 6.1 Introduction to Tables of Normalized Element Values 290 6.2 Lowpass Design Examples 292 6.3 Bandpass Filter Design 295 6.4 Concept of Coupling 296 6.5 Coupled Resonators 298 6.6 Second-Order Bandpass Filter 300 6.7 Design with Tables of Predistorted k and q Parameters 305 6.8 Design Examples using Tables of k and q Values 306 6.9 Tables of Lowpass Element Values 310 6.10 Tables of 3-dB Down k and q Values 311 Chapter 7 Filter Characteristics in The Time Domain 380 7.1 Introduction to Transient Characteristics 380 7.2 Time and Frequency Domains 380 7.3 Information Contained in the Impulse Response 383 7.4 Step Response 383 7.5 Impulse Response of an Ideal Gaussian Filter 384 7.6 Residue Determination 385 7.7 Numerical Example 385 7.8 Practical Steps in the Inverse Transformation 388 7.9 Inverse Transform of Rational Spectral Functions 389 7.10 Numerical Example 390 7.11 Estimation Theory 391 7.12 Transient Response in Highpass and Bandpass Filters 392 7.13 The Exact Calculation of Transient Phenomena for Highpass Systems 393 7.14 Estimate of Transient Responses in Narrowband Filters 395 7.15 The Exact Transient Calculation in Narrowband Systems 397 7.16 Group Delay Versus Transient Response 398 7.17 Computer Determination of Filter Impulse Response 398 7.18 Transient Response Curves 400 Chapter 8 Crystal Filters 414 8.1 Introduction 414 8.2 Crystal Structure 414 8.3 Theory of Piezoelectricity 414 8.4 Properties of Piezoelectric Quartz Crystals 415 8.5 Classification of Crystal Filters 421 8.6 Bridge Filters 423 8.7 Limitation of Bridge Crystal Filters 425 8.8 Spurious Response 427 8.9 Circuit Analysis of a Simple Filter 428 8.10 Element Values in Image-Parameter Formulation 429 8.11 Ladder Filters 431 8.12 Effective Attenuation of Simple Filters 434 8.13 Effective Attenuation of Ladder Networks 437 8.14 Ladder Versus Bridge Filters 439 8.15 Practical Differential Transformer for Crystal Filters 440 8.16 Design of Narrowband Filters with the Aid of Lowpass Model 443 8.17 Synthesis of Ladder Single Sideband Filters 453 8.18 The Synthesis of Intermediate Bandpass Filters 483 8.19 Example of Band-Reject Filter 490 8.20 Ladder Filters with Large Bandwidth 491 Chapter 9 Helical Filters 499 9.1 Introduction 499 9.2 Helical Resonators 499 9.3 Filter with Helical Resonators 505 9.4 Alignment of Helical Filters 513 9.5 Examples of Helical Filtering 518 Chapter 10 Network Transformations 522 10.1 Two-Terminal Network Transformations 522 10.2 Delta-Star Transformation 528 10.3 Use of Transformer in Filter Realization 530 10.4 Norton’s Transformation 530 10.5 Applications of Mutual Inductive Coupling 536 10.6 The Realization of LC Filters with Crystal Resonators 540 10.7 Negative and Positive Capacitor Transformation 545 10.8 Bartlett’s Bisection Theorem 546 10.9 Caucr’s Equivalence 549 10.10 Canonic Bandpass Structures 552 10.11 Bandpass Ladder Filters Having a Canonical Number of Inductors without Mutual Coupling 553 10.12 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 559 10.13 Source and Load Transformation 567 Bibliography 569 Index 573

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Book SynopsisPractical Design of Power Supplies "In a rare and very welcome departure from the power industry's standard technical treatise, Ron Lenk's book... offers a clear, pragmatic view of the practical real-world aspects governing power supply design... Engineers at all levels...Trade Review"…I encourage those students or designers who would like to get an idea about designing power supplies to read the book." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, September/October 2006) "Engineers, technicians, and power supply designers will find this an invaluable book to quickly learn and apply the knowledge...to designing and building the right power supplies for an application." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, July/August 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Tables. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Practical Selection of Topology. Chapter 3: Practical Selection of Components. Chapter 4: Practical Guide to Instrumentation. Chapter 5: Practical Design of Magnetics. Chapter 6: Practical Feedback Design. Chapter 7: Practical Design of Control and Monitoring Circuitry. Chapter 8: Practical Efficiency and Thermal Management. Chapter 9: Practical EMI Control. Chapter 10: Practical Worst-Case Analysis. Appendix 1: List of Acronyms Used in the Book and Some Symbols. Appendix 2: Data Sheets for Worst-Case Analysis. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisWritten from an engineering standpoint with a focus on practical codes based on their performance and hardware complexit, Matrix Code Design for Dependable Systems emphasizes matrix codes and how they are manipulated. Unlike existing coding theory books, this book does not burden the reader with unnecessary mathematics for polynomial codes.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Faults and Failures. 1.2 Error Models. 1.3 Error Recovery Techniques for Dependable Systems. 1.4 Code Design Process for Dependable Systems. References. 2. Mathematical Background and Matrix Codes. 2.1 Introduction to Algebra. 2.2 Linear Codes. 2.3 Basic Matrix Codes. Exercises. References. 3. Design Techniques for Matrix Codes. 3.1 Minimum-Weight & Equal-Weight-Row Codes. 3.2 Odd-Weight-Column Codes. 3.3 Even-Weight-Row Codes. 3.4 Odd-Weight-Row Codes. 3.5 Rotational Codes. Exercises. References. 4. Codes for High-Speed Memories I: Bit Error Control Codes. 4.1 Modified Hamming SEC-DED Codes. 4.2 Modified Double-Bit Error Correcting BCH Codes. 4.3 On-Chip ECCs. Exercises. References. 5. Codes for High-Speed Memories II: Byte Error Control Codes. 5.1 Single-Byte Error Correcting (SbEC) Codes. 5.2 Single-Byte Error Correcting and Double-Byte Error Detecting (SbEC-DbED) Codes. 5.3 Single-Byte Error Correcting and Single p-Byte within a Block Error Detecting (SbEC-Spb=BED) Codes. Exercises. References. 6. Codes for High-Speed Memories III: Bit / Byte Error Control Codes. 6.1 Single-Byte / Burst Error Detecting SEC-DED Codes. 6.2 Single-Byte Error Correcting and Double-Bit Error Detecting (SbEC-DED) Codes. 6.3 Single-Byte Error Correcting and Double-Bit Error Correcting (SbEC-DEC) Codes. 6.4 Single-Byte Error Correcting and Single-Byte Plus Single-Bit Error Detecting (SbEC-(SbþS)ED) Codes. Exercises. References. 7. Codes for High-Speed Memories IV: Spotty Byte Error Control Codes. 7.1 Spotty Byte Errors. 7.2 Single Spotty Byte Error Correcting (St=bEC) Codes. 7.3 Single Spotty Byte Error Correcting and Single-Byte Error Detecting (St=bEC-SbED) Codes. 7.4 Single Spotty Byte Error Correcting and Double Spotty Byte Error Detecting (St=bEC-Dt=bED) Codes. 7.5 A General Class of Spotty Byte Error Control Codes. Exercises. References. 8. Paralled Decoding for Burst / Byte Error Control Codes. 8.1 Parallel Decoding Burst Error Control Codes. 8.2 Parallel Decoding Cyclic Burst Error Correcting Codes. 8.3 Transient Behavior of Parallel Encoder / Decoder Circuits of Error Control Codes. Exercises. References. 9. Codes for Error Location: Error Locating Codes. 9.1 Error Location of Faulty Packages and Faulty Chips. 9.2 Block Error Locating (Sb=pbEL) Codes. 9.3 Single-Bit Error Correcting and Single-Block Error Locating (SEC-Sb=pbEL) Codes. 9.4 Single-Bit Error Correcting and Single-Byte Error Locating (SEC-Se=bEL) Codes. 9.5 Burst Error Locating Codes. 9.6 Code Conditions for Error Locating Codes. 10. Codes for Unequal Error Control / Protection (UEC / UEP). 10.1 Error Models for UEC Codes and UEP Codes. 10.2 Fixed-Byte Error Control UEC Codes. 10.3 Burst Error Control UEC / UEP Codes. 10.4 Application of the UEC / UEP Codes. Exercises. References. 11. Codes for Mass Memories. 11.1 Tape Memory Codes. 11.2 Magnetic Disk Memory Codes. 11.3 Optical Disk Memory Codes. Exercises. References. 12. Coding for Logic and System Design. 12.1 Self-checking Concept. 12.2 Self-testing Checkers. 12.3 Self-checking ALU. 12.4 Self-checking Design for Computer Systems. Exercises. References. 13. Codes for Data Entry Systems. 13.1 M-Ary Asymmetric Errors in Data Entry Systems. 13.2 M-Ary Asymmetric Symbol Error Correcting Codes. 13.3 Nonsystematic M-Ary Asymmetric Error Correcting Codes with Deletion / Insertion / Adjacent-Symbol-Transposition Error Correction Capabilities. 13.4 Codes for Two-Dimentional Matrix Symbols. Exercises. References. 14. Codes for Multiple / Distributed Storage Systems. 14.1 MDS Array Codes Tolerating Multiple-Disk Failures. 14.2 Codes for Distributed Storage Systems. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the problems and brings solutions to the security issues of ad-hoc networks. Topics included are threat attacks and vulnerabilities, basic cryptography mechanisms, authentication, secure routing, firewalls, security policy management, and future developments. .Trade Review"…a first-class textbook on security in ad hoc networks." (Computing Reviews.com, May 17, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Definition of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. 1.2 Applications of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. 1.3 Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerabilities. 1.3.1 Threats. 1.3.2 Vulnerabilities in Ad Hoc Networks. 1.3.3 Attacks. 1.4 Overview of the Book. 2 Basic Security Concepts. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Basic Concepts. 2.2.1 Attributes. 2.2.2 Cryptographic Primitives. 2.3 Modes of Operation. 2.4 Miscellaneous Properties. 2.4.1 One-Way Property of Hash Chains. 2.4.2 TESLA. 2.5 Summary. 3 Key Management. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Traditional Solution. 3.3 Solutions for Ad Hoc Networks. 3.3.1 Asymmetric Key-Based Approach. 3.3.2 Symmetric Key-Based Approach. 3.4 Summary. 4 Secure Routing. 4.1 Introduction. 4.1.1 Distance-Vector and Link-State Routing. 4.1.2 Proactive vs Reactive Routing. 4.2 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector. 4.2.1 Secure AODV. 4.2.2 Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks (ARAN). 4.2.3 Security-Aware Ad Hoc Routing. 4.3 Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. 4.3.1 Secure Routing Protocol. 4.3.2 Ariadne. 4.3.3 EndairA: A Provably Secure Routing Protocol. 4.4 Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing Protocol. 4.4.1 Secure Efficient Distance Vector Routing (SEAD). 4.4.2 SuperSEAD. 4.4.3 S-DSDV. 4.5 Optimized Link-State Routing Protocol. 4.5.1 Secure Extension to OLSR. 4.5.2 Secure Link-State Routing Protocol. 4.6 Anonymous Routing Protocols. 4.6.1 ANODR. 4.6.2 MASK. 4.7 Generic Attacks Against Routing. 4.7.1 Wormhole Attacks. 4.7.2 Rushing Attacks. 4.7.3 Sybil Attacks. 4.8 Summary. 5 Intrusion Detection Systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Traditional IDS Systems. 5.2 Unique IDS Challenges in MANET. 5.3 Threat Model. 5.4 Architecture for Intrusion Detection in MANET. 5.4.1 Noncollaborative Intrusion Detection System. 5.4.2 Cooperative Intrusion Detection. 5.4.3 Key Novel Concepts for Cooperative Intrusion Detection in MANET. 5.5 Evidence Collection. 5.5.1 Local Evidence. 5.5.2 Promiscuous Monitoring. 5.5.3 Evidence made Available by Other Nodes. 5.6 Detection of Specific Attacks. 5.6.1 Detection of Packet Dropping Attacks. 5.6.2 Detection of Attacks Against Routing Protocols. 5.7 Summary. 6 Policy Management. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Policy-Based Network Management. 6.2.1 Overview. 6.2.2 Architecture. 6.2.3 Policy Languages. 6.2.4 Distributed Policy Management Architecture. 6.2.5 IETF and DMTF Standardization Activities. 6.3 Application of Policy Management to Security Management. 6.3.1 Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). 6.3.2 Trust Management and the KeyNote System. 6.3.3 Firewall Management. 6.3.4 Policy Enforcement in a Wireless Ad Hoc Network. 6.4 Summary. 7 Secure Localization. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Localization. 7.2.1 Ranging. 7.2.2 Computation. 7.2.3 Attacks. 7.3 Secure Localization. 7.3.1 Distance Bounding Techniques. 7.3.2 Verifiable Multilateration. 7.3.3 Directional Antennae-Based Schemes. 7.3.4 Transmission Range Variation-Based Schemes. 7.3.5 Hybrid Schemes. 7.3.6 Malicious Beacons. 7.4 Summary. 8 Conclusions and Future Research. 8.1 Vehicular Networks. 8.1.1 Differences with MANET. 8.1.2 Open Problems and Solutions. 8.2 Summary. Acronyms. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisStep-by-step tutorial to master current design techniques for wireless communication systems The Third Edition of Radio System Design for Telecommunications brings this highly acclaimed book fully up to date with the latest technological advances and new applications. At the same time, the hallmarks of the previous editions, including the text''s popular tutorial presentation, have been retained. Readers therefore get all the tools and guidance they need to master an essential set of current design techniques for radio systems that operate at frequencies of 3 MHz to 100 GHz. Using simple mathematics, the author illustrates design concepts and applications. The book''s logical organization, beginning with a discussion of radio propagation problems, enables readers to progressively develop the skills and knowledge needed to advance in the text. Topics that are new to the Third Edition include: Chapter devoted to wireless LANs (WLANs) as detailed in ITable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Radio Propagation. Chapter 2. Line-of-Sight Microwave Radiolinks. Chapter 3. Digital Line-of-Sight Microwave Radiolinks. Chapter 4. Forward Error Correction and Advanced Digital Waveforms. Chapter 5. Over-the-Horizon Radiolinks. Chapter 6. Basic Principles of Satellite Communications. Chapter 7. Digital Communications by Satellite. Chapter 8. Very Small Aperture Terminals. Chapter 9. Radio System Design Above 10 GHz. Chapter 10. Mobile Communications: Cellular Radio and Personal Communication Services. Chapter 11. Wireless LANs. Chapter 12. High-Frequency (HF) Transmission Links. Chapter 13. Meteor Burst Communication. Chapter 14. Interference Issues in Radio Communications. Chapter 15. Radio Terminal Design Considerations. Appendix 1: Availability of a line-of-Sight Microwave Link. Appendix 2: References Fields and Theoretical References; Converting RF Field Strength to Power. Appendix 3: Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations. Index.

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Book Synopsis Discusses all types of corporate risks and practical means of defending against them. Security is currently identified as a critical area of Information Technology management by a majority of government, commercial, and industrial organizations. Offers an effective risk management program, which is the most critical function of an information security program. Trade Review"Throughout, practical examples are included from various healthcare, manufacturing, and retail industries that demonstrate key concepts, implementation guidance to get started, as well as tables of risk indicators and metrics, physical structure diagrams, and graphs". (PR-Inside.com, 29 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Authors xv Part I Industry Practices in Risk Management 1 1. Information Security Risk Management Imperatives and Opportunities 3 1.1 Risk Management Purpose and Scope 3 1.1.1 Purpose of Risk Management 3 1.1.2 Text Scope 17 References 24 Appendix 1A: Bibliography of Related Literature 25 2. Information Security Risk Management Defined 33 2.1 Key Risk Management Definitions 33 2.1.1 Survey of Industry Definitions 33 2.1.2 Adopted Definitions 37 2.2 A Mathematical Formulation of Risk 40 2.2.1 What is Risk? A Formal Definition 44 2.2.2 Risk in IT Environments 44 2.2.3 Risk Management Procedures 49 2.3 Typical Threats/Risk Events 56 2.4 What is an Enterprise Architecture? 61 References 65 Appendix 2A: The CISSPforum/ISO27k Implementers Forum Information Security Risk List for 2008 66 Appendix 2B: What is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)? 71 3. Information Security Risk Management Standards 73 3.1 ISO/IEC 13335 77 3.2 ISO/IEC 17799 (ISO/IEC 27002:2005) 78 3.3 ISO/IEC 27000 SERIES 78 3.3.1 ISO/IEC 27000, Information Technology—Security Techniques—Information Security Management Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary 79 3.3.2 ISO/IEC 27001:2005, Information Technology—Security Techniques—Specification for an Information Security Management System 79 3.3.3 ISO/IEC 27002:2005, Information Technology—Security Techniques—Code of Practice for Information Security Management 84 3.3.4 ISO/IEC 27003 Information Technology—Security Techniques—Information Security Management System Implementation Guidance 90 3.3.5 ISO/IEC 27004 Information Technology—Security Techniques—Information Security Management—Measurement 91 3.3.6 ISO/IEC 27005:2008 Information Technology—Security Techniques—Information Security Risk Management 92 3.4 ISO/IEC 31000 92 3.5 NIST STANDARDS 94 3.5.1 NIST SP 800-16 96 3.5.2 NIST SP 800-30 99 3.5.3 NIST SP 800-39 101 3.6 AS/NZS 4360 105 References 106 Appendix 3A: Organization for Economic CoOperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Toward a Culture of Security 107 4. A Survey of Available Information Security Risk Management Methods and Tools 111 4.1 Overview 111 4.2 Risk Management/Risk Analysis Methods 114 4.2.1 Austrian IT Security Handbook 114 4.2.2 CCTA Risk Assessment and Management Methodology (CRAMM) 115 4.2.3 Dutch A&K Analysis 117 4.2.4 EBIOS 117 4.2.5 ETSI Threat Vulnerability and Risk Analysis (TVRA) Method 119 4.2.6 FAIR (Factor Analysis of Information Risk) 122 4.2.7 FIRM (Fundamental Information Risk Management) 124 4.2.8 FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) 125 4.2.9 FRAP (Facilitated Risk Assessment Process) 128 4.2.10 ISAMM (Information Security Assessment and Monitoring Method) 129 4.2.11 ISO/IEC Baselines 130 4.2.12 ISO 31000 Methodology 130 4.2.13 IT-Grundschutz (IT Baseline Protection Manual) 136 4.2.14 MAGERIT (Metodologia de Analisis y Gestion de Riesgos de los Sistemas de Informacion) (Methodology for Information Systems Risk Analysis and Management) 137 4.2.15 MEHARI (Méthode Harmonisée d’Analyse de Risques—Harmonised Risk Analysis Method) 142 4.2.16 Microsoft’s Security Risk Management Guide 146 4.2.17 MIGRA (Metodologia Integrata per la Gestione del Rischio Aziendale) 152 4.2.18 NIST 153 4.2.19 National Security Agency (NSA) IAM / IEM / IA-CMM 153 4.2.20 Open Source Approach 155 4.2.21 PTA (Practical Threat Analysis) 158 4.2.22 SOMAP (Security Officers Management and Analysis Project) 160 4.2.23 Summary 161 References 162 5. Methodologies Examples: Cobit and Octave 164 5.1 Overview 164 5.2 COBIT 166 5.2.1 COBIT Framework 172 5.2.2 The Need for a Control Framework for IT Governance 173 5.2.3 How COBIT Meets the Need 175 5.2.4 COBIT’s Information Criteria 175 5.2.5 Business Goals and IT Goals 176 5.2.6 COBIT Framework 177 5.2.7 IT Resources 178 5.2.8 Plan and Organize (PO) 180 5.2.9 Acquire and Implement (AI) 180 5.2.10 Deliver and Support (DS) 180 5.2.11 Monitor and Evaluate (ME) 181 5.2.12 Processes Need Controls 181 5.2.13 COBIT Framework 181 5.2.14 Business and IT Controls 184 5.2.15 IT General Controls and Application Controls 185 5.2.16 Maturity Models 187 5.2.17 Performance Measurement 194 5.3 OCTAVE 205 5.3.1 The OCTAVE Approach 205 5.3.2 The OCTAVE Method 208 References 210 Part II Developing Risk Management Teams 211 6. Risk Management Issues and Organization Specifics 213 6.1 Purpose and Scope 213 6.2 Risk Management Policies 216 6.3 A Snapshot of Risk Management in the Corporate World 219 6.3.1 Motivations for Risk Management 224 6.3.2 Justifying Risk Management Financially 225 6.3.3 The Human Factors 230 6.3.4 Priority-Oriented Rational Approach 232 6.4 Overview of Pragmatic Risk Management Process 234 6.4.1 Creation of a Risk Management Team, and Adoption of Methodologies 234 6.4.2 Iterative Procedure for Ongoing Risk Management 236 6.5 Roadmap to Pragmatic Risk Management 236 References 239 Appendix 6A: Example of a Security Policy 239 7. Assessing Organization and Establishing Risk Management Scope 243 7.1 Assessing the Current Enterprise Environment 244 7.2 Soliciting Support From Senior Management 248 7.3 Establishing Risk Management Scope and Boundaries 259 7.4 Defining Acceptable Risk for Enterprise 260 7.5 Risk Management Committee 263 7.6 Organization-Specific Risk Methodology 264 7.6.1 Quantitative Methods 265 7.6.2 Qualitative Methods 267 7.6.3 Other Approaches 269 7.7 Risk Waivers Programs 272 References 274 Appendix 7A: Summary of Applicable Legislation 275 8. Identifying Resources and Implementing the Risk Management Team 280 8.1 Operating Costs to Support Risk Management and Staffing Requirements 281 8.2 Organizational Models 286 8.3 Staffing Requirements 287 8.3.1 Specialized Skills Required 290 8.3.2 Sourcing Options 291 8.4 Risk Management Tools 295 8.5 Risk Management Services 296 8.5.1 Alerting and Analysis Services 296 8.5.2 Assessments, Audits, and Project Consulting 296 8.6 Developing and Implementing the Risk Management/Assessment Team 298 8.6.1 Creating Security Standards 298 8.6.2 Defining Subject Matter Experts 300 8.6.3 Determining Information Sources 300 References 301 Appendix 8A: Sizing Example for Risk Management Team 302 Appendix 8B: Example of Vulnerability Alerts by Vendors and CERT 331 Appendix 8C: Examples of Data Losses—A One-Month Snapshot 336 9. Identifying Assets and Organization Risk Exposures 338 9.1 Importance of Asset Identification and Management 338 9.2 Enterprise Architecture 340 9.3 Identifying IT Assets 346 9.4 Assigning Value to IT Assets 353 9.5 Vulnerability Identification/Classification 354 9.5.1 Base Parameters 360 9.5.2 Temporal Parameters 362 9.5.3 Environmental Parameters 363 9.6 Threat Analysis: Type of Risk Exposures 367 9.6.1 Type of Risk Exposures 368 9.6.2 Internal Team Programs (to Uncover Risk Exposures) 371 9.7 Summary 371 References 371 Appendix 9A: Common Information Systems Assets 372 10. Remediation Planning and Compliance Reporting 377 10.1 Determining Risk Value 377 10.2 Remediation Approaches 380 10.3 Prioritizing Remediations 384 10.4 Determining Mitigating Timeframes 385 10.5 Compliance Monitoring and Security Metrics 387 10.6 Compliance Reporting 390 References 391 Basic Glossary of Terms Used in This Text 392 Index 415

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Book SynopsisPresented here is an all-inclusive treatment of Flash technology, including Flash memory chips, Flash embedded in logic, binary cell Flash, and multilevel cell Flash. The book begins with a tutorial of elementary concepts to orient readers who are less familiar with the subject. Next, it covers all aspects and variations of Flash technology at a mature engineering level: basic device structures, principles of operation, related process technologies, circuit design, overall design tradeoffs, device testing, reliability, and applications.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Contributors. 1 INTRODUCTION TO NONVOLATILE MEMORY (Joe E. Brewer). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Elementary Memory Concepts. 1.3 Unique Aspects of Nonvolatile Memory. 1.4 Flash Memory and Flash Cell Variations. 1.5 Semiconductor Device Technology Generations. 2 FLASH MEMORY APPLICATIONS (Gary Forni, Collin Ong, Christine Rice, Ken McKee, and Ronald J. Bauer). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Code Storage. 2.3 Data Storage. 2.4 Code+Data Storage. 2.5 Conclusion. 3 MEMORY CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGIES (Giulio G. Marotta, Giovanni Naso, and Giuseppe Savarese). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Flash Cell Basic Operation. 3.3 Flash Memory Architecture. 3.4 Redundancy. 3.5 Error Correction Coding (ECC). 3.6 Design for Testability (DFT). 3.7 Flash-Specifi c Circuit Techniques. 4 PHYSICS OF FLASH MEMORIES (J. Van Houdt, R. Degraeve, G. Groeseneken, and H. E. Maes). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Operating Principles and Memory Characteristics. 4.3 Physics of Programming and Erase Mechanisms. 4.4 Physics of Degradation and Disturb Mechanisms. 4.5 Conclusion. 5 NOR FLASH STACKED AND SPLIT-GATE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY (Stephen N. Keeney, Manzur Gill, and David Sweetman). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 ETOX Flash Cell Technology. 5.3 SST SuperFlash EEPROM Cell Technology. 5.4 Reliability Issues and Solutions. 5.5 Applications. 6 NAND FLASH MEMORY TECHNOLOGY (Koji Sakui and Kang-Deog Suh). 6.1 Overview of NAND EEPROM. 6.2 NAND Cell Operation. 6.3 NAND Array Architecture and Operation. 6.4 Program Threshold Control and Program Vt Spread Reduction. 6.5 Process and Scaling Issues. 6.6 Key Circuits and Circuit/Technology Interactions. 6.7 Multilevel NAND. 7 DINOR FLASH MEMORY TECHNOLOGY (Moriyoshi Nakashima and Natsuo Ajika). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 DINOR Operation and Array Architecture. 7.3 DINOR Technology Features. 7.4 DINOR Circuit for Low-Voltage Operation. 7.5 Background Operation Function. 7.6 P-Channel DINOR Architecture. 8 P-CHANNEL FLASH MEMORY TECHNOLOGY (Frank Ruei-Ling Lin and Charles Ching-Hsiang Hsu). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Device Structure. 8.3 Operations of P-Channel Flash. 8.4 Array Architecture of P-Channel Flash. 8.5 Evolution of P-Channel Flash. 8.6 Processing Technology for P-Channel Flash. 9 EMBEDDED FLASH MEMORY (Chang-Kiang (Clinton) Kuo and Ko-Min Chang). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Embedded Flash Versus Stand-Alone Flash Memory. 9.3 Embedded Flash Memory Applications. 9.4 Embedded Flash Memory Cells. 9.5 Embedded Flash Memory Design. 10 TUNNEL DIELECTRICS FOR SCALED FLASH MEMORY CELLS (T. P. Ma). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 SiO2 as Tunnel Dielectric—Historical Perspective. 10.3 Early Work on Silicon Nitride as a Tunnel Dielectric. 10.4 Jet-Vapor Deposition Silicon Nitride Deposition. 10.5 Properties of Gate-Quality JVD Silicon Nitride Films. 10.6 Deposited Silicon Nitride as Tunnel Dielectric. 10.7 N-Channel Floating-Gate Device with Deposited Silicon Nitride Tunnel Dielectric. 10.8 P-Channel Floating-Gate Device with Deposited Silicon Nitride Tunnel Dielectric. 10.9 Reliability Concerns Associated with Hot-Hole Injection. 10.10 Tunnel Dielectric for SONOS Cell. 10.11 Prospects for High-K Dielectrics. 10.12 Tunnel Barrier Engineering with Multiple Barriers. 10.13 Summary. 11 FLASH MEMORY RELIABILITY (Jian Justin Chen, Neal R. Mielke, and Chenming Calvin Hu). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Cycling-Induced Degradations in Flash Memories. 11.3 Flash Memory Data Retention. 11.4 Flash Memory Disturbs. 11.5 Stress-Induced Tunnel Oxide Leakage Current. 11.6 Special Reliability Issues for Poly-to-Poly Erase and Source-Side Injection Program. 11.7 Process Impacts on Flash Memory Reliability. 11.8 High-Voltage Periphery Transistor Reliability. 11.9 Design and System Impacts on Flash Memory Reliability. 11.10 Flash Memory Reliability Screening and Qualifi cation. 11.11 For Further Study. 12 MULTILEVEL CELL DIGITAL MEMORIES (Albert Fazio and Mark Bauer). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Pursuit of Low-Cost Memory. 12.3 Multibit Storage Breakthrough. 12.4 View of MLC Today. 12.5 Low-Cost Design Implementation. 12.6 Low-Cost Process Manufacturing. 12.7 Standard Product Feature Set. 12.8 Further Reading: Multilevel Flash Memory and Technology Scaling. 12.9 Conclusion. 13 ALTERNATIVE MEMORY TECHNOLOGIES (Gary F. Derbenwick and Joe E. Brewer). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Limitations of Flash Memory. 13.3 NROM Memories. 13.4 Ferroelectric Memories. 13.5 Magnetic Memories. 13.6 Single-Electron and Few-Electron Memories. 13.7 Resistive and Hybrid CMOS/Nanodevice Memories. 13.8 NOVORAM/FRAM Cell and Architecture. 13.9 Phase Change Memories. Index. About the Editors.

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Book SynopsisThe landmark text on frequency synthesizers-now in paperback Frequency Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Third Edition is the newest edition of Vadim Manassewitsch''s definitive treatment of the subject. Updated to include the latest achievements in the performance of crystal-controlled oscillators, the design theory of fast-switching-time synthesizers, and an example of their practical applications, the book continues to be a complete guide for everyone who works with synthesizers. Intended to formulate basic design principles and to demonstrate design procedures meeting several stringent requirements simultaneously, its emphasis is on high-speed synthesis and its new applications in radar, spread spectrum communications, automatic test equipment, and nuclear magnetic resources. Manassewitsch describes numerous approaches to ultra-stable signal sources generating spectrally pure signals of high accuracy, and shows how various building blocks such as mixers, osTable of ContentsChapter 1. Frequency Synthesis. Chapter 2. System Analysis. Chapter 3. Shielding. Chapter 4. Analog Phase-Locked Loops. Chapter 5. Digital Phase-Locked Loops. Chapter 6. Basic Circuits. Chapter 7. Frequency Synthesizers. Chapter 8. Frequency References Sources. Chapter 9. Troubleshooting of Synthesizers. Chapter 10. Fast-Switching-Time Synthesizers. Appendix A. Appendix B. Index.

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Book SynopsisNew automated, application-independent methodology for designing and deploying sensor networks Following this book's clear explanations, examples, and illustrations, domain experts can design and deploy nontrivial networked sensing applications without much knowledge of the low-level networking aspects of deployment.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Sensor networks and traditional distributed systems. 1.2 Programming of distributed sensor networks. 1.2.1 Layers of programming abstraction. 1.2.1.1 Service-oriented specification. 1.2.1.2 Macroprogramming. 1.2.1.3 Node-centric programming. 1.2.2 Lessons from parallel and distributed computing. 1.3 Macroprogramming: What and Why? 1.4 Contributions and Outline. 2. The Abstract Task Graph. 2.1 Target applications and architectures. 2.2 Key Concepts. 2.2.1 Data Driven Computing. 2.2.1.1 Program flow mechanisms. 2.2.1.2 Why data driven? 2.2.2 Mixed Imperative-Declarative Specification. 2.3 Syntax. 2.3.1 The Structure of an ATaG Program. 2.3.2 More on Task Annotations. 2.3.3 Illustrative examples. 2.4 Semantics. 2.4.1 Terminology. 2.4.2 Firing rules. 2.4.3 Task graph execution. 2.4.4 get() and put(). 2.5 Programming idioms. 2.5.1 Object tracking. 2.5.2 Interaction within local neighborhoods. 2.5.3 In-network aggregation. 2.5.4 Hierarchical data fusion. 2.5.5 Event-triggered behavior instantiation. 2.6 Future work. 2.6.1 State-based dynamic behaviors. 2.6.2 Resource management in the runtime system. 2.6.3 Utility based negotiation for task scheduling and resource allocation. 2.6.4 Analyzing feasibility of compilation. 3. DART:The Data Driven ATaG Runtime. 3.1 Design objectives. 3.1.1 Support for ATaG semantics. 3.1.2 Platform independence. 3.1.3 Component-based design. 3.1.4 Ease of software synthesis. 3.2 Overview. 3.3 Components and functionalities. 3.3.1 Task, Data, and Channel Declarations. 3.3.2 UserTask. 3.3.2.1 Service. 3.3.2.2 Interactions. 3.3.2.3 Implementation. 3.3.3 DataPool. 3.3.3.1 Service. 3.3.3.2 Interactions. 3.3.3.3 Implementation. 3.3.4 AtagManager. 3.3.4.1 Service. 3.3.4.2 Interactions. 3.3.4.3 Implementation. 3.3.5 NetworkStack. 3.3.5.1 Service. 3.3.5.2 Interactions. 3.3.5.3 Implementation. 3.3.6 NetworkArchitecture. 3.3.6.1 Service. 3.3.6.2 Interactions. 3.3.6.3 Implementation. 3.3.7 Dispatcher. 3.3.7.1 Service. 3.3.7.2 Interactions. 3.3.7.3 Implementation. 3.4 Control flow. 3.4.1 Startup. 3.4.2 get() and put(). 3.4.3 Illustrative example. 3.5 Future work. 3.5.1 Lazy compilation of channel annotations. 3.5.2 Automatic priority assignment for task scheduling. 4. Programming and Software Synthesis. 4.1 Terminology. 4.2 Meta-modeling for the ATaG domain. 4.2.1 Objectives. 4.2.2 Application model. 4.2.3 Network model. 4.3 The programming interface. 4.4 Compilation and software synthesis. 4.4.1 Translating task annotations. 4.4.2 Automatic software synthesis. 4.4.3 The ATaG simulator. 4.4.4 Initialization. 4.4.4.1 Situatedness. 4.4.4.2 Network interface. 4.4.4.3 Network architecture. 4.4.4.4 Sensor interface. 4.4.5 Visualizing synthesized application behavior. 5 Case Study: Application Development with ATaG. 5.1 Overview of the use case. 5.2 Designing the macroprograms. 5.2.1 Temperature gradient monitoring. 5.2.2 Object detection and tracking. 5.3 Specifying the declarative portion. 5.4 Imperative portion: Temperature gradient monitoring. 5.4.1 Abstract data items: Temperature and Fire. 5.4.2 Abstract Task: Monitor. 5.4.3 Abstract Task: Temperature Sampler. 5.4.4 Abstract Task: Alarm Actuator. 5.5 Imperative portion: Object detection and tracking. 5.5.1 Abstract data items: TargetAlert and TargetInfo. 5.5.2 Abstract Task: SampleAndThreshold. 5.5.3 Abstract Task: Leader. 5.5.4 Abstract Task: Supervisor. 5.6 Application Composition. 5.7 Software Synthesis. 6 Concluding Remarks. 6.1 A framework for domain-specific application development. 6.2 A framework for compilation and software synthesis. References.

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