Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisLong-wavelength Infrared Semiconductor Lasers provides a comprehensive review of the current status of semiconductor coherent sources emitting in the mid-to far-infrared spectrum and their applications. It includes three topics not covered in any previous book: far-infrared emission from photo-mixers as well as from hot-hole lasers, and InP-based lasers emitting beyond two micrometers. Semiconductor lasers emitting at more than two micrometers have many applications such as in trace gas analysis, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Because of very rapid progress in recent years, until this book no comprehensive information beyond scattered journal articles is available at present.Trade Review"This book provides an effective means for getting up to speed onpractical long-wavelength lasers." (Optical & PhontonicsNews, October 2005) "...pulls together a lot of information previously found inan eclectic assortment of journal articles and books. Highlyrecommended." (E-STREAMS, August 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. 1. Coherent Sources in the Long-Wavelength Infrared Spectrum(Hong K. Choi). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Synopsis of Long-Wavelength Coherent Sources. 1.3 Scope of Book. 2. 2-µm Wavelength Lasers Employing InP-basedStrained-Layer Quantum Wells (Manabu Mitsuhara and MamoruOishi). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Material Properties of InGaAsP. 2.3 Design Consideration of MQW Active Region. 2.4 Growth and Characterization of Strained-InGaAs QuantumWells. 2.5 Lasing Characteristics of 2-µm wavelength InGaAs-MQWLasers. 2.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects. 3. Antimonide Mid-IR Lasers (L.J. Olafsen, et al.). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Antimonide III-V Material System. 3.3 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the 2µm < lambda <3µm Range. 3.4 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the lambda >= 3µmRange. 3.5 Challenges and Issues. 3.6 Conclusions. 4. Lead-Chalcogenide-based Mid-Infrared Diode Lasers (Uwe PeterSchieál, et al.). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Homostructure Lasers. 4.3 Double-Heterostructure Lasers. 4.4 Quantum-Well Lasers. 4.5 DFB and DBR Lasers. 4.6 IV-VI Epitaxy on BaF2 and Silicon. 4.7 Conclusion. 5. InP and GaAs-Based Quantum Cascade Lasers (JérômeFaist and Carco Sirtori). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Quantum Cascade Laser Fundamentals. 5.3 Fundamentals of the Three-Quantum-Well Active-RegionDevice. 5.4 Waveguide and Technology. 5.5 High-Power, Room-Temperature Operation of Three-Quantum-WellActive Region Designs. 5.6 GaAs-Based QC Lasers. 5.7 Role of the Conduction-Band Discontinuity. 5.8 Spectral Characteristics of QC Lasers. 5.9 Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Lasers. 5.10 Microsctructured QC Lasers. 5.11 Outlook on Active Region Designs and Conclusions. 6. Widely Tunable Far-Infrared Hot-Hole Semiconductor Lasers(Erik Bründermann). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Hot-Hole Laser Model. 6.3 Laser Material Fabrication. 6.4 Technology. 6.5 Laser Emission. 6.6 Future Trends. 6.7 Summary. 7. Continous THz generation with Optical Heterodyning (J. C.Pearson, et al.). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Requirements for Photomixing Systems. 7.3 Design Trade-offs for Photomixers. 7.4 Antenna Design. 7.5 Applications. 7.6 Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten to identify IP based network and service issues and the challenges facing its growth, as well as to assist the research and development community to prioritize their work in order to solve the problems facing the industry.Trade Review"The book is very practical and well-written for network operation engineers, computer scientists, and professionals. Every IP network professional will find something new and useful in this book." (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 6) "...a valuable source of information on a broad range of IP network-related management issues for both specialists and newcomers..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2004)Table of ContentsContributors. Introduction. 1 Current Practice and Evolution (Salah Aidarous). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Evolution of Network Architecture. 1.3 Technology Breakthrough. 1.4 IP Management Challenges. 1.5 IP/PSTN Integration. 1.7 Summary. 2 eCommerce (Paul Levine). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 eCommerce Requirements. 2.3 Open-edi. 2.4 Business Operational View. 2.5 Semantics (Data Definition Standards). 2.6 Shared Semantics for Interoperability (Data Exchange Standards). 2.7 Summary. 3 Quality of Service in IP Networks (Joberto Sérgio Barbosa Martins). Introduction. 3.1 IP Context and Quality of Service. 3.2 Quality of Service. 3.3 Quality of Service: Approaches and Initiatives for IP Networks. 3.4 Packet Conditioning, Queue Scheduling, and Congestion Control in Routers. 3.5 Integrated Services Architecture. 3.6 Differentiated Services Architecture. 3.7 Multiprotocol Label Switching. 3.8 Summary. 4 A Survey of Charging Internet Services (Burkhard Stiller). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Motivation and Terminology. 4.3 Related Work. 4.4 Internet Services and Technology Choices. 4.5 Pricing Models. 4.6 ISP Cost Models. 4.7 Charging Support Systems. 4.8 Business Model Aspects. 4.9 Summary and Conclusions. 5 IP Security (Mostafa Hashem Sherif). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Security of Telecommunications Services. 5.3 Security Objectives. 5.4 OSI Model for Cryptographic Security. 5.5 Message Confidentiality. 5.6 Data Integrity. 5.7 Identification of Participants. 5.8 Authentication of Participants. 5.9 Access Control. 5.10 Nonrepudiation. 5.11 Secure Management of Cryptographic Keys. 5.12 Exchange of Secret Keys: Kerberos. 5.13 Exchange of Public Keys. 5.14 Certificate Management. 5.15 Applications for Network Management. 5.16 Encryption Cracks. 5.17 Summary. Appendix I: Areas Related to Security Policies. Appendix II: Principles of Symmetric Encryption. Appendix III: Principles of Public Key Encryption. Appendix IV: Principles of the Digital Signature Algorithm. 6 The Future Optical Internet: Integration of Optical and IP Technologies (Andrea Fumagalli, Javier Aracil, and Luca Valcarenghi). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Optical Network Technologies. 6.3 Protocol Architectures, Signaling and Framing Techniques for the Optical Internet. 6.4 Traffic Engineering in the Optical Internet. 6.5 Open Challenges. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn expert guide to understanding and making optimum use of BSIM Used by more chip designers worldwide than any other comparable model, the Berkeley Short-Channel IGFET Model (BSIM) has, over the past few years, established itself as the de facto standard MOSFET SPICE model for circuit simulation and CMOS technology development.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Modeling Jargons. 1.1 SPICE Simulator and SPICE Model. 1.2 Numerical Iteration and Convergence. 1.3 Digital vs. Analog Models. 1.4 Smoothing Function and Single Equation. 1.5 Chain Rule. 1.6 Quasi-Static Approximation. 1.7 Terminal Charges and Charge Partition. 1.8 Charge Conservation. 1.9 Non-Quasi-Static and Quasi-Static y-Parameters. 1.10 Source-Referencing and Inverse Modeling. 1.11 Physical Model and Table-Lookup Model. 1.12 Scalable Model and Device Binning. References and Notes. 2 Basic Facts About BSIM3. 2.1 What Is and What's Not Implemented in BSIM3. 2.2 DC Equivalent Circuit Model. 2.3 BSIM3's ^-Parameters. 2.4 Large-Signal Equivalent Circuit. 2.5 Small-Signal Model. 2.6 Noise Equivalent Circuit. 2.7 Special Operating Conditions: VDS <0, VBS > 0, VGS <0, or VBD > 0>. References and Notes. 3 BSIM3 Parameters. 3.1 List of Parameters According to Function. 3.2 Alphabetical Glossary of BSIM3 Parameters. 3.3 Flow Diagram of SPICE Simulation. References and Notes. 4 Improvable Areas of BSIM3. 4.1 Lack of Robust Non-Quasi-Static Models: Transient Analysis. 4.2 Problem with the 40/60 Partition: The "Killer NOR Gate". 4.3 Lack of Channel Resistance (NQS Effect; Small-Signal Analysis). 4.4 Incorrect Transconductance Dependency on Frequency. 4.5 Lack of Gate Resistance (and Associated Noise). 4.6 Lack of Substrate Distributed Resistance (and Associated Noise). 4.7 Incorrect Source/Drain Asymmetry at VDS = 0. 4.8 Incorrect Cgb Behaviors. 4.9 Capacitances with Wrong Signs. 4.10 Cgg Fit and Other Capacitance Issues. 4.11 Insufficient Noise Modeling (No Excess Short-Channel Thermal Noise). 4.12 Insufficient Noise Modeling (No Channel-Induced Gate Noise). 4.13 Incorrect Noise Figure Behavior. 4.14 Inconsistent Input-Referred Noise Behavior. 4.15 Possible Negative Transconductances. 4.16 Lack of GIDL (Gate-Induced Drain Leakage) Current. 4.17 Incorrect Subthreshold Behaviors. 4.18 Threshold Voltage Rollup. 4.19 Problems Associated with a Nonzero RDSW. 4.20 Other Nuisances. References and Notes. 5. Improvements in BSIM4. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Physical and Electrical Oxide Thicknesses. 5.3 Strong Inversion Potential for Vertical Nonuniform Doping Profile. 5.4 Threshold Voltage Modifications. 5.5 VGST^ in Moderate Inversion. 5.6 Drain Conductance Model. 5.7 Mobility Model. 5.8 Diode Capacitance. 5.9 Diode Breakdown. 5.10 GIDL (Gate-Induced Drain Leakage) Current. 5.11 Bias-Dependent Drain-Source Resistance. 5.12 Gate Resistance. 5.13 Substrate Resistance. 5.14 Overlap Capacitance. 5.15 Thermal Noise Models. 5.16 Flicker Noise Model. 5.17 Non-Quasi-Static AC Model. 5.18 Gate Tunneling Currents. 5.19 Layout-Dependent Parasitics. References and Notes. Appendixes. A BSIM3 Equations. B Capacitances and Charges for All Bias Conditions. C Non-Quasi-Static ^-Parameters. D Fringing Capacitance. E BSIM3 Non-Quasi-Static Modeling. F Noise Figure. G BSIM4 Equations. Index.

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Book SynopsisRadio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering addresses the theory, analysis and design of passive and active RFIC''s using Si-based CMOS and Bi-CMOS technologies, and other non-silicon based technologies. The materials covered are self-contained and presented in such detail that allows readers with only undergraduate electrical engineering knowledge in EM, RF, and circuits to understand and design RFICs. Organized into sixteen chapters, blending analog and microwave engineering, Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering emphasizes the microwave engineering approach for RFICs. * Provides essential knowledge in EM and microwave engineering, passive and active RFICs, RFIC analysis and design techniques, and RF systems vital for RFIC students and engineers * Blends analog and microwave engineering approaches for RFIC design at high frequencies * Includes problems at the end of each chapterTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Problems 5 2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 6 2.1 EM Field Parameters 6 2.2 Maxwell’s Equations 7 2.3 Auxiliary Relations 8 2.3.1 Constitutive Relations 8 2.3.2 Current Relations 9 2.4 Sinusoidal Time-Varying Steady State 9 2.5 Boundary Conditions 10 2.5.1 General Boundary Conditions 11 2.5.2 Specific Boundary Conditions 11 2.6 Wave Equations 12 2.7 Power 13 2.8 Loss and Propagation Constant in Medium 14 2.9 Skin Depth 16 2.10 Surface Impedance 17 Problems 19 3 Lumped Elements 20 3.1 Fundamentals of Lumped Elements 20 3.1.1 Basic Equations 23 3.2 Quality Factor of Lumped Elements 28 3.3 Modeling of Lumped Elements 30 3.4 Inductors 32 3.4.1 Inductor Configurations 32 3.4.2 Loss in Inductors 36 3.4.3 Equivalent-Circuit Models of Inductors 39 3.4.4 Resonance in Inductors 45 3.4.5 Quality Factor of Inductors 46 3.4.6 High Q Inductor Design Considerations 51 3.5 Lumped-Element Capacitors 60 3.5.1 Capacitor Configurations 60 3.5.2 Equivalent-Circuit Models of Capacitors 63 3.5.3 Resonance 68 3.5.4 Quality Factor 69 3.5.5 High Q Capacitor Design Considerations 71 3.6 Lumped-Element Resistors 72 3.6.1 Resistor Configurations 72 3.6.2 Basic Resistor Equations 72 3.6.3 Equivalent-Circuit Models of Resistors 75 References 75 Problems 76 4 Transmission Lines 85 4.1 Essentials of Transmission Lines 85 4.2 Transmission-Line Equations 86 4.2.1 General Transmission-Line Equations 86 4.2.2 Sinusoidal Steady-State Transmission-Line Equations 91 4.3 Transmission-Line Parameters 93 4.3.1 General Transmission Lines 93 4.3.2 Lossless Transmission Lines 96 4.3.3 Low Loss Transmission Lines 96 4.4 Per-Unit-Length Parameters R,L,C, and G 97 4.4.1 General Formulation 97 4.4.2 Formulation for Simple Transmission Lines 104 4.5 Dielectric and Conductor Losses in Transmission Lines 107 4.5.1 Dielectric Attenuation Constant 108 4.5.2 Conductor Attenuation Constant 109 4.6 Dispersion and Distortion in Transmission Lines 111 4.6.1 Dispersion 111 4.6.2 Distortion 111 4.6.3 Distortion-Less Transmission Lines 113 4.7 Group Velocity 115 4.8 Impedance, Reflection Coefficients, and Standing-Wave Ratios 117 4.8.1 Impedance 117 4.8.2 Reflection Coefficients 119 4.8.3 Standing-Wave Ratio 120 4.8.4 Perfect Match and Total Reflection 122 4.8.5 Lossless Transmission Lines 123 4.9 Synthetic Transmission Lines 126 4.10 Tem and Quasi-Tem Transmission-Line Parameters 128 4.10.1 Static or Quasi-Static Analysis 129 4.10.2 Dynamic Analysis 130 4.11 Printed-Circuit Transmission Lines 132 4.11.1 Microstrip Line 133 4.11.2 CoplanarWaveguide 135 4.11.3 Coplanar Strips 138 4.11.4 Strip Line 139 4.11.5 Slot Line 141 4.11.6 Field Distributions 142 4.12 Transmission Lines in RFICs 144 4.12.1 Microstrip Line 145 4.12.2 CoplanarWaveguide 146 4.12.3 Coplanar Strips 149 4.12.4 Strip Line 149 4.12.5 Slot Line 150 4.12.6 Transitions and Junctions Between Transmission Lines 150 4.13 Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines 152 4.13.1 Transmission-Line Equations 152 4.13.2 Propagation Modes 156 4.13.3 Characteristic Impedance and Admittance Matrix 157 4.13.4 Mode Characteristic Impedances and Admittances 159 4.13.5 Impedance and Admittance Matrix 161 4.13.6 Lossless Multiconductor Transmission Lines 163 References 173 Problems 174 Appendix 4: Transmission-Line Equations Derived From Maxwell’s Equations 182 5 Resonators 186 5.1 Fundamentals of Resonators 186 5.1.1 Parallel Resonators 187 5.1.2 Series Resonators 188 5.2 Quality Factor 189 5.2.1 Parallel Resonators 190 5.2.2 Series Resonators 193 5.2.3 Unloaded Quality Factor 195 5.2.4 Loaded Quality Factor 195 5.2.5 Evaluation of and Relation between Unloaded and Loaded Quality Factors 198 5.3 Distributed Resonators 205 5.3.1 Quality-Factor Characteristics 206 5.3.2 Transmission-Line Resonators 207 5.3.3 Waveguide Cavity Resonators 216 5.4 Resonator’s Slope Parameters 231 5.5 Transformation of Resonators 231 5.5.1 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 231 5.5.2 Examples of Resonator Transformation 236 References 237 Problems 238 6 Impedance Matching 244 6.1 Basic Impedance Matching 244 6.1.1 Smith Chart 244 6.2 Design of Impedance-Matching Networks 248 6.2.1 Impedance-Matching Network Topologies 249 6.2.2 Impedance Transformation through Series and Shunt Inductor and Capacitor 249 6.2.3 Examples of Impedance-Matching Network Design 252 6.2.4 Transmission-Line Impedance-Matching Networks 255 6.3 Kuroda Identities 262 References 266 Problems 266 7 Scattering Parameters 271 7.1 Multiport Networks 271 7.2 Impedance Matrix 273 7.3 Admittance Matrix 274 7.4 Impedance and Admittance Matrix in RF Circuit Analysis 274 7.4.1 T-Network Representation of Two-Port RF Circuits 275 7.4.2 π-Network Representation of Two-Port RF Circuits 278 7.5 Scattering Matrix 279 7.5.1 Fundamentals of Scattering Matrix 279 7.5.2 Examples for Scattering Parameters 287 7.5.3 Effect of Reference-Plane Change on Scattering Matrix 288 7.5.4 Return Loss, Insertion Loss, and Gain 290 7.6 Chain Matrix 293 7.7 Scattering Transmission Matrix 294 7.8 Conversion between Two-Port Parameters 295 7.8.1 Conversion from [Z] to [ABCD] 295 References 298 Problems 298 8 RF Passive Components 304 8.1 Characteristics of Multiport RF Passive Components 304 8.1.1 Characteristics of Three-Port Components 304 8.1.2 Characteristics of Four-Port Components 309 8.2 Directional Couplers 311 8.2.1 Fundamentals of Directional Couplers 311 8.2.2 Parallel-Coupled Directional Couplers 313 8.3 Hybrids 326 8.3.1 Hybrid T 326 8.3.2 Ring Hybrid 328 8.3.3 Branch-Line Coupler 335 8.4 Power Dividers 339 8.4.1 Even-Mode Analysis 340 8.4.2 Odd-Mode Analysis 342 8.4.3 Superimposition of Even and Odd Modes 343 8.5 Filters 345 8.5.1 Low Pass Filter 345 8.5.2 High Pass Filter Design 357 8.5.3 Band-Pass Filter Design 359 8.5.4 Band-Stop Filter Design 361 8.5.5 Filter Design Using Impedance and Admittance Inverters 364 References 371 Problems 372 9 Fundamentals of CMOS Transistors For RFIC Design 379 9.1 MOSFET Basics 379 9.1.1 MOSFET Structure 379 9.1.2 MOSFET Operation 382 9.2 MOSFET Models 386 9.2.1 Physics-Based Models 387 9.2.2 Empirical Models 387 9.2.3 SPICE Models 402 9.2.4 Passive MOSFET Models 404 9.3 Important MOSFET Frquencies 407 9.3.1 fT 408 9.3.2 fmax 408 9.4 Other Important MOSFET Parameters 409 9.5 Varactor Diodes 409 9.5.1 Varactor Structure and Operation 409 9.5.2 Varactor Model and Characteristics 410 References 412 Problems 412 10 Stability 418 10.1 Fundamentals of Stability 418 10.2 Determination of Stable and Unstable Regions 421 10.3 Stability Consideration for N-Port Circuits 427 References 427 Problems 428 11 Amplifiers 430 11.1 Fundamentals of Amplifier Design 430 11.1.1 Power Gain 430 11.1.2 Gain Design 433 11.2 Low Noise Amplifiers 443 11.2.1 Noise Figure Fundamentals 443 11.2.2 MOSFET Noise Parameters 446 11.2.3 Noise Figure of Multistage Amplifiers 447 11.2.4 Noise-Figure Design 448 11.2.5 Design for Gain and Noise Figure 450 11.3 Design Examples 451 11.3.1 Unilateral Amplifier Design 451 11.3.2 Bilateral Amplifier Design 454 11.4 Power Amplifiers 455 11.4.1 Power-Amplifier Parameters 455 11.4.2 Power-Amplifier Types 458 11.5 Balanced Amplifiers 470 11.5.1 Differential Amplifiers 470 11.5.2 Ninety-Degree Balanced Amplifiers 485 11.5.3 Push–Pull Amplifiers 487 11.6 Broadband Amplifiers 489 11.6.1 Compensated Matching Networks 489 11.6.2 Distributed Amplifiers 490 11.6.3 Feedback Amplifiers 523 11.6.4 Cascoded Common-Source Amplifiers 540 11.7 Current Mirrors 548 11.7.1 Basic Current Mirror 550 11.7.2 Cascode Current Mirror 550 References 552 Problems 553 A11.1 Fundamentals of Signal Flow Graph 563 A11.2 Signal Flow Graph of Two-Port Networks 563 A11.2.1 Transistor’s Signal Flow Graph 563 A11.2.2 Input Matching Network’s Signal Flow Graph 564 A11.2.3 Output Matching Network’s Signal Flow Graph 565 A11.2.4 Signal Flow Graph of the Composite Two-Port Network 566 A11.3 Derivation of Network’s Parameters Using Signal Flow Graphs 566 A11.3.1 Examples of Derivation 567 A11.3.2 Derivation of Reflection Coefficients and Power Gain 568 References 571 12 Oscillators 572 12.1 Principle of Oscillation 572 12.1.1 Oscillation Conditions 573 12.1.2 Oscillation Determination 574 12.2 Fundamentals of Oscillator Design 575 12.2.1 Basic Oscillators 576 12.2.2 Feedback Oscillators 579 12.3 Phase Noise 587 12.3.1 Fundamentals of Phase Noise 588 12.3.2 Phase Noise Modeling 593 12.3.3 Low Phase-Noise Design Consideration 599 12.3.4 Effects of Phase Noise on Systems 599 12.3.5 Analysis Example of Effects of Phase Noise 601 12.4 Oscillator Circuits 602 12.4.1 Cross-Coupled Oscillators 602 12.4.2 Distributed Oscillators 612 12.4.3 Push-Push Oscillators 617 References 626 Problems 627 13 Mixers 633 13.1 Fundamentals of Mixers 633 13.1.1 Mixing Principle 633 13.1.2 Mixer Parameters 636 13.2 Mixer Types 641 13.2.1 Single-Ended Mixer 642 13.2.2 Single-Balanced Mixer 642 13.2.3 Double-Balanced Mixer 646 13.2.4 Doubly Double-Balanced Mixer 649 13.3 Other Mixers 650 13.3.1 Passive Mixer 650 13.3.2 Image-Reject Mixer 651 13.3.3 Quadrature Mixer 652 13.3.4 Distributed Mixer 652 13.4 Mixer Analysis and Design 656 13.4.1 Switching Mixer Fundamental 656 13.4.2 Single-Ended Mixer 658 13.4.3 Single-Balanced Mixer 661 13.4.4 Double-Balanced Mixer 663 13.4.5 Source Degeneration in Mixer Design 665 13.5 Sampling Mixer 667 13.5.1 Fundamentals of Sampling 668 13.5.2 Sampling Theory 669 13.5.3 Sampling Process 670 13.5.4 Sample and Hold 673 13.5.5 Sampling Switch 678 13.5.6 Integrated Sampling Mixer 678 References 689 Problems 690 14 Switches 694 14.1 Fundamentals of Switches 694 14.1.1 Switch Operation 694 14.1.2 Important Parameters 695 14.2 Analysis of Switching MOSFET 697 14.2.1 Analysis of Shunt Transistor 697 14.2.2 Analysis of Series Transistor 698 14.2.3 Analysis of Combined Series and Shunt Transistors 699 14.2.4 Selection of MOSFET 699 14.2.5 Design Consideration for Improved Insertion Loss and Isolation 701 14.3 SPST Switches 702 14.3.1 SPST Switch Employing Two Parallel MOSFETs 702 14.3.2 SPST Switch Employing Two Series MOSFETs 703 14.3.3 SPST Switch Employing Two Series and Two Shunt MOSFETs 703 14.3.4 SPST Switch Using Impedance or Admittance Inverters 703 14.4 SPDT Switches 712 14.4.1 SPDT Switch Topologies 712 14.4.2 SPDT Switch Analysis 713 14.5 Ultra-Wideband Switches 714 14.5.1 Ultra-Wideband SPST Switch 715 14.5.2 Ultra-Wideband T/R Switch 721 14.6 Ultra-High-Isolation Switches 727 14.6.1 Ultra-High-Isolation Switch Architecture and Analysis 727 14.6.2 Ultra-High-Isolation SPST Switch Design 733 14.7 Filter Switches 737 References 739 Problems 739 15 RFIC Simulation, Layout, and Test 747 15.1 RFIC Simulation 748 15.1.1 DC Simulation 749 15.1.2 Small-Signal AC Simulation 749 15.1.3 Transient Simulation 749 15.1.4 Periodic Steady State Simulation 749 15.1.5 Harmonic-Balance Simulation 750 15.1.6 Periodic Distortion Analysis 751 15.1.7 Envelope Simulation 751 15.1.8 Periodic Small Signal Analysis 751 15.1.9 EM Simulation 751 15.1.10 Statistical and Mismatch Simulation 754 15.2 RFIC Layout 754 15.2.1 General Layout Issues 754 15.2.2 Passive and Active Component Layout 755 15.3 RFIC Measurement 758 15.3.1 On-Wafer Measurement 759 15.3.2 Off-Chip Measurement 782 References 784 Problems 784 16 Systems 788 16.1 Fundamentals of Systems 788 16.1.1 Friis Transmission Equation 788 16.1.2 System Equation 790 16.1.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of System 791 16.1.4 Receiver Sensitivity 793 16.1.5 System Performance Factor 794 16.1.6 Power 796 16.1.7 Angle and Range Resolution 797 16.1.8 Range Accuracy 800 16.2 System Type 801 16.2.1 Pulse System 801 16.2.2 FMCW System 803 16.2.3 Receiver Architectures 808 References 826 Problems 826 Appendix: RFIC Design Example: Mixer 830 A1.1 Circuit Design Specifications and General Design Information 830 A1.2 Mixer Design 830 A1.2.1 Single-Ended to Differential Input Active Balun 832 A1.2.2 Double-Balanced Gilbert Cell 832 A1.2.3 Differential to Single-Ended Output Active Balun 834 A1.2.4 Band-Pass Filter 834 A1.3 Mixer Optimization and Layout 835 A1.4 Simulation Results 836 A1.4.1 Stability 836 A1.4.2 Return Loss 836 A1.4.3 Conversion Gain 836 A1.4.4 Noise Figure 837 A1.4.5 Other Mixer Performance 837 A1.5 Measured Results 838 References 840 Index 841

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to ICA for students and practitioners Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the most exciting new topics in fields such as neural networks, advanced statistics, and signal processing.Trade Review"...researchers...introduce independent component analysis as a statistical and computational technique for revealing hidden factors that underlie sets of random variables, measurements, or signals." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES. Random Vectors and Independence. Gradients and Optimization Methods. Estimation Theory. Information Theory. Principal Component Analysis and Whitening. BASIC INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS. What is Independent Component Analysis? ICA by Maximization of Nongaussianity. ICA by Maximum Likelihood Estimation. ICA by Minimization of Mutual Information. ICA by Tensorial Methods. ICA by Nonlinear Decorrelation and Nonlinear PCA. Practical Considerations. Overview and Comparison of Basic ICA Methods. EXTENSIONS AND RELATED METHODS. Noisy ICA. ICA with Overcomplete Bases. Nonlinear ICA. Methods using Time Structure. Convolutive Mixtures and Blind Deconvolution. Other Extensions. APPLICATIONS OF ICA. Feature Extraction by ICA. Brain Imaging Applications. Telecommunications. Other Applications. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntelligent Image Processing describes the EyeTap technology that allows non-invasive tapping into the human eye through devices built into eyeglass frames. This isn't merely about a computer screen inside eyeglasses, but rather the ability to have a shared telepathic experience among viewers.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Humanistic Intelligence as a Basis for Intelligent Image Processing 1.1 Humanistic Intelligence/ 1.2 "WearComp" as Means of Realizing Humanistic Intelligence 1.3 Practical Embodiments of Humanistic Intelligence 2 Where on the Body is the Best Place for a Personal Imaging System? 2.1 Portable Imaging Systems 2.2 Personal Handheld Systems 2.3 Concomitant Cover Activities and the Videoclips Camera System 2.4 The Wristwatch Videophone: A Fully Functional "Always Ready" Prototype 2.5 Telepointer: Wearable Hands-Free Completely Self-Contained Visual Augmented Reality 2.6 Portable Personal Pulse Doppler Radar Vision System Based on Time-Frequency Analysis and q-Chirplet Transform 2.7 When Both Camera and Display are Headworn: Personal Imaging and Mediated Reality 2.8 Partially Mediated Reality 2.9 Seeing "Eye-to-Eye" 2.10 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 3 The EyeTap Principle: Effectively Locating the Camera Inside the Eye as an Alternative to Wearable Camera Systems 3.1 A Personal Imaging System for Lifelong Video Capture 3.2 The EyeTap Principle 3.3 Practical Embodiments of EyeTap 3.4 Problems with Previously Known Camera Viewfinders 3.5 The Aremac 3.6 The Foveated Personal Imaging System 3.7 Teaching the EyeTap Principle 3.8 Calibration of EyeTap Systems 3.9 Using the Device as a Reality Mediator 3.10 User Studies 3.11 Summary and Conclusions 3.12 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 4 Comparametric Equations, Quantigraphic Image Processing, and Comparagraphic Rendering 4.1 Historical Background 4.2 The Wyckoff Principle and the Range of Light 4.3 Comparametric Image Processing: Comparing Differently Exposed Images of the Same Subject Matter 4.4 The Comparagram: Practical Implementations of Comparanalysis 4.5 Spatiotonal Photoquantigraphic Filters 4.6 Glossary of Functions 4.7 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 5 Lightspace and Antihomomorphic Vector Spaces 5.1 Lightspace 5.2 The Lightspace Analysis Function 5.3 The "Spotflash" Primitive 5.4 LAF×LSF Imaging ("Lightspace") 5.5 Lightspace Subspaces 5.6 "Lightvector" Subspace 5.7 Painting with Lightvectors: Photographic/Videographic Origins and Applications of WearComp-Based Mediated Reality 5.8 Collaborative Mediated Reality Field Trials 5.9 Conclusions 5.10 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 6 VideoOrbits: The Projective Geometry Renaissance 6.1 VideoOrbits 6.2 Background 6.3 Framework: Motion Parameter Estimation and Optical Flow 6.4 Multiscale Implementations in 2-D 6.5 Performance and Applications 6.6 AGC and the Range of Light 6.7 Joint Estimation of Both Domain and Range Coordinate Transformations 6.8 The Big Picture 6.9 Reality Window Manager 6.10 Application of Orbits: The Photonic Firewall 6.11 All the World's a Skinner Box 6.12 Blocking Spam with a Photonic Filter 6.13 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework Appendix A: Safety First! Appendix B: Multiambic Keyer for Use While Engaged in Other Activities B.1 Introduction B.2 Background and Terminology on Keyers B.3 Optimal Keyer Design: The Conformal Keyer B.4 The Seven Stages of a Keypress B.5 The Pentakeyer B.6 Redundancy B.7 Ordinally Conditional Modifiers B.8 Rollover B.8.1 Example of Rollover on a Cybernetic Keyer B.9 Further Increasing the Chordic Redundancy Factor: A More Expressive Keyer B.10 Including One Time Constant B.11 Making a Conformal Multiambic Keyer B.12 Comparison to Related Work B.13 Conclusion B.14 Acknowledgments Appendix C: WearCam GNUX Howto C.1 Installing GNUX on WearComps C.2 Getting Started C.3 Stop the Virus from Running C.4 Making Room for an Operating System C.5 Other Needed Files C.6 Defrag / 323 C.7 Fips C.8 Starting Up in GNUX with Ramdisk Appendix D: How to Build a Covert Computer Imaging System into Ordinary Looking Sunglasses D.1 The Move from Sixth-Generation WearComp to Seventh-Generation D.2 Label the Wires! D.3 Soldering Wires Directly to the Kopin CyberDisplay D.4 Completing the Computershades Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisProvides a particularly good discussion of the electromagnetics of light in bounded media (i.e. , fibers). The only book that treats the two complementary topics, fiber and integrated optics. A careful and thorough presentation of the topics that make it well suited for self-study.Trade Review"...this set provides an excellent course on photonics for the student as well as for the practicing engineer?should be seriously considered by any instructor.... It certainly belongs in any college or university library...as well as any library that considers it to be technical in nature or to have a technical clientele." (E-Streams, Vol. 6, No. 2, February 2003) "...a must for all libraries at universities and industrial laboratories..." (Optik, 2003)Table of ContentsPlanar Optical Guides for Integrated Optics. Optical Waveguides and Devices for Integrated Optics. Modes and Dispersion in Optical Fibers. Detecting Light. Optical Amplifiers. Transmitters. Stationary and Solitary Solutions in a Nonlinear Medium. Communicating by Fiber Optics.

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Book SynopsisTogether with the internet site, this book is suitable for independent and remote study. The Web site is kept to date and guest educational institutions are invited to join in creating their own lab modules on different device aspects.Trade Review"…a groundbreaking resource for remote study of interactive electronics applications." (IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, January 2004) "I would recommend this book for any academic electrical or electronics collection, especially those at institutions where distance and online learning play an important role." (E-STREAMS, July 2004) “...offers an excellent introduction to and a how-to-use tutorial...highly recommended.” (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 7, March 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Electronics Laboratory Experiments Accessible via Internet (T.A. Fjeldly and M.S. Shur). 2. MIT Microelectronics WebLab (J.A. del Alamo, et al.). 3. Instrumentation on the Web (T. Zimmer, et al.). 4. Next-Generation Laboratory: Solution for Remote Characterization of Analog Integrate Circuits (C. Wulff, et al.). 5. Remote Laboratory for Electrical Experiments (I. Gustavsson). 6. Remote Laboratory: Bringing Students Up Close to Semiconductor Devices (A. Söderlund, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first comprehensive description of an important topic, both in terms of technology and pure research, in a number of different disciplines. It is beginning to be offered as a graduate-level course and there are many researchers and engineers who use ultrafast laser systems in their daily work.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction and Review 1 1.1 Introduction to Ultrashort Laser Pulses 1 1.2 Brief Review of Electromagnetics 4 1.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 4 1.2.2 The Wave Equation and Plane Waves 6 1.2.3 Poynting’s Vector and Power Flow 8 1.3 Review of Laser Essentials 10 1.3.1 Steady-State Laser Operation 10 1.3.2 Gain and Gain Saturation in Four-Level Atoms 15 1.3.3 Gaussian Beams and Transverse Laser Modes 17 1.4 Introduction to Ultrashort Pulse Generation Through Mode-Locking 22 1.5 Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms 25 1.5.1 Analytical Aspects 25 1.5.2 Computational Aspects 28 Problems 30 2 Principles of Mode-Locking 32 2.1 Processes Involved in Mode-Locking 32 2.2 Active Mode-Locking 33 2.2.1 Time-Domain Treatment 34 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Treatment 40 2.2.3 Variations of Active Mode-Locking 43 2.3 Passive Mode-Locking Using Saturable Absorbers 44 2.3.1 Saturation Model 47 2.3.2 Slow Saturable Absorber Mode-Locking 50 2.3.3 Fast Saturable Absorber Mode-Locking 54 2.4 Solid-State Laser Mode-Locking Using the Optical Kerr Effect 57 2.4.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index Changes 57 2.4.2 Self-Amplitude Modulation Self-Phase Modulation and Group Velocity Dispersion 58 2.4.3 Additive Pulse Mode-Locking 60 2.4.4 Kerr Lens Mode-Locking 64 2.4.5 Mode-Locking Solutions 75 2.4.6 Initiation of Mode-Locking 81 Problems 83 3 Ultrafast-pulse Measurement Methods 85 3.1 Terminology and Definitions 85 3.2 Electric Field Autocorrelation Measurements and the Power Spectrum 88 3.3 Electric Field Cross-Correlation Measurements and Spectral Interferometry 91 3.3.1 Electric Field Cross-Correlation 92 3.3.2 Spectral Interferometry 93 3.3.3 Application: Optical Coherence Tomography 96 3.4 Intensity Correlation Measurements 99 3.4.1 Correlation Measurements Using Second-Harmonic Generation 99 3.4.2 Experimental Procedures 108 3.4.3 Correlation Measurements Using Two-Photon absorption 110 3.4.4 Higher-Order Correlation Techniques 111 3.5 Chirped Pulses and Measurements in the Time–Frequency Domain 112 3.6 Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating 118 3.6.1 Polarization-Gating FROG 119 3.6.2 Self-Diffraction FROG 122 3.6.3 Second-Harmonic-Generation FROG 124 3.6.4 Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating Using Temporal Phase Modulation 125 3.6.5 Signal Recovery from FROG Traces 126 3.7 Pulse Measurements Based on Frequency Filtering 130 3.7.1 Single-Slit Approaches 131 3.7.2 Double-Slit Approach 134 3.8 Self-Referencing Interferometry 135 3.8.1 Time-Domain Interferometry of Chirped Pulses 135 3.8.2 Self-Referencing Spectral Interferometry 137 3.9 Characterization of Noise and Jitter 139 Problems 144 4 Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation 147 4.1 Group Velocity Dispersion 147 4.1.1 Group Velocity Definition and General Dispersion Relations 147 4.1.2 General Aspects of Material Dispersion 151 4.2 Temporal Dispersion Based on Angular Dispersion 155 4.2.1 Relation Between Angular and Temporal Dispersion 155 4.2.2 Angular Dispersion and Tilted Intensity Fronts 159 4.3 Dispersion of Grating Pairs 161 4.4 Dispersion of Prism Pairs 166 4.5 Dispersive Properties of Lenses 173 4.6 Dispersion of Mirror Structures 177 4.6.1 The Gires–Tournois Interferometer 178 4.6.2 Quarter-Wave Stack High Reflectors 180 4.6.3 Chirped Mirrors 182 4.7 Measurements of Group Velocity Dispersion 186 4.7.1 Interferometric Methods 187 4.7.2 Frequency-Domain Intracavity Dispersion Measurements 190 4.8 Appendix 191 4.8.1 Frequency-Dependent Phase Due to Propagation Through a Slab: Alternative Derivation 191 4.8.2 Impedance Method for Analysis of Dielectric Mirror Stacks 192 Problems 195 5 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics: Second Order 198 5.1 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics 198 5.2 The Forced Wave Equation 201 5.2.1 Frequency-Domain Formulation 202 5.2.2 Time-Domain Formulation 203 5.3 Summary of Continuous-Wave Second-Harmonic Generation 204 5.3.1 Effect of Phase Matching 207 5.3.2 Phase Matching in Birefringent Media 209 5.3.3 Focusing Effects in Continuous-Wave SHG 215 5.4 Second-Harmonic Generation with Pulses 220 5.4.1 SHG in the Quasi-Continuous-Wave Limit 220 5.4.2 Ultrashort-Pulse SHG 221 5.4.3 Quasi-Phase Matching 228 5.4.4 Effect of Group Velocity Walk-off on SHG-Based Pulse Measurements 233 5.5 Three-Wave Interactions 237 5.5.1 Sum Frequency Generation 240 5.5.2 Difference Frequency Generation 244 5.5.3 Optical Parametric Amplification 245 5.6 Appendix 253 5.6.1 Spatial Walk-off and Pulse Fronts in Anisotropic Media 253 5.6.2 Velocity Matching in Broadband Noncollinear Three-Wave Mixing 254 Problems 256 6 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics: Third Order 258 6.1 Propagation Equation for Nonlinear Refractive Index Media 258 6.1.1 Plane Waves in Uniform Media 260 6.1.2 Nonlinear Propagation in Waveguides 261 6.1.3 Optical Fiber Types 264 6.2 The Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation 266 6.3 Self-Phase Modulation 270 6.3.1 Dispersionless Self-Phase Modulation 270 6.3.2 Dispersionless Self-Phase Modulation with Loss 273 6.3.3 Self-Phase Modulation with Normal Dispersion 274 6.3.4 Cross-Phase Modulation 275 6.4 Pulse Compression 276 6.5 Modulational Instability 283 6.6 Solitons 286 6.7 Higher-Order Propagation Effects 291 6.7.1 Nonlinear Envelope Equation in Uniform Media 292 6.7.2 Nonlinear Envelope Equation in Waveguides 295 6.7.3 Delayed Nonlinear Response and the Raman Effect 296 6.7.4 Self-Steepening 306 6.7.5 Space–Time Focusing 308 6.8 Continuum Generation 310 Problems 313 7 Mode-Locking: Selected Advanced Topics 316 7.1 Soliton Fiber Lasers: Artificial Fast Saturable Absorbers 316 7.1.1 The Figure-Eight Laser 317 7.1.2 Energy Quantization 322 7.1.3 Soliton Sidebands 324 7.2 Soliton Mode-Locking: Active Modulation and Slow Saturable Absorbers 328 7.2.1 Harmonically Mode-Locked Soliton Fiber Lasers 328 7.2.2 The Net Gain Window in Soliton Mode-Locking 330 7.3 Stretched Pulse Mode-Locking 337 7.3.1 Stretched Pulse Mode-Locked Fiber Laser 337 7.3.2 Dispersion-Managed Solitons 340 7.3.3 Theoretical Issues 342 7.4 Mode-Locked Lasers in the Few-Cycle Regime 344 7.5 Mode-Locked Frequency Combs 347 7.5.1 Comb Basics 347 7.5.2 Measurement Techniques 350 7.5.3 Stabilization of Frequency Combs 354 7.5.4 Applications 356 Problems 360 8 Manipulation of Ultrashort Pulses 362 8.1 Fourier Transform Pulse Shaping 362 8.1.1 Examples of Pulse Shaping Using Fixed Masks 364 8.1.2 Programmable Pulse Shaping 369 8.1.3 Pulse-Shaping Theory 376 8.2 Other Pulse-Shaping Techniques 386 8.2.1 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 386 8.2.2 Acousto-optic Dispersive Filters 390 8.3 Chirp Processing and Time Lenses 394 8.3.1 Space–Time Duality 394 8.3.2 Chirp Processing 397 8.3.3 Time Lens Processing 399 8.4 Ultrashort-Pulse Amplification 405 8.4.1 Amplification Basics 406 8.4.2 Special Issues in Femtosecond Amplifiers 411 8.5 Appendix 416 8.5.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fourier Transform Property of a Lens 416 8.5.2 Wave Optics Model of a Grating 418 Problems 420 9 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 422 9.1 Introduction to Ultrafast Spectroscopy 422 9.2 Degenerate Pump–Probe Transmission Measurements 426 9.2.1 Co-polarized Fields: Scalar Treatment 426 9.2.2 Vector Fields and Orientational Effects 431 9.3 Nondegenerate and Spectrally Resolved Pump–Probe: Case Studies 439 9.3.1 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of Dye Molecules 440 9.3.2 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of GaAs 444 9.4 Basic Quantum Mechanics for Coherent Short-Pulse Spectroscopies 451 9.4.1 Some Basic Quantum Mechanics 451 9.4.2 The Density Matrix 456 9.5 Wave Packets 460 9.5.1 Example: Semiconductor Quantum Wells 461 9.5.2 Molecules 462 9.6 Dephasing Phenomena 469 9.6.1 Linear Spectroscopies 469 9.6.2 Models of Dephasing 475 9.6.3 Measurement of Dephasing Using Transient Gratings 481 9.6.4 Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy 494 9.7 Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering 499 Problems 505 10 Terahertz Time-Domain Electromagnetics 507 10.1 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Transmission Lines 507 10.1.1 Photoconductive Generation and Sampling 507 10.1.2 Electro-optic Sampling 513 10.2 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Terahertz Beams 516 10.2.1 Generation and Measurement of Terahertz Pulses 517 10.2.2 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging 527 Problems 531 References 533 Index 563

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Book SynopsisA thorough examination of the present and future of semiconductor device technology Engineers continue to develop new electronic semiconductor devices that are almost exponentially smaller, faster, and more efficient than their immediate predecessors.Trade Review"A discussion of important emerging technologies and trends in semiconductor devices..." SciTech Book NewsTable of ContentsPREFACE. 1 OVERVIEW OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE TRENDS. 1.1 Moore's Law and Its Implications. 1.2 Semiconductor Devices for Telecommunications. 1.3 Digital Communications. 2 SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2.1 Formation of Heterostructures. 2.2 Modulation Doping. 2.3 Two-Dimensional Subband Transport at Heterointerfaces. 2.4 Strain and Stress at Heterointerfaces. 2.5 Perpendicular Transport in Heterostructures and Superlattices. 2.6 Heterojunction Materials Systems: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties. Problems. 3 HETEROSTRUCTURE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS. 3.1 Motivation. 3.2 Basics of Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors. 3.3 Simplified Long-Channel Model of a MODFET. 3.4 Physical Features of Advanced State-of-the-Art MODFETs. 3.5 High-Frequency Performance of MODFETs. 3.6 Materials Properties and Structure Optimization for HFETs. Problems. 4 HETEROSTRUCTURE BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS. 4.1 Review of Bipolar Junction Transistors. 4.2 Emitter-Base Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. 4.3 Base Transport Dynamics. 4.4 Nonstationary Transport Effects and Breakdown. 4.5 High-Frequency Performance of HBTs. 4.6 Materials Properties and Structure Optimization for HBTs . Problems. 5 TRANSFERRED ELECTRON EFFECTS, NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE, AND DEVICES. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 k-Space Transfer. 5.3 Real-Space Transfer. 5.4 Consequences of NDR in a Semiconductor. 5.5 Transferred Electron-Effect Oscillators: Gunn Diodes. 5.6 Negative Differential Resistance Transistors. 5.7 IMPATT Diodes. Problems. 6 RESONANT TUNNELING AND DEVICES. 6.1 Physics of Resonant Tunneling: Qualitative Approach. 6.2 Physics of Resonant Tunneling: Envelope Approximation. 6.3 Inelastic Phonon Scattering Assisted Tunneling: Hopping Conduction. 6.4 Resonant Tunneling Diodes: High-Frequency Applications. 6.5 Resonant Tunneling Diodes: Digital Applications. 6.6 Resonant Tunneling Transistors. Problems. 7 CMOS: DEVICES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES. 7.1 Why CMOS? 7.2 Basics of Long-Channel MOSFET Operation. 7.3 Short-Channel Effects. 7.4 Scaling Theory. 7.5 Processing Limitations to Continued Miniaturization. Problems. 8 BEYOND CMOS: FUTURE APPROACHES TO COMPUTING HARDWARE. 8.1 Alternative MOS Device Structures: SOI, Dual-Gate FETs, and SiGe. 8.2 Quantum-Dot Devices and Cellular Automata. 8.3 Molecular Computing. 8.4 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays and Defect-Tolerant Computing. 8.5 Coulomb Blockade and Single-Electron Transistors. 8.6 Quantum Computing. Problems. 9 MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS. 9.1 Landau Levels. 9.2 Classical Hall Effect. 9.3 Integer Quantum Hall Effect. 9.4 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect. 9.5 Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations. Problems. REFERENCES. APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS. APPENDIX B: BULK MATERIAL PARAMETERS. Table I: Silicon. Table II: Ge. Table III: GaAs. Table IV: InP. Table V: InAs. Table VI: InN. Table VII: GaN. Table VIII: SiC. Table IX: ZnS. Table X: ZnSe. Table XI : Al x Ga 1 fx As. Table XI I : Ga 0:47 In 0:53 As. Table XIII: Al 0:48 In 0:52 As. Table XI V: Ga 0:5 In 0:5 P. Table XV: Hg 0:70 Cd 0:30 Te. APPENDIX C: HETEROJUNCTION PROPERTIES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the popular guide to telecommunications circuit design offers the same comprehensive coverage found in the first edition, but now features additional sections on mobile and wireless phones and pagers, compact antennas, switches, power amplifiers, and TDMA and CDMA modulation schemes.Trade Review"...useful as a reference for beginning students...and for self-study..." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, May 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter One. The Hstory of Telecommunications. Chapter Two. Amplitude Modulated Radio Transmitter. Chapter Three. The Amplitude-Modulated Radio Receiver. Chapter Four. Frequency Modulated Radio Transmitter. Chapter Five. The Frequency Modulated Radio Receiver. Chapter Six. The Television Transmitter. Chapter Seven. The Television Receiver. Chapter Eight. The Telephone Network. Chapter Nine. Signal Processing in the Telephone System. Chapter Ten. The Facsimile Machine. Chapter Eleven. Personal Wireless Communication System. Chapter Twelve. Telecommunication Transmission Media. Appendix A. The Transformer. Appendix B. Designation of Frequencies. Appendix C. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. Appendix D. The Modified Huffman Data Compression Code. Appendix E. Electronic Memory. Appendix F. Binary Coded Decimal to Seven-Segment Decoder. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the use of neural networks and fuzzy methods for identifying and controlling nonlinear dynamical systems. It combines advanced concepts from traditional control theory with the intuitive properties of intelligent systems to solve real-world control problems.Trade Review"…well-organized…very useful for a graduate level control or intelligent systems course…" (International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, January 2005) “…the text is well organised with topics judiciously selected to build on each other…the discussion and motivations are rigorous…” (International Journal of Robust & Nonlinear Control, Vol.15, No.1, 10th January 2005) "...this is an excellent book. It is pedagogically sound and, hence, suitable as a text for graduate courses.... I recommend it also as a very valuable resource to practitioners..." (International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 32, 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I: FOUNDATIONS. Mathematical Foundations. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Optimization for Training Approximators. Function Approximation. PART II: STATE-FEEDBACK CONTROL. Control of Nonlinear Systems. Direct Adaptive Control. Indirect Adaptive Control. Implementations and Comparative Studies. PART III:OUTPUT-FEEDBACK CONTROL. Output-Feedback Control. Adaptive Output Feedback Control. Applications. PART IV: EXTENSIONS. Discrete-Time Systems. Decentralized Systems. Perspectives on Intelligent Adaptive Systems. For Further Study. Bibliography. Index.

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Book Synopsis"Much of pattern recognition theory and practice, including methods such as Support Vector Machines, has emerged in an attempt to solve the character recognition problem. This book is written by very well-known academics who have worked in the field for many years and have made significant and lasting contributions.Trade Review"In the words of Horst Bunke (also from the back cover), 'it is a volume the community has been awaiting for a long time, and I can enthusiastically recommend it to everybody working in the area.' I concur and recommend the book to readers interested either in the general field of OCR, or in a more in-depth treatment of the constituent techniques." (Computing Reviews, March 12, 2008) "Researchers and graduate students…[and] practitioners might find it a valuable resource for the latest advances and modern technologies…" (IEEE Computer Magazine, December 2007)Table of ContentsFigures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1. Introduction: Character Recognition, Evolution and Development. 1.1 Generation and Recognition of Characters. 1.2 History of OCR. 1.3 Development of New Techniques. 1.4 Recent Trends and Movements. 1.5 Organization of the Remaining Chapters. References. 2. Tools for Image Pre-Processing. 2.1 Generic Form Processing System. 2.2 A Stroke Model for Complex Background Elimination. 2.2.1 Global Gray Level Thresholding. 2.2.2 Local Gray Level Thresholding. 2.2.3 Local Feature Thresholding-Stroke Based Model. 2.2.4 Choosing the Most Efficient Character Extraction Method. 2.2.5 Cleaning up Form Items Using Stroke Based Model. 2.3 A Scale-Space Approach for Visual Data Extraction. 2.3.1 Image Regularization. 2.3.2 Data Extraction. 2.3.3 Concluding Remarks. 2.4 Data Pre-Processing. 2.4.1 Smoothing and Noise Removal. 2.4.2 Skew Detection and Correction. 2.4.3 Slant Correction. 2.4.4 Character Normalization. 2.4.5 Contour Tracing/Analysis. 2.4.6 Thinning. 2.5 Chapter Summary. References 72. 3. Feature Extraction, Selection and Creation. 3.1 Feature Extraction. 3.1.1 Moments. 3.1.2 Histogram. 3.1.3 Direction Features. 3.1.4 Image Registration. 3.1.5 Hough Transform. 3.1.6 Line-Based Representation. 3.1.7 Fourier Descriptors. 3.1.8 Shape Approximation. 3.1.9 Topological Features. 3.1.10 Linear Transforms. 3.1.11 Kernels. 3.2 Feature Selection for Pattern Classification. 3.2.1 Review of Feature Selection Methods. 3.3 Feature Creation for Pattern Classification. 3.3.1 Categories of Feature Creation. 3.3.2 Review of Feature Creation Methods. 3.3.3 Future Trends. 3.4 Chapter Summary. References. 4. Pattern Classification Methods. 4.1 Overview of Classification Methods. 4.2 Statistical Methods. 4.2.1 Bayes Decision Theory. 4.2.2 Parametric Methods. 4.2.3 Non-ParametricMethods. 4.3 Artificial Neural Networks. 4.3.1 Single-Layer Neural Network. 4.3.2 Multilayer Perceptron. 4.3.3 Radial Basis Function Network. 4.3.4 Polynomial Network. 4.3.5 Unsupervised Learning. 4.3.6 Learning Vector Quantization. 4.4 Support Vector Machines. 4.4.1 Maximal Margin Classifier. 4.4.2 Soft Margin and Kernels. 4.4.3 Implementation Issues. 4.5 Structural Pattern Recognition. 4.5.1 Attributed String Matching. 4.5.2 Attributed Graph Matching. 4.6 Combining Multiple Classifiers. 4.6.1 Problem Formulation. 4.6.2 Combining Discrete Outputs. 4.6.3 Combining Continuous Outputs. 4.6.4 Dynamic Classifier Selection. 4.6.5 Ensemble Generation. 4.7 A Concrete Example. 4.8 Chapter Summary. References. 5. Word and String Recognition. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Character Segmentation. 5.2.1 Overview of Dissection Techniques. 5.2.2 Segmentation of Handwritten Digits. 5.3 Classification-Based String Recognition. 5.3.1 String Classification Model. 5.3.2 Classifier Design for String Recognition. 5.3.3 Search Strategies. 5.3.4 Strategies for Large Vocabulary. 5.4 HMM-Based Recognition. 5.4.1 Introduction to HMMs. 5.4.2 Theory and Implementation. 5.4.3 Application of HMMs to Text Recognition. 5.4.4 Implementation Issues. 5.4.5 Techniques for Improving HMMs’ Performance. 5.4.6 Summary to HMM-Based Recognition. 5.5 Holistic Methods For Handwritten Word Recognition. 5.5.1 Introduction to Holistic Methods. 5.5.2 Overview of Holistic Methods. 5.5.3 Summary to Holistic Methods. 5.6 Chapter Summary. References. 6. Case Studies. 6.1 Automatically Generating Pattern Recognizers with Evolutionary Computation. 6.1.1 Motivation. 6.1.2 Introduction. 6.1.3 Hunters and Prey. 6.1.4 Genetic Algorithm. 6.1.5 Experiments. 6.1.6 Analysis. 6.1.7 Future Directions. 6.2 Offline Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition. 6.2.1 Related Works. 6.2.2 System Overview. 6.2.3 Character Normalization. 6.2.4 Direction Feature Extraction. 6.2.5 Classification Methods. 6.2.6 Experiments. 6.2.7 Concluding Remarks. 6.3 Segmentation and Recognition of Handwritten Dates on Canadian Bank Cheques. 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 System Architecture. 6.3.3 Date Image Segmentation. 6.3.4 Date Image Recognition. 6.3.5 Experimental Results. 6.3.6 Concluding Remarks. References.

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Book SynopsisExpert coverage of the design and implementation of state estimation algorithms for tracking and navigation Estimation with Applications to Tracking and Navigation treats the estimation of various quantities from inherently inaccurate remote observations.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. Mathematical Notations. Introduction. Basic Concepts in Estimation. Linear Estimation in Static Systems. Linear Dynamic Systems with Random Inputs. State Estimation in Discrete-Time Linear Dynamic Systems. Estimation for Kinematic Models. Computational Aspects of Estimation. Extensions of Discrete-Time Linear Estimation. Continuous-Time Linear State Estimation. State Estimation for Nonlinear Dynamic Systems. Adaptive Estimation and Maneuvering Targets. Introduction to Navigation Applications. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThere are many situations in science and engineering where complex output data from a given system is used to formulate a model of how that system operates, or to simulate its response to different inputs. Applications include control, decision theory, and the emerging fields of bioinformatics.Trade Review"To cope with real world uncertainties and provide a philosophical and practical guide...several methodologies are presented..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "...certainly a book that should be in the library of any institution where research and advanced study in fuzzy systems are carried out." (Choice, Vol. 39, No. 7, March 2002) "...well organized, easy to read, and self-contained.... I would recommend it to anyone interested in self-study of the basic ideas of fuzzy systems..." (International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 31, No. 6, 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. System Analysis. Uncertainty Techniques. Learning from Data: System Identification. Propositions as Subsets of the Data Space. Fuzzy Systems and Identification. Random-Set Modelling and Identification. Certain Uncertainty. Fuzzy Inference Engines. Fuzzy Classification. Fuzzy Control. Fuzzy Mathematics. Summary. Appendices. Index.

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Book Synopsis Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of currently used transistors for commercial and military applications. Authors are recognized experts with previous publications. Updated descriptions of state-of-the-art devices available on Wiley Web site. Table of ContentsPreface. Background on Microwave Transistors. Basic Semiconductor Physics. Heterostructure Physics. MESFETs. High Electron Mobility Transistors. MOSFETs. Silicon Bipolar Junction Transistors. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Appendix A.1: Frequently Used Symbols. Appendix A.2: Physical Constants and Unit Conversions. Appendix A.3: Microwave Frequency Bands. Appendix A.4: Two-Port Calculations. Appendix A.5: Important Material Properties of Selected Materials. Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscusses techniques that have important applications to wireless engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Notations and Mathematical Preliminaries 1 1.1 Notations and Abbreviations 1 1.2 Mathematical Preliminaries 2 1.2.1 Functions and Integration 2 1.2.2 The Fourier Transform 4 1.2.3 Regularity 4 1.2.4 Linear Spaces 7 1.2.5 Functional Spaces 8 1.2.6 Sobolev Spaces 10 1.2.7 Bases in Hilbert Space H 11 1.2.8 Linear Operators 12 Bibliography 14 2 Intuitive Introduction to Wavelets 15 2.1 Technical History and Background 15 2.1.1 Historical Development 15 2.1.2 When Do Wavelets Work? 16 2.1.3 A Wave Is a Wave but What Is a Wavelet? 17 2.2 What Can Wavelets Do in Electromagnetics and Device Modeling? 18 2.2.1 Potential Benefits of Using Wavelets 18 2.2.2 Limitations and Future Direction of Wavelets 19 2.3 The Haar Wavelets and Multiresolution Analysis 20 2.4 How Do Wavelets Work? 23 Bibliography 28 3 Basic Orthogonal Wavelet Theory 30 3.1 Multiresolution Analysis 30 3.2 Construction of Scalets 3.2.1 Franklin Scalet 32 3.2.2 Battle-Lemarie Scalets 39 3.2.3 Preliminary Properties of Scalets 40 3.3 Wavelet ^ ( r ) 42 3.4 Franklin Wavelet 48 3.5 Properties of Scalets (p(co) 51 3.6 Daubechies Wavelets 56 3.7 Coifman Wavelets (Coiflets) 64 3.8 Constructing Wavelets by Recursion and Iteration 69 3.8.1 Construction of Scalets 69 3.8.2 Construction of Wavelets 74 3.9 Meyer Wavelets 75 3.9.1 Basic Properties of Meyer Wavelets 75 3.9.2 Meyer Wavelet Family 83 3.9.3 Other Examples of Meyer Wavelets 92 3.10 Mallat's Decomposition and Reconstruction 92 3.10.1 Reconstruction 92 3.10.2 Decomposition 93 3.11 Problems 95 3.11.1 Exercise 1 95 3.11.2 Exercise 2 95 3.11.3 Exercise 3 97 3.11.4 Exercise 4 97 Bibliography 98 4 Wavelets in Boundary Integral Equations 100 4.1 Wavelets in Electromagnetics 100 4.2 Linear Operators 102 4.3 Method of Moments (MoM) 103 4.4 Functional Expansion of a Given Function 107 4.5 Operator Expansion: Nonstandard Form 110 4.5.1 Operator Expansion in Haar Wavelets 111 4.5.2 Operator Expansion in General Wavelet Systems 113 4.5.3 Numerical Example 114 4.6 Periodic Wavelets 120 4.6.1 Construction of Periodic Wavelets 120 4.6.2 Properties of Periodic Wavelets 123 4.6.3 Expansion of a Function in Periodic Wavelets 127 4.7 Application of Periodic Wavelets: 2D Scattering 128 4.8 Fast Wavelet Transform (FWT) 133 4.8.1 Discretization of Operation Equations 133 4.8.2 Fast Algorithm 134 4.8.3 Matrix Sparsification Using FWT 135 4.9 Applications of the FWT 140 4.9.1 Formulation 140 4.9.2 Circuit Parameters 141 4.9.3 Integral Equations and Wavelet Expansion 143 4.9.4 Numerical Results 144 4.10 Intervallic Coifman Wavelets 144 4.10.1 Intervallic Scalets 145 4.10.2 Intervallic Wavelets on [0, 1] 154 4.11 Lifting Scheme and Lazy Wavelets 156 4.11.1 Lazy Wavelets 156 4.11.2 Lifting Scheme Algorithm 157 4.11.3 Cascade Algorithm 159 4.12 Green's Scalets and Sampling Series 159 4.12.1 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 160 4.12.2 Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 166 4.13 Appendix: Derivation of Intervallic Wavelets on [0, 1] 172 4.14 Problems 185 4.14.1 Exercise 5 185 4.14.2 Exercise 6 185 4.14.3 Exercise 7 185 4.14.4 Exercise 8 186 4.14.5 Project 1 187 Bibliography 187 5 Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method (SBTD) 189 5.1 Basis FDTD Formulation 189 5.2 Stability Analysis for the FDTD 194 5.3 FDTD as Maxwell's Equations with Haar Expansion 198 5.4 FDTD with Battle-Lemarie Wavelets 201 5.5 Positive Sampling and Biorthogonal Testing Functions 205 5.6 Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method 215 5.6.1 SBTD versus MRTD 215 5.6.2 Formulation 215 5.7 Stability Conditions for Wavelet-Based Methods 219 5.7.1 Dispersion Relation and Stability Analysis 219 5.7.2 Stability Analysis for the SBTD 222 5.8 Convergence Analysis and Numerical Dispersion 223 5.8.1 Numerical Dispersion 223 5.8.2 Convergence Analysis 225 5.9 Numerical Examples 228 5.10 Appendix: Operator Form of the MRTD 233 5.11 Problems 236 5.11.1 Exercise 9 236 5.11.2 Exercise 10 237 5.11.3 Project 2 237 Bibliography 238 6 Canonical Multiwavelets 240 6.1 Vector-Matrix Dilation Equation 240 6.2 Time Domain Approach 242 6.3 Construction of Multiscalets 245 6.4 Orthogonal Multiwavelets yjr(t) 255 6.5 Intervallic Multiwavelets xj/(t) 258 6.6 Multiwavelet Expansion 261 6.7 Intervallic Dual Multiwavelets \j/(t) 264 6.8 Working Examples 269 6.9 Multiscalet-Based ID Finite Element Method (FEM) 276 6.10 Multiscalet-Based Edge Element Method 280 6.11 Spurious Modes 285 6.12 Appendix 287 6.13 Problems 296 6.13.1 Exercise 11 296 Bibliography 297 7 Wavelets in Scattering and Radiation 299 7.1 Scattering from a 2D Groove 299 7.1.1 Method of Moments (MoM) Formulation 300 7.1.2 Coiflet-Based MoM 304 7.1.3 Bi-CGSTAB Algorithm 305 7.1.4 Numerical Results 305 7.2 2D and 3D Scattering Using Intervallic Coiflets 309 7.2.1 Intervallic Scalets on [0,1] 309 7.2.2 Expansion in Coifman Intervallic Wavelets 312 7.2.3 Numerical Integration and Error Estimate 313 7.2.4 Fast Construction of Impedance Matrix 317 7.2.5 Conducting Cylinders, TM Case 319 7.2.6 Conducting Cylinders with Thin Magnetic Coating 322 7.2.7 Perfect Electrically Conducting (PEC) Spheroids 324 7.3 Scattering and Radiation of Curved Thin Wires 329 7.3.1 Integral Equation for Curved Thin-Wire Scatterers and Antennae 330 7.3.2 Numerical Examples 331 7.4 Smooth Local Cosine (SLC) Method 340 7.4.1 Construction of Smooth Local Cosine Basis 341 7.4.2 Formulation of 2D Scattering Problems 344 7.4.3 SLC-Based Galerkin Procedure and Numerical Results 347 7.4.4 Application of the SLC to Thin-Wire Scatterers and Antennas 355 7.5 Microstrip Antenna Arrays 357 7.5.1 Impedance Matched Source 358 7.5.2 Far-Zone Fields and Antenna Patterns 360 Bibliography 363 8 Wavelets in Rough Surface Scattering 366 8.1 Scattering of EM Waves from Randomly Rough Surfaces 366 8.2 Generation of Random Surfaces 368 8.2.1 Autocorrelation Method 370 8.2.2 Spectral Domain Method 373 8.3 2D Rough Surface Scattering 376 8.3.1 Moment Method Formulation of 2D Scattering 376 8.3.2 Wavelet-Based Galerkin Method for 2D Scattering 380 8.3.3 Numerical Results of 2D Scattering 381 8.4 3D Rough Surface Scattering 387 8.4.1 Tapered Wave of Incidence 388 8.4.2 Formulation of 3D Rough Surface Scattering Using Wavelets 391 8.4.3 Numerical Results of 3D Scattering 394 Bibliography 399 9 Wavelets in Packaging, Interconnects, and EMC 401 9.1 Quasi-static Spatial Formulation 402 9.1.1 What Is Quasi-static? 402 9.1.2 Formulation 403 9.1.3 Orthogonal Wavelets in L2([0, 1]) 406 9.1.4 Boundary Element Method and Wavelet Expansion 408 9.1.5 Numerical Examples 412 9.2 Spatial Domain Layered Green's Functions 415 9.2.1 Formulation 417 9.2.2 Prony's Method 423 9.2.3 Implementation of the Coifman Wavelets 424 9.2.4 Numerical Examples 426 9.3 Skin-Effect Resistance and Total Inductance 429 9.3.1 Formulation 431 9.3.2 Moment Method Solution of Coupled Integral Equations 433 9.3.3 Circuit Parameter Extraction 435 9.3.4 Wavelet Implementation 437 9.3.5 Measurement and Simulation Results 438 9.4 Spectral Domain Green's Function-Based Full-Wave Analysis 440 9.4.1 Basic Formulation 440 9.4.2 Wavelet Expansion and Matrix Equation 444 9.4.3 Evaluation of Sommerfeld-Type Integrals 447 9.4.4 Numerical Results and Sparsity of Impedance Matrix 451 9.4.5 Further Improvements 455 9.5 Full-Wave Edge Element Method for 3D Lossy Structures 455 9.5.1 Formulation of Asymmetric Functionals with Truncation Conditions 456 9.5.2 Edge Element Procedure 460 9.5.3 Excess Capacitance and Inductance 464 9.5.4 Numerical Examples 466 Bibliography 469 10 Wavelets in Nonlinear Semiconductor Devices 474 10.1 Physical Models and Computational Efforts 474 10.2 An Interpolating Subdivision Scheme 476 10.3 The Sparse Point Representation (SPR) 478 10.4 Interpolation Wavelets in the FDM 479 10.4.1 ID Example of the SPR Application 480 10.4.2 2D Example of the SPR Application 481 10.5 The Drift-Diffusion Model 484 10.5.1 Scaling 486 10.5.2 Discretization 487 10.5.3 Transient Solution 489 10.5.4 Grid Adaptation and Interpolating Wavelets 490 10.5.5 Numerical Results 492 10.6 Multiwavelet Based Drift-Diffusion Model 498 10.6.1 Precision and Stability versus Reynolds 499 10.6.2 MWFEM-Based ID Simulation 502 10.7 The Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) Model 504 10.7.1 Why BTE? 505 10.7.2 Spherical Harmonic Expansion of the BTE 505 10.7.3 Arbitrary Order Expansion and Galerkin's Procedure 509 10.7.4 The Coupled Boltzmann-Poisson System 515 10.7.5 Numerical Results 517 Bibliography 524 Index 527

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Book SynopsisErbium doped fiber amplifiers is an important technology for lightwave voice, data, and cable TV transmission. This book covers the developmental issues of EDFAs that are relevant to modern telecom applications. It is intended for researchers, development engineers, and system designers in fiber-optic communications.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Acronyms and Symbols. PART A: FUNDAMENTALS, COMPLEMENTS, AND DEVELOPMENTS: PHYSICS AND MODELING. Chapter 1. New Aspects in EDFA Modeling. Chapter 2. Origin and Analysis of Noise in EDFAs. Chapter 3. Information Capacity of Optically Amplified Signals. Chapter 4. Secondary Physical Effects in EDFAs. PART B: NEW DESIGNS, DEVELOPMENTS, AND SYSTEM APPLICATIONS OF EDFAs. Chapter 5. Amplifier Technology and Design for Terrestrial Transmission. Chapter 6. Amplifier Technology and Design for Transoceanic Transmission. Chapter 7. Amplified Terrestrial Networks. Chapter 8. Amplified Submarine-Cable Systems. Appendix A: Time-Dependent Average-Inversion Model. Appendix B: Derivation of the Output PDF and Associated Mean and Variance for the Coherent Single-Photon Multiplier. Appendix C: Semiclassical Quantum-Beamsplitter Model. Appendix D: Semiclassical Derivation of Symbol PDF and BER of Optically Amplified Signals. Appendix E: BER Extrapolation Method Based on the Leveberg-Marquardt Nonlinear Curve-Fitting Algorithm. Appendix F: Mutual Information and Equivocation in Discrete Memoryless Channel with N-Symbol Alphabet. Appendix G: System Performance Criteria. Appendix H: Basic Principles of Error-Correction Coding. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn outgrowth of the author''s extensive experience teaching senior and graduate level students, this is both a thorough introduction and a solid professional reference. * Material covered has been developed based on a 35-year research program associated with such systems as the Landsat satellite program and later satellite and aircraft programs. * Covers existing aircraft and satellite programs and several future programs *An Instructor''s Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1. Introduction and Background. PART II: THE BASICS FOR CONVENTIONAL MULTISPECTRAL DATA. Chapter 2. Radiation and Sensor Systems in Remote Sensing. Chapter 3. Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing. PART III: ADDITIONAL DETAILS. Chapter 4. Training a Classifier. Chapter 5. Hyperspectral Data Characteristics. Chapter 6. Feature Definition. Chapter 7. A Data Analysis Paradigm and Examples. Chapter 8. Use of Spatial Variations. Chapter 9. Noise in Remote Sensing Systems. Chapter 10. Multispectral Image Data Preprocessing. Appendix. An Outline of Probability Theory. Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisAddresses connections and differences between jump regression analysis and image processing, with the goal of establishing better communication among research groups in the two areas of statistics. This book discusses procedures that are easy to use, simple to compute, and have proven statistical theory behind them.Trade Review"It has much to offer that is hard to find elsewhere." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 2006) "…a well-written book offering comprehensive discussions...an excellent reference and source book for statisticians, computer scientists, engineers, and other researchers…" (IIE Transactions- Quality and Reliability Engineering, June 2006) "…an impressive resource for research statisticians…researchers in computer graphics and image processing…" (Technometrics, May 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Statistical Concepts and Conventional Smoothing Techniques. 3. Estimation of Jump Regression Curves. 4. Estimation of Jump Location Curves of Regression Surfaces. 5. Jump Preserving Surface Estimation By Local Smoothing. 6. Edge Detection In Image Processing. 7. Edge-Preserving Image Restoration. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisModern technological advances, bringing an ever increasing demand for better performance, coupled with the availability of low cost computer power, have lead control engineers to face problems of high complexity.Trade Review“…a self-contained readable presentation of nonlinear control systems…” (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.1037, No.12, 2004) "…an excellent, pedagogically sound book on analysis and design of nonlinear control systems." (International Journal of General Systems, December 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1.1 Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 1.2 Nonlinear Systems. 1.3 Equilibrium Points. 1.4 First-Order Autonomous Nonlinear Systems. 1.5 Second-Order Systems: Phase-Plane Analysis. 1.6 Phase-Plane Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 1.7 Phase-Plane Analysis of Nonlinear Systems. 1.8 Higher-Order Systems. 1.9 Examples of Nonlinear Systems. 1.10 Exercises. Mathematical Preliminaries. 2.1 Sets. 2.2 Metric Spaces. 2.3 Vector Spaces. 2.4 Matrices. 2.5 Basic Topology. 2.6 Sequences. 2.7 Functions. 2.8 Differentiability. 2.9 Lipschitz Continuity. 2.10 Contraction Mapping. 2.11 Solution of Differential Equations. 2.12 Exercises. Lyapunov Stability I: Autonomous Systems. 3.1 Definitions. 3.2 Positive Definite Functions. 3.3 Stability Theorems. 3.4 Examples. 3.5 Asymptotic Stability in the Large. 3.6 Positive Definite Functions Revisited. 3.7 Construction of Lyapunov Functions. 3.8 The Invariance Principle. 3.9 Region of Attraction. 3.10 Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 3.11 Instability. 3.12 Exercises. Lyapunov Stability II: Nonautonomous Systems. 4.1 Definitions. 4.2 Positive Definite Functions. 4.3 Stability Theorems. 4.4 Proof of the Stability Theorems. 4.5 Analysis of Linear Time-Varying Systems. 4.6 Perturbation Analysis. 4.7 Converse Theorems. 4.8 Discrete-Time Systems. 4.9 Discretization. 4.10 Stability of Discrete-Time Systems. 4.11 Exercises. Feedback Systems. 5.1 Basic Feedback Stabilization. 5.2 Integrator Backstepping. 5.3 Backstepping: More General Cases. 5.4 Examples. 5.5 Exercises. Input-Output Stability. 6.1 Function Spaces. 6.2 Input-Output Stability. 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 6.4 Lp Gains for LTI Systems. 6.5 Closed Loop Input-Output Stability. 6.6 The Small Gain Theorem. 6.7 Loop Transformations. 6.8 The Circle Criterion. 6.9 Exercises. Input-to-State Stability. 7.1 Motivation. 7.2 Definitions. 7.3 Input-to-State Stability (ISS) Theorems. 7.4 Input-to-State Stability Revisited. 7.5 Cascade Connected Systems. 7.6 Exercises. Passivity. 8.1 Power and Energy: Passive Systems. 8.2 Definitions. 8.3 Interconnections of Passivity Systems. 8.4 Stability of Feedback Interconnections. 8.5 Passivity of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 8.6 Strictly Positive Real Rational Functions. Exercises. Dissipativity. 9.1 Dissipative Systems. 9.2 Differentiable Storage Functions. 9.3 QSR Dissipativity. 9.4 Examples. 9.5 Available Storage. 9.6 Algebraic Condition for Dissipativity. 9.7 Stability of Dissipative Systems. 9.8 Feedback Interconnections. 9.9 Nonlinear L2 Gain. 9.10 Some Remarks about Control Design. 9.11 Nonlinear L2-Gain Control. 9.12 Exercises. Feedback Linearization. 10.1 Mathematical Tools. 10.2 Input-State Linearization. 10.3 Examples. 10.4 Conditions for Input-State Linearization. 10.5 Input-Output Linearization. 10.6 The Zero Dynamics. 10.7 Conditions for Input-Output Linearization. 10.8 Exercises. Nonlinear Observers. 11.1 Observers for Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 11.2 Nonlinear Observability. 11.3 Observers with Linear Error Dynamics. 11.4 Lipschitz Systems. 11.5 Nonlinear Separation Principle. Proofs. Bibliography. List of Figures. Index.

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Book SynopsisVerilog is a Hardware Description Language (HDL) used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to virtually design systems without expending time or resources on physical models. It is the most widely used HDL with a user community of more than 50,000 active designers.Table of ContentsTable of Figures. Table of Examples. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgments. Trademarks. Introduction. Asic Design Flow. Verilog Coding. Coding Style: Best-Known Method for Synthesis. Design Example of Programmable Timer. Design Example of Programmable Logic Block for Peripheral Interface.

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Book SynopsisA greatly revised and expanded account of phaselock technology The Third Edition of this landmark book presents new developments in the field of phaselock loops, some of which have never been published until now. Established concepts are reviewed critically and recommendations are offered for improved formulations. The work reflects the author''s own research and many years of hands-on experience with phaselock loops. Reflecting the myriad of phaselock loops that are now found in electronic devices such as televisions, computers, radios, and cell phones, the book offers readers much new material, including: * Revised and expanded coverage of transfer functions * Two chapters on phase noise * Two chapters examining digital phaselock loops * A chapter on charge-pump phaselock loops * Expanded discussion of phase detectors and of oscillators * A chapter on anomalous phaselocking * A chapter on graphical aids, including BoTrade Review"I believe it is a must on the bookshelf of everybody working with PLLs." (IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Notation. 1. Introduction. 2. Transfer Functions of Analog PLLs. 3. Graphical Aids. 4. Digital PLLs: Transfer Functions and Related Tools. 5. Tracking. 6. Effects of Additive Noise. 7. Effects of Phase Noise. 8. Acquisition of Phaselock. 9. Oscillators. 10. Phase Detectors. 11. Loop Filters. 12. Charge-Pump Phaselock Loops. 13. Digiotal (Sampled) Phaselock Loops. 14. Anomalous Locking. 15. PLL Frequency Synthesizers. 16. Phaselocked Modulators and Demodulators. 17. Miscellaneous Applications of Phaselock Loops. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference explores MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductors) which are the ceramic semiconductors that are responsible for today's electronic revolution. These materials' ability to hold an electric charge allowed the transistor to replace the vacuum tube and paved the way for the miniaturization of electronic goods.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Field Effect. Metal Oxide Silicon Capacitor at Low Frequencies. Metal Oxide Silicon Capacitor at Intermediate and High Frequencies. Extraction of Interface Trap Properties from the Conductance. Interfacial Nonuniformities. Experimental Evidence for Interface Trap Properties. Extraction of Interface Trap Properties from the Capacitance. Measurement of Silicon Properties. Charges, Barrier Heights, and Flatband Voltage. Charge Trapping in the Oxide. Instrumentation for Measuring Capacitor Characteristics. Oxidation of Silicon--Oxidation Kinetics. Oxidation of Silicon--Technology. Control of Oxide Charges. Models of the Interface. Appendices. Subject Index. Symbol Index.

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Book SynopsisAs most crystals are generated by crystals, the interaction between light and crystals is vital to the success of any optics-related endevour. This paperback reprint of the classic reference provides a new generation of engineers and physicists with the fundamental knowledge needed to study this complex interaction.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Fields. Propagation of Laser Beams. Polarization of Light Waves. Electromagnetic Propagation in Anisotropic Media. Jones Calculus and its Application to Birefringent Optical Systems. Electromagnetic Propagation in Periodic Media. Electro-optics. Electro-optic Devices. Acousto-optics. Acousto-optic Devices. Guided Waves and Integrated Optics. Nonlinear Optics. Phase-Conjugate Optics. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisSimon Haykin has written two books with Wiley for Communications Systems, Introduction to Digital and Analog Communications, 2e and the forthcoming revision of his classic Communications Systems, 5e. The second edition of Introduction to Digital and Analog Communications, 2e is written at an accessible level and serves as an introductory treatment of communication theory, both ana-log and digital communications. Given the highly mathematical nature of communication theory, it is rather easy for the reader to lose sight of the practical side of communication systems. Throughout the book, the authors have made a special effort to move through the mathe-matical treatment at an easy-to-grasp level, and also to point out the practical relevance of the theory wherever it is appropri-ate to do so. Drs. Haykin's other text, Communication Systems reaches out to a higher level of math rigor. Also, Introduction to Digital and Analog Communications, 2e offers the probability coverage later iTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 Applications 4 1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements 13 1.4 Underpinning Theories of Communication Systems 14 1.5 Concluding Remarks 16 Chapter 2 Fourier Representation of Signals and Systems 18 2.1 The Fourier Transform 19 2.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform 25 2.3 The Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency 39 2.4 Dirac Delta Function 42 2.5 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 50 2.6 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems: Convolution Revisited 52 2.7 Ideal Low-pass Filters 60 2.8 Correlation and Spectral Density: Energy Signals 70 2.9 Power Spectral Density 79 2.10 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform 81 2.11 Theme Example: Twisted Pairs for Telephony 89 2.12 Summary and Discussion 90 Additional Problems 91 Advanced Problems 98 Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation 100 3.1 Amplitude Modulation 101 3.2 Virtues, Limitations, and Modifications of Amplitude Modulation 113 3.3 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation 114 3.4 Costas Receiver 120 APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 121 3.6 Single-Sideband Modulation 123 3.7 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 130 3.8 Baseband Representation of Modulated Waves and Band-Pass Filters 137 3.9 Theme Examples 142 3.10 Summary and Discussion 147 Additional Problems 148 Advanced Problems 150 Chapter 4 Angle Modulation 152 4.1 Basic Definitions 153 4.2 Properties of Angle-Modulated Waves 154 4.3 Relationship between PM and FM Waves 159 4.4 Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation 160 4.5 Wide-Band Frequency Modulation 164 4.6 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Waves 170 4.7 Generation of FM Waves 172 4.8 Demodulation of FM Signals 174 4.9 Theme Example: FM Stereo Multiplexing 182 4.10 Summary and Discussion 184 Additional Problems 185 Advanced Problems 187 Chapter 5 Pulse Modulation: Transition from Analog to Digital Communications 190 5.1 Sampling Process 191 5.2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 198 5.3 Pulse-Position Modulation 202 5.4 Completing the Transition from Analog to Digital 203 5.5 Quantization Process 205 5.6 Pulse-Code Modulation 206 5.7 Delta Modulation 211 5.8 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation 216 5.9 Line Codes 219 5.10 Theme Examples 220 5.11 Summary and Discussion 225 Additional Problems 226 Advanced Problems 228 Chapter 6 Baseband Data Transmission 231 6.1 Baseband Transmission of Digital Data 232 6.2 The Intersymbol Interference Problem 233 6.3 The Nyquist Channel 235 6.4 Raised-Cosine Pulse Spectrum 238 6.5 Baseband Transmission of M-ary Data 245 6.6 The Eye Pattern 246 6.7 Computer Experiment: Eye Diagrams for Binary and Quaternary Systems 249 6.8 Theme Example: Equalization 251 6.9 Summary and Discussion 256 Additional Problems 257 Advanced Problems 259 Chapter 7 Digital Band-Pass Modulation Techniques 262 7.1 Some Preliminaries 262 7.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying 265 7.3 Phase-Shift Keying 270 7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 281 7.5 Summary of Three Binary Signaling Schemes 289 7.6 Noncoherent Digital Modulation Schemes 291 7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes 295 7.8 Mapping of Digitally Modulated Waveforms onto Constellations of Signal Points 299 APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 7.9 Theme Examples 302 7.10 Summary and Discussion 307 Additional Problems 309 Advanced Problems 310 Computer Experiments 312 Chapter 8 Random Signals and Noise 313 8.1 Probability and Random Variables 314 8.2 Expectation 326 8.3 Transformation of Random Variables 329 8.4 Gaussian Random Variables 330 8.5 The Central Limit Theorem 333 8.6 Random Processes 335 8.7 Correlation of Random Processes 338 8.8 Spectra of Random Signals 343 8.9 Gaussian Processes 347 8.10 White Noise 348 8.11 Narrowband Noise 352 8.12 Summary and Discussion 356 Additional Problems 357 Advanced Problems 361 Computer Experiments 363 Chapter 9 Noise in Analog Communications 364 9.1 Noise in Communication Systems 365 9.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 366 9.3 Band-Pass Receiver Structures 369 9.4 Noise in Linear Receivers Using Coherent Detection 370 9.5 Noise in AM Receivers Using Envelope Detection 373 9.6 Noise in SSB Receivers 377 9.7 Detection of Frequency Modulation (FM) 380 9.8 FM Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis 387 9.9 Summary and Discussion 390 Additional Problems 391 Advanced Problems 392 Computer Experiments 393 Chapter 10 Noise in Digital Communications 394 10.1 Bit Error Rate 395 10.2 Detection of a Single Pulse in Noise 396 10.3 Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise 399 10.4 Optimum Detection of BPSK 405 10.5 Detection of QPSK and QAM in Noise 408 10.6 Optimum Detection of Binary FSK 414 10.7 Differential Detection in Noise 416 10.8 Summary of Digital Performance 418 10.9 Error Detection and Correction 422 10.10 Summary and Discussion 433 Additional Problems 434 Advanced Problems 435 Computer Experiments 436 Chapter 11 System and Noise Calculations 437 11.1 Electrical Noise 438 11.2 Noise Figure 442 11.3 Equivalent Noise Temperature 443 11.4 Cascade Connection of Two-Port Networks 445 11.5 Free-Space Link Calculations 446 11.6 Terrestrial Mobile Radio 451 11.7 Summary and Discussion 456 Additional Problems 457 Advanced Problems 458 APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 459 APPENDIX 2 FOURIER SERIES 460 APPENDIX 3 BESSEL FUNCTIONS 467 APPENDIX 4 THE Q-FUNCTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ERROR FUNCTION 470 APPENDIX 5 SCHWARZ’S INEQUALITY 473 APPENDIX 6 MATHEMATICAL TABLES 475 APPENDIX 7 MATLAB SCRIPTS FOR COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTERS 7-10 480 APPENDIX 8 ANSWERS TO DRILL PROBLEMS 488 Glossary 495 Bibliography 498 Index 501

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Book SynopsisThis text provides a description of a set of software tools from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) real-time control systems (RCS) library, useful in the development of hierarchical and distributed real-time control systems for a wide variety of applications.Trade Review"This book serves as a user's guide for development engineers using the software library in industrial applications." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001) "...clearly laid out...an extremely beneficial aid to anyone interested in RCS..." Measurement & ControlTable of ContentsPreface. RCS TUTORIAL. Introduction. Getting Started Quickly: RCS Essentials. The Reference Model Architecture and RCS Applications. RCS HANDBOOK. Design Theme Problem: Automated Highway System. Programming in NML. RCS Control Module. Writing NML Configuration Files. Other Classes and Functions. RCS Diagnostics Tool. Code Generation and Design Tool. APPENDICES. Appendix A: C++ Introduction. Appendix B: Compilers and Makefiles. Appendix C: General Operating System Concepts. Appendix D: RCS Version Functions. Appendix E: Platforms Tested. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the development of intelligent systems using a mixture of scientific, philosophical, and engineering concepts. It provides an expert blend of theory and practice in intelligent systems design and uses real-world examples to illustrate technical concepts.Table of ContentsPreface. Emergence of a Theory. Knowledge. Perception. Goal Seeking and Planning. A Reference Model Architecture. Behavior Generation. World Modeling, Value Judgment, and Knowledge Representation. Sensory Processing. Engineering Unmanned Ground Vehicles. Future Possibilities. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisYour road map for meeting today''s digital testing challenges Today, digital logic devices are common in products that impact public safety, including applications in transportation and human implants. Accurate testing has become more critical to reliability, safety, and the bottom line. Yet, as digital systems become more ubiquitous and complex, the challenge of testing them has become more difficult. As one development group designing a RISC stated, the work required to . . . test a chip of this size approached the amount of effort required to design it. A valued reference for nearly two decades, Digital Logic Testing and Simulation has been significantly revised and updated for designers and test engineers who must meet this challenge. There is no single solution to the testing problem. Organized in an easy-to-follow, sequential format, this Second Edition familiarizes the reader with the many different strategies for testing and their applications, and assTrade Review"...well-written and covers broad subjects related to the test of digital circuits. It will be useful for students and engineers involved in design and testing." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, July/August 2005) “This is an excellent introduction to testing digital circuits...valuable to IC design and product engineers, and stands as an excellent academic reference for electrical engineering students.” (Chip Scale Review, March 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Quality. 1.3 The Test. 1.4 The Design Process. 1.5 Design Automation. 1.6 Estimating Yield. 1.7 Measuring Test Effectiveness. 1.8 The Economics of Test. 1.9 Case Studies. 1.9.1 The Effectiveness of Fault Simulation. 1.9.2 Evaluating Test Decisions. 1.10 Summary. Problems. References. 2 Simulation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Background. 2.3 The Simulation Hierarchy. 2.4 The Logic Symbols. 2.5 Sequential Circuit Behavior. 2.6 The Compiled Simulator. 2.6.1 Ternary Simulation. 2.6.2 Sequential Circuit Simulation. 2.6.3 Timing Considerations. 2.6.4 Hazards. 2.6.5 Hazard Detection. 2.7 Event-Driven Simulation. 2.7.1 Zero-Delay Simulation. 2.7.2 Unit-Delay Simulation. 2.7.3 Nominal-Delay Simulation. 2.8 Multiple-Valued Simulation. 2.9 Implementing the Nominal-Delay Simulator. 2.9.1 The Scheduler. 2.9.2 The Descriptor Cell. 2.9.3 Evaluation Techniques. 2.9.4 Race Detection in Nominal-Delay Simulation. 2.9.5 Min–Max Timing. 2.10 Switch-Level Simulation. 2.11 Binary Decision Diagrams. 2.11.1 Introduction. 2.11.2 The Reduce Operation. 2.11.3 The Apply Operation. 2.12 Cycle Simulation. 2.13 Timing Verification. 2.13.1 Path Enumeration. 2.13.2 Block-Oriented Analysis. 2.14 Summary. Problems. References. 3 Fault Simulation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Approaches to Testing. 3.3 Analysis of a Faulted Circuit. 3.3.1 Analysis at the Component Level. 3.3.2 Gate-Level Symbols. 3.3.3 Analysis at the Gate Level. 3.4 The Stuck-At Fault Model. 3.4.1 The AND Gate Fault Model. 3.4.2 The OR Gate Fault Model. 3.4.3 The Inverter Fault Model. 3.4.4 The Tri-State Fault Model. 3.4.5 Fault Equivalence and Dominance. 3.5 The Fault Simulator: An Overview. 3.6 Parallel Fault Processing. 3.6.1 Parallel Fault Simulation. 3.6.2 Performance Enhancements. 3.6.3 Parallel Pattern Single Fault Propagation. 3.7 Concurrent Fault Simulation. 3.7.1 An Example of Concurrent Simulation. 3.7.2 The Concurrent Fault Simulation Algorithm. 3.7.3 Concurrent Fault Simulation: Further Considerations. 3.8 Delay Fault Simulation. 3.9 Differential Fault Simulation. 3.10 Deductive Fault Simulation. 3.11 Statistical Fault Analysis. 3.12 Fault Simulation Performance. 3.13 Summary. Problems. References. 4 Automatic Test Pattern Generation. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Sensitized Path. 4.2.1 The Sensitized Path: An Example. 4.2.2 Analysis of the Sensitized Path Method. 4.3 The D-Algorithm. 4.3.1 The D-Algorithm: An Analysis. 4.3.2 The Primitive D-Cubes of Failure. 4.3.3 Propagation D-Cubes. 4.3.4 Justification and Implication. 4.3.5 The D-Intersection. 4.4 Testdetect. 4.5 The Subscripted D-Algorithm. 4.6 PODEM. 4.7 FAN. 4.8 Socrates. 4.9 The Critical Path. 4.10 Critical Path Tracing. 4.11 Boolean Differences. 4.12 Boolean Satisfiability. 4.13 Using BDDs for ATPG. 4.13.1 The BDD XOR Operation. 4.13.2 Faulting the BDD Graph. 4.14 Summary. Problems. References. 5 Sequential Logic Test. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Test Problems Caused by Sequential Logic. 5.2.1 The Effects of Memory. 5.2.2 Timing Considerations. 5.3 Sequential Test Methods. 5.3.1 Seshu’s Heuristics. 5.3.2 The Iterative Test Generator. 5.3.3 The 9-Value ITG. 5.3.4 The Critical Path. 5.3.5 Extended Backtrace. 5.3.6 Sequential Path Sensitization. 5.4 Sequential Logic Test Complexity. 5.4.1 Acyclic Sequential Circuits. 5.4.2 The Balanced Acyclic Circuit. 5.4.3 The General Sequential Circuit. 5.5 Experiments with Sequential Machines. 5.6 A Theoretical Limit on Sequential Testability. 5.7 Summary. Problems. References. 6 Automatic Test Equipment. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Basic Tester Architectures. 6.2.1 The Static Tester. 6.2.2 The Dynamic Tester. 6.3 The Standard Test Interface Language. 6.4 Using the Tester. 6.5 The Electron Beam Probe. 6.6 Manufacturing Test. 6.7 Developing a Board Test Strategy. 6.8 The In-Circuit Tester. 6.9 The PCB Tester. 6.9.1 Emulating the Tester. 6.9.2 The Reference Tester. 6.9.3 Diagnostic Tools. 6.10 The Test Plan. 6.11 Visual Inspection. 6.12 Test Cost. 6.13 Summary. Problems. References. 7 Developing a Test Strategy. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Test Triad. 7.3 Overview of the Design and Test Process. 7.4 A Testbench. 7.4.1 The Circuit Description. 7.4.2 The Test Stimulus Description. 7.5 Fault Modeling. 7.5.1 Checkpoint Faults. 7.5.2 Delay Faults. 7.5.3 Redundant Faults. 7.5.4 Bridging Faults. 7.5.5 Manufacturing Faults. 7.6 Technology-Related Faults. 7.6.1 MOS. 7.6.2 CMOS. 7.6.3 Fault Coverage Results in Equivalent Circuits. 7.7 The Fault Simulator. 7.7.1 Random Patterns. 7.7.2 Seed Vectors. 7.7.3 Fault Sampling. 7.7.4 Fault-List Partitioning. 7.7.5 Distributed Fault Simulation. 7.7.6 Iterative Fault Simulation. 7.7.7 Incremental Fault Simulation. 7.7.8 Circuit Initialization. 7.7.9 Fault Coverage Profiles. 7.7.10 Fault Dictionaries. 7.7.11 Fault Dropping. 7.8 Behavioral Fault Modeling. 7.8.1 Behavioral MUX. 7.8.2 Algorithmic Test Development. 7.8.3 Behavioral Fault Simulation. 7.8.4 Toggle Coverage. 7.8.5 Code Coverage. 7.9 The Test Pattern Generator. 7.9.1 Trapped Faults. 7.9.2 SOFTG. 7.9.3 The Imply Operation. 7.9.4 Comprehension Versus Resolution. 7.9.5 Probable Detected Faults. 7.9.6 Test Pattern Compaction. 7.9.7 Test Counting. 7.10 Miscellaneous Considerations. 7.10.1 The ATPG/Fault Simulator Link. 7.10.2 ATPG User Controls. 7.10.3 Fault-List Management. 7.11 Summary. Problems. References. 8 Design-For-Testability. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Ad Hoc Design-for-Testability Rules. 8.2.1 Some Testability Problems. 8.2.2 Some Ad Hoc Solutions. 8.3 Controllability/Observability Analysis. 8.3.1 SCOAP. 8.3.2 Other Testability Measures. 8.3.3 Test Measure Effectiveness. 8.3.4 Using the Test Pattern Generator. 8.4 The Scan Path. 8.4.1 Overview. 8.4.2 Types of Scan-Flops. 8.4.3 Level-Sensitive Scan Design. 8.4.4 Scan Compliance. 8.4.5 Scan-Testing Circuits with Memory. 8.4.6 Implementing Scan Path. 8.5 The Partial Scan Path. 8.6 Scan Solutions for PCBs. 8.6.1 The NAND Tree. 8.6.2 The 1149.1 Boundary Scan. 8.7 Summary. Problems. References. 9 Built-In Self-Test. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Benefits of BIST. 9.3 The Basic Self-Test Paradigm. 9.3.1 A Mathematical Basis for Self-Test. 9.3.2 Implementing the LFSR. 9.3.3 The Multiple Input Signature Register (MISR). 9.3.4 The BILBO. 9.4 Random Pattern Effectiveness. 9.4.1 Determining Coverage. 9.4.2 Circuit Partitioning. 9.4.3 Weighted Random Patterns. 9.4.4 Aliasing. 9.4.5 Some BIST Results. 9.5 Self-Test Applications. 9.5.1 Microprocessor-Based Signature Analysis. 9.5.2 Self-Test Using MISR/Parallel SRSG (STUMPS). 9.5.3 STUMPS in the ES/9000 System. 9.5.4 STUMPS in the S/390 Microprocessor. 9.5.5 The Macrolan Chip. 9.5.6 Partial BIST. 9.6 Remote Test. 9.6.1 The Test Controller. 9.6.2 The Desktop Management Interface. 9.7 Black-Box Testing. 9.7.1 The Ordering Relation. 9.7.2 The Microprocessor Matrix. 9.7.3 Graph Methods. 9.8 Fault Tolerance. 9.8.1 Performance Monitoring. 9.8.2 Self-Checking Circuits. 9.8.3 Burst Error Correction. 9.8.4 Triple Modular Redundancy. 9.8.5 Software Implemented Fault Tolerance. 9.9 Summary. Problems. References. 10 Memory Test. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Semiconductor Memory Organization. 10.3 Memory Test Patterns. 10.4 Memory Faults. 10.5 Memory Self-Test. 10.5.1 A GALPAT Implementation. 10.5.2 The 9N and 13N Algorithms. 10.5.3 Self-Test for BIST. 10.5.4 Parallel Test for Memories. 10.5.5 Weak Read–Write. 10.6 Repairable Memories. 10.7 Error Correcting Codes. 10.7.1 Vector Spaces. 10.7.2 The Hamming Codes. 10.7.3 ECC Implementation. 10.7.4 Reliability Improvements. 10.7.5 Iterated Codes. 10.8 Summary. Problems. References. 11 IDDQ. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Background. 11.3 Selecting Vectors. 11.3.1 Toggle Count. 11.3.2 The Quietest Method. 11.4 Choosing a Threshold. 11.5 Measuring Current. 11.6 IDDQ Versus Burn-In. 1.7 Problems with Large Circuits. 11.8 Summary. Problems. References. 12 Behavioral Test and Verification. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Design Verification: An Overview. 12.3 Simulation. 12.3.1 Performance Enhancements. 12.3.2 HDL Extensions and C++. 12.3.3 Co-design and Co-verification. 12.4 Measuring Simulation Thoroughness. 12.4.1 Coverage Evaluation. 12.4.2 Design Error Modeling. 12.5 Random Stimulus Generation. 12.6 The Behavioral ATPG. 12.6.1 Overview. 12.6.2 The RTL Circuit Image. 12.6.3 The Library of Parameterized Modules. 12.6.4 Some Basic Behavioral Processing Algorithms. 12.7 The Sequential Circuit Test Search System (SCIRTSS). 12.7.1 A State Traversal Problem. 12.7.2 The Petri Net. 12.8 The Test Design Expert. 12.8.1 An Overview of TDX. 12.8.2 DEPOT. 12.8.3 The Fault Simulator. 12.8.4 Building Goal Trees. 12.8.5 Sequential Conflicts in Goal Trees. 12.8.6 Goal Processing for a Microprocessor. 12.8.7 Bidirectional Goal Search. 12.8.8 Constraint Propagation. 12.8.9 Pitfalls When Building Goal Trees. 12.8.10 MaxGoal Versus MinGoal. 12.8.11 Functional Walk. 12.8.12 Learn Mode. 12.8.13 DFT in TDX. 12.9 Design Verification. 12.9.1 Formal Verification. 12.9.2 Theorem Proving. 12.9.3 Equivalence Checking. 12.9.4 Model Checking. 12.9.5 Symbolic Simulation. 12.10Summary. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisVerilog provides platforms for designs to be described at different layers of complexity, combine them in a seamless manner, test them at every stage and build up a bug-free design. This book intends to guide readers to master Verilog as an HDL and use it for design.Trade Review"…this book is surely welcome…due to its simple but efficient structure, the book can be used both in academia and in industry." (IEEE Circuits & Devices, July/August 2006) “...ideally suited for teaching digital hardware design techniques using a low-level programming language...highly recommended...” (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 8, April 2004) "…enables readers to master Verilog as an HDL for design...engages the readers at every stage through the variety and number of examples." (IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, January 2004)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 1 INTRODUCTION TO VLSI DESIGN. 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO DIGITAL DESIGN. 1.3 VLSI DESIGN. 1.4 ASIC DESIGN FLOW. 1.5 ROLE OF HDL. 2 INTRODUCTION TO VERILOG. 2.1 VERILOG AS AN HDL. 2.2 LEVELS OF DESIGN DESCRIPTION. 2.3 CONCURRENCY. 2.4 SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS. 2.5 FUNCTIONAL VERIFICATION. 2.6 SYSTEM TASKS. 2.7 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE INTERFACE (PLI). 2.8 MODULE. 2.9 SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS TOOLS. 2.10 TEST BENCHES. 3 LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTS AND CONVENTIONS IN VERILOG. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 KEYWORDS. 3.3 IDENTIFIERS. 3.4 WHITE SPACE CHARACTERS. 3.5 COMMENTS. 3.6 NUMBERS. 3.7 STRINGS. 3.8 LOGIC VALUES. 3.9 STRENGTHS. 3.10 DATA TYPES. 3.11 SCALARS AND VECTORS. 3.12 PARAMETERS. 3.13 MEMORY. 3.14 OPERATORS. 3.15 SYSTEM TASKS. 3.16 EXERCISES. 4 GATE LEVEL MODELING – 1. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 AND GATE PRIMITIVE. 4.3 MODULE STRUCTURE. 4.4 OTHER GATE PRIMITIVES. 4.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 4.6 TRI-STATE GATES. 4.7 ARRAY OF INSTANCES OF PRIMITIVES. 4.8 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. 4.9 EXERCISES. 5 GATE LEVEL MODELING – 2. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 DESIGN OF FLIP-FLOPS WITH GATE PRIMITIVES. 5.3 DELAYS. 5.4 STRENGTHS AND CONTENTION RESOLUTION. 5.5 NET TYPES. 5.6 DESIGN OF BASIC CIRCUITS. 5.7 EXERCISES. 6 MODELING AT DATA FLOW LEVEL. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 CONTINUOUS ASSIGNMENT STRUCTURES. 6.3 DELAYS AND CONTINUOUS ASSIGNMENTS. 6.4 ASSIGNMENT TO VECTORS. 6.5 OPERATORS. 6.6 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. 6.7 EXERCISES. 7 BEHAVIORAL MODELING — 1. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 OPERATIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS.0 7.3 FUNCTIONAL BIFURCATION.1 7.4 INITIAL CONSTRUCT. 7.5 ALWAYS CONSTRUCT. 7.6 EXAMPLES. 7.7 ASSIGNMENTS WITH DELAYS. 7.8 wait CONSTRUCT. 7.9 MULTIPLE ALWAYS BLOCKS. 7.10 DESIGNS AT BEHAVIORAL LEVEL. 7.11 BLOCKING AND NONBLOCKING ASSIGNMENTS. 7.12 THE case STATEMENT. 7.13 SIMULATION FLOW. 7.14 EXERCISES. 8 BEHAVIORAL MODELING II. 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 8.2 if AND if–else CONSTRUCTS. 8.3 assign–deassign CONSTRUCT. 8.4 repeat CONSTRUCT. 8.5 for LOOP. 8.6 THE disable CONSTRUCT. 8.7 while LOOP. 8.8 forever LOOP. 8.9 PARALLEL BLOCKS. 8.10 force–release CONSTRUCT. 8.11 EVENT. 8.12 EXERCISES. 9 FUNCTIONS, TASKS, AND USER-DEFINED PRIMITIVES. 9.1 INTRODUCTIUON. 9.2 FUNCTION. 9.3 TASKS. 9.4 USER-DEFINED PRIMITIVES (UDP).2 9.5 EXERCISES. 10 SWITCH LEVEL MODELING 305 10.1 INTRODUCTION. 10.2 BASIC TRANSISTOR SWITCHES.5 10.3 CMOS SWITCH. 10.4 BIDIRECTIONAL GATES. 10.5 TIME DELAYS WITH SWITCH PRIMITIVES. 10.6 INSTANTIATIONS WITH STRENGTHS AND DELAYS. 10.7 STRENGTH CONTENTION WITH TRIREG NETS. 10.8 EXERCISES. 11 SYSTEM TASKS, FUNCTIONS, AND COMPILER DIRECTIVES 339 11.1 INTRODUCTION. 11.2 PARAMETERS.9 11.3 PATH DELAYS. 11.4 MODULE PARAMETERS. 11.5 SYSTEM TASKS AND FUNCTIONS. 11.6 FILE-BASED TASKS AND FUNCTIONS. 11.7 COMPILER DIRECTIVES. 11.8 HIERARCHICAL ACCESS. 11.9 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 11.10 EXERCISES. 12 QUEUES, PLAS, AND FSMS. 12.1 INTRODUCTION. 12.2 QUEUES. 12.3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES (PLDs). 12.4 DESIGN OF FINITE STATE MACHINES. 12.5 EXERCISES. APPENDIX A (Keywords and Their Significance). APPENDIX B (Truth Tables of Gates and Switches). REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisAn updated edition of the classic guide to technical communication Consider that 20 to 50 percent of a technology professional's time is spent communicating with others. Whether writing a memo, preparing a set of procedures, or making an oral presentation, effective communication is vital to your professional success.Trade Review"I wish I had known of this publication years ago. It would have made the growth of a professional career less chaotic and better organized...highly recommended to all professionals..." (Journal of Veterinary and Human Toxicology, Vol. 45, No. 5, October 2003)Table of ContentsPreface xiii PART I Getting Started: Writing the First Drafts Can Engineers Write? 3 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Joan Knapp Preparing to Write the Document: A Worksheet for Situational Analysis in the Workplace 7 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1990 Ronald J. Nelson Issue Trees: A Tool to Aid the Engineering Writer 12 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(2) June 1994 Joan Temple Dennett and Michael Hseih Ready, Aim—Write! 21 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-31(1) March 1988 Ruth C. Savakinas Beginnings and Endings: Keys to Better Engineering Technical Writing 24 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(4) December 1997 Marcia Martens Pierson and Bion L. Pierson Could You Be Clearer? An Examination of the Multiple Perspectives of Clarity 30 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(2) June 1992 Ronald E. Dulek The Grammar Instinct 34 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-45(2) June 2002 Alan D. Manning Comparing the Two Cultures in Technical Writing 39 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(2) June 1991 Don Bush PART II Construction and Content: Putting Documents Together Creating a Doc Spec 45 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(2) June 1999 Liz Wing Write a Good Technical Report 49 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Gael D. Ulrich How to Avoid the Transitional Ax in Indirect Bad News Messages 55 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(1) March 1991 Thomas L.Wiseman Job Hunting: Sharpening Your Competitive Edge 5 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(4) December 1984 Ron S. Blicq How to Write a Recommendation 6 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(4) December 1984 Alan D. Wilcox Some Guidance on Preparing Technical Articles for Publication 7 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Richard Manley, Judith Graham, and Ralph Baxter Today’s Style Guide:Trusted Tool with Added Potential 8 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(1) March 1998 Jane Perkins and Cassandra Maloney “Professional Communication” and the “Odor of Mendacity”: The Persistent Suspicion that Skillful Writing is Successful Lying 8 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-38(3) September 1995 Edmond H. Weiss PART III Text and Graphics: Presenting Information Visually Editing Visual Media 97 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(1) March 1998 Thomas R. Williams and Deborah A. Harkus Visual Discriminability of Headings in Text 110 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(2) June 1992 Thomas R. Williams and Jan H. Spyridakis Choosing the Right Graph 117 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-45(1) March 2002 Jean-Luc Doumont and Philippe Vandenbroek Table Construction: Do’s and Don’ts 123 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Eva Dukes Safety Labels: What to Put in Them, How to Write Them, and Where to Place Them 128 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-30(3) September 1987 Christopher Velotta Editing Math: What to Do with the Symbols 134 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-33(3) June 1990 Barry W. Burton Displaying Scientific Graphics on Computer 138 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(2) June 1997 Janet E. Lincoln and Donald L. Monk PART IV Manuals and Procedures: Giving Directions that Work Designing and Writing Operating Manuals 155 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Lidia Lopinto Manual Dexterity—What Makes Instructional Manuals Usable 158 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(2) June 1984 James P. Gleason and Joan P. Wackerman Selecting and Switching: Some Advantages of Diagrams Over Tables and Lists for Presenting Instructions 161 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(4) December 1998 Angelique Boekelder and Michael Steehouder Using a Structured Design Analysis To Simplify Complex In-House Computer Manuals 174 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(1) March 1992 John S. Craig Single-Source Manuals 180 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(2) June 1994 Gary Bist The Effects of Screen Captures in Manuals: A Textual and Two Visual Manuals Compared 187 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(2) June 1999 Mark Gellevij, Hans van der Meij, Ton deJong, and Jules Pieters The User Edit: Making Manuals Easier to Use 202 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-24(1) March 1981 Marshall A. Atlas PART V Proposals: Writing to Win the Customer Fifteen Questions to Help You Write Winning Proposals 207 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(2) June 1983 T. M. Georges The Short Proposal:Versatile Tool for Communicating Corporate Culture in Competitive Climates 208 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(2) June 1989 Bernard E. Budish and Richard L. Sandhusen Technical Writing and Illustrating Strategies for Winning Government Contracts 213 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-28(2) June 1992 Robert B. Greenly Storyboarding Can Help Your Proposal 219 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Robert A. Barakat Developing Winning Proposal Strategies 225 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(3) September 1991 Robert A. Barakat Clarification Questions That Work 235 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-31(2) June 1988 Annette D. Reilly Proposals: Write to Win 238 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(2) June 1983 Clark E. Beck Broadening Employment Horizons:Transferring Proposal Writing Skills from For-Profit to Nonprofit Organizations 240 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-39(2) June 1996 Sherry Shebley Hamilton PART VI Revising and Editing: Refining Your Documents Theory and Practice of Editing Processes in Technical Communication 247 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-28(1) March 1985 Roger E. Masse When the Basics Aren’t Enough: Finding a Comprehensive Editor 256 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(3) September 1994 Laurel K. Grove Collaborative Writing in the Workplace 260 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(3) September 1989 Charles R. Stratton Reverse Engineering: The Outline As Document Restructuring Tool 265 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-29(3) September 1986 Dietrich Rathjens How Writing Helps R&D Work 271 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-30(2) June 1987 Herbert B. Michaelson The Paradox of Revision: A Study of Writing as a Product in the Revision of Manuals 271 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-39(1) March 1996 Alice I. Philbin and Melissa M. Spirek Online Editing: Mark-Up Models and the Workplace Lives of Editors and Writers 279 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-38(3) June 1995 David K. Farkas and Steven E. Poltrock PART VII Oral Presentations: Speaking Effectively to Groups A Quick and Easy Strategy for Organizing a Speech 289 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-33(3) September 1990 Richard A. Lindeborg A Good Speech is Worth a Thousand (Written) Words 293 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Bert Decker The Engineering Presentation—Some Ideas on How to Approach and Present It 296 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(4) December 1983 Ronald C. Rosenburg Authenticity Beats Eloquence 299 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-30(2) June 1987 Susan Dressel and Joe Chew Handling a Hostile Audience—With Your Eyes 301 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Gilda Carle Improving Oral Marketing Presentations in the Technology-Based Company 304 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-31(2) June 1988 Michael F. Warlum Illustrations in Oral Presentations: Photographs 308 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(3) September 1998 Thomas Walsh Producing a Video on a Technical Subject: A Guide 312 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-36(2) June 1993 Danny Dowhal, Gary Bist, Peter Kohlman, Stan Musker, and Heather Rogers PART VIII Listening, Meeting, and Teamwork:Working with Others to Get Results You Haven’t Heard a Word I Said: Getting Managers to Listen 323 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(1) March 1994 Jo Procter Becoming an Effective Listener 326 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-23(2) June 1980 Marion E. Haynes Toward Better Meetings: A Psychologist’s View 330 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-24(3) September 1981 Eugene Raudsepp Presenting the Successful Technical Seminar 333 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(1) March 1983 Thomas Ealey Project Characteristics and Group Communication: An Investigation 336 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-45(2) June 2002 Tom L. Roberts, Paul H. Cheney, and Paul D. Sweeney Between Silence and Voice: Communicating in Cross-Functional Project Teams 351 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(1) March 1991 Linda Loehr A Dialogue Technique to Enhance Electronic Communication in Virtual Teams 357 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-43(2) June 2000 Bernard C. Y. Tan, Kwok-Kee Wei, Wayne W. Huang, and Guet-Ngoh Ng Videoconferencing as a Communication Tool 370 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Jan A. Sprey PART IX Global Communication: Conveying Meaning Internationally World Language Status Does Not Ensure World Class Usage 379 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(1) March 1992 Joann T. Dennett English Language Education for Specific Professional Needs 380 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-44(3) September 2001 Thomas Orr When Culture and Rhetoric Contrast: Examining English as the International Language of Technical Communication 385 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(4) December 1999 Kirk St. Amant The Organization of Japanese Expository Passages 389 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(3) September 1999 Waka Fukuoka and Jan H. Spyridakis Measuring the Translatability of Simplified English in Procedural Documents 398 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Jan H. Spyridakis, Heather Holmback, and Serena K. Shubert Babel in Document Design: The Evaluation of Multilingual Texts 407 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-43(3) September 2000 Leo Lentz and Jacquelin Hulst Aligning International Editing Efforts with Global Business Strategies 417 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(2) June 1992 Carol Leininger and Rue Yuan Tackling the Needs of Foreign Academic Writers: A Case Study 425 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Shimona Kushner PART X The Internet: Making the Most of Cyberspace Stylistic Guidelines for E-Mail 433 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-77(4) December 1994 Renee B. Horowitz and Marian G. Barchilon “Who’s Reading My E-Mail?” A Study of Professionals’ E-Mail Usage and Privacy Perceptions in the Workplace 439 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Patricia A. Chociey Customer Partnering: Data Gathering For Complex On-Line Documentation 446 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(2) June 1997 JoAnn T. Hackos, Molly Hammar, and Arthur Elser Challenges in Developing Research-Based Web Design Guidelines 455 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-43(3) September 2000 Mary B. Evans The Web and Corporate Communication: Potentials and Pitfalls 466 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-39(1) March 1996 Gary Ritzenthaler and David H. Ostroff Editing A Web Site: Extending the Levels of Edit 473 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(1) March 1998 Steven L. Anderson, Charles P. Campbell, Nancy Hindle, Jonathan Price, and Randall Scasny Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities: An Introduction for Web Developers 484 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-44(4) December 2001 Jeff Carter and Mike Markel A Conceptual Framework for International Web Design 493 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-44(2) June 2001 Fatemah M. Zahedi, William V. Van Pelt, and Jaeki Song Index 515 About the Editor 519

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Book SynopsisFormulation for Observed and Computed Values of Deep Space Network Data Types for Navigation documents the formation of the Regres of the Orbit Determination Program (ODP) of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Program Regres calculates the computed values of observed quantities (e.g.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Time Scales and Time Differences. Planetary Ephemeris, Small-Body Ephemeris, and Satellite Ephemerides. Spacecraft Ephemeris and Partials File. Geocentric Space-Fixed Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors of Tracking Station. Space-Fixed Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors of a Landed Spacecraft Relative to Center of Mass of Planet, Planetary System, or the Moon. Algorithms for Computing ET-TAI. Light-Time Solution. Angles. Media and Antenna Corrections. Calculation of Precision Light Times and Quasar Delays. Partial Derivatives of Precision Light Times and Quasar Delays. Observables. References. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisBandwidth-Efficient Digital Modulation with Application to Deep-Space Communications defines, describes, and then gives the performance (power and bandwidth) of digital communication systems that incorporate a large variety of the bandwidth-efficient modulations.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Constant Envelope Modulations. 2.1 The Need for Constant Envelope. 2.2 Quadriphase-Shift-Keying and Offset (Staggered) Quadriphase-Shift-Keying. 2.3 Differentially Encoded QPSK and Offset (Staggered) QPSK. 2.4 /4-QPSK: A Variation of Differentially Encoded QPSK with Instantaneous Amplitude Fluctuation Halfway between That of QPSK and OQPSK. 2.5 Power Spectral Density Considerations. 2.6 Ideal Receiver Performance. 2.7 Performance in the Presence of Nonideal Transmitters. 2.7.1 Modulator Imbalance and Amplifier Nonlinearity. 2.7.2 Data Imbalance. 2.8 Continuous Phase Modulation. 2.8.1 Full Response-MSK and SFSK. 2.8.2 Partial Response-Gaussian MSK. 2.9 Simulation Performance. References. Chapter 3: Quasi-Constant Envelope Modulations. 3.1 Brief Review of IJF-QPSK and SQORC and their Relation to FQPSK. 3.2 A Symbol-by-Symbol Cross-Correlator Mapping for FQPSK. 3.3 Enhanced FQPSK. 3.4 Interpretation of FQPSK as a Trellis-Coded Modulation. 3.5 Optimum Detection. 3.6 Suboptimum Detection. 3.6.1 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection. 3.6.2 Average Bit-Error Probability Performance. 3.6.3 Further Receiver Simplifications and FQPSK-B Performance. 3.7 Cross-Correlated Trellis-Coded Quadrature Modulation. 3.7.1 Description of the Transmitter. 3.7.2 Specific Embodiments. 3.8 Other Techniques. 3.8.1 Shaped Offset QPSK. References. Chapter 4: Bandwidth-Efficient Modulations with More Envelope Fluctuation. 4.1 Bandwidth-Efficient TCM with Prescribed Decoding Delay-Equal Signal Energie. 4.1.1 ISI-Based Transmitter Implementation. 4.1.2 Evaluation of the Power Spectral Density. 4.1.3 Optimizing the Bandwidth Efficiency. 4.2 Bandwidth-Efficient TCM with Prescribed Decoding Delay-Unequal Signal Energies. References. Chapter 5: Strictly Bandlimited Modulations with Large Envelope Fluctuation (Nyquist Signaling). 5.1 Binary Nyquist Signaling. 5.2 Multilevel and Quadrature Nyquist Signaling. References. Chapter 6: Summary. 6.1 Throughput Performance Comparisons. References.

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Book SynopsisDetails the evolution of the large parabolic dish antennas, from the initial 26 m operation at L band (960 MHz) in 1958 through the Ka band (32 GHz) operation on the 70 m antenna, used to support radio and radar astronomy observations in the exploration of the solar system and the universe.Trade Review"There is great benefit from the analysis and physical insight presented in this book." (IEEE Antennas and Propagation, February 2004)Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Deep Space Station 11: Pioneer-The First Large Deep Space Network Cassegrain Antenna 71 Chapter 3: Deep Space Station 12: Echo 79 Chapter 4: Deep Space Station 13: Venus 89 Chapter 5: Deep Space Station 14: Mars 97 Chapter 6: Deep Space Station 15: Uranus-The First 34-Meter High-Efficiency Antenna 157 Chapter 7: The 34-Meter Research and Development Beam-Waveguide Antenna 167 Chapter 8: The 34-Meter Beam-Waveguide Operational Antennas 225 Chapter 9: The Antenna Research System Task 257 Chapter 10: The Next-Generation Deep Space Network 283 Acronyms and Abbreviations 295

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Book SynopsisWiley Survival Guide in Global Telecommunications: Signaling Principles, Protocols, and Wireless Systems provides a rapid introduction to the whole field of telecom technologies and will provide a consistent starting point for further study for the diverse set of interested populations, which the author differentiates into the following five categories: the rare telecom generalists, who can conceptually grasp the full picture; the greater number of individuals who are technical contributors, scientists, and engineers who concentrate on top-level applications; the majority of end users and consumers, professionals and private; the population of some underdeveloped countries who rarely or never use any of these technologies. The book provides a comprehensive approach to telecom accessible to a broad audience. Each chapter concludes with a summary and exercises with solutions in some cases. Advanced equations requiring math background to appear only in the Appendix, and referenTable of ContentsForword, ix Preface, xiii Acronyms, xix Introduction: The Network Cloud, 1 CHAPTER 1 Signal Modulation, Coding, Detection and Processing, 11 1.1 Waves and Analog Signals, 12 1.1.1 Sinusoids and Waveforms, 13 1.1.2 Analog Waveform Modulation, 16 1.1.3 Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Voice Channels, 19 1.2 Digital Signals and Coding, 22 1.2.1 Binary Number Representation, 23 1.2.2 Binary Coding into Waveforms, 26 1.2.3 Multilevel Coding and M-ary Modulation, 31 1.3 Analog-to-Digital Voice Conversion, 33 1.3.1 Pulse-Code Modulation, 33 1.3.2 Differential and Adaptative PCM, 36 1.3.3 Other Conversion Techniques, 38 1.4 Channel Noise, 39 1.4.1 Signal Mean and Variance, 39 1.4.2 The Gaussian or Normal Probability Distribution, 41 1.4.3 Eye Diagram of Binary Signals, 41 1.5 Binary Transmission and Detection, 44 1.5.1 Transmission System Elements, 44 1.5.2 Direct-Detection Binary Receivers, 48 1.5.3 Coherent Detection, 52 1.5.4 System Power Budget, 57 1.5.5 In-line Regeneration and Amplification, 57 1.5.6 Noise Figure of Active/Passive Transmission System Elements, 59 1.6 Error-Correction Coding, 62 1.6.1 Linear Block Codes, 63 1.6.2 Cyclic Codes, 68 1.6.3 Types of Error-Correcting Codes, 70 1.7 Channel Information Capacity, 72 1.7.1 Channel Information and Entropy, 73 1.7.2 Coding Efficiency, 75 1.7.3 Mutual Information, Equivocation and Channel Capacity, 76 1.7.4 Shannon–Hartley Law, 79 1.7.5 Bandwidth Efficiency, 82 Exercises, 85 My Vocabulary, 87 CHAPTER 2 Telephony and Data Networking, 91 2.1 Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) and Services, 91 2.1.1 PSTN Topology, 92 2.1.2 Making a Phone Connection, 94 2.1.3 Interoffice Trunking and PSTN Environment, 95 2.1.4 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX) and Centrexes, 98 2.1.5 Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), 98 2.2 Analog Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 101 2.2.1 FDM Hierarchy, 102 2.3 Plesiosynchronous Multiplexing, 103 2.3.1 T-Span Multiplexing and Framing, 104 2.3.2 Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy, 105 2.4 Packet-Switched Networks, 109 2.4.1 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model, 112 2.4.2 X.25 and Frame Relay, 115 2.5 Local Area Networks, 118 2.5.1 Network Topology and Connectivity, 119 2.5.2 Ethernet, 122 2.5.3 Token Bus and Token Ring, 123 2.5.4 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 124 2.5.5 Switched Multimegabit Digital Service (SMDS), 128 Exercises, 130 My Vocabulary, 131 CHAPTER 3 An Overview of Core-Network Transmission Protocols, 133 3.1 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Protocols, 133 3.1.1 Limitations of Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy, 134 3.1.2 SDH Framing Structure, 135 3.1.3 SONET Framing Structure, 139 3.1.4 STM-N and STS-N Framing, 142 3.1.5 SONET/SDH Network Services, 145 3.2 Asynchronous Transfer-Mode (ATM) Protocol, 147 3.2.1 ATM Cell Structure, 148 3.2.2 Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths, 150 3.2.3 ATM Protocol Reference Model (PRM), 152 3.2.4 Adaptation Layer (AAL) Service Types, 154 3.2.5 ATM Network Connection Types and Service Classes, 156 3.2.6 Mapping Protocols Over ATM and the Reverse, 158 3.3 Transmission Control (TCP) and Internet (IP) Protocols, 159 3.3.1 The TCP/IP Suite and Application Layers Stack, 160 3.3.2 The Internet and Internet Connectivities, 162 3.3.3 IP Addressing Format, 163 3.3.4 Datagram Routing, 166 3.3.5 TCP and IP Datagram/Packet Structures (IPv4/IPv6), 169 3.3.6 IP-Layer Functions, 180 3.3.7 Applications Service-Layer Functions, 182 3.3.8 E-mail Addressing, 185 3.3.9 Web-Site Addressing, 186 3.3.10 Mapping IP Over ATM, SDH/SONET, and WDM, 188 3.3.11 The Internet and www Jargon, 192 Exercises, 201 My Vocabulary, 201 CHAPTER 4 Wireless Communications, 205 4.1 Basic Physics of Radio-Wave Signals, 205 4.1.1 Generation of Electromagnetic Waves, 205 4.1.2 Radio Wavebands, 210 4.1.3 Types of Antenna, 213 4.1.4 Radio-Wave Propagation and Reception, 226 4.1.5 Multipath Interference, 235 4.1.6 Effective Noise Temperature, Noise Figure and CNR, 239 4.2 Mobile Radio Communications, 245 4.2.1 Cellular Telephone Networks, 247 4.2.2 Network Grade of Service, 250 4.2.3 Early 1G Mobile Systems and Frequency Allocations, 252 4.2.4 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 256 4.2.5 From 2.5G Towards 3G Mobile Systems, 265 4.2.6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and cdma2000, 267 4.2.6 3G Services and Beyond 3G, 275 4.2.7 Wireless ATM (WATM) Networks, 277 4.3 Satellite-Based Communications, 281 4.3.1 Types of Satellite-Based Network Services, 281 4.3.2 Engineering Basics of Satellite Orbits, 283 4.3.3 Satellite Telecommunications, 306 4.3.4 High-Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS), 320 4.4 Fixed Wireless Networks, 326 4.4.1 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), 327 4.4.2 Free-Space Optics (FSO), 332 4.4.3 Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wi-Fi, 335 4.4.4 Personal-Area Networks (PAN): IrDA and Bluetooth, 340 4.4.5 Wireless Internet Access: WAP and i-Mode, 341 Exercises, 342 My Vocabulary, 345 Solutions to Exercises, 349 Bibliography, 383 Index, 387

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Book SynopsisAn excellent introduction to the SiGe BiCMOS technology, from the underlying device physics to current applications. -Ron Wilson, EETimes SiGe technology has demonstrated the ability to provide excellent high-performance characteristics with very low noise, at high power gain, and with excellent linearity. This book is a comprehensive review of the technology and of the design methods that go with it. -Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli Professor, University of California, Berkeley Cofounder, Chief Technology Officer, Member of Board Cadence Design Systems Inc. Filled with in-depth insights and expert advice, Silicon Germanium covers all the key aspects of this technology and its applications. Beginning with a brief introduction to and historical perspective of IBM''s SiGe technology, this comprehensive guide quickly moves on to: * Detail many of IBM''s SiGe technology development programs * Explore IBM''s approach to deTrade Review"The text is recommended for engineering libraries serving electrical and computer engineering programs and engineers." (E-STREAMS, October 2004)Table of ContentsContributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. A Historical Perspective at IBM. Technology Development. Modeling and Characterization. Design Automation and Signal Integrity. Leading-Edge Applications. Appendix. Index. About the Authors.

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Book Synopsis* Builds on the success of the first Razavi book, covering the most recent developments in phase-locked loop technology* Will include an introductory "tutorial" chapter composed by the editor which will outline and explain in brief the recent advances in PLL design. .Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. Part I: Original Contributions. Devices and Circuits for Phase-Locked Systems. Delay-Locked Loops - An Overview. Delta-Sigma Fractional-N Phase-Locked Loops. Design Bang-Bang PLLs for Clock and Data Recovery in Serial Data Transmission Systems. Predicting the Phase Noise and Jitter of PLL-Based Frequency Synthesizers. Part II: Devices. Physics-Based Closed-Form Inductance Expression for Compact Modeling of Integrated Spiral Inductors. The Modeling, Characterization, and Design of Monolithic Inductors for Silicon RF IC's. Analysis, Design, and Optimization of Spiral Inductors and Transformers for Si RF IC's. Stacked Inductors and Transformers in CMOS Technology. Estimation Methods for Quality Factors of Inductors Fabricated in Silicon Integrated Circuit Process Technologies. A Q-Factor Enhancement Technique for MMIC Inductors. On-Chip Spiral Inductors with Patterned Ground Shields for Si-Based RF IC's. The Effects of a Ground Shield on the Characteristics and Performance of Spiral Inductors. Temperature Dependence of Q and Inductance in Spiral Inductors Fabricated in a Silicon-Germanium/BiCMOS Technology. Substrate Noise Coupling Through Planar Spiral Inductor. Design of High-Q Varactors for Low-Power Wireless Applications Using a Standard CMOS Process. On the Use of MOS Varactors in RF VCO's. Part III: Phase Noise and Jitter. Low-Noise Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Using Enhanced LC-Tanks. A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators. A General Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators. Physical Processes of Phase Noise in Differential LC Oscillators. Phase Noise in LC Oscillators. The Effect of Varactor Nonlinearity on the Phase Noise of Completely Integrated VCOs. Jitter in Ring Oscillators. Jitter and Phase Noise in Ring Oscillators. A Study of Oscillator Jitter Due to Supply and Substrate Noise. Measurements and Analysis of PLL Jitter Caused by Digital Switching Noise. On-Chip Measurement of the Jitter Transfer Function of Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops. Part IV: Building Blocks. A Low-Noise, Low-Power VCO with Automatic Amplitude Control for Wireless Applications. A Fully Integrated VCO at 2 GHz. Tail Current Noise Suppression in RF CMOS VCOs. Low-Power Low-Phase-Noise Differentially Tuned Quadrature VCO Design in Standard CMOS. Analysis and Design of an Optimally Coupled 5-GHz Quadrature LC Oscillator. A 1.57-GHz Fully Integrated Very Low-Phase-Noise Quadrature VCO. A Low-Phase-Noise 5GHz Quadrature CMOS VCO Using Common-Mode Inductive Coupling. An Integrated 10/5GHz Injection-Locked Quadrature LC VCO in a 0.18[mu]m Digital CMOS Process. Rotary Traveling-Wave Oscillator Arrays: A New Clock Technology. 35-GHz Static and 48-GHz Dynamic Frequency Divider IC's Using 0.2-[mu]m AlGaAs/GaAs-HEMT's. Superharmonic Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers. A Family of Low-Power Truly Modular Programmable Dividers in Standard 0.35-[mu]m CMOS Technology. A 1.75-GHz/3-V Dual-Modulus Divide-by-128/129 Prescaler in 0.7-[mu]m CMOS. A 1.2 GHz CMOS Dual-Modulus Prescaler Using New Dynamic D-Type Flip-Flops. High-Speed Architecture for a Programmable Frequency Divider and a Dual-Modulus Prescaler. A 1.6-GHz Dual Modulus Prescaler Using the Extended True-Single-Phase-Clock CMOS Circuit Technique (E-TSPC). A Simple Precharged CMOS Phase Frequency Detector. Part V: Clock Generation by PLLs and DLLs. A 320 MHz, 1.5 mW @ 1.35 V CMOS PLL for Microprocessor Clock Generation. A Low Jitter 0.3-165 MHz CMOS PLL Frequency Synthesizer for 3 V/5 V Operation. Low-Jitter Process-Independent DLL and PLL Based on Self-Biased Techniques. A Low-Jitter PLL Clock Generator for Microprocessors with Lock Range of 340-612 MHz. A 960-Mb/s/pin Interface for Skew-Tolerant Bus Using Low Jitter PLL. Active GHz Clock Network Using Distributed PLLs. A Low-Noise Fast-Lock Phase-Locked Loop with Adaptive Bandwidth Control. A Low-Jitter 125-1250-MHz Process-Independent and Ripple-Poleless 0.18-[mu]m CMOS PLL Based on a Sample-Reset Loop Filter. A Dual-Loop Delay-Locked Loop Using Multiple Voltage-Controlled Delay Lines. An All-Analog Multiphase Delay-Locked Loop Using a Replica Delay Line for Wide-Range Operation and Low-Jitter Performance. A Semidigital Dual Delay-Locked Loop. A Wide-Range Delay-Locked Loop with a Fixed Latency of One Clock Cycle. A Portable Digital DLL for High-Speed CMOS Interface Circuits. CMOS DLL-Base 2-V 3.2-ps Jitter 1-GHz Clock Synthesizer and Temperature-Compensated Tunable Oscillator. A 1.5V 86 mW/ch 8-Channel 622-3125-Mb/s/ch CMOS SerDes Macrocell with Selectable Mux/Demux Ratio. A Register-Controlled Symmetrical DLL for Double-Data-Rate DRAM. A Low-Jitter Wide-Range Skew-Calibrated Dual-Loop DLL Using Antifuse Circuitry for High-Speed DRAM. Part VI: RF Synthesis. An Adaptive PLL Tuning System Architecture Combining High Spectral Purity and Fast Settling Time. A 2-V 900-MHz Monolithic CMOS Dual-Loop Frequency Synthesizer for GSM Receivers. A CMOS Frequency Synthesizer with an Injection-Locked Frequency Divider for a 5-GHz Wireless LAN Receiver. A 2.6-GHz/5.2-GHz Frequency Synthesizer in 0.4-[mu]m CMOS Technology. Fast Switching Frequency Synthesizer with a Discriminator-Aided Phase Detector. Low-Power Dividerless Frequency Synthesis Using Aperture Phase Detection. A Stabilization Technique for Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers. A Modeling Approach for [Sigma]-[Delta] Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers Allowing Straightforward Noise Analysis. A Fully Integrated CMOS Frequency Synthesizer with Charge-Averaging Charge Pump and Dual-Path Loop Filter for PCS- and Cellular-CDMA Wireless Systems. A 1.1-GHz CMOS Fraction-N Frequency Synthesizer With a 3-b Third-Order [Sigma]-[Delta] Modulator. A 1.8-GHz Self-Calibrated Phase-Locked Loop with Precise I/Q Matching. A 27-mW CMOS Fractional-N Synthesizer Using Digital Compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK Modulation. A CMOS Monolothic [Sigma][Delta]-Controlled Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer for DSC-1800. Part VII: Clock and Data Recovery. A 2.5-Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery IC with Tunable Jitter Characteristics for Use in LAN's and WAN's. Clock/Data Recovery PLL Using Half-Frequency Clock. A 0.5-[mu]m CMOS 4.0-Gbit/s Serial Link Transceiver with Data Recovery Using Oversampling. A 2-1600-MHz CMOS Clock Recovery PLL with Low-Vdd Capability. SiGe Clock and Data Recovery IC with Linear-Type PLL for 10-Gb/s SONET Application. A Fully Integrated SiGe Receiver IC for 10-Gb/s Data Rate. A 10-Gb/s CMOS Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with a Half-Rate Linear Phase Detector. A 10-Gb/s CMOS Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with Frequency Detection. A 10-Gb/s CDR/DEMUX with LC Delay Line VCO in 0.18[mu]m CMOS. A 40-Gb/s Integrated Clock and Data Recovery Circuit in a 50-GHz f[subscript T] Silicon Bipolar Technology. A Fully Integrated 40-Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery IC With 1:4 DEMUX in SiGe Technology. Clock and Data Recovery IC for 40-Gb/s Fiber-Optic Receiver. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday''s need-to-know optimization techniques, at your fingertips The use of optimization methods is familiar territory to academicians and researchers. Yet, in today''s world of deregulated electricity markets, it''s just as important for electric power professionals to have a solid grasp of these increasingly relied upon techniques. Making those techniques readily accessible is the hallmark of Optimization Principles: Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets of the Electric Power Industry. With deregulation, market rules and economic principles dictate that commodities be priced at the marginal value of their production. As a result, it''s necessary to work with ever-more-sophisticated algorithms using optimization techniques-either for the optimal dispatch of the system itself, or for pricing commodities and the settlement of markets. Succeeding in this new environment takes a good understanding of methods that involve linear and nonTrade Review"...an important contribution to the field of power system analysis...should provide the reader with a pleasant learning experience." (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, November/December 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. PART I: MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND. 2. Fundamentals of Matrix Algebra. PART II: LINEAR OPTIMIZATION. 3. Solution of Equations, Inequalities, and Linear Programs. 4. Solved Linear Program Problems. PART III: NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION. 5. Mathematical Background to Nonlinear Programs. 6. Unconstrained Nonlinear Optimization. 7. Constrained Nonlinear Optimization. 8. Solved Nonlinear Optimization Problems. Appendix A: Basic Principles of Electricity. Appendix B: Network Equations. Appendix C: Relation Between Pseudo-Inverse and Least-Square Error Fit. Bibliography. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisOutlines the expertise essential to the successful operation and design of every type of telecommunications network in use. This edition also covers the important developments.Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Chapter 1 Basic Telephony 1 Chapter 2 Local Networks 41 Chapter 3 Switching in an Analog Environment 73 Chapter 4 Signaling for Analog Telephone Networks 111 Chapter 5 Introduction to Transmission for Telephony 139 Chapter 6 Long-Distance Networks 157 Chapter 7 The Design of Long-Distance Links 185 Chapter 8 Digital Transmission Systems 261 Chapter 9 Digital Switching and Networks 317 Chapter 10 Introduction to Data Communications 365 Chapter 11 Data Networks and their Operation 409 Chapter 12 Voice-Over IP 483 Chapter 13 Local Area Networks 501 Chapter 14 Integrated Services Digital Networks 565 Chapter 15 Speeding Things Up with Frame Relay 603 Chapter 16 The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Broadband ISDN 631 Chapter 17 CCITT Signaling System No. 7 681 Chapter 18 Wireless and Cellular/Mobile Radio 737 Chapter 19 Last-Mile Broadband Connectivity and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 805 Chapter 20 Optical Networking 835 Chapter 21 Network Management 871 Appendix 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations 911 Index 931

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Book SynopsisProvides an integrated view of the five kinds of enabling technologies in terms of knowledge media architectures such as: multimedia and hypermedia, object oriented GUI and visual programming, reusable component software and component integration, network publishing and electronic commerce, and object oriented and multimedia databases.Trade Review"…very interesting…recommended…" (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 4)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Overview and Introduction. 1.1 Why Meme Media? 1.2 How Do Meme Media Change the Reuse of Web Contents? 1.3 How Do Meme Media Work? 1.4 Frequently Asked Questions and Limitations. 1.5 Organization of this Book. 2 Knowledge Media and Meme Media. 2.1 Introduction to Knowledge Media and Meme Media. 2.2 From Information Technologies to Media Technologies. 2.3 Summary. References. 3 Augmentation Media Architectures and Technologies—A Brief Survey. 3.1 History and Evolution of Augmentation Media. 3.2 History and Evolution of Knowledge-Media Architectures. 3.3 Meme Media and their Applications. 3.4 Web Technologies and Meme Media. 3.5 Summary. References. 4 An Outline of IntelligentPad and Its Development History. 4.1 Brief Introduction to IntelligentPad. 4.2 IntelligentPad Architecture. 4.3 Worldwide Marketplace Architectures for Pads. 4.4 End-User Computing and Media Toolkit System. 4.5 Open Cross-Platform Reusability. 4.6 Reediting and Redistribution by End-Users. 4.7 Extension toward 3D Representation Media. 4.8 Summary. References. 5 Object Orientation and MVC. 5.1 Object-Oriented System Architecture—A Technical Introduction. 5.2 Class Refinement and Prototyping. 5.3 Model, View, Controller. 5.4 Window Systems and Event Dispatching. 5.5 Summary. References. 6 Component Integration. 6.1 Object Reusability. 6.2 Components and Application Linkage. 6.3 Compound Documents and Object Embedding/Linking. 6.4 Generic Components. 6.5 What to Reuse—Components or Sample Compositions? 6.6 Reuses and Maintenance. 6.7 Integration of Legacy Software. 6.8 Distributed Component Integration and Web Technologies. 6.9 Summary. References. 7 Meme Media Architecture. 7.1 Current Megatrends in Computer Systems. 7.2 Primitive Media Objects. 7.3 Composition through Slot Connections. 7.4 Compound-Document Architecture. 7.5 Standard Messages between Pads. 7.6 Physical and Logical Events and their Dispatching. 7.7 Save and Exchange Format. 7.8 Copy and Shared Copy. 7.9 Global Variable Pads. 7.10 Summary. References. 8 Utilities for Meme Media. 8.1 Generic Utility Functions as Pads. 8.2 FieldPad for the Event Sharing. 8.3 StagePad for Programming User Operations. 8.4 Geometrical Management of Pads. 8.5 Proxy Pads to Assimilate External Objects. 8.6 Legacy Software Migration. 8.7 Special Effect Techniques. 8.8 Expression Pad. 8.9 Transformation Pads. 8.10 Summary. References. 9 Multimedia Application Framework. 9.1 Component Pads for Multimedia Application Frameworks. 9.2 Articulation of Objects. 9.3 Hypermedia Framework. 9.4 Summary. References. 10 IntelligentPad and Databases. 10.1 Relational Databases, Object-Oriented Databases, and Instance Bases. 10.2 Form Bases. 10.3 Pads as Attribute Values. 10.4 Multimedia Database. 10.5 Hypermedia Database. 10.6 Geographical Information Databases. 10.7 Content-Based Search and Context-Based Search. 10.8 Management and Retrieval of Pads. 10.9 Summary. References. 11 Meme Pool Architectures. 11.1 Pad Publication Repository and the WWW. 11.2 Pad Publication and Pad Migration. 11.3 Web Pages as Pad Catalog. 11.4 URL-Anchor Pads. 11.5 HTMLViewerPad with Embedded Arbitrary Composite Pads. 11.6 New Publication Media. 11.7 Annotation on Web Pages. 11.8 Piazza as a Meme Pool. 11.9 Reediting and Redistributing Web Content as Meme Media Objects. 11.10 Redistribution and Publication of Meme Media Objects as Web Content. 11.11 Summary. References. 12 Electronic Commerce for Pads. 12.1 Electronic Commerce. 12.2 From Pay-per-Copy to Pay-per-Use. 12.3 Digital Accounting, Billing, and Payment. 12.4 Ecology of Pads in the Market. 12.5 Superdistribution of Pads. 12.6 Pad Integration and Package Business. 12.7 Summary. References. 13 Spatiotemporal Editing of Pads. 13.1 Geometrical Arrangement of Pads. 13.2 Time-Based Arrangement of Pads. 13.3 Spatiotemporal Editing of Pads. 13.4 Information Visualization. 13.5 Summary. References. 14 Dynamic Interoperability of Pads and Workflow Modeling. 14.1 Dynamic Interoperability of Pads Distributed across Networks. 14.2 Extended Form-Flow System. 14.3 Pad-Flow Systems. 14.4 Dynamic Interoperability across Networks. 14.5 Workflow and Concurrent Engineering. 14.6 Summary. References. 15 Agent Media. 15.1 Three Different Meanings of Agents. 15.2 Collaborative-and-Reactive Agents and Pads. 15.3 Mobile Agents and Pads. 15.4 Pad Migration and Script Languages. 15.5 Summary. References. 16 Software Engineering with IntelligentPad. 16.1 IntelligentPad as Middleware. 16.2 Concurrent Engineering in Software Development. 16.3 Components and Their Integration. 16.4 Patterns and Frameworks in IntelligentPad. 16.5 From Specifications to a Composite Pad. 16.6 Pattern Specifications and the Reuse of Pads. 16.7 IntelligentPad as a Software Development Framework. 16.8 Summary. References. 17 Other Applications of IntelligentPad. 17.1 Capabilities Brought by the Implementation in IntelligentPad. 17.2 Tool Integration Environments and Personal Information Management. 17.3 Educational Applications. 17.4 Web Page Authoring. 17.5 Other Applications. 17.6 Summary. 18 3D Meme Media. 18.1 3D Meme Media IntelligentBox. 18.2 3D Application Systems. 18.3 IntelligentBox Architecture. 18.4 Example Boxes and Utility Boxes. 18.5 Animation with IntelligentBox. 18.6 Information Visualization with IntelligentBox. 18.7 Component-Based Framework for Database Reification. 18.8 Virtual Scientific Laboratory Framework. 18.9 3D Meme Media and a Worldwide Repository of Boxes as a Meme Pool. 18.10 Summary. References. 19 Organization and Access of Meme Media Objects. 19.1 Organization and Access of Intellectual Resources. 19.2 Topica Framework. 19.3 The Application Horizon of the Topica Framework. 19.4 Queries over the Web of Topica Documents. 19.5 Related Research. 19.6 Summary. References. 20 IntelligentPad Consortium and Available Software. 20.1 IntelligentPad Consortium. 20.2 Available Software. 20.3 Concluding Remarks. Author Index. Subject Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisDeals with the fundamentals of genetic algorithms and their applications in a variety of different areas of engineering and science. This book includes the MATLAB codes and provides a discussion of hybrid genetic algorithms, as well as more examples. It also gives an introduction to the subject of genetic algorithms.Trade Review"Statisticians and computing scientists will like this book very much and will benefit greatly from it." (Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, November 2005) "…an excellent introduction to the world of optimization with its distinct vocabulary and tools." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, September 2005) "I recommend it highly to anyone who is interested in trying to explore this powerful tool to optimization problems in his or her area of interest." (International Journal of General Systems, June 2005) "…a nice step-by-step introduction to genetic algorithms (GA) which is specifically designed for practitioners…" (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2005) "This book is very nice to read. It is ideal for some interesting evening study." (Technometrics, May 2005) "…this book is a worthwhile addition to any course in optimization and/or Gas. It could also serve as a practical guide and template source for researchers…" (Computing Reviews.com, September 30, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to First Edition. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction to Optimization. 1.1 Finding the Best Solution. 1.2 Minimum-Seeking Algorithms. 1.3 Natural Optimization Methods. 1.4 Biological Optimization: Natural Selection. 1.5 The Genetic Algorithm. 2. The Binary Genetic Algorithm. 2.1 Genetic Algorithms: Natural Selection on a Computer. 2.2 Components of a Binary Genetic Algorithm. 2.3 A Parting Look. 3. The Continuous Genetic Algorithm. 3.1 Components of a Continuous Genetic Algorithm. 3.2 A Parting Look. 4. Basic Applications. 4.1 "Mary Had a Little Lamb". 4.2 Algorithmic Creativity-Genetic Art. 4.3 Word Guess. 4.4 Locating an Emergency Response Unit. 4.5 Antenna Array Design. 4.6 The Evolution of Horses. 4.7 Summary. 5. An Added Level of Sophistication. 5.1 Handling Expensive Cost Functions. 5.2 Multiple Objective Optimization. 5.3 Hybrid GA. 5.4 Gray Codes. 5.5 Gene Size. 5.6 Convergence. 5.7 Alternative Crossovers for Binary GAs. 5.8 Population. 5.9 Mutation. 5.10 Permutation Problems. 5.11 Selling GA Parameters. 5.12 Continuous versus Binary GA. 5.13 Messy Genetic Algorithms. 5.14 Parallel Genetic Algorithms. 6. Advanced Applications. 6.1 Traveling Salespersons Problem. 6.2 Locating an Emergency Response Unit Revisited. 6.3 Decoding a Secret Message. 6.4 Robot Trajectory Planning. 6.5 Stealth Design. 6.6 Building Dynamical Inverse Models-The Linear Case. 6.7 Building Dynamical Inverse Models-The Nonlinear Case. 6.8 Combining GAs with Simulations-Air Pollution Receptor Modeling. 6.9 Combining Methods Neural Nets with GAs. 6.10 Solving High-Order Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. 7. More Natural Optimization Algorithms. 7.1 Simulated Annealing. 7.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). 7.3 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). 7.4 Genetic Programming (GP). 7.5 Cultural Algorithms. 7.6 Evolutionary Strategies. 7.7 The Future of Genetic Algorithms. Appendix I: Test Functions. Appendix II: MATLAB Code. Appendix III. High-Performance Fortran Code. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introduction to microwave engineering. The scope of this book extends from topics for a first course in electrical engineering, in which impedances are analyzed using complex numbers, through the introduction of transmission lines that are analyzed using the Smith Chart, and on to graduate level subjects, such as equivalent circuits for obstacles in hollow waveguides, analyzed using Green's Functions. This book is a virtual encyclopedia of circuit design methods. Despite the complexity, topics are presented in a conversational manner for ease of comprehension. The book is not only an excellent text at the undergraduate and graduate levels, but is as well a detailed reference for the practicing engineer. Consider how well informed an engineer will be who has become familiar with these topics as treated in High Frequency Techniques: (in order of presentation) Brief history of wireless (radio) and the Morse codeU.S. Radio Frequency AllocatTrade Review"The intent of including so much theoretical and practical material in this text is to provide an immediate familiarity with a variety of circuits, their capabilities and limitations, and the means to design them." (Microwave Journal, May 2004) "I have not seen a better book for an undergraduate course, short course, an office book-shelf, or as an introduction for a coworker." (IEEE Microwave Magazine, June 2004) "Although structured as a textbook, engineers at all experience levels can benefit source: a review of the fundamental topics…will be used regularly by any engineer who buys this book for his or her reference library." (High Frequency Electronics, March 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 2. Review of Alternating Current Analysis and Network Simulation. 3. LC Resonance and Matching Networks. 4. Distributed Circuit Design. 5. The Smith Chart. 6. Matrix Analysis. 7. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. 8. Directional Couplers. 9. Filter Design. 10. Transistor Amplifier Design. Appendix A: Symbols and Units. Appendix B: Complex Mathematics. Appendix C: Diameter and Resistance of Annealed Copper Wire by Gauge Size. Appendix D: Properties of Some Materials. Appendix E: Standard Rectangular Waveguides. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how developing solutions with heuristic tools offers two major advantages: shortened development time and more robust systems. It begins with an overview of modern heuristic techniques and goes on to cover specific applications of heuristic approaches to power system problems, such as security assessment, optimal power flow, power system scheduling and operational planning, power generation expansion planning, reactive power planning, transmission and distribution planning, network reconfiguration, power system control, and hybrid systems of heuristic methods.Trade ReviewThis text provides excellent, expert level, treatment of a very important systems engineering topic that will benefit students and practicing engineers. (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 3rd Quarter, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xxi Contributors xxvii Part 1 Theory of Modern Heuristic Optimization 1 1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 3 David B. Fogel 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Advantages of Evolutionary Computation 4 1.2.1 Conceptual Simplicity 4 1.2.2 Broad Applicability 6 1.2.3 Outperform Classic Methods on Real Problems 7 1.2.4 Potential to Use Knowledge and Hybridize with Other Methods 8 1.2.5 Parallelism 8 1.2.6 Robust to Dynamic Changes 9 1.2.7 Capability for Self-Optimization 10 1.2.8 Able to Solve Problems That Have No Known Solutions 11 1.3 Current Developments 12 1.3.1 Review of Some Historical Theory in Evolutionary Computation 12 1.3.2 No Free Lunch Theorem 12 1.3.3 Computational Equivalence of Representations 14 1.3.4 Schema Theorem in the Presence of Random Variation 16 1.3.5 Two-Armed Bandits and the Optimal Allocation of Trials 17 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2 Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms 25 Alexandre P. Alves da Silva and Djalma M. Falcao 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Modern Heuristic Search Techniques 25 2.3 Introduction to GAs 27 2.4 Encoding 28 2.5 Fitness Function 30 2.5.1 Premature Convergence 32 2.5.2 Slow Finishing 32 2.6 Basic Operators 33 2.6.1 Selection 33 2.6.2 Crossover 36 2.6.3 Mutation 38 2.6.4 Control Parameters Estimation 38 2.7 Niching Methods 38 2.8 Parallel Genetic Algorithms 39 2.9 Final Comments 40 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 3 Fundamentals of Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming 43 Vladimiro Miranda 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Evolution Strategies 46 3.2.1 The General (µ, κ, λ, ρ) Evolution Strategies Scheme 47 3.2.2 Some More Basic Concepts 50 3.2.3 The Early (1 + 1)ES and the 1/5 Rule 51 3.2.4 Focusing on the Optimum 53 3.2.5 The (1, λ)ES and σSA Self-Adaptation 54 3.2.6 How to Choose a Value for the Learning Parameter? 56 3.2.7 The (µ, l)ES as an Extension of (1, λ)ES 57 3.2.8 Self-Adaptation in (µ, λ)ES 58 3.3 Evolutionary Programming 60 3.3.1 The (µ + λ) Bridge to ES 60 3.3.2 A Scheme for Evolutionary Programming 61 3.3.3 Other Evolutionary Programming Variants 63 3.4 Common Features 63 3.4.1 Enhancing the Mutation Process 63 3.4.2 Recombination as a Major Factor 65 3.4.3 Handling Constraints 67 3.4.4 Starting Point 67 3.4.5 Fitness Function 67 3.4.6 Computing 68 3.5 Conclusions 68 References 69 4 Fundamentals of Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques 71 Yoshikazu Fukuyama 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Basic Particle Swarm Optimization 72 4.2.1 Background of Particle Swarm Optimization 72 4.2.2 Original PSO 72 4.3 Variations of Particle Swarm Optimization 76 4.3.1 Discrete PSO 76 4.3.2 PSO for MINLPs 77 4.3.3 Constriction Factor Approach (CFA) 77 4.3.4 Hybrid PSO (HPSO) 78 4.3.5 Lbest Model 79 4.3.6 Adaptive PSO (APSO) 79 4.3.7 Evolutionary PSO (EPSO) 81 4.4 Research Areas and Applications 82 4.5 Conclusions 83 References 83 5 Fundamentals of Ant Colony Search Algorithms 89 Yong-Hua Song, Haiyan Lu, Kwang Y. Lee, and I. K. Yu 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Ant Colony Search Algorithm 90 5.2.1 Behavior of Real Ants 90 5.2.2 Ant Colony Algorithms 91 5.2.3 Major Characteristics of Ant Colony Search Algorithms 98 5.3 Conclusions 99 References 99 6 Fundamentals of Tabu Search 101 Alcir J. Monticelli, Rubén Romero, and Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada 6.1 Introduction 101 6.1.1 Overview of the Tabu Search Approach 101 6.1.2 Problem Formulation 103 6.1.3 Coding and Representation 104 6.1.4 Neighborhood Structure 105 6.1.5 Characterization of the Neighborhood 108 6.2 Functions and Strategies in Tabu Search 110 6.2.1 Recency-Based Tabu Search 110 6.2.2 Basic Tabu Search Algorithm 112 6.2.3 The Use of Long-Term Memory in Tabu Search 115 6.3 Applications of Tabu Search 119 6.4 Conclusions 120 References 120 7 Fundamentals of Simulated Annealing 123 Alcir J. Monticelli, Rubén Romero, and Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Basic Principles 125 7.2.1 Metropolis Algorithm 125 7.2.2 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 126 7.3 Cooling Schedule 127 7.3.1 Determination of the Initial Temperature T0 128 7.3.2 Determination of Nk 129 7.3.3 Determination of Cooling Rate 130 7.3.4 Stopping Criterion 130 7.4 SA Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem 131 7.4.1 Problem Coding 131 7.4.2 Evaluation of the Cost Function 132 7.4.3 Cooling Schedule 133 7.4.4 Comments on the Results for the TSP 134 7.5 SA for Transmission Network Expansion Problem 134 7.5.1 Problem Coding 136 7.5.2 Determination of the Initial Solution 136 7.5.3 Neighborhood Structure 138 7.5.4 Variation of the Objective Function 139 7.5.5 Cooling Schedule 140 7.6 Parallel Simulated Annealing 140 7.6.1 Division Algorithm 141 7.6.2 Clustering Algorithm 142 7.7 Applications of Simulated Annealing 143 7.8 Conclusions 144 References 144 8 Fuzzy Systems 147 Germano Lambert-Torres 8.1 Motivation and Definitions 147 8.1.1 Introduction 147 8.1.2 Typical Actions in Fuzzy Systems 148 8.2 Integration of Fuzzy Systems with Evolutionary Techniques 150 8.2.1 Integration Types of Hybrid Systems 150 8.2.2 Hybrid Systems in Evolutionary Techniques 151 8.2.3 Evolutionary Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic 152 8.3 An Illustrative Example of a Hybrid System 152 8.3.1 Parking Conditions 153 8.3.2 Creation of the Fuzzy Control 154 8.3.3 First Simulations 156 8.3.4 Problem Presentation 156 8.3.5 Genetic Training Modulus Description 158 8.3.6 The Option to Define the Starting Positions 158 8.3.7 The Option Genetic Training 158 8.3.8 Tests 163 8.4 Conclusions 167 References 168 9 Differential Evolution, an Alternative Approach to Evolutionary Algorithm 171 Kit Po Wong and ZhaoYang Dong 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 Evolutionary Algorithms 172 9.2.1 Basic EAs 172 9.2.2 Virtual Population-Based Acceleration Techniques 174 9.3 Differential Evolution 176 9.3.1 Function Optimization Formulation 176 9.3.2 DE Fundamentals 177 9.4 Key Operators for Differential Evolution 181 9.4.1 Encoding 181 9.4.2 Mutation 181 9.4.3 Crossover 183 9.4.4 Other Operators 183 9.5 An Optimization Example 184 9.6 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 10 Pareto Multiobjective Optimization 189 Patrick N. Ngatchou, Anahita Zarei, Warren L. J. Fox, and Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Basic Principles 190 10.2.1 Generic Formulation of MO Problems 191 10.2.2 Pareto Optimality Concepts 191 10.2.3 Objectives of Multiobjective Optimization 193 10.3 Solution Approaches 194 10.3.1 Classic Methods 194 10.3.2 Intelligent Methods 196 10.4 Performance Analysis 202 10.4.1 Objective of Performance Assessment 202 10.4.2 Comparison Methodologies 203 10.5 Conclusions 205 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 11 Trust-Tech Paradigm for Computing High-Quality Optimal Solutions: Method and Theory 209 Hsiao-Dong Chiang and Jaewook Lee 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Problem Preliminaries 210 11.3 A Trust-Tech Paradigm 213 11.3.1 Phase I 213 11.3.2 Phase II 214 11.4 Theoretical Analysis of Trust-Tech Method 218 11.5 A Numerical Trust-Tech Method 221 11.5.1 Computing Another Local Optimal Solution 222 11.5.2 Computing Tier-One Local Optimal Solutions 223 11.5.3 Computing Tier-N Solutions 224 11.6 Hybrid Trust-Tech Methods 225 11.7 Numerical Schemes 227 11.8 Numerical Studies 228 11.9 Conclusions Remarks 231 References 232 Part 2 Selected Applications of Modern Heuristic Optimization In Power Systems 235 12 Overview of Applications in Power Systems 237 Alexandre P. Alves da Silva, Djalma M. Falcão, and Kwang Y. Lee 12.1 Introduction 237 12.2 Optimization 237 12.3 Power System Applications 238 12.4 Model Identification 239 12.4.1 Dynamic Load Modeling 239 12.4.2 Short-Term Load Forecasting 240 12.4.3 Neural Network Training 241 12.5 Control 242 12.5.1 Examples 243 12.6 Distribution System Applications 244 12.6.1 Network Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction 245 12.6.2 Optimal Protection and Switching Devices Placement 246 12.6.3 Prioritizing Investments in Distribution Networks 247 12.7 Conclusions 249 References 250 13 Application of Evolutionary Technique to Power System Vulnerability Assessment 261 Mingoo Kim, Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, Robert J. Marks, and Ioannis N. Kassabalidis 13.1 Introduction 261 13.2 Vulnerability Assessment and Control 263 13.3 Vulnerability Assessment Challenges 264 13.3.1 Complexity of Power System 264 13.3.2 VA On-line Speed 265 13.3.3 Feature Selection 265 13.3.4 Vulnerability Border 270 13.3.5 Selection of Vulnerability Index 276 13.4 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Applications to System Planning 285Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada, Youngjae Jeon, Kwang Y. Lee, Vladimiro Miranda, Alcir J. Monticelli, Koichi Nara, Jong-Bae Park, Rubén Romero, and Yong-Hua Song 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Generation Expansion 286 14.2.1 A Coding Strategy for an Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP 288 14.2.2 Fitness Function 288 14.2.3 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population 289 14.2.4 Stochastic Crossover Elitism and Mutation 291 14.2.5 Numerical Examples 292 14.2.6 Parameters for GEP and IGA 293 14.2.7 Numerical Results 295 14.3 Transmission Network Expansion 297 14.3.1 Overview of Static Transmission Network Planning 297 14.3.2 Solution Techniques for the Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 300 14.3.3 Coding, Problem Representation, and Test Systems 302 14.3.4 Complexity of the Test Systems 304 14.3.5 Simulated Annealing 306 14.3.6 Genetic Algorithms in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 307 14.3.7 Tabu Search in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 309 14.3.8 Hybrid TS/GA/SA Algorithm in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 310 14.3.9 Comments on the Performance of Meta-heuristic Methods in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 311 14.4 Distribution Network Expansion 311 14.4.1 Dynamic Planning of Distribution System Expansion: A Complete GA Model 312 14.4.2 Dynamic Planning of Distribution System Expansion: An Efficient GA Application 316 14.4.3 Application of TS to the Design of Distribution Networks in FRIENDS 317 14.5 Reactive Power Planning at Generation–Transmission Level 320 14.5.1 Benders Decomposition of the Reactive Power Planning Problem 321 14.5.2 Solution Algorithm 323 14.5.3 Results for the IEEE 30-Bus System 324 14.6 Reactive Power Planning at Distribution Level 326 14.6.1 Modeling Chromosome Repair Using an Analytical Model 326 14.6.2 Evolutionary Programming/Evolution Strategies Under Test 327 14.7 Conclusions 330 References 330 15 Applications to Power System Scheduling 337 Koay Chin Aik, Loi Lei Lai, Kwang Y. Lee, Haiyan Lu, Jong-Bae Park, Yong-Hua Song, Dipti Srinivasan, John G. Vlachogiannis, and I. K. Yu 15.1 Introduction 337 15.2 Economic Dispatch 337 15.2.1 Economic Dispatch Problem 337 15.2.2 GA Implementation to ED 339 15.2.3 PSO Implementation to ED 346 15.2.4 Numerical Example 348 15.2.5 Summary 354 15.3 Maintenance Scheduling 354 15.3.1 Maintenance Scheduling Problem 354 15.3.2 GA, PSO, and ES Implementation 355 15.3.3 Simulation Results 365 15.3.4 Summary 366 15.4 Cogeneration Scheduling 366 15.4.1 Cogeneration Scheduling Problem 367 15.4.2 IGA Implementation 370 15.4.3 Case Study 373 15.4.4 Summary 374 15.4.5 Nomenclature 379 15.5 Short-Term Generation Scheduling of Thermal Units 380 15.5.1 Short-Term Generation Scheduling Problem 380 15.5.2 ACSA Implementation 382 15.5.3 Experimental results 385 15.6 Constrained Load Flow Problem 385 15.6.1 Constrained Load Flow Problem 385 15.6.2 Heuristic Ant Colony Search Algorithm Implementation 386 15.6.3 Test Examples 390 15.6.4 Summary 399 References 399 16 Power System Controls 403 Yoshikazu Fukuyama, Hamid Ghezelayagh, Kwang Y. Lee, Chen-Ching Liu, Yong-Hua Song, and Ying Xiao 16.1 Introduction 403 16.2 Power System Controls: Particle Swarm Technique 404 16.2.1 Problem Formulation of VVC 405 16.2.2 Expansion of PSO for MINLP 406 16.2.3 Voltage Security Assessment 407 16.2.4 VVC Using PSO 408 16.2.5 Numerical Examples 409 16.2.6 Summary 416 16.3 Power Plant Controller Design with GA 417 16.3.1 Overview of the GA 417 16.3.2 The Boiler-Turbine Model 419 16.3.3 The GA Control System Design 420 16.3.4 GA Design Results 423 16.4 Evolutionary Programming Optimizer and Application in Intelligent Predictive Control 427 16.4.1 Structure of the Intelligent Predictive Controller 428 16.4.2 Power Plant Model 430 16.4.3 Control Input Optimization 431 16.4.4 Self-Organized Neuro-Fuzzy Identifier 435 16.4.5 Rule Generation and Tuning 438 16.4.6 Controller Implementation 442 16.4.7 Summary 444 16.5 An Interactive Compromise Programming-Based MO Approach to FACTS Control 444 16.5.1 Review of MO Optimization Techniques 446 16.5.2 Formulated MO Optimization Model 449 16.5.3 Power Flow Control Model of FACTS Devices 450 16.5.4 Proposed Interactive DWCP Method 453 16.5.5 Proposed Interactive Procedure with Worst Compromise Displacement 455 16.5.6 Implementation 457 16.5.7 Numerical Results 457 16.5.8 Summary 462 References 464 17 Genetic Algorithms for Solving Optimal Power Flow Problems 471 Loi Lei Lai and Nidul Sinha 17.1 Introduction 471 17.2 Genetic Algorithms 473 17.2.1 Terms Used in GA 473 17.3 Load Flow Problem 478 17.4 Optimal Power Flow Problem 483 17.4.1 Application Examples 485 17.5 OPF with FACTS Devices 488 17.5.1 FACTS Model 492 17.5.2 Problem Formulation 495 17.5.3 Numerical Results 496 17.6 Conclusions 499 References 499 18 An Interactive Compromise Programming-Based Multiobjective Approach to FACTS Control 501 Ying Xiao, Yong-Hua Song, and Chen-Ching Liu 18.1 Introduction 501 18.2 Review of Multiobjective Optimization Techniques 503 18.2.1 Weighting Method 503 18.2.2 Goal Programming 504 18.2.3 1-Constraint Method 504 18.2.4 Compromise Programming 504 18.2.5 Fuzzy Set Theory Applications 505 18.2.6 Genetic Algorithm 505 18.2.7 Interactive Procedure 506 18.3 Formulated MO Optimization Model 506 18.3.1 Formulated MO Optimization Model for FACTS Control 507 18.3.2 Power Flow Control Model of FACTS Devices 508 18.4 Proposed Interactive Displaced Worst Compromise Programming Method 511 18.4.1 Applied Fuzzy CP 511 18.4.2 Operation Cost Minimization 512 18.4.3 Local Power Flow Control 512 18.5 Proposed Interactive Procedure with WC Displacement 513 18.5.1 Phase 1: Model Formulation 513 18.5.2 Phase 2: Noninferior Solution Calculation 514 18.5.3 Phase 3: Scenario Evaluation 514 18.6 Implementation 516 18.7 Numerical Results 516 18.8 Conclusions 521 References 521 19 Hybrid Systems 525 Vladimiro Miranda 19.1 Introduction 525 19.2 Capacitor Sizing and Location and Analytical Sensitivities 527 19.2.1 From Darwin to Lamarck: Three Models 528 19.2.2 Building a Lamarckian Acquisition of Improvements 529 19.2.3 Analysis of a Didactic Example 531 19.3 Unit Commitment Fuzzy Sets and Cleverer Chromosomes 538 19.3.1 The Deceptive Characteristics of Unit Commitment Problems 538 19.3.2 Similarity Between the Capacitor Placement and the Unit Commitment Problems 539 19.3.3 The Need for Cleverer Chromosomes 540 19.3.4 A Biological Touch: The Chromosome as a Program 541 19.3.5 A Real-World Example: The CARE Model in Crete Greece 542 19.3.6 Fitness Evaluation: Reliability (Spinning Reserve as a Fuzzy Constraint) 547 19.3.7 Illustrative Results 547 19.4 Voltage/Var Control and Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks with an Evolutionary Self-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm: EPSO 550 19.4.1 Justifying a Hybrid Approach 550 19.4.2 The Principles of EPSO: Reproduction and Movement Rule 551 19.4.3 Mutating Strategic Parameters 552 19.4.4 The Merits of EPSO 553 19.4.5 Experiencing with EPSO: Basic EPSO Model 554 19.4.6 EPSO in Test Functions 554 19.4.7 EPSO in Loss Reduction and Voltage/VAR Control: Definition of the Problem 557 19.4.8 Applying EPSO in the Management of Networks with Distributed Generation 558 19.5 Conclusions 559 References 560 Index 563

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Book Synopsis A practical book written for engineers who design and use antennas The author has many years of hands on experience designing antennas that were used in such applications as the Venus and Mars missions of NASA The book covers all important topics of modern antenna design for communications Numerical methods will be included but only as much as are needed for practical applications Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Properties of Antennas 1 1-1 Antenna Radiation 2 1-2 Gain 3 1-3 Effective Area 6 1-4 Path Loss 6 1-5 Radar Range Equation and Cross Section 7 1-6 Why Use an Antenna? 9 1-7 Directivity 10 1-8 Directivity Estimates 11 1-8.1 Pencil Beam 11 1-8.2 Butterfly or Omnidirectional Pattern 13 1-9 Beam Efficiency 16 1-10 Input-Impedance Mismatch Loss 17 1-11 Polarization 18 1-11.1 Circular Polarization Components 19 1-11.2 Huygens Source Polarization 21 1-11.3 Relations Between Bases 22 1-11.4 Antenna Polarization Response 23 1-11.5 Phase Response of Rotating Antennas 25 1-11.6 Partial Gain 26 1-11.7 Measurement of Circular Polarization Using Amplitude Only 26 1-12 Vector Effective Height 27 1-13 Antenna Factor 29 1-14 Mutual Coupling Between Antennas 29 1.15 Antenna Noise Temperature 30 1-16 Communication Link Budget and Radar Range 35 1-17 Multipath 36 1-18 Propagation Over Soil 37 1-19 Multipath Fading 39 References 40 2 Radiation Structures and Numerical Methods 42 2-1 Auxiliary Vector Potentials 43 2-1.1 Radiation from Electric Currents 44 2-1.2 Radiation from Magnetic Currents 49 2-2 Apertures: Huygens Source Approximation 51 2-2.1 Near- and Far-Field Regions 55 2-2.2 Huygens Source 57 2-3 Boundary Conditions 57 2-4 Physical Optics 59 2-4.1 Radiated Fields Given Currents 59 2-4.2 Applying Physical Optics 60 2-4.3 Equivalent Currents 65 2-4.4 Reactance Theorem and Mutual Coupling 66 2-5 Method of Moments 67 2-5.1 Use of the Reactance Theorem for the Method of Moments 68 2-5.2 General Moments Method Approach 69 2-5.3 Thin-Wire Moment Method Codes 71 2-5.4 Surface and Volume Moment Method Codes 71 2-5.5 Examples of Moment Method Models 72 2-6 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 76 2-6.1 Implementation 76 2-6.2 Central Difference Derivative 77 2-6.3 Finite-Difference Maxwell’s Equations 77 2-6.4 Time Step for Stability 79 2-6.5 Numerical Dispersion and Stability 80 2-6.6 Computer Storage and Execution Times 80 2-6.7 Excitation 81 2-6.8 Waveguide Horn Example 83 2-7 Ray Optics and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction 84 2-7.1 Fermat’s Principle 85 2-7.2 H -Plane Pattern of a Dipole Located Over a Finite Strip 85 2-7.3 E-Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 87 2-7.4 H -Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 89 2-7.5 Amplitude Variations Along a Ray 90 2-7.6 Extra Phase Shift Through Caustics 93 2-7.7 Snell’s Laws and Reflection 93 2-7.8 Polarization Effects in Reflections 94 2-7.9 Reflection from a Curved Surface 94 2-7.10 Ray Tracing 96 2-7.11 Edge Diffraction 96 2-7.12 Slope Diffraction 98 2-7.13 Corner Diffraction 99 2-7.14 Equivalent Currents 99 2-7.15 Diffraction from Curved Surfaces 99 References 100 3 Arrays 102 3-1 Two-Element Array 104 3-2 Linear Array of N Elements 109 3-3 Hansen and Woodyard End-Fire Array 114 3-4 Phased Arrays 115 3-5 Grating Lobes 117 3-6 Multiple Beams 118 3-7 Planar Array 120 3-8 Grating Lobes in Planar Arrays 125 3-9 Mutual Impedance 127 3-10 Scan Blindness and Array Element Pattern 127 3-11 Compensating Array Feeding for Mutual Coupling 128 3-12 Array Gain 129 3-13 Arrays Using Arbitrarily Oriented Elements 133 References 135 4 Aperture Distributions and Array Synthesis 136 4-1 Amplitude Taper and Phase Error Efficiencies 137 4-1.1 Separable Rectangular Aperture Distributions 139 4-1.2 Circularly Symmetrical Distributions 140 4-2 Simple Linear Distributions 140 4-3 Taylor One-Parameter Linear Distribution 144 4-4 Taylor n Line Distribution 147 4-5 Taylor Line Distribution with Edge Nulls 152 4-6 Elliott’s Method for Modified Taylor Distribution and Arbitrary Sidelobes 155 4-7 Bayliss Line-Source Distribution 158 4-8 Woodward Line-Source Synthesis 162 4-9 Schelkunoff’s Unit-Circle Method 164 4-10 Dolph–Chebyshev Linear Array 170 4-11 Villeneuve Array Synthesis 172 4-12 Zero Sampling of Continuous Distributions 173 4-13 Fourier Series Shaped-Beam Array Synthesis 175 4-14 Orchard Method of Array Synthesis 178 4-15 Series-Fed Array and Traveling-Wave Feed Synthesis 188 4-16 Circular Apertures 191 4-17 Circular Gaussian Distribution 194 4-18 Hansen Single-Parameter Circular Distribution 195 4-19 Taylor Circular-Aperture Distribution 196 4-20 Bayliss Circular-Aperture Distribution 200 4-21 Planar Arrays 202 4-22 Convolution Technique for Planar Arrays 203 4-23 Aperture Blockage 208 4-24 Quadratic Phase Error 211 4-25 Beam Efficiency of Circular Apertures with Axisymmetric Distribution 214 References 215 5 Dipoles Slots and Loops 217 5-1 Standing-Wave Currents 218 5-2 Radiation Resistance (Conductance) 220 5-3 Babinet–Booker Principle 222 5-4 Dipoles Located Over a Ground Plane 223 5-5 Dipole Mounted Over Finite Ground Planes 225 5-6 Crossed Dipoles for Circular Polarization 231 5-7 Super Turnstile or Batwing Antenna 234 5-8 Corner Reflector 237 5-9 Monopole 242 5-10 Sleeve Antenna 242 5-11 Cavity-Mounted Dipole Antenna 245 5-12 Folded Dipole 247 5-13 Shunt Feeding 248 5-14 Discone Antenna 249 5-15 Baluns 251 5-15.1 Folded Balun 252 5-15.2 Sleeve or Bazooka Baluns 253 5-15.3 Split Coax Balun 255 5-15.4 Half-Wavelength Balun 256 5-15.5 Candelabra Balun 256 5-15.6 Ferrite Core Baluns 256 5-15.7 Ferrite Candelabra Balun 258 5-15.8 Transformer Balun 258 5-15.9 Split Tapered Coax Balun 259 5-15.10 Natural Balun 260 5-16 Small Loop 260 5-17 Alford Loop 261 5-18 Resonant Loop 263 5-19 Quadrifilar Helix 264 5-20 Cavity-Backed Slots 266 5-21 Stripline Series Slots 266 5-22 Shallow-Cavity Crossed-Slot Antenna 269 5-23 Waveguide-Fed Slots 270 5-24 Rectangular-Waveguide Wall Slots 271 5-25 Circular-Waveguide Slots 276 5-26 Waveguide Slot Arrays 278 5-26.1 Nonresonant Array 279 5-26.2 Resonant Array 282 5-26.3 Improved Design Methods 282 References 283 6 Microstrip Antennas 285 6-1 Microstrip Antenna Patterns 287 6-2 Microstrip Patch Bandwidth and Surface-Wave Efficiency 293 6-3 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 299 6-4 Quarter-Wave Patch Antenna 310 6-5 Circular Microstrip Patch 313 6-6 Circularly Polarized Patch Antennas 316 6-7 Compact Patches 319 6-8 Directly Fed Stacked Patches 323 6-9 Aperture-Coupled Stacked Patches 325 6-10 Patch Antenna Feed Networks 327 6-11 Series-Fed Array 329 6-12 Microstrip Dipole 330 6-13 Microstrip Franklin Array 332 6-14 Microstrip Antenna Mechanical Properties 333 References 334 7 Horn Antennas 336 7-1 Rectangular Horn (Pyramidal) 337 7-1.1 Beamwidth 341 7-1.2 Optimum Rectangular Horn 343 7-1.3 Designing to Given Beamwidths 346 7-1.4 Phase Center 347 7-2 Circular-Aperture Horn 348 7-2.1 Beamwidth 350 7-2.2 Phase Center 352 7-3 Circular (Conical) Corrugated Horn 353 7-3.1 Scalar Horn 357 7-3.2 Corrugation Design 357 7-3.3 Choke Horns 358 7-3.4 Rectangular Corrugated Horns 359 7-4 Corrugated Ground Plane 359 7-5 Gaussian Beam 362 7-6 Ridged Waveguide Horns 365 7-7 Box Horn 372 7-8 T-Bar-Fed Slot Antenna 374 7-9 Multimode Circular Horn 376 7-10 Biconical Horn 376 References 378 8 Reflector Antennas 380 8-1 Paraboloidal Reflector Geometry 381 8-2 Paraboloidal Reflector Aperture Distribution Losses 383 8-3 Approximate Spillover and Amplitude Taper Trade-offs 385 8-4 Phase Error Losses and Axial Defocusing 387 8-5 Astigmatism 389 8-6 Feed Scanning 390 8-7 Random Phase Errors 393 8-8 Focal Plane Fields 396 8-9 Feed Mismatch Due to the Reflector 397 8-10 Front-to-Back Ratio 399 8-11 Offset-Fed Reflector 399 8-12 Reflections from Conic Sections 405 8-13 Dual-Reflector Antennas 408 8-13.1 Feed Blockage 410 8-13.2 Diffraction Loss 413 8-13.3 Cassegrain Tolerances 414 8-14 Feed and Subreflector Support Strut Radiation 416 8-15 Gain/Noise Temperature of a Dual Reflector 421 8-16 Displaced-Axis Dual Reflector 421 8-17 Offset-Fed Dual Reflector 424 8-18 Horn Reflector and Dragonian Dual Reflector 427 8-19 Spherical Reflector 429 8-20 Shaped Reflectors 432 8-20.1 Cylindrical Reflector Synthesis 433 8-20.2 Circularly Symmetrical Reflector Synthesis 434 8-20.3 Doubly Curved Reflector for Shaped Beams 437 8-20.4 Dual Shaped Reflectors 439 8-21 Optimization Synthesis of Shaped and Multiple-Beam Reflectors 442 References 443 9 Lens Antennas 447 9-1 Single Refracting Surface Lenses 448 9-2 Zoned Lenses 451 9-3 General Two-Surface Lenses 454 9-4 Single-Surface or Contact Lenses 459 9-5 Metal Plate Lenses 461 9-6 Surface Mismatch and Dielectric Losses 463 9-7 Feed Scanning of a Hyperboloidal Lens 464 9-8 Dual-Surface Lenses 465 9-8.1 Coma-Free Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 466 9-8.2 Specified Aperture Distribution Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 468 9-9 Bootlace Lens 470 9-10 Luneburg Lens 472 References 472 10 Traveling-Wave Antennas 474 10-1 General Traveling Waves 475 10-1.1 Slow Wave 478 10-1.2 Fast Waves (Leaky Wave Structure) 480 10-2 Long Wire Antennas 481 10-2.1 Beverage Antenna 481 10-2.2 V Antenna 482 10-2.3 Rhombic Antenna 483 10-3 Yagi–Uda Antennas 485 10-3.1 Multiple-Feed Yagi–Uda Antennas 492 10-3.2 Resonant Loop Yagi–Uda Antennas 495 10-4 Corrugated Rod (Cigar) Antenna 497 10-5 Dielectric Rod (Polyrod) Antenna 499 10-6 Helical Wire Antenna 502 10-6.1 Helical Modes 503 10-6.2 Axial Mode 504 10-6.3 Feed of a Helical Antenna 506 10-6.4 Long Helical Antenna 507 10-6.5 Short Helical Antenna 508 10-7 Short Backfire Antenna 509 10-8 Tapered Slot Antennas 512 10-9 Leaky Wave Structures 516 References 518 11 Frequency-Independent Antennas 521 Spiral Antennas 522 11-1 Modal Expansion of Antenna Patterns 524 11-2 Archimedean Spiral 526 11-3 Equiangular Spiral 527 11-4 Pattern Analysis of Spiral Antennas 530 11-5 Spiral Construction and Feeding 535 11-5.1 Spiral Construction 535 11-5.2 Balun Feed 536 11-5.3 Infinite Balun 538 11-5.4 Beamformer and Coaxial Line Feed 538 11-6 Spiral and Beamformer Measurements 538 11-7 Feed Network and Antenna Interaction 540 11-8 Modulated Arm Width Spiral 541 11-9 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 543 11-10 Mode 2 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 549 11-11 Feeding Conical Log Spirals 550 Log-Periodic Antennas 550 11-12 Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna 551 11-12.1 Feeding a Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna 556 11-12.2 Phase Center 558 11-12.3 Elevation Angle 559 11-12.4 Arrays of Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas 560 11-13 Other Log-Periodic Types 561 11-14 Log-Periodic Antenna Feeding Paraboloidal Reflector 563 11-15 V Log-periodic Array 567 11-16 Cavity-Backed Planar Log-Periodic Antennas 569 References 571 12 Phased Arrays 573 12-1 Fixed Phase Shifters (Phasers) 574 12-2 Quantization Lobes 578 12-3 Array Errors 580 12-4 Nonuniform and Random Element Existence Arrays 582 12-4.1 Linear Space Tapered Array 582 12-4.2 Circular Space Tapered Array 584 12-4.3 Statistically Thinned Array 587 12-5 Array Element Pattern 588 12-6 Feed Networks 590 12-6.1 Corporate Feed 590 12-6.2 Series Feed 592 12-6.3 Variable Power Divider and Phase Shifter 592 12-6.4 Butler Matrix 594 12-6.5 Space Feeding 596 12-6.6 Tapered Feed Network with Uniform-Amplitude Subarrays 597 12-7 Pattern Null Formation in Arbitrary Array 599 12-8 Phased Array Application to Communication Systems 601 12-9 Near-Field Measurements on Phased Arrays 602 References 604 Index 607

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Book SynopsisOptical Networking Best Practices Handbook presents optical networking in a very comprehensive way for nonengineers needing to understand the fundamentals of fiber, high-capacity, high-speed equipment and networks, and upcoming carrier services.Trade Review"…a useful supplement to an advanced undergraduate or graduate curriculum…a helpful reference work for networking engineering professionals." (Computing Reviews.com, February 16, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix 1 Optical Networking Fundamentals 1 1.1 Fiber Optics: A Brief History in Time 1 1.2 Distributed IP Routing 7 1.3 Scalable Communications: Integrated Optical Networks 14 1.4 Lightpath Establishment and Protection in Optical Networks 19 1.5 Optical Network Design Using Computational Intelligence Techniques 25 1.6 Distributed Optical Frame Synchronized Ring (doFSR) 26 1.7 Summary and Conclusions 29 2 Types of Optical Networking Technology 33 2.1 Use of Digital Signal Processing 36 2.2 Optical Signal Processing for Optical Packet Switching Networks 40 2.3 Next-Generation Optical Networks as a Value Creation Platform 49 2.4 Optical Network Research in the IST Program 61 2.5 Optical Networking in Optical Computing 71 2.6 Summary and Conclusions 76 3 Optical Transmitters 78 3.1 Long-Wavelength VCSELs 81 3.2 Multiwavelength Lasers 89 3.3 Summary and Conclusions 94 4 Types of Optical Fiber 95 4.1 Strands and Processes of Fiber Optics 95 4.2 The Fiber-Optic Cable Modes 95 4.3 Optical Fiber Types 97 4.4 Types of Cable Families 97 4.5 Extending Performance 98 4.6 Care, Productivity, and Choices 100 4.7 Understanding Types of Optical Fiber 101 4.8 Summary and Conclusions 106 5 Carriers' Networks 108 5.1 The Carriers' Photonic Future 108 5.2 Carriers' Optical Networking Revolution 111 5.3 Flexible Metro Optical Networks 129 5.4 Summary and Conclusions 133 6 Passive Optical Components 137 6.1 Optical Material Systems 139 6.2 Summary and Conclusions 158 7 Free-Space Optics 160 7.1 Free-Space Optical Communication 160 7.2 Corner-Cube Retroreflectors 162 7.3 Free-Space Heterochronous Imaging Reception 165 7.4 Secure Free-Space Optical Communication 168 7.5 The Minimization of Acquisition Time 170 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 175 8 Optical Formats: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/ Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), and Gigabit Ethernet 179 8.1 Synchronous Optical Network 179 8.2 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 215 8.3 Gigabit Ethernet 226 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 230 9 Wave Division Multiplexing 233 9.1 Who Uses WDM? 233 9.2 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Backbone Deployment 235 9.3 IP-Optical Integration 236 9.4 QoS Mechanisms 241 9.5 Optical Access Network 249 9.6 Multiple-Wavelength Sources 255 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 259 10 Basics of Optical Switching 263 10.1 Optical Switches 263 10.2 Motivation and Network Architectures 273 10.3 Rapid Advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology 282 10.4 Switched Optical Backbone 291 10.5 Optical MEMS 299 10.6 Multistage Switching System 303 10.7 Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes 307 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 314 11 Optical Packet Switching 318 11.1 Design for Optical Networks 321 11.2 Multistage Approaches to OPS: Node Architectures for OPS 321 11.3 Summary and Conclusions 325 12 Optical Network Configurations 326 12.1 Optical Networking Configuration Flow-Through Provisioning 326 12.2 Flow-Through Provisioning at Element Management Layer 328 12.3 Flow-Through Circuit Provisioning in the Same Optical Network Domain 329 12.4 Flow-Through Circuit Provisioning in Multiple Optical Network Domain 329 12.5 Benefits of Flow-Through Provisioning 330 12.6 Testing and Measuring Optical Networks 332 12.7 Summary and Conclusions 335 13 Developing Areas in Optical Networking 337 13.1 Optical Wireless Networking High-Speed Integrated Transceivers 338 13.2 Wavelength-Switching Subsystems 344 13.3 Optical Storage Area Networks 352 13.4 Optical Contacting 362 13.5 Optical Automotive Systems 365 13.6 Optical Computing 369 13.7 Summary and Conclusions 371 14 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations 374 14.1 Summary 374 14.2 Conclusion 385 14.3 Recommendations 391 Appendix: Optical Ethernet Enterprise Case Study 415 A.1 Customer Profile 416 A.2 Present Mode of Operation 418 A.3 Future Mode of Operation 419 A.4 Comparing the Alternatives 421 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 423 Glossary 425 Index 453

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Book SynopsisThis is an introduction to the data mining technologies with emphasis on soft computing. Most data mining techniques so far have concentrated on flat-file applications. This new resource includes the wide range of available data types, such as images, sound, and graphics.Trade Review"…an excellent primer on the subject of data mining with an accessible introduction to the fundamental and advanced data mining technologies." (Journal of Electronic Imaging, January-March 2006) "Applied statisticians and probabilists will like this book very much." (Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, November 2005) "…the book is an impressive and broad overview...a general roadmap of what methods are available and where to look." (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2005) "This readable survey describes multimedia, soft computing, and bioinformatics strategies for a number of data types…" (Business Horizons, September- October 2004) "…an accessible introduction to fundamental and advanced data mining technologies. It will be an excellent book for both beginners and professionals." (Computing Reviews.com, April 20, 2004) "Overall, this is a nice, easy-to-read book for those already working in the area of data mining." (Technometrics, August 2004, Vol. 46, No. 3)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Data Mining. 2. Soft Computing. 3. Multimedia Data Compression. 4. String Matching. 5. Classification in Data Mining. 6. Clustering in Data Mining. 7. Association Rules. 8. Rule Mining with Soft Computing. 9. Multimedia Data Mining. 10. Bioinformatics: An Application. Index. About the Authors.

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