Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisLTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performancedescribes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations with smaller cells such as pico/femto cells and relays. This evolution is accompanied with the emergence of cognitive radio that becomes a reality in terminals together with the development of self-organization capabilities and distributed cooperative behaviors. The book is divided into three parts: Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modelinTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1 Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3 Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123 Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4 Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153 Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171 6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239 8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247 Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 294 11.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350 13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366 13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1 Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation 391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421 15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429 15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs 468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts 498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523 References 523 Index 525

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative yet highly accessible guide to the design and operation of the FlexRay bus, the latest protocol for automotive network communications A translation of the French edition, originally published in January 2011, this work is the result of numerous training courses that Dominique Paret has given in companies, and it provides detailed explanations of the design and operation of the FlexRay bus. Comprised of five parts the book covers: the FlexRay concept and its communication protocol; the FlexRay physical layer; synchronization and global time and; architecture of a node, components and development aid tools for hardware and software. Provides comprehensive treatment of the FlexRay network, including its implementation through a real automotive application Includes the latest specifications (Version 3) concluded by the FlexRay consortium widely expected to become the industry standard Written by an author with in-depth experience oTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Part A 'SECURE REAL TIME' APPLICATIONS 1 Reminders about the CAN Protocol 3 1.1 The Limitations of CAN 3 1.2 'Event-Triggered' and 'Time-Triggered' Aspects 4 2 The TTCAN Protocol 7 2.1 TTCAN – ISO 11898-4 7 2.2 Session Layer 8 2.3 Principle of Operation of TTCAN 8 3 Emergence of ‘X-by-Wire’ Systems 11 3.1 High Throughput and X-by-Wire 11 3.2 Redundancy 11 3.3 High-Level Application Requirements 13 3.4 High-Level Functional Requirements 14 Part B THE FLEXRAY CONCEPT AND ITS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL 4 The Genesis of FlexRay 19 4.1 The TTP/C Protocol 19 4.2 FlexRay 20 4.3 The FlexRay Consortium 20 4.4 The Aim of FlexRay 23 5 FlexRay and Real Time 29 5.1 Physical Time 29 5.2 Local Time 30 5.3 Global View at Network Level – Global Time 32 5.4 Summarising: Time and its Hierarchies in FlexRay 36 6 The FlexRay Protocol 41 6.1 History 41 6.2 General – Channels, Cycles, Segments and Slots 41 6.3 Channels and Cycles 44 6.4 Segments 47 6.5 Communication Frames 57 6.6 'SW – Symbol Window' Segment 74 6.7 'NIT – Network Idle Time' Segment 76 7 Access to the Physical Layer 77 7.1 Definition of Tasks 77 7.2 Execution of the Communication Cycle 80 7.3 Frame ID (11 Bits) 80 7.4 Arbitration Grid Level 81 7.5 Conditions of Transmission and Access to the Medium during the Static Segment 83 7.6 Conditions of Transmission and Access to the Medium during the Dynamic Segment 84 7.7 Similarity of the Use of the Dynamic Segment to the Network Access of the CAN Protocol 88 7.8 Some Additions in the Case of FlexRay Being Used with Two Channels 89 Appendices of Part B 91 Appendix B1 Examples of Applications 93 The BMW X5 (Development Code L6) 93 A Little Strategy 93 Global View of the Parameters of the FlexRay System 95 Desired Functional Parameters 96 Description and Justification of the Implemented Choice 97 Appendix B2 Scheduling Problems – Application of the FlexRay Protocol to Static and Dynamic Segments 103 Introduction 103 Problems of ‘Real Time’ Systems 104 FlexRay 108 Scheduling Real Time Systems 109 Different Approaches to Real Time Scheduling 113 Scheduling in Single-Processor Systems 116 Algorithms Based on Priorities 116 Scheduling Communications in Distributed Systems 120 Problem of Task Allocation in a Distributed System 121 Scheduling Communications 121 Policy of Assigning Priorities 126 Class of Scheduling Problem 127 Scheduling Algorithm 128 Conclusion 129 Part C THE FLEXRAY PHYSICAL LAYER 8 Creation and Transmission (Tx) of the FlexRay Signal 135 8.1 Creation of the Signal 135 8.2 Physical Representation of Bits 136 8.3 Line Driver ‘Tx’ 138 9 Medium, Topology and Transport of the FlexRay Signal 143 9.1 Medium 143 9.2 Effects Linked to Propagation 146 9.3 Topologies and Consequences for Network Performance 147 9.4 Single-Channel, Dual-Channel and Multi-Channel Communication Topologies 151 9.5 The FlexRay Topologies 153 9.6 Examples of Topologies 159 10 Reception of the FlexRay Signal 165 10.1 Signal Reception Stage 165 10.2 Processing of the Received Signal by the Communication Controller 170 11 The Bit Error Rate (BER) 175 11.1 Integrity of Signal and BER 175 11.2 Eye Diagram 175 11.3 Relationship between the Integrity of the Signal, the Eye Diagram and the BER 180 12 Modelling and Simulating the Performance of a Network 185 12.1 Modelling and Simulating the Performance of a Network and its Topology 185 12.2 Modelling the Elements of the Network 185 12.3 Simulation 188 13 Summary on the Physical Layer of FlexRay 193 Part D SYNCHRONISATION AND GLOBAL TIME 14 Communication Cycle, Macrotick and Microtick 197 14.1 The FlexRay Time Hierarchy 197 14.2 Synchronisation in a Network of TDMA–FlexRay Type 198 14.3 Proposed Solution to the Problem 202 14.4 Application and Implementation of Corrective Values 214 14.5 Summary 218 15 Network Wakeup, Network Startup and Error Management 223 15.1 Network Wakeup Phase 223 15.2 Network Startup Phase 225 15.3 Error Management 226 16 FlexRay v3.0 231 16.1 Protocol Enhancements 231 16.2 Physical Layer Enhancements 235 16.3 FlexRay and ISO 239 16.4 FlexRay in Other Industries 240 Part E ARCHITECTURE OF A NODE, COMPONENTS AND DEVELOPMENT AID TOOLS 17 Architecture of a FlexRay Node 245 17.1 The Major Components of a Node 245 17.2 Architecture of the Processor and Protocol Manager 245 18 Electronic Components for the FlexRay Network 249 18.1 The Component Range 249 18.1.1 FlexRay Protocol Manager 250 18.2 EMC and EMC Measurements 263 18.3 Protection from ESD 265 18.4 Conformity Tests 265 18.5 Bus Guardian 267 19 Tools for Development, Integration, Analysis and Testing 271 19.1 The V-Shaped Development Cycle 271 19.2 DaVinci Network Designer (Point 1 of the V Cycle) 271 19.3 CANoe.FlexRay 273 19.4 FlexRay CANalyzer (Covers Points 2, 4 and 5 of the V Cycle) 276 19.5 Test and Diagnostics (Point 6 of the V Cycle) 277 19.6 Features of the FlexRay Protocol 278 19.7 Communication Interface 280 20 Implementation of FlexRay Communication in Automotive Logic Controllers 283 20.1 FlexRay and AUTOSAR 283 20.2 The AUTOSAR Partnership 284 20.3 Communication in an AUTOSAR System 284 Appendix of Part E 291 21 Conclusion 297 Appendix 1 The Official Documents 299 Appendix 2 Principal Parameters of the FlexRay Protocol 301 Bibliography 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisA timely addition to the understanding of IMT-Advanced, this book places particular emphasis on the new areas which IMT-Advanced technologies rely on compared with their predecessors. These latest areas include Radio Resource Management, Carrier Aggregation, improved MIMO support and Relaying. Each technique is thoroughly described and illustrated before being surveyed in context of the LTE-Advanced standards. The book also presents state-of-the-art information on the different aspects of the work of standardization bodies (such as 3GPP and IEEE), making global links between them. Explores the latest research innovations to assess the future of the LTE standard Covers the latest research techniques for beyond IMT-Advanced such as Coordinated multi-point systems (CoMP), Network Coding, Device-to-Device and Spectrum Sharing Contains key information for researchers from academia and industry, engineers, regulators and decision makers working on LTE-AdvanTrade Review"The book is up with the latest thinking and standards, and as such provides a particularly useful coverage of the way in which cellular telecommunications is moving. It would be a valuable addition to the library of any individual or company that is serious about keeping up with the latest LTE technology." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 January 2012) Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Abbreviations xix List of Contributors xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Market and Technology Trends 1 1.2 Technology Evolution 3 1.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond 6 References 8 2 Radio Resource Management 11 2.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management 11 2.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies 13 2.2.1 Main IMT-Advanced Characteristics 13 2.2.2 Scheduling 16 2.2.3 Interference Management 16 2.2.4 Carrier Aggregation 18 2.2.5 MBMS Transmission 18 2.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation 19 2.3.1 Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling Using Utility Theory 19 2.3.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 22 2.3.3 Multiuser Resource Allocation Maximizing the UE QoS 24 2.3.4 Optimization Problems and Performance 26 2.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks 26 2.4.1 Power Control 27 2.4.2 Resource Partitioning 28 2.4.3 MIMO Busy Burst for Interference Avoidance 33 2.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission 35 2.5.1 MBMS Transmission 36 2.5.2 Performance Assessment 37 2.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques 39 References 40 3 Carrier Aggregation 43 3.1 Basic Concepts 43 3.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards 45 3.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies 48 3.3.1 Channel Coding 48 3.3.2 Scheduling 51 3.3.3 Channel Quality Indicator 53 3.3.4 Additional Research Directions 54 3.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 55 3.4.1 Spectrum Sharing and Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 56 3.4.2 Spectrum Awareness 58 3.4.3 Cognitive Component Carrier Identification, Selection and Mobility 59 3.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture 59 3.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations 60 References 61 4 Spectrum Sharing 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Literature Overview 64 4.2.1 Spectrum Sharing from a Game Theoretic Perspective 66 4.2.2 Femtocells 67 4.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory 68 4.3.1 Noncooperative Case 68 4.3.2 Hierarchical Case 69 4.4 Spectrum Trading 70 4.4.1 Revenue and Cost Function for the Offering Operator 73 4.4.2 Numerical Results 74 4.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage 75 4.5.1 Femtocells and Standardization 77 4.5.2 Self-Organized Femtocells 79 4.5.3 Beacon-Based Femtocells 81 4.5.4 Femtocells with Intercell Interference Coordination 82 4.5.5 Femtocells with Game Theory 83 4.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research 84 4.6.1 Future Research 85 References 86 5 Multiuser MIMO Systems 89 5.1 MIMO Fundamentals 89 5.1.1 System Model 91 5.1.2 Point-to-Point MIMO Communications 92 5.1.3 Multiuser MIMO Communications 96 5.1.4 MIMO with Interference 100 5.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m 101 5.2.1 LTE-Advanced 102 5.2.2 WiMAX Evolution 104 5.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT 104 5.3.1 Transmitter–Receiver Design 105 5.3.2 Transceiver Design with Interference Nulling 110 5.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO 112 5.4.1 Limited Feedback 112 5.4.2 CSI Sounding 113 5.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques 114 References 115 6 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) Systems 121 6.1 Overview of CoMP 121 6.1.1 CoMP Types 122 6.1.2 Architectures and Clustering 123 6.1.3 Theoretical Performance Limits and Implementation Constraints 126 6.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies 129 6.2.1 Overview of CoMP Studies 129 6.2.2 Design Choices for a CoMP Functionality 131 6.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP 133 6.3.1 SINR for Linear Transmissions 133 6.3.2 Compact Matricial Model 134 6.4 Joint Processing Techniques 134 6.4.1 State of the Art 135 6.4.2 Potential of Joint Processing 136 6.4.3 Dynamic Joint Processing 137 6.4.4 Uplink Joint Processing 141 6.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques 142 6.5.1 State of the Art 142 6.5.2 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 143 6.5.3 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 145 6.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment 147 6.6.1 Setup and Scenarios 149 6.6.2 Measurement Results 149 6.7 Future Directions 151 References 152 7 Relaying for IMT-Advanced 157 7.1 An Overview of Relaying 157 7.1.1 Relay Evolution 158 7.1.2 Relaying Deployment Scenarios 159 7.1.3 Relaying Protocol Strategies 160 7.1.4 Half Duplex and Full Duplex Relaying 162 7.1.5 Numerical Example 162 7.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies 164 7.2.1 Relay Types in LTE-Advanced Rel-10 164 7.2.2 Relay Nodes in IEEE 802.16m 166 7.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP 166 7.3.1 Protocols and Resource Management 167 7.3.2 Simulation Results 169 7.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells 171 7.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced 173 7.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced 176 7.6.1 Multihop RNs 176 7.6.2 Mobile Relay 177 7.6.3 Network Coding 177 References 177 8 Network Coding in Wireless Communications 181 8.1 An Overview of Network Coding 181 8.1.1 Historical Background 182 8.1.2 Types of Network Coding 183 8.1.3 Applications of Network Coding 183 8.2 Uplink Network Coding 188 8.2.1 Detection Strategies 188 8.2.2 User Grouping 190 8.2.3 Relay Selection 191 8.2.4 Performance 192 8.2.5 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 194 8.3 Nonbinary Network Coding 194 8.3.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 195 8.3.2 Nonbinary NC for Multiuser and Multirelay 196 8.3.3 Performance 197 8.3.4 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 198 8.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast 199 8.4.1 Efficient Broadcast Network Coding Scheme 200 8.4.2 Performance 201 8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 202 References 203 9 Device-to-Device Communication 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 State of the Art 208 9.2.1 In Standards 208 9.2.2 In Literature 210 9.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks 211 9.3.1 Session Setup 212 9.3.2 D2D Transmit Power 214 9.3.3 Multiantenna Techniques 215 9.3.4 Radio Resource Management 220 9.4 Future Directions 225 References 228 10 The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced 231 10.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements 231 10.1.1 ITU-R Process for IMT-Advanced 232 10.1.2 Evaluation Scenarios 234 10.1.3 Performance Requirements 235 10.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 238 10.2.1 The WINNER+ Evaluation Group Assessment Approach 238 10.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced 239 10.3.1 3GPP Self-evaluation 239 10.3.2 Simulative Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 241 10.3.3 LTE-Advanced Performance in the Rural Indian Open Area Scenario 243 10.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration 243 10.4.1 IMT-Advanced Channel Model 243 10.4.2 Calibration of Large-Scale Parameters 246 10.4.3 Calibration of Small-Scale Parameters 247 10.5 Simulator Calibration 248 10.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process 249 References 250 11 Future Directions 251 11.1 Radio Resource Allocation 252 11.2 Heterogeneous Networks 252 11.3 MIMO and CoMP 253 11.4 Relaying and Network Coding 254 11.5 Device-to-Device Communications 254 11.6 Green and Energy Efficiency 255 References 256 Appendices 259 Appendix A Resource Allocation 261 A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation 261 A.1.1 Utility Predictive Scheduler 261 A.1.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 261 A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation 263 A.2.1 PHY/MAC Layer Model 263 A.2.2 APP Layer Model 263 A.2.3 Optimization Problem 264 A.2.4 Simulation Results 265 A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO 266 A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission 267 A.4.1 Service Operation 267 A.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Performance 268 Appendix B Spectrum Awareness 269 B.1 Spectrum Sensing 269 B.2 Geo-Location Databases 270 B.3 Beacon Signaling 270 Appendix C CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) 271 C.1 Joint Processing Methods 271 C.1.1 Partial Joint Processing 271 C.1.2 Dynamic Base Station Clustering 271 C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling 273 C.2.1 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 273 C.2.2 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 276 C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation 276 Appendix D Network Coding 281 D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 281 D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario 282 Appendix E LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency 285 E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 285 E.1.1 Analytical Evaluation 285 E.1.2 Inspection 286 E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation 287 E.2.1 FDD Mode Downlink Direction 287 E.2.2 FDD Mode Uplink Direction 288 E.2.3 TDD Mode Downlink Direction 289 E.2.4 TDD Mode Uplink Direction 291 E.2.5 Comparison with Self-Evaluation 292 References 292 Index 295

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Book SynopsisFocusing on current advances in heterogeneous cellular networks, this book enables readers to better understand the technical details and performance gains that are made possible by this state-of-the-art technology.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xv 1 Overview of Heterogeneous Networks 1 1.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks 2 1.1.1 Explosive Growth of Data Capacity Demands 2 1.1.2 From Spectral Efficiency to Network Efficiency 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Service Revenue and Capacity Investment 5 1.2 Definitions of Heterogeneous Networks 5 1.3 Economics of Heterogeneous Networks 6 1.3.1 Total Cost of Ownership 7 1.3.2 Heterogeneous Networks Use Scenarios 8 1.3.3 General Tends in Heterogeneous Networks Development 10 1.4 Aspects of Heterogeneous Network Technology 10 1.4.1 RF Interference 10 1.4.2 Radio System Configuration 12 1.4.3 Network Coupling 13 1.4.4 User and Device Credential 14 1.4.5 Interworking 15 1.4.6 Handover 16 1.4.7 Data Routing 18 1.4.8 Quality of Service 19 1.4.9 Security and Privacy 21 1.4.10 Capacity and Performance Evaluation 22 1.5 Future Heterogeneous Network Applications 22 References 24 Part I Radio Resource and Interference Management 2 Radio Resource and Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Heterogeneous Networks Deployment Scenarios and Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 31 2.2.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployment Scenarios 31 2.2.2 Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 33 2.3 Multi-carrier Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 33 2.3.1 Interference Management via Carrier Partitioning 34 2.3.2 Enhanced Carrier Reuse with Power Control 36 2.3.3 Carrier Aggregation Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 36 2.4 Co-channel Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 38 2.4.1 Control Channel Interference Management 39 2.4.2 Data Channel Interference Management 46 2.5 Conclusion 48 References 48 3 Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Heterogeneous Networks 51 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Deployment Scenarios 54 3.2.1 Multi-tier Network Elements 54 3.2.2 Multi-radio Techniques 55 3.3 Multi-tier Interference Mitigation 56 3.3.1 Multi-tier Spectral Reuse Scenarios 56 3.3.2 Cross-tier Interference 56 3.3.3 Network Synchronization for IM 57 3.3.4 Overview of Interference Mitigation Techniques 57 3.3.5 Performance Comparison of IM Schemes 60 3.4 Multi-radio Performance 61 3.5 Standardization and Future Research Directions 62 3.5.1 Status of Wireless Standards 62 3.5.2 Future Research Directions 62 3.6 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Cross-tier Interference Management in 3GPP LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.1.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 68 4.1.2 OSG Scenario 68 4.1.3 CSG Scenario 70 4.2 Interference Management for LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 70 4.2.1 Interference Management Methods for Homogenous Networks 71 4.2.2 Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 73 4.2.3 Time Domain Based ICIC Schemes 74 4.2.4 Power Setting for Femtocells 85 4.3 Conclusions 89 Appendix: Simulation Models 89 References 92 5 Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Conventional Inter-cell Interference Coordination 95 5.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 98 5.3.1 Interference Scenarios in Heterogeneous Networks 98 5.3.2 Enhanced ICIC Solutions for Heterogeneous Networks 100 5.4 Conclusion 116 References 116 6 Cognitive Radios to Mitigate Interference in Macro/femto Heterogeneous Networks 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Information Requirement and Acquisition for Interference Mitigation 122 6.3 Descriptions of System Models 124 6.3.1 Two-tier Network Architecture 124 6.3.2 Channel Model 124 6.3.3 Traffic Model 125 6.3.4 CR-enabled Operations 125 6.4 Cross-tier Interference Mitigation 125 6.4.1 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Time/Frequency Domain 125 6.4.2 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Antenna Spatiality Domain 126 6.4.3 Interference Cancellation: Coding Techniques 129 6.5 Intra-tier Interference Mitigation 130 6.5.1 Strategic Game for Collocated Femtocells 131 6.5.2 Gibbs Sampler for Collocated Femtocells 132 6.6 Interference Mitigation for Machine-to-Machine Communications 136 6.6.1 Background of Compressive Sensing 138 6.6.2 SMRM for Femtocells 138 6.6.3 Compressive Sensing for the Spectrum Map Construction 140 6.6.4 Performance Evaluations 140 6.7 Conclusion 141 References 142 7 Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Bandwidth Allocation in OFDMA-based Self-organizing Femtocell Networks 145 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Distributed Bandwidth Allocation 146 7.3 Convergence Analysis 150 7.4 Choice of Utility Function and its Parameters 152 7.5 Simulation Results 155 7.5.1 Convergence Studies 156 7.5.2 Bandwidth Allocation and Network Tuning 156 7.6 Extensions and Discussions 159 7.7 Conclusion 162 Acknowledgement 162 References 162 Part II Mobility and Handover Management 8 Mobility Management and Performance Optimization in Next Generation Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Overview of Mobility Management in RRC-connected State 168 8.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization 171 8.4 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 176 8.4.1 Related Works 177 8.4.2 Problem Description 177 8.4.3 Load Balancing Algorithm with Penalized Handovers 180 8.4.4 Numerical Examples 182 8.5 Cooperation of MRO and MLB 185 8.5.1 Achieve Load Balance by Adjusting CI O 186 8.5.2 Coordination Rules between MRO and MLB 186 8.5.3 Jointly Consider MRO and MLB 187 8.5.4 Simulation Results 188 8.6 Mobility Enhancement for Femtocells 192 8.7 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 9 Connected-mode Mobility in LTE Heterogeneous Networks 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Cell Selection and Problem Statement 200 9.3 Simulation Methodology 202 9.4 Handover Modelling 207 9.5 Results 210 Reference 214 10 Cell Selection Modes in LTE Macro–Femtocell Deployment 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Distinction of Cells 216 10.3 Access Control 219 10.3.1 Access Control Scenarios 220 10.3.2 Access Control Executor 220 10.3.3 Access Control Mechanisms 223 10.3.4 Performance of Access Control Mechanisms 225 10.4 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection 231 10.4.1 UE in Idle Mode 232 10.4.2 PLMN Selection 234 10.4.3 Cell Selection 235 10.4.4 Cell Reselection 239 10.4.5 Cell Reselection with Femtocells 241 References 244 11 Distributed Location Management for Generalized HetNets. Case Study of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.1.1 Motivation 248 11.1.2 Approach 249 11.1.3 On Location Management in Generalized HetNets 250 11.2 Background on Geographic Routing and Geographic Location Management 250 11.3 All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 252 11.3.1 Challenges of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 253 11.4 Architecture for Geographic-based All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 254 11.4.1 Overview of the Architecture 254 11.4.2 Network Entities Supporting Networks of Femtocells 255 11.4.3 Operation of the Network of Femtocells 256 11.4.4 Sample Protocol Stacks for Wifi-based All-wireless NoFs 257 11.4.5 Other Relevant Issues 257 11.5 Location Management Procedures 258 11.5.1 Paging 259 11.5.2 Handoff 260 11.6 Summary and Conclusions 262 Acknowledgements 263 References 263 12 Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Networks: a Comparative Experimental and Simulation-based Investigation 265 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 Preliminaries on VHO 266 12.3 Experimental Investigation 267 12.3.1 VHO Decision Algorithms 267 12.3.2 Experimental Setup and Results 270 12.4 Simulation-based Investigation 274 12.4.1 The OPNET Simulator 274 12.4.2 Performance Results 276 12.5 Discussion on the VHO in HetNets 283 12.5.1 Role of the (Internal) Decision Algorithm 283 12.5.2 Role of the Authentication Procedures 283 12.5.3 Impact of VHO on HetNet Coverage 284 12.5.4 Impact of VHO on HetNet Capacity 284 12.6 Conclusions 284 Acknowledgment 285 References 285 Part III Deployment, Standardization and Field Trials 13 Evolution of HetNet Technologies in LTE-advanced Standards 289 13.1 Introduction 289 13.2 Deployment Scenarios for LTE-advanced HetNet 290 13.2.1 Macro–Femto Scenario 291 13.2.2 Macro–Pico Scenario 292 13.3 Inter-cell Interference Coordination for HetNet 292 13.3.1 Rel-8/9 ICIC 293 13.3.2 Rel-10 Enhanced ICIC 294 13.3.3 System-level Performance of HetNet with Time-domain eICIC 299 13.4 Ongoing Work in Rel-11 LTE-A 305 13.4.1 Support of Non-zero Power ABS 306 13.4.2 Network-assisted Cell Acquisition for CRE UE in Low Geometry 308 13.4.3 Mitigation of CRS Interference for CRE UE in Low Geometry 309 13.5 Conclusion 310 References 310 14 Macro–Femto Heterogeneous Network Deployment and Management 313 14.1 Introduction 314 14.2 Frameworks for Macro–Femto Network Deployment and Management 315 14.2.1 Joint-deployment Framework 315 14.2.2 WSP-deployment Framework 318 14.2.3 User-deployment Framework 318 14.3 Revenue Maximization with WSP-deployed Femto-BSs 319 14.3.1 On Cross-tier Channel Allocation 320 14.3.2 On Optimal Pricing and Spectrum Partition 326 14.4 Summary 332 References 333 15 Field Trial of LTE Technology 335 15.1 Introduction 335 15.2 Field Trial Overview 336 15.2.1 UE Antennas 337 15.2.2 Network Configuration and Field Trial Setup 338 15.3 Measurement Results 338 15.4 Summary Comparison 344 15.5 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 349

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Book SynopsisElevate your software testing approach with a methodology from industry leaders who dedicated their careers to studying, practicing, and teaching the craft of testing. Dive into the world of expert software testing with Taking Testing Seriously: The Rapid Software Testing Approach. This book arms software professionals with the knowledge required to master the Rapid Software Testing (RST) methodology. Written by two co-creators of the RST approach and supplemented by material from respected testers who offer valuable insights, it is an essential read for anyone seeking excellence in the craft of testing. Taking Testing Seriously offers a rich exploration of the RST methodology through insightful interviews, expert discussions, practical case studies, and real-world examples. It thoroughly covers key topics such as the psychology of testing, the science behind it, the fundamental processes and heuristics of test design, and much more. This book provides concrete strategies for addressin

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Book SynopsisEnergy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts presents detailed field studies of energy transition in Lille, Riyadh, Fayence, Bokhol, Ouarzazate and the Arabian Desert. It analyzes local actions and good practices – according to the resources and constraints involved – in the process of removing the obstacles to the transition. Solutions are sought for the right type of space for buildings, transport, industry and services, and targets are set for Europe, the Middle East and Africa as part of the Paris Climate Agreement. As a pedagogical tool, this book is aimed at not only politicians and professionals, but also any members of the public who wish to learn about changes in production and energy consumption.Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi List of Acronyms xiii Chapter 1. Three Types of Space for Analyzing Energy Transition 1 1.1. From energy-to-energy transition 1 1.2. Presentation of the six research areas. 8 1.3. The importance of climates in the energy transition 12 1.4. Energy sectors analyzed by field 14 Chapter 2. Energy Transition in Metropolises 17 2.1. Energy characteristics in metropolises 17 2.2. The example of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia 22 2.2.1. Presentation of Riyadh 22 2.2.2. Development, construction and housing of Riyadh 32 2.2.3. Transport from Riyadh 47 2.2.4. Riyadh’s challenges for energy transition 51 2.3. The example of the European Metropolis of Lille in France 63 2.3.1. Presentation of the European Metropolis of Lille 63 2.3.2. Development, construction and housing of the European Metropolis of Lille 71 2.3.3. Transport of the European Metropolis of Lille 77 2.3.4. Challenges of the European Metropolis of Lille for the energy transition 81 2.4. Lessons learned from the energy transition in metropolises 92 2.4.1. Priority to controlling energy consumption in metropolises 95 2.4.2. Microproduction of energy in metropolises 102 2.4.3. Peripheral power generation units and networks 104 Chapter 3. The Energy Transition in Rural Areas 109 3.1. The characteristics of energy in rural areas 109 3.2. The example of Pays de Fayence in France 112 3.2.1. Presentation of Pays de Fayence 112 3.2.2. Development of the Pays de Fayence 117 3.2.3. Transport in the Pays de Fayence 130 3.2.4. Challenges of the Pays de Fayence for the energy transition 132 3.3. The example of Bokhol in Senegal 137 3.3.1. Presentation of Bokhol 137 3.3.2. Development of the Bokhol site 149 3.3.3. Bokhol’s challenges for the energy transition 156 3.4. Lessons learned from the energy transition in rural areas 158 3.4.1. Dynamics of positive energy territories 160 3.4.2. Complex regulations and rurality 165 3.4.3. Landscapes and rurality 168 Chapter 4. The Energy Transition in the Desert 171 4.1. The characteristics of energy in the desert 171 4.2. The example of Ouarzazate in Morocco 172 4.2.1. Presentation of Ouarzazate 172 4.2.2. Spatial planning in Ouarzazate 183 4.2.3. Ouarzazate’s challenges for the energy transition 186 4.3. The example of Neom in Saudi Arabia 188 4.3.1. Neom’s presentation 188 4.3.2. Development of the Neom project 195 4.3.3. Neom’s challenges for the energy transition 199 4.4. Lessons learned from the energy transition in the desert 200 Conclusion 205 References 219 Index 223

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Book SynopsisA modern communication network can be described as a large, complex, distributed system composed by higher interoperating, smaller sub-systems. Today, the proliferation and convergence of different types of wired, wireless, and mobile networks are crucial for the success of the next generation networking. However, these networks can hardly meet the requirements of future integrated-service networks, and are expected to carry multimedia traffic with various Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Providing all relevant QoS/QoE issues in these heterogeneous networks is then an important challenge for telecommunication operators, manufacturers, and companies. The impressive emergence and the important demand of the rising generation of real-time Multi-service (such as Data, Voice VoD, Video-Conference, etc.) over communication heterogeneous networks, require scalability while considering a continuous QoS. This book presents and explains all the techniques in new generation networks which integrate efficient global control mechanisms in two directions: (1) maintain QoS requirements in order to maximize network resources utilization, and minimize operational costs on all the types of wired-wireless-mobile networks used to transport traffic, and (2) mix the QoS associated with home, access, and core networks in order to provide Quality of Service/Quality of Experience expected by users of new services.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Challenges for End-to-End Quality of Service over Heterogenous Networks 1 Abdelhamid MELLOUK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Research challenges in end-to-end QoS 2 1.3. Contents 4 1.3.1. Chapter 2: principles and mechanisms for Quality of Service in networks 4 1.3.2. Chapter 3: different approaches to guarantee Quality of Service 5 1.3.3. Chapter 4: Quality of Service-based adaptive routing approaches 6 1.3.4. Chapter 5: optical networks: new challenges and paradigms for Quality of Service 7 1.3.5. Chapter 6: pushing Quality of Service across interdomain boundaries 8 1.3.6. Chapter 7: Internet-based collaborative teleoperation: towards tailorable groupware for teleoperation 9 1.3.7. Chapter 8: survivability-oriented Quality of Service in optical networks 10 1.3.8. Chapter 9: MAC protocols for Quality of Service provisioning in mobile ad hoc networks10 1.3.9. Chapter 10: Quality of Service-based scheduling mechanisms in mobile networks 11 1.3.10. Chapter 11: Quality of Service in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks 12 1.3.11. Chapter 12: Quality of Service challenges in WiMAX networks 13 1.3.12. Chapter 13: Quality of Service support for MPLS-based wired-wireless domains 14 1.3.13. Chapter 14: Quality of Service control in VoIP applications 15 1.3.14. Chapter 15: towards collaborative teleoperation based on human scale networked mixed reality environments. 16 1.3.15. Chapter 16: Quality of Service driven context awareness using semantic sensors infrastructure 17 1.3.16. Chapter 17: effect of transmission delay on haptic perception in shared virtual environments 18 1.4. Conclusion 19 Chapter 2. Principles and Mechanisms for Quality of Service in Networks 21 Zoubir MAMMERI 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Concepts and definitions 23 2.2.1. Definitions of QoS in a networking context 23 2.2.2. End-to-end QoS 24 2.2.3. Classes (levels) of service 24 2.2.4. Differentiated classes of service 26 2.3. QoS parameters and application classification 26 2.3.1. QoS parameter types 26 2.3.2. Application classification 29 2.3.3. QoS parameter specification 32 2.3.4. Traffic models 32 2.3.5. Service level agreements 34 2.4. Mechanisms and functions for QoS provisioning 35 2.4.1. General issues 35 2.4.2. QoS establishment 36 2.4.3. Admission control 36 2.4.4. QoS negotiation and renegotiation 37 2.4.5. Resource management 38 2.4.6. QoS signaling protocols 39 2.4.7. Routing 39 2.4.8. Traffic control mechanisms 41 2.4.9. QoS control, maintenance, monitoring 45 2.4.10. QoS policy 45 2.4.11. QoS mapping and translation 46 2.5. Overview of IntServ, DiffServ and MPLS 47 2.5.1. Integrated services architecture 47 2.5.2. DiffServ architecture 48 2.5.3. MPLS 50 2.6. Conclusion 51 2.7. References 51 Chapter 3. Different Approaches to Guarantee Quality of Service 55 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 55 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 56 3.1.2. Organization of chapter 58 3.2. Means of managing an end-to-end time constraint 59 3.2.1. Components of an end-to-end response time 59 3.2.2. Different methods to ensure that D is met 61 3.2.3. Discussion 65 3.2.4. A producer/consumer scheme avoiding starvation 66 3.2.5. Example of a video-on-demand multimedia system 67 3.3. Evaluation of the end-to-end response time 68 3.3.1. The holistic approach 68 3.3.2. Network calculus 69 3.3.3. Trajectory approach 71 3.3.4. Comparison between the holistic and trajectory approaches 74 3.3.5. Flow shaping 77 3.4. Probabilistic guarantee of the end-to-end response time 79 3.4.1. Principles for a probabilistic guarantee 79 3.4.2. Examples 80 3.4.3. Probabilistic versus deterministic guarantee 81 3.5. QoS support in a mobile ad hoc network 81 3.5.1. Specificities of MANETs 81 3.5.2. The OLSR routing protocol 82 3.5.3. QoS architecture and QoS OLSR 83 3.6. Conclusion and perspectives 87 3.7. References 89 Chapter 4. Quality of Service-based Adaptive Routing Approaches 93 Abdelhamid MELLOUK and Saïd HOCEINI 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. QoS-based routing algorithms 95 4.2.1. Classical routing algorithms 97 4.3. QoS-based routing approaches 99 4.4. Inductive approaches based on machine learning paradigms 99 4.4.1. Cognitive Packet Networks (CPN) 100 4.4.2. Swarm ant colony optimization (AntNet) 100 4.4.3. Reinforcement learning routing approaches 101 4.5. Neural net-based approach for adaptive routing policy 102 4.6. State-dependent KOQRA algorithm 105 4.6.1. First stage: constructing K optimal paths 105 4.6.2. Second stage: optimizing the end-to-end delay with the Q-learning algorithm 107 4.6.3. Third stage: adaptive probabilistic path selection 108 4.7. Conclusion 108 4.8. References 109 Chapter 5. Optical Networks: New Challenges and Paradigms for Quality of Service 115 Ken CHEN and Wisssam FAWAZ 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Optical communication: from transmission to networking 116 5.2.1. Fiber optic cable 116 5.2.2. WDM technology 117 5.2.3. From transmission to networking 118 5.3. Optical networks as a pillar for future network infrastructure 119 5.4. Routing and wavelength assignment 121 5.5. GMPLS 122 5.5.1. MPLS 122 5.5.2. Principle of the GMPLS extension 124 5.5.3. GMPLS components 126 5.6. Towards a new optical link-based architecture 129 5.7. Protection against link failures 130 5.8. Optical packet switch and optical burst switch 131 5.8.1. Optical packet switching 131 5.8.2. Optical burst switching 132 5.9. Conclusion 133 5.10. References 133 Chapter 6. Pushing Quality of Service Across Inter-domain Boundaries 135 Bingjie FU, Cristel PELSSER, Steve UHLIG 6.1. Introduction 135 6.2. Background 136 6.2.1. The Internet as a distributed system 137 6.2.2. Business relationships between ASs 137 6.2.3. Impact of inter-domain routing on path diversity 138 6.2.4. Inter-AS LSP requirements 142 6.3. RSVP-TE extensions to support inter-domain LSPs 143 6.3.1. Explicit routing of an LSP 143 6.3.2. RRO aggregation and the path key 144 6.3.3. Protection of inter-AS LSPs 145 6.3.4. End-to-end disjoint LSPs 146 6.4. State of the art in inter-domain PCE 146 6.4.1. PCE-based architecture 146 6.4.2. Path computation methods 147 6.4.3. Applicability of the path computation techniques 152 6.5. Towards inter-AS QoS 152 6.5.1. DistributingQoS Information for inter-AS LSPs 153 6.5.2. Computing inter-AS LSPs with end-to-end QoS constraints 155 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 158 6.7. Acknowledgments 159 6.8. References 159 Chapter 7. Internet-based Collaborative Teleoperation: Towards Tailorable Groupware for Teleoperation 163 Samir OTMANE, Nader CHEAIB and Malik MALLEM 7.1. Introduction 163 7.2. Teleoperation via the World Wide Web 164 7.2.1. Non-collaborative teleoperation systems 166 7.2.2. Towards collaborative teleoperation systems 170 7.3. ARITI-C: a groupware for collaborative teleoperation via the Internet 172 7.3.1. Software architecture of ARITI-C 173 7.3.2. Human-machine interface of ARITI-C 177 7.4. Integrating QoS in designing tailorable collaborative teleoperation systems 185 7.4.1. Need for QoS in internet-based teleoperation185 7.4.2. Need for tailorability in internet-based collaborative teleoperation 186 7.4.3. Design of tailorable groupware for internet-based collaborative teleoperation 190 7.5. Conclusion 192 7.6. References 193 Chapter 8. Survivability-Oriented Quality of Service in Optical Networks 197 Wissam FAWAZ and Ken CHEN 8.1. Introduction 197 8.2. Optical transport network failures 198 8.2.1. Failure statistics 199 8.2.2. Causes of failure 200 8.3. Optical network survivability evolution 202 8.3.1 Survivability in traditional carrier network architecture 202 8.3.2. Protection at the IP layer? 204 8.3.3 Why optical layer survivability? 205 8.4. Optical WDM-layer survivability mechanisms 207 8.4.1. Path protection 208 8.4.2. Path restoration 209 8.4.3. Link protection 209 8.4.4. Link restoration 210 8.5. Conclusion 210 8.6. References 211 Chapter 9. MAC Protocols for Quality of Service Provisioning in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 213 Ghalem BOUDOUR, Mahboub A. BALI and Cédric TEYSSIÉ 9.1. Introduction 213 9.2. IEEE 802.11 standard basics 216 9.3. Prioritization-oriented MAC protocols 217 9.3.1. RT-MAC protocol 217 9.3.2. DCF-PC protocol 218 9.3.3. HCF and IEEE 802.11e 219 9.3.4. DPS protocol 221 9.3.5. BB-DCF protocol 222 9.3.6. ES-DCF and DB-DCF protocols 224 9.4. Reservation-oriented protocols 226 9.4.1. Reservation protocols with synchronization 227 9.4.2. Reservation protocols without synchronization 231 9.4.3. Limitations of reservation-based protocols 235 9.5. Available bandwidth estimation methods for ad hoc networks 235 9.5.1. General issues 235 9.5.2. Methods for bandwidth estimation 237 9.6. Conclusion 244 9.7. References 245 Chapter 10. Quality of Service Scheduling Mechanisms in Mobile Networks 249 Mohamed BRAHMA, Abdelhafid ABOUAÏSSA and Pascal LORENZ 10.1. Introduction 249 10.1.1. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) 250 10.1.2. Constraints 251 10.2. Quality of Service 251 10.2.1. Routing with QoS in the ad hoc network 251 10.2.2. QoS models in ad hoc networks 252 10.2.3. QoS MAC protocols 254 10.3. Buffer and energy-based scheduling 256 10.3.1. Marking MAC frames 258 10.3.2. Adjusting the weight of each class queue 258 10.3.3. Weight calculation algorithm 259 10.4. Simulations and numerical results 260 10.5. Conclusion 266 10.6. References 266 Chapter 11. Quality of Service inWireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 269 Azzedine BOUKERCHE, Horacio A.B.F. OLIVEIRA, Eduardo F. NAKAMURA, Richard W.N. PAZZI and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Challenges for QoS in ad hoc and sensor networks 270 11.2. QoS parameters in ad hoc and sensor networks 271 11.3. Components of a QoS system 273 11.4. MACmeasurement and reservation 274 11.4.1. Q-MAC 277 11.5. QoS routing discovery and maintenance 278 11.5.1. Ticket-based probing 278 11.5.2. QoS-based geographic routing 280 11.5.3. Core extraction distributed ad hoc routing – CEDAR281 11.5.4. EQoS 283 11.5.5. The INSIGNIA QoS framework 283 11.5.6. Ad hocQoS on-demand routing –AQOR 285 11.6. Conclusions 287 11.7. References 288 Chapter 12. Quality of Service Challenges in WiMAX Networks 291 Sahar GHAZAL and Jalel BEN-OTHMAN 12.1. Introduction 291 12.2.QoS limitations in wireless networks 293 12.3.QoS features in WiMAXnetworks 294 12.3.1. Classification process 294 12.3.2. Scheduling services 295 12.3.3. Bandwidth management policies 296 12.4. QoS parameter set and management messages 298 12.4.1. Connection establishment 299 12.4.2. Dynamic change of admitted QoS parameters 300 12.5. MAC layer and QoS architecture 301 12.6. PHY layer supports QoS 302 12.7. QoS previous proposed solutions for WiMAX 303 12.7.1. Proposed scheduling algorithms 303 12.7.2. Proposed admission policies 304 12.8. Conclusion 305 12.9. References 305 Chapter 13. Quality of Service Support for MPLS-based Wired-Wireless Domains 309 Scott FOWLER, Sherali ZEADALLY and Abdelhamid MELLOUK 13.1. Abstract 309 13.2. Introduction 310 13.3. MPLS technology 310 13.3.1. Label distribution protocol (LDP) 312 13.4. Mobility and MPLS 314 13.5. Hierarchical MIP 315 13.6. Extending MPLS from wired networks to wireless networks 317 13.6.1. Hierarchical mobile MPLS (H-MPLS) approach 317 13.6.2. Hierarchical mobile IPv6withMPLS 321 13.6.3. Micro-mobility with MPLS (MM-MPLS) approach 326 13.6.4. The label edge mobility agent (LEMA) approach 328 13.7. Multimedia support over MPLS-based networks 329 13.7.1. MPLS support in DiffServ 331 13.7.2. Resource reservation protocol traffic engineering (RSVP-TE) with MPLS 335 13.7.3. Constraint-based routed label distribution protocol (CR-LDP) 336 13.8. Emerging trends of MPLS-based networks 337 13.8.1. Label management of MPLS 338 13.8.2. MPLS support over heterogenous networks 339 13.8.3. MPLS security 339 13.8.4. QoS support over MPLS-based networks 339 13.8.5. Fast handovers across MPLS-based wired-wireless networks 340 13.9. Conclusion 340 13.10. References 342 13.11. Appendix – list of acronyms 344 Chapter 14. Quality of Service Control in Voice-over IP Applications 347 Vincent LECUIRE and Mouna BENAISSA 14.1. Introduction 347 14.2. General structure of VoIP applications 348 14.3. End-to-end delay analysis 351 14.3.1. Coding/decoding delay 352 14.3.2. Packetization delay 353 14.3.3. Network delay 353 14.3.4. Jitter compensation delay 353 14.3.5. End-to-end delay calculation 354 14.4. Quality of Service requirements for VoIP 354 14.4.1. Delay constraint 354 14.4.2. Packet loss constraint 355 14.4.3. Jitter constraint 356 14.5. Algorithms for adaptive playout buffering 357 14.5.1. Approach based on linear filtering 359 14.5.2. Approach based on adaptive filter 363 14.5.3. Approach based on statistics distribution 364 14.6. Forward error correction mechanisms for packet loss repair 367 14.6.1. Media-specific FEC 368 14.6.2. Media-independent FEC 369 14.7. Joint playout buffering and packet-level FEC algorithms 370 14.7.1. Virtual delay algorithms 371 14.7.2. Delay aware algorithm 371 14.8. Conclusion 372 14.9. References 372 Chapter 15. Towards Collaborative Teleoperation Based On Human-Scale Networked Mixed Reality Environments 377 Samir OTMANE, Nassima OURAMDANE and Malik MALLEM 15.1. Introduction 377 15.2. Teleoperation and telerobotics 378 15.2.1. Brief background 379 15.2.2. Teleoperation 379 15.2.3. Telerobotics 382 15.2.4. Some application domains 383 15.3. Augmented reality assisted teleoperation 389 15.4. Human-scale collaborative teleoperation 393 15.4.1. Collaborative working environments. 394 15.4.2. Interactions in human-scale teleoperation 395 15.4.3. Distributed software architecture for human-scale collaborative teleoperation 398 15.5. Synthesis and problematics 401 15.6. References 403 Chapter 16. QoS-driven Context Awareness Using Semantic Sensors Infrastructure 407 Abdelghani CHIBANI and Yacine AMIRAT 16.1. Introduction 407 16.2. Context-aware pervasive computing 408 16.3. Service agent middleware for decentralized context management 409 16.3.1. Context service agent 410 16.3.2. Context aggregation agent 411 16.3.3. Context services composition 413 16.4. Context service discovery 415 16.4.1. QoS-driven context directories management 416 16.4.2. Contextual knowledge modeling 416 16.4.3. Contextual service modeling419 16.4.4. Context service semantic matching 420 16.5. Semantic context sensor scenarios 422 16.5.1. Scenario 1: context-aware travel organizer service 423 16.5.2. Scenario 2: context-aware services for healthcare ubiquitous robot 425 16.5.3. Scenario 3: context sensor infrastructure for living lab services 426 16.6. Conclusion 427 16.7. References 428 Chapter 17. Effect of Transmission Delay on Haptic Perception in Shared Virtual Environments 431 Hichem ARIOUI 17.1. Introduction 431 17.2. Haptic simulation in VR applications 433 17.2.1. Haptic feedback device 433 17.2.2. Applications of haptic systems 436 17.3. Delayed force feedback systems 437 17.3.1. Automatic control law, solutions and handicaps 437 17.3.2. Remote programming, solutions and handicaps 441 17.4. The Quality of Service for a good haptic rendering 442 17.5. References 443 List of Authors 445 Index 451

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Book SynopsisOptoelectronic sensors combine optical and electronic systems for numerous applications including pressure sensors, security systems, atmospheric particle measurement, close tolerance measurement, quality control, and more. This title provides an examination of the latest research in photonics and electronics in the areas of sensors.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Photodetectors 1 Franck OMNES 1.1. Brief overview of semiconductor materials 1 1.2. Photodetection with semiconductors: basic phenomena 3 1.3. Semiconductor devices 4 1.4. p-n junctions and p-i-n structures 5 1.5. Avalanche effect in p-i-n structures 7 1.6. Schottky junction 8 1.7. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structures 10 1.8. Operational parameters of photodetectors 11 Chapter 2. PIN Photodiodes for the Visible and Near-Infrared 15 Baudoin DE CREMOUX 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Physical processes occurring in photodiodes 17 2.3. Static characteristics of PIN photodiodes 25 2.4. Dynamic characteristics of PIN photodiodes 34 2.5. Semiconductor materials used in PIN photodiodes for the visible and near-infrared 42 2.6. New photodiode structures 49 2.7. Bibliography 55 Chapter 3. Avalanche Photodiodes 57 Gérard RIPOCHE and Joseph HARARI 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. History 58 3.3. The avalanche effect 60 3.4. Properties of avalanche photodiodes 66 3.5. Technological considerations 76 3.6. Silicon avalanche photodiodes 80 3.7. Avalanche photodiodes based on gallium arsenide 88 3.8. Germanium avalanche photodiodes 90 3.9. Avalanche photodiodes based on indium phosphate (InP) 95 3.10. III-V low-noise avalanche photodiodes 100 3.11. Prospects 104 3.12. Conclusion 106 3.13. Bibliography 107 Chapter 4. Phototransistors 111 Carmen GONZALEZ and Antoine MARTY 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. Phototransistors 112 4.3. The bipolar phototransistor: description and principles of operation 118 4.4. Photodetector circuits based on phototransistors 140 4.5. Applications 142 4.6. Conclusion 150 4.7. Bibliography 151 Chapter 5. Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes 155 Joseph HARARI and Vincent MAGNIN 5.1. Introduction 155 5.2. Operation and structure 156 5.3. Static and dynamic characteristics 165 5.4. Integration possibilities and conclusion 177 5.5. Bibliography 178 Chapter 6. Ultraviolet Photodetectors 181 Franck OMNES and Eva MONROY 6.1. Introduction 181 6.2. The UV-visible contrast 189 6.3. Si and SiC photodetectors for UV photodetection 190 6.4. UV detectors based on III-V nitrides 195 6.5. Conclusion 216 6.6. Bibliography 218 Chapter 7. Noise in Photodiodes and Photoreceiver Systems 223 Robert ALABEDRA and Dominique RIGAUD 7.1. Mathematical tools for noise 224 7.2. Fundamental noise sources 227 7.3. Excess noise 232 7.4. Analysis of noise electrical circuits 235 7.5. Noise in photodetectors 239 7.6. Noise optimization of photodetectors 245 7.7. Calculation of the noise of a photoreceiver 253 7.8. Comments and conclusions 266 7.9. Bibliography 268 List of Authors 269 Index 271

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Book SynopsisSince the beginning of the century, electrical engineering technologies and applications have pervaded daily life and are present in the majority of everyday products, tools, and appliances. Increasingly these applications are becoming more prevalent in the automotive vehicle and products market. While change in this field has been relatively slow over the last ten last years, the pace of change is now beginning to accelerate and we are witnessing a wave driven by regulatory constraints and market laws which are sweeping away the last bastions of resistance. This book discusses both the historical and scientific issues surrounding the application of electrical technology in the automotive drives field, as well as potential future developments, such as hybrid vehicles and fuel cells. In the current context of energy conservation, pollution prevention, and carbon control, this book will provide an important and timely examination of a potentially enormous new market.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Joseph BERETTA 1.1. Automotive constraints 1 1.2. Key figures from the automotive industry – data from the CCFA (association of French car manufacturers) 2 Chapter 2. Basic Definitions 5 Joseph BERETTA 2.1. Basic concepts 5 2.1.1. Basics of automotive energy. 5 2.1.2. Basics of automotive dynamics 7 2.2. The different electric drive-train systems 10 2.2.1. Basic definitions 10 2.2.2. Definitions of drive-train systems 14 2.2.3. Thermal-electric hybrid systems 19 2.2.4. Complex hybrids 22 Chapter 3. Electric-Powered Vehicles 27 Joseph BERETTA, Cyriacus BLEIJS, François BADIN and Thierry ALLEAU 3.1. History 27 3.2. Battery-powered electric vehicles 31 3.2.1. Battery sizing 31 3.2.2. Vehicle specifications 33 3.2.3. Calculating the vehicle weights 34 3.2.4. Application on a small vehicle 37 3.3. Recharging systems for electric vehicles 40 3.3.1. What is battery charging? 41 3.3.2. The various types of chargers 41 3.3.3. Recharging efficiency 49 3.3.4. Recharging in complete safety 50 3.4. Thermal/electric hybrid vehicles 53 3.4.1. Assessment of traditional motorizations 53 3.4.2. Implementation of hybrid transmissions 69 3.4.3. Context of research concerning hybrid transmission 74 3.4.4. Functionalities of hybrid architectures 82 3.4.5. Evaluation of hybrid vehicles 110 3.4.6. The first vehicles on the market 118 3.5. Fuel-cell vehicles 144 3.5.1. History, introduction 144 3.5.2. Choosing the kind of fuel cell 145 3.6. Bibliography 169 3.7. Summary table of fuel-cell (PEM) vehicle prototypes (as of February 2005) 169 Chapter 4. The Components of Electric-Powered Vehicles 173 Joseph BERETTA, Jean BONAL and Thierry ALLEAU 4.1. Electric motors 175 4.2. Electronic converters 180 4.2.1. Characteristics of electric vehicles 180 4.2.2. Components of electronic converters 181 4.3.3. Generators – receivers – sources 182 4.3.4. Rectifiers 185 4.3.5. Choppers 186 4.3.6. Inverters 202 4.3. Batteries and static storage systems 207 4.3.1. The different electrochemical couples for batteries 207 4.3.2. Positioning of Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries for different applications 213 4.3.3. Recycling processes 215 4.4. The fuel cell and on-board fuel storage 217 4.4.1. History of the fuel cell 217 4.4.2. The different fuel-cell technologies 220 4.4.3. The PEM fuel cell 223 4.4.4. Technology and cost of fuel-cell components 235 4.4.5. Peripherals of the fuel cell 241 4.4.6. Numerical modeling of the fuel cell 246 4.4.7. The fuel and its storage 249 4.4.8. Conclusions. 264 4.5. Bibliography 266 Chapter 5. Prospects and Evolutions of Electric-Powered Vehicles: What Technologies by 2015? 269 Joseph BERETTA 5.1. Mobility 269 5.2. New technologies 274 5.2.1. Electric motors 276 5.2.2. Electronic power systems 278 5.2.3. Electric energy sources 279 5.3. New cars 282 Automobile Glossary 291 Appendices 313 Appendix 1. European regulation emissions for light vehicles 313 Appendix 2.a. Example of hybrid parallel transmission with flywheel storage 314 Appendix 2.b. Example of hybrid parallel transmission with oleo-pneumatic storage 314 Appendix 3. Example of function allocation 315 Appendix 4. Toyota Prius engine 316 List of authors 317 Index 319

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the emerging generation of renewable energy technologies, covering solar energy (photovoltaic, thermal and thermodynamic energy conversion), wind energy, marine energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy, biofuels, biogas and the use of wood as a substitute for fossil fuels.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Chapter 1. Photovoltaic Electricity Production 1 Jean-Claude MULLER 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Photovoltaic conversion 3 1.3. Cells with a crystalline silicon base 5 1.4. Cells in thin films 10 1.5. Photovoltaic market 17 1.6. Prospects for photovoltaic electricity development 22 1.7. Bibliography 23 Chapter 2. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Grid 25 Seddik BACHA and Daniel CHATROUX 2.1. Problems of photovoltaic power generation connected to the grid 25 2.2. General remarks on connection 28 2.3. Physical architectures 30 2.4. Constraints related to supplying energy to the utility grid 34 2.5. Algorithmic architectures 38 2.6. Conclusion 42 2.7. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Solar Heating 45 Christophe MARVILLET 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Available energy from the sun 49 3.3. Flat solar panels 53 3.4. Solar heating systems 58 3.5. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Solar Thermodynamic Power Stations 63 Alain FERRIÈRE Introduction 63 4.1. Concentrating solar power technologies 65 4.2. The state of the art 84 4.3. Prospects 94 4.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 5. Wind Systems Technology 103 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE 5.1. Introduction: wind power today 103 5.2. Description of a wind generator 104 5.3. Operation of a wind turbine 106 5.4. Bibliography 136 Chapter 6. Integration of Wind Turbine Generators into the Grid 143 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE 6.1. Connection to the grid 143 6.2. Comparison of technologies and conclusion 169 6.3. Bibliography 171 6.4. Appendix: symbol table 177 Chapter 7. Marine Energy Resources Conversion Systems 181 Bernard MULTON, Alain CLÉMENT, Marie RUELLAN, Julien SEIGNEURBIEUX and Hamid BEN AHMED 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Electricity productivity from marine resources 183 7.3. Ocean wave generator systems (WEC: wave energy converters) 188 7.4. Tidal energy converters (TEC) 202 7.5. Other conversion systems 214 7.6. Conclusion 221 7.7. Bibliography 223 Chapter 8. Small Hydropower 227 Raymond CHENAL, Aline CHOULOT, Vincent DENIS and Norbert TISSOT 8.1. Introduction 227 8.2. What is small hydropower? 229 8.3. Hydraulic energy 231 8.4. The exploitation of hydraulic force 233 8.5. Potential 244 8.6. Research & Development in small hydropower 245 8.7. Environmental aspects of small hydropower 249 8.8. Policies favoring small hydropower 254 8.9. Conclusions 257 8.10. Bibliography 258 Chapter 9. Geothermal Energy Production 261 Florence JAUDIN and Laurent LE BEL 9.1. Introduction 261 9.2. Geothermal energy: why, for whom and how? 262 9.3. Geothermal heat pump systems 269 9.4. Direct production of heat 286 9.5. Electricity production.301 9.6. Glossary 320 9.7. Bibliography 325 Chapter 10. Biofuels 329 Frédéric MONOT, Jean-Luc DUPLAN, Nathalie ALAZARD-TOUX and Stéphane HIS 10.1. The place of biofuels in the energy environment 329 10.2. Current systems 345 10.3. Future systems: use of lignocellulose 358 10.4. Economic and environmental balance of biofuel production systems 380 10.5. Bibliography 394 Chapter 11. Biogas 397 Pierre LABEYRIE 11.1. Introduction: biogas, “the renewable natural gas” 397 11.2. Naturally occurring biogas 397 11.3. Production organized by humans 398 11.4. History of anaerobic digestion 399 11.5. Anaerobic digestion 400 11.6. Anaerobic digestion installations or biogas units 405 11.7. Uses of biogas 419 11.8. Conclusion: renewable natural gas and its challenges 424 11.9. Bibliography 425 Chapter 12. Energy Production from Wood 427 Frédéric DOUARD 12.1. Introduction: what is wood energy? 427 12.2. Overview of wood fuels 429 12.3. Principles of conversion of wood into energy 442 12.4. Generators of thermal energy from wood 450 12.5. Conclusion 470 12.6. Bibliography 471 List of Authors 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisInternet of Things: Connecting Objects puts forward the technologies and the networking architectures which make it possible to support the Internet of Things. Amongst these technologies, RFID, sensor and PLC technologies are described and a clear view on how they enable the Internet of Things is given. This book also provides a good overview of the main issues facing the Internet of Things such as the issues of privacy and security, application and usage, and standardization.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to the Internet of Things 1 Hakima CHAOUCHI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. History of IoT 3 1.3. About objects/things in the IoT 7 1.4. The identifier in the IoT 9 1.5. Enabling technologies of IoT 13 1.6. About the Internet in IoT 21 1.7. Bibliography 32 Chapter 2. Radio Frequency Identification Technology Overview 35 Ayyangar Ranganath HARISH 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Principle of RFID 36 2.3. Components of an RFID system 41 2.4. Issues 48 2.5. Bibliography 52 Chapter 3. Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology Overview 53 Thomas WATTEYNE and Kristofer S.J. PISTER 3.1. History and context 53 3.2. The node 60 3.3. Connecting nodes 64 3.4. Networking nodes 70 3.5. Securing communication 88 3.6. Standards and Fora 89 3.7. Conclusion 91 3.8. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Power Line Communication Technology Overview 97 Xavier CARCELLE and Thomas BOURGEAU 4.1. Introduction 97 4.2. Overview of existing PLC technologies and standards 98 4.3. Architectures for home network applications 114 4.4. Internet of things using PLC technology 120 4.5. Conclusion 127 4.6. Bibliography 127 Chapter 5. RFID Applications and Related Research Issues 129 Oscar BOTERO and Hakima CHAOUCHI 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Concepts and terminology 129 5.3. RFID applications 139 5.4. Ongoing research projects 144 5.5. Summary and conclusions 152 5.6. Bibliography 153 Chapter 6. RFID Deployment for Location and Mobility Management on the Internet 157 Apostolia PAPAPOSTOLOU and Hakima CHAOUCHI 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Background and related work 159 6.3. Localization and handover management relying on RFID 169 6.4. Technology considerations 176 6.5. Performance evaluation 181 6.6. Summary and conclusions 187 6.7. Bibliography 188 Chapter 7. The Internet of Things – Setting the Standards 191 Keith MAINWARING and Lara SRIVASTAVA 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Standardizing the IoT 193 7.3. Exploiting the potential of RFID 196 7.4. Identification in the IoT 202 7.5. Promoting ubiquitous networking: any where, any when, any what 212 7.6. Safeguarding data and consumer privacy 217 7.7. Conclusions 220 7.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 8. Governance of the Internet of Things 223 Rolf H. WEBER 8.1. Introduction 223 8.2. Bodies subject to governing principles 225 8.3. Substantive principles for IoT governance 233 8.4. IoT infrastructure governance 239 8.5. Further governance issues 246 8.6. Outlook 248 8.7. Bibliography 248 Conclusion 251 List of Authors 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisThe increased complexity of embedded systems coupled with quick design cycles to accommodate faster time-to-market requires increased system design productivity that involves both model-based design and tool-supported methodologies. Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques and provide a clean framework in which to express requirements and models of the systems, taking into account discrete, stochastic and continuous (timed or hybrid) parameters with increasingly efficient tools. This book deals with these formal methods applied to communicating embedded systems by presenting the related industrial challenges and the issues of modeling, model-checking, diagnosis and control synthesis, and by describing the main associated automated tools.Table of ContentsPreface xi Claude JARD and Olivier H. ROUX Chapter 1. Models for Real-Time Embedded Systems 1 Didier LIME, Olivier H. ROUX and Ji¡ri SRBA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Notations, languages and timed transition systems 5 1.3. Timed models 8 1.4. Models with stopwatches 23 1.5. Conclusion 31 1.6. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. Timed Model-Checking 39 Beatrice BERARD 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Timed models 40 2.3. Timed logics 46 2.4. Timed model-checking 51 2.5. Conclusion 61 2.6. Bibliography 61 Chapter 3. Control of Timed Systems 67 Franck CASSEZ and Nicolas MARKEY 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Timed games 72 3.3. Computation of winning states and strategies 76 3.4. Zeno strategies 82 3.5. Implementability 82 3.6. Specification of control objectives 85 3.7. Optimal control 87 3.8. Efficient algorithms for controller synthesis 92 3.9. Partial observation 96 3.10. Changing game rules 97 3.11. Bibliography 98 Chapter 4. Fault Diagnosis of Timed Systems 107 Franck CASSEZ and Stavros TRIPAKIS 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. Notations 109 4.3. Fault diagnosis problems 113 4.4. Fault diagnosis for discrete event systems 115 4.5. Fault diagnosis for timed systems 122 4.6. Other results and open problems 136 4.7. Bibliography 136 Chapter 5. Quantitative Verification of Markov Chains 139 Susanna DONATELLI and Serge HADDAD 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Performance evaluation of Markov models 140 5.3. Verification of discrete time Markov chain 148 5.4. Verification of continuous time Markov chain 157 5.5. State of the art in the quantitative evaluation of Markov chains 160 5.6. Bibliography 162 Chapter 6. Tools for Model-Checking Timed Systems 165 Alexandre DAVID, Gerd BEHRMANN, Peter BULYCHEV, Joakim BYG, Thomas CHATAIN, Kim G. LARSEN, Paul PETTERSSON, Jacob Illum RASMUSSEN, Ji¡ri SRBA,Wang YI, Kenneth Y. JOERGENSEN, Didier LIME,MorganMAGNIN, Olivier H. ROUX and Louis-Marie TRAONOUEZ 6.1. Introduction 165 6.2. UPPAAL 166 6.3. UPPAAL-CORA 182 6.4. UPPAAL-TIGA 185 6.5. TAPAAL 199 6.6. ROMEO: a tool for the analysis of timed extensions of Petri nets 205 6.7. Bibliography 217 Chapter 7. Tools for the Analysis of Hybrid Models 227 Thao DANG, Goran FREHSE, Antoine GIRARD and Colas LE GUERNIC 7.1. Introduction 227 7.2. Hybrid automata and reachability 228 7.3. Linear hybrid automata 232 7.4. Piecewise affine hybrid systems 234 7.5. Hybridization techniques for reachability computations 241 7.6. Bibliography 249 List of Authors 253 Index 259

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Book SynopsisEmbedded systems are becoming increasingly complex, and as they become more widespread, more capable, and more densely integrated in everyday consumer, household, industrial, and more specialized products, the design and use in applications of such systems requires knowledge of several different disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications, and networks. Without detailing all aspects of electronics, circuit design, and computer architecture related to the design of embedded systems, this book, written by expert specialists in electronics, data processing and telecommunications and networks, gives important insights into the communication techniques and problems encountered in embedded systems. The book focuses on applications in the area of telecommunications and networks because the vast majority of embedded systems are deployed in communications systems and equipment, and it therefore makes an excellent field-wide case study.Table of ContentsGeneral Introduction xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Embedded Systems 1 Patrice KADIONIK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Embedded system: a definition 3 1.3. Properties of an embedded system 4 1.4. The significance of Moore’s Law 6 1.5. Embedded systems and the system on silicon 9 1.6. Embedded systems and communications 12 1.7. Embedded systems and security 13 1.8. Embedded systems and time constraints 14 1.9. Embedded systems and free software 17 1.10. Embedded systems and their design 19 1.11. An example of multimedia embedded system design 20 1.12. Conclusion 25 1.13. Bibliography 26 Chapter 2. Quality-of-Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 29 Zoubir MAMMERI 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Mobile ad hoc networks: concepts, characteristics, challenges 31 2.3. QoS routing: general considerations 37 2.4. Best-effort routing protocols in MANETs 47 2.5. QoS routing in MANETs 56 2.6. Conclusion 71 2.7. Bibliography 74 Chapter 3. Self-Management of Ad Hoc Sensor Networks 81 Francine KRIEF 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Wireless sensor networks 82 3.3. Autonomic sensor networks 94 3.4. An example of self-configuration 102 3.5. Conclusion 109 3.6. Bibliography 110 Chapter 4. RFID Technology 113 Vincent GUYOT 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Automatic identification systems 113 4.3. The components of an RFID system 116 4.4. The different types of RFID systems 118 4.5. RF ranges 120 4.6. Information security 120 4.7. Standards in force 124 4.8. Examples of implementations 127 4.9. Conclusion 136 4.10. Bibliography 136 Chapter 5. Hardware Security in Embedded Systems 139 Lilian BOSSUET and Guy GOGNIAT 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Embedded systems and their security issues 140 5.3. Security of the system and its data 147 5.4. Secured hardware architectures for embedded systems 155 5.5. Conclusion168 5.6. Bibliography 169 Chapter 6. Communications Security in Embedded Systems 175 Mohamed Aymen CHALOUF 6.1. Introduction 175 6.2. Communications security 176 6.3. Communications security in embedded systems 195 6.4. Conclusion 204 6.5. Bibliography 204 Chapter 7. Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Services in 802.11-Type Embedded Communications Systems 207 Ismaïl DJAMA 7.1. Introduction 207 7.2. Limits of layered structuring 209 7.3. The XL concept 219 7.4. Conclusion 231 7.5. Bibliography 231 Chapter 8. Relevance of the DTN Architecture to Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 235 Olfa SAMET 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. Mobile ad hoc networks 236 8.3. Challenged networks 239 8.4. Delay-tolerant networks 241 8.5. Relevance of DTNs to ad hoc mobile networks 263 8.6. Conclusion 266 8.7. Bibliography 266 Chapter 9. Intelligent Interfaces and Mobile Communications 267 Badr BENMAMMAR and Zeina EL-FERKH JRAD 9.1. Introduction 267 9.2. Assisting the user with access to new internet services 269 9.3. Modeling user behavior 272 9.4. Synthesis of mobile and wireless networks 276 9.5. References for intelligent interfaces for access to mobile networks 285 9.6. Conclusion 294 9.7. Bibliography 294 Chapter 10. Routing and Mobility Management in Personal Networks 301 Usman JAVAID and Francine KRIEF 10.1. Introduction 301 10.2. Personal environments 303 10.3. Routing in personal environments 306 10.4. Gateway discovery 311 10.5. Mobility management 314 10.6. Conclusion 319 10.7. Bibliography 319 List of Authors 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisCombinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aims to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. “Paradigms of Combinatorial Optimization” is divided in two parts: • Paradigmatic Problems, that handles several famous combinatorial optimization problems as max cut, min coloring, optimal satisfiability tsp, etc., the study of which has largely contributed to both the development, the legitimization and the establishment of the Combinatorial Optimization as one of the most active actual scientific domains; • Classical and New Approaches, that presents the several methodological approaches that fertilize and are fertilized by Combinatorial optimization such as: Polynomial Approximation, Online Computation, Robustness, etc., and, more recently, Algorithmic Game Theory.Trade Review"Finally, the essay is useful for researchers and scientists in diverse fields (mathematics, programmers, engineers, etc.) as well as post-graduate students (and even undergraduates)." (Contemporary Physics, 19 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Vangelis Th. PASCHOS PART I. PARADIGMATIC PROBLEMS 1 Chapter 1. Optimal Satisfiability 3 Cristina BAZGAN Chapter 2. Scheduling Problems 33 Philippe CHRÉTIENNE and Christophe PICOULEAU Chapter 3. Location Problems 61 Aristotelis GIANNAKOS Chapter 4. MiniMax Algorithms and Games 89 Michel KOSKAS Chapter 5. Two-dimensional Bin Packing Problems 107 Andrea LODI, Silvano MARTELLO, Michele MONACI and Daniele VIGO Chapter 6. The Maximum Cut Problem 131 Walid BEN-AMEUR, Ali Ridha MAHJOUB and José NETO Chapter 7. The Traveling Salesman Problem and its Variations 173 Jérôme MONNOT and Sophie TOULOUSE Chapter 8. 0–1 Knapsack Problems 215 Gérard PLATEAU and Anass NAGIH Chapter 9. Integer Quadratic Knapsack Problems 243 Dominique QUADRI, Eric SOUTIF and Pierre TOLLA Chapter 10. Graph Coloring Problems 265 Dominique DE WERRA and Daniel KOBLER PART II. NEW APPROACHES 311 Chapter 11. Polynomial Approximation 313 Marc DEMANGE and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 12. Approximation Preserving Reductions 351 Giorgio AUSIELLO and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 13. Inapproximability of Combinatorial Optimization Problems 381 Luca TREVISAN Chapter 14. Local Search: Complexity and Approximation 435 Eric ANGEL, Petros CHRISTOPOULOS and Vassilis ZISSIMOPOULOS Chapter 15. On-line Algorithms 473 Giorgio AUSIELLO and Luca BECCHETTI Chapter 16. Polynomial Approximation for Multicriteria Combinatorial Optimization Problems 511 Eric ANGEL, Evripidis BAMPIS and Laurent GOURVÈS Chapter 17. An Introduction to Inverse Combinatorial Problems 547 Marc DEMANGE and Jérôme MONNOT Chapter 18. Probabilistic Combinatorial Optimization 587 Cécile MURAT and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 19. Robust Shortest Path Problems 615 Virginie GABREL and Cécile MURAT Chapter 20. Algorithmic Games 641 Aristotelis GIANNAKOS and Vangelis PASCHOS List of Authors 675 Index 681 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 689

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces and details the key facets of Combined Analysis—an x-ray and/or neutron scattering methodology which combines structural, textural, stress, microstructural, phase, layer, or other relevant variable or property analyses in a single approach. The author starts with basic theories related to diffraction by polycrystals and some of the most common combined analysis instrumental set-ups are detailed. Powder diffraction data treatment is introduced and in particular, the Rietveld analysis is discussed. The book also addresses automatic phase indexing—a necessary step to solve a structure ab initio. Since its effect prevails on real samples where textures are often stabilized, quantitative texture analysis is also detailed. Also discussed are microstructures of powder diffraction profiles; quantitative phase analysis from the Rietveld analysis; residual stress analysis for isotropic and anisotropic materials; specular x-ray reflectivity, and the various associated models. Finally, the book introduces the combined analysis concept, showing how it is superior to the view presented when we look at only one part of the analyses. This book shows that the existence of texture in a specimen can be envisaged as a way to decouple ordinarily strongly correlated parameters, as measured for instance in powder diagrams, and to examine and detail deeper material characterizations in a single methodology.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Acknowledgements xvii Chapter 1. Some Basic Notions About Powder Diffraction 1 1.1. Crystallite, grain, polycrystal and powder 1 1.2. Bragg’s law and harmonic reflections 2 1.3. Geometric conditions of diffraction, Ewald sphere 4 1.4. Imperfect powders 5 1.5. Main diffraction line profile components 6 1.6. Peak profile parameters 11 1.7. Modeling of the diffraction peaks 11 1.8. Experimental geometry 22 1.9. Intensity calibration (flat-field) 26 1.10. Standard samples 32 1.11. Probed thickness (penetration depth) 36 Chapter 2. Structure Refinement by Diffraction Profile Adjustment (Rietveld Method) 41 2.1. Principle of the Rietveld method 41 2.2. Rietveld-based codes 43 2.3. Parameter modeling 44 2.4. Crystal structure databases 71 2.5. Reliability factors in profile refinements 71 2.6. Parameter exactness 75 2.7. The Le Bail method 75 2.8. Refinement procedures 76 2.9. Refinement strategy 81 2.10. Structural determination by diffraction 82 Chapter 3. Automatic Indexing of Powder Diagrams 91 3.1. Principle 91 3.2. Dichotomy approach 92 3.3. Criterions for quality 93 Chapter 4. Quantitative Texture Analysis 95 4.1. Classic texture analysis 95 4.2. Orientation distribution (OD) or orientation distribution function (ODF)131 4.3. Distribution density and normalization 140 4.4. Direct and normalized pole figures 140 4.5. Reduced pole figures 143 4.6. Fundamental equation of quantitative texture analysis 143 4.7. Resolution of the fundamental equation 150 4.8. OD refinement reliability estimators 161 4.9. Inverse pole figures 168 4.10. Texture strength factors 170 4.11. Texture programs 173 4.12. Limits of the classic texture analysis 176 4.13. Magnetic quantitative texture analysis (MQTA)178 4.14. Reciprocal space mapping (RSM)189 Chapter 5. Quantitative Microstructure Analysis 191 5.1. Introduction 191 5.2. Microstructure modeling (classic) 192 5.3. Bertaut-Warren-Averbach approach (Fourier analysis) 197 5.4. Anisotropic broadening: the Popa approach 204 5.5. Stacking and twin faults 212 5.6. Dislocations 214 5.7. Crystallite size distributions 217 5.8. Rietveld approach 219 Chapter 6. Quantitative Phase Analysis 221 6.1. Standardized experiments 221 6.2. Polycrystalline samples 221 6.3. Amorphous-crystalline aggregates 223 6.4. Detection Limit 225 Chapter 7. Residual Strain-Stress Analysis 227 7.1. Strain definitions 227 7.2. ?Ï33 strain determination 229 7.3. Complete strain tensor determination 230 7.4. Textured samples 232 Chapter 8. X-Ray Reflectivity 235 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. X-rays and neutrons refractive index 238 8.3. The critical angle of reflection 240 8.4. Fresnel formalism (specular reflectivity) 241 8.5. Surface roughness 246 8.6. Matrix formalism (specular reflectivity) 250 8.7. Born approximation 251 8.8. Electron density profile 251 8.9. Multilayer reflectivity curves 252 8.10. Instrumental corrections 253 Chapter 9. Combined Structure-Texture-Microstructure-Stress-Phase Reflectivity Analysis 257 9.1. Initial queries 257 9.2. Implementation 261 9.3. Experimental set-up 264 9.4. Instrument calibration 264 9.5. Refinement strategy 269 9.6. Examples 272 Chapter 10. Macroscopic Anisotropic Properties 363 10.1. Aniso- and isotropic samples and properties 363 10.2. Macroscopic/microscopic properties 364 Bibliography 441 Glossary 483 Abbreviations 487 Mathematical Operators 489 Index 491

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Book SynopsisMathematical Morphology allows for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures using techniques based on the fields of set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. It is the basis of morphological image processing, and finds applications in fields including digital image processing (DSP), as well as areas for graphs, surface meshes, solids, and other spatial structures. This book presents an up-to-date treatment of mathematical morphology, based on the three pillars that made it an important field of theoretical work and practical application: a solid theoretical foundation, a large body of applications and an efficient implementation. The book is divided into five parts and includes 20 chapters. The five parts are structured as follows: Part I sets out the fundamental aspects of the discipline, starting with a general introduction, followed by two more theory-focused chapters, one addressing its mathematical structure and including an updated formalism, which is the result of several decades of work. Part II extends this formalism to some non-deterministic aspects of the theory, in particular detailing links with other disciplines such as stereology, geostatistics and fuzzy logic. Part III addresses the theory of morphological filtering and segmentation, featuring modern connected approaches, from both theoretical and practical aspects. Part IV features practical aspects of mathematical morphology, in particular how to deal with color and multivariate data, links to discrete geometry and topology, and some algorithmic aspects; without which applications would be impossible. Part V showcases all the previously noted fields of work through a sample of interesting, representative and varied applications. Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface xv PART I. FOUNDATIONS 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Mathematical Morphology 3 Laurent NAJMAN, Hugues TALBOT 1.1. First steps with mathematical morphology: dilations and erosions 4 1.2. Morphological filtering 12 1.3. Residues 22 1.4. Distance transform, skeletons and granulometric curves 24 1.5. Hierarchies and the watershed transform 30 1.6. Some concluding thoughts 33 Chapter 2. Algebraic Foundations of Morphology 35 Christian RONSE, Jean SERRA 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Complete lattices 36 2.3. Examples of lattices 42 2.4. Closings and openings 51 2.5. Adjunctions 56 2.6. Connections and connective segmentation 64 2.7. Morphological filtering and hierarchies 75 Chapter 3.Watersheds in Discrete Spaces 81 Gilles BERTRAND, Michel COUPRIE, Jean COUSTY, Laurent NAJMAN 3.1. Watersheds on the vertices of a graph 82 3.2. Watershed cuts: watershed on the edges of a graph 90 3.3. Watersheds in complexes 101 PART II. EVALUATING AND DECIDING 109 Chapter 4. An Introduction to Measurement Theory for Image Analysis 111 Hugues TALBOT, Jean SERRA, Laurent NAJMAN 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. General requirements 112 4.3. Convex ring and Minkowski functionals 113 4.4. Stereology and Minkowski functionals 119 4.5. Change in scale and stationarity 121 4.6. Individual objects and granulometries 122 4.7. Gray-level extension 128 4.8. As a conclusion 130 Chapter 5. Stochastic Methods 133 Christian LANTUÉJOUL 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Random transformation 134 5.3. Random image 138 Chapter 6. Fuzzy Sets and Mathematical Morphology 155 Isabelle BLOCH 6.1. Introduction 155 6.2. Background to fuzzy sets 156 6.3. Fuzzy dilations and erosions from duality principle 160 6.4. Fuzzy dilations and erosions from adjunction principle 165 6.5. Links between approaches 167 6.6. Application to the definition of spatial relations 170 6.7. Conclusion 176 PART III. FILTERING AND CONNECTIVITY 177 Chapter 7. Connected Operators based on Tree Pruning Strategies 179 Philippe SALEMBIER 7.1. Introduction 179 7.2. Connected operators 181 7.3. Tree representation and connected operator 182 7.4. Tree pruning 187 7.5. Conclusions 198 Chapter 8. Levelings 199 Jean SERRA, Corinne VACHIER, Fernand MEYER 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. Set-theoretical leveling 200 8.3. Numerical levelings 209 8.4. Discrete levelings 214 8.5. Bibliographical comment 227 Chapter 9. Segmentation,Minimum Spanning Tree and Hierarchies 229 Fernand MEYER, Laurent NAJMAN 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. Preamble: watersheds, floodings and plateaus 230 9.3. Hierarchies of segmentations 237 9.4. Computing contours saliency maps 252 9.5. Using hierarchies for segmentation 255 9.6. Lattice of hierarchies 258 PART IV. LINKS AND EXTENSIONS 263 Chapter 10. Distance, Granulometry and Skeleton 265 Michel COUPRIE, Hugues TALBOT 10.1. Skeletons 265 10.2. Skeletons in discrete spaces 269 10.3. Granulometric families and skeletons 270 10.4. Discrete distances 275 10.5. Bisector function 279 10.6. Homotopic transformations 280 10.7. Conclusion 289 Chapter 11. Color and Multivariate Images 291 Jesus ANGULO, Jocelyn CHANUSSOT 11.1. Introduction 291 11.2. Basic notions and notation 292 11.3. Morphological operators for color filtering 299 11.4. Mathematical morphology and color segmentation 312 11.5. Conclusion 320 Chapter 12. Algorithms for Mathematical Morphology 323 Thierry GÉRAUD, Hugues TALBOT, Marc VAN DROOGENBROECK 12.1. Introduction 323 12.2. Translation of definitions and algorithms 324 12.3. Taxonomy of algorithms 329 12.4. Geodesic reconstruction example 334 12.5. Historical perspectives and bibliography notes 344 12.6. Conclusions 352 PART V. APPLICATIONS 355 Chapter 13. Diatom Identification with Mathematical Morphology 357 Michael WILKINSON, Erik URBACH, Andre JALBA, Jos ROERDINK 13.1. Introduction 357 13.2. Morphological curvature scale space 358 13.3. Scale-space feature extraction 359 13.4. 2D size-shape pattern spectra 359 13.5. Datasets 364 13.6. Results 364 13.7. Conclusions 365 Chapter 14. Spatio-temporal Cardiac Segmentation 367 Jean COUSTY, Laurent NAJMAN, Michel COUPRIE 14.1.Which objects of interest? 368 14.2. How do we segment? 369 14.3. Results, conclusions and perspectives 372 Chapter 15. 3D Angiographic Image Segmentation 375 Benoît NAEGEL, Nicolas PASSAT, Christian RONSE 15.1. Context 375 15.2. Anatomical knowledge modeling 376 15.3. Hit-or-miss transform 378 15.4. Application: two vessel segmentation examples 378 15.5. Conclusion 383 Chapter 16. Compression 385 Beatriz MARCOTEGUI, Philippe SALEMBIER 16.1. Introduction 385 16.2. Morphological multiscale decomposition 385 16.3. Region-based decomposition 389 16.4. Conclusions 391 Chapter 17. Satellite Imagery and Digital ElevationModels 393 Pierre SOILLE 17.1. Introduction 393 17.2. On the specificity of satellite images 394 17.3. Mosaicing of satellite images 398 17.4. Applications to digital elevation models 400 17.5. Conclusion and perspectives 405 Chapter 18. Document Image Applications 407 Dan BLOOMBERG, Luc VINCENT 18.1. Introduction 407 18.2. Applications 409 Chapter 19. Analysis and Modeling of 3D Microstructures 421 Dominique JEULIN 19.1. Introduction 421 19.3. Models of random multiscale structures 431 19.4. Digital materials 440 19.5. Conclusion 444 Chapter 20. Random Spreads and Forest Fires 445 Jean SERRA 20.1. Introduction 445 20.2. Random spread 448 20.3. Forecast of the burnt zones 451 20.4. Discussion: estimating and choosing 453 20.5. Conclusions 454 Bibliography 457 List of Authors 499 Index 501

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the electrical models for the different elements of a photonic microwave link like lasers, external modulators, optical fibers, photodiodes and phototransistors. The future trends of these components are also introduced: lasers to VCSEL, external modulators to electro-absorption modulators, glass optical fibers to plastic optical fibers, photodiodes to UTC photodiodes or phototransistors. It also describes an original methodology to evaluate the performance of a microwave photonic link, based on the developed elcetrical models, that can be easily incorporated in commercial electrical circuits simulation software to simulate this complete link.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Abbrevation Glossary xvii Chapter 1 General Points 1 1.1. Microwave photonic links 1 1.2. Link description 4 1.3. Signal to transmit 5 1.4. Limitations of microwave photonic links 7 1.5. The components and characteristics of microwave photonic links 13 Chapter 2 Generation and Modulation of Light 15 2.1. Laser 15 2.2. Electro-optic modulator: EOM 49 2.3. Electro-absorption modulator: EAM 75 Chapter 3 Optical Fibers and Amplifiers 93 3.1. Optical fibers 93 3.2. Optical amplifiers 118 3.3. Appendix: modal analysis of propagation in a fiber 122 Chapter 4 Photodetectors 137 4.1. Photodetector definition 137 4.2. Photodiodes 138 4.3. Phototransistors 163 4.4. Appendix 184 Chapter 5 Performance of Microwave Photonic Links 193 5.1. Microwave photonic links: diagrams and definitions 193 5.2. Optomicrowave S-parameters and gains of each photonic link component 201 5.3. Microwave photonic links optomicrowave S-parameters and gains 210 5.4. Comparison of different link gains 218 5.5. Direct modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figures 221 5.6. External modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure 227 5.7. Comparisons of different link noise figures 232 5.8. Microwave photonic link nonlinearity: distortion phenomena 241 5.9. Microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range 246 5.10. Appendix 250 Chapter 6 Complement to Microwave Photonic Link Performances 267 6.1. Microwave signal attenuation during double sideband modulation 267 6.2. Modulator structures for optical carrier or high and low sideband removal 273 6.3. Degradation of a microwave signal spectral purity by an optical link 280 Chapter 7 Electronic Amplifiers in Microwave Photonic Links 289 7.1. Electronic amplifiers in optical links 289 7.2. Amplifiers in the optical link emitter 289 7.3. Receiver: amplifiers at the photodetector output 293 7.4. Appendix: analog and microwave amplifiers 300 Chapter 8 Simulation and Measurement of Microwave Photonic Links 321 8.1. State of the art and context 321 8.2. Microwave optical link models 324 8.3. Nonlinearity effects in the link 337 8.4. Link noise modeling 340 8.5. Other types of modulation of signals transmitted on an optical fiber 348 8.6. Conclusion 361 8.7. Appendix 362 Bibliography 367 Index 393

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Book SynopsisSystems engineering is the design of a complex interconnection of many elements (a system) to maximize a specific measure of system performance. It consists of two parts: modeling, in which each element of the system and its performance criteria are described; and optimization in which adjustable elements are tailored to allow peak performance. Systems engineering is applied to vast numbers of problems in industry and the military. An example of systems engineering at work is the control of the timing of thousands of city traffic lights to maximize traffic flow. The complex and intricate field of electronics and computers is perfectly suited for systems engineering analysis and in turn, advances in communications and computer technology have made more advanced systems engineering problems solvable. Thus, the two areas fed off of one another. This book is a basic introduction to the use of models and methods in the engineering design of systems. It is aimed at students as well as practicing engineers. The concept of the "systems of systems" is discussed extensively, after a critical comparison of the different definitions and a range of various practical illustrations. It also provides key answers as to what a system of systems is and how its complexity can be mastered.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Simulation: History, Concepts, and Examples 1 Pascal CANTOT 1.1. Issues: simulation, a tool for complexity 1 1.2. History of simulation 14 1.3. Real-world examples of simulation 24 1.4. Basic principles 29 1.5. Conclusion 51 1.6. Bibliography 52 Chapter 2. Principles of Modeling 57 Pascal CANTOT 2.1. Introduction to modeling 57 2.2. Typology of models 58 2.3. The modeling process 66 2.4. Simulation project management 91 2.5. Conclusion 94 2.6. Bibliography 94 Chapter 3. Credibility in Modeling and Simulation 99 Roland RABEAU 3.1. Technico-operational studies and simulations 99 3.2. Examples of technico-operational studies based on simulation tools 101 3.3. VV&A for technico-operational simulations 102 3.4. VV&A issues 108 3.5. Conclusions 145 3.6. Bibliography 152 Chapter 4. Modeling Systems and Their Environment 159 Pascal CANTOT 4.1. Introduction159 4.2. Modeling time 160 4.3. Modeling physical laws 163 4.4. Modeling random phenomena 166 4.5. Modeling the natural environment 178 4.6. Modeling human behavior 193 4.7. Bibliography 203 Chapter 5. Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems: Pitfalls and Limitations of Interpretation 207 Dominique LUZEAUX 5.1. Introduction 207 5.2. Complex systems, models, simulations, and their link with reality 209 5.3. Main characteristics of complex systems simulation 218 5.4. Review of families of models 228 5.5. An example: effect-based and counter-insurgency military operations 244 5.6. Conclusion 246 5.7. Bibliography 249 Chapter 6. Simulation Engines and Simulation Frameworks 253 Pascal CANTOT 6.1. Introduction 253 6.2. Simulation engines 254 6.3. Simulation frameworks 260 6.4. Capitalization of models 290 6.5. Conclusion and perspectives 291 6.6. Bibliography 292 Chapter 7. Distributed Simulation 295 Louis IGARZA 7.1. Introduction 295 7.2. Basic mechanisms of distributed simulation 305 7.3. Main interoperability standards 312 7.4. Methodological aspects: engineering processes for distributed simulation 326 7.5. Conclusion: the state of the art: toward “substantive” interoperability 331 7.6. Bibliography 331 Chapter 8. The Battle Lab Concept 333 Pascal CANTOT 8.1. Introduction 333 8.2. France: Laboratoire Technico-Opérationnel (LTO) 336 8.3. United Kingdom: the Niteworks project 350 8.4. Conclusion and perspectives 351 8.5. Bibliography 352 Chapter 9. Conclusion: What Return on Investment Can We Expect from Simulation? 355 Dominique LUZEAUX 9.1. Returns on simulation for acquisition 355 9.2. Economic analysis of gains from intelligent use of simulations 357 9.3. Multi-project acquisition 367 9.4. An (almost) definitive conclusion: conditions for success 368 9.5. Bibliography 371 Author Biographies 373 List of Authors 375 Index 377

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Book SynopsisThis book develops the stochastic geometry framework for image analysis purpose. Two main frameworks are described: marked point process and random closed sets models. We derive the main issues for defining an appropriate model. The algorithms for sampling and optimizing the models as well as for estimating parameters are reviewed. Numerous applications, covering remote sensing images, biological and medical imaging, are detailed. This book provides all the necessary tools for developing an image analysis application based on modern stochastic modeling.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 X. DESCOMBES Chapter 2. Marked Point Processes for Object Detection 11 X. DESCOMBES 2.1. Principal definitions 11 2.2. Density of a point process 15 2.3. Marked point processes 21 2.4. Point processes and image analysis 22 Chapter 3. Random Sets for Texture Analysis 29 C. LANTUÉJOUL and M. SCHMITT 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. Random sets 33 3.3. Some geostatistical aspects 42 3.4. Some morphological aspects 51 3.5. Appendix: demonstration of Miles’ formulae for the Boolean model 61 Chapter 4. Simulation and Optimization 65 F. LAFARGE, X. DESCOMBES, E. ZHIZHINA and R. MINLOS 4.1. Discrete simulations: Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms 66 4.2. Continuous simulations 91 4.3. Mixed simulations 105 4.4. Simulated annealing 106 Chapter 5. Parametric Inference for Marked Point Processes in Image Analysis 113 R. STOICA, F. CHATELAIN and M. SIGELLE 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. First question: what and where are the objects in the image? 117 5.3. Second question: what are the parameters of the point process that models the objects observed in the image? 129 5.4. Conclusion and perspectives 158 5.5. Acknowledgments 159 Chapter 6. How to Set Up a Point Process? 161 X. DESCOMBES 6.1. From disks to polygons, via a discussion of segments 162 6.2. From no overlap to alignment 167 6.3. From the likelihood to a hypothesis test 172 6.4. From Metropolis–Hastings to multiple births and deaths 176 Chapter 7. Population Counting 179 X. DESCOMBES 7.1. Detection of Virchow–Robin spaces 180 7.2. Evaluation of forestry resources 192 7.3. Counting a population of flamingos 207 7.4. Counting the boats at a port 229 Chapter 8. Structure Extraction 249 F. LAFARGE and X. DESCOMBES 8.1. Detection of the road network 250 8.2. Extraction of building footprints 262 8.3. Representation of natural textures 269 Chapter 9. Shape Recognition 287 F. LAFARGE and C. MALLET 9.1. Modeling of a LIDAR signal 287 9.2. 3D reconstruction of buildings 308 Bibliography 325 List of Authors 341 Index 343

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamental aspects of the new generation of electrical distribution grids, taking as its starting point the opportunities that exist for restructuring existing infrastructure. It emphasizes the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the distribution grid and the need for a technological evolution towards the implementation of smartgrids. The book is organized into two parts: the first part analyzes the integration of distributed energy sources into the distribution grid and the impact of these sources on grid operation. After a general description of the general characteristics of distribution grids and renewable energy sources, it then analyzes the economics of electrical energy distribution networks and presents the impact of these sources on grid operation. The second part of the book then analyzes the various functions which allow for safe operation of the grid and realization of the path towards real world application of smartgrids.Trade Review"This book offers a comprehensive and thorough exploration of both theoretical and practical tools needed for a new "intelligent energy network," typically referred to as a smart grid. . . The book should particularly interest researchers and engineers involved in the development of the new, more flexible and reliable distribution system of the future." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xv Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE Chapter 1. The Electrical Distribution Network: From Heritage to Innovation 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD, Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE and Jean-Pierre ANGELIER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The new power system paradigm 6 1.3. Structure and characteristics of current distribution systems 7 1.4. Consumption 11 1.5. Transmission and distribution systems operators 13 1.6. Future challenges for the distribution system 17 1.7. The link between investment and quality 32 1.8. Financing mechanisms and investment actors of distribution systems 36 1.9. Conclusion 38 1.10. Glossary 38 1.11. Bibliography 39 Chapter 2. Characteristics of Distribution Networks 41 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ-HÉRAULT, Raphaël CAIRE, Sylvain MARTINO, Christophe ANDRIEU and Bertrand RAISON 2.1. Part 1: the French network 41 2.2. The North American network 61 2.3. Bibliography 81 Chapter 3. Overview of Decentralized Means of Production 83 Haizea GAZTAÑAGA, Raphaël CAIRE, Seddik BACHA and Daniel ROYE 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Deregulation 84 3.3. Emergent means of production 85 3.4. Conclusion: a challenge and a development opportunity for mains power 119 3.5. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4. Connection to the Decentralized Production Network: Regulatory and Economic Aspects 123 Cédric CLASTRES, Philippe MENANTEAU and Lina-Maria RUIZ 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. European policies and growth dynamics of REn 124 4.3. Incentive policies for the deployment of renewable energies 129 4.4. Integration and connection of new renewable energy producers to the network 141 4.5. The insertion of renewable energies into the electrical market 147 4.6. Bibliography 157 Chapter 5. Impacts of Distributed Generation on the Electrical Network 161 Raphaël CAIRE and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 5.1. Introduction 161 5.2. Impact of distributed generation on electrical parameters 164 5.3. Impacts on the design, planning and exploitation 191 5.4. Impacts on network equipment 197 5.5. Bibliography 200 Chapter 6. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Network 203 Tuan TRAN-QUOC and Seddik BACHA 6.1. Introduction to grid-connected PV production 203 6.2. Structure of photovoltaic inverters 207 6.3. Control/command of the grid side converter 217 6.4. Anti-islanding protection of PV systems 221 6.5. Impact on the voltage and harmonics of grid connected PV systems 225 6.6. Impact on the voltage 230 6.7. Impact on voltage unbalance 233 6.8. Conclusion 234 6.9. Bibliography 235 Chapter 7. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 237 Yvon BÉSANGER and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 7.1. Introduction: problems of voltage control 237 7.2. Voltage control in today’s distribution systems 241 7.3. Voltage control in distribution systems with DG 242 7.4. Conclusion 270 7.5. Bibliography 271 Chapter 8. Grid Integration of Wind Turbine Systems and their Ancillary Services Participation 273 Alexandre TENINGE, Daniel ROYE and Seddik BACHA 8.1. Wind energy: context 273 8.2. Integration of wind energy in electrical systems 276 8.3. Grid code requirements and wind farms 282 8.4. Wind turbines: principles and modeling aspect 290 8.5. Study of mixed wind farm integration in an islanded grid 301 8.6. Bibliography 311 8.7. Manufacturers websites 313 8.8. List of symbols 314 Chapter 9. Reliability of Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 315 Yvon BÉSANGER 9.1. New considerations and challenges for the reliability of distribution systems 315 9.2. Basic concepts of electrical network reliability 319 9.3. Objectives and use of probabilistic reliability studies 330 9.4. Basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation 333 9.5. Some results of Monte Carlo method application 343 9.6. Conclusion 348 9.7. Bibliography 349 Chapter 10. Protection, Detection and Isolation of Faults in MV Networks in the Presence of Decentralized Production 351 Bertrand RAISON, Olivier CHILARD, Delcho PENKOV and Duc CONG PHAM 10.1. Introduction 351 10.2. Characteristics of faults in HVA distribution systems 353 10.3. Functioning of protection in MV networks in the presence of decentralized production 361 10.4. Detection of faults 373 10.5. Localization of faults in the presence of decentralized production 380 10.6. Bibliography 392 Chapter 11. Load Control in the Management of Distribution Systems 395 Didier BOËDA, Christophe KIENY and Daniel ROYE 11.1. Objectives of load control for the distributor 395 11.2. Controlled loads 397 11.3. Results for real-time control 403 11.4. Real-time load control with knowledge of houses’ characteristics 406 11.5. Optimized load control 407 11.6. Conclusion 413 11.7. Bibliography 414 Chapter 12. Power Electronics in the Future Distribution Grid 415 Seddik BACHA, David FREY, Erwan LEPELLETER and Raphaël CAIRE 12.1. Introduction 415 12.2. New context of distribution systems 416 12.3. PE systems in the context of existing networks 420 12.4. Current state of development 425 12.5. Conclusion 434 12.6. Bibliography 436 Chapter 13. Virtual Power Systems for Active Networks 439 Guillaume FOGGIA, Christophe KIENY and Joseph MAIRE 13.1. General context: towards an active network 439 13.2. Objectives 440 13.3. Concept of a virtual power plant (project FENIX) 442 13.4. Other developments: the Alp energy project 452 13.5. Prospects for virtual power plants on active network 454 13.6. Bibliography 457 Chapter 14. Towards Smart Grids 459 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 14.1. Introduction 459 14.2. Definitions of the smart grid 471 14.3. Objectives addressed by the smart grid concept 472 14.4. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the smart grid concept 474 14.5. Research and scientific aspects of the smart grid 476 14.6. Conclusion 483 14.7. Bibliography 484 List of Authors 487 Index 489

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Book SynopsisThis book presents tools and algorithms required to compress/uncompress signals such as speech and music. These algorithms are largely used in mobile phones, DVD players, HDTV sets, etc. In a first rather theoretical part, this book presents the standard tools used in compression systems: scalar and vector quantization, predictive quantization, transform quantization, entropy coding. In particular we show the consistency between these different tools. The second part explains how these tools are used in the latest speech and audio coders. The third part gives Matlab programs simulating these coders.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi PART 1. TOOLS FOR SIGNAL COMPRESSION 1 Chapter 1. Scalar Quantization 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Optimum scalar quantization 4 1.3. Predictive scalar quantization 10 Chapter 2. Vector Quantization 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Rationale 23 2.3. Optimum codebook generation 26 2.4. Optimum quantizer performance 28 2.5. Using the quantizer 30 2.6. Gain-shape vector quantization 32 Chapter 3. Sub-band Transform Coding 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Equivalence of filter banks and transforms 38 3.3. Bit allocation 40 3.4. Optimum transform 46 3.5. Performance 48 Chapter 4. Entropy Coding 53 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Noiseless coding of discrete, memoryless sources 54 4.3. Noiseless coding of a discrete source with memory 66 4.4. Scalar quantizer with entropy constraint 73 4.5. Capacity of a discrete memoryless channel 79 4.6. Coding a discrete source with a fidelity criterion 83 PART 2. AUDIO SIGNAL APPLICATIONS 89 Chapter 5. Introduction to Audio Signals 91 5.1. Speech signal characteristics 91 5.2. Characteristics of music signals 92 5.3. Standards and recommendations 93 Chapter 6. Speech Coding 101 6.1. PCM and ADPCM coders 101 6.2. The 2.4 bit/s LPC-10 coder 102 6.3. The CELP coder 107 Chapter 7. Audio Coding 123 7.1. Principles of “perceptual coders” 123 7.2. MPEG-1layer 1 coder 126 7.3. MPEG-2AACcoder 130 7.4. DolbyAC-3 coder 134 7.5. Psychoacoustic model: calculating a masking threshold 135 Chapter 8. Audio Coding: Additional Information 141 8.1. Low bit rate/acceptable quality coders 141 8.2. High bit rate lossless or almost lossless coders 146 Chapter 9. Stereo Coding: A Synthetic Presentation 149 9.1. Basic hypothesis and notation 149 9.2. Determining the inter-channel indices 151 9.3. Downmixing procedure 154 9.4. At the receiver 158 9.5. Draft International Standard 161 PART 3. MATLAB_ PROGRAMS 163 Chapter 10. A Speech Coder 165 10.1. Introduction 165 10.2. Script for the calling function 165 10.3. Script for called functions 170 Chapter 11. A Music Coder 173 11.1. Introduction 173 11.2. Script for the calling function 173 11.3. Script for called functions 176 Bibliography 195 Index 199

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Book SynopsisThe Affective Computing domain, term coined by Rosalind Picard in 1997, gathers several scientific areas such as computer science, cognitive science, psychology, design and art. The humane-machine interaction systems are no longer solely fast and efficient. They aim to offer to users affective experiences: user’s affective state is detected and considered within the interaction; the system displays affective state; it can reason about their implication to achieve a task or resolve a problem. In this book, we have chosen to cover various domains of research in emotion-oriented systems. Our aim is also to highlight the importance to base the computational model on theoretical foundations and on natural data.Table of ContentsPreface xiii PART 1: FOUNDATIONS 1 Chapter 1. Contemporary Theories and Concepts in the Psychology of Emotions 3 Géraldine COPPIN and David SANDER 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Emergence of a scientific approach to emotions 4 1.3. Basic emotions theories 7 1.4. Bi-dimensional theories of emotion 11 1.5. Appraisal theories of emotions 14 1.6. Conclusion 19 1.7. Glossary 20 1.8. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. Emotion and the Brain 33 Andy CHRISTEN and Didier GRANDJEAN 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. The major role of affective neuroscience in understanding emotions 35 2.3. The historical and conceptual legacy of early conceptions of emotions and the brain 40 2.4. Initial neuro-anatomical emotion theories 41 2.5. Structures in the brain and their functions in emotional processes 44 2.6. The prefrontal cortex 53 2.7. The anterior cingulate cortex 58 2.8. The role of the insula in disgust 58 2.9. Temporal dynamic of brain processes in emotional genesis 59 2.10. Functional connectivity 60 2.11. Conclusion 63 2.12. Bibliography 64 PART 2: NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR 77 Chapter 3. Emotional Corpora: from Acquisition to Modeling 79 Laurence DEVILLERS and Jean-Claude MARTIN 3.1. Introduction 79 3.2. Building corpora: “acted”, “induced” and real-life emotions 81 3.3. Current emotional corpora 86 3.4. Coding schemes 86 3.5. Complex emotions in spontaneous data 93 3.6. Applications for corpora 97 3.7. Conclusion 100 3.8. Bibliography 101 Chapter 4. Visual Emotion Recognition: Status and Key Issues 107 Alice CAPLIER 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. What is a facial expression? 109 4.3. Overview of facial expression recognition methods 112 4.4. Spontaneous facial expressions 118 4.5. Expression intensity 124 4.6. Dynamic analysis 126 4.7. Multimodality 128 4.8. Conclusion 131 4.9. Bibliography 132 Chapter 5. Recognition of Acoustic Emotion 139 Chloé CLAVEL and Gaël RICHARD 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Principles of automatic emotion-recognition systems 140 5.3. Acoustic descriptors 141 5.4. Automatic emotion classification 151 5.5. Performance and assessment 157 5.6. Conclusion 161 5.7. Bibliography 163 Chapter 6. Modeling Facial Expressions of Emotions 169 Sylwia Julia HYNIEWSKA, Rados³aw NIEWIADOMSKI and Catherine PELACHAUD 6.1. Expressive conversational agents 169 6.2. Expressions and their emotional states 170 6.3. Computational models for facial expressions of emotions 174 6.4. Conclusion 183 6.5. Acknowledgements 184 6.6. Bibliography 184 Chapter 7. Emotion Perception and Recognition 191 Ioana VASILESCU 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Perception in vocal communication of emotion 193 7.3. Experimental paradigms and emotion-oriented automatic systems 194 7.4. Conclusion 208 7.5. Bibliography 209 PART 3: FUNCTIONS 215 Chapter 8. The Role of Emotions in Human−Machine Interaction 217 Valérie MAFFIOLO and Magalie OCHS 8.1. Introduction 217 8.2. Interactive information and assistance systems 219 8.3. Video games 227 8.4. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)235 8.5. Discussion and research perspectives 237 8.6. Bibliography 238 Chapter 9. Music and Emotions 247 Donald GLOWINSKI and Antonio CAMURRI 9.1. The growing importance of music in society 247 9.2. Recognizing emotions and structural characteristics in music 249 9.3. Rules for modeling musical expression of emotions 251 9.4. Towards a continuous measure of emotional reactions to music 252 9.5. Multimodality in musical experience 253 9.6. Multimodal emotional synthesis in a musical context 260 9.7. The social active listening paradigm: the collective aspect of emotion 262 9.8. Conclusion and perspectives 263 9.9. Bibliography 263 Chapter 10. Literary Feelings in Interactive Fiction 271 Marc CAVAZZA and David PIZZI 10.1. Introduction: emotions and feelings 271 10.2. French novels and the representation of feelings 273 10.3. Madame Bovary: plot and scenes 275 10.4. Interactive fiction and emotional planning 280 10.5. Linguistic interaction and emotions 284 10.6. Emma Bovary’s virtuality 290 10.7. Conclusion 294 10.8. Bibliography 295 Chapter 11. The Design of Emotions: How the Digital is Making Us More Emotional 299 Annie GENTÈS 11.1. Representing, interpreting and evoking emotions 299 11.2. Emotion, mimicry and technical devices 301 11.3. Devices as an alternate source of emotion: photography 301 11.4. Art and computers: formal beginnings 303 11.5. The human behind the mechanics and the mechanics behind the human 305 11.6. Mirror interaction as an emotional vehicle 307 11.7. Trompe l’oeil versus explicit expression 309 11.8. Three-dimensional universes: an empathetic experience 311 11.9. Empathy and identifying emotions 315 11.10. Making human−machine interaction and dialog effective 317 11.11. Conclusion: “revenge of the emotions”318 11.12. Bibliography 318 List of Authors 321 Index 325

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Book SynopsisOn a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies. There are many different definitions of the concept of SmartGrids and thus it appears indispensable to gather the knowledge available from both industry and research laboratories in one book. Distributed generation is rightly receiving an increased amount of attention and will become an integral part of urban energy systems, providing consumers and energy providers with safe, affordable, clean, reliable, flexible and readily-accessible energy services.The aim of this book is to describe future electricity networks that will enable all energy services to become sustainable. The traditional design of network control systems with a centralized structure is not in-line with the paradigm of the unbundled electricity system and decentralized control; this is highlighted by looking at how future active networks will efficiently link small- and medium-scale power sources with consumer demands, allowing decisions to be made on how best to operate in real time. It also looks at the level of control required: power flow assessment, voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies and new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently used, certainly in relation to the distribution systems. To manage active networks, a vision of grid computing is created that assures universal access to computing resources. An intelligent grid infrastructure gives more flexibility concerning demand and supply, providing new instruments for optimal and cost-effective grid operation at the same time.Table of ContentsForeword xv Ronnie BELMANS Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. The new energy paradigm 1 1.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 5 1.3. Integration of advanced technologies 7 1.4. The European energy perspective 10 1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 15 1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 16 1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 17 1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 18 1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 18 1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 19 1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 20 1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 21 1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 22 1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 23 1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 23 1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 28 1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 30 1.13. Conclusion 30 1.14. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33 Catherine FAILLIET 2.1. Key trends 33 2.1.1. The crisis 33 2.1.2. Environmental awareness 35 2.1.3. New technologies 35 2.2. The evolution of the individual’s relationship to energy 37 2.2.1. Curiosity 37 2.2.2. The need for transparency 38 2.2.3. Responsibility 38 2.3. The historical model of energy companies 39 2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 39 2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 40 2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 40 2.4. SmartGrids from the customer’s point of view 42 2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 42 2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 45 2.4.3. The consumers’ reluctance 47 2.5. What about possible business models? 49 2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz… and the search for a business model 49 2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 52 2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 54 2.6. Bibliography 56 Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57 Hervé MIGNON 3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 58 3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 62 3.3. New challenges 68 3.4. An evolving transmission grid 72 3.5. Conclusion 76 3.6. Bibliography 77 Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79 Jean-Louis COULLON 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 80 4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 81 4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 83 4.3. Demand response 87 4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 90 4.4.1. New storage methods 90 4.4.2. Microgrids 91 4.4.3. Electric vehicles 92 4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 92 4.6. Grid reliability analysis 94 4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 94 4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 95 4.6.3. Dynamic limits . 97 4.6.4. Self-healing grids 98 4.7. Smart asset management 99 4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 102 4.8.1. The need for pilot projects 102 4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 103 4.8.3. Renewables 103 4.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency 103 4.8.5. Cost/profit allocation 104 4.8.6. New regulatory frameworks 104 4.9. Standards 105 4.9.1. The case of smart grids 105 4.9.2. Work in progress 106 4.9.3. Cooperation 107 4.10. System architecture items 107 4.10.1. Broaden the vision 108 4.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration 112 4.10.3. Developing integration tools 112 4.11. Acknowledgements 113 4.12. Bibliography 113 Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution 115 Pierre MALLET 5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids 116 5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity 117 5.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy 118 5.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids 118 5.5. Smart Life 119 5.6. Smart Operation 120 5.7. Smart Metering 121 5.7.1. The Linky project 121 5.7.2. New services for customers 122 5.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management 122 5.8. Smart Services 123 5.9. Smart local optimization 123 5.9.1. Distributed generation 124 5.9.2. Active management of demand 126 5.9.3. Means of distributed storage 126 5.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles 127 5.9.5. Local optimization of the system 128 5.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids 128 5.11. Bibliography 129 Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids 131 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. The structure of distribution grids 133 6.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations 133 6.2.2. Meshed and looped grids 135 6.2.3. Types of conductor 138 6.2.4. Underground/overhead 139 6.2.5. MV/LV substations 140 6.3. Planning of the distribution grids 140 6.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering 141 6.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures 143 6.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid 143 6.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning 148 6.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure 155 6.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid 162 6.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure 164 6.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses 166 6.4.1. The problem of copper losses 166 6.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem 169 6.4.3. Combinatorial optimization 176 6.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration 181 6.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids 191 6.5. Bibliography 193 Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools 197 Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Voltage control 198 7.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks 198 7.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks 199 7.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation 199 7.2.4. Voltage control conclusion 210 7.3. Protection schemes 211 7.3.1. MV protection scheme 212 7.3.2. Neutral grounding modes 214 7.3.3. Fault characteristics 215 7.3.4. Power outages 216 7.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder 217 7.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.2. Demonstrator description 221 7.4.3. General self-healing principles 224 7.4.4. Some results 227 7.5. Reliability 231 7.5.1. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 232 7.5.2. Conclusion on reliability 239 7.6. Bibliography 240 Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into Distribution Networks 243 Florent CADOUX and George GROSS 8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport 244 8.1.1. An increasingly credible technology 244 8.1.2. Example: the Fluence ZE 244 8.1.3. What are the consequences on the electrical network? 245 8.1.4. Demand management and vehicle-to-grid 246 8.2 Vehicles as “active loads” 246 8.2.1. Energetic services 247 8.2.2. Frequency regulation 248 8.2.3. Load reserve and shedding 248 8.2.4. Other services 249 8.3. Economic impacts 250 8.3.1. A potentially lucrative but limited market 250 8.3.2. New business models 250 8.3.3. Market integration 252 8.4. Environmental impacts 252 8.4.1. Synergy with intermittent sources 252 8.4.2. Energetic efficiency 253 8.4.3. Other advantages 253 8.4.4. Evaluating environmental impacts 254 8.5. Technological challenges 254 8.5.1. Architecture 255 8.5.2. Communication infrastructure 255 8.5.3. Control strategy 256 8.5.4. Feedback 256 8.6. Uncertainty factors 257 8.6.1. Electric vehicle adoption 257 8.6.2. Viability of demand management 257 8.6.3. Technological factors 258 8.6.4. Economic factors 258 8.7. Conclusion 259 8.8. Bibliography 259 Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies Will Shape SmartGrids 263 Gilles PRIVAT 9.1. Introduction 263 9.2. Control decentralization 264 9.2.1. Why smart grids will not be “intelligent networks” 264 9.2.2. From the “home area network” to the “smart home grid”: extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home 265 9.2.3. The “smart home grid” for the local optimization of energy efficiency 267 9.2.4. From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous control of subnetworks 270 9.3. Interoperability and connectivity 270 9.3.1. “Utility computing”: when the electrical grid is a model for information technologies 270 9.3.2. Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical layer to information models 271 9.4. From synchronism to asynchronism 273 9.4.1. Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism 273 9.4.2. From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity 274 9.4.3. From data packets to energy packets 275 9.5. Future Internet for SmartGrids 277 9.5.1. Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and physical networks: sensors 277 9.5.2. Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud 278 9.6. Conclusion 279 9.7. Bibliography 280 Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and Management of the Grid 281 Hervé BARANCOURT 10.1. Introduction 281 10.1.1. Classification of the information systems 281 10.1.2. Approach 283 10.2. The metering information system 283 10.2.1. Presentation of the metering system 283 10.2.2. Architecture of the metering system 286 10.2.3. The manipulated data 291 10.2.4. The deployment of a metering system 293 10.3. Information system metering in the management of the grid 295 10.3.1. Links with IS management of the distribution network 295 10.3.2. The SmartGrid triptych 296 10.4. Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system 297 10.4.1. Two approaches 297 10.4.2. The “pro’sumer’s” information 298 10.4.3. Summary 299 10.5. Bibliography 300 Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach 301 Jacques PERCEBOIS 11.1. “Demand response”: a consequence of opening the electricity industry and the rise in environmental concerns 302 11.1.1. The specific features of electricity 302 11.1.2. The impact of introducing competition 303 11.1.3. The impact of the objectives for reducing CO2 emissions 306 11.2. Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to avoid the risk of “failure” during peaks 306 11.2.1. Coping with failures 306 11.2.2. Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest 307 11.2.3. Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices 308 11.3. Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity 311 11.3.1. Towards a market of withdrawal 311 11.3.2 Who is financing the installation of the meters? 314 11.3.3. What are the economic results of the operation? 314 11.4. From smart meters to SmartGrids – the results 317 11.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids 321 Didier LAFFAILLE 12.1. The regulation and funding of SmartGrids 321 12.1.1. Must R&D expenditure be submitted to an incentive mechanism? 322 12.1.2. How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids? 323 12.1.3. Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs and to what extent? 323 12.1.4. Should cooperation be established? 323 12.2. Regulation and economic models 324 12.3. Evolution of the value chain 326 12.3.1. How will the energy and ICT sectors work together? 326 12.3.2. What will be the role of consumers and new players in the value chain? 328 12.4. The emergence of a business model for smart grids 329 12.4.1. Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the deployment of SmartGrids within Europe? 329 12.4.2. What variation is there in France? 331 12.5. Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids 333 12.5.1. How to ensure that system operators will account for public interest in their investment decisions? 334 12.5.2. The Linky smart meter 334 12.5.3. How to finance investments in SmartGrids? 337 12.5.4. Which energy regulatory framework should be used to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids? 337 12.5.5. What kind of development in prices would be acceptable for the consumer? 338 12.5.6. How else can the energy regulator facilitate the development of a SmartGrid system? 338 12.6. The business models are yet to be created 339 12.7. The standardization of SmartGrids 340 12.7.1. Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently developing the electrical system? 340 12.7.2. Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability in SmartGrids? 342 12.7.3. What standardization efforts are being made for SmartGrids in Europe? 344 12.7.4. Is standardization an important commercial issue for the European sector? 346 12.8. Conclusion 347 12.9. Bibliography 348 List of Authors 351 Index 355

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Book SynopsisWithin the framework of the Sixth I-ESA International Conference, supported by the INTEROP VLab (International Virtual Laboratory on Enterprise Interoperability, http://www.interop-vlab.eu), three workshops and a Doctoral Symposium have been organized in order to strengthen some key topics related to interoperability for enterprise applications and software. The workshops were selected to complement the conference topics, leaving more time to researchers for brainstorming and then coming up, at the end of the workshops, with new research directions for the future. The goal of the workshop “Standards – a Foundation for Interoperability” is to increase awareness and understanding of interoperability standards as a fundamental need. The workshop “Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry” promotes the application of MDI (Model-Driven Interoperability) combined with SOA (Services Oriented Architecture) and the associated technology (BPM, Enterprise Modeling, ontology, mediation, model transformation, etc.) in industry. The workshop on “Dynamic Management across Interoperating Enterprises” investigates the need for enhancements to current business management systems and processes to address the needs of global trading across enterprises utilizing the new service-oriented Internet. Finally, the Doctoral Symposium has given the opportunity for students involved in the preparation of their PhDs in this emerging area to present and discuss their research issues and ideas with senior researchers.Table of ContentsEditorial Hervé Panetto, Nacer Boudjlida xi Session 1. Standards – A Foundation for Interoperability 1 Standards Workshop Chairs’ Message Martin Zelm, David Chen 5 Standards for Enterprise Interoperation – How to Improve? Martin Zelm, Kurt Kosanke 7 Framework for Enterprise Interoperability and Maturity Model (CEN/ISO 11354) David Chen 15 Testing Interoperability Standards – A Test Case Generation Methodology Nenad Ivezic, Jungyub Woo 23 OMG Specifications for Enterprise Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 31 Standards Creation and Adoption for SME Networks Piero De Sabbata, Nicola Gessa, Arianna Brutti, Cristiano Novelli, Angelo Frascella, Gianluca D’Agosta 41 The European Public Procurement Initiative and Standards for Information Exchange Tim McGrath 53 Challenges in Project Management Georgios Kapogiannis, Colin Piddington 61 Session 2. Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry 67 MDI/SOA Workshop Chairs’ Message Guy Doumeingts, Martine Grandin-Dubost 71 Application of SHAPE Technologies in Production and Process Optimization Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre, Einar Landre 73 An Exploration of Foundation Ontologies and Verification Methods for Manufacturing Knowledge Sharing R. Young, N. Chungoora, Z. Usman, N. Anjum, G. Gunendran, C. Palmer, J.A. Harding, K. Case, A.-F. Cutting-Decelle 83 ISTA3 Methodology Application Case Nabila Zouggar, Mickaël Romain, Guy Doumeingts, Sébastien Cazajous, Yves Ducq, Christophe Merlo, Martine Grandin-Dubost 95 Session 3. Doctoral Symposium 111 Doctoral Symposium Chair’s Message Jenny A. Harding 115 The Mediation Information System Engineering Project: Status and Perspectives N. Boissel-Dallier, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud, J.-P. Lorré 117 Quality Measurement of Semantic Standards E.J.A. Folmer, P.H.W.M. Oude Luttighuis, J. van Hillegersberg 125 Towards a Model-Driven and Role-Configurable Methodology Suite for Enterprise and Service-Oriented Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 133 Mediation Information System Engineering: Business and Logic Characterization in a Collaborative Situation W. Mu, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud 139 Role of Semantic Web in the Changing Context of Enterprise Collaboration N. Khilwani, J. A. Harding 147 A Dynamic Knowledge Management Framework B. A. Piorkowski, J. X. Gao 155 Author Index 163

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Book SynopsisThis book aims at describing the wide variety of new technologies and concepts of non-standard antenna systems – reconfigurable, integrated, terahertz, deformable, ultra-wideband, using metamaterials, or MEMS, etc, and how they open the way to a wide range of applications, from personal security and communications to multifunction radars and towed sonars, or satellite navigation systems, with space-time diversity on transmit and receive. A reference book for designers in this lively scientific community linking antenna experts and signal processing engineers.Table of ContentsIntroduction xv François LE CHEVALIER PART 1. EMERGING CONCEPTS 1 Chapter 1. Joint Diversity and Beamforming for Downlink Communications 3 Luc FÉTY, Danilo ZANATA-FILHO, João Marcos TRAVASSOS ROMANO and Michel TERRÉ Chapter 2. Acoustic Antennas for Biomedical and Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging 25 Louis-Pascal TRAN-HUU-HUE, Franck LEVASSORT, Dominique CERTON and Marc LETHIECQ Chapter 3. Space-time Exploration for Airborne Radars 69 François LE CHEVALIER Chapter 4. Multifunction Antenna System Concepts: Opportunity for Ultra-wideband Radars? 93 Joël LEMORTON, Christophe LE MOINE, Christian DELHOTE and Florent CHRISTOPHE PART 2. TECHNOLOGIES 101 Chapter 5. From a Molecule to an Electro-optic Antenna 103 Annabelle SCARPACI, Sylvain LE TACON, Arnaud GARDELEIN, Fabrice ODOBEL, Errol BLART, Dominique AVERTY, Hartmut GUNDEL, Nicolas BREUIL, Tchanguiz RAZBAN and Eric TANGUY Chapter 6. Terahertz Broadband Micro-antennas for Continuous Wave Imaging 119 Alain KREISLER, Ibrahim TÜRER, Xabier GAZTELU, Alexander SCHEURING and Annick DÉGARDIN Chapter 7. Dual Frequency Millimeter Feed 147 Jean-Pierre ADAM, Yannick BÉNIGUEL, André BERTHON, Laurent COSTES and Maarten VAN DER VORST Chapter 8. Reconfigurable Printed Antennas 157 Robert STARAJ Chapter 9. Wideband Antennas and Artificial Magnetic Conductors 183 Xavier BEGAUD Chapter 10. High Impedance Surface Close to a Radiating Dipole 201 PART 3. DETECTION/LOCALIZATION 213 Chapter 11. Advanced Processing for DOA Estimation 215 Pascal CHEVALIER and Anne FERRÉOL Chapter 12. Multifunction Airborne Antennas 241 Christian RENARD, Maxime ROMIER and Michel SOIRON Chapter 13. Active Sonar: Port/Starboard Discrimination on Very Low Frequency Triplet Arrays 255 Yves DOISY Chapter 14. Airborne High Precision Location of Radiating Sources 271 Thierry DELOUES, Dominique MÉDYNSKI and Dominique LE BIHAN Chapter 15. Ground-based Deformable Antennas 299 Guillaume LESUEUR Chapter 16. Automatic Take-off and Landing System 327 Pascal CORNIC Chapter 17. Anti-jamming for Satellite Navigation 343 Franck LETESTU, Fabien BERNARD and Guillaume CARRIE PART 4. ULTRA-WIDEBAND 385 Chapter 18. Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems 387 Joël ANDRIEU and Michèle LALANDE Chapter 19. Co-design of the Antenna with LNA for Ultra-wideband Applications 409 Michaël PELISSIER, Serge BORIES, Raffi BOURTOUTIAN and Christophe DELAVEAUD Chapter 20. Vector Spherical Harmonic Modeling of 3D-antenna Radiation Function or an UWB-RT Simulator 425 Roxana BURGHELEA, Stéphane AVRILLON and Bernard UGUEN List of Authors 453 Index 459

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Book SynopsisThe human-computer interactions are more and more present in our everyday life, and lead to many conceptual and methodological problems for the designers and evaluators of interactive systems. This book is about Human-Computer Interaction in Transport domain, in which the traveler becomes a user of information systems, particularly before and during the travel(s). This book will focus on traveler information and personalized systems, using a human-centered design approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Acknowledgements xix Chapter 1. Principles, Issues and Viewpoints of Traveler Information in a Multimodal Context 1 Guillaume USTER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A complexity that must be mastered 2 1.3. Multimodal information 5 1.4. The viatic concept: accompany the traveler 8 1.5. Other traveler information-based representative research projects in a multimodal context 10 1.6. Viewpoints 16 1.7. Bibliography 17 Chapter 2. User Needs Analysis Methodology for the Design of Traveler Information Systems 21 Pierre MORIZET-MAHOUDEAUX, Annette VALENTIN and Assia MOULOUDI 2.1.Introduction 21 2.2. Traveler information: a pluridisciplinary matter 22 2.3. The example of the P@ss-ITS project 23 2.4. RAMSES methodology for the collection, analysis and modeling of user needs 24 2.5. RAMSES in the context of the P@ss-ITS project 35 2.6. Conclusion 45 2.7. Bibliography 46 Chapter 3. A Generic Method for Personalizing Interactive Systems: Application to Traveler Information 51 Mourad ABED, Abdouroihamane ANLI, Christophe KOLSKI and Emmanuelle GRISLIN 3.1.Introduction 51 3.2. Personalization in HCI: examples of existing approaches, at the origin of the approach proposed 52 3.3. PerMet: method for the development of personalized information systems 57 3.4. PerSyst: personalization system supporting the PerMet method 62 3.5. Application to the public transport of people: itinerary search 65 3.6. Discussion about the possibility of generalization relative to personalization 84 3.7. Conclusion 86 3.8. Bibliography 87 Chapter 4. A Formal Framework for Design and Validation of Multimodal Interactive Systems in Transport Domain 93 Linda MOHAND OUSSAÏD, Nadjet KAMEL, Idir AÏT SADOUNE, Yamine AÏT AMEUR, Mohamed AHMED NACER 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Concepts of multimodality 94 4.3. Formal design 97 4.4. Use of formal methods for input multimodality 100 4.5. Use of formal methods for output multimodality 109 4.6. Conclusion 124 4.7. Bibliography 125 Chapter 5. From Human-machine Interaction to Cooperation: Towards the Integrated Copilot 129 Thierry BELLET, Jean-Michel HOC, Serge BOVERIE and Guy BOY 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Copiloting and human-machine cooperation: context and stakes for the automobile 131 5.3. Three realizations of cooperative devices for the purposes of automobile copiloting 135 5.4. Discussion: towards an “intelligent” and “integrated” copilot 146 5.5. Conclusion 150 5.6. Acknowledgements 151 5.7. Bibliography 152 Chapter 6. ICT and New Human-machine Interactions for Trucks and Buses of the Future: e-Truck and e-Bus Perspectives 157 Bertrand DAVID, René CHALON and Bernard FAVRE 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Trucks in the context of ICT 159 6.3. Informational context of the truck 160 6.4. Bus in the context of ICT 161 6.5. Principles of IMERA and HMTD 163 6.6. RAE (real augmented environment) for e-Trucks and e-Buses 163 6.7. HMI (Human-Machine Interface) needs for the e-Truck and e-Bus 165 6.8. Mobile Learning from e-Truck and e-Bus perspectives 168 6.9. ICT in city delivery 171 6.10. ICT in the dynamic management of road networks 178 6.11. Examples of initiatives and projects in direct or indirect link with the e-Truck and e-Bus concepts 183 6.12. Conclusion 196 6.13. Bibliography 198 Chapter 7. User-centered Approach to Design an Adaptive Truck Driving Assistance: Detection of Vulnerable Users in Urban Areas 203 Annick MAINCENT, Hélène TATTEGRAIN, Marie-Pierre BRUYAS and Arnaud BONNARD 7.1. Introduction 203 7.2. Methodological principles for an anthropocentric design 205 7.3. Contextual analyses in natural situations 209 7.4. Specification of the assistance 214 7.5. Development and integration of assistance solutions on a driving simulator 218 7.6. Evaluation of solutions on a driving simulator 224 7.7. Conclusions and viewpoints 229 7.8. Bibliography 230 Chapter 8. Menu Sonification in an Automotive Media Center: Design and Evaluation 233 Nicolas MISDARIIS, Julien TARDIEU, Sabine LANGLOIS and Séverine LOISEAU 8.1. General context 233 8.2. Specifications of the problem: identification of functions 235 8.3. State of the art 239 8.4. Method of sound design: hybrid model for the sonification of a hierarchical menu 250 8.5. Evaluation protocols: general evaluation methods 255 8.6. Methodology adopted for evaluation of the system and initial results 265 8.7. Discussion and perspectives 274 8.8. Bibliography 278 Chapter 9. Consideration of the Travel Time Experience in the Conceptual Models of Personalized Interactive Applications 283 Arnaud BROSSARD, Mourad ABED, Christophe KOLSKI and Guillaume USTER 9.1. Transport: a field with particular needs in terms of personalization of information 283 9.2. The modeling of applications and consideration of the needs of users in the context of personalizing interactive applications 284 9.3. Specificities in the field of transport in the framework of a method of modeling personalized interactive applications 290 9.4. Application of the method 299 9.5. Conclusion 306 9.6. Bibliography 306 Chapter 10. Towards New Interactive Displays in Stations and Airports 311 Christophe JACQUET, Yacine BELLIK and Yolaine BOURDA 10.1. Introduction 311 10.2. Related work 313 10.3. Targeted characteristics of the system 314 10.4. The KUP model 315 10.5. Agent architecture 320 10.6. Allocation and instantiation in KUP 321 10.7. Implementation 324 10.8. Experiments 325 10.9. Conclusions and perspectives 339 10.10. Bibliography 340 Chapter 11. Transport: a Fertile Ground for the Plasticity of User Interfaces 343 Gaëlle CALVARY, Audrey SERNA, Christophe KOLSKI and Joëlle COUTAZ 11.1. Introduction 343 11.2. Evolution of human-computer interaction 344 11.3. User interface plasticity: user viewpoint 352 11.4. User interface plasticity: system viewpoint 355 11.5. Towards a problem space for the implementation of plastic user interfaces 358 11.6. Conclusion and perspectives 363 11.7. Acknowledgements 364 11.8. Bibliography 364 List of Authors 369 Index 373

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Book SynopsisIncreasing urbanization throughout the world, the depletion of fossil fuels and concerns about global warming have transformed the city into a physical problem of prime importance. This book proposes a multi-disciplinary and systematic approach concerning specialities as different as meteorology, geography, architecture and urban engineering systems, all surrounding the essential problem of solar radiation. It collects the points of view of 18 specialists from around the world on the interaction between solar energy and constructions, combining territorial, urban and architectural scales to better regulate energetic efficiency and light comfort for the sustainable city. The main subjects covered are: measures and models of solar irradiance (satellite observations, territorial and urban ground measurements, sky models, satellite data and urban mock-up), radiative contribution to the urban climate (local heat balance, radiative-aerodynamics coupling, evapotranspiration, Urban Heat Island), light and heat modeling (climate-based daylight modeling, geometrical models of the city, solar radiation modeling for urban environments, thermal simulation methods and algorithms) and urban planning, with special considerations for solar potential, solar impact and daylight rights in the temperate, northern and tropical climates, and the requirement of urban solar regulation. Contents 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements, Marius Paulescu and Viorel Badescu. 3. Sky Luminance Models, Matej Kobav and Grega Bizjak. 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation, Bella Espinar and Philippe Blanc. 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact, Benoit Beckers. 6. Local Energy Balance, Pierre Kastendeuch. 7. Evapotranspiration, Marjorie Musy. 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments, John Mardaljevic and George Janes. 9. Geometrical Models of the City, Daniel G. Aliaga. 10. Radiative Simulation Methods, Pierre Beckers and Benoit Beckers. 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method, Tom van Eekelen. 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone, Edward Ng. 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights, Guedi Capeluto. 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact, Frédéric Monette and Benoit Beckers. Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012), Théo Pirard. Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Benoit Beckers.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii The Authors xvi Chapter 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations 1 Théo PIRARD 1.1. To improve the weather forecasts 2 1.2. Technological challenges to spy and to map from orbit 3 1.3. Toward global environmental observers in space 6 1.4. The digital revolution of the ICTs for GIS applications 9 1.5. Suggested reading 12 Chapter 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements 13 Marius PAULESCU and Viorel BADESCU 2.1. Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface 13 2.2. Instrumentation 17 2.3. Radiation measurements in urban environment 29 2.4. Conclusions 33 2.5. Acknowledgments 33 2.6. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Sky Luminance Models 37 Matej KOBAV and Grega BIZJAK 3.1. CIE standard overcast sky (1955) 39 3.2. CIE standard clear sky (1996) 39 3.3. CIE standard general sky 40 3.4. All-weather model for sky luminance distribution – Perez 45 3.5. ASRC–CIE model 48 3.6. Igawa all-sky model 49 3.7. Absolute luminance 52 3.8. Visualization 54 3.9. Conclusion 54 3.10. Bibliography 55 Chapter 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation 57 Bella ESPINAR and Philippe BLANC 4.1. The solar resource 57 4.2. Ground measurements of the solar resource 60 4.3. Satellite images for SSI estimation 64 4.4. Two different approaches for satellite-based SSI estimation 68 4.5. Accuracy of satellite-based SSI estimations 74 4.6. Use of satellite observations for high-resolution solar radiation estimation78 4.7. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact 99 Benoit BECKERS 5.1. Global energy budget at the Earth level 99 5.2. The distribution of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface 102 5.3. The Sun at different latitudes 107 5.4. The solar diagrams 108 5.5. Climate and housing 111 5.6. Solar energy at urban scale 113 5.7. Conclusions and perspectives 115 5.8. Bibliography 117 Chapter 6. Local Energy Balance 119 Pierre KASTENDEUCH 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. Soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model 120 6.3. Physiographic data and boundary conditions 121 6.4. Solar radiation transfers 123 6.5. Infrared radiation transfers 129 6.6. Other heat fluxes 131 6.7. Conclusions 134 6.8. Bibliography 135 Chapter 7. Evapotranspiration 139 Marjorie MUSY 7.1. Physical bases 140 7.2. Related interest of different types of evapotranspirating surfaces 142 7.3. From microscale to city scale: the modeling approaches 149 7.4. Conclusions154 7.5. Bibliography 154 Chapter 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments 159 John MARDALJEVIC and George M. JANES 8.1. Introduction 159 8.2. Background160 8.3. Visualizing the urban solar microclimate 167 8.4. The ASL building: a solar access study 173 8.5. Daylighting the New York Times building 180 8.6. Summary 187 8.7. Acknowledgments 187 8.8. Bibliography 187 Chapter 9. Geometrical Models of the City 191 Daniel G. ALIAGA 9.1. Introduction 191 9.2. Forward procedural modeling 194 9.3. Inverse procedural modeling 196 9.4. Simulation-based modeling 199 9.5. Example systems 200 9.6. Bibliography 200 Chapter 10. Radiative Simulation Methods 205 Pierre BECKERS and Benoit BECKERS 10.1. Introduction 205 10.2. Geometry 206 10.3. Loading 218 10.4. Computation model 223 10.5. Transient thermal coupled problem 232 10.6. Conclusion 234 10.7. Bibliography 234 Chapter 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method 237 Tom van EEKELEN 11.1. Basic assumptions 237 11.2. Visibility and view factors 239 11.3. Thermal balance equations 245 11.4. Finite element formulation 250 11.5. Example problems 254 11.6. Bibliography 257 Chapter 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone 259 Edward NG 12.1. Introduction 259 12.2. Access to the sky 261 12.3. Designing for daylight 266 12.4. Designing for solar access 272 12.5. Designing with solar renewable energy 281 12.6. Conclusion 287 12.7. Bibliography 288 Chapter 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights 291 Guedi CAPELUTO 13.1. Introduction 291 13.2. Solar rights in urban design 292 13.3. Solar envelopes as a design tool 293 13.4. Solar envelopes as a tool for urban development 295 13.5. Regulations and applications 297 13.6. Methods of application 299 13.7. A simple design tool 300 13.8. Modeling the building shape for self-shading using the solar collection envelope 302 13.9. Daylight rights 306 13.10. Daylight access 306 13.11. Conclusions 308 13.12. Bibliography 309 Chapter 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact 311 Frédéric MONETTE and Benoit BECKERS 14.1. Methodological considerations 312 14.2. Definition of the residential area 312 14.3. Estimation of irradiance and solar gains 319 14.4. Estimation of energy needs for heating 321 14.5. Results analysis 322 14.6. Perspectives and conclusions 331 14.7. Acknowledgments 332 14.8. Bibliography 332 Conclusion 335 Benoit BECKERS APPENDICES 339 Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations 341 Théo PIRARD Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012) 347 Théo PIRARD Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget 355 Benoit BECKERS List of Authors 357 Index 361

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Book SynopsisA real-time system is a complex system which is an integral part of an industrial or experimental system, a vehicle or a construction machine. The peculiarity of these systems is that they are driven by real-time targets in distributed environments. Command-control for Real-time Systems presents the calculation of correction for industrial systems of different physical natures, their implementation on real-time target industrial systems (PLC-SCADA, embedded systems with distributed networks, Networked Control Systems) and their validation by simulation. It optimizes industrial processes by the use of automatic tools, industrial computing and communications networks and aims to successively integrate new control laws (linear, nonlinear and fuzzy controllers) so that users can leverage the power of engineering science as an automatic service process optimization while maintaining their high maintainability facilities. Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Modeling Tools, Sébastien Cabaret and Mohammed Chadli. 3. Control Tools, Mohammed Chadli and Hervé Coppier. 4. Application to Cryogenic Systems, Marco Pezzetti, Hervé Coppier and Mohammed Chadli. 5. Applications to a Thermal System and to Gas Systems, Sébastien Cabaret and Hervé Coppier. 6. Application to Vehicles, Elie Kafrouni and Mohammed Chadli. 7. Real-time Implementation, Marco Pezzetti and Hervé Coppier. About the Authors Mohamed Chadli is a senior lecturer and research supervisor at the University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV) in France. His main research interests lie in robust control, the diagnosis and fault tolerant control of polytopic systems and applications for automobiles. He is a senior member of the IEEE, and Vice President of the AAI Club as part of SEE-France. He is the author/co-author of 3 books, book chapters and more than 100 articles published in international journals and conferences. Hervé Coppier is a lecturing researcher at ESIEE-Amiens in France. He has collaborated with industrialists in the field of automation and industrial computing, particularly with CERN, and has spearheaded various international European projects.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Modeling Tools 7 Sébastien CABARET and Mohammed CHADLI 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Models 9 2.2.1. Knowledge models 9 2.2.2. Behavioral models 11 2.3. The classic parametric identification methods 14 2.3.1. Graphic methods 14 2.3.2. Algorithmic methods 15 2.3.3. Validation and estimation of the model identified 19 2.4. Multi-model approach 23 2.4.1. Introduction 23 2.4.2. Techniques for obtaining multi-models 23 2.5. Bibliography 40 Chapter 3. Control Tools 43 Mohammed CHADLI and Hervé COPPIER 3.1. Linear controls 43 3.1.1. The PID corrector 43 3.1.2. The Smith predictor 44 3.1.3. Predictive functional control 49 3.1.4. Generalized predictive control 55 3.1.5. The RST controller 60 3.1.6. Implementation of the advance algorithms on a programmable logic controller: results 63 3.2. Multi-model control 82 3.2.1. Introduction 82 3.2.2. Stability analysis 83 3.2.3. State feedback control 86 3.2.4. Reconstructed state feedback control 90 3.2.5. Static output feedback control 93 3.2.6. Conclusion 97 3.3. Bibliography 98 Chapter 4. Application to Cryogenic Systems 103 Marco PEZZETTI, Hervé COPPIER and Mohammed CHADLI 4.1. Introduction 103 4.1.1. Cryogenics and its applications at CERN 103 4.1.2. Some basics about cryogenics 109 4.2. Modeling and control of a cryogenic exchanger for the NA48 calorimeter at CERN 112 4.2.1. Description of the cryogenic installations in the NA48 calorimeter 115 4.2.2. Thermal model 118 4.2.3. The TDC (Time Delay Control) corrector: application to a liquid-krypton cryogenic exchanger 120 4.3. Modeling and control of the cryogenics of the ATLAS experiment at CERN 128 4.3.1. Context and objectives of the study 128 4.3.2. Process of identification of cryogenic systems 130 4.3.3. Experimental protocol of parametric identification 136 4.3.4. Mono-variable system 142 4.3.5. Compensation for the delay with a Smith controller based on the PI corrector UNICOS 149 4.3.6. Multi-variable system 151 4.4. Conclusion 158 4.4.1. Motivations 159 4.4.2. Main contributions 160 4.5. Appendices 160 4.5.1. Appendix A 160 4.6. Bibliography 164 Chapter 5. Applications to a Thermal System and to Gas Systems 165 Sébastien CABARET and Hervé COPPIER 5.1. Advanced control of the steam temperature on exiting a superheater at a coal-burning power plant 165 5.1.1. The issue 165 5.1.2. The internal model corrector (IMC) 166 5.1.3. Multi-order regulator: 4th-order IMC 169 5.1.4. Results 171 5.2. Application to gas systems 174 5.2.1. The gas systems 174 5.2.2. The major regulations 180 5.2.3. The control system and acquisition of measurements 183 5.2.4. Modeling, identification and experimental results 184 5.3. Conclusion 202 5.4. Bibliography 202 Chapter 6. Application to Vehicles 203 Elie KAFROUNI and Mohammed CHADLI 6.1. Introduction 203 6.2. Hydraulic excavator-loader 204 6.2.1. Conventional manual piloting 205 6.3. Principle of movement of a part of the arm 206 6.3.1. Role of the drivers 206 6.3.2. Objectives 207 6.3.3. Functional specification of the interface 211 6.3.4. Limit of articular position and velocities 238 6.3.5. Articular limits 248 6.3.6. Limits of the articular velocities 259 6.3.7. 3D simulation 267 6.3.8. Onboard computer architecture 271 6.3.9. Conclusion 275 6.4. Automobiles 275 6.4.1. Models of automobiles 275 6.4.2. Validation of vehicle models 286 6.4.3. Robust control of the vehicle’s dynamics 298 6.4.4. Conclusion 318 6.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 7. Real-time Implementation 323 Marco PEZZETTI and Hervé COPPIER 7.1. Implementation of algorithms on real-time targets around distributed architectures 323 7.1.1. Introduction 323 7.1.2. Object-oriented programming in the case of a framework 324 7.1.3. MultiController 333 7.2. A distributed architecture for control (rapidity/reliability): excavator-loader testing array 347 7.2.1. Objectives of the testing array 347 7.2.2. Presentation of the onboard computer platform 348 7.2.3. Examination of the rapidity of the onboard computer structure 350 7.2.4. Results 358 7.3. Conclusion 361 7.4. Bibliography 362 General Conclusion 363 List of Authors 367 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to deal with biometrics in terms of signal and image processing methods and algorithms. This will help engineers and students working in digital signal and image processing deal with the implementation of such specific algorithms. It discusses numerous signal and image processing techniques that are very often used in biometric applications. In particular, algorithms related to hand feature extraction, speech recognition, 2D/3D face biometrics, video surveillance and other interesting approaches are presented. Moreover, in some chapters, Matlab codes are provided so that readers can easily reproduce some basic simulation results. This book is suitable for final-year undergraduate students, postgraduate students, engineers and researchers in the field of computer engineering and applied digital signal and image processing. 1. Introduction to Biometrics, Bernadette Dorizzi.2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition, Amine Nait-Ali and Dalila Cherifi.3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition, Antitza Dantcheva, Christelle Yemdji, Petros Elia and Jean-Luc Dugelay.4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking 
for Face Recognition, Catherine Herold, Vincent Despiegel, Stéphane Gentric,
Séverine Dubuisson and Isabelle Bloch.5. 3D Face Recognition, Mohsen Ardabilian, Przemyslaw Szeptycki, Di Huang and Liming Chen.6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics, Kamel Aloui, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier and Saber Naceur.7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification, Foezur Chowdhury, Sid-Ahmed Selouani
and Douglas O’Shaughnessy.8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics, Régis Fournier and Amine Nait-Ali.9. Multibiometrics, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Estelle Cherrier and
Christophe Rosenberger.10. Hidden Biometrics, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier, Kamel Aloui and
Noureddine Belgacem.11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems, Mohamad El-Abed, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Julien Mahier
and Christophe Rosenberger.12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics, Amel Bouchemha, Chérif Nait-Hamoud, Amine Nait-Ali and
Régis Fournier.13. Data Cryptography, Islam Naveed and William Puech.14. Visual Data Protection, Islam Naveed and William Puech.15. Biometrics in Forensics, Guillaume Galou and Christophe Lambert.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER Chapter 1. Introduction to Biometrics 1 Bernadette DORIZZI 1.1. Background: from anthropometry to biometrics 1 1.2. Biometrics today 2 1.3. Different modes of use of a biometric system and associated uses 3 1.4. Biometrics as a pattern recognition problem 4 1.5. Evaluation of different modalities 8 1.6. Quality 9 1.7. Multimodality 10 1.8. Biometrics and preservation of privacy 11 1.9. Conclusion 12 1.10. Bibliography 12 Chapter 2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition 15 Amine NAÏT-ALI and Dalila CHERIFI 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Global face recognition techniques 16 2.3. Local face recognition techniques 25 2.4. Hybrid face recognition techniques 28 2.5. Some guidances 32 2.6. Some databases 35 2.7. Conclusion 35 2.8. Bibliography 36 Chapter 3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition 39 Antitza DANTCHEVA, Christelle YEMDJI, Petros ELIA and Jean-Luc DUGELAY 3.1. Introduction to soft biometrics 39 3.2. Soft biometric systems for human identification 42 3.3. Overall error probability of a soft biometrics system 48 3.4. Conclusions and future directions 53 3.5. Bibliography 53 Chapter 4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking for Face Recognition 57 Catherine HEROLD, Vincent DESPIEGEL, Stéphane GENTRIC, Séverine DUBUISSON and Isabelle BLOCH 4.1. Background 57 4.2. Types of available information 61 4.3. Geometric approaches for the reconstruction 63 4.4. Model-based approaches for reconstruction 67 4.5. Hybrid approaches 76 4.6. Integration of the time aspect 77 4.7. Conclusion 82 4.8. Bibliography 83 Chapter 5. 3D Face Recognition 89 Mohsen ARDABILIAN, Przemyslaw SZEPTYCKI, Di HUANG and Liming CHEN 5.1. Introduction 89 5.2. 3D face databases 90 5.3. 3D acquisition 92 5.4. Preprocessing and normalization 94 5.5. 3D face recognition 101 5.6. Asymmetric face recognition 109 5.7. Conclusion 110 5.8. Bibliography 111 Chapter 6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics 117 Kamel ALOUI, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER and Saber NACEUR 6.1. Introduction 117 6.2. Iris biometric systems 118 6.3. Iris recognition methods: state-of-the-art 119 6.4. Preprocessing of iris images 122 6.5. Features extraction and encoding 125 6.6. Similarity measure between two IrisCodes 126 6.7. Iris biometrics: emerging methods 127 6.8. Conclusion 128 6.9. Bibliography 128 Chapter 7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification 131 Foezur CHOWDHURY, Sid-Ahmed SELOUANI and Douglas O’SHAUGHNESSY 7.1. Introduction 131 7.2. Acoustic analysis for robust speaker recognition 134 7.3. Distributed speaker recognition through UBM–GMM models 138 7.4. Performance evaluation of DSIDV 142 7.5. Conclusion 145 7.6. Bibliography 146 Chapter 8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics 149 Régis FOURNIER and Amine NAÏT-ALI 8.1. Introduction 149 8.2. Characterization by minutiae extraction 151 8.3. A few databases 160 8.4. Conclusion 165 8.5. Bibliography 165 Chapter 9. Multibiometrics 167 Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Estelle CHERRIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER 9.1. Introduction 167 9.2. Different principles of multibiometrics 169 9.3. Fusion levels 171 9.4. Applications and illustrations 189 9.5. Conclusion 191 9.6. Bibliography 192 Chapter 10. Hidden Biometrics 195 Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER, Kamel ALOUI and Noureddine BELGACEM 10.1. Introduction 195 10.2. Biometrics using ECG 196 10.3. Biometrics using EMG: preliminary experiments 198 10.4. Biometrics using medical imaging 200 10.5. Conclusion 205 10.6. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems 207 Mohamad EL ABED, Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Julien MAHIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER 11.1. Introduction 207 11.2. Reminders on biometric systems 208 11.3. Results analysis tools 212 11.4. Illustration of the GREYC-Keystroke system 223 11.5. Conclusion 228 11.6. Bibliography 229 Chapter 12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics 231 Amel BOUCHEMHA, Chérif NAIT-HAMOUD, Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER 12.1. Introduction 231 12.2. Generalization aptitude and performance measures 232 12.3. Parametric approaches 234 12.4. Non-parametric approaches 241 12.5. Conclusion 260 12.6. Bibliography 261 Chapter 13. Data Cryptography 263 Islam NAVEED and William PUECH 13.1. Introduction 263 13.2. Cryptography 263 13.3. Conclusion 276 13.4. Bibliography 276 Chapter 14. Visual Data Protection 279 Islam NAVEED and William PUECH 14.1. Introduction 279 14.2. Visual data hiding 279 14.3. A proposed homomorphism-based visual secret sharing scheme 284 14.4. Conclusion 294 14.5. Bibliography 294 Chapter 15. Biometrics in Forensics 297 Guillaume GALOU and Christophe LAMBERT 15.1. Introduction 297 15.2. Facial comparison 298 15.3. Voice comparison in forensics 301 15.4. Bibliography 311 List of Authors 313 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThis book proposes systemic design methodologies applied to electrical energy systems, in particular integrated optimal design with modeling and optimization methods and tools. It is made up of six chapters dedicated to integrated optimal design. First, the signal processing of mission profiles and system environment variables are discussed. Then, optimization-oriented analytical models, methods and tools (design frameworks) are proposed. A “multi-level optimization” smartly coupling several optimization processes is the subject of one chapter. Finally, a technico-economic optimization especially dedicated to electrical grids completes the book. The aim of this book is to summarize design methodologies based in particular on a systemic viewpoint, by considering the system as a whole. These methods and tools are proposed by the most important French research laboratories, which have many scientific partnerships with other European and international research institutions. Scientists and engineers in the field of electrical engineering, especially teachers/researchers because of the focus on methodological issues, will find this book extremely useful, as will PhD and Masters students in this field.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Mission and Environmental Data Processing 1 Amine JAAFAR, Bruno SARENI and Xavier ROBOAM 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Considerations of the mission and environmental variables 3 1.3. New approach for the characterization of a “representative mission” 6 1.4. Classification of missions and environmental variables 16 1.5. Synthesis of mission and environmental variable profiles 21 1.6. From classification to simultaneous design by optimization of a hybrid traction chain 25 1.7. Conclusion 39 1.8. Bibliography 41 Chapter 2. Analytical Sizing Models for Electrical Energy Systems Optimization 45 Christophe ESPANET, Daniel DEPERNET, Anne-Claire SAUTTER and Zhenwei WU 2.1. Introduction 45 2.2. The problem of modeling for synthesis 46 2.3. System decomposition and model structure 55 2.4. General information about the modeling of the various possible components in an electrical energy system 60 2.5. Development of an electrical machine analytical model 61 2.6. Development of an analytical static converter model 73 2.7. Development of a mechanical transmission analytical model 82 2.8. Development of an analytical energy storage device model 91 2.9. Use of models for the optimum sizing of a system 91 2.10. Conclusions 102 2.11. Bibliography 103 Chapter 3. Simultaneous Design by Means of Evolutionary Computation 107 Bruno SARENI and Xavier ROBOAM 3.1. Simultaneous design of energy systems 107 3.2. Evolutionary algorithms and artificial evolution 113 3.3. Consideration of multiple objectives 119 3.4. Consideration of design constraints 123 3.5. Integration of robustness into the simultaneous design process 126 3.6. Example applications 130 3.7. Conclusions 150 3.8. Bibliography 151 Chapter 4. Multi-Level Design Approaches for Electro-Mechanical Systems Optimization 155 Stéphane BRISSET, Frédéric GILLON and Pascal BROCHET 4.1. Introduction 155 4.2. Multi-level approaches 156 4.3. Optimization using models with different granularities 160 4.4. Hierarchical decomposition of an optimization problem 178 4.5. Conclusion 187 4.6. Bibliography 188 Chapter 5. Multi-criteria Design and Optimization Tools 193 Benoit DELINCHANT, Laurence ESTRABAUD, Laurent GERBAUD and Frédéric WURTZ 5.1. The CADES framework: example of a new tools approach 194 5.2. The system approach: a break from standard tools 195 5.3. Components ensuring interoperability around a framework 203 5.4. Some calculation modeling formalisms for optimization 210 5.5. The principles of automatic Jacobian generation 218 5.6. Services using models and their Jacobian 223 5.7. Applications of CADES in system optimization 227 5.8. Perspectives 231 5.9. Conclusions 238 5.10. Bibliography 239 Chapter 6. Technico-economic Optimization of Energy Networks 247 Guillaume SANDOU, Philippe DESSANTE, Marc PETIT and Henri BORSENBERGER 6.1. Introduction 247 6.2. Energy network modeling 249 6.3. Resolution of the energy network optimization problem for a deterministic case 255 6.4. Introduction to uncertainty consideration 266 6.5. Consideration of uncertainties on consumer demand 269 6.6. Consideration of uncertainties over production costs 273 6.7. From optimization to control 279 6.8. Conclusions 280 6.9. Bibliography 281 List of Authors 287 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to give a broad overview of the TLM (Transmission Line Matrix) method, which is one of the “time-domain numerical methods”. These methods are reputed for their significant reliance on computer resources. However, they have the advantage of being highly general. The TLM method has acquired a reputation for being a powerful and effective tool by numerous teams and still benefits today from significant theoretical developments. In particular, in recent years, its ability to simulate various situations with excellent precision, including complex materials, has been demonstrated. Application examples are included in the last two chapters of the book, enabling the reader to draw conclusions regarding the performance of the implemented techniques and, at the same time, to validate them. Contents 1. Basis of the TLM Method: the 2D TLM Method. 2. 3D Nodes. 3. Introduction of Discrete Elements and Thin Wires in the TLM Method. 4. The TLM Method in Matrix Form and the Z Transform. Appendix A. Development of Maxwell’s Equations using the Z Transform with a Variable Mesh. Appendix B. Treatment of Plasma using the Z Transform for the TLM Method.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Basis of the TLM Method: the 2D TLM Method 1 1.1. Historical introduction 1 1.2. 2D simulation 5 1.2.1. Parallel node 5 1.2.2. Series node 8 1.2.3. Simulation of inhomogeneous media with losses 9 1.2.4. Scattering matrices 11 1.2.5. Boundary conditions 14 1.2.6. Dielectric interface passage conditions 15 1.2.7. Dispersion of 2D nodes. 17 1.3. The TLM process 22 1.3.1. Basic algorithm 22 1.3.2. Excitation 23 1.3.3. Output signal processing 24 Chapter 2. 3D Nodes 29 2.1. Historical development 29 2.1.1. Distributed nodes 29 2.1.2. Asymmetrical condensed node (ACN) 30 2.1.3. The symmetrical condensed node (SCN) 31 2.1.4. Other types of nodes 33 2.2. The generalized condensed node 37 2.2.1. General description 37 2.2.2. Derivation of 3D TLM nodes 41 2.2.3. Scattering matrices 46 2.3. Time step. 54 2.4. Dispersion of 3D nodes. 55 2.4.1. Theoretical study in simple cases 56 2.4.2. Case of inhomogeneous media. 60 2.5. Absorbing walls 60 2.5.1. Matched impedance 61 2.5.2. Segmentation techniques 62 2.5.3. Perfectly matched layers 62 2.5.4. Optimization of the PML layer profile 65 2.5.5. Anisotropic and dispersive layers 67 2.5.6. Conclusion 70 2.6. Orthogonal curvilinear mesh 70 2.6.1. 3D TLM curvilinear cell. 70 2.6.2. The TLM algorithm 73 2.6.3. Scattering matrices for curvilinear nodes 75 2.6.4. Stability conditions and the time step 78 2.6.5. Validation of the algorithm 79 2.7. Non-Cartesian nodes 81 Chapter 3. Introduction of Discrete Elements and Thin Wires in the TLM Method 85 3.1. Introduction of discrete elements 85 3.1.1. History of 2D TLM 85 3.1.2. 3D TLM 89 3.1.3. Application example: modeling of a p-n diode 100 3.2. Introduction of thin wires 105 3.2.1. Arbitrarily oriented thin wire model 106 3.2.2. Validation of the arbitrarily oriented thin wire model 119 Chapter 4. The TLM Method in Matrix Form and the Z Transform 123 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. Matrix form of Maxwell’s equations 124 4.3. Cubic mesh normalized Maxwell’s equations 125 4.4. The propagation process 127 4.5. Wave-matter interaction 130 4.6. The normalized parallelepipedic mesh Maxwell's equations 133 4.7. Application example: plasma modeling 136 4.7.1. Theoretical model 136 4.7.2. Validation of the TLM simulation 139 4.8. Conclusion 144 APPENDICES 145 Appendix A. Development of Maxwell’s Equations using the Z Transform with a Variable Mesh 147 Appendix B. Treatment of Plasma using the Z Transform for the TLM Method 155 Bibliography 161 Index 171

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Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the main problems posed by the design of a man–machine dialogue system and offers ideas on how to continue along the path towards efficient, realistic and fluid communication between humans and machines. A culmination of ten years of research, it is based on the author's development, investigation and experimentation covering a multitude of fields, including artificial intelligence, automated language processing, man–machine interfaces and notably multimodal or multimedia interfaces.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xv PART 1 HISTORICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL LANDMARKS 1 Chapter 1 An Assessment of the Evolution of Research and Systems 3 1.1 A few essential historical landmarks 5 1.2 A list of possible abilities for a current system 16 1.3 The current challenges 23 1.4 Conclusion 27 Chapter 2 Man–Machine Dialogue Fields 29 2.1 Cognitive aspects 30 2.2 Linguistic aspects 40 2.3 Computer aspects 45 2.4 Conclusion 46 Chapter 3 The Development Stages of a Dialogue System 47 3.1 Comparing a few development progresses 48 3.2 Description of the main stages of development 52 3.3 Conclusion 62 Chapter 4 Reusable System Architectures 63 4.1 Run-time architectures 64 4.2 Design-time architectures 69 4.3 Conclusion 73 PART 2 INPUTS PROCESSING 75 Chapter 5 Semantic Analyses and Representations 77 5.1 Language in dialogue and in man–machine dialogue 78 5.2 Computational processes: from the signal to the meaning 85 5.3 Enriching meaning representation 91 5.4 Conclusion 94 Chapter 6 Reference Resolution 95 6.1 Object reference resolution 96 6.2 Action reference resolution 105 6.3 Anaphora and coreference processing 109 6.4 Conclusion 112 Chapter 7 Dialogue Acts Recognition 113 7.1 Nature of dialogue acts 114 7.2 Identification and processing of dialogue acts 119 7.3 Multimodal dialogue act processing 122 7.4 Conclusion 124 PART 3 SYSTEM BEHAVIOR AND EVALUATION 125 Chapter 8 A Few Dialogue Strategies 127 8.1 Natural and cooperative aspects of dialogue management 128 8.2 Technical aspects of dialogue management 136 8.3 Conclusion 147 Chapter 9 Multimodal Output Management 149 9.1 Output management methodology 151 9.2 Multimedia presentation pragmatics 156 9.3 Processes 159 9.4 Conclusion 165 Chapter 10 Multimodal Dialogue System Assessment 167 10.1 Dialogue system assessment feasibility 168 10.2 Multimodal system assessment challenges 176 10.3 Methodological elements 180 10.4 Conclusion 190 Conclusion 191 Bibliography 193 Index 203

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Book SynopsisSince the construction of the first embedded system in the 1960s, embedded systems have continued to spread. They provide a continually increasing number of services and are part of our daily life. The development of these systems is a difficult problem which does not yet have a global solution. Another difficulty is that systems are plunged into the real world, which is not discrete (as is generally understood in computing), but has a richness of behaviors which sometimes hinders the formulation of simplifying assumptions due to their generally autonomous nature and they must face possibly unforeseen situations (incidents, for example), or even situations that lie outside the initial design assumptions. Embedded Systems presents the state of the art of the development of embedded systems and, in particular, concentrates on the modeling and analysis of these systems by looking at “model-driven engineering”, (MDE2): SysML, UML/MARTE and AADL. A case study (based on a pacemaker) is presented which enables the reader to observe how the different aspects of a system are addressed using the different approaches. All three systems are important in that they provide the reader with a global view of their possibilities and demonstrate the contributions of each approach in the different stages of the software lifecycle. Chapters dedicated to analyzing the specification and code generation are also presented. Contents Foreword, Brian R. Larson.Foreword, Dominique Potier.Introduction, Fabrice Kordon, Jérôme Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet.Part 1. General Concepts1. Elements for the Design of Embedded Computer Systems, Fabrice Kordon, Jérôme Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet.2. Case Study: Pacemaker, Fabrice Kordon, Jérôme Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet.Part 2. SysML3. Presentation of SysML Concepts, Jean-Michel Bruel and Pascal Roques.4. Modeling of the Case Study Using SysML, Loïc Fejoz, Philippe Leblanc and Agusti Canals.5. Requirements Analysis, Ludovic Apvrille and Pierre De Saqui-Sannes.Part 3. MARTE6. An Introduction to MARTE Concepts, Sébastien Gérard and François Terrier.7. Case Study Modeling Using MARTE, Jérôme Delatour and Joël Champeau.8. Model-Based Analysis, Frederic Boniol, Philippe Dhaussy, Luka Le Roux and Jean-Charles Roger.9. Model-Based Deployment and Code Generation, Chokri Mraidha, Ansgar Radermacher and Sébastien Gérard.Part 4. AADL10. Presentation of the AADL Concepts, Jérôme Hugues and Xavier Renault.11. Case Study Modeling Using AADL, Etienne Borde.12. Model-Based Analysis, Thomas Robert and Jérôme Hugues.13. Model-Based Code Generation, Laurent Pautet and Béchir Zalila.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Brian R. LARSON Foreword xv Dominique POTIER Introduction xix Fabrice KORDON, Jérôme HUGUES, Agusti CANALS and Alain DOHET PART 1. General Concepts 1 Chapter 1. Elements for the Design of Embedded Computer Systems 3 Fabrice KORDON, Jérôme HUGUES, Agusti CANALS and Alain DOHET 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. System modeling 5 1.3. A brief presentation of UML 6 1.3.1. The UML static diagrams 7 1.3.2. The UML dynamic diagrams 9 1.4. Model-driven development approaches 10 1.4.1. The concepts 10 1.4.2. The technologies 11 1.4.3. The context of the wider field 12 1.5. System analysis 14 1.5.1. Formal verification via proving 15 1.5.2. Formal verification by model-checking 15 1.5.3. The languages to express specifications 16 1.5.4. The actual limits of formal approaches 19 1.6. Methodological aspects of the development of embedded computer systems 20 1.6.1. The main technical processes 22 1.6.2. The importance of the models 23 1.7. Conclusion 24 1.8. Bibliography 25 Chapter 2. Case Study: Pacemaker 29 Fabrice KORDON, Jérôme HUGUES, Agusti CANALS and Alain DOHET 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. The heart and the pacemaker 30 2.2.1. The heart 30 2.2.2. Presentation of a pacemaker 32 2.3. Case study specification 33 2.3.1. System definition 34 2.3.2. System lifecycle 35 2.3.3. System requirements 36 2.3.4. Pacemaker behavior 39 2.4. Conclusion 42 2.5. Bibliography 43 PART 2. SysML 45 Chapter 3. Presentation of SysML Concepts 47 Jean-Michel BRUEL and Pascal ROQUES 3.1. Introduction 47 3.2. The origins of SysML 48 3.3. General overview: the nine types of diagrams 49 3.4. Modeling the requirements 50 3.4.1. Use case diagram 50 3.4.2. Requirement diagram 51 3.5. Structural modeling 53 3.5.1. Block definition diagram 54 3.5.2. Internal block diagram 56 3.5.3. Package diagram 58 3.6. Dynamic modeling 59 3.6.1. Sequence diagram 59 3.6.2. State machine diagram 61 3.6.3. Activity diagram 63 3.7. Transverse modeling 65 3.7.1. Parametric diagram 65 3.7.2. Allocation and traceability 67 3.8. Environment and tools 68 3.9. Conclusion 68 3.10. Bibliography 68 Chapter 4. Modeling of the Case Study Using SysML 71 Loïc FEJOZ, Philippe LEBLANC and Agusti CANALS 4.1. Introduction 71 4.2. System specification 73 4.2.1. Context 73 4.2.2. Requirements model and operational scenarios 75 4.2.3. Requirements model 78 4.3. System design 80 4.3.1. Functional model 81 4.3.2. Domain-specific data 83 4.3.3. Logical architectural model 86 4.3.4. Physical architectural model 90 4.4. Traceability and allocations 90 4.4.1. “Technical needs: divers” traceability diagram 90 4.4.2. Traceability diagram “technical needs: behavior of the pacemaker” 91 4.4.3. Allocation diagram 92 4.5. Test model 93 4.5.1. Traceability diagram “system test: requirements verification” 93 4.5.2. Sequence diagram for the test game TC-PM-07 94 4.5.3. Diagrams presenting a general view of the requirements 94 4.6. Conclusion 95 4.7. Bibliography 97 Chapter 5. Requirements Analysis 99 Ludovic APVRILLE and Pierre DE SAQUI-SANNES 5.1. Introduction 99 5.2. The AVATAR language and the TTool tool 100 5.2.1. Method 101 5.2.2. AVATAR language and SysML standard 101 5.2.3. The TEPE language for expressing properties 102 5.2.4. TTool 103 5.3. An AVATAR expression of the SysML model of the enhanced pacemaker 103 5.3.1. Functioning of the pacemaker and modeling hypotheses 103 5.3.2. Requirements diagram 104 5.4. Architecture 105 5.5. Behavior 106 5.6. Formal verification of the VVI mode 107 5.6.1. General properties 108 5.6.2. Expressing properties using TEPE 108 5.6.3. The use of temporal logic 109 5.6.4. Observer-guided verification 111 5.6.5. Coming back to the model 112 5.7. Related work 113 5.7.1. Languages 113 5.7.2. Tools 114 5.8. Conclusion 115 5.9. Appendix: TTool 116 5.10. Bibliography 116 PART 3. MARTE 119 Chapter 6. An Introduction to MARTE Concepts 121 Sébastien GÉRARD and François TERRIER 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. General remarks 121 6.2.1. Possible uses of MARTE 122 6.2.2. How should we read the norm? 123 6.2.3. The MARTE architecture 124 6.2.4. MARTE and SysML 127 6.2.5. An open source support 128 6.3. Several MARTE details 128 6.3.1. Modeling non-functional properties 128 6.3.2. A components model for the real-time embedded system 133 6.4. Conclusion 137 6.5. Bibliography 137 Chapter 7. Case Study Modeling Using MARTE 139 Jérôme DELATOUR and Joël CHAMPEAU 7.1. Introduction 139 7.1.1. Hypotheses used in modeling 139 7.1.2. The modeling methodology used 140 7.1.3. Chapter layout 141 7.2. Software analysis 141 7.2.1. Use case and interface characterization 141 7.2.2. The sphere of application 144 7.3. Preliminary software design – the architectural component 145 7.3.1. The candidate architecture 146 7.3.2. Identifying the components 146 7.3.3. Presentation of the candidate architecture 148 7.3.4. A presentation of the detailed interfaces 150 7.4. Software preliminary design – behavioral component 151 7.4.1. The controller 151 7.4.2. The cardiologist 153 7.4.3. The operating modes of the cardiologist 153 7.5. Conclusion 155 7.6. Bibliography 156 Chapter 8. Model-Based Analysis 157 Frederic BONIOL, Philippe DHAUSSY, Luka LE ROUX and Jean-Charles ROGER 8.1. Introduction 157 8.2. Model and requirements to be verified 161 8.2.1. The UML-MARTE model that needs to be translated in Fiacre 161 8.2.2. Fiacre language 162 8.2.3. The translation principles of the UML model in Fiacre 163 8.2.4. Requirements 165 8.3. Model-checking of the requirements 166 8.3.1. Use case 166 8.3.2. Properties 167 8.3.3. Property check 170 8.3.4. First assessment 172 8.4. Context exploitation 172 8.4.1. Identifying the context scenarios 173 8.4.2. Automatic partitioning of the context graphs 174 8.4.3. CDL language 175 8.4.4. CDL model exploitation in a model-checker 177 8.4.5. Description of a CDL context 178 8.4.6. Results 179 8.5. Assessment 180 8.6. Conclusion 181 8.7. Bibliography 182 Chapter 9. Model-Based Deployment and Code Generation 185 Chokri MRAIDHA, Ansgar RADERMACHER and Sébastien GÉRARD 9.1. Introduction 185 9.2. Input models 187 9.2.1. Description of the executable component-based model 187 9.2.2. Description of the platform model 188 9.2.3. Description of the deployment model 189 9.3. Generation of the implementation model 190 9.3.1. Main concepts 191 9.3.2. Connector pattern 191 9.3.3. Container pattern 193 9.3.4. Implementation of the components 195 9.3.5. Resulting implementation components 197 9.4. Code generation 197 9.4.1. Deployment of the components 198 9.4.2. Transformation into an object-oriented model 199 9.4.3. Generating code 200 9.5. Support tools 201 9.6. Conclusion 202 9.7. Bibliography 202 PART 4. AADL 205 Chapter 10. Presentation of the AADL Concepts 207 Jérôme HUGUES and Xavier RENAULT 10.1. Introduction 207 10.2. General ADL concepts 207 10.3. AADLv2, an ADL for design and analysis 208 10.3.1. A history of the AADL 208 10.3.2. A brief introduction to AADL 209 10.3.3. Tools 211 10.4. Taxonomy of the AADL entities 211 10.4.1. Language elements: the components 212 10.4.2. Connections between the components 214 10.4.3. Language elements: attributes 215 10.4.4. Language elements: extensions and refinements 219 10.5. AADL annexes 220 10.5.1. Data modeling annex 220 10.6. Analysis of AADL models 221 10.6.1. Structural properties 222 10.6.2. Qualitative properties 222 10.6.3. Quantitative properties 223 10.7. Conclusion 224 10.8. Bibliography 225 Chapter 11. Case Study Modeling Using AADL 227 Etienne BORDE 11.1. Introduction 227 11.2. Review of the structure of a pacemaker 229 11.3. AADL modeling of the structure of the pacemaker 230 11.3.1. Decomposition of the system into several subsystems 230 11.3.2. Execution and communication infrastructure 233 11.4. Overview of the functioning of the pacemaker 235 11.4.1. The operational modes of the pacemaker 235 11.4.2. The operational sub-modes of the pacemaker 235 11.4.3. Some functionalities of the pacemaker 237 11.5. AADL modeling of the software architecture of the pulse generator 240 11.5.1. AADL modeling of the operational modes of the pulse generator 240 11.5.2. AADL modeling of the features of the pulse generator in the permanent mode 242 11.6. Modeling of the deployment of the pacemaker 247 11.7. Conclusion 249 11.8. Bibliography 250 Chapter 12. Model-Based Analysis 251 Thomas ROBERT and Jérôme HUGUES 12.1. Introduction 251 12.2. Behavioral validation, per mode and global 252 12.2.1. Validation context and fine tuning of the requirements 253 12.2.2. Translation of the behavioral automata into UPPAAL 253 12.2.3. Refining requirements 22-23/P 258 12.2.4. Study of the permanent/VVT mode 260 12.2.5. Study of the changing of the permanent/VVT→Magnet/VOO mode 261 12.3. Conclusion 262 12.4. Bibliography 263 Chapter 13. Model-Based Code Generation 265 Laurent PAUTET and Béchir ZALILA 13.1. Introduction 265 13.2. Software component generation 268 13.2.1. Data conversion 269 13.2.2. Conversion of subprograms 272 13.2.3. Conversion of execution threads 275 13.2.4. Conversion of the instances of shared data 283 13.3. Middleware components generation 283 13.4. Configuration and deployment of middleware components 284 13.4.1. Deployment 284 13.5. Integration of the compilation chain 285 13.6. Conclusion 287 13.7. Bibliography 287 List of Authors 289 Index 291

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Book SynopsisBuilding computers that can be used to design embedded real-time systems is the subject of this title. Real-time embedded software requires increasingly higher performances. The authors therefore consider processors that implement advanced mechanisms such as pipelining, out-of-order execution, branch prediction, cache memories, multi-threading, multicorearchitectures, etc. The authors of this book investigate the timepredictability of such schemes.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1. REAL-TIME SYSTEMS AND TIME PREDICTABILITY 1 1.1. Real-time systems 1 1.1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.2. Soft, firm and hard real-time systems 4 1.1.3. Safety standards 6 1.1.4. Examples 7 1.2. Time predictability 15 1.3. Book outline 16 CHAPTER 2. TIMING ANALYSIS OF REAL-TIME SYSTEMS 19 2.1. Real-time task scheduling 19 2.1.1. Task model 19 2.1.2. Objectives of task scheduling algorithms 20 2.1.3. Mono-processor scheduling for periodic tasks 21 2.1.4. Scheduling sporadic and aperiodic tasks 23 2.1.5. Multiprocessor scheduling for periodic tasks 23 2.2. Task-level analysis 24 2.2.1. Flow analysis: identifying possible paths 25 2.2.2. Low-level analysis: determining partial execution times 27 2.2.3. WCET computation 29 2.2.4. WCET analysis tools 32 2.2.5. Alternative approaches to WCET analysis 32 2.2.6. Time composability 35 CHAPTER 3. CURRENT PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES 37 3.1. Pipelining 37 3.1.1. Pipeline effects 38 3.1.2. Modeling for timing analysis 41 3.1.3. Recommendations for predictability 49 3.2. Superscalar architectures 49 3.2.1. In-order execution 50 3.2.2. Out-of-order execution 52 3.2.3. Modeling for timing analysis 55 3.2.4. Recommendations for predictability 56 3.3. Multithreading 57 3.3.1. Time-predictability issues raised by multithreading 58 3.3.2. Time-predictable example architectures 60 3.4. Branch prediction 62 3.4.1. State-of-the-art branch prediction 62 3.4.2. Branch prediction in real-time systems 64 3.4.3. Approaches to branch prediction modeling 65 CHAPTER 4. MEMORY HIERARCHY 69 4.1. Caches 71 4.1.1. Organization of cache memories 71 4.1.2. Static analysis of the behavior of caches 74 4.1.3. Recommendations for timing predictability 81 4.2. Scratchpad memories 87 4.2.1. Scratchpad RAM 87 4.2.2. Data scratchpad 87 4.2.3. Instruction scratchpad 88 4.3. External memories 93 4.3.1. Static RAM 93 4.3.2. Dynamic RAM 97 4.3.3. Flash memory 103 CHAPTER 5. MULTICORES 105 5.1. Impact of resource sharing on time predictability 105 5.2. Timing analysis for multicores 106 5.2.1. Analysis of temporal/bandwidth sharing 107 5.2.2. Analysis of spatial sharing 110 5.3. Local caches 111 5.3.1. Coherence techniques 112 5.3.2. Discussion on timing analyzability 115 5.4. Conclusion 121 5.5. Time-predictable architectures 121 5.5.1. Uncached accesses to shared data 121 5.5.2. On-demand coherent cache 123 CHAPTER 6. EXAMPLE ARCHITECTURES 127 6.1. The multithreaded processor Komodo 127 6.1.1. The Komodo architecture 128 6.1.2. Integrated thread scheduling 130 6.1.3. Guaranteed percentage scheduling 131 6.1.4. The jamuth IP core 132 6.1.5. Conclusion 134 6.2. The JOP architecture 134 6.2.1. Conclusion 136 6.3. The PRET architecture 136 6.3.1. PRET pipeline architecture 136 6.3.2. Instruction set extension 137 6.3.3. DDR2 memory controller 137 6.3.4. Conclusion 138 6.4. The multi-issue CarCore processor 138 6.4.1. The CarCore architecture 139 6.4.2. Layered thread scheduling 140 6.4.3. CarCore thread scheduling algorithms 142 6.4.4. Conclusion 146 6.5. The MERASA multicore processor 146 6.5.1. The MERASA architecture 147 6.5.2. The MERASA processor core 148 6.5.3. Interconnection bus 149 6.5.4. Memory hierarchy 149 6.5.5. Conclusion 150 6.6. The T-CREST multicore processor 151 6.6.1. The Patmos processor core 151 6.6.2. The T-CREST interconnect 152 6.6.3. Conclusion 153 6.7. The parMERASA manycore processor 154 6.7.1. System overview 154 6.7.2. Memory hierarchy 155 6.7.3. Communication infrastructure 157 6.7.4. Peripheral devices and interrupt system 159 6.7.5. Conclusion 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 INDEX 179

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Book SynopsisThis book includes a study of trustworthiness, percentile response time, service availability, and authentication in the networks between users and cloud service providers, and at service stations or sites that may be owned by different service providers. The first part of the book contains an analysis of percentile response time, which is one of the most important SLA (service level agreements) metrics. Effective and accurate numerical solutions for the calculation of the percentile response time in single-class and multi-class queueing networks are obtained. Then, the numerical solution is incorporated in a resource allocation problem. Specifically, the authors present an approach for the resource optimization that minimizes the total cost of computer resources required while preserving a given percentile of the response time. In the second part, the approach is extended to consider trustworthiness, service availability, and the percentile of response time in Web services. These QoS metrics are clearly defined and their quantitative analysis provided. The authors then take into account these QoS metrics in a trust-based resource allocation problem in which a set of cloud computing resources is used by a service provider to host a typical Web services application for single-class customer services and multipleclass customer services respectively. Finally, in the third part of the book a thorough performance evaluation of two notable public key cryptography-based authentication techniques; Public-Key Cross Realm Authentication in Kerberos (PKCROSS) and Public Key Utilizing Tickets for Application Servers (PKTAPP, a.k.a. KX.509/KCA); is given, in terms of computational and communication times. The authors then demonstrate their performance difference using queuing networks. PKTAPP has been proposed to address the scalability issue of PKCROSS. However, their in-depth analysis of these two techniques shows that PKTAPP does not perform better than PKCROSS in a large-scale system. Thus, they propose a new public key cryptography-based group authentication technique. The performance analysis demonstrates that the new technique can scale better than PKCORSS and PKTAPP.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Current Approaches for Resource Optimization and Security 13 Chapter 3. Single Class Customers 27 Chapter 4. Multiple-Class Customers 69 Chapter 5. A Trustworthy Service Model 95 Chapter 6. Performance Analysis of Public-Key Cryptography-Based Group Authentication 141 Chapter 7. Summary and Future Work 173 Bibliography 181 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis book presents correct-by-design control techniques for switching systems, using different methods of stability analysis. Switching systems are increasingly used in the electronics and mechanical industries; in power electronics and the automotive industry, for example. This is due to their flexibility and simplicity in accurately controlling industrial mechanisms. By adopting appropriate control rules, we can steer a switching system to a region centered at a desired equilibrium point, while avoiding “unsafe” regions of parameter saturation. The authors explain various correct-by-design methods for control synthesis, using different methods of stability and invariance analysis. They also provide several applications of these methods to industrial examples of power electronics. Contents 1. Control Theory: Basic Concepts. 2. Sampled Switched Systems. 3. Safety Controllers. 4. Stability Controllers. 5. Application to Multilevel Converters. 6. Other Issues: Reachability, Sensitivity, Robustness and Nonlinearity. About the Authors Laurent Fribourg is head of the LSV (Laboratoire Spécification et Vérification) and Scientific Coordinator of the Institut Farman, Institut Fédératif de Recherche CNRS, which brings together the expertise of five laboratories from ENS Cachan, in France, in the fields of modeling, simulation and validation of complex systems. He has published over 70 articles in international journals and reviewed proceedings of international conferences, in the domain of the theory of formal methods and their industrial applications. Romain Soulat is in the third year of his doctorate at the LSV at ENS Cachan in France, under the supervision of Laurent Fribourg. He is working on the modeling and verification of hybrid systems. In particular, his interests concern robustness in scheduling problems – especially as part of a collaborative project with EADS Astrium on the verification of a component in the launcher for the future Ariane 6 rocket. He has published 5 articles in reviewed proceedings of international conferences.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. CONTROL THEORY: BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1.1. Model of control systems 1 1.2. Digital control systems 3 1.2.1. Digitization 3 1.2.2. Quantization 6 1.2.3. Switching 6 1.3. Control of switched systems using invariant sets 8 1.3.1. Controlled invariants 9 1.3.2. Safety control problem 9 1.3.3. Stability control problem 10 1.3.4. Other controllers 11 1.4. Notes 11 CHAPTER 2. SAMPLED SWITCHED SYSTEMS 13 2.1. Model 13 2.2. Illustrative examples 18 2.3. Zonotopes 21 2.4. Notes 23 CHAPTER 3. SAFETY CONTROLLERS 25 3.1. Backward fixed point computation (direct approach) 26 3.2. Approximate bisimulation (indirect approach) 29 3.3. Application to a three-cell Boost DC–DC converter 35 3.3.1. Model 35 3.3.2. Direct method 37 3.3.3. Indirect method 37 3.4. Notes 40 CHAPTER 4. STABILITY CONTROLLERS 41 4.1. Motivation 42 4.2. Preliminaries 42 4.2.1. Control induced by the decomposition 45 4.3. Decomposition function 46 4.3.1. Basic procedure 46 4.3.2. Enhancement for safety 48 4.4. Limit cycles 52 4.4.1. Discussion of the assumptions H1 and H2 53 4.4.2. Illustrative examples 54 4.5. Implementation 58 4.6. Notes 59 CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION TO MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS 61 5.1. Multilevel converters 62 5.2. Application of the decomposition procedure 62 5.2.1. Five-level converter 63 5.2.2. Seven-level converter 67 5.3. Physical experimentations 70 5.4. Notes 73 CHAPTER 6. OTHER ISSUES: REACHABILITY, SENSITIVITY, ROBUSTNESS AND NONLINEARITY 75 6.1. Reachability control 75 6.2. Sensitivity 78 6.3. Robust safety control 79 6.4. Nonlinearity 82 6.5. Notes 87 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 89 APPENDIX 1. SUFFICIENT CONDITION OF DECOMPOSITION 93 APPENDIX 2. APPLICATIONS OF THE ENHANCED DECOMPOSITION PROCEDURE 97 APPENDIX 3. PROOF OF THEOREM 4.3 103 APPENDIX 4. EXAMPLE WITH |R∗Δ| = ∞ 107 APPENDIX 5. CODE 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 INDEX 127

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Book SynopsisThis book contains more than 150 problems and solutions on the control of linear continuous systems. The main definitions and theoretical tools are summarized at the beginning of each chapter, after which the reader is guided through the problems and how to solve them. The author provides coverage of the ideas behind the developments of the main PID tuning techniques, as well as presenting the proof of the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion and giving some new results dealing with the design of root locus.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Chapter 1. Introduction to Signals and Systems 1 Yannick BERTHOUMIEU, Eric GRIVEL and Mohamed NAJIM 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Signals: categories, representations and characterizations 1 1.2.1. Definition of continuous-time and discrete-time signals 1 1.2.2. Deterministic and random signals 6 1.2.3. Periodic signals 8 1.2.4. Mean, energy and power 9 1.2.5. Autocorrelation function 12 1.3. Systems 15 1.4. Properties of discrete-time systems 16 1.4.1. Invariant linear systems 16 1.4.2. Impulse responses and convolution products 16 1.4.3. Causality 17 1.4.4. Interconnections of discrete-time systems 18 1.5. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Discrete System Analysis 21 Mohamed NAJIM and Eric GRIVEL 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. The z-transform 21 2.2.1. Representations and summaries 21 2.2.2. Properties of the z-transform 28 2.2.2.1. Linearity 28 2.2.2.2. Advanced and delayed operators 29 2.2.2.3. Convolution 30 2.2.2.4. Changing the z-scale 31 2.2.2.5. Contrasted signal development 31 2.2.2.6. Derivation of the z-transform 31 2.2.2.7. The sum theorem 32 2.2.2.8. The final-value theorem 32 2.2.2.9. Complex conjugation 32 2.2.2.10. Parseval’s theorem 33 2.2.3. Table of standard transform 33 2.3. The inverse z-transform 34 2.3.1. Introduction 34 2.3.2. Methods of determining inverse z-transforms 35 2.3.2.1. Cauchy’s theorem: a case of complex variables 35 2.3.2.2. Development in rational fractions 37 2.3.2.3. Development by algebraic division of polynomials 38 2.4. Transfer functions and difference equations 39 2.4.1. The transfer function of a continuous system 39 2.4.2. Transfer functions of discrete systems 41 2.5. Z-transforms of the autocorrelation and intercorrelation functions 44 2.6. Stability 45 2.6.1. Bounded input, bounded output (BIBO) stability 46 2.6.2. Regions of convergence 46 2.6.2.1. Routh’s criterion 48 2.6.2.2. Jury’s criterion 49 Chapter 3. Frequential Characterization of Signals and Filters 51 Eric GRIVEL and Yannick BERTHOUMIEU 3.1. Introduction 51 3.2. The Fourier transform of continuous signals 51 3.2.1. Summary of the Fourier series decomposition of continuous signals 51 3.2.1.1. Decomposition of finite energy signals using an orthonormal base 51 3.2.1.2. Fourier series development of periodic signals 52 3.2.2. Fourier transforms and continuous signals 57 3.2.2.1. Representations 57 3.2.2.2. Properties 58 3.2.2.3. The duality theorem 59 3.2.2.4. The quick method of calculating the Fourier transform 59 3.2.2.5. The Wiener-Khintchine theorem 63 3.2.2.6. The Fourier transform of a Dirac comb 63 3.2.2.7. Another method of calculating the Fourier series development of a periodic signal 66 3.2.2.8. The Fourier series development and the Fourier transform 68 3.2.2.9. Applying the Fourier transform: Shannon’s sampling theorem 75 3.3. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 78 3.3.1. Expressing the Fourier transform of a discrete sequence 78 3.3.2. Relations between the Laplace and Fourier z-transforms 80 3.3.3. The inverse Fourier transform 81 3.3.4. The discrete Fourier transform 82 3.4. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) 86 3.5. The fast Fourier transform for a time/frequency/energy representation of a non-stationary signal 90 3.6. Frequential characterization of a continuous-time system 91 3.6.1. First and second order filters 91 3.6.1.1. 1st order system 91 3.6.1.2. 2nd order system 93 3.7. Frequential characterization of discrete-time system 95 3.7.1. Amplitude and phase frequential diagrams 95 3.7.2. Application 96 Chapter 4. Continuous-Time and Analog Filters 99 Daniel BASTARD and Eric GRIVEL 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Different types of filters and filter specifications 99 4.3. Butterworth filters and the maximally flat approximation 104 4.3.1. Maximally flat functions (MFM) 104 4.3.2. A specific example of MFM functions: Butterworth polynomial filters 106 4.3.2.1. Amplitude-squared expression 106 4.3.2.2. Localization of poles 107 4.3.2.3. Determining the cut-off frequency at –3 dB and filter orders 110 4.3.2.4. Application 111 4.3.2.5. Realization of a Butterworth filter 112 4.4. Equiripple filters and the Chebyshev approximation 113 4.4.1. Characteristics of the Chebyshev approximation 113 4.4.2. Type I Chebyshev filters 114 4.4.2.1. The Chebyshev polynomial 114 4.4.2.2. Type I Chebyshev filters 115 4.4.2.3. Pole determination 116 4.4.2.4. Determining the cut-off frequency at –3 dB and the filter order 118 4.4.2.5. Application 121 4.4.2.6. Realization of a Chebyshev filter 121 4.4.2.7. Asymptotic behavior 122 4.4.3. Type II Chebyshev filter 123 4.4.3.1. Determining the filter order and the cut-off frequency 123 4.4.3.2. Application 124 4.5. Elliptic filters: the Cauer approximation 125 4.6. Summary of four types of low-pass filter: Butterworth, Chebyshev type I, Chebyshev type II and Cauer 125 4.7. Linear phase filters (maximally flat delay or MFD): Bessel and Thomson filters 126 4.7.1. Reminders on continuous linear phase filters 126 4.7.2. Properties of Bessel-Thomson filters 128 4.7.3. Bessel and Bessel-Thomson filters 130 4.8. Papoulis filters (optimum (On)) 132 4.8.1. General characteristics 132 4.8.2. Determining the poles of the transfer function 135 4.9. Bibliography 135 Chapter 5. Finite Impulse Response Filters 137 Yannick BERTHOUMIEU, Eric GRIVEL and Mohamed NAJIM 5.1. Introduction to finite impulse response filters 137 5.1.1. Difference equations and FIR filters 137 5.1.2. Linear phase FIR filters 142 5.1.2.1. Representation 142 5.1.2.2. Different forms of FIR linear phase filters 147 5.1.2.3. Position of zeros in FIR filters 150 5.1.3. Summary of the properties of FIR filters 152 5.2. Synthesizing FIR filters using frequential specifications 152 5.2.1. Windows 152 5.2.2. Synthesizing FIR filters using the windowing method 159 5.2.2.1. Low-pass filters 159 5.2.2.2. High-pass filters 164 5.3. Optimal approach of equal ripple in the stop-band and passband 165 5.4. Bibliography 172 Chapter 6. Infinite Impulse Response Filters 173 Eric GRIVEL and Mohamed NAJIM 6.1. Introduction to infinite impulse response filters 173 6.1.1. Examples of IIR filters 174 6.1.2. Zero-loss and all-pass filters 178 6.1.3. Minimum-phase filters180 6.1.3.1. Problem 180 6.1.3.2. Stabilizing inverse filters 181 6.2. Synthesizing IIR filters 183 6.2.1. Impulse invariance method for analog to digital filter conversion 183 6.2.2. The invariance method of the indicial response 185 6.2.3. Bilinear transformations 185 6.2.4. Frequency transformations for filter synthesis using low-pass filters 188 6.3. Bibliography 189 Chapter 7. Structures of FIR and IIR Filters 191 Mohamed NAJIM and Eric GRIVEL 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Structure of FIR filters 192 7.3. Structure of IIR filters 192 7.3.1. Direct structures 192 7.32. The cascade structure 209 7.3.3. Parallel structures 211 7.4. Realizing finite precision filters 211 7.4.1. Introduction 211 7.4.2. Examples of FIR filters 212 7.4.3. IIR filters 213 7.4.3.1. Introduction 213 7.4.3.2. The influence of quantification on filter stability 221 7.4.3.3. Introduction to scale factors 224 7.4.3.4. Decomposing the transfer function into first- and second-order cells 226 7.5. Bibliography 231 Chapter 8. Two-Dimensional Linear Filtering 233 Philippe BOLON 8.1. Introduction 233 8.2. Continuous models 233 8.2.1. Representation of 2-D signals 233 8.2.2. Analog filtering 235 8.3. Discrete models 236 8.3.1. 2-D sampling 236 8.3.2. The aliasing phenomenon and Shannon’s theorem 240 8.3.2.1. Reconstruction by linear filtering (Shannon’s theorem) 240 8.3.2.2. Aliasing effect 240 8.4. Filtering in the spatial domain 242 8.4.1. 2-D discrete convolution 242 8.4.2. Separable filters 244 8.4.3. Separable recursive filtering 246 8.4.4. Processing of side effects 249 8.4.4.1. Prolonging the image by pixels of null intensity 250 8.4.4.2. Prolonging by duplicating the border pixels 251 8.4.4.3. Other approaches 252 8.5. Filtering in the frequency domain 253 8.5.1. 2-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 253 8.5.2. The circular convolution effect 255 8.6. Bibliography 259 Chapter 9. Two-Dimensional Finite Impulse Response Filter Design 261 Yannick BERTHOUMIEU 9.1. Introduction 261 9.2. Introduction to 2-D FIR filters 262 9.3. Synthesizing with the two-dimensional windowing method 263 9.3.1. Principles of method 263 9.3.2. Theoretical 2-D frequency shape 264 9.3.2.1. Rectangular frequency shape 264 9.3.2.2. Circular shape 266 9.3.3. Digital 2-D filter design by windowing 271 9.3.4. Applying filters based on rectangular and circular shapes 271 9.3.5. 2-D Gaussian filters 274 9.3.6. 1-D and 2-D representations in a continuous space 274 9.3.6.1. 2-D specifications 276 9.3.7. Approximation for FIR filters 277 9.3.7.1. Truncation of the Gaussian profile 277 9.3.7.2. Rectangular windows and convolution 279 9.3.8. An example based on exploiting a modulated Gaussian filter 280 9.4. Appendix: spatial window functions and their implementation 286 9.5. Bibliography 291 Chapter 10. Filter Stability 293 Michel BARRET 10.1. Introduction 293 10.2. The Schur-Cohn criterion 298 10.3. Appendix: resultant of two polynomials 314 10.4. Bibliography 319 Chapter 11. The Two-Dimensional Domain 321 Michel BARRET 11.1. Recursive filters 321 11.1.1. Transfer functions 321 11.1.2. The 2-D z-transform 322 11.1.3. Stability, causality and semi-causality 324 11.2. Stability criteria 328 11.2.1. Causal filters 329 11.2.2. Semi-causal filters 332 11.3. Algorithms used in stability tests 334 11.3.1. The jury Table 334 11.3.2. Algorithms based on calculating the Bezout resultant 339 11.3.2.1. First algorithm 340 11.3.2.2. Second algorithm 343 11.3.3. Algorithms and rounding-off errors 347 11.4. Linear predictive coding 351 11.5. Appendix A: demonstration of the Schur-Cohn criterion 355 11.6. Appendix B: optimum 2-D stability criteria 358 11.7. Bibliography 362 List of Authors 365 Index 367

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