Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisA text to the advances and development of novel technologies in the production of high-value products from economically viable raw materials Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologiesis an essential guide to the most recent advances and developments of novel technologies in the production of various high-value products from economically viable raw materials. Written by a team of experts on the topic, the book covers important topics specifically on production of economical and sustainable products such as various biofuels, organic acids, enzymes, biopigments, biosurfactants, etc. The book highlights the important aspects of lignocellulosic biorefining including structure, function, and chemical composition of the plant cell wall and reviews the details about the various components present in the lignocellulosic biomass and their characterizations. The authors explore the various approaches available for processing lignocellulosic biomass into second generation sugars and focus on the Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii 1 Biorefining of Lignocellulose into Valuable Products 1Avinash P. Ingle, Anuj Kumar Chandel, and Silvio Silvério da Silva 2 Bulk and Specialty Chemicals from Plant Cell Wall Chemistry 7Luciana Ferrand, Florencia Vasco, and Juliana Gamboa‐Santos 3 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Processing for Second-Generation Sugars Production 29Guadalupe Bustos Vázquez, Adrián Gonzalez Leos, Luis V. Rodríguez-Duran, and Rodolfo Torres de Los Santos 4 Production of Biohydrogen from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 47Sheetal Radhakrishnan, Shiv Prasad, Sandeep Kumar, and Dhanya Subramanian 5 Recent Advances in the Production of Biodiesel Using Lignocellulosic Biomass 69Rahul Bhagat, Harris Panakkal, Indarchand Gupta, and Avinash P. Ingle 6 Bioelectricity Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 87Samar Das, Shayaram Basumatary, Pankaj Kalita, Vinayak Kulkarni, Pranab Goswami, Akhil Garg, and Xiongbin Peng 7 Biopolymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Feedstocks, Production Processes, and Applications 125Grazielle Machado, Fernando Santos, Rogério Lourega, Jaqueline Mattia, Douglas Faria, Paulo Eichler, and Angenor Auler 8 Sustainable Production of Biosurfactants and Their Applications 159Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Fernanda Gonçalves, Itzcóatl Muñoz Jimenez, Bruna Curry Carneiro, Bruno Bosquiroli Santos, and Silvio Silvério da Silva 9 Lignocellulose as a Renewable Carbon Source for Microbial Synthesis of Different Enzymes 185Peyman Abdeshahian, Abudukeremu Kadier , Pankaj Kumar Rai, and Silvio Silvério da Silva 10 Production of Organic Acids Via Fermentation of Sugars Generated from Lignocellulosic Biomass 203Lourdes Zumalacárregui de Cárdenas and Beatriz Zumalacárregui de Cárdenas 11 Valorization of Lignin Into Value-Added Chemicals and Materials 247Ruly Teran Hilares, Lucas Ramos, Muhammad Ajaz Ahmed, Avinash P. Ingle, Anuj Kumar Chandel, Silvio Silvério da Silva, Jeon Woon Choi, and Julio Cesar dos Santos 12 Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Through Pyrolysis to Promote a Sustainable Value Chain for Brazilian Agribusiness 265Genyr Kappler, Débora Machado de Souza, Carlos Alberto Mendes Moraes, Regina Célia Espinosa Modolo, Feliciane Andrade Brehm, Paulo Roberto Wander, and Luís António da Cruz Tarelho 13 Integrated Process of Biomass Thermochemical Conversion to Obtain Pyrolytic Sugars for Biofuels and Bioproducts 285Victor Haber Perez, Nathalia Ribeiro Ferreira da Silva, Euripedes Garcia Silveira Junior, Diego Cunha Rocha, Oselys Rodriguez Justo, Geraldo Ferreira David, Diana Catalina Cubides Roman, Valdemar Lacerda, Jr, and Manuel Garcia-Perez 14 Life Cycle Analysis of Lignocellulosic Conversion into Fuels, Energy, and Chemicals 313Mahdi Mazuchi 15 Technoeconomic Analysis of Biorefinery Processes for Biofuel and Other Important Products 333Harikishan R. Ellamla and Srinivas Appari Index 353

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Book SynopsisProvides a collection of works produced by COST Action IC1301 with the goal of achieving significant advances in the field of wireless power transmission This bookconstitutes together information from COST Action IC1301, a group of academic and industry experts seeking to align research efforts in the field of wireless power transmission (WPT). It begins with a discussion of backscatter as a solution for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and goes on to describe ambient backscattering sensors that use FM broadcasting for low cost and low power wireless applications. The book also explores localization of passive RFID tags and augmented tags using nonlinearities of RFID chips. It concludes with a review of methods of electromagnetic characterization of textile materials for the development of wearable antennas. Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable Electronics: COST WiPE - IC1301covers textile-supported wireless energy transfer, and reviews methods forTable of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Contributors xxxiii Preface xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxix 1 Textile-Supported Wireless Energy Transfer 1Miroslav Cupal, Jaroslav Láčík, Zbynĕk Raida, Jan Špůrek, and Jan Vélim 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Textile-Coated Single-Wire Transmission Line 3 1.3 Textile-Integrated Components 6 1.3.1 Fabrication of the Top Conductive Layer and the Bottom One 8 1.3.2 Fabrication of Conductive Vias of Side Walls 8 1.4 In-Vehicle Wireless Energy Transfer 15 1.5 Summary 24 References 25 2 A Review of Methods for the Electromagnetic Characterization of Textile Materials for the Development of Wearable Antennas 27Caroline Loss, Ricardo Gonçalves, Pedro Pinho, and Rita Salvado 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Electromagnetic Properties of Materials 29 2.2.1 Conductive Fabrics 29 2.2.2 Dielectric Fabrics 31 2.3 Dielectric Characterization Methods Applied to Textile Materials and Leather: A Survey 32 2.3.1 Resonant Methods 33 2.3.1.1 Cavity Perturbation Methods 33 2.3.1.2 Microstrip Resonator Patch Method 35 2.3.1.3 Microstrip Resonator Ring Method 35 2.3.1.4 Microstrip Patch Sensor 35 2.3.1.5 Agilent 85070E Dielectric Measurement Probe Kit 39 2.3.1.6 Summary of the Characterization of Textile Materials by Resonant Methods 40 2.3.2 Nonresonant Methods 40 2.3.2.1 Parallel Plate Method 40 2.3.2.2 Free Space Methods 41 2.3.2.3 Planar Transmission Lines Methods 44 2.3.2.4 Summary of the Characterization of Textile Materials by Nonresonant Methods 46 2.4 Some Factors that Affect the Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Textiles 46 2.4.1 Influence of the Moisture Content 46 2.4.2 Influence of the Material Anisotropy 47 2.4.3 Influence of the Bulk Porosity 47 2.4.4 Influence of the Surface Features 48 2.5 Conclusions 48 Acknowledgments 50 References 50 3 Smart Beamforming Techniques for “On Demand” WPT 57Diego Masotti, Mazen Shanawani, and Alessandra Costanzo 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Basics of Time-modulated Arrays 61 3.3 Nonlinear/Full-Wave Co-simulation of TMAS 63 3.4 Two-Step Agile WPT Strategy 64 3.4.1 Localization Step 65 3.4.2 Power Transfer Step 66 3.5 Simulation Results 68 3.5.1 Localization Step 68 3.5.2 Power Transfer Step 69 3.6 Measured Results 73 3.7 TMA Architecture for Fundamental Pattern Steering 76 3.8 Conclusion 81 References 82 4 Backscatter a Solution for IoT Devices 85Daniel Belo, Ricardo Correia, Marina Jordao, Pedro Pinho, and Nuno B. Carvalho 4.1 Backscatter Basics 85 4.1.1 Different Backscatter Sensors Development 87 4.1.2 Backscatter with WPT Capabilities 87 4.1.3 High-Order Backscatter Modulation 88 4.1.4 Modulated High-Bandwidth Backscatter with WPT Capabilities 89 4.2 An IoT-Complete Sensor with Backscatter Capabilities 90 4.2.1 System Description 91 4.2.2 Digital Component 92 4.2.3 Measurements 94 4.3 The Power Availability for These Sensors 97 4.3.1 Electronically Steerable Phased Array for Wireless Power Transfer Applications 98 4.3.2 Wireless Energy Receiving Device 101 4.3.3 Experimental Results 104 4.4 Characterization of High-Order Modulation Backscatter Systems 107 4.4.1 Characterization System 107 4.4.2 Measurements 110 References 114 5 Ambient FM Backscattering Low-Cost and Low-Power Wireless RFID Applications 117Spyridon N. Daskalakis, Ricardo Correia, John Kimionis, George Goussetis, Manos M. Tentzeris, Nuno B. Carvalho, and Apostolos Georgiadis 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Ambient Backscattering 120 5.2.1 Ambient FM Backscattering 122 5.2.2 Binary Modulation Tag 124 5.2.3 4-PAM Tag 125 5.2.4 Binary Telecommunication Protocol 127 5.2.5 4-PAM Telecommunication Protocol 129 5.2.6 Receiver 129 5.2.7 Software Binary Receiver 130 5.2.8 Software 4-PAM Receiver 132 5.2.9 Experimental and Measurement Results 132 5.3 Conclusions 138 Acknowledgments 139 References 139 6 Backscatter RFID Sensor System for Remote Health Monitoring 145Jasmin Grosinger 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 On-Body System 146 6.2.1 Body Model 146 6.2.2 Antennas 149 6.2.2.1 Monopole Antennas 149 6.2.2.2 Patch Antennas 151 6.3 Radio Channel 152 6.3.1 Measurement Setup 153 6.3.2 Comparison of Simulations and Measurements 154 6.3.3 Measurement Results 156 6.3.3.1 Antenna Matching 156 6.3.3.2 Channel Gain 157 6.4 System Performance 159 6.4.1 Forward Link 162 6.4.1.1 System Example 165 6.4.2 Backward Link 166 6.4.2.1 System Example 166 6.5 Conclusions 168 Acknowledgments 169 References 170 7 Robotics Meets RFID for Simultaneous Localization (of Robots and Objects) and Mapping (SLAM) – A Joined Problem 175Antonis G. Dimitriou, Stavroula Siachalou, Emmanouil Tsardoulias, and Loukas Petrou 7.1 Scope 175 7.2 Introduction 176 7.3 Localization of RFID Tags – Prior Art 182 7.3.1 Multipath in Passive RFID Systems 184 7.3.2 Representative Localization Techniques 185 7.3.2.1 Angle of Arrival 185 7.3.2.2 Received Signal Strength – Bayes’ Theorem and Conditional Probability 187 7.3.2.3 Fingerprinting – “Landmarc” 189 7.3.2.4 Holographic Localization 190 7.3.2.5 Other Methods 192 7.3.3 Analysis of Prior Art 194 7.4 A Brief Introduction in SLAM/Localization Techniques 195 7.4.1 Introduction to Localization, Mapping, and SLAM 196 7.4.2 Mathematical Formulation of SLAM 197 7.4.3 Probabilistically Solving SLAM 198 7.4.4 Space Representation in SLAM 201 7.4.5 SLAM Algorithm Selection 202 7.4.5.1 What are the Robot’s Sensors? 202 7.4.5.2 Which is the Environmental Morphology? 203 7.4.5.3 How Will the Generated Map Be Utilized? 203 7.4.6 SLAM/Localization and RFID Localization Issues 204 7.5 Prototype – Experimental Results 206 7.5.1 Equipment 206 7.5.2 Methodology 208 7.5.2.1 Phase 1 208 7.5.2.2 Phase 2 209 7.5.3 Results 212 7.6 Discussion 216 Acknowledgments 218 References 218 8 From Identification to Sensing: Augmented RFID Tags 223Konstantinos Zannas, Hatem El Matbouly, Yvan Duroc, and Smail Tedjini 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Generic RFID Communication Chain 226 8.2.1 RFID Sensor Tag 226 8.2.2 RFID Data Capture Level 228 8.2.3 RFID Tag Process Level 229 8.2.4 RFID Communication Channel 231 8.2.5 RFID Reader Process Level and RFID Reader 232 8.3 RFID Sensor Tags: Examples from Literature or Commercially Available 233 8.3.1 Examples from Literature 234 8.3.2 Examples Commercially Available 239 8.4 Comparison of Different Types of RFID Temperature Sensors 240 8.5 Conclusion 242 References 243 9 Autonomous System of Wireless Power Distribution for Static and Moving Nodes of Wireless Sensor Networks 247Przemyslaw Kant, Karol Dobrzyniewicz, and Jerzy Julian Michalski 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Data Routing in WSN Based on Multiple Spanning Trees Concept 248 9.2.1 Multiple Spanning Trees Routing Protocol 249 9.2.2 Software WSN Simulator 252 9.2.3 Experimental Verification 253 9.3 WPT System for 2D Distributed WSN 256 9.3.1 System Concept 257 9.3.2 Physical Realization of 2D WPT System 260 9.3.3 Experimental Verification of the 2DWPT System 264 9.3.4 Tests of 2D WPT System with Implemented Switching Algorithm 266 9.4 WPT System for 3D Distributed WSN 269 9.4.1 Design of Components of the 3D WPT System 272 9.5 Locating System and Electromagnetic Power Supply for WSN in 3D Space 275 9.5.1 Tracking Subsystem 276 9.5.2 Data Exchange System 278 9.5.3 Angular Position Estimation of Moving WSN Node 279 9.5.4 Experimental Verification 281 9.5.5 Adaptation of the System to WPT for WSN 282 9.5.5.1 Tracking System 282 9.5.5.2 WSN Node 282 9.6 Summary 283 References 284 10 Smartphone Reception of Microwatt, Meter to Kilometer Range Backscatter Resistive/Capacitive Sensors with Ambient FM Remodulation and Selection Diversity 287Georgios Vougioukas and Aggelos Bletsas 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Operating Principle 291 10.2.1 Backscatter Communication 291 10.2.2 FM Remodulation 292 10.3 Impact of Noise 293 10.3.1 High SNR Case 294 10.3.2 Low SNR Case 301 10.4 Occupied Bandwidth 302 10.5 Ambient Selection Diversity 303 10.6 Analog Tag Implementation 304 10.6.1 Sensing Capacitor and Control Circuit 305 10.6.1.1 Generating 𝜇(t) – First Modulation Level 305 10.6.1.2 Generating xFM(t) – Second Modulation Level 306 10.6.2 RF-Switch 306 10.6.3 Power Consumption and Supply 306 10.6.3.1 Batteryless Tag with Photodiode 307 10.6.3.2 Batteryless Tag with Solar Panel 307 10.6.3.3 Batteryless Tag with Lemons 307 10.6.4 Receiver 308 10.6.4.1 Smartphone 308 10.6.4.2 Computer 309 10.7 Performance Characterization 309 10.7.1 Simulation Results 309 10.7.2 Tag Indoor and Outdoor Performance 312 10.8 Conclusions 313 10.9 Bandwidth of J0 (2𝜌 sin (𝜔sens/2 t)) 314 10.10 Expectation of the Absolute Value of a Gaussian R.V 316 10.11 Probability of Outage Under Ambient Selection Diversity 316 Acknowledgment 318 References 318 11 Design of an ULP-ULV RF-Powered CMOS Front-End for Low-Rate Autonomous Sensors 323Hugo García-Vázquez, Alexandre Quenon, Grigory Popov, and Fortunato Carlos Dualibe 11.1 Introduction 323 11.2 Characterization of the Technology 326 11.2.1 gm/ID Curves 326 11.2.2 COX and μCOX 329 11.2.3 Early Voltage (VA) 331 11.3 Ultra-Low Power and Ultra-Low Voltage RF-Powered Transceiver for Autonomous Sensors 332 11.3.1 Power Management (PM) and Receiver (RX) 332 11.3.1.1 Rectifier 333 11.3.1.2 Voltage Reference (VREF) Circuit 335 11.3.1.3 Comparator for Power Management (COMP1) 335 11.3.1.4 Current Reference Circuit (IREF) 336 11.3.1.5 Comparator for the Demodulation (COMP2) 336 11.3.2 Control Unit (CU) 336 11.3.3 Transmitter (TX) 337 11.3.3.1 Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 337 11.3.3.2 Power amplifier (PA) with built-in driver 340 11.4 Experimental Results 341 11.5 Conclusion 343 Acknowledgments 343 References 344 12 Rectenna Optimization Guidelines for Ambient Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting 347Erika Vandelle, Simon Hemour, Tan-Phu Vuong, Gustavo Ardila, and Ke Wu 12.1 Introduction 347 12.2 Rectennas Under Low Input Powers 348 12.2.1 Rectifier Optimization 350 12.2.2 Low Power Matching Network Optimization 353 12.2.2.1 The Bode-Fano Criterion 353 12.2.2.2 Matching Network Efficiency 354 12.2.3 Low-Power Antenna Optimization 356 12.2.3.1 Enhancement of the Output DC Power 357 12.2.3.2 Rectenna Array 358 12.2.3.3 Antenna Array with BFN 358 12.2.3.4 Optimization of the Antenna Efficiency 361 12.3 The Chance of Collecting Ambient Electromagnetic Energy with a Specific Antenna 361 12.3.1 Frequency Spectrum 362 12.3.2 Polarization 362 12.3.3 Spatial Coverage 365 12.3.4 Harvesting Capability 366 12.4 Conclusion 367 References 368 Index 375

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Book SynopsisThis timely book provides an overview of technologies for Public Safety Networks (PSNs). Including real-life examples of network application and services, it introduces readers to the many public safety network technologies and covers the historical developments as well as emerging trends in PSNs such as today's 4G and tomorrow's 5G cellular network related solutions. Public Safety Networks from LTE to 5G explores the gradual changes and transformation in the PSNs from the traditional approaches in communications, and examines the new technologies that have permeated this realm, as well as their advantages. It gives readers a look at the challenges public safety networks face by developing solutions for data rates such as introducing broadband data services into safer communication. Topics covered include: TETRA and TETRAPOL; Digital Mobile Radio (DMR), Next-Generation Digital Narrowband (NXDN), Digital Private Mobile Radio (dPMR); and Professional Digital Trunking (PDT). The book alTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgment xix 1 Public Safety Networks from TETRA to Commercial Cellular Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evaluation of TETRA and TETRAPOL 3 1.3 Understanding TETRA Modes of Operation 4 1.3.1 TETRA Security 4 1.3.2 Evaluating the Challenge of Data Transmission and Possible Solutions on TETRA Networks 5 1.3.3 Comparing Public Safety Networks to the Commercial Cellular Networks 6 1.3.3.1 Services 6 1.3.3.2 Networks 6 1.3.4 How to Overcome These Differences 7 1.3.4.1 Limitations of TETRA 7 1.3.4.2 Need for Broadband 8 1.4 Unifying the Two Worlds of Public Safety Networks and Commercial Networks 8 1.4.1 User Requirements 8 1.4.2 Public Safety Network Migration 9 1.4.3 Deployment Models 9 1.5 The Transition from TETRA to LTE and the Current Initiatives 10 1.5.1 Network Softwarization 10 1.5.2 LTE Technology for Public Safety Communications 10 1.5.3 LTE as a Public Safety Mobile Broadband Standard 11 1.5.4 Security Enhancements for Public Safety LTE Features 11 1.6 Conclusion 12 References 12 2 Public Safety Networks Evolution Toward Broadband and Interoperability 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Communication Technology 15 2.1.2 Wireless Communication Systems 16 2.1.3 Government Involvement 17 2.2 Evolution to Broadband Systems 18 2.2.1 Determining Factors 19 2.2.2 Evolution Process 21 2.2.3 Broadband System Architecture 22 2.2.4 Advantages of Broadband Systems 25 2.3 Interoperability 28 2.3.1 Developing an Interoperability Public Safety System 28 2.3.2 Platform and Technology 29 2.3.3 Benefits of Evolution 32 2.4 Conclusion 33 2.5 Recommendations 34 References 35 3 Public Safety Communication Evolution 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.1.1 Public Safety Network and Emergency Communication Networks 37 3.2 Public Safety Standardization 39 3.3 Evolution of Public Safety Communication 39 3.3.1 Mission-Critical Voice 40 3.3.2 Mission-Critical Data 41 3.3.3 Requirements for Evolution in Communications 42 3.4 Public Safety Networks 43 3.4.1 Land Mobile Radio Systems (LMRS) 44 3.4.1.1 SAFECOM Interoperability Continuum 46 3.4.1.2 Wireless Broadband 46 3.4.1.3 Wi-Fi in Ambulances 47 3.4.1.4 Satellite Communications in EMS and Public Protection and Disaster Relief PPDR 47 3.4.1.5 Technology in Patrol Communications 48 3.4.1.6 Video Cameras 48 3.4.2 Drivers of the Broadband Evolution 49 3.5 4G and 4G LTE 50 3.5.1 Benefits of 4G LTE in Public Safety Communication 51 3.6 Fifth Generation (5G) 52 3.6.1 Performance Targets and Benefits of 5G 55 3.6.1.1 Security and Reliability 55 3.6.1.2 Traffic Prioritization and Network Slicing 55 3.6.1.3 Facial Recognition and License Plate Scanning in 5G 55 3.6.1.4 Support for Sensor Proliferation and IoT 56 3.6.1.5 Reduction of Trips Back to the Station 56 3.7 Applying 4G and 5G Networks in Public Safety 57 3.7.1 The Right Time to Implement 3GPP in Public Safety 59 3.7.1.1 3GPP 59 3.7.2 4G LTE as a Basis for Public Safety Communication Implementation 61 3.7.3 Implementation of 5G in Public Safety 61 3.8 Conclusion 61 References 62 4 Keys to Building a Reliable Public Safety Communications Network 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Supporting the Law Enforcement Elements of Communication 67 4.3 Components of Efficient Public Safety Communication Networks 68 4.4 Networks Go Commercial 68 4.5 Viable Business Prospects 69 4.5.1 The Core Network 69 4.5.2 The Radio Network 69 4.6 The Industry Supports the Involvement of the Mobile Network Operators 70 4.7 Policies for Public Safety Use of Commercial Wireless Networks 71 4.8 Public Safety Networks Coverage: Availability and Reliability Even During Outages 72 4.9 FirstNet Interoperability 72 4.10 Solutions for Enhancing Availability and Reliability Even During Outages 73 4.11 National Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN) 73 4.12 Important Objectives of NPSBN 74 4.13 The Future of FirstNet: Connecting Networks Together 75 4.14 High Capacity Information Delivery 76 4.15 Qualities that Facilitate Efficient High Capacity Information Handling 77 4.15.1 FirstNet Has a Trustworthy Security System 77 4.15.2 Concentrated Network Performance 77 4.15.3 Simple and Scalable 77 4.15.4 High Level of Vulnerability Safeguards 77 4.16 FirstNet User Equipment 77 4.17 Core Network 78 4.18 Illustration: Layers of the LTE Network 78 4.18.1 Transport Backhaul 79 4.18.2 The Radio Access Networks 79 4.18.3 Public Safety Devices 79 References 80 5 Higher Generation of Mobile Communications and Public Safety 81 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Review of Existing Public Safety Networks 81 5.2.1 What are LMR Systems? 82 5.2.2 Services Offered by LMR Systems 83 5.2.3 Adoption of Advanced Technologies to Supplement LMR 83 5.2.4 Trunked Digital Network 84 5.2.4.1 TETRAPOL Communication System 84 5.2.4.2 The TETRA Communication System 85 5.3 Is 4G LTE Forming a Good Enough Basis for Public Safety Implementations? 85 5.3.1 Multi-Path Approach and the Convergence of Mission-Critical Communication 85 5.3.2 Technical Aspects of LTE 86 5.4 Is It Better to Wait for 5G Before Starting Public Safety Implementations? 87 5.5 Will 5G Offer a Better Service than 4G for Public Safety? 88 5.5.1 The Internet of Things and 5G 88 5.5.2 5G Technical Aspects 89 5.5.3 5G Network Costs 90 5.5.4 Key Corner Cases for 5G 90 5.5.5 Localization in 5G Networks 91 5.6 What is the Linkage Between 4G–5G Evolution and the Spectrum for Public Safety? 91 5.6.1 The Linkage Between 4G-5G Evolutions 91 5.6.2 Spectrum for Public Safety 92 5.7 Conclusion 94 References 95 6 Roadmap Toward a Network Infrastructure for Public Safety and Security 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Evolution Toward Broadband 97 6.2.1 Existing Situation 98 6.3 Requirements for Public Safety Networks 99 6.3.1 Network Requirements 100 6.3.2 Priority Control 100 6.4 Public Safety Standardization 100 6.5 Flawless Mobile Broadband for Public Safety and Security 101 6.6 Applications in Different Scenarios 102 6.7 Public Safety Systems and Architectures 103 6.7.1 Airwave 103 6.7.2 LMR 104 6.7.3 TETRA Security Analysis 105 6.7.4 TETRA Services System 106 6.7.5 The Architecture of TETRA 106 6.7.5.1 The Interfaces of TETRA Network 106 6.7.6 TETRA Network Components 106 6.7.6.1 The Mobile Station 108 6.7.6.2 TETRA Line Station 108 6.7.6.3 The Switching Management Infrastructure 108 6.7.6.4 Network Management Unit 108 6.7.6.5 The Gateways 108 6.7.6.6 How the TETRA System Operates 108 6.7.7 TETRA Mobility Management 109 6.7.8 The Security of TETRA Networks 109 6.7.8.1 Confidentiality 109 6.7.8.2 Integrity 109 6.7.8.3 Reliability 109 6.7.8.4 Non-repudiation 109 6.7.8.5 Authentication 110 6.7.9 The Process of Authentication in TETRA 110 6.7.10 The Authentication Key 110 6.7.11 Symmetric Key Algorithms 110 6.7.12 The Process of Authentication Key Generation 111 6.7.12.1 ESN (In United Kingdom) 111 6.8 Emergency Services Network (ESN) in the United Kingdom 112 6.8.1 Overview of the ESN 112 6.8.2 The Deliverables of ESN 112 6.8.3 The Main Deliverables of ESN 112 6.9 SafeNet in South Korea 113 6.10 FirstNet (in USA) 115 6.10.1 The Benefits of FirstNet 117 6.10.2 Public Safety Core of SafetyNet 117 6.10.2.1 End-to-End Encryption 117 6.10.3 Round the Clock Security Surveillance 118 6.10.4 User Authentication 118 6.10.5 Mission Critical Functionalities 118 6.10.5.1 Tactical LTE Coverage 118 6.11 Canadian Interoperability Technology Interest Group (CITIG) 118 6.12 Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety (CDMPS) at the University of Melbourne 119 6.13 European Emergency Number Association (EENA) 120 6.13.1 European Standardization Organization (ESO) 121 6.13.2 Public Safety Communications – Europe (PSCE) 121 6.13.3 The Critical Communications Association (TCCA) 121 6.14 Public Safety Network from LTE to 5G 122 6.15 Convergence Solution for LTE and TETRA for Angola’s National Communications Network 124 6.15.1 The Objectives of the Project 124 6.15.2 Advantages of the LTE-TETRA Solutions 124 6.15.3 Illustration: Before Integration and After Integration 125 6.15.4 Overview of LTE Technology 125 6.16 5GWireless Network and Public Safety Perspective 126 6.16.1 Waiting for 5G for Public Safety Implementation 127 6.17 The Linkage Between 4G and 5G Evolution 128 6.17.1 Connecting 4G and 5G Solutions for Public Safety 128 6.17.2 Deploying LTE Public Safety Networks 129 6.18 Conclusion 129 References 130 7 Bringing Public Safety Communications into the 21st Century 133 7.1 Emerging Technologies with Life-Saving Potential 133 7.1.1 Artificial Intelligence 134 7.1.2 The Internet of Things (IoT) 136 7.1.3 Blockchain 138 References 139 8 4G LTE: The Future of Mobile Wireless Telecommunication Systems for Public Safety Networks 141 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Network Architecture 145 8.3 User Equipment 145 8.4 eNodeB 145 8.5 Radio Access Network 146 8.5.1 Gateways and Mobility Management Entities 146 8.6 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 147 8.7 The Innovative Technologies 148 8.8 PS-LTE and Public Safety 151 8.9 PS-LTE 152 8.10 Nationwide Public Safety Communication Systems 152 8.11 Advantages of LTE Technology 152 8.12 Driving Trends in Public Safety Communications 153 8.13 Benefits of PS-LTE 155 8.14 Benefits of Converged Networking in Public Safety 157 8.15 Mobilizing Law Enforcement 157 References 159 9 4G and 5G for PS: Technology Options, Issues, and Challenges 161 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 4G LTE and Public Safety Implementation 162 9.2.1 Reliability 162 9.2.2 Cost Effectiveness 163 9.2.3 Real-Time Communication 164 9.2.4 Remote Deployment and Configuration 164 9.2.5 Flexibility 164 9.3 Starting Public Safety Implementation Versus Waiting for 5G 165 9.4 5GVersus 4G Public Safety Services 166 9.4.1 Video Surveillance 167 9.4.2 Computer-Driven Augmented Reality (AR) Helmet 167 9.5 How 5GWill Shape Emergency Services 167 9.6 4G LTE Defined Public Safety Content in 5G 168 9.7 The Linkage Between 4G–5G Evolution and the Spectrum for Public Safety 168 9.8 Conclusion 168 References 168 10 Fifth Generation (5G) Cellular Technology 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Background Information on Cellular Network Generations 172 10.2.1 Evolution of Mobile Technologies 172 10.2.1.1 First Generation (1G) 172 10.2.1.2 Second Generation (2G) Mobile Network 172 10.2.1.3 Third Generation (3G) Mobile Network 172 10.2.1.4 Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Network 173 10.2.1.5 Fifth Generation (5G) 173 10.3 Fifth Generation (5G) and the Network of Tomorrow 174 10.3.1 5G Network Architecture 176 10.3.2 Wireless Communication Technologies for 5G 177 10.3.2.1 Massive MIMO 177 10.3.2.2 Spatial Modulation 179 10.3.2.3 Machine to Machine Communication (M2M) 179 10.3.2.4 Visible Light Communication (VLC) 180 10.3.2.5 Green Communications 180 10.3.3 5G System Environment 180 10.3.4 Devices Used in 5G Technology 181 10.3.5 Market Standardization and Adoption of 5G Technology 181 10.3.6 Security Standardization of Cloud Applications 183 10.3.7 The Global ICT Standardization Forum for India (GISFI) 184 10.3.8 Energy Efficiency Enhancements 184 10.3.9 Virtualization in the 5G Cellular Network 185 10.3.10 Key Issues in the Development Process 185 10.3.10.1 Challenges of Heterogeneous Networks 186 10.3.10.2 Challenges Caused by Massive MIMO Technology 186 10.3.10.3 Big Data Problem 186 10.3.10.4 Shared Spectrum 186 10.4 Conclusion 187 References 187 11 Issues and Challenges of 4G and 5G for PS 189 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 4G and 5GWireless Connections 190 11.3 Public Safety for 5G and 4G Networks 191 11.4 Issues and Challenges Regarding 5G and 4G Cellular Connections 192 11.5 Threats Against Privacy 192 11.6 Threats Against Integrity 192 11.7 Threats Against Availability 193 11.8 Attacks Against Authentication 193 11.9 Various Countermeasures to 4G and 5G Public Safety Threats 194 References 194 12 Wireless Mesh Networking: A Key Solution for Rural and Public Safety Applications 195 12.1 Introduction 195 12.2 Wireless Mesh Networks 196 12.3 WMN Challenges 197 12.4 WMNs for Disaster Recovery and Emergency Services 198 12.5 Reliability of Wireless Mesh Networks 199 12.5.1 Self-configuration of Wireless Mesh Networks 199 12.5.2 Fast Deployment and Low Installation Costs of Wireless Mesh Networks 199 12.5.3 Voice Support of Wireless Mesh Networks 200 12.6 Video/Image Support of Wireless Mesh Networks for Emergency Situations and Public Safety 200 12.6.1 Video/Image Support of WMNs for Large Disasters 200 12.6.2 WMNs Supporting Video Monitoring for Public Safety 201 12.6.3 WMNs for Mobile Video Applications of Public Safety and Law Enforcement 202 12.7 Interoperability of WMNs for Emergency Response and Public Safety Applications 202 12.8 Security in Wireless Mesh Networks 203 12.9 Conclusion 204 References 204 13 Satellite for Public Safety and Emergency Communications 207 13.1 Introduction 207 13.2 Contextualizing Public Safety 208 13.3 Public Safety Communications Today 208 13.4 Satellite Communications in Public Safety 209 13.4.1 Topology and Frequency Allocation 210 13.4.2 Satellite Communications 210 13.4.3 Applications of LEO and GEO Satellites in Public Safety Communication 211 13.4.4 Mobile Satellite Systems 213 13.4.4.1 Vehicle-Mounted Mobile Satellite Communications Systems 213 13.4.4.2 Emergency Communications Trailers 216 13.4.4.3 Flyaway Satellite Internet Systems 217 13.4.5 VoIP Phone Service Over Satellite 218 13.4.6 Fixed Satellite 219 13.4.7 Frequency Allocations in FSS and MSS Systems 221 13.5 Limitations of Satellite for Public Safety 222 13.6 Conclusion 223 References 224 14 Public Safety Communications Evolution: The Long Term Transition Toward a Desired Converged Future 227 14.1 Introduction 227 14.1.1 Toward Moving Public Safety Networks 227 14.1.2 The Communication Needs of Public Safety Authorities 227 14.1.3 The Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Networks 228 14.1.4 Global Public Safety Community Aligning Behind LTE 230 14.1.5 Understanding the Concept of E-Comm in Relation to Public Safety 231 14.2 Transmission Trunking and Message Trunking 232 14.2.1 Push-to-Talk Mechanisms 233 14.2.2 Talk Groups and Group Calls 233 14.2.3 Mobility of Radio Devices and Call Handover 233 14.2.4 WarnSim: Learning About a Simulator for PSWN 233 14.2.5 The Use Cases and Topologies of Public Safety Networks 235 14.2.6 Standard Developments in Public Safety Networks 238 14.2.7 The Future Challenges in Public Safety 240 14.2.7.1 Moving Cells and Network Mobility 240 14.2.7.2 Device-to-Device (D2D) Discovery and Communications 240 14.2.7.3 Programmability and Flexibility 240 14.2.7.4 Traffic Steering and Scheduling 241 14.2.7.5 Optimization of Performance Metrics to Support Sufficient QoS 241 14.2.8 Toward a Convergence Future of Public Safety Networks 241 14.3 Conclusion 242 References 243 Index 245

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of the leading resource on designing digital frequency synthesizers from microwave and wireless applications, fully updated to reflect the most modern integrated circuits and semiconductors Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, remains the standard text on the subject by providing complete and up-to-date coverage of both practical and theoretical aspects of modern frequency synthesizers and their components. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, this classic volume describes loop fundamentals, noise and spurious responses, special loops, loop components, multiloop synthesizers, and more. Practical synthesizer examples illustrate the design of a high-performance hybrid synthesizer and performance measurement techniquesoffering readers clear instruction onthe various design steps and design rules. The second edition includes extensively revised content throughout, including a modern apprTable of ContentsAuthor Biography xii Preface xvi Important Notations xx 1 Loop Fundamentals 1 1-1 Introduction to Linear Loops 1 1-2 Characteristics of a Loop 3 1-3 Digital Loops 7 1-4 Type 1 First-Order Loop 10 1-5 Type 1 Second-Order Loop 12 1-6 Type 2 Second-Order Loop 20 1-6-1 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-state Phase Detectors 22 1-7 Type 2 Third-Order Loop 27 1-7-1 Transfer Function of Type 2 Third-Order Loop 28 1-7-2 FM Noise Suppression 35 1-8 Higher-Order Loops 36 1-8-1 Fifth-Order Loop Transient Response 36 1-9 Digital Loops with Mixers 40 1-10 Acquisition 44 Example 1 48 1-10-1 Pull-in Performance of the Digital Loop 49 1-10-2 Coarse Steering of the VCO as an Acquisition Aid 52 1-10-3 Loop Stability 54 References 62 Suggested Reading 62 2 Almost all About Phase Noise 65 2-1 Introduction to Phase Noise 65 2-1-1 The Clock Signal 65 2-1-2 The Power Spectral Density (PSD) 68 2-1-3 Basics of Noise 71 2-1-4 Phase and Frequency Noise 78 2-2 The Allan Variance and Other Two-Sample Variances 88 2-2-1 Frequency Counters 89 2-2-2 The Two-Sample Variances AVAR, MVAR, and PVAR 94 2-2-3 Conversion from Spectra to Two-Sample Variances 96 2-3 Phase Noise in Components 100 2-3-1 Amplifiers 100 2-3-2 Frequency Dividers 104 2-3-3 Frequency Multipliers 112 2-3-4 Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 117 2-3-5 Phase Detectors 128 2-3-6 Noise Contribution from Power Supplies 132 2-4 Phase Noise in Oscillators 133 2-4-1 Modern View of the Leeson Model 134 2-4-2 Circumventing the Resonator’s Thermal Noise 144 2-4-3 Oscillator Hacking 146 2-5 The Measurement of Phase Noise 153 2-5-1 Double-Balanced Mixer Instruments 154 2-5-2 The Cross-Spectrum Method 166 2-5-3 Digital Instruments 171 2-5-4 Pitfalls and Limitations of the Cross-Spectrum Measurements 180 2-5-5 The Bridge (Interferometric) Method 187 2-5-6 Artifacts and Oddities Often Found in the Real World 190 References 193 Suggested Readings 197 3 Special Loops 201 3-1 Introduction 201 3-2 Direct Digital Synthesis Techniques 201 3-2-1 A First Look at Fractional N 202 3-2-2 Digital Waveform Synthesizers 203 3-2-3 Signal Quality 220 3-2-4 Future Prospects 235 3-3 Loops with Delay Line as Phase Comparators 236 3-4 Fractional Division N Synthesizers 237 3-4-1 Example Implementation 240 3-4-2 Some Special Past Patents for Fractional Division N Synthesizers 253 References 255 Bibliography 256 Fractional Division N Readings 256 4 Loop Components 259 4-1 Introduction to Oscillators and Their Mathematical Treatment 259 4-2 The Colpitts Oscillator 259 4-2-1 Linear Approach 260 4-2-2 Design Example for a 350MHz Fixed-Frequency Colpitts Oscillator 269 4-2-3 Validation Circuits 282 4-2-4 Series Feedback Oscillator 314 4-2-5 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push–Pull Oscillator 319 4-2-6 Oscillators for IC Applications 336 4-2-7 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 337 4-2-8 Summary 339 4-3 Use of Tuning Diodes 339 4-3-1 Diode Tuned Resonant Circuits 340 4-3-2 Practical Circuits 344 4-4 Use of Diode Switches 345 4-4-1 Diode Switches for Electronic Band Selection 346 4-4-2 Use of Diodes for Frequency Multiplication 347 4-5 Reference Frequency Standards 351 4-5-1 Specifying Oscillators 351 4-5-2 Typical Examples of Crystal Oscillator Specifications 352 4-6 Mixer Applications 354 4-7 Phase/Frequency Comparators 357 4-7-1 Diode Rings 357 4-7-2 Exclusive ORs 358 4-7-3 Sample/Hold Detectors 362 4-7-4 Edge-Triggered JK Master/Slave Flip-Flops 368 4-7-5 Digital Tri-State Comparators 369 4-8 Wideband High-Gain Amplifiers 378 4-8-1 Summation Amplifiers 378 4-8-2 Differential Limiters 382 4-8-3 Isolation Amplifiers 382 4-8-4 Example Implementations 387 4-9 Programmable Dividers 393 4-9-1 Asynchronous Counters 393 4-9-2 Programmable Synchronous Up-/Down-Counters 394 4-9-3 Advanced Implementation Example 405 4-9-4 Swallow Counters/Dual-Modulus Counters 407 4-9-5 Look-Ahead and Delay Compensation 411 4-10 Loop Filters 421 4-10-1 Passive RC Filters 421 4-10-2 Active RC Filters 422 4-10-3 Active Second-Order Low-Pass Filters 423 4-10-4 Passive LC Filters 426 4-10-5 Spur-Suppression Techniques 427 4-11 Microwave Oscillator Design 430 4-11-1 The Compressed Smith Chart 432 4-11-2 Series or Parallel Resonance 434 4-11-3 Two-Port Oscillator Design 435 4-12 Microwave Resonators 444 4-12-1 SAW Oscillators 445 4-12-2 Dielectric Resonators 445 4-12-3 YIG Oscillators 448 4-12-4 Varactor Resonators 452 4-12-5 Ceramic Resonators 455 References 461 Suggested Readings 464 5 Digital PLL Synthesizers 471 5-1 Multiloop Synthesizers Using Different Techniques 471 5-1-1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 471 5-1-2 Multiple Loops 473 5-2 System Analysis 477 5-3 Low-Noise Microwave Synthesizers 484 5-3-1 Building Blocks 485 5-3-2 Output Loop Response 489 5-3-3 Low Phase Noise References: Frequency Standards 490 5-3-4 Critical Stage 493 5-3-5 Time Domain Analysis 503 5-3-6 Summary 508 5-3-7 Two Commercial Synthesizer Examples 512 5-4 Microprocessor Applications in Synthesizers 518 5-5 Transceiver Applications 523 5-6 About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms 526 5-6-1 Representation of a Modulated RF Carrier 527 5-6-2 Generation of the Modulated Carrier 529 5-6-3 Putting It all Together 533 5-6-4 Combination of Techniques 535 Acknowledgments 537 References 540 Bibliography and Suggested Reading 540 6 A High-Performance Hybrid Synthesizer 543 6-1 Introduction 543 6-2 Basic Synthesizer Approach 544 6-3 Loop Filter Design 548 6-4 Summary 556 Bibliography 557 A Mathematical Review 559 A-1 Functions of a Complex Variable 559 A-2 Complex Planes 561 A-2-1 Functions in the Complex Frequency Plane 565 A-3 Bode Diagram 568 A-4 Laplace Transform 582 A-4-1 The Step Function 583 A-4-2 The Ramp 584 A-4-3 Linearity Theorem 584 A-4-4 Differentiation and Integration 585 A-4-5 Initial Value Theorem 585 A-4-6 Final Value Theorem 585 A-4-7 The Active Integrator 585 A-4-8 Locking Behavior of the PLL 587 A-5 Low-Noise Oscillator Design 590 A-5-1 Example Implementation 590 A-6 Oscillator Amplitude Stabilization 594 A-7 Very Low Phase Noise VCO for 800 MHZ 602 References 605 B A General-Purpose Nonlinear Approach to the Computation of Sideband Phase Noise in Free-Running Microwave and RF Oscillators 607 B-1 Introduction 607 B-2 Noise Generation in Oscillators 608 B-3 Bias-Dependent Noise Model 609 B-3-1 Bias-Dependent Model 617 B-3-2 Derivation of the Model 617 B-4 General Concept of Noisy Circuits 619 B-4-1 Noise from Linear Elements 620 B-5 Noise Figure of Mixer Circuits 622 B-6 Oscillator Noise Analysis 624 B-7 Limitations of the Frequency-Conversion Approach 625 B-7-1 Assumptions 626 B-7-2 Conversion and Modulation Noise 626 B-7-3 Properties of Modulation Noise 626 B-7-4 Noise Analysis of Autonomous Circuits 627 B-7-5 Conversion Noise Analysis Results 627 B-7-6 Modulation Noise Analysis Results 627 B-8 Summary of the Phase Noise Spectrum of the Oscillator 628 B-9 Verification Examples for the Calculation of Phase Noise in Oscillators Using Nonlinear Techniques 628 B-9-1 Example 1: High-Q Case Microstrip DRO 628 B-9-2 Example 2: 10 MHz Crystal Oscillator 629 B-9-3 Example 3: The 1-GHz Ceramic Resonator VCO 630 B-9-4 Example 4: Low Phase Noise FET Oscillator 632 B-9-5 Example 5: Millimeter-Wave Applications 636 B-9-6 Example 6: Discriminator Stabilized DRO 639 B-10 Summary 641 References 643 C Example of Wireless Synthesizers Using Commercial ICs 645 D MMIC-Based Synthesizers 665 D-1 Introduction 665 Bibliography 668 E Articles on Design of Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 671 E-1 The Design of an Ultra-Low Phase Noise DRO 671 E-1-1 Basic Considerations and Component Selection 671 E-1-2 Component Selection 672 E-1-3 DRO Topologies 675 E-1-4 Small Signal Design Approach for the Parallel Feedback Type DRO 677 E-1-5 Simulated Versus Measured Results 683 E-1-6 Physical Embodiment 685 E-1-7 Acknowledgments 685 E-1-8 Final Remarks 688 References 692 Bibliography 692 E-2 A Novel Oscillator Design with Metamaterial-MöBius Coupling to a Dielectric Resonator 692 E-2-1 Abstract 692 E-2-2 Introduction 693 References 699 F Opto-Electronically Stabilized RF Oscillators 701 F-1 Introduction 701 F-1-1 Oscillator Basics 701 F-1-2 Resonator Technologies 701 F-1-3 Motivation for OEO 704 F-1-4 Operation Principle of the OEO 704 F-2 Experimental Evaluation and Thermal Stability of OEO 705 F-2-1 Experimental Setup 705 F-2-2 Phase Noise Measurements 708 F-2-3 Thermal Sensitivity Analysis of Standard Fibers 709 F-2-4 Temperature Sensitivity Measurements 710 F-2-5 Temperature Sensitivity Improvement with HC-PCF 712 F-2-6 Improve Thermal Stability Versus Phase Noise Degradation 712 F-2-7 Passive Temperature Compensation 713 F-2-8 Improving Effective Q with Raman Amplification 714 F-3 Forced Oscillation Techniques of OEO 718 F-3-1 Analysis of Standard Injection-Locked (IL) Oscillators 718 F-3-2 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 720 F-3-3 Experimental Verification of Self-Injection Locked (SIL) Oscillators 721 F-3-4 Analysis of Standard Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Oscillators 723 F-3-5 Analysis of Self Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 725 F-3-6 Experimental Verification of Self-Phase Locked Loop (SPLL) Oscillators 726 F-3-7 Analysis of Self-Injection Locked Phase Locked Loop (SILPLL) Oscillators 728 F-4 SILPLL Based X- and K-Band Frequency Synthesizers 731 F-4-1 X-Band Frequency Synthesizer 732 F-4-2 19′′Rack-Mountable K-Band Frequency Synthesizer 737 F-5 Integrated OEO Realization Using Si-Photonics 742 F-6 Compact OEO Using InP Multi-Mode Semiconductor Laser 744 F-6-1 Structure of Multi-mode InP Laser 744 F-6-2 Multi-mode Laser and Inter-Modal RF Oscillation 745 F-6-3 Self-Forced Frequency Stabilizations 747 F-7 Discussions 752 Acknowledgments 753 References 754 G Phase Noise Analysis, then and Today 761 G-1 Introduction 761 G-2 Large-Signal Noise Analysis 762 References 769 H A Novel Approach to Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurements on PLL Circuits 771 H-1 Introduction 771 H-2 Settling Time Measurement Overview 771 H-2-1 Theoretical Background of Frequency Settling Time 771 H-2-2 Frequency Settling Measurement in the Past 772 H-3 R&S FSWP Phase Noise Analyzer 774 H-3-1 Phase Noise Analyzer Architecture 774 H-3-2 Typical Test Setup for Settling Time Measurements 776 H-4 Frequency Hopping and Settling Time Measurements in Practice 776 H-4-1 Trigger on Wideband Frequency Hopping Signals 776 H-4-2 Frequency and Phase Settling Time Measurement 777 H-5 Conclusion 780 Index 783

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi About the Companion Website xxv 1 Introduction: Propulsion in Sustainable Aviation 1 1.1 History of the Airbreathing Jet Engine, a Twentieth-Century Invention—The Beginning 1 1.2 Innovations in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 4 1.2.1 Multispool Configuration 4 1.2.2 Variable Stator 5 1.2.3 Transonic Compressor 5 1.2.4 Low-Emission Combustor 6 1.2.5 Turbine Cooling 7 1.2.6 Exhaust Nozzles 8 1.2.7 Modern Materials and Manufacturing Techniques 8 1.3 Twenty-first Century Aviation Goal: Sustainability 10 1.3.1 Combustion Emissions 10 1.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 11 1.3.3 Fuels for Sustainable Aviation 14 1.4 New Engine Concepts in Sustainable Aviation 15 1.4.1 Advanced GT Concepts: ATP/CROR and GTF 15 1.4.2 Adaptive Cycle Engine 16 1.4.3 Advanced Airbreathing Rocket Technology 18 1.4.4 Wave Rotor Topping Cycle 18 1.4.4.1 Humphrey Cycle versus Brayton Cycle 18 1.4.5 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 20 1.4.6 Millimeter-Scale Gas Turbine Engines: Triumph of MEMS and Digital Fabrication 20 1.4.7 Combined Cycle Propulsion: Engines from Takeoff to Space 21 1.4.8 Hybrid-Electric and Distributed Electric Propulsion 22 1.5 New Vehicle Technologies 30 1.6 Summary 34 1.7 Roadmap for the Third Edition 34 References 36 Problems 38 2 Compressible Flow with Friction and Heat: A Review 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 A Brief Review of Thermodynamics 42 2.3 Isentropic Process and Isentropic Flow 46 2.4 Conservation Principles for Systems and Control Volumes 47 2.5 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 54 2.6 Stagnation State 56 2.7 Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow 58 2.8 Area-Mach Number Relationship 62 2.9 Sonic Throat 63 2.10 Waves in Supersonic Flow 66 2.11 Normal Shocks 67 2.12 Oblique Shocks 71 2.13 Conical Shocks 74 2.14 Expansion Waves 79 2.15 Frictionless, Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer: Rayleigh Flow 83 2.16 Adiabatic Flow of a Calorically Perfect Gas in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction: Fanno Flow 92 2.17 Friction (drag) coefficient Cf and D’Arcy Friction Factor fD 105 2.18 Dimensionless Parameters 105 2.19 Fluid Impulse 108 2.20 Summary of Fluid Impulse 115 References 116 Problems 116 3 Engine Thrust and Performance Parameters 127 3.1 Introduction 127 3.1.1 Takeoff Thrust 133 3.2 Installed Thrust—Some Bookkeeping Issues on Thrust and Drag 133 3.3 Engine Thrust Based on the Sum of Component Impulse 138 3.4 Rocket Thrust 141 3.5 Airbreathing Engine Performance Parameters 142 3.5.1 Specific Thrust 142 3.5.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Specific Impulse 143 3.5.3 Thermal Efficiency 144 3.5.4 Propulsive Efficiency 147 3.5.5 Engine Overall Efficiency and Its Impact on Aircraft Range and Endurance 150 3.6 Modern Engines, Their Architecture, and Some Performance Characteristics 153 3.7 Summary 156 References 157 Problems 158 4 Gas Turbine Engine Cycle Analysis 167 4.1 Introduction 167 4.2 The Gas Generator 167 4.3 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 169 4.3.1 The Turbojet Engine 169 4.3.1.1 The Inlet 169 4.3.1.2 The Compressor 173 4.3.1.3 The Burner 179 4.3.1.4 The Turbine 184 4.3.1.5 The Nozzle 193 4.3.1.6 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 200 4.3.1.7 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 208 4.3.1.8 The Overall Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 209 4.3.1.9 Performance Evaluation of a Turbojet Engine 210 4.3.2 The Turbojet Engine with an Afterburner 211 4.3.2.1 Introduction 211 4.3.2.2 Analysis 213 4.3.2.3 Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio for Maximum (Ideal) Thrust Turbojet Engine with Afterburner 216 4.3.3 The Turbofan Engine 222 4.3.3.1 Introduction 222 4.3.3.2 Analysis of a Separate-Exhaust Turbofan Engine 223 4.3.3.3 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 227 4.3.3.4 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 228 4.3.4 Ultra-High Bypass (UHB) Turbofan Engines 233 4.4 Analysis of a Mixed-Exhaust Turbofan Engine with an Afterburner 237 4.4.1 Mixer 238 4.4.2 Cycle Analysis 240 4.4.2.1 Solution Procedure 241 4.5 The Turboprop Engine 251 4.5.1 Introduction 251 4.5.2 Propeller Theory 252 4.5.2.1 Momentum Theory 253 4.5.2.2 Blade Element Theory 257 4.5.3 Turboprop Cycle Analysis 259 4.5.3.1 The New Parameters 259 4.5.3.2 Design Point Analysis 259 4.5.3.3 Optimum Power Split Between the Propeller and the Jet 263 4.6 Promising Propulsion and Power Technologies in Sustainable Aviation 269 4.6.1 Distributed Combustion Concepts in Advanced Gas Turbine Engine Core 269 4.6.2 Multi-Fuel (Cryogenic-Kerosene) Hybrid Propulsion Concept 272 4.6.3 Intercooled and Recuperated Turbofan Engines 274 4.6.4 Active Core Concepts 275 4.6.5 Wave-Rotor Combustion 277 4.6.6 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 283 4.6.6.1 Idealized Laboratory PDE: Thrust Tube 285 4.6.6.2 Pulse Detonation Ramjet 286 4.6.6.3 Turbofan Engine with PDE 287 4.6.6.4 Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine (PDRE) 288 4.6.6.5 Vehicle-Level Performance Evaluation of PDE 288 4.6.7 Adaptive Cycle Engines (ACE) 290 4.7 Summary 294 References 295 Problems 297 5 General Aviation and Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Propulsion System 319 5.1 Introduction 319 5.2 Cycle Analysis 320 5.2.1 Otto Cycle 320 5.2.2 Real Engine Cycles 320 5.2.2.1 Four-Stroke Cycle Engines 320 5.2.2.2 Diesel Engines 322 5.2.2.3 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 324 5.2.2.4 Rotary (Wankel) Engines 326 5.3 Power and Efficiency 328 5.4 Engine Components and Classifications 330 5.4.1 Engine Components 330 5.4.2 Reciprocating Engine Classifications 331 5.4.2.1 Classification by Cylinder Arrangement 331 5.4.2.2 Classification by Cooling Arrangement 333 5.4.2.3 Classification by Operating Cycle 334 5.4.2.4 Classification by Ignition Type 334 5.5 Scaling of Aircraft Reciprocating Engines 335 5.5.1 Scaling of Aircraft Diesel Engines 341 5.6 Aircraft Engine Systems 343 5.6.1 Aviation Fuels and Engine Knock 343 5.6.2 Carburetion and Fuel Injection Systems 345 5.6.2.1 Float-Type Carburetors 345 5.6.2.2 Pressure Injection Carburetors 346 5.6.2.3 Fuel Injection Systems 346 5.6.2.4 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) 346 5.6.3 Ignition Systems 346 5.6.3.1 Battery Ignition Systems 347 5.6.3.2 High Tension Ignition System 347 5.6.3.3 Low Tension Ignition System 347 5.6.3.4 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) 347 5.6.3.5 Ignition Boosters 347 5.6.3.6 Spark Plugs 348 5.6.4 Lubrication Systems 348 5.6.5 Supercharging 349 5.7 Electric Engines 349 5.7.1 Electric Motors 350 5.7.2 Solar cells 351 5.7.3 Advanced Batteries 351 5.7.4 Fuel cells 352 5.7.5 State of the Art for Electric Propulsion – Future Technology 354 5.8 Propellers and Reduction Gears 354 References 356 Problems 359 6 Aircraft Engine Inlets and Nozzles 361 6.1 Introduction 361 6.2 The Flight Mach Number and its Impact on Inlet Duct Geometry 362 6.3 Diffusers 363 6.4 An Ideal Diffuser 364 6.5 Real Diffusers and their Stall Characteristics 365 6.6 Subsonic Diffuser Performance 367 6.7 Subsonic Cruise Inlet 372 6.8 Transition Ducts 380 6.9 An Interim Summary for Subsonic Inlets 381 6.10 Supersonic Inlets 382 6.10.1 Isentropic Convergent–Divergent Inlets 383 6.10.2 Methods to Start a Supersonic Convergent–Divergent Inlet 385 6.10.2.1 Overspeeding 386 6.10.2.2 Kantrowitz–Donaldson Inlet 388 6.10.2.3 Variable-Throat Isentropic C–D Inlet 389 6.11 Normal Shock Inlets 391 6.12 External Compression Inlets 393 6.12.1 Optimum Ramp Angles 396 6.12.2 Design and Off-Design Operation 396 6.13 Variable Geometry—External Compression Inlets 398 6.13.1 Variable Ramps 399 6.14 Mixed-Compression Inlets 399 6.15 Supersonic Inlet Types and their Performance—A Review 401 6.16 Standards for Supersonic Inlet Recovery 402 6.17 Exhaust Nozzle 404 6.18 Gross Thrust 404 6.19 Nozzle Adiabatic Efficiency 404 6.20 Nozzle Total Pressure Ratio 405 6.21 Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) and Critical Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPRcrit) 405 6.22 Relation between Nozzle Figures of Merit, ηn and πn 406 6.23 A Convergent Nozzle or a De Laval? 407 6.24 The Effect of Boundary Layer Formation on Nozzle Internal Performance 409 6.25 Nozzle Exit Flow Velocity Coefficient 409 6.26 Effect of Flow Angularity on Gross Thrust 411 6.27 Nozzle Gross Thrust Coefficient Cfg 414 6.28 Over-Expanded Nozzle Flow—Shock Losses 415 6.29 Nozzle Area Scheduling, A8 and A9 /A8 418 6.30 Nozzle Exit Area Scheduling, A9 /A8 420 6.31 Nozzle Cooling 422 6.32 Thrust Reverser and Thrust Vectoring 424 6.33 Hypersonic Nozzle 429 6.34 Exhaust Mixer and Gross Thrust Gain in a Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 432 6.35 Engine Noise 434 6.35.1 Subsonic Jet Noise 435 6.35.2 Chevron Nozzle 436 6.35.3 Supersonic Jet Noise 437 6.35.4 Engine Noise Mitigation through Wing Shielding 439 6.36 Nozzle-Turbine (Structural) Integration 439 6.37 Summary of Exhaust Systems 439 References 442 Problems 444 7 Combustion Chambers and Afterburners 461 7.1 Introduction 461 7.2 Laws Governing Mixture of Gases 463 7.3 Chemical Reaction and Flame Temperature 466 7.4 Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Composition 475 7.4.1 The Law of Mass Action 476 7.4.2 Equilibrium Constant KP 478 7.5 Chemical Kinetics 487 7.5.1 Ignition and Relight Envelope 488 7.5.2 Reaction Timescale 488 7.5.3 Flammability Limits 490 7.5.4 Flame Speed 492 7.5.5 Flame Stability 494 7.5.6 Spontaneous Ignition Delay Time 498 7.5.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants 500 7.6 Combustion Chamber 500 7.6.1 Combustion Chamber Total Pressure Loss 502 7.6.2 Combustor Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile 509 7.6.3 Combustor Liner and its Cooling Methods 511 7.6.4 Combustion Efficiency 514 7.6.5 Some Combustor Sizing and Scaling Laws 515 7.6.6 Afterburner 519 7.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants 523 7.7.1 Greenhouse Gases, CO2 and H2 O 524 7.7.2 Carbon Monoxide, CO, and Unburned Hydrocarbons, UHC 524 7.7.3 Oxides of Nitrogen, NO and NO2 525 7.7.4 Smoke 526 7.7.5 Engine Emission Standards 527 7.7.6 Low-Emission Combustors 528 7.7.7 Impact of NO on the Ozone Layer 531 7.8 Aviation Fuels 534 7.9 Alternative Jet Fuels (AJFs) 538 7.9.1 Conversion Pathways to Jet Fuel 539 7.9.2 AJF Evaluation and Certification/Qualification 539 7.9.3 Impact of Biofuel on Emissions 540 7.10 Cryogenic Fuels 542 7.10.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 542 7.10.1.1 Composition of Natural Gas and LNG 544 7.10.2 Hydrogen 546 7.10.2.1 Hydrogen Production 547 7.10.2.2 Hydrogen Delivery and Storage 548 7.10.3 Energy Density Comparison 549 7.11 Combustion Instability: Screech and Rumble 549 7.11.1 Screech Damper 550 7.12 Summary 550 References 551 Problems 553 8 Aerodynamics of Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans 563 8.1 Introduction 563 8.2 The Geometry 564 8.3 Rotor and Stator Frames of Reference 564 8.4 The Euler Turbine Equation 566 8.5 Axial-Flow Versus Radial-Flow Machines 568 8.6 Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans 569 8.6.1 Definition of Flow Angles 571 8.6.2 Stage Parameters 573 8.6.3 Cascade Aerodynamics 585 8.6.4 Aerodynamic Forces on Compressor Blades 598 8.6.5 Three-Dimensional Flow 605 8.6.5.1 Blade Vortex Design 606 8.6.5.2 Three-Dimensional Losses 617 8.6.5.3 Reynolds Number Effect 621 8.7 Compressor Performance Map 624 8.8 Compressor Instability – Stall and Surge 626 8.9 Multistage Compressors and their Operating Line 629 8.10 Multistage Compressor Stalling Pressure Rise and Stall Margin 634 8.11 Multistage Compressor Starting Problem 642 8.12 The Effect of Inlet Flow Condition on Compressor Performance 645 8.13 Isometric and Cutaway Views of Axial-Flow Compressor Hardware 648 8.14 Compressor Design Parameters and Principles 650 8.14.1 Blade Design – Blade Selection 654 8.14.2 Compressor Annulus Design 655 8.14.3 Compressor Stall Margin 656 8.15 Concepts in Compressor and Fan Noise Mitigation 664 8.16 Summary 668 References 671 Problems 673 9 Centrifugal Compressor Aerodynamics 689 9.1 Introduction 689 9.2 Centrifugal Compressors 690 9.3 Radial Diffuser 703 9.4 Inducer 706 9.5 Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) and Inducer-Less Impellers 709 9.6 Impeller Exit Flow and Blockage Effects 709 9.7 Efficiency and Performance 711 9.8 Summary 713 References 714 Problems 715 10 Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbines 721 10.1 Introduction 721 10.2 Axial-Flow Turbines 721 10.2.1 Optimal Nozzle Exit Swirl Mach Number M θ2 733 10.2.2 Turbine Blade Losses 736 10.2.2.1 Blade Profile Loss 737 10.2.2.2 Secondary Flow Losses 739 10.2.2.3 Annulus Losses 741 10.2.3 Optimum Solidity 748 10.2.4 Turbine Cooling 752 10.2.4.1 Convective Cooling 756 10.2.4.2 Impingement Cooling 760 10.2.4.3 Film Cooling 761 10.2.4.4 Transpiration Cooling 763 10.3 Turbine Performance Map 764 10.4 The Effect of Cooling on Turbine Efficiency 765 10.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design 766 10.5.1 Angles 767 10.5.2 Other Blade Geometrical Parameters 768 10.5.3 Throat Sizing 769 10.5.4 Throat Reynolds Number Reo 770 10.5.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design 770 10.5.6 Blade Vibration and Campbell Diagram 771 10.5.7 Turbine Blade and Disk Material Selection and Design Criteria 772 10.6 Stresses in Turbine Blades and Disks and Useful Life Estimation 774 10.7 Axial-Flow Turbine Design and Practices 777 10.8 Gas Turbine Design Summary 785 10.9 Advances in Turbine Material and Cooling 787 10.10 Summary 788 References 789 Problems 791 11 Aircraft Engine Component Matching and Off -Design Analysis 803 11.1 Introduction 803 11.2 Engine (Steady-State) Component Matching 804 11.2.1 Engine Corrected Parameters 805 11.2.2 Inlet-Compressor Matching 805 11.2.3 Compressor–Combustor Matching 807 11.2.4 Combustor–Turbine Matching 809 11.2.5 Compressor–Turbine Matching and Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics 810 11.2.5.1 Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics 812 11.2.6 Turbine–Afterburner (Variable-Geometry) Nozzle Matching 818 11.2.6.1 Fixed-Geometry Convergent Nozzle Matching 819 11.3 Engine Off-Design Analysis 820 11.3.1 Off-Design Analysis of a Turbojet Engine 821 11.3.2 Off-Design Analysis of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine 824 11.3.3 Off-Design Analysis of a Separate-Flow Turbofan (Two-Spool) Engine 827 11.4 Unchoked Nozzles and Other Off-Design Iteration Strategies 832 11.4.1 Unchoked Exhaust Nozzle 833 11.4.2 Unchoked Turbine Nozzle 834 11.4.3 Turbine Efficiency at Off-Design 834 11.4.4 Variable Gas Properties 835 11.5 Principles of Engine Performance Testing 835 11.5.1 Force of Inlet Bellmouth on Engine Thrust Stand 837 11.5.1.1 Bellmouth Instrumentation 837 11.5.1.2 The Effect of Fluid Viscosity 839 11.5.1.3 The Force of Inlet Bellmouth on Engine Thrust Stand 840 11.6 Summary 843 References 845 Problems 846 12 Chemical Rocket and Hypersonic Propulsion 853 12.1 Introduction 853 12.2 From Takeoff to Earth Orbit 855 12.3 Chemical Rockets 856 12.4 Chemical Rocket Applications 857 12.4.1 Launch Engines 858 12.4.2 Boost Engines 859 12.4.3 Space Maneuver Engines 859 12.4.4 Attitude Control and Orbital Correction Rockets 860 12.5 New Parameters in Rocket Propulsion 860 12.6 Thrust Coefficient, CF 863 12.7 Characteristic Velocity, c* 866 12.8 Flight Performance 868 12.9 Multistage Rockets 876 12.10 Propulsive and Overall Efficiencies 878 12.11 Chemical Rocket Combustion Chamber 879 12.11.1 Liquid Propellant Combustion Chambers 880 12.11.1.1 Some Design Guidelines for Injector Plates 884 12.11.1.2 Combustion Instabilities 885 12.11.2 Solid Propellant Combustion Chambers 885 12.12 Thrust Chamber Cooling 892 12.12.1 Liquid Propellant Thrust Chambers 892 12.12.2 Cooling of Solid Propellant Thrust Chambers 897 12.13 Combustor Volume and Shape 898 12.14 Rocket Nozzles 899 12.14.1 Multiphase Flow in Rocket Nozzles 904 12.14.2 Flow Expansion in Rocket Nozzles 910 12.14.3 Thrust Vectoring Nozzles 911 12.15 High-Speed Airbreathing Engines 913 12.15.1 Supersonic Combustion Ramjet 917 12.15.1.1 Inlet Analysis 919 12.15.1.2 Scramjet Combustor 919 12.15.1.3 Scramjet Nozzle 921 12.16 Rocket-Based Airbreathing Propulsion 921 12.17 Compact Fusion Reactor: The Path to Clean, Unlimited Energy 924 12.18 Summary 925 References 926 Problems 927 A. U.S. Standard Atmosphere 931 B. Isentropic Table 935 C. Normal Shock Table 952 D. Rayleigh Flow 965 E. Fanno Flow 974 F. Prandtl–Meyer Function and Mach Angle 983 G. Oblique Shock Charts 986 H. Conical Shock Charts 991 Index 995

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Book SynopsisSince the first edition in 1948, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology has become a flagship publication for Wiley. During its nearly seven decades in print, it has become a standard reference for the fields of occupational health and toxicology. The volumes on industrial hygiene are cornerstone reference works for not only industrial hygienists but also chemists, engineers, toxicologists, lawyers, and occupational safety personnel. Volume 3 covers Recognition and Evaluation of Physical Agents and Biohazards. All of the chapters have been updated and a new chapter on Robotics has been added. These subjects are increasing in importance to industrial hygienists.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Useful Equivalents and Conversion Factors xi Part V Physical Agents 1 Ionizing Radiation 3 Herman Cember and Thomas E. Johnson Nonionizing Radiation: Lasers 23 David H. Sliney Nonionizing Radiation: Broadband Optical 37 Margaret L. Phillips and Allene H. Butler Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields 63 Kenneth R. Foster and Richard A. Tell Nonionizing Radiation: Extremely Low Frequency 95 Mona Shum and Jesse Cooper Noise and Hearing Conservation 107 David C. Byrne and Kevin L. Michael Physiological Effects of Altered Barometric Pressure 141 Claude A. Piantadosi Hand-Arm Vibration 163 Christopher M. Nelson Cold Stress 189 Tiina M. Ikäheimo, Kalev Kuklane, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, and Ingvar Holmér Heat Stress 219 Michael D. Larrañaga Occupational Ergonomics: Past, Present, and Future 261 Susan Kotowski, Kermit Davis, and Amit Bhattacharya Robotics in the Workplace 287 Frank J. Hearl, Vladimir Murashov, John Howard, Hongwei Hsiao, John Sammarco, Brian Lowe, and George Luxbacher Part VI Biological Agents 303 Occupational Microbiological Biohazards – Exposure, Detection, and Disease 305 Tiina Reponen Control of Biohazards 343 Nancy C. Burton Airborne and Emerging Infectious Diseases 369 Augusto Dulanto Chiang and Tara N. Palmore Index 391

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Book SynopsisSince the first edition in 1948, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology has become a flagship publication for Wiley. During its nearly seven decades in print, it has become a standard reference for the fields of occupational health and toxicology. The volumes on industrial hygiene are cornerstone reference works for not only industrial hygienists but also chemists, engineers, toxicologists, lawyers, and occupational safety personnel. Volume 4 covers environmental and health and safety program management, with a number of new chapters on sustainability, construction health and safety, health and safety of new energies and working with cannabis.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Useful Equivalents and Conversion Factors xi Part VII Program Management 1 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems 3 Charles F. Redinger, Alan J. Leibowitz, and Victor M. Toy Sustainability and the Role of the Safety and Health Professional 37 S. Zack Mansdorf Product Stewardship: A Viable Practice for the Industrial Hygienist 47 Thomas G. Grumbles Part VIII Specialty Areas 63 Emergency and Disaster: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery 65 Chris Laszcz-Davis, Mary Massey, Alan J. Leibowitz, Daniel Hardt, Herman Woessner, Jim Jabara, Fabrice Lebourgeois, Vicki Villarreal, Ron R. McHaney, Peggy Otum, David Barnes, and Steven P. Pereira Hazardous Wastes 125 Lisa Simkins Barnes and Meredith G. Durant Industrial Hygiene Issues in Construction 139 Bruce Lippy, Gavin H. West, Matthew Gillen, Eileen Betit, Linda M. Goldenhar, Babak Memarian, Richard Rinehart, Grace Barlet, M.K. Fletcher, Sara Brooks, and Jean Christophe Le Agriculture Hygiene 167 Kelley J. Donham and Matthew Nonnenmann Health Care Industry: Contemporary Considerations 195 Robert J. Emery, Michael A. Charlton, Bruce J. Brown, and Scott J. Patlovich Air Pollution 207 Paul G. Reinhart, Lori White, Jee Young Kim, Lindsay Wichers Stanek, Mary Ross, Barbara Buckley, and James A. Murray Health and Safety Factors in Designing an Industrial Hygiene Laboratory 255 Robert G. Lieckfield Fire Safety in the Workplace 279 Richard L. P. Custer and Pamela A. Powell Advancing the Well-Being of Workers: An Introduction to Total Worker Health‸ Approaches 297 L. Casey Chosewood and Sara L. Tamers Health and Safety Issues of New Energy Technologies 311 Brian Heramb Cannabis 333 Robert N. Phalen Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments 357 John P. Springston, Elliott Horner, and Joseph Lstiburek Index 415 Cumulative Index 433

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction xxi Assessment Test xxx Chapter 1 History of Analytics and Big Data 1 Evolution of Analytics Architecture Over the Years 3 The New World Order 5 Analytics Pipeline 6 Data Sources 7 Collection 8 Storage 8 Processing and Analysis 9 Visualization, Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics 9 The Big Data Reference Architecture 10 Data Characteristics: Hot, Warm, and Cold 11 Collection/Ingest 12 Storage 13 Process/Analyze 14 Consumption 15 Data Lakes and Their Relevance in Analytics 16 What is a Data Lake? 16 Building a Data Lake on AWS 19 Step 1: Choosing the Right Storage – Amazon S3 is the Base 19 Step 2: Data Ingestion – Moving the Data into the Data Lake 21 Step 3: Cleanse, Prep, and Catalog the Data 22 Step 4: Secure the Data and Metadata 23 Step 5: Make Data Available for Analytics 23 Using Lake Formation to Build a Data Lake on AWS 23 Exam Objectives 24 Objective Map 25 Assessment Test 27 References 29 Chapter 2 Data Collection 31 Exam Objectives 32 AWS IoT 33 Common Use Cases for AWS IoT 35 How AWS IoT Works 36 Amazon Kinesis 38 Amazon Kinesis Introduction 40 Amazon Kinesis Data Streams 40 Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics 54 Amazon Kinesis Video Streams 61 AWS Glue 64 Glue Data Catalog 66 Glue Crawlers 68 Authoring ETL Jobs 69 Executing ETL Jobs 71 Change Data Capture with Glue Bookmarks 71 Use Cases for AWS Glue 72 Amazon SQS 72 Amazon Data Migration Service 74 What is AWS DMS Anyway? 74 What Does AWS DMS Support? 75 AWS Data Pipeline 77 Pipeline Definition 77 Pipeline Schedules 78 Task Runner 79 Large-Scale Data Transfer Solutions 81 AWS Snowcone 81 AWS Snowball 82 AWS Snowmobile 85 AWS Direct Connect 86 Summary 87 Review Questions 88 References 90 Exercises & Workshops 91 Chapter 3 Data Storage 93 Introduction 94 Amazon S3 95 Amazon S3 Data Consistency Model 96 Data Lake and S3 97 Data Replication in Amazon S3 100 Server Access Logging in Amazon S3 101 Partitioning, Compression, and File Formats on S3 101 Amazon S3 Glacier 103 Vault 103 Archive 104 Amazon DynamoDB 104 Amazon DynamoDB Data Types 105 Amazon DynamoDB Core Concepts 108 Read/Write Capacity Mode in DynamoDB 108 DynamoDB Auto Scaling and Reserved Capacity 111 Read Consistency and Global Tables 111 Amazon DynamoDB: Indexing and Partitioning 113 Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator 114 Amazon DynamoDB Streams 115 Amazon DynamoDB Streams – Kinesis Adapter 116 Amazon DocumentDB 117 Why a Document Database? 117 Amazon DocumentDB Overview 119 Amazon Document DB Architecture 120 Amazon DocumentDB Interfaces 120 Graph Databases and Amazon Neptune 121 Amazon Neptune Overview 122 Amazon Neptune Use Cases 123 Storage Gateway 123 Hybrid Storage Requirements 123 AWS Storage Gateway 125 Amazon EFS 127 Amazon EFS Use Cases 130 Interacting with Amazon EFS 132 Amazon EFS Security Model 132 Backing Up Amazon EFS 132 Amazon FSx for Lustre 133 Key Benefits of Amazon FSx for Lustre 134 Use Cases for Lustre 135 AWS Transfer for SFTP 135 Summary 136 Exercises 137 Review Questions 140 Further Reading 142 References 142 Chapter 4 Data Processing and Analysis 143 Introduction 144 Types of Analytical Workloads 144 Amazon Athena 146 Apache Presto 147 Apache Hive 148 Amazon Athena Use Cases and Workloads 149 Amazon Athena DDL, DML, and DCL 150 Amazon Athena Workgroups 151 Amazon Athena Federated Query 153 Amazon Athena Custom UDFs 154 Using Machine Learning with Amazon Athena 154 Amazon EMR 155 Apache Hadoop Overview 156 Amazon EMR Overview 157 Apache Hadoop on Amazon EMR 158 EMRFS 166 Bootstrap Actions and Custom AMI 167 Security on EMR 167 EMR Notebooks 168 Apache Hive and Apache Pig on Amazon EMR 169 Apache Spark on Amazon EMR 174 Apache HBase on Amazon EMR 182 Apache Flink, Apache Mahout, and Apache MXNet 184 Choosing the Right Analytics Tool 186 Amazon Elasticsearch Service 188 When to Use Elasticsearch 188 Elasticsearch Core Concepts (the ELK Stack) 189 Amazon Elasticsearch Service 191 Amazon Redshift 192 What is Data Warehousing? 192 What is Redshift? 193 Redshift Architecture 195 Redshift AQUA 198 Redshift Scalability 199 Data Modeling in Redshift 205 Data Loading and Unloading 213 Query Optimization in Redshift 217 Security in Redshift 221 Kinesis Data Analytics 225 How Does It Work? 226 What is Kinesis Data Analytics for Java? 228 Comparing Batch Processing Services 229 Comparing Orchestration Options on AWS 230 AWS Step Functions 230 Comparing Different ETL Orchestration Options 230 Summary 231 Exam Essentials 232 Exercises 232 Review Questions 235 References 237 Recommended Workshops 237 Amazon Athena Blogs 238 Amazon Redshift Blogs 240 Amazon EMR Blogs 241 Amazon Elasticsearch Blog 241 Amazon Redshift References and Further Reading 242 Chapter 5 Data Visualization 243 Introduction 244 Data Consumers 245 Data Visualization Options 246 Amazon QuickSight 247 Getting Started 248 Working with Data 250 Data Preparation 255 Data Analysis 256 Data Visualization 258 Machine Learning Insights 261 Building Dashboards 262 Embedding QuickSight Objects into Other Applications 264 Administration 265 Security 266 Other Visualization Options 267 Predictive Analytics 270 What is Predictive Analytics? 270 The AWS ML Stack 271 Summary 273 Exam Essentials 273 Exercises 274 Review Questions 275 References 276 Additional Reading Material 276 Chapter 6 Data Security 279 Introduction 280 Shared Responsibility Model 280 Security Services on AWS 282 AWS IAM Overview 285 IAM User 285 IAM Groups 286 IAM Roles 287 Amazon EMR Security 289 Public Subnet 290 Private Subnet 291 Security Configurations 293 Block Public Access 298 VPC Subnets 298 Security Options during Cluster Creation 299 EMR Security Summary 300 Amazon S3 Security 301 Managing Access to Data in Amazon S3 301 Data Protection in Amazon S3 305 Logging and Monitoring with Amazon S3 306 Best Practices for Security on Amazon S3 308 Amazon Athena Security 308 Managing Access to Amazon Athena 309 Data Protection in Amazon Athena 310 Data Encryption in Amazon Athena 311 Amazon Athena and AWS Lake Formation 312 Amazon Redshift Security 312 Levels of Security within Amazon Redshift 313 Data Protection in Amazon Redshift 315 Redshift Auditing 316 Redshift Logging 317 Amazon Elasticsearch Security 317 Elasticsearch Network Configuration 318 VPC Access 318 Accessing Amazon Elasticsearch and Kibana 319 Data Protection in Amazon Elasticsearch 322 Amazon Kinesis Security 325 Managing Access to Amazon Kinesis 325 Data Protection in Amazon Kinesis 326 Amazon Kinesis Best Practices 326 Amazon QuickSight Security 327 Managing Data Access with Amazon QuickSight 327 Data Protection 328 Logging and Monitoring 329 Security Best Practices 329 Amazon DynamoDB Security 329 Access Management in DynamoDB 329 IAM Policy with Fine-Grained Access Control 330 Identity Federation 331 How to Access Amazon DynamoDB 332 Data Protection with DynamoDB 332 Monitoring and Logging with DynamoDB 333 Summary 334 Exam Essentials 334 Exercises/Workshops 334 Review Questions 336 References and Further Reading 337 Appendix Answers to Review Questions 339 Chapter 1: History of Analytics and Big Data 340 Chapter 2: Data Collection 342 Chapter 3: Data Storage 343 Chapter 4: Data Processing and Analysis 344 Chapter 5: Data Visualization 346 Chapter 6: Data Security 346 Index 349

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii About the Companion Website xvii I MATLAB Programming 1 1 Getting Started 3 1.1 Running the MATLAB IDE 3 Manipulating windows 5 1.2 MATLAB variables 5 Variable assignment statements 6 Variable names 7 Variable workspace 8 1.3 Numbers and functions 8 1.4 Documentation 9 1.5 Writing simple MATLAB scripts 10 Block structure 11 Appropriate variable names 11 Useful comments 11 Units 11 Formatting for clarity 12 Basic display command 12 1.6 A few words about errors and debugging 12 Error messages are your friends 13 Sketch a plan on paper first 13 Start small and add slowly 13 1.7 Using the debugger 13 Looking ahead 14 Programming Problems 14 2 Vectors and Strings 19 2.1 Vector basics 20 2.2 Operations on vectors 21 Multiplication by a scalar 21 Addition with a scalar 21 Element-by-element operation with two vectors 21 Functions of vectors 22 Length of vectors 22 Subarrays 23 Concatenating vectors 23 2.3 Special vector functions 23 Statistical Functions 24 2.4 Using rand and randi 25 2.5 String basics 25 2.6 String operations 27 2.7 Character vectors 29 2.8 Getting information from the user 30 Looking ahead 31 Programming Problems 31 3 Plotting 35 3.1 The plot command 35 Axis scaling 38 Plot labeling 39 3.2 Tabulating and plotting a simple function 39 3.3 Bar graphs and histograms 43 Histograms 45 3.4 Drawing several plots on one graph 45 Multiple plots with a single plot command 46 Combining multiple plots with a hold command 48 Thickening plotted curves 49 3.5 Adding lines and text 50 3.6 Changing object properties 52 Looking ahead 54 Programming Problems 55 4 Matrices 57 4.1 Entering and manipulating matrices 57 Size of a matrix 59 Matrix transpose 60 4.2 Operations on matrices 60 Arithmetic operations with a scalar 60 Addition and subtraction of two matrices of the same size 61 Functions of matrices 61 Matrix multiplication 62 The identity matrix 62 The inverse of a matrix 63 The determinant of a matrix 64 Matrix–vector multiplication 64 4.3 Solving linear systems: the backslash operator 65 Extended example: solving circuit problems 65 Wire segments 66 Wire junctions 66 Voltage sources 66 Resistors 67 Ground 67 4.4 Special matrix functions 71 Looking ahead 72 Programming Problems 72 5 Control Flow Commands 75 5.1 Conditional execution: the if statement 75 5.2 Logical expressions 79 5.3 Logical variables 80 5.4 for loops 81 Good programming practice 84 5.5 while loops 84 5.6 Other control flow commands 86 Switch-case statement 86 Break statement 86 Programming Problems 87 6 Animation 93 6.1 Basic animation 94 6.2 Animating function plots 98 6.3 Kinematics of motion 101 One-dimensional motion: constant speed 101 Motion with constant acceleration 104 Time-marching dynamics: nonconstant force 106 6.4 Looking ahead 108 Programming Problems 108 7 Writing Your Own MATLAB Functions 114 7.1 MATLAB function files 115 Declaring MATLAB functions 115 7.2 Function inputs and outputs 116 7.3 Local workspaces 117 7.4 Multiple outputs 117 7.5 Function files 117 7.6 Other functional forms 118 Subfunctions 118 Nested functions 122 Anonymous functions 122 7.7 Optional arguments for functions 123 7.8 Looking forward 124 Programming Problems 125 8 More MATLAB Data Classes and Structures 132 8.1 Cell arrays 132 8.2 Structures 133 8.3 Complex numbers 134 8.4 Function handles 135 8.5 Tables 135 8.6 Other data classes and data structures 136 Programming Problems 137 II Building Gui Tools 139 9 Building GUI Tools with App Designer 141 9.1 The App Designer interface 142 9.2 Getting started: HelloTool 144 9.3 Components communicating: SliderTool 148 9.4 Transforming a MATLAB program into a GUI tool: DampedEfieldTool 150 Step0: Write and debug the program 151 Step1: Plan the GUI 152 Step 2: Create the GUI in App Designer 153 Step 3: Connect program inputs and outputs to the GUI components 155 Step 4: Add callbacks to invoke the primary model function 157 9.5 Test and improve 157 Many ways to do things 159 Key points from this chapter 159 Programming Problems 160 10 More GUI Techniques 168 10.1 Sharing data between callbacks 169 10.2 More GUI components 170 Text and Numeric Edit Fields 170 Drop Down 171 Check Box 171 Label 172 List Box 172 Radio Button Group 173 Image 173 Communicating user choices 173 Tab Group 174 Menu bar 174 Toolbar 176 Text Area 176 The uses of invisibility 176 10.3 Popups 176 Progress dialogue 176 Wait bar 178 Input dialogue 178 Confirm dialogue 179 10.4 Responding to keyboard input 181 10.5 Mouse events and object dragging 181 III Advanced Topics 187 11 More Graphics 189 11.1 Logarithmic plots 189 11.2 Plotting functions on two axes 192 11.3 Plotting surfaces 194 11.4 Plotting vector fields 199 11.5 Working with images 200 Importing and manipulating bit-mapped images 200 Placing images on surface objects 207 11.6 Rotating composite objects in three dimensions 209 12 More Mathematics 213 12.1 Derivatives 214 Derivatives of mathematical functions expressed as MATLAB functions 214 Derivatives of tabulated functions 215 12.2 Integration 218 Integrating tabulated functions 218 Integrating mathematical functions expressed as MATLAB functions 221 12.3 Zeros of a function of one variable 225 12.4 Function minimization 227 Finding a minimum of a function of one variable 227 Multidimensional minimization 229 Fitting to an arbitrary function by multidimensional minimization 229 Solving simultaneous nonlinear equations by multidimensional minimization 233 12.5 Solving ordinary differential equations 235 Plotting a slope field 238 12.6 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 239 13 Reading and Writing Files 242 13.1 Saving and loading data in .mat files 242 13.2 Reading and writing spreadsheet files 244 13.3 Writing text files 245 The write matrix command 245 Writing formatted text files 246 Formatting a string using sprintf 249 13.4 Reading data from a text file 249 Reading into a cell array 250 Reading complicated text data files 250 13.5 A GUI interface to filenames using uiputfile and uigetfile 252 Appendix Using latex Commands 255 Index 261

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Book SynopsisClear presentation of a new control process applied toinduction machine (IM), surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SMPM-SM) and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPM-SM) Direct Eigen Control forInduction Machinesand Synchronous Motors provides a clear and consise explanation of a new method in alternating current (AC) motor control. Unlike similar books on the market, it does not present various control algorithms for each type of AC motor but explains one method designed to control all AC motor types: Induction Machine (IM), Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SMPM-SM) (i.e. Brushless) and Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPM-SM). This totally new control method can be used not only for AC motor control but also to control input filter current and voltage of an inverter feeding an AC motor. Accessible and clear, describes a new fast type of motor control applied toinduction machineTable of ContentsForeword by Prof. Dr Ing. Jean-Luc Thomas xiii Foreword by Dr Abdelkrim Benchaïb xv Acknowledgements xvii Introduction xix 1 Induction Machine 1 1. 1 Electrical Equations and Equivalent Circuits 1 1. 2 Working out the State-Space Equation System 9 1. 3 Discretized State-Space Equation Inversion 22 1. 4 Control 31 1. 5 Conclusion on the Induction Machine Control 63 2 Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor 65 2. 1 Electrical Equations and Equivalent Circuit 66 2. 2 Working out the State-Space Equation System 69 2. 3 Discretized State-Space Equation Inversion 76 2. 4 Control 84 2. 5 Conclusion on SMPM-SM 118 3 Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 121 3. 1 Electrical Equations and Equivalent Circuits 122 3. 2 Working out the State-Space Equation System 127 3. 3 Discretized State-Space Equation Inversion 134 3. 4 Control 143 3. 5 Conclusions on the IPM-SM 189 4 Inverter Supply – LC Filter 191 4. 1 Electrical Equations and Equivalent Circuit 191 4. 2 Working out the State-Space Equation System 193 4. 3 Discretized State-Space Equation Inversion 198 4. 4 Control 201 4. 5 Conclusions on Power LC Filter Stabilization 211 5 Conclusion 213 Appendix A Calculation of Vector PWM 217 A.1 PWM Types 218 A.2 Working out the Control Voltage Vector 218 A.3 Other Examples of Vector PWM 221 A.4 Sampled Shape of the Voltage and Current Waves 224 Appendix B Transfer Matrix Calculation 225 B.1 First Eigenvector Calculation 225 B.2 Second Eigenvector Calculation 227 B.3 Third Eigenvector Calculation 228 B.4 Fourth Eigenvector Calculation 230 B.5 Transfer Matrix Calculation 231 Appendix C Transfer Matrix Inversion 233 C.1 Transfer Matrix Determinant Calculation 234 C.2 First Row, First Column 234 C.3 First Row, Second Column 235 C.4 First Row, Third Column 235 C.5 First Row, Fourth Column 235 C.6 Second Row, First Column 236 C.7 Second Row, Second Column 236 C.8 Second Row, Third Column 236 C.9 Second Row, Fourth Column 237 C.10 Third Row, First Column 237 C.11 Third Row, Second Column 237 C.12 Third Row, Third Column 237 C.13 Third Row, Fourth Column 237 C.14 Fourth Row, First Column 238 C.15 Fourth Row, Second Column 238 C.16 Fourth Row, Third Column 238 C.17 Fourth Row, Fourth Column 238 C.18 Inverse Transfer Matrix Calculation 238 Appendix D State-Space Eigenvector Calculation 239 Appendix E F and G Matrix Calculations 245 E.1 Transition Matrix Calculation 245 E.2 Discretized Input Matrix Calculation 249 References 251 Index 253

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an in-depth look at the current and developing trends in the telecommunications industry, as well as examining the complex issues of developing, introducing, and managing cutting-edge technologies.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv About the Author xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv List of Acronyms xxvii Part I NETWORKS 1 Carrier Networks 3 1.1 Operating Global Networks 3 1.1.1 The Power of Redundancy 4 1.1.2 The Virtuous Cycle 6 1.1.3 Measurement and Accountability 7 1.2 Engineering Global Networks 8 1.2.1 Architecture 8 1.2.2 Systems Engineering 8 1.2.3 Capacity Management 8 1.3 Network Taxonomy 10 1.3.1 Voice Systems 10 1.3.2 Data Systems 12 1.3.3 Networks 13 1.3.4 Network Systems 13 1.4 Summary 14 References 14 2 Network Systems Hardware 15 2.1 Models 15 2.2 Telco Systems Model 16 2.2.1 Form and Function 16 2.2.2 Frames and Shelves 20 2.2.3 Chassis 20 2.2.4 Line I/O 21 2.2.5 Power Supply Cards 25 2.2.6 Network Fabric Cards 25 2.2.7 Application Processing 28 2.3 Modular Computing – Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (AdvancedTCA™) 29 2.3.1 Chassis 29 2.4 Blade Center Model 30 2.4.1 Midplane Design 31 2.4.2 Flexible High Speed Interconnection 32 2.4.3 Management Controller 32 2.4.4 Power and Fans 33 2.5 Summary 33 References 33 3 Network Systems Software 35 3.1 Carrier Grade Software 35 3.1.1 Real-Time 35 3.1.2 Reliable 36 3.1.3 Scalable 36 3.1.4 Upgradable and Manageable 38 3.2 Defensive Programming 38 3.2.1 Are You Really Sure? 38 3.2.2 Default Parameters 39 3.2.3 Heap Management 39 3.2.4 Exception Handling and Phased Recovery 39 3.2.5 Last Gasp Forensics 40 3.2.6 Buffer Discards and Dumps 40 3.3 Managed Objects 40 3.3.1 Administrative States 42 3.3.2 Service States 42 3.4 Operational Tests and Fault Conditions 43 3.4.1 Service Turn Up 43 3.4.2 Interrupt or Fault Induced 43 3.4.3 Out of Service Retries 43 3.4.4 On Demand 44 3.5 Alarms 44 3.5.1 Notifications 44 3.5.2 Severity 44 3.5.3 Scope 45 3.5.4 Creation and Persistence 46 3.5.5 Ethernet NIC Example 46 3.6 Network System Data Management 49 3.6.1 Management Information Bases (MIBs) 51 3.6.2 Syslog 52 3.6.3 Audits 53 3.7 Summary 54 References 54 4 Service and Network Objectives 55 4.1 Consumer Wireline Voice 55 4.1.1 Service Request 55 4.1.2 Address Signaling 56 4.1.3 Call Setup 56 4.1.4 Alerting 56 4.1.5 Call Completion 56 4.1.6 Disconnect 56 4.1.7 Network Service Objectives 57 4.1.8 Consumer Wireline Voice Network Model 57 4.1.9 Local Loops 58 4.1.10 Originating Office A 58 4.1.11 Toll Connect Group A–C 59 4.1.12 Tandem Office C 60 4.1.13 Toll Completing Group C–B 60 4.1.14 Terminating Office B 60 4.1.15 Long Term Downtime 60 4.1.16 Measurement Summary 60 4.2 Enterprise Voice over IP Service 61 4.2.1 Five 9’s 61 4.2.2 Meaningful and Measurable Objectives 61 4.3 Technology Transitions 65 4.4 Summary 66 References 66 5 Access and Aggregation Networks 69 5.1 Wireline Networks 70 5.1.1 Voice Services 70 5.1.2 Broadband Services 74 5.1.3 DSL 74 5.1.4 DSL Design and Engineering 76 5.1.5 DSL Operations 79 5.1.6 DSL Objectives, Metrics, and Line Management 80 5.1.7 ADSL Aggregation Networks 82 5.1.8 ADSL2+ and VDSL Aggregation Networks 82 5.1.9 Fiber to the Home (FTTH) 83 5.1.10 Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) 87 5.1.11 Fiber to the Node (FTTN) 87 5.1.12 FTTH Design and Engineering 87 5.1.13 FTTH Operations 90 5.1.14 FTTH Aggregation Networks 91 5.2 Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 92 5.2.1 Node Design 93 5.2.2 Digital TV 93 5.2.3 DOCSIS 94 5.2.4 HFC Design and Engineering 94 5.2.5 HFC Operations 95 5.3 Wireless Mobile Networks 96 5.3.1 GSM 97 5.3.2 Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) 106 5.3.3 Long Term Evolution (LTE) 111 5.4 Wireless Design and Engineering 118 5.4.1 Air Interface 118 5.4.2 Mobility 121 5.4.3 Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) 122 5.4.4 Device Behavior 122 5.5 Summary 123 References 123 6 Backbone Networks 125 6.1 Transport 127 6.1.1 Transport Services 127 6.1.2 Transport Resiliency and Protection 130 6.2 IP Core 135 6.2.1 Regional IP Backbones 136 6.2.2 Points of Presence (POPs) 137 6.2.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 137 6.2.4 Route Reflectors 143 6.3 Backbone Design and Engineering 143 6.3.1 Location and Size of POPs 144 6.3.2 Fault Recovery 144 6.3.3 Quality of Service QoS 145 6.3.4 Traffic Demand 146 6.3.5 Control Plane 146 6.4 Summary 147 References 147 7 Cloud Services 149 7.1 Competition 149 7.2 Defining the Cloud 150 7.2.1 Architecture 150 7.2.2 Infrastructure 151 7.2.3 Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Clouds 152 7.2.4 Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 156 7.2.5 Application Servers and Enablers 162 7.2.6 IMS Design and Engineering 164 7.3 Cloud Services 166 7.3.1 Network-Based Security 166 7.3.2 Voice over IP (VoIP) Services 167 7.3.3 Conferencing 170 7.3.4 Compute and Storage 170 7.3.5 The Mobile Cloud 170 7.4 Summary 171 References 171 8 Network Peering and Interconnection 173 8.1 Wireline Voice 173 8.1.1 Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) 174 8.1.2 Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs) 177 8.2 SS7 Interconnection 178 8.2.1 Services 178 8.3 IP Interconnection 180 8.3.1 VPN Peering 180 8.3.2 Internet Peering 180 8.3.3 Public Peering 183 8.3.4 Mobility Peering 185 8.4 Summary 187 References 188 Part II TEAMS AND SYSTEMS 9 Engineering and Operations 191 9.1 Engineering 192 9.1.1 Systems Engineers 192 9.1.2 Network Planning 196 9.1.3 Network and Central Office Engineers 196 9.1.4 Outside Plant Engineers 197 9.1.5 Common Systems Engineers 197 9.2 Operations 197 9.2.1 Network Operations Center (NOCs) 198 9.2.2 Tiered Maintenance 202 9.3 Summary 204 References 205 10 Customer Marketing, Sales, and Care 207 10.1 Industry Markets 207 10.1.1 Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs) 207 10.1.2 Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) 210 10.2 Consumer Markets 211 10.2.1 Product Marketing 212 10.2.2 Consumer Care 214 10.3 Enterprise Markets 218 10.3.1 Pre-Sales Support 219 10.3.2 Sales Support 220 10.3.3 Engineering and Implementation 220 10.4 Summary 220 References 221 11 Fault Management 223 11.1 Network Management Work Groups 223 11.2 Systems Planes 224 11.2.1 Bearer Planes 224 11.2.2 Control Planes 225 11.2.3 Management Planes 226 11.3 Management Systems 227 11.3.1 Network Management Systems 227 11.3.2 Element Management Systems 230 11.3.3 Network Elements 231 11.3.4 Management Interfaces 231 11.3.5 Specialized Management Systems 240 11.4 Management Domains 244 11.4.1 Optical Networks 245 11.4.2 IP/MPLS Networks 246 11.4.3 Other Domains 247 11.5 Network Management and the Virtuous Cycle 247 11.5.1 Notifications 247 11.5.2 Sectionalization 249 11.5.3 Fault Isolation 249 11.6 Summary 250 References 251 12 Support Systems 253 12.1 Support Systems Standards and Design 253 12.2 Capacity Management Systems 255 12.2.1 Work Groups 256 12.2.2 Data Collection 257 12.2.3 Engineering Rules 259 12.2.4 Capacity Management Applications 260 12.2.5 Supply Chain Management 261 12.3 Service Fulfillment 261 12.3.1 Offers and Proposals 262 12.3.2 Service Ordering 264 12.3.3 Service Activation 267 12.4 Design and Engineering 268 12.5 Summary 268 References 268 Part III TRANSFORMATION 13 Integration and Innovation 271 13.1 Technology Integration 271 13.1.1 Technology Scanning 272 13.1.2 Technology Selection 273 13.1.3 Network System Testing and Verification 277 13.1.4 Support Systems Integration 287 13.2 Lifecycle Support 288 13.3 Invention and Innovation 290 13.3.1 The Role of Research 291 13.3.2 The Bridge to Research 292 13.4 Summary 295 References 296 14 Disasters and Outages 297 14.1 Disasters 297 14.1.1 Carrier Teams 298 14.1.2 Disaster Response 300 14.1.3 Engineering and Design 300 14.2 Outages 302 14.2.1 Anatomy of an Outage 302 14.2.2 Congestion Onset 307 14.2.3 Congestion Propagation 307 14.2.4 Root Cause 308 14.2.5 Contributing Cause 309 14.2.6 Triggering Events 309 14.2.7 Teams in an Outage 309 14.2.8 Press and External Affairs 311 14.3 The Vicious Cycle 313 14.3.1 Engineering and Operational Defense 314 14.4 Summary 316 References 316 15 Technologies that Matter 317 15.1 Convergence or Conspiracy? 317 15.1.1 Enter the World Wide Web 318 15.1.2 Silicon Valley – A Silent Partner 318 15.1.3 US Telecommunication Policy 318 15.1.4 The Conspiracy – A Confluence of Events 319 15.1.5 Local Phone Service in Jeopardy 320 15.1.6 Technologies in Response 322 15.2 Technologies Beyond 2012 324 15.2.1 IPv6 324 15.2.2 Invisible Computing 332 15.2.3 Beyond 400G 334 15.3 HTML5 and WEBRTC 335 15.3.1 Video Evolution 337 15.3.2 High Definition Voice 338 15.4 Summary 340 References 341 16 Carriers Transformed 343 16.1 Historical Transformations 343 16.1.1 Stored Program Control Switching 1965–1985 343 16.1.2 Digital Wireline Communications 1975–2000 344 16.1.3 Digital Wireless Communication 1990–Onwards 345 16.2 Regulation and Investment 346 16.2.1 Regulation 346 16.2.2 Investment 347 16.3 Consumer Wireline Networks and Services 347 16.3.1 Market Trends 347 16.3.2 Technology 348 16.4 Wireless Networks and Services 351 16.4.1 Market Trends 351 16.4.2 Technology 352 16.5 Backbone Networks 352 16.6 Science and Technology Matter 353 References 353 Appendix A: IPv6 Technologies 355 Appendix B: The Next Generation Network and Why We’ll Never See It 361 Index 367

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses in-depth the concept of distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) and its application to cognitive communications In this book, the authors present an overview of cognitive communications, encompassing both cognitive radio and cognitive networks, and also other application areas such as cognitive acoustics. The book also explains the specific rationale for the integration of different forms of distributed artificial intelligence into cognitive communications, something which is often neglected in many forms of technical contributions available today. Furthermore, the chapters are divided into four disciplines: wireless communications, distributed artificial intelligence, regulatory policy and economics and implementation. The book contains contributions from leading experts (academia and industry) in the field. Key Features: Covers the broader field of cognitive communications as a whole, addressing application to communication systemsTable of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xxv About the Editors xxvii Preface xxix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction to Cognitive Communications 3 David Grace 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 A NewWay of Thinking 4 1.3 History of Cognitive Communications 6 1.4 Key Components of Cognitive Communications 8 1.5 Overview of the Rest of the Book 9 1.5.1 Part 2: Wireless Communications 10 1.5.2 Part 3: Application of Distributed Artificial Intelligence 11 1.5.3 Part 4: Regulatory Policy and Economics 12 1.5.4 Part 5: Implementation 13 1.6 Summary and Conclusion 14 References 14 PART II WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2 Cognitive Radio and Networks for Heterogeneous Networking 19 Haesik Kim and Aarne M€ammel€a 2.1 Introduction 19 2.1.1 Historical Sketch 19 2.1.2 Cognitive Radio and Networks 21 2.1.3 Heterogeneous Networks 22 2.2 Cognitive Radio for Heterogeneous Networks 26 2.2.1 Channel Sensing and Network Sensing 26 2.2.2 Interference Mitigation 27 2.2.3 Power Control 31 2.3 Applying Cognitive Networks to Heterogeneous Networks 37 2.3.1 Network Policy for Coexistence of Different Networks 37 2.3.2 Cooperation Mechanisms 39 2.3.3 Network Resource Allocation 41 2.3.4 Self-Organization Mechanisms 44 2.3.5 Handover Mechanisms 45 2.4 Performance Evaluation 47 2.5 Conclusion 50 References 50 3 Channel Assignment and Power Allocation Algorithms in Multi-Carrier-Based Cognitive Radio Environments 53 Musbah Shaat and Faouzi Bader 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Transmission Scheme 54 3.2.1 Why OFDM is Appropriate for CR 55 3.3 Resource Management in Non-Cognitive OFDM Environments 56 3.3.1 Single User OFDM Systems 56 3.3.2 Multiple User OFDM Systems (OFDMA) 57 3.3.3 Resource Allocation Algorithms in Non-Cognitive OFDM Systems 58 3.4 Resource Management in OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Systems 58 3.4.1 Algorithms Dealing with In-Band Interference 59 3.4.2 Algorithms Dealing with Mutual Interference 60 3.4.3 System Model 61 3.4.4 Problem Formulation 63 3.4.5 Resource Management in Downlink OFDM-Based CR Systems 64 3.4.6 Resource Management in Uplink OFDM-Based CR Systems 76 3.5 Conclusions 88 References 89 4 Filter Bank Techniques for Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Systems 93 Yun Cui, Zhifeng Zhao, Rongpeng Li, Guangchao Zhang and Honggang Zhang 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Basic Features of Filter Banks-Based Multi-Carrier Techniques 94 4.2.1 Introduction to the Filter Bank System 95 4.2.2 The Polyphase Structure of Filter Banks 96 4.2.3 Basic Structure of Filter Banks-Based Multi-Carrier Systems 97 4.3 Adaptive Threshold Enhanced Filter Bank for Spectrum Detection in IEEE 802.22 98 4.3.1 Multi-Stage Analysis Filter Banks for Spectrum Detection 99 4.3.2 Complexity and Detection Precision Analysis 101 4.3.3 Spectrum Detection in IEEE 802.22 103 4.3.4 Power Estimation with Adaptive Threshold 106 4.4 Transform Decomposition for Spectrum Interleaving in Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Systems 108 4.4.1 FFT Pruning in Cognitive Radio Systems 108 4.4.2 Transform Decomposition for General DFT 110 4.4.3 Improved Transform Decomposition Method for DFT with Sparse Input Points 111 4.4.4 Numerical Results and Computational Complexity Analysis 114 4.5 Remaining Problems in Filter Banks-Based Multi-Carrier Systems 115 4.6 Summary and Conclusion 117 References 117 5 Distributed Clustering of Cognitive Radio Networks: A Message-Passing Approach 119 Kareem E. Baddour, Oktay Ureten and Tricia J. Willink 5.1 Introduction 119 5.1.1 Inter-Node Collaboration in Decentralized Cognitive Networks 119 5.1.2 Scalability Issues and Overhead Costs 120 5.1.3 Self-Organization Based on Distributed Clustering 120 5.2 Clustering Techniques for Cognitive Radio Networks 122 5.3 A Message-Passing Clustering Approach Based on Affinity Propagation 124 5.4 Case Studies 126 5.4.1 Clustering Based on Local Spectrum Availability 127 5.4.2 Sensor Selection for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 132 5.5 Implementation Challenges 138 5.6 Conclusions 140 References 140 PART III APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 6 Machine Learning Applied to Cognitive Communications 145 Aimilia Bantouna, Kostas Tsagkaris, Vera Stavroulaki, Panagiotis Demestichas and Giorgos Poulios 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 State of the Art 146 6.3 Learning Techniques 148 6.3.1 Bayesian Statistics 148 6.3.2 Supervised Neural Networks (NNs) 150 6.3.3 Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs): An Unsupervised Neural Network 153 6.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 157 6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Applying Machine Learning to Cognitive Radio Networks 158 6.5 Conclusions 159 Acknowledgement 160 References 160 7 Reinforcement Learning for Distributed Power Control and Channel Access in Cognitive Wireless Mesh Networks 163 Xianfu Chen, Zhifeng Zhao and Honggang Zhang 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Applying Reinforcement Learning to Distributed Power Control and Channel Access 165 7.2.1 Conjecture-Based Multi-Agent Q-Learning for Distributed Power Control in CogMesh 165 7.2.2 Learning with Dynamic Conjectures for Opportunistic Spectrum Access in CogMesh 176 7.3 Future Challenges 191 7.4 Conclusions 192 References 192 8 Reinforcement Learning-Based Cognitive Radio for Open Spectrum Access 195 Tao Jiang and David Grace 8.1 Open Spectrum Access 195 8.2 Reinforcement Learning-Based Spectrum Sharing in Open Spectrum Bands 196 8.2.1 Learning Model 196 8.2.2 Basic Algorithms 200 8.2.3 Performance 200 8.3 Exploration Control and Efficient Exploration for Reinforcement Learning-Based Cognitive Radio 208 8.3.1 Exploration Control Techniques for Cognitive Radios 208 8.3.2 Efficient Exploration Techniques and Learning Efficiency for Cognitive Radios 218 8.4 Conclusion 229 References 230 9 Learning Techniques for Context Diagnosis and Prediction in Cognitive Communications 231 Aimilia Bantouna, Kostas Tsagkaris, Vera Stavroulaki, Giorgos Poulios and Panagiotis Demestichas 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Prediction 232 9.2.1 Building Knowledge: Learning Network Capabilities and User Preferences/ Behaviours 232 9.2.2 Application to Context Diagnosis and Prediction: The Case of Congestion 248 9.3 Future Problems 253 9.4 Conclusions 254 References 255 10 Social Behaviour in Cognitive Radio 257 Husheng Li 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Social Behaviour in Cognitive Radio 258 10.2.1 Cooperation Formation 258 10.2.2 Channel Recommendations 261 10.3 Social Network Analysis 267 10.3.1 Model of Recommendation Mechanism 267 10.3.2 Interacting Particles 268 10.3.3 Epidemic Propagation 273 10.4 Conclusions 281 References 281 PART IV REGULATORY POLICY AND ECONOMICS 11 Regulatory Policy and Economics of Cognitive Radio for Secondary Spectrum Access 285 Maziar Nekovee and Peter Anker 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Spectrum Regulations: Why and How? 286 11.3 Overview of Regulatory Bodies and Their Inter-Relation 287 11.3.1 ITU 287 11.3.2 CEPT/ECC 288 11.3.3 European Union 289 11.3.4 ETSI 290 11.3.5 National Spectrum Management Authority 291 11.4 Why Secondary Spectrum Access? 291 11.5 Candidate Bands for Secondary Access 293 11.5.1 Terrestrial Broadcasting Bands 294 11.5.2 Radar Bands 294 11.5.3 IMT Bands 295 11.5.4 Military Bands 296 11.6 Regulatory and Policy Issues 296 11.6.1 UK Regulatory Environment 300 11.6.2 US Regulatory Environment 301 11.6.3 European Regulatory Environment 302 11.6.4 Regulatory Environments Elsewhere 303 11.7 Technology Enablers and Options for Secondary Sharing 304 11.7.1 Cognitive Radio 304 11.7.2 Technology Options for Secondary Access 306 11.8 Economic Impact and Business Opportunities of SSA 308 11.8.1 Stakeholders and Economic of SSA 309 11.8.2 Use Cases and Business Models 310 11.9 Outlook 313 11.10 Conclusions 314 Acknowledgements 315 References 315 PART V IMPLEMENTATION 12 Cognitive Radio Networks in TV White Spaces 321 Maziar Nekovee and Dave Wisely 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Research and Development Challenges 324 12.2.1 Geolocation Databases 324 12.2.2 Sensing 327 12.2.3 Beacons 330 12.2.4 Physical Layer 330 12.2.5 System Issues 331 12.2.6 Devices 335 12.3 Regulation and Standardization 335 12.3.1 Regulation 335 12.3.2 Standardization 338 12.4 Quantifying Spectrum Opportunities 343 12.5 Commercial Use Cases 346 12.6 Conclusions 354 Acknowledgement 355 References 355 13 Cognitive Femtocell Networks 359 Faisal Tariq and Laurence S. Dooley 13.1 Introduction 359 13.2 Femtocell Network Architecture 361 13.2.1 Underlay and Overlay Architectures for Femtocell Networks 362 13.2.2 Home Femtocell and Enterprise Femtocell 366 13.2.3 Access Mechanism: Closed, Open and Hybrid Access 369 13.2.4 Possible Operating Spectrum 371 13.3 Interference Management Strategies 372 13.3.1 Cross-Tier Interference Management 373 13.3.2 Intra-Tier Interference Management 376 13.4 Self Organized Femtocell Networks (SOFN) 381 13.4.1 Self-Configuration 383 13.4.2 Self-Optimization 383 13.4.3 Self-Healing and Self-Protection 388 13.5 Future Research Directions 388 13.5.1 Green Femtocell Networks 388 13.5.2 Communication Hub for Smart Homes 389 13.5.3 MIMO-Based Interference Alignment for Femtocell Networks 389 13.5.4 Enhanced FFR 390 13.5.5 CoMP-Based Femtocell Network 391 13.5.6 Holistic Approach to SOFN 391 13.6 Conclusion 391 References 391 14 Cognitive Acoustics: A Way to Extend the Lifetime of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks 395 Lu Jin, Defeng (David) Huang, Lin Zou and Angela Ying Jun Zhang 14.1 The Concept of Cognitive Acoustics 395 14.2 Underwater Acoustic Communication Channel 397 14.2.1 Propagation Delay 397 14.2.2 Severe Attenuation 397 14.2.3 Ambient Noise 398 14.3 Some Distinct Features of Cognitive Acoustics 401 14.3.1 Purposes of Deployment 401 14.3.2 Grey Space 402 14.3.3 Cost of Field Measurement and System Deployment 402 14.4 Fundamentals of Reinforcement Learning 402 14.4.1 Markov Decision Process 402 14.4.2 Reinforcement Learning 403 14.4.3 Q-Learning 403 14.5 An Application Scenario: Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks 404 14.5.1 System Description 404 14.5.2 State Space, Action Set and Transition Probabilities 406 14.5.3 Reward Function 407 14.5.4 Routing Protocol Discussion 409 14.6 Numerical Results 410 14.7 Conclusion 414 Acknowledgements 414 References 414 15 CMOS RF Transceiver Considerations for DSA 417 Mark S. Oude Alink, Eric A.M. Klumperink, Andre B.J. Kokkeler, Gerard J.M. Smit and Bram Nauta 15.1 Introduction 417 15.1.1 Terminology 418 15.1.2 Transceivers for DSA: More than an ADC and DAC 420 15.1.3 Flexible Software-Defined Transceiver 421 15.1.4 Why CMOS Transceivers? 421 15.2 DSATransceiver Requirements 421 15.3 Mathematical Abstraction 423 15.4 Filters 426 15.4.1 Integrated Filters 426 15.4.2 External Filters 427 15.5 Receiver Considerations and Implementation 428 15.5.1 Sub-Sampling Receiver 429 15.5.2 Heterodyne Receivers 430 15.5.3 Direct-Conversion Receivers 432 15.6 Cognitive Radio Receivers 436 15.6.1 Wideband RF-Section 436 15.6.2 No External RF-Filterbank 437 15.6.3 Wideband Frequency Generation 447 15.7 Transmitter Considerations and Implementation 449 15.8 Cognitive Radio Transmitters 451 15.8.1 Improving Transmitter Linearity 451 15.8.2 Reducing Harmonic Components 452 15.8.3 The Polyphase Multipath Technique 453 15.9 Spectrum Sensing 456 15.9.1 Analogue Windowing 458 15.9.2 Channelized Receiver 459 15.9.3 Crosscorrelation Spectrum Sensing 459 15.9.4 Improved Image and Harmonic Rejection Using Crosscorrelation 461 15.10 Summary and Conclusions 462 References 462 Index 465

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an unified treatment of the problems solved by publish/subscribe, how to design and implement the solutions In this book, the author provides an insight into the publish/subscribe technology including the design, implementation, and evaluation of new systems based on the technology. The book also addresses the basic design patterns and solutions, and discusses their application in practical application scenarios. Furthermore, the author examines current standards and industry best practices as well as recent research proposals in the area. Finally, necessary content matching, filtering, and aggregation algorithms and data structures are extensively covered as well as the mechanisms needed for realizing distributed publish/subscribe across the Internet. Key Features: Addresses the basic design patterns and solutions Covers applications and example cases including; combining Publish/Subscribe with cloud, Twitter, Facebook, moTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Notes on Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Components of a Pub/Sub System 4 1.2.1 Basic System 4 1.2.2 Distribution and Overlay Networks 5 1.2.3 Agreements 6 1.2.4 The Event Loop 7 1.2.5 Basic Properties 7 1.3 A Pub/Sub Service Model 9 1.4 Distributed Pub/Sub 10 1.5 Interfaces and Operations 11 1.6 Pub/Sub Semantics for Targeted Delivery 13 1.7 Communication Techniques 15 1.8 Environments 17 1.9 History 18 1.9.1 Research Systems 19 1.9.2 Standards 22 1.9.3 Internet Technology 23 1.9.4 A Taxonomy 24 1.10 Application Areas 26 1.11 Structure of the Book 27 References 29 2 Networking and Messaging 31 2.1 Networking 31 2.1.1 Overview 31 2.1.2 Sockets, Middleware, and Applications 33 2.1.3 Naming and Addressing 34 2.1.4 Organization 35 2.1.5 Firewalls and NATs 35 2.2 Multicast 36 2.2.1 IP (Network Layer) IP-Multicast 36 2.2.2 Application-Layer Multicast 38 2.3 Reverse Path Forwarding and Routing 38 2.4 Causality and Clocks 39 2.4.1 Causal Ordering and Lamport Clocks 39 2.4.2 Vector Clocks 40 2.4.3 Total Ordering 40 2.4.4 Discussion 41 2.5 Message Passing and RPC/RMI 42 2.5.1 Store and Forward 44 2.5.2 Concurrent Message Processing 44 2.5.3 Semantics and QoS 46 2.6 Web Services 46 2.6.1 Overview 47 2.6.2 Asynchronous Processing 48 2.6.3 The Connector Model 49 2.6.4 Web Service Platform 50 2.6.5 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) 52 2.6.6 Service Composition 52 2.7 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 53 2.7.1 SIP Framework 53 2.7.2 Method Types 54 2.7.3 Establishing a Session 55 2.7.4 Extensions 55 2.8 Summary 56 References 56 3 Overlay Networks and Distributed Hash Tables 59 3.1 Overview 59 3.2 Usage 61 3.3 Consistent Hashing 62 3.4 Geometries 63 3.5 DHTs 64 3.5.1 DHT APIs 65 3.5.2 Chord 65 3.5.3 Pastry 67 3.5.4 Discussion 72 3.6 Gossip Systems 73 3.6.1 Overview 73 3.6.2 View Shuffling 75 3.6.3 Gossip for Pub/Sub 76 3.7 Summary 77 References 77 4 Principles and Patterns 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 General Pub/Sub Model 80 4.2.1 Principles and Characteristics 80 4.2.2 Message Service 82 4.2.3 General Patterns 82 4.2.4 Event Notification Patterns 82 4.3 Architectural Patterns 83 4.4 Design Patterns 85 4.4.1 Structural Patterns 85 4.4.2 Behavioural Patterns 86 4.4.3 Concurrency Patterns 86 4.5 Design Patterns for Pub/Sub 86 4.5.1 Broker 86 4.5.2 Observer 87 4.5.3 Model-View-Control (MVC) 89 4.5.4 Rendezvous Point 91 4.5.5 Handoff with Rendezvous 91 4.5.6 Client-Initiated Connection 92 4.5.7 Other Patterns 93 4.6 Event Notifier Pattern 94 4.6.1 Overview 94 4.6.2 Structure 95 4.6.3 Distributed Event Notifier 97 4.6.4 Design Considerations 98 4.7 Enterprise Integration Patterns 101 4.8 Summary 103 References 103 5 Standards and Products 105 5.1 CORBA Event Service 105 5.2 CORBA Notification Service and Channel Management 106 5.3 OMG Data Distribution Service (DDS) 109 5.3.1 Overview 110 5.3.2 QoS Policies 111 5.3.3 Real-Time Communications 111 5.3.4 Applications 112 5.4 SIP Event Framework 113 5.5 Java Delegation Event Model 114 5.6 Java Distributed Event Model 114 5.7 Java Message Service (JMS) 115 5.7.1 Two Communication Models 116 5.7.2 Message Types and Selection 117 5.7.3 JMS Process 118 5.7.4 Message Delivery 120 5.7.5 Transactions 121 5.7.6 Advanced Issues 121 5.7.7 JMS in Java EE and Implementations 121 5.8 TibCo Rendezvous 122 5.9 COM+ and .NET 123 5.10 Websphere MQ 125 5.10.1 Overview 125 5.10.2 Pub/Sub in WebSphere MQ 126 5.11 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) 127 5.12 MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 129 5.13 Summary 130 References 132 6 Web Technology 133 6.1 REST 133 6.2 AJAX 134 6.3 RSS and Atom 135 6.4 SOAP 137 6.5 XMPP 139 6.6 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 140 6.7 W3C DOM Events 141 6.8 WS-Eventing and WS-Notification 142 6.9 Summary 143 References 143 7 Distributed Publish/Subscribe 145 7.1 Overview 145 7.2 Filtering Content 148 7.3 Routing Function 150 7.4 Topic-Based Routing 153 7.4.1 Mechanisms 154 7.4.2 Channelization Problem 154 7.4.3 Distributed Overlay with Many Topics 155 7.4.4 Dynamic Clustering in Topic-Based Pub/Sub 155 7.4.5 Summary 155 7.5 Filter-Based Routing 155 7.6 Content-Based Routing 157 7.6.1 Addressing Model 158 7.6.2 Propagating Routing Information 159 7.6.3 Routing Behaviour: Subscriptions 160 7.6.4 Routing Behaviour: Advertisements 161 7.6.5 Routing Tables 162 7.6.6 Forwarding 163 7.6.7 Performance Issues 164 7.6.8 A Generalized Broker with Advertisements 164 7.7 Rendezvous-Based Routing 166 7.8 Routing Invariants 167 7.8.1 Configurations 167 7.8.2 Pub/Sub Configurations 168 7.8.3 False Positives and Negatives 169 7.8.4 Weakly Valid Routing Configuration 169 7.8.5 Mobility-Safety 170 7.8.6 Stabilization and Eventual Correctness 170 7.8.7 Soft State 171 7.9 Summary 172 References 174 8 Matching Content Against Constraints 177 8.1 Overview 177 8.2 Matching Techniques 178 8.3 Filter Preliminaries 180 8.4 The Counting Algorithm 181 8.4.1 Overview 182 8.4.2 Algorithms 183 8.5 Matching with Posets 186 8.5.1 Poset Preliminaries 187 8.5.2 SIENA Poset 188 8.5.3 Poset-Derived Forest 191 8.5.4 Matching Events 192 8.6 Tree Matcher 193 8.7 XFilter and YFilter 194 8.8 Bloom Filters 196 8.8.1 Definition 197 8.8.2 Summary Subscriptions 198 8.8.3 Multicast Forwarding 198 8.8.4 Content-Based Forwarding 198 8.8.5 Multi-Level Bloom Filters 200 8.9 Summary 200 References 202 9 Research Solutions 205 9.1 Gryphon 205 9.2 The Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) 207 9.3 Scalable Internet Event Notification Architecture (SIENA) 208 9.3.1 Event Namespace 209 9.3.2 Routing 209 9.3.3 Forwarding 210 9.3.4 Mobility Support 211 9.3.5 CBCB Routing Scheme 211 9.4 Elvin 213 9.4.1 Clustering 213 9.4.2 Federation 214 9.4.3 Quench 214 9.4.4 Mobile Support 214 9.4.5 Nondestructive Notification Receipt 215 9.5 JEDI 215 9.6 PADRES 217 9.6.1 Modular Design 217 9.6.2 Load Balancing 218 9.6.3 Composite Events 218 9.7 REDS 219 9.8 GREEN 220 9.9 Rebeca 220 9.10 XSIENA and StreamMine 221 9.11 Fuego Event Service 222 9.11.1 Fuego Middleware 222 9.11.2 Event Service 223 9.11.3 Filtering 224 9.11.4 Client-Side API 224 9.11.5 Event Router 224 9.11.6 Data Structures for Content-Based Routing 225 9.12 STEAM 227 9.13 ECho and JECho 227 9.14 DHT-Based Systems 228 9.14.1 Scribe 228 9.14.2 Bayeux and Tapestry 230 9.14.3 Hermes 231 9.14.4 Other Systems 233 9.15 Summary 234 References 235 10 IR-Style Document Dissemination in DHTs 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Data Model and Problem Statement 240 10.2.1 Data Model 240 10.2.2 Problem Statement and Challenges 241 10.3 STAIRS: Threshold-Based Document Filtering in DHTs 242 10.3.1 Overview of DHT-Based P2P Networks 242 10.3.2 Solution Framework 242 10.3.3 Document Forwarding Algorithm 244 10.4 Recent Progress and Discussion 246 10.4.1 Recent Progress 246 10.4.2 Discussion 247 10.5 Summary 248 References 248 11 Advanced Topics 251 11.1 Security 251 11.1.1 Overview 251 11.1.2 Security Threats 252 11.1.3 Security Issues in Pub/Sub Networks 253 11.1.4 EventGuard 254 11.1.5 QUIP 255 11.1.6 Hermes 255 11.1.7 Encrypting Attributes 257 11.1.8 Privacy 257 11.2 Composite Subscriptions 258 11.3 Filter Merging 260 11.4 Load Balancing 263 11.5 Content-Based Channelization 265 11.6 Reconfiguration 266 11.6.1 Middleware Component Reconfiguration 267 11.6.2 Topology Reconfiguration with Failures and Mobile Brokers 267 11.6.3 Self-Organizing Pub/Sub with Clustering 269 11.7 Mobility Support 270 11.7.1 Generic Pub/Sub Mobility 272 11.7.2 Graph Based Mobility with Optimizations 274 11.8 Congestion Control 277 11.8.1 Rate-Control Using Posets 277 11.8.2 Explicit Signalling 279 11.8.3 Rerouting to Avoid Congestion 279 11.9 Evaluation of Pub/Sub Systems 280 11.10 Summary 282 References 283 12 Applications 287 12.1 Cloud Computing 287 12.1.1 Pub/Sub for Cloud 288 12.1.2 The Windows Azure AppFabric Service Bus 288 12.1.3 Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) 291 12.1.4 PubNub 291 12.2 SOA and XML Brokering 292 12.3 Facebook Services 294 12.3.1 Facebook Messages 294 12.3.2 Facebook Chat and Messenger 295 12.4 PubSubHubbub 297 12.5 Complex Event Processing (CEP) 299 12.6 Online Advertisement 301 12.7 Online Multiplayer Games 303 12.8 Apple Push Notification Service (APNS) 303 12.9 Internet of Things 304 12.10 Summary 305 References 306 13 Clean-Slate Datacentric Pub/Sub Networking 309 13.1 Datacentric Communication Model 309 13.1.1 Naming of Data 310 13.1.2 Content Security 312 13.2 CCN 314 13.2.1 CCN Node Operation 314 13.2.2 CCN Transport Model 315 13.2.3 Interest Routing 316 13.3 PSIRP/PURSUIT 317 13.4 Internet Interdomain Structure 318 13.4.1 Policy Routing Problem 320 13.4.2 PURSUIT Global Rendezvous 321 13.5 Summary 323 References 325 14 Conclusions 327 Index 333

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Book SynopsisTaking a coherent and logical approach, this book describes the potential use of co-ordinated multipoint systems supported by radio over fiber. It covers an impressive breadth of topics, ranging from components, subsystem and system architecture, to network management and business perspectives.Trade Review“The book will be very useful for specialists in optical communications.” (Optics & Photonics News, 3 May 2013) Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1 Background and Introduction 1 Paulo P. Monteiro, Atýlio Gameiro and Nathan J. Gomes 1.1 The Trends and Challenges to Achieving 4G Wireless 2 1.2 The FUTON Concept for Next-Generation Distributed and Heterogeneous Radio Architectures 8 1.3 Overview of this Book 12 2 Trends inWireless Communications 17 Aarne Mammela, Mika Lasanen and Jarno Pinola 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Basic Transmission Problems and Solutions 18 2.3 Regulation and Standardization 37 2.4 Conclusions 41 3 System Concepts for the Central Processing of Signals 47 Atýlio Gameiro and Daniel Castanheira 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Wireless Trends 48 3.3 Architecture Options 51 3.4 The Global Centralized Architecture 52 3.5 FUTON Scenarios 55 3.6 The Optical Infrastructure 58 3.7 Conclusions 60 4 Introduction to Radio over Fiber 61 Nathan J. Gomes and David Wake 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 The Concept of a Radio over Fiber System 62 4.3 Categories of Radio over Fiber Systems 64 4.4 Performance of Radio over Fiber Systems 72 4.5 Applications of Radio over Fiber Technology 79 4.6 Conclusions 84 5 Radio over Fiber System Design for Distributed Broadband Wireless Systems 91 David Wake and Nathan J. Gomes 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Radio over Fiber Link Design Issues 93 5.3 Example Link Design 97 5.4 Analog or Digital Transmission? 108 5.5 Conclusions 110 6 Optical Network Architectures for the Support of Future Wireless Systems 113 Sýlvia Pato and Jo~ao Pedro 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Using PONs to Support Radio over Fiber Services 114 6.3 Candidate Architectures 117 6.4 Power-Loss Budget Analysis 122 6.5 Comparative Economic Analysis 128 6.6 Support of Legacy Systems 130 6.7 Conclusions 131 7 Optical Transmitters for Low-Cost Broadband Transport 133 Guilhem de Valicourt, Romain Brenot, Frederic Van Dijk and Guanghua Duan 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Basics of Semiconductor Lasers and Reflective SOAs 133 7.3 Semiconductor Lasers for Radio over Fiber Applications 139 7.4 Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 148 7.5 Conclusions 157 8 Algorithms for Coordinated Multipoint Techniques 159 Fabian Diehm, Mohamed Kamoun and Gerhard Fettweis 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Basic Ideas about CoMP 160 8.3 CoMP in Cellular Systems: Benefits and Practical Design 163 8.4 Numerical Illustrations of CoMP Concepts 169 8.5 CoMP in the FUTON System Concept 174 8.6 The FUTON Prototype: CoMP with the FUTON RoF Architecture 177 8.7 Conclusions 186 9 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling 191 Ilkka Harjula, Mikko Hiivala, Vinay Uday Prabhu, Dimitris Toumpakaris and Huiling Zhu 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Low-Complexity Chunk-Based Resource Allocation for the Downlink 192 9.3 Modified MAC-Aware Per-User Unitary Rate Control Scheme 197 9.4 Channel Estimation Based on Superimposed Pilots 201 9.5 Conclusions 209 10 Compensation of Impairments in the Radio over Fiber Infrastructure 211 Atso Hekkala, Mika Lasanen, Mikko Hiivala, Luis Vieira, Nathan J. Gomes, Vincent Kotzsch and Gerhard Fettweis 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 Compensation Techniques for RoF Links 212 10.3 RoF Link Model 214 10.4 Distortion Compensation Algorithms and Architectures 222 10.5 Distortion Compensation Analyses, Simulations and Measurements 227 10.6 Impact of Timing Delays in Centralized Distributed Antenna Systems 232 10.7 Conclusions 243 11 Radio over Fiber Network Management 247 Carlos Santiago, Bodhisattwa Gangopadhyay and ArturArsenio 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Overview of RoF Management Systems 248 11.3 RoF Manager Architecture 251 11.4 Interoperation of RoF Manager and Middleware 256 11.5 Conclusions 262 12 System-Level Evaluation 265 Ramiro Samano-Robles and Atýlio Gameiro 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 System-Level Simulation of Wireless Networks and DAS 269 12.3 The FUTON System-Level Simulator 272 12.4 Radio Resource Management Implementation for the DBWS 285 12.5 Results of the Simulation 286 12.6 Conclusions 289 13 Business Evaluation and Perspectives 291 George Agapiou, Vitor Sim~oes Ribeiro, Angela Maria Ferro Venturi, Silmar Freire Palmeira and A. Manuel de Oliveira Duarte 13.1 Introduction 291 13.2 Evolution of Services in Advanced Access Technologies 292 13.3 Business Model Description 293 13.4 Business Plan 294 13.5 Market Characterization 296 13.6 Modeling the Business Plan 297 13.7 Deployment Models 304 13.8 Conclusions 312 14 Summary and Conclusions 313 Paulo P. Monteiro, Atýlio Gameiro and Nathan J. Gomes 14.1 Introduction 313 14.2 Main Achievements of the FUTON Project 313 14.3 Technical Benefits 314 14.4 Business Benefits 315 14.5 Business Vision 315 References 316 Index 317

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Book SynopsisOur society increasingly depends on computer-based systems; the number of applications deployed has increased dramatically in recent years and this trend is accelerating. Many of these applications are expected to provide their services continuously. The Service Availability Forum has recognized this need and developed a set of specifications to help software designers and developers to focus on the value added function of applications, leaving the availability management functions for the middleware. A practical and informative reference for the Service Availability Forum specifications, this book gives a cohesive explanation of the founding principles, motivation behind the design of the specifications, and the solutions, usage scenarios and limitations that a final system may have. Avoiding complex mathematical explanations, the book takes a pragmatic approach by discussing issues that are as close as possible to the daily software design/development by practitioners, and yet atTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Part I INTRODUCTION TO SERVICE AVAILABILITY 1 Definitions, Concepts, and Principles 3 Francis Tam 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Why Service Availability? 4 1.2.1 Dossier on Unavailability of Service 4 1.2.2 Issues and Challenges 5 1.3 Service Availability Fundamentals 6 1.3.1 System, Behavior, and Service 6 1.3.2 Dependable Computing Concepts 8 1.3.3 The Meaning of Availability 10 1.4 Achieving Service Availability 13 1.4.1 Following the Framework of Fault Tolerance 13 1.4.2 Redundancy is a Requisite 14 1.4.3 Dealing with Failures 16 1.4.4 Upgrade Matters 19 1.5 Conclusion 20 2 The Birth of the Service Availability Forum 23 Francis Tam 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Technology Environment 23 2.3 Business Environment 24 2.3.1 Ecosystem 25 2.3.2 COTS and Open Systems 26 2.4 The Service Availability Forum Era 27 2.5 Concluding Remarks 28 Part II THE SA FORUM SYSTEM: SERVICES AND FRAMEWORKS 3 Overview of the Service Availability Architecture 33 Dave Penkler 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Background and Business Context 33 3.1.2 Goals and Requirements 34 3.1.3 Service Availability Architecture Scope and Presentation 36 3.2 HA Concepts Applied 39 3.2.1 To Be or Not to Be High Availability Aware 39 3.2.2 HA Aware Application Perspective 42 3.3 Architecture 43 3.3.1 Basic Architectural Model 43 3.3.2 The AIS Services and Frameworks Architecture 47 3.3.3 Service Dependencies 58 3.4 Open Issues 59 3.4.1 The Optional Features Issue 60 3.4.2 Integrated AIS Service API 60 3.4.3 Common Low Level Communication Facility Interface 60 3.4.4 Common Distributed Process Management Interface 61 3.4.5 System Trace Service 61 3.4.6 Diagnostics Framework 61 3.4.7 Overload Control Framework 61 3.5 Conclusion 62 4 The SA Forum Information Model: The Heart of Control and Monitoring 63 Maria Toeroe 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Background 64 4.2.1 Management Models Out There 64 4.2.2 The SA Forum Needs 65 4.3 The SA Forum Information Model 67 4.3.1 Overview of the SA Forum Solution 67 4.3.2 Administrative and Management Aspects 80 4.3.3 Application Information Models 81 4.3.4 Open Issues and Recommendations 81 4.4 Conclusion 83 5 Consistent and High Level Platform View 85 Maria Toeroe 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Hardware Platform Interface 86 5.2.1 Background 86 5.2.2 Overview of the Hardware Platform Interface 87 5.2.3 The HPI Model 88 5.2.4 HPI Capability Discovery 93 5.2.5 Error Handling and Administrative Operations 94 5.2.6 Open Issues and Conclusions 95 5.3 Platform Management Service 96 5.3.1 The Conception of PLM 96 5.3.2 Overview of the SA Forum Platform Management 97 5.3.3 The PLM Information Model 98 5.3.4 Tracking of PLM Entities 107 5.3.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 110 5.3.6 Service Interaction 118 5.3.7 Open Issues and Conclusions 120 5.4 Cluster Membership Service 121 5.4.1 Background 121 5.4.2 Overview of the Cluster Membership Service 122 5.4.3 CLM Configuration: The Bootstrap Trap 125 5.4.4 Are You a Member? 126 5.4.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 127 5.4.6 Service Interaction 129 5.4.7 Open Issues 130 5.4.8 Recommendation 131 5.5 Conclusion 131 6 Model Based Availability Management: The Availability Management Framework 133 Maria Toeroe 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Background 134 6.2.1 Error Detection and Repair 134 6.2.2 Fault Zones and Error Escalation 135 6.2.3 Separation of Services from Serving Entities 136 6.2.4 Service Provisioning Roles 136 6.2.5 Delicacies of Service State Replication 137 6.3 The Availability Management Framework 138 6.3.1 Overview of the SA Forum Solution 138 6.3.2 Components and Component Service Instances 139 6.3.3 The AMF Information Model 148 6.3.4 Redundancy Models 167 6.3.5 The AMF Administrative Interface 176 6.3.6 Interactions Between AMF and Other AIS Services 187 6.3.7 Open Issues 190 6.3.8 Recommendation 191 6.4 Conclusion 191 7 Communication and Synchronization Utilities 193 Maria Toeroe and Sayandeb Saha 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Event Service 194 7.2.1 Background: Event Service Issues, Controversies, and Problems 194 7.2.2 Overview of the SA Forum Event Service 195 7.2.3 Event Service Architecture and Model 196 7.2.4 User Perspective 200 7.2.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 201 7.2.6 Service Interactions 201 7.2.7 Open Issues and Recommendations 202 7.3 Message Service 202 7.3.1 Need for Reliability and Load Distribution 202 7.3.2 Overview of the SA Forum Message Service 203 7.3.3 Message Service Architecture and Model 205 7.3.4 User Perspective 207 7.3.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 210 7.3.6 Service Interaction 210 7.3.7 Open Issues and Recommendations 211 7.4 Checkpoint Service 212 7.4.1 Background: Why Checkpoints 212 7.4.2 Overview of the SA Forum Checkpoint Service 213 7.4.3 Checkpoint Service Model 215 7.4.4 User Perspective 217 7.4.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 220 7.4.6 Service Interaction 221 7.4.7 Open Issues 222 7.4.8 Recommendation 222 7.5 Conclusion 223 7.5.1 Common Issue: Entity Names 223 7.5.2 Conclusion 223 8 Services Needed for System Management 227 Maria Toeroe 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Log Service 228 8.2.1 Background: Data, Data, and More Data 228 8.2.2 Overview of the SA Forum Solution 229 8.2.3 The LOG Information Model 231 8.2.4 User Perspective 232 8.2.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 233 8.2.6 Service Interaction 233 8.2.7 Open Issues and Recommendations 235 8.3 Notification Service 236 8.3.1 Background: Issues, Controversies, and Problems 236 8.3.2 Overview of the SA Forum Notification Service 237 8.3.3 User Perspective 239 8.3.4 Correlation of Notifications 241 8.3.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 243 8.3.6 Service Interaction 244 8.3.7 Open Issues and Recommendation 246 8.4 Information Model Management Service 247 8.4.1 Background: Issues, Controversies, and Problems 247 8.4.2 Overview of the SA Forum IMM Solution 249 8.4.3 The Object Manager API 251 8.4.4 The Object Implementer API 255 8.4.5 IMM XML File 258 8.4.6 Administrative and Management Aspects 258 8.4.7 Service Interaction 258 8.4.8 Open Issues 260 8.4.9 Recommendation 261 8.5 Conclusion 262 9 Model-Based Software Management: The Software Management Framework 265 Maria Toeroe 9.1 Introduction 265 9.2 Background 266 9.3 Software Management a la Carte 268 9.3.1 Overview of the SA Forum Solution 268 9.3.2 Entity Types File: Is It Eaten or Drunk by SMF? 271 9.3.3 The Upgrade Campaign and Its Specification 273 9.3.4 Upgrade Campaign Execution Status and Failure Handling 279 9.3.5 Administrative and Management Aspects 285 9.3.6 User Perspective 288 9.3.7 Service Interaction 289 9.3.8 Open Issues 291 9.3.9 Recommendation 292 9.4 Conclusion 294 10 Combining the Services 297 Maria Toeroe 10.1 Introduction 297 10.2 Application Design and Development 297 10.3 Application Platform Design 299 10.4 Operation and Maintenance 301 Part III SA FORUM MIDDLEWARE IN ACTION 11 SA Forum Programming Model and API Conventions 305 Francis Tam 11.1 Introduction 305 11.2 Programming Model 306 11.2.1 AIS Area Service Interfaces 306 11.2.2 Real-Time Support 306 11.2.3 Naming Conventions and Type Definitions 308 11.2.4 Usage Model and Library Life Cycle 309 11.2.5 Tracking 311 11.3 Making Sense of the API Specifications 312 11.3.1 Structure of Service API Specification 314 11.3.2 Administration API 315 11.4 Practical Topics 316 11.4.1 Interacting with POSIX 316 11.4.2 Allocating and Freeing Memory 319 11.4.3 Handling Pointers 319 11.4.4 Finding Out Implementation Limits 320 11.4.5 When an Area Service is Unavailable 321 11.4.6 Backward Compatibility 322 11.5 Concluding Remarks 322 12 SA Forum Java Mappings: Specifications, Usage, and Experience 325 Robert Hyerle and Jens Jensen 12.1 Introduction 325 12.2 Background 325 12.2.1 Early Exploration of Java Mappings in Hewlett–Packard 325 12.2.2 Java in Ericsson 326 12.2.3 The SA Forum Java Mapping Initiative 327 12.3 Understanding the Java Mappings 328 12.3.1 Java Application Integration Architecture 328 12.3.2 Naming 329 12.3.3 Package Structure 330 12.3.4 The Underlying Objects 330 12.3.5 Types 331 12.3.6 Parameters, Exceptions, and Method Signatures 332 12.3.7 Factories, Callbacks, and Life-cycles 333 12.3.8 Callbacks and the Selection Object in Java 334 12.4 Using the Java Mappings 335 12.4.1 Integrating AIS Services with Java Applications 335 12.4.2 Integrating AIS Services with Containerized Java Applications 342 12.4.3 AIS Services in Mixed Language and Mixed Implementation Environments 343 12.5 Going Further 343 12.5.1 The Java Mapping Roadmap 343 12.5.2 Related Java Standards and Other References 344 13 SA Forum Middleware Implementations 347 Mario Angelic and Ulrich Kleber 13.1 Introduction 347 13.1.1 OpenHPI 347 13.1.2 OpenSAF 348 13.2 The OpenHPI Project 348 13.2.1 Overview of the OpenHPI Solution 348 13.2.2 User Perspective 351 13.2.3 OpenHPI Tools 353 13.2.4 Open Issues and Recommendations 354 13.3 The OpenSAF Project 355 13.3.1 Background 355 13.3.2 OpenSAF Architecture 356 13.3.3 SA Forum Compliant Services 360 13.3.4 OpenSAF Infrastructure Services 364 13.3.5 Managing OpenSAF 365 13.3.6 Deploying OpenSAF 367 13.4 Conclusion 368 14 Integration of the VideoLAN Client with OpenSAF: An Example 371 Anik Mishra and Ali Kanso 14.1 Introduction 371 14.2 Going Under the Hood: The VLC Workflow 372 14.3 Integrating VLC with OpenSAF 373 14.3.1 Nonproxied-Non-SA-Aware Integration 374 14.3.2 SA-Aware VLC Integration 379 14.3.3 SA-Aware VLC with Service Continuity 384 14.4 Summary and Conclusion 387 15 Migration Paths for Legacy Applications 391 Mario Angelic 15.1 Introduction 391 15.2 Reasons for Migration 392 15.2.1 Benefits for System Owners 392 15.2.2 Benefits for ISVs 392 15.3 Integration Criteria 393 15.3.1 Main Factors 393 15.3.2 Easy Management 394 15.3.3 Streamlined Architecture 396 15.3.4 Code Quality 397 15.3.5 Integration Levels 397 15.4 How to Migrate 399 15.4.1 Availability Integration 399 15.4.2 Manageability Integration 409 15.5 Open Issues 413 15.6 Conclusion 413 16 Overcoming Complexity: Formal Modeling Techniques at the Rescue 415 Maria Toeroe and Ferhat Khendek 16.1 Introduction 415 16.2 Background 416 16.2.1 The Model-Based Approach 416 16.2.2 Starting Points in the Specifications 417 16.3 Model-Based Software Management 419 16.3.1 Configuration Model 419 16.3.2 Configuration Generation 420 16.3.3 Upgrade Campaign Generation 424 16.3.4 Analytical Models and How They Can Help 427 16.4 Conclusion 428 17 Conclusion 431 17.1 Summary 431 17.2 The Future 433 References 435 Index 443

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Book SynopsisProvides coverage of the major theories and technologies involved in the lifecycle of 3D video content delivery Presenting the technologies used in end-to-end 3D video communication systems, this reference covers 3D graphics and video coding, content creation and display, and communications and networking.Table of ContentsPreface ix About the Authors xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why 3D Communications? 1 1.2 End-to-End 3D Visual Ecosystem 3 1.3 3D Visual Communications 10 1.4 Challenges and Opportunities 11 References 15 2 3D Graphics and Rendering 17 2.1 3DTV Content Processing Procedure 19 2.2 3D Scene Representation with Explicit Geometry – Geometry Based Representation 22 2.3 3D Scene Representation without Geometry – Image-Based Representation 43 2.4 3D Scene Representation with Implicit Geometry – Depth-Image-Based Representation 51 References 57 3 3D Display Systems 63 3.1 Depth Cues and Applications to 3D Display 63 3.2 Stereoscopic Display 65 3.3 Autostereoscopic Display 71 3.4 Multi-View System 78 3.5 Recent Advances in Hologram System Study 83 References 84 4 3D Content Creation 85 4.1 3D Scene Modeling and Creation 85 4.2 3D Content Capturing 87 4.3 2D-to-3D Video Conversion 101 4.4 3D Multi-View Generation 125 References 126 5 3D Video Coding and Standards 129 5.1 Fundamentals of Video Coding 129 5.2 Two-View Stereo Video Coding 142 5.3 Frame-Compatible Stereo Coding 144 5.4 Video Plus Depth Coding 148 5.5 Multiple View Coding 156 5.6 Multi-View Video Plus Depth (MVD) Video 160 5.7 Layered Depth Video (LDV) 163 5.8 MPEG-4 BIFS and AFX 165 5.9 Free-View Point Video 166 References 167 6 Communication Networks 171 6.1 IP Networks 171 6.2 Wireless Communications 174 6.3 Wireless Networking 193 6.4 4G Standards and Systems 193 References 203 7 Quality of Experience 205 7.1 3D Artifacts 205 7.2 QoE Measurement 220 7.3 QoE Oriented System Design 247 References 250 8 3D Video over Networks 259 8.1 Transmission-Induced Error 259 8.2 Error Resilience 267 8.3 Error Concealment 270 8.4 Unequal Error Protection 275 8.5 Multiple Description Coding 279 8.6 Cross-Layer Design 282 References 286 9 3D Applications 289 9.1 Glass-Less Two-View Systems 289 9.2 3D Capture and Display Systems 291 9.3 Two-View Gaming Systems 294 9.4 3D Mobile 298 9.5 Augmented Reality 302 References 309 10 Advanced 3D Video Streaming Applications 313 10.1 Rate Control in Adaptive Streaming 313 10.2 Multi-View Video View Switching 321 10.3 Peer-to-Peer 3D Video Streaming 325 10.4 3D Video Broadcasting 328 10.5 3D Video over 4G Networks 329 References 331 Index 335

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Book SynopsisPhysics of Energy Sourcesprovides readers with a balanced presentation of the fundamental physics needed to understand and analyze conventional and renewable energy sources including nuclear, solar, wind and water power. It also presents various ways in which energy can be stored for future use.Table of ContentsEditors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xiAuthor’s preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Energy consumption 11.2 Energy sources 31.3 Renewable and non-renewable energy sources 51.4 The form and conversion of energy 61.4.1 Thermal energy sources 71.4.2 Mechanical energy sources 71.4.3 Photovoltaic sources 71.4.4 Energy storage 8Problems 1 92 The atomic nucleus 112.1 The composition and properties of nuclei 122.1.1 The composition of nuclei 122.1.2 The size of a nucleus 142.1.3 The distributions of nuclear matter and charge 192.1.4 The mass of a nucleus 212.1.5 The charge of a nucleus 242.1.6 Nuclear binding energy 272.1.7 Binding energy curve of the nuclides 302.1.8 The semi-empirical mass formula 322.2 Nuclear forces and energies 352.2.1 Characteristics of the nuclear force 352.2.2 Nuclear energies 362.2.3 Quantum mechanical description of a particle in a potential well 392.3 Radioactivity and nuclear stability 472.3.1 Segré chart of the stable nuclides 482.3.2 Decay laws of radioactivity 492.3.3 α, β and γ decay 57Problems 2 673 Nuclearpower 713.1 How to get energy from the nucleus 713.2 Nuclear reactions 733.2.1 Nuclear reactions 733.2.2 Q-value of a nuclear reaction 743.2.3 Reaction cross-sections and reaction rates 763.3 Nuclear fission 823.3.1 Liquid-drop model of nuclear fission 833.3.2 Induced nuclear fission 863.3.3 Fission cross-sections 873.3.4 Fission reactions and products 883.3.5 Energy in fission 903.3.6 Moderation of fast neutrons 923.3.7 Uranium enrichment 933.4 Controlled fission reactions 973.4.1 Chain reactions 973.4.2 Control of fission reactions 1013.4.3 Fission reactors 1033.4.4 Commercial nuclear reactors 1053.4.5 Nuclear waste 1073.5 Nuclear fusion 1093.5.1 Fusion reactions 1103.5.2 Energy in fusion 1113.5.3 Coulomb barrier for nuclear fusion 1133.5.4 Fusion reaction rates 1133.5.5 Performance criteria 1153.5.6 Controlled thermonuclear fusion 117Problems 3 1234 Solar power 1274.1 Stellar fusion 1284.1.1 Star formation and evolution 1284.1.2 Thermonuclear fusion in the Sun: the proton–proton cycle 1314.1.3 Solar radiation 1324.2 Blackbody radiation 1344.2.1 Laws of blackbody radiation 1354.2.2 Emissivity 1374.2.3 Birth of the photon 1414.3 Solar radiation and its interaction with the Earth 1454.3.1 Characteristics of solar radiation 1454.3.2 Interaction of solar radiation with Earth and its atmosphere 1474.3.3 Penetration of solar energy into the ground 1554.4 Geothermal energy 1594.4.1 Shallow geothermal energy 1604.4.2 Deep geothermal energy 1614.5 Solar heaters 1624.5.1 Solar water heaters 1624.5.2 Heat transfer processes 1654.5.3 Solar thermal power systems 1724.6 Heat engines: converting heat into work 1744.6.1 Equation of state of an ideal gas 1754.6.2 Internal energy, work and heat: the first law of thermodynamics 1774.6.3 Specific heats of gases 1814.6.4 Isothermal and adiabatic expansion 1834.6.5 Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics 185Problems 4 1965 Semiconductor solar cells 2015.1 Introduction 2015.2 Semiconductors 2045.2.1 The band structure of crystalline solids 2045.2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors 2085.3 The p–n junction 2145.3.1 The p–n junction in equilibrium 2145.3.2 The biased p–n junction 2175.3.3 The current–voltage characteristic of a p–n junction 2195.3.4 Electron and hole concentrations in a semiconductor 2225.3.5 The Fermi energy in a p–n junction 2275.4 Semiconductor solar cells 2295.4.1 Photon absorption at a p–n junction 2295.4.2 Power generation by a solar cell 2315.4.3 Maximum power delivery from a solar cell 2355.4.4 The Shockley–Queisser limit 2385.4.5 Solar cell construction 2405.4.6 Increasing the efficiency of solar cells and alternative solar cell materials 243Problems 5 2486 Windpower 2516.1 A brief history of wind power 2516.2 Origin and directions of the wind 2536.2.1 The Coriolis force 2536.3 The flow of ideal fluids 2566.3.1 The continuity equation 2576.3.2 Bernoulli’s equation 2586.4 Extraction of wind power by a turbine 2636.4.1 The Betz criterion 2656.4.2 Action of wind turbine blades 2686.5 Wind turbine design and operation 2716.6 Siting of a wind turbine 277Problems 6 2807 Water power 2837.1 Hydroelectric power 2847.1.1 The hydroelectric plant and its principles of operation 2847.1.2 Flow of a viscous fluid in a pipe 2867.1.3 Hydroelectric turbines 2887.2 Wave power 2917.2.1 Wave motion 2927.2.2 Water waves 3067.2.3 Wave energy converters 3197.3 Tidal power 3247.3.1 Origin of the tides 3257.3.2 Variation and enhancement of tidal range 3357.3.3 Harnessing tidal power 341Problems 7 3468 Energy storage 3498.1 Types of energy storage 3508.2 Chemical energy storage 3518.2.1 Biological energy storage 3518.2.2 Hydrogen energy storage 3518.3 Thermal energy storage 3528.4 Mechanical energy storage 3558.4.1 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage 3558.4.2 Compressed air energy storage 3578.4.3 Flywheel energy storage 3618.5 Electrical energy storage 3648.5.1 Capacitors and super-capacitors 3658.5.2 Superconducting magnetic storage 3678.5.3 Rechargeable batteries 3688.5.4 Fuel cells 3708.6 Distribution of electrical power 372Problems 8 374Solutions to problems 377Index 397

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and in-depth review of analog circuit layout, schematic architecture, device, power network and ESD design This book will provide a balanced overview of analog circuit design layout,analog circuit schematic development, architecture of chips,and ESD design. It will start at an introductory level and will bring the reader right up to the state-of-the-art. Two critical design aspects for analog and power integrated circuits are combined. The first design aspect covers analog circuit design techniques to achieve the desired circuit performance. The second and main aspect presents the additional challenges associated with the design of adequate and effective ESD protection elements and schemes. A comprehensive list of practical application examples is used to demonstrate the successful combination of both techniques and any potential design trade-offs. Chapter One looks at analog design discipline, including layout and analog matching and analTable of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Analog, ESD, and EOS 1 1.1 ESD in Analog Design 1 1.2 Analog Design Discipline and ESD Circuit Techniques 2 1.2.1 Analog Design: Local Matching 3 1.2.2 Analog Design: Global Matching 3 1.2.3 Symmetry 3 1.2.3.1 Layout Symmetry 4 1.2.3.2 Thermal Symmetry 4 1.2.4 Analog Design: Across Chip Linewidth Variation 4 1.3 Design Symmetry and ESD 5 1.4 ESD Design Synthesis and Architecture Flow 6 1.5 ESD Design and Noise 7 1.6 ESD Design Concepts: Adjacency 8 1.7 Electrical Overstress 8 1.7.1 Electrical Overcurrent 10 1.7.2 Electrical Overvoltage 11 1.7.3 Electrical Overstress Events 11 1.7.3.1 Characteristic Time Response 11 1.7.4 Comparison of EOS versus ESD Waveforms 13 1.8 Reliability Technology Scaling and the Reliability Bathtub Curve 13 1.8.1 The Shrinking Reliability Design Box 14 1.8.2 Application Voltage, Trigger Voltage, and Absolute Maximum Voltage 14 1.9 Safe Operating Area 15 1.9.1 Electrical Safe Operating Area 16 1.9.2 Thermal Safe Operating Area (T-SOA) 16 1.9.3 Transient Safe Operating Area 16 1.10 Closing Comments and Summary 17 References 18 2 Analog Design Layout 19 2.1 Analog Design Layout Revisited 19 2.1.1 Analog Design: Local Matching 20 2.1.2 Analog Design: Global Matching 21 2.1.3 Symmetry 21 2.1.4 Layout Design Symmetry 21 2.1.5 Thermal Symmetry 22 2.2 Common Centroid Design 22 2.2.1 Common Centroid Arrays 22 2.2.2 One-Axis Common Centroid Design 22 2.2.3 Two-Axis Common Centroid Design 23 2.3 Interdigitation Design 24 2.4 Common Centroid and Interdigitation Design 24 2.5 Passive Element Design 25 2.6 Resistor Element Design 25 2.6.1 Resistor Element Design: Dogbone Layout 25 2.6.2 Resistor Design: Analog Interdigitated Layout 26 2.6.3 Dummy Resistor Layout 26 2.6.4 Thermoelectric Cancellation Layout 27 2.6.5 Electrostatic Shield 28 2.6.6 Interdigitated Resistors and ESD Parasitics 28 2.7 Capacitor Element Design 29 2.8 Inductor Element Design 30 2.9 Diode Design 33 2.10 MOSFET Design 35 2.11 Bipolar Transistor Design 36 2.12 Closing Comments and Summary 36 References 37 3 Analog Design Circuits 39 3.1 Analog Circuits 39 3.2 Single-Ended Receivers 40 3.2.1 Single-Ended Receivers 40 3.2.2 Schmitt Trigger Receivers 41 3.3 Differential Receivers 41 3.4 Comparators 43 3.5 Current Sources 43 3.6 Current Mirrors 44 3.6.1 Widlar Current Mirror 44 3.6.2 Wilson Current Mirror 45 3.7 Voltage Regulators 46 3.7.1 Buck Converters 46 3.7.2 Boost Converters 46 3.7.3 Buck–Boost Converters 47 3.7.4 Cuk Converters 48 3.8 Voltage Reference Circuits 49 3.8.1 Brokaw Bandgap Voltage Reference 49 3.9 Converters 49 3.9.1 Analog-to-Digital Converter 50 3.9.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters 50 3.10 Oscillators 50 3.11 Phase Lock Loop 50 3.12 Delay Locked Loop 50 3.13 Closing Comments and Summary 52 References 52 4 Analog ESD Circuits 55 4.1 Analog ESD Devices and Circuits 55 4.2 ESD Diodes 55 4.2.1 Dual Diode and Series Diodes 55 4.2.2 Dual Diode–Resistor 56 4.2.3 Dual Diode–Resistor–Dual Diode 56 4.2.4 Dual Diode–Resistor–Grounded-Gate MOSFET 58 4.2.5 Back-to-Back Diode Strings 58 4.2.5.1 Back-to-Back Symmetric Diode String 59 4.2.5.2 Back-to-Back Asymmetric Diode String 59 4.3 ESD MOSFET Circuits 59 4.3.1 Grounded-Gate MOSFET 60 4.3.2 RC-Triggered MOSFET 61 4.4 ESD Silicon-Controlled Rectifier Circuits 62 4.4.1 Unidirectional SCR 62 4.4.2 Bidirectional SCR 62 4.4.3 Medium-Level Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 62 4.4.4 Low-Voltage-Triggered SCR 64 4.5 Laterally Diffused MOS Circuits 64 4.5.1 LOCOS-Defined LDMOS 65 4.5.2 STI-Defined LDMOS 66 4.5.3 STI-Defined Isolated LDMOS 66 4.6 DeMOS Circuits 68 4.6.1 DeNMOS 68 4.6.2 DeNMOS-SCR 69 4.7 Ultrahigh-Voltage LDMOS Circuits 69 4.7.1 Ultrahigh-Voltage LDMOS 70 4.7.2 Ultrahigh-Voltage LDMOS SCR 71 4.8 Closing Comments and Summary 72 References 72 5 Analog and ESD Design Synthesis 73 5.1 Early ESD Failures in Analog Design 73 5.2 Mixed-Voltage Interface: Voltage Regulator Failures 73 5.2.1 ESD Protection Solution for Voltage Regulator: GGNMOS ESD Bypass between Power Rails 75 5.2.2 ESD Protection Solution for Voltage Regulator: Series Diode String ESD Bypass 76 5.3 Separation of Analog Power from Digital Power AVDD to DVDD 76 5.4 ESD Failure in Phase Lock Loop (PLL) and System Clock 77 5.5 ESD Failure in Current Mirrors 77 5.6 ESD Failure in Schmitt Trigger Receivers 78 5.7 Isolated Digital and Analog Domains 82 5.8 ESD Protection Solution: Connectivity of AVDD to VDD 82 5.9 Connectivity of AVSS to DVSS 83 5.10 Digital and Analog Domain with ESD Power Clamps 84 5.11 Digital and Analog Domain with Master/Slave ESD Power Clamps 86 5.12 High-Voltage, Digital, and Analog Domain Floor Plan 87 5.13 Closing Comments and Summary 88 References 88 6 Analog-to-Digital ESD Design Synthesis 89 6.1 Digital and Analog 89 6.2 Interdomain Signal Line ESD Failures 90 6.2.1 Digital-to-Analog Signal Line Failures 90 6.3 Digital-to-Analog Core Spatial Isolation 92 6.4 Digital-to-Analog Core Ground Coupling 92 6.4.1 Digital-to-Analog Core Resistive Ground Coupling 93 6.4.2 Digital-to-Analog Core Diode Ground Coupling 93 6.5 Domain-to-Domain Signal Line ESD Networks 94 6.6 Domain-to-Domain Third-Party Coupling Networks 94 6.7 Domain-to-Domain Cross-Domain ESD Power Clamp 95 6.8 Digital-to-Analog Domain Moat 96 6.9 Digital-to-Analog Domain Moat with Through-Silicon Via 96 6.10 Domain-to-Domain ESD Design Rule Check and Verification Methods 97 6.11 Closing Comments and Summary 97 References 97 7 Analog-ESD Signal Pin Co-synthesis 101 7.1 Analog Signal Pin 101 7.2 Analog Signal Differential Receiver 102 7.2.1 Analog Signal CMOS Differential Receivers 102 7.2.2 Analog Signal Bipolar Differential Receivers 104 7.3 Analog CMOS Differential Receiver 108 7.3.1 Analog Differential Receiver Capacitance Loading 108 7.3.2 Analog Differential Receiver ESD Mismatch 109 7.4 Analog Differential Pair ESD Signal Pin Matching with Common Well Layout 110 7.5 Analog Differential Pair Common Centroid Design Layout: Signal Pin-to-Signal Pin and Parasitic ESD Elements 113 7.6 Closing Comments and Summary 115 References 116 8 Analog and ESD Circuit Integration 119 8.1 Analog and Power Technology and ESD Circuit Integration 119 8.1.1 Analog ESD: Isolated and Nonisolated Designs 119 8.1.2 Integrated Body Ties 119 8.1.3 Self-Protecting versus Non-Self-Protecting Designs 120 8.2 ESD Input Circuits 120 8.2.1 Analog Input Circuit Protection 120 8.2.2 High-Voltage Analog Input Circuit Protection 120 8.2.3 Analog Input High-Voltage Grounded-Gate NMOS (GGNMOS) 121 8.2.4 Two-Stage High-Voltage Analog Input Circuit Protection 122 8.3 Analog ESD Output Circuits 123 8.3.1 Analog ESD Output Networks and Distinctions 123 8.3.2 Analog Open-Drain ESD Output Networks 123 8.4 Analog ESD Ground-to-Ground Networks 124 8.4.1 Back-to-Back CMOS Diode String 125 8.4.2 HV GGNMOS Diode-Configured Ground-to-Ground Network 125 8.5 ESD Power Clamps 125 8.5.1 ESD Power Clamp Issues for the High-Voltage Domain 125 8.5.2 HV Domain ESD Protection and ABS MAX 126 8.5.3 HV Domain VIN or VCC Input 126 8.5.4 HV Grounded-Gate NMOS (GGNMOS) 126 8.5.5 HV Series Cascode ESD Network 127 8.5.6 ESD Power Clamp Bidirectionality and Return Diodes 128 8.5.7 Alternative Solutions: LDO Current Limits 128 8.5.8 Alternative Solutions: External EOS Diode 129 8.6 ESD Power Clamps for Low-Voltage Digital and Analog Domain 129 8.6.1 Classification of ESD Power Clamps 130 8.6.2 ESD Power Clamp: Key Design Parameters 131 8.6.3 Design Synthesis of ESD Power Clamps 132 8.6.4 Transient Response Frequency Trigger Element and the ESD Frequency Window 132 8.6.5 ESD Power Clamp Frequency Design Window 133 8.6.6 Design Synthesis of ESD Power Clamp: Voltage-Triggered ESD Trigger Elements 133 8.6.7 Design Synthesis of ESD Power Clamp: The ESD Power Clamp Shunting Element 135 8.6.8 ESD Power Clamp Trigger Condition versus Shunt Failure 136 8.6.9 ESD Clamp Element: Width Scaling 136 8.6.10 ESD Clamp Element: On-Resistance 136 8.6.11 ESD Clamp Element: Safe Operating Area 137 8.7 ESD Power Clamp Issues 137 8.7.1 Power-Up and Power-Down 137 8.7.2 False Triggering 137 8.7.3 Precharging 138 8.7.4 Postcharging 138 8.8 ESD Power Clamp Design 138 8.8.1 Native Power Supply RC-Triggered MOSFET ESD Power Clamp 138 8.8.2 Nonnative Power Supply RC-Triggered MOSFET ESD Power Clamp 139 8.8.3 ESD Power Clamp Networks with Improved Inverter Stage Feedback 140 8.8.4 Forward-Bias Triggered ESD Power Clamps 141 8.8.5 IEC 61000-4-2 Responsive ESD Power Clamps 142 8.8.6 Precharging and Postcharging Insensitive ESD Power Clamps 142 8.8.7 ESD Power Clamp Design Synthesis and Return Diode 143 8.9 Bipolar ESD Power Clamps 144 8.9.1 Bipolar ESD Power Clamps with Zener Breakdown Trigger Element 144 8.9.2 Bipolar ESD Power Clamps with Bipolar Transistor BVCEO Breakdown Trigger Element 145 8.10 Closing Comments and Summary 145 References 146 9 System-Level EOS Issues for Analog Design 147 9.1 EOS Protection Devices 147 9.1.1 EOS Protection Device: Voltage Suppression Devices 147 9.1.2 EOS Protection Device: Current-Limiting Devices 148 9.2 EOS Protection Device: Directionality 150 9.2.1 Classification: I–V Characteristic Type 150 9.2.2 Unidirectionality 150 9.2.3 Bidirectionality 150 9.3 System-Level Pulse Model 152 9.3.1 IEC 61000-4-2 System-Level Pulse Model 152 9.3.2 Human Metal Model (HMM) 152 9.3.3 IEC 61000-4-5 Surge Test 154 9.4 EOS Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) 155 9.4.1 EOS Diodes 155 9.4.2 EOS Schottky Diodes 156 9.4.3 EOS Zener Diodes 156 9.4.4 EOS Thyristor Surge Protection 157 9.4.5 EOS Metal-Oxide Varistors (MOV) 157 9.4.6 EOS Gas Discharge Tubes (GDT) 159 9.5 EOS Current Suppression Devices 161 9.5.1 EOS PTC Device 161 9.5.2 EOS Conductive Polymer 162 9.5.3 EOS Fuses 163 9.5.3.1 Rated Current IN 164 9.5.3.2 Speed 164 9.5.3.3 I 2t Value 164 9.5.3.4 Breaking Capacity 164 9.5.3.5 Rated Voltage 164 9.5.3.6 Voltage Drop 164 9.5.3.7 Temperature Derating 164 9.5.4 EOS eFUSEs 165 9.5.5 Circuit Breakers 166 9.6 EOS and EMI Prevention: Printed Circuit Board Design 166 9.6.1 Printed Circuit Board Power Plane and Ground Design 167 9.6.2 Printed Circuit Board Design Guidelines: Component Selection and Placement 168 9.6.3 Printed Circuit Board Design Guidelines: Trace Routing and Planes 168 9.6.4 Printed Circuit Board Card Insertion Contacts 170 9.6.5 System-Level Printed Circuit Board: Ground Design 170 9.7 Closing Comments and Summary 171 References 171 10 Latchup Issues for Analog Design 173 10.1 Latchup in Analog Applications 173 10.2 I/O-to-I/O Latchup 173 10.3 I/O-to-I/O Latchup: N-Well to N-Well 175 10.4 I/O-to-I/O Latchup: N-Well to NFET 177 10.5 I/O-to-I/O Latchup: NFET to NFET 179 10.6 I/O-to-I/O Latchup: N-Well Guard Ring between Adjacent Cells 180 10.7 Latchup of Analog I/O to Adjacent Structures 181 10.7.1 Latchup in Core-Dominated Semiconductor Chips 181 10.7.2 Latchup and Grounded N-Wells 181 10.7.3 Latchup and Decoupling Capacitors 181 10.7.4 Adjacency Design Rule Checking and Verification 181 10.8 Analog I/O to Core 182 10.9 Core-to-Core Analog–Digital Floor Planning 182 10.9.1 Analog–Digital Moats and Guard Rings 183 10.10 High-Voltage Guard Rings 184 10.11 Through-Silicon Via (TSV) 185 10.12 Trench Guard Rings 186 10.13 Active Guard Rings 187 10.14 Closing Comments and Summary 190 References 191 11 Analog ESD Library and Documents 195 11.1 Analog Design Library 195 11.2 Analog Device Library: Passive Elements 195 11.2.1 Resistors 196 11.2.2 Capacitors 196 11.2.3 Inductors 197 11.3 Analog Device Library: Active Elements 197 11.4 Analog Design Library: Repository of Analog Circuits and Cores 198 11.4.1 Analog Design Library: Reuse Library 198 11.5 ESD Device Library 198 11.6 Cadence-Based Parameterized Cells (PCells) 199 11.6.1 ESD Hierarchical PCell Physical Layout Generation 200 11.6.2 ESD Hierarchical PCell Schematic Generation 201 11.6.3 ESD Design with Hierarchical Parameterized Cells 201 11.6.4 Hierarchical PCell Graphical Method 202 11.6.5 Hierarchical PCell Schematic Method 204 11.7 Analog ESD Documents 208 11.7.1 ESD Technology Design Manual Section 208 11.7.1.1 ESD Required Specifications 209 11.7.1.2 ESD Supported Standards 209 11.7.1.2.1 Human Body Model (HBM) 209 11.7.1.2.2 Machine Model (MM) 209 11.7.1.2.3 Charged Device Model (CDM) 209 11.7.1.2.4 IEC 61000-4-2 210 11.7.1.2.5 Human Metal Model (HMM) 210 11.7.1.2.6 Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) 210 11.7.1.2.7 Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) 210 11.7.1.3 ESD Supported Designs 210 11.7.1.4 ESD Design Rules 210 11.7.1.5 ESD Design Recommendations 211 11.7.1.6 ESD Guard Ring Rules 211 11.7.1.7 ESD Layout Design Practices 211 11.7.1.8 Do’s and Don’ts 211 11.8 ESD Cookbook 212 11.9 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Documents 213 11.9.1 EOS Design Release Process 214 11.9.2 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Cookbook 214 11.9.2.1 Table of Pin Types 216 11.9.3 Electrical Overstress Checklist 218 11.9.4 Electrical Overstress Design Reviews 220 11.10 Closing Comments and Summary 220 References 220 12 Analog ESD and Latchup Design Rule Checking and Verification 223 12.1 Electronic Design Automation 223 12.2 Electrical Overstress (EOS) and ESD Design Rule Checking 223 12.2.1 ESD Design Rule Checking 224 12.2.2 Electrostatic Discharge Layout-versus-Schematic Verification 225 12.2.3 ESD Electrical Rule Check (ERC) 226 12.3 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Electronic Design Automation 227 12.3.1 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Design Rule Checking 227 12.3.2 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Layout-versus-Schematic (LVS) Verification 228 12.3.3 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Electrical Rule Check (ERC) 229 12.3.4 Electrical Overstress Programmable Electrical Rule Check 230 12.4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Rule Checking and Verification 230 12.5 Electrical Overstress and Latchup Design Rule Checking (DRC) 232 12.5.1 Latchup Design Rule Checking 232 12.5.2 Latchup Electrical Rule Check (ERC) 237 12.5.2.1 N-Well Contact to P-Channel MOSFET Resistance 237 12.5.2.2 P-Well or P-Substrate Contact to N-Channel MOSFET Resistance 237 12.5.2.3 Guard Ring Resistance 237 12.6 Whole-Chip Checking and Verification Methods 240 12.7 Cross-Domain Signal Line Checking and Verification 241 12.7.1 Cross-Domain Signal Line Checking and Verification Flow System 241 12.7.2 Cross-Domain Analog Signal Line Checking and Verification Flow System 243 12.7.3 Cross-Domain Checking and Verification: Resistance Extraction Methodology 244 12.8 Closing Comments and Summary 246 References 246 Appendix: Standards 251 Appendix: Glossary of Terms 255 Index 261

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the key functional areas of LTE Self-Organizing Networks (SON), first introducing LTE network scenarios, technologies, and general SON concepts, and on to the latest status of 3GPP standardization.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xix Acknowledgements xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Self-Organising Networks (SON) 3 1.2 The Transition from Conventional Network Operation to SON 6 1.2.1 Automation of the Network Rollout 9 1.2.2 Automation of Network Optimisation and Troubleshooting 10 1.2.3 SON Characteristics and Challenges 11 References 12 2. LTE Overview 13 2.1 Introduction to LTE and SAE 13 2.1.1 3GPP Structure, Timeline and LTE Specifications 14 2.1.2 LTE Requirements 16 2.1.3 System Architecture Overview 16 2.1.4 Evolved UTRAN 18 2.1.5 E-UTRAN Functional Elements 19 2.1.6 Evolved Packet Core 21 2.1.7 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 24 2.1.8 LTE-Advanced 24 2.1.9 Network Management 30 2.2 LTE Radio Access Network Scenarios and Their Evolution 33 2.2.1 LTE Radio Coverage Scenario 33 2.2.2 LTE for Capacity Enhancement in Existing GERAN/UTRAN 34 2.2.3 Enhancing LTE Capacity, the Multi-Layer LTE 34 2.2.4 Data Offloading, LIPA-SIPTO 35 2.2.5 Multi-Radio Access Network Scenarios or non-GPP 36 References 37 3. Self-Organising Networks (SON) 39 3.1 Vision 39 3.2 NGMN Operator Use Cases and 3GPP SON Use Cases 42 3.2.1 Operational Use Cases 42 3.2.2 NGMN SON Use Cases and Requirements 47 3.2.3 SON Use Cases in 3GPP 50 3.3 Foundations for SON 52 3.3.1 Control Engineering: Feedback Loops 53 3.3.2 Autonomic Computing and Autonomic Management 55 3.3.3 SON Research Projects 57 3.4 Architecture 60 3.4.1 Use-Case Related Criteria 62 3.4.2 System-Level Criteria 64 3.5 Business Value 65 3.5.1 The Economics of eNB Sites 65 3.5.2 General Mode of Operation of SON 68 3.5.3 Installation and Planning 71 3.5.4 Network Optimisation 72 3.5.5 Fault Management 73 3.5.6 Conclusions 74 3.6 SON Operational and Technical Challenges 75 3.6.1 Transition of Operational Processes to SON 75 3.6.2 Technical (Engineering) Challenges 78 References 80 4. Self-Configuration (‘Plug-and-Play’) 81 4.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning 82 4.1.1 Preparation 85 4.1.2 Connectivity Setup, Site-Identification and Auto-Commissioning 87 4.1.3 LTE-A Relay Auto-Connectivity 93 4.1.4 Conclusions 100 4.2 Dynamic Radio Configuration 100 4.2.1 Generation of Initial Transmission Parameters 106 4.2.2 Physical Cell-ID Allocation 111 4.2.3 Automatic Neighbour Relationship Setup (ANR) 118 4.2.4 DRC Architecture 130 4.2.5 Conclusions 132 References 133 5. Self-Optimisation 135 5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation 136 5.1.1 Goals of MRO 136 5.1.2 Cell Changes and Interference Challenges 137 5.1.3 MRO Relevant Parameters 140 5.1.4 Causes for Mobility Problems 144 5.1.5 MRO Solutions 146 5.1.6 MRO Time Scales 151 5.1.7 MRO Performance 152 5.2 Mobility Load Balancing and Traffic Steering 157 5.2.1 Introduction to Traffic Steering 157 5.2.2 SON Policies for Mobility Load Balancing 159 5.2.3 A Theoretical View of Load Balancing 160 5.2.4 Standardised Features and Procedures to Direct UEs to the Desired Layer 166 5.2.5 Exemplary Results of MLB 182 5.2.6 Uplink Load Balancing 189 5.2.7 Interactions Between TS/MLB and MRO 190 5.3 Energy Saving 193 5.3.1 Introduction 193 5.3.2 Requirements 195 5.3.3 Energy Saving Management 195 5.3.4 eNB Overlaid Scenario 196 5.3.5 Capacity-Limited Network 198 5.3.6 Equipment/Local ES 200 5.3.7 Example Scenarios and Expected Gains 201 5.3.8 Summary 204 5.4 Coverage and Capacity Optimisation 204 5.4.1 CCO with Adaptive Antennas 205 5.4.2 Performance Analysis for Antenna Parameter Optimisation Based CCO 208 5.4.3 CCO with TX Power 216 5.5 RACH Optimisation 217 5.5.1 General 217 5.5.2 PRACH Configuration 218 5.5.3 RACH Configuration 219 5.5.4 RACH/PRACH Configuration Example 221 5.5.5 RA Performance 222 5.5.6 Self-Optimisation Framework 223 5.5.7 UE Reporting 223 5.5.8 Inter-eNB Communication 225 5.6 RRM and SON (Interference Coordination, P0 Optimisation) 226 5.6.1 Interference Coordination 226 5.6.2 P0 Optimisation 230 References 232 6. Self-Healing 235 6.1 Introduction 236 6.1.1 3GPP Use Cases 236 6.1.2 3GPP Self-Healing Process and its Management 237 6.1.3 Cell Degradation Management 238 6.2 Cell Degradation Detection 242 6.3 Cell Degradation Diagnosis and Prediction 248 6.3.1 Rule Based Systems 250 6.3.2 Bayesian Networks 251 6.3.3 Case Based Reasoning 253 6.3.4 Neural Networks 255 6.3.5 Active Measurements 256 6.3.6 Prediction 257 6.4 Cell Outage Compensation 259 6.4.1 Activation of Cell Outage Compensation 260 6.4.2 Means of Cell Outage Compensation 260 6.4.3 Interaction between Cell Outage Compensation and Self-Configuration Functions 263 References 264 7. Supporting Function: Minimisation of Drive Tests (MDT) 267 7.1 Introduction 267 7.1.1 General 267 7.1.2 History and Background 269 7.2 Relation to SON 272 7.3 Requirements 273 7.4 Use Cases 275 7.4.1 Operator Scenarios 276 7.4.2 Coverage Optimisation 277 7.4.3 Mobility Optimisation 281 7.4.4 Capacity Optimisation 281 7.4.5 Parameterisation for Common Channels 282 7.4.6 QoS Verification 282 7.5 Overall Architecture 283 7.6 Managing MDT 285 7.6.1 Subscriber and Equipment Trace 285 7.6.2 MDT Configuration Parameters 285 7.6.3 Subscription Based MDT 287 7.6.4 Area Based MDT 292 7.6.5 Supporting Functionality in the Management System 293 7.6.6 MDT Reporting 293 7.7 MDT Radio Interface Procedures 295 7.7.1 Immediate MDT 296 7.7.2 Logged MDT 298 7.7.3 RLF Reporting 303 7.7.4 Measurement Parameters 305 7.7.5 Location Information 308 7.8 Conclusion 309 References 310 8. SON for Core Networks 311 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 SON for Packet Core Networks 311 8.2.1 Packet Core Element Auto-Configuration 311 8.2.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation 313 8.2.3 S1 Flex (MME Pooling) 314 8.2.4 Signalling Optimisation 315 8.2.5 Latency Optimisation 317 8.2.6 Fast Gateway Convergence with Bidirectional Forward Detection 318 8.2.7 Dynamic IP Pool Allocation 318 8.2.8 Energy Saving 319 8.3 SON for Voice Core Networks 319 8.3.1 Voice Over IP Quality Monitoring and Management 319 8.3.2 Resource Optimisation in Voice Core Network 320 References 321 9. SON Operation 322 9.1 SON Function Interactions 323 9.1.1 Spatial Characteristic 324 9.1.2 Temporal Characteristic 324 9.1.3 Categories of SON Conflicts 326 9.1.4 Network Parameters Related to SON Functions 329 9.1.5 Examples for Conflicts between SON Functions 330 9.2 Coordination of SON Functions 334 9.2.1 Basic Options for SON Coordination 334 9.2.2 Goals of SON Function Coordination 338 9.2.3 SON Coordination Function Concept 340 9.2.4 Coordination Schemes 346 9.2.5 Related Work 352 9.2.6 SON Function Coordination Example 352 9.3 Conclusions 355 References 356 10. SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Standardisation and Network Architecture 359 10.2.1 Network Architecture for HetNet 361 10.3 Self-Configuration 362 10.3.1 Auto-Connectivity and -Commissioning 363 10.3.2 Automatic Site Identification and Hardware-to-Site Mapping 364 10.3.3 Automatic Neighbour Relations (ANR) 365 10.4 Self-Optimisation: Interference Management 365 10.4.1 Interference Characteristics in HetNet Scenarios 365 10.4.2 Basic Interference Management Techniques 366 10.4.3 Scenarios with Macro eNBs and Micro/Pico eNBs 369 10.4.4 Enhanced Time-Domain Interference Management: eICIC 370 10.4.5 Outlook on Further Interference Management Innovations 374 10.5 Self-Optimisation: Mobility Aspects; MRO and Traffic Steering 375 10.5.1 Mobility Robustness Optimisation 375 10.5.2 Multi-Layer Traffic Steering and Load Balancing 377 10.5.3 IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) Integration 378 References 378 11. Future Research Topics 379 11.1 Future Mobile Network Scenarios 379 11.1.1 Heterogeneous Networks 379 11.1.2 Cloud RAN 380 11.1.3 Requirements for Future OAM Systems 381 11.2 Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) 381 11.2.1 From SON to CRN 381 11.2.2 Definitions 382 11.2.3 Framework 383 11.2.4 Artificial Intelligence 385 11.3 Applications 387 11.3.1 Self-Configuration 387 11.3.2 Self-Optimisation 387 11.3.3 Self-Healing 388 11.3.4 Operation 388 11.4 Conclusion 389 References 389 Index 391

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Book SynopsisThe relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver modifies the nonstationarity properties of the transmitted signal. In particular, the almost-cyclostationarity property exhibited by almost all modulated signals adopted in communications, radar, sonar, and telemetry can be transformed into more general kinds of nonstationarity. A proper statistical characterization of the received signal allows for the design of signal processing algorithms for detection, estimation, and classification that significantly outperform algorithms based on classical descriptions of signals.Generalizations of Cyclostationary Signal Processingaddresses these issues and includes the following key features: Presents the underlying theoretical framework, accompanied by details of their practical application, for the mathematical models of generalized almost-cyclostationary processes and spectrally correlated processes; two classes of signals finding growing importance in areas sTrade Review“This book is written both for advanced readers with the background of graduate students in engineering and for specialists (e.g., mathematicians).” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsDedication iii Acknowledgements xiii Introduction xv 1 Background 1 1.1 Second-Order Characterization of Stochastic Processes 1 1.1.1 Time-Domain Characterization 1 1.1.2 Spectral-Domain Characterization 2 1.1.3 Time-Frequency Characterization 4 1.1.4 Wide-Sense Stationary Processes 5 1.1.5 Evolutionary Spectral Analysis 5 1.1.6 Discrete-Time Processes 7 1.1.7 Linear Time-Variant Transformations 8 1.2 Almost-Periodic Functions 10 1.2.1 Uniformly Almost-Periodic Functions 11 1.2.2 AP Functions in the Sense of Stepanov,Weyl, and Besicovitch 12 1.2.3 Weakly AP Functions in the Sense of Eberlein 13 1.2.4 Pseudo AP Functions 14 1.2.5 AP Functions in the Sense of Hartman and Ryll-Nardzewski 15 1.2.6 AP Functions Defined on Groups and with Values in Banach and Hilbert Spaces 16 1.2.7 AP Functions in Probability 16 1.2.8 AP Sequences 17 1.2.9 AP Sequences in Probability 18 1.3 Almost-Cyclostationary Processes 18 1.3.1 Second-OrderWide-Sense Statistical Characterization 18 1.3.2 Jointly ACS Signals 20 1.3.3 LAPTV Systems 24 1.3.4 Products of ACS Signals 27 1.3.5 Cyclic Statistics of Communications Signals 29 1.3.6 Higher-Order Statistics 30 1.3.7 Cyclic Statistic Estimators 32 1.3.8 Discrete-Time ACS Signals 32 1.3.9 Sampling of ACS Signals 33 1.3.10 Multirate Processing of Discrete-Time ACS Signals 37 1.3.11 Applications 37 1.4 Some Properties of Cumulants 38 1.4.1 Cumulants and Statistical Independence 38 1.4.2 Cumulants of Complex Random Variables and Joint Complex Normality 392 Generalized Almost-Cyclostationary Processes 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Characterization of GACS Stochastic Processes 47 2.2.1 Strict-Sense Statistical Characterization 48 2.2.2 Second-OrderWide-Sense Statistical Characterization 49 2.2.3 Second-Order Spectral Characterization 59 2.2.4 Higher-Order Statistics 61 2.2.5 Processes with Almost-Periodic Covariance 65 2.2.6 Motivations and Examples 66 2.3 Linear Time-Variant Filtering of GACS Processes 70 2.4 Estimation of the Cyclic Cross-Correlation Function 72 2.4.1 The Cyclic Cross-Correlogram 72 2.4.2 Mean-Square Consistency of the Cyclic Cross-Correlogram 76 2.4.3 Asymptotic Normality of the Cyclic Cross-Correlogram 80 2.5 Sampling of GACS Processes 84 2.6 Discrete-Time Estimator of the Cyclic Cross-Correlation Function 87 2.6.1 Discrete-Time Cyclic Cross-Correlogram 87 2.6.2 Asymptotic Results 91 2.6.3 Asymptotic Results 95 2.6.4 Concluding Remarks 102 2.7 Numerical Results 104 2.7.1 Aliasing in Cycle-Frequency Domain 105 2.7.2 Simulation Setup 105 2.7.3 Cyclic Correlogram Analysis with Varying N 105 2.7.4 Cyclic Correlogram Analysis with Varying N and T 106 2.7.5 Discussion 111 2.7.6 Conjecturing the Nonstationarity Type of the Continuous-Time Signal 114 2.7.7 LTI Filtering of GACS Signals 116 2.8 Summary 116 3 Complements and Proofs on Generalized Almost-Cyclostationary Processes 123 3.1 Proofs for Section 2.2.2 “Second-OrderWide-Sense Statistical Characterization” 123 3.2 Proofs for Section 2.2.3 “Second-Order Spectral Characterization” 125 3.3 Proofs for Section 2.3 “Linear Time-Variant Filtering of GACS Processes” 129 3.4 Proofs for Section 2.4.1 “The Cyclic Cross-Correlogram” 131 3.5 Proofs for Section 2.4.2 “Mean-Square Consistency of the Cyclic Cross-Correlogram” 136 3.6 Proofs for Section 2.4.3 “Asymptotic Normality of the Cyclic Cross-Correlogram” 147 3.7 Conjugate Covariance 150 3.8 Proofs for Section 2.5 “Sampling of GACS Processes” 151 3.9 Proofs for Section 2.6.1 “Discrete-Time Cyclic Cross-Correlogram” 152 3.10 Proofs for Section 2.6.2 “Asymptotic Results as 158 3.11 Proofs for Section 2.6.3 “Asymptotic Results as 168 3.12 Proofs for Section 2.6.4 “Concluding Remarks” 176 3.13 Discrete-Time and Hybrid Conjugate Covariance 177 4 Spectrally Correlated Processes 181 4.1 Introduction 182 4.2 Characterization of SC Stochastic Processes 186 4.2.1 Second-Order Characterization 186 4.2.2 Relationship among ACS, GACS, and SC Processes 194 4.2.3 Higher-Order Statistics 195 4.2.4 Motivating Examples 200 4.3 Linear Time-Variant Filtering of SC Processes 205 4.3.1 FOT-Deterministic Linear Systems 205 4.3.2 SC Signals and FOT-Deterministic Systems 207 4.4 The Bifrequency Cross-Periodogram 208 4.5 Measurement of Spectral Correlation – Unknown Support Curves 215 4.6 The Frequency-Smoothed Cross-Periodogram 222 4.7 Measurement of Spectral Correlation – Known Support Curves 225 4.7.1 Mean-Square Consistency of the Frequency-Smoothed Cross-Periodogram 225 4.7.2 Asymptotic Normality of the Frequency-Smoothed Cross-Periodogram 229 4.7.3 Final Remarks 231 4.8 Discrete-Time SC Processes 233 4.9 Sampling of SC Processes 236 4.9.1 Band-Limitedness Property 237 4.9.2 Sampling Theorems 239 4.9.3 Illustrative Examples 243 4.10 Multirate Processing of Discrete-Time Jointly SC Processes 256 4.10.1 Expansion 257 4.10.2 Sampling 260 4.10.3 Decimation 262 4.10.4 Expansion and Decimation 265 4.10.5 Strictly Band-Limited SC Processes 267 4.10.6 Interpolation Filters 268 4.10.7 Decimation Filters 270 4.10.8 Fractional Sampling Rate Converters 271 4.11 Discrete-Time Estimators of the Spectral Cross-Correlation Density 272 4.12 Numerical Results 273 4.12.1 Simulation Setup 273 4.12.2 Unknown Support Curves 273 4.12.3 Known Support Curves 274 4.13 Spectral Analysis with Nonuniform Frequency Resolution 281 4.14 Summary 2865 Complements and Proofs on Spectrally Correlated Processes 291 5.1 Proofs for Section 4.2 “Spectrally Correlated Stochastic Processes” 291 5.2 Proofs for Section 4.4 “The Bifrequency Cross-Periodogram” 292 5.3 Proofs for Section 4.5 “Measurement of Spectral Correlation – Unknown Support Curves” 298 5.4 Proofs for Section 4.6 “The Frequency-Smoothed Cross-Periodogram” 306 5.5 Proofs for Section 4.7.1 “Mean-Square Consistency of the Frequency-Smoothed Cross-Periodogram” 309 5.6 Proofs for Section 4.7.2 “Asymptotic Normality of the Frequency-Smoothed Cross-Periodogram” 325 5.7 Alternative Bounds 333 5.8 Conjugate Covariance 334 5.9 Proofs for Section 4.8 “Discrete-Time SC Processes” 337 5.10 Proofs for Section 4.9 “Sampling of SC Processes” 339 5.11 Proofs for Section 4.10 “Multirate Processing of Discrete-Time Jointly SC Processes” 3426 Functional Approach for Signal Analysis 355 6.1 Introduction 355 6.2 Relative Measurability 356 6.2.1 Relative Measure of Sets 356 6.2.2 Relatively Measurable Functions 357 6.2.3 Jointly Relatively Measurable Functions 358 6.2.4 Conditional Relative Measurability and Independence 360 6.2.5 Examples 361 6.3 Almost-Periodically Time-Variant Model 361 6.3.1 Almost-Periodic Component Extraction Operator 361 6.3.2 Second-Order Statistical Characterization 363 6.3.3 Spectral Line Regeneration 365 6.3.4 Spectral Correlation 366 6.3.5 Statistical Function Estimators 367 6.3.6 Sampling, Aliasing, and Cyclic Leakage 369 6.3.7 FOT-Deterministic Systems 371 6.3.8 FOT-Deterministic Linear Systems 372 6.4 Nonstationarity Classification in the Functional Approach 374 6.5 Proofs of FOT Counterparts of Some Results on ACS and GACS Signals 3757 Applications to Mobile Communications and Radar/Sonar 381 7.1 Physical Model for the Wireless Channel 381 7.1.1 Assumptions on the Propagation Channel 381 7.1.2 Stationary TX, Stationary RX 382 7.1.3 Moving TX, Moving RX 383 7.1.4 Stationary TX, Moving RX 387 7.1.5 Moving TX, Stationary RX 388 7.1.6 Reflection on Point Scatterer 388 7.1.7 Stationary TX, Reflection on Point Moving Scatterer, Stationary RX (Stationary Bistatic Radar) 390 7.1.8 (Stationary)Monostatic Radar 391 7.1.9 Moving TX, Reflection on a Stationary Scatterer, Moving RX 392 7.2 Constant Velocity Vector 393 7.2.1 Stationary TX, Moving RX 393 7.2.2 Moving TX, Stationary RX 394 7.3 Constant Relative Radial Speed 395 7.3.1 Moving TX, Moving RX 395 7.3.2 Stationary TX, Moving RX 398 7.3.3 Moving TX, Stationary RX 401 7.3.4 Stationary TX, Reflection on a Moving Scatterer, Stationary RX (Stationary Bistatic Radar) 404 7.3.5 (Stationary)Monostatic Radar 406 7.3.6 Moving TX, Reflection on a Stationary Scatterer, Moving RX 406 7.3.7 Non synchronized TX and RX oscillators 407 7.4 Constant Relative Radial Acceleration 407 7.4.1 Stationary TX, Moving RX 408 7.4.2 Moving TX, Stationary RX 408 7.5 Transmitted Signal: Narrow-Band Condition 409 7.5.1 Constant Relative Radial Speed 411 7.5.2 Constant Relative Radial Acceleration 414 7.6 Multipath Doppler Channel 416 7.6.1 Constant Relative Radial Speeds – Discrete Scatterers 416 7.6.2 Continuous Scatterer 416 7.7 Spectral Analysis of Doppler-Stretched Signals – Constant Radial Speed 417 7.7.1 Second-Order Statistics (Continuous-Time) 417 7.7.2 Multipath Doppler Channel 422 7.7.3 Doppler-Stretched Signal (Discrete-Time) 427 7.7.4 Simulation of Discrete-Time Doppler-Stretched Signals 430 7.7.5 Second-Order Statistics (Discrete-Time) 432 7.7.6 Illustrative Examples 437 7.7.7 Concluding Remarks 443 7.8 Spectral Analysis of Doppler-Stretched Signals – Constant Relative Radial Acceleration 448 7.8.1 Second-Order Statistics (Continuous-Time) 449 7.9 Other Models of Time-Varying Delays 452 7.9.1 Taylor Series Expansion of Range and Delay 452 7.9.2 Periodically Time-Variant Delay 454 7.9.3 Periodically Time-Variant Carrier Frequency 454 7.10 Proofs 4558 Bibliographic Notes 463 8.1 Almost-Periodic Functions 463 8.2 Cyclostationary Signals 463 8.3 Generalizations of Cyclostationarity 464 8.4 Other Nonstationary Signals 464 8.5 Functional Approach and Generalized Harmonic Analysis 464 8.6 Linear Time-Variant Processing 465 8.7 Sampling 465 8.8 Complex Random Variables, Signals, and Systems 465 8.9 Stochastic Processes 465 8.10 Mathematics 466 8.11 Signal Processing and Communications 466 References 467 List of Abbreviations 475

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Book SynopsisLTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performancedescribes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations with smaller cells such as pico/femto cells and relays. This evolution is accompanied with the emergence of cognitive radio that becomes a reality in terminals together with the development of self-organization capabilities and distributed cooperative behaviors. The book is divided into three parts: Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modelinTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1 Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3 Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123 Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4 Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153 Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171 6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239 8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247 Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 294 11.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350 13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366 13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1 Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation 391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421 15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429 15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs 468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts 498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523 References 523 Index 525

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative yet highly accessible guide to the design and operation of the FlexRay bus, the latest protocol for automotive network communications A translation of the French edition, originally published in January 2011, this work is the result of numerous training courses that Dominique Paret has given in companies, and it provides detailed explanations of the design and operation of the FlexRay bus. Comprised of five parts the book covers: the FlexRay concept and its communication protocol; the FlexRay physical layer; synchronization and global time and; architecture of a node, components and development aid tools for hardware and software. Provides comprehensive treatment of the FlexRay network, including its implementation through a real automotive application Includes the latest specifications (Version 3) concluded by the FlexRay consortium widely expected to become the industry standard Written by an author with in-depth experience oTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Part A 'SECURE REAL TIME' APPLICATIONS 1 Reminders about the CAN Protocol 3 1.1 The Limitations of CAN 3 1.2 'Event-Triggered' and 'Time-Triggered' Aspects 4 2 The TTCAN Protocol 7 2.1 TTCAN – ISO 11898-4 7 2.2 Session Layer 8 2.3 Principle of Operation of TTCAN 8 3 Emergence of ‘X-by-Wire’ Systems 11 3.1 High Throughput and X-by-Wire 11 3.2 Redundancy 11 3.3 High-Level Application Requirements 13 3.4 High-Level Functional Requirements 14 Part B THE FLEXRAY CONCEPT AND ITS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL 4 The Genesis of FlexRay 19 4.1 The TTP/C Protocol 19 4.2 FlexRay 20 4.3 The FlexRay Consortium 20 4.4 The Aim of FlexRay 23 5 FlexRay and Real Time 29 5.1 Physical Time 29 5.2 Local Time 30 5.3 Global View at Network Level – Global Time 32 5.4 Summarising: Time and its Hierarchies in FlexRay 36 6 The FlexRay Protocol 41 6.1 History 41 6.2 General – Channels, Cycles, Segments and Slots 41 6.3 Channels and Cycles 44 6.4 Segments 47 6.5 Communication Frames 57 6.6 'SW – Symbol Window' Segment 74 6.7 'NIT – Network Idle Time' Segment 76 7 Access to the Physical Layer 77 7.1 Definition of Tasks 77 7.2 Execution of the Communication Cycle 80 7.3 Frame ID (11 Bits) 80 7.4 Arbitration Grid Level 81 7.5 Conditions of Transmission and Access to the Medium during the Static Segment 83 7.6 Conditions of Transmission and Access to the Medium during the Dynamic Segment 84 7.7 Similarity of the Use of the Dynamic Segment to the Network Access of the CAN Protocol 88 7.8 Some Additions in the Case of FlexRay Being Used with Two Channels 89 Appendices of Part B 91 Appendix B1 Examples of Applications 93 The BMW X5 (Development Code L6) 93 A Little Strategy 93 Global View of the Parameters of the FlexRay System 95 Desired Functional Parameters 96 Description and Justification of the Implemented Choice 97 Appendix B2 Scheduling Problems – Application of the FlexRay Protocol to Static and Dynamic Segments 103 Introduction 103 Problems of ‘Real Time’ Systems 104 FlexRay 108 Scheduling Real Time Systems 109 Different Approaches to Real Time Scheduling 113 Scheduling in Single-Processor Systems 116 Algorithms Based on Priorities 116 Scheduling Communications in Distributed Systems 120 Problem of Task Allocation in a Distributed System 121 Scheduling Communications 121 Policy of Assigning Priorities 126 Class of Scheduling Problem 127 Scheduling Algorithm 128 Conclusion 129 Part C THE FLEXRAY PHYSICAL LAYER 8 Creation and Transmission (Tx) of the FlexRay Signal 135 8.1 Creation of the Signal 135 8.2 Physical Representation of Bits 136 8.3 Line Driver ‘Tx’ 138 9 Medium, Topology and Transport of the FlexRay Signal 143 9.1 Medium 143 9.2 Effects Linked to Propagation 146 9.3 Topologies and Consequences for Network Performance 147 9.4 Single-Channel, Dual-Channel and Multi-Channel Communication Topologies 151 9.5 The FlexRay Topologies 153 9.6 Examples of Topologies 159 10 Reception of the FlexRay Signal 165 10.1 Signal Reception Stage 165 10.2 Processing of the Received Signal by the Communication Controller 170 11 The Bit Error Rate (BER) 175 11.1 Integrity of Signal and BER 175 11.2 Eye Diagram 175 11.3 Relationship between the Integrity of the Signal, the Eye Diagram and the BER 180 12 Modelling and Simulating the Performance of a Network 185 12.1 Modelling and Simulating the Performance of a Network and its Topology 185 12.2 Modelling the Elements of the Network 185 12.3 Simulation 188 13 Summary on the Physical Layer of FlexRay 193 Part D SYNCHRONISATION AND GLOBAL TIME 14 Communication Cycle, Macrotick and Microtick 197 14.1 The FlexRay Time Hierarchy 197 14.2 Synchronisation in a Network of TDMA–FlexRay Type 198 14.3 Proposed Solution to the Problem 202 14.4 Application and Implementation of Corrective Values 214 14.5 Summary 218 15 Network Wakeup, Network Startup and Error Management 223 15.1 Network Wakeup Phase 223 15.2 Network Startup Phase 225 15.3 Error Management 226 16 FlexRay v3.0 231 16.1 Protocol Enhancements 231 16.2 Physical Layer Enhancements 235 16.3 FlexRay and ISO 239 16.4 FlexRay in Other Industries 240 Part E ARCHITECTURE OF A NODE, COMPONENTS AND DEVELOPMENT AID TOOLS 17 Architecture of a FlexRay Node 245 17.1 The Major Components of a Node 245 17.2 Architecture of the Processor and Protocol Manager 245 18 Electronic Components for the FlexRay Network 249 18.1 The Component Range 249 18.1.1 FlexRay Protocol Manager 250 18.2 EMC and EMC Measurements 263 18.3 Protection from ESD 265 18.4 Conformity Tests 265 18.5 Bus Guardian 267 19 Tools for Development, Integration, Analysis and Testing 271 19.1 The V-Shaped Development Cycle 271 19.2 DaVinci Network Designer (Point 1 of the V Cycle) 271 19.3 CANoe.FlexRay 273 19.4 FlexRay CANalyzer (Covers Points 2, 4 and 5 of the V Cycle) 276 19.5 Test and Diagnostics (Point 6 of the V Cycle) 277 19.6 Features of the FlexRay Protocol 278 19.7 Communication Interface 280 20 Implementation of FlexRay Communication in Automotive Logic Controllers 283 20.1 FlexRay and AUTOSAR 283 20.2 The AUTOSAR Partnership 284 20.3 Communication in an AUTOSAR System 284 Appendix of Part E 291 21 Conclusion 297 Appendix 1 The Official Documents 299 Appendix 2 Principal Parameters of the FlexRay Protocol 301 Bibliography 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisA timely addition to the understanding of IMT-Advanced, this book places particular emphasis on the new areas which IMT-Advanced technologies rely on compared with their predecessors. These latest areas include Radio Resource Management, Carrier Aggregation, improved MIMO support and Relaying. Each technique is thoroughly described and illustrated before being surveyed in context of the LTE-Advanced standards. The book also presents state-of-the-art information on the different aspects of the work of standardization bodies (such as 3GPP and IEEE), making global links between them. Explores the latest research innovations to assess the future of the LTE standard Covers the latest research techniques for beyond IMT-Advanced such as Coordinated multi-point systems (CoMP), Network Coding, Device-to-Device and Spectrum Sharing Contains key information for researchers from academia and industry, engineers, regulators and decision makers working on LTE-AdvanTrade Review"The book is up with the latest thinking and standards, and as such provides a particularly useful coverage of the way in which cellular telecommunications is moving. It would be a valuable addition to the library of any individual or company that is serious about keeping up with the latest LTE technology." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 January 2012) Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Abbreviations xix List of Contributors xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Market and Technology Trends 1 1.2 Technology Evolution 3 1.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond 6 References 8 2 Radio Resource Management 11 2.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management 11 2.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies 13 2.2.1 Main IMT-Advanced Characteristics 13 2.2.2 Scheduling 16 2.2.3 Interference Management 16 2.2.4 Carrier Aggregation 18 2.2.5 MBMS Transmission 18 2.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation 19 2.3.1 Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling Using Utility Theory 19 2.3.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 22 2.3.3 Multiuser Resource Allocation Maximizing the UE QoS 24 2.3.4 Optimization Problems and Performance 26 2.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks 26 2.4.1 Power Control 27 2.4.2 Resource Partitioning 28 2.4.3 MIMO Busy Burst for Interference Avoidance 33 2.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission 35 2.5.1 MBMS Transmission 36 2.5.2 Performance Assessment 37 2.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques 39 References 40 3 Carrier Aggregation 43 3.1 Basic Concepts 43 3.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards 45 3.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies 48 3.3.1 Channel Coding 48 3.3.2 Scheduling 51 3.3.3 Channel Quality Indicator 53 3.3.4 Additional Research Directions 54 3.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 55 3.4.1 Spectrum Sharing and Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 56 3.4.2 Spectrum Awareness 58 3.4.3 Cognitive Component Carrier Identification, Selection and Mobility 59 3.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture 59 3.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations 60 References 61 4 Spectrum Sharing 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Literature Overview 64 4.2.1 Spectrum Sharing from a Game Theoretic Perspective 66 4.2.2 Femtocells 67 4.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory 68 4.3.1 Noncooperative Case 68 4.3.2 Hierarchical Case 69 4.4 Spectrum Trading 70 4.4.1 Revenue and Cost Function for the Offering Operator 73 4.4.2 Numerical Results 74 4.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage 75 4.5.1 Femtocells and Standardization 77 4.5.2 Self-Organized Femtocells 79 4.5.3 Beacon-Based Femtocells 81 4.5.4 Femtocells with Intercell Interference Coordination 82 4.5.5 Femtocells with Game Theory 83 4.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research 84 4.6.1 Future Research 85 References 86 5 Multiuser MIMO Systems 89 5.1 MIMO Fundamentals 89 5.1.1 System Model 91 5.1.2 Point-to-Point MIMO Communications 92 5.1.3 Multiuser MIMO Communications 96 5.1.4 MIMO with Interference 100 5.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m 101 5.2.1 LTE-Advanced 102 5.2.2 WiMAX Evolution 104 5.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT 104 5.3.1 Transmitter–Receiver Design 105 5.3.2 Transceiver Design with Interference Nulling 110 5.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO 112 5.4.1 Limited Feedback 112 5.4.2 CSI Sounding 113 5.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques 114 References 115 6 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) Systems 121 6.1 Overview of CoMP 121 6.1.1 CoMP Types 122 6.1.2 Architectures and Clustering 123 6.1.3 Theoretical Performance Limits and Implementation Constraints 126 6.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies 129 6.2.1 Overview of CoMP Studies 129 6.2.2 Design Choices for a CoMP Functionality 131 6.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP 133 6.3.1 SINR for Linear Transmissions 133 6.3.2 Compact Matricial Model 134 6.4 Joint Processing Techniques 134 6.4.1 State of the Art 135 6.4.2 Potential of Joint Processing 136 6.4.3 Dynamic Joint Processing 137 6.4.4 Uplink Joint Processing 141 6.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques 142 6.5.1 State of the Art 142 6.5.2 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 143 6.5.3 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 145 6.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment 147 6.6.1 Setup and Scenarios 149 6.6.2 Measurement Results 149 6.7 Future Directions 151 References 152 7 Relaying for IMT-Advanced 157 7.1 An Overview of Relaying 157 7.1.1 Relay Evolution 158 7.1.2 Relaying Deployment Scenarios 159 7.1.3 Relaying Protocol Strategies 160 7.1.4 Half Duplex and Full Duplex Relaying 162 7.1.5 Numerical Example 162 7.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies 164 7.2.1 Relay Types in LTE-Advanced Rel-10 164 7.2.2 Relay Nodes in IEEE 802.16m 166 7.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP 166 7.3.1 Protocols and Resource Management 167 7.3.2 Simulation Results 169 7.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells 171 7.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced 173 7.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced 176 7.6.1 Multihop RNs 176 7.6.2 Mobile Relay 177 7.6.3 Network Coding 177 References 177 8 Network Coding in Wireless Communications 181 8.1 An Overview of Network Coding 181 8.1.1 Historical Background 182 8.1.2 Types of Network Coding 183 8.1.3 Applications of Network Coding 183 8.2 Uplink Network Coding 188 8.2.1 Detection Strategies 188 8.2.2 User Grouping 190 8.2.3 Relay Selection 191 8.2.4 Performance 192 8.2.5 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 194 8.3 Nonbinary Network Coding 194 8.3.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 195 8.3.2 Nonbinary NC for Multiuser and Multirelay 196 8.3.3 Performance 197 8.3.4 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 198 8.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast 199 8.4.1 Efficient Broadcast Network Coding Scheme 200 8.4.2 Performance 201 8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 202 References 203 9 Device-to-Device Communication 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 State of the Art 208 9.2.1 In Standards 208 9.2.2 In Literature 210 9.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks 211 9.3.1 Session Setup 212 9.3.2 D2D Transmit Power 214 9.3.3 Multiantenna Techniques 215 9.3.4 Radio Resource Management 220 9.4 Future Directions 225 References 228 10 The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced 231 10.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements 231 10.1.1 ITU-R Process for IMT-Advanced 232 10.1.2 Evaluation Scenarios 234 10.1.3 Performance Requirements 235 10.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 238 10.2.1 The WINNER+ Evaluation Group Assessment Approach 238 10.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced 239 10.3.1 3GPP Self-evaluation 239 10.3.2 Simulative Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 241 10.3.3 LTE-Advanced Performance in the Rural Indian Open Area Scenario 243 10.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration 243 10.4.1 IMT-Advanced Channel Model 243 10.4.2 Calibration of Large-Scale Parameters 246 10.4.3 Calibration of Small-Scale Parameters 247 10.5 Simulator Calibration 248 10.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process 249 References 250 11 Future Directions 251 11.1 Radio Resource Allocation 252 11.2 Heterogeneous Networks 252 11.3 MIMO and CoMP 253 11.4 Relaying and Network Coding 254 11.5 Device-to-Device Communications 254 11.6 Green and Energy Efficiency 255 References 256 Appendices 259 Appendix A Resource Allocation 261 A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation 261 A.1.1 Utility Predictive Scheduler 261 A.1.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 261 A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation 263 A.2.1 PHY/MAC Layer Model 263 A.2.2 APP Layer Model 263 A.2.3 Optimization Problem 264 A.2.4 Simulation Results 265 A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO 266 A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission 267 A.4.1 Service Operation 267 A.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Performance 268 Appendix B Spectrum Awareness 269 B.1 Spectrum Sensing 269 B.2 Geo-Location Databases 270 B.3 Beacon Signaling 270 Appendix C CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) 271 C.1 Joint Processing Methods 271 C.1.1 Partial Joint Processing 271 C.1.2 Dynamic Base Station Clustering 271 C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling 273 C.2.1 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 273 C.2.2 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 276 C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation 276 Appendix D Network Coding 281 D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 281 D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario 282 Appendix E LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency 285 E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 285 E.1.1 Analytical Evaluation 285 E.1.2 Inspection 286 E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation 287 E.2.1 FDD Mode Downlink Direction 287 E.2.2 FDD Mode Uplink Direction 288 E.2.3 TDD Mode Downlink Direction 289 E.2.4 TDD Mode Uplink Direction 291 E.2.5 Comparison with Self-Evaluation 292 References 292 Index 295

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Book SynopsisFocusing on current advances in heterogeneous cellular networks, this book enables readers to better understand the technical details and performance gains that are made possible by this state-of-the-art technology.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xv 1 Overview of Heterogeneous Networks 1 1.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks 2 1.1.1 Explosive Growth of Data Capacity Demands 2 1.1.2 From Spectral Efficiency to Network Efficiency 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Service Revenue and Capacity Investment 5 1.2 Definitions of Heterogeneous Networks 5 1.3 Economics of Heterogeneous Networks 6 1.3.1 Total Cost of Ownership 7 1.3.2 Heterogeneous Networks Use Scenarios 8 1.3.3 General Tends in Heterogeneous Networks Development 10 1.4 Aspects of Heterogeneous Network Technology 10 1.4.1 RF Interference 10 1.4.2 Radio System Configuration 12 1.4.3 Network Coupling 13 1.4.4 User and Device Credential 14 1.4.5 Interworking 15 1.4.6 Handover 16 1.4.7 Data Routing 18 1.4.8 Quality of Service 19 1.4.9 Security and Privacy 21 1.4.10 Capacity and Performance Evaluation 22 1.5 Future Heterogeneous Network Applications 22 References 24 Part I Radio Resource and Interference Management 2 Radio Resource and Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Heterogeneous Networks Deployment Scenarios and Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 31 2.2.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployment Scenarios 31 2.2.2 Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 33 2.3 Multi-carrier Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 33 2.3.1 Interference Management via Carrier Partitioning 34 2.3.2 Enhanced Carrier Reuse with Power Control 36 2.3.3 Carrier Aggregation Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 36 2.4 Co-channel Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 38 2.4.1 Control Channel Interference Management 39 2.4.2 Data Channel Interference Management 46 2.5 Conclusion 48 References 48 3 Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Heterogeneous Networks 51 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Deployment Scenarios 54 3.2.1 Multi-tier Network Elements 54 3.2.2 Multi-radio Techniques 55 3.3 Multi-tier Interference Mitigation 56 3.3.1 Multi-tier Spectral Reuse Scenarios 56 3.3.2 Cross-tier Interference 56 3.3.3 Network Synchronization for IM 57 3.3.4 Overview of Interference Mitigation Techniques 57 3.3.5 Performance Comparison of IM Schemes 60 3.4 Multi-radio Performance 61 3.5 Standardization and Future Research Directions 62 3.5.1 Status of Wireless Standards 62 3.5.2 Future Research Directions 62 3.6 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Cross-tier Interference Management in 3GPP LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.1.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 68 4.1.2 OSG Scenario 68 4.1.3 CSG Scenario 70 4.2 Interference Management for LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 70 4.2.1 Interference Management Methods for Homogenous Networks 71 4.2.2 Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 73 4.2.3 Time Domain Based ICIC Schemes 74 4.2.4 Power Setting for Femtocells 85 4.3 Conclusions 89 Appendix: Simulation Models 89 References 92 5 Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Conventional Inter-cell Interference Coordination 95 5.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 98 5.3.1 Interference Scenarios in Heterogeneous Networks 98 5.3.2 Enhanced ICIC Solutions for Heterogeneous Networks 100 5.4 Conclusion 116 References 116 6 Cognitive Radios to Mitigate Interference in Macro/femto Heterogeneous Networks 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Information Requirement and Acquisition for Interference Mitigation 122 6.3 Descriptions of System Models 124 6.3.1 Two-tier Network Architecture 124 6.3.2 Channel Model 124 6.3.3 Traffic Model 125 6.3.4 CR-enabled Operations 125 6.4 Cross-tier Interference Mitigation 125 6.4.1 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Time/Frequency Domain 125 6.4.2 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Antenna Spatiality Domain 126 6.4.3 Interference Cancellation: Coding Techniques 129 6.5 Intra-tier Interference Mitigation 130 6.5.1 Strategic Game for Collocated Femtocells 131 6.5.2 Gibbs Sampler for Collocated Femtocells 132 6.6 Interference Mitigation for Machine-to-Machine Communications 136 6.6.1 Background of Compressive Sensing 138 6.6.2 SMRM for Femtocells 138 6.6.3 Compressive Sensing for the Spectrum Map Construction 140 6.6.4 Performance Evaluations 140 6.7 Conclusion 141 References 142 7 Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Bandwidth Allocation in OFDMA-based Self-organizing Femtocell Networks 145 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Distributed Bandwidth Allocation 146 7.3 Convergence Analysis 150 7.4 Choice of Utility Function and its Parameters 152 7.5 Simulation Results 155 7.5.1 Convergence Studies 156 7.5.2 Bandwidth Allocation and Network Tuning 156 7.6 Extensions and Discussions 159 7.7 Conclusion 162 Acknowledgement 162 References 162 Part II Mobility and Handover Management 8 Mobility Management and Performance Optimization in Next Generation Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Overview of Mobility Management in RRC-connected State 168 8.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization 171 8.4 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 176 8.4.1 Related Works 177 8.4.2 Problem Description 177 8.4.3 Load Balancing Algorithm with Penalized Handovers 180 8.4.4 Numerical Examples 182 8.5 Cooperation of MRO and MLB 185 8.5.1 Achieve Load Balance by Adjusting CI O 186 8.5.2 Coordination Rules between MRO and MLB 186 8.5.3 Jointly Consider MRO and MLB 187 8.5.4 Simulation Results 188 8.6 Mobility Enhancement for Femtocells 192 8.7 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 9 Connected-mode Mobility in LTE Heterogeneous Networks 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Cell Selection and Problem Statement 200 9.3 Simulation Methodology 202 9.4 Handover Modelling 207 9.5 Results 210 Reference 214 10 Cell Selection Modes in LTE Macro–Femtocell Deployment 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Distinction of Cells 216 10.3 Access Control 219 10.3.1 Access Control Scenarios 220 10.3.2 Access Control Executor 220 10.3.3 Access Control Mechanisms 223 10.3.4 Performance of Access Control Mechanisms 225 10.4 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection 231 10.4.1 UE in Idle Mode 232 10.4.2 PLMN Selection 234 10.4.3 Cell Selection 235 10.4.4 Cell Reselection 239 10.4.5 Cell Reselection with Femtocells 241 References 244 11 Distributed Location Management for Generalized HetNets. Case Study of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.1.1 Motivation 248 11.1.2 Approach 249 11.1.3 On Location Management in Generalized HetNets 250 11.2 Background on Geographic Routing and Geographic Location Management 250 11.3 All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 252 11.3.1 Challenges of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 253 11.4 Architecture for Geographic-based All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 254 11.4.1 Overview of the Architecture 254 11.4.2 Network Entities Supporting Networks of Femtocells 255 11.4.3 Operation of the Network of Femtocells 256 11.4.4 Sample Protocol Stacks for Wifi-based All-wireless NoFs 257 11.4.5 Other Relevant Issues 257 11.5 Location Management Procedures 258 11.5.1 Paging 259 11.5.2 Handoff 260 11.6 Summary and Conclusions 262 Acknowledgements 263 References 263 12 Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Networks: a Comparative Experimental and Simulation-based Investigation 265 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 Preliminaries on VHO 266 12.3 Experimental Investigation 267 12.3.1 VHO Decision Algorithms 267 12.3.2 Experimental Setup and Results 270 12.4 Simulation-based Investigation 274 12.4.1 The OPNET Simulator 274 12.4.2 Performance Results 276 12.5 Discussion on the VHO in HetNets 283 12.5.1 Role of the (Internal) Decision Algorithm 283 12.5.2 Role of the Authentication Procedures 283 12.5.3 Impact of VHO on HetNet Coverage 284 12.5.4 Impact of VHO on HetNet Capacity 284 12.6 Conclusions 284 Acknowledgment 285 References 285 Part III Deployment, Standardization and Field Trials 13 Evolution of HetNet Technologies in LTE-advanced Standards 289 13.1 Introduction 289 13.2 Deployment Scenarios for LTE-advanced HetNet 290 13.2.1 Macro–Femto Scenario 291 13.2.2 Macro–Pico Scenario 292 13.3 Inter-cell Interference Coordination for HetNet 292 13.3.1 Rel-8/9 ICIC 293 13.3.2 Rel-10 Enhanced ICIC 294 13.3.3 System-level Performance of HetNet with Time-domain eICIC 299 13.4 Ongoing Work in Rel-11 LTE-A 305 13.4.1 Support of Non-zero Power ABS 306 13.4.2 Network-assisted Cell Acquisition for CRE UE in Low Geometry 308 13.4.3 Mitigation of CRS Interference for CRE UE in Low Geometry 309 13.5 Conclusion 310 References 310 14 Macro–Femto Heterogeneous Network Deployment and Management 313 14.1 Introduction 314 14.2 Frameworks for Macro–Femto Network Deployment and Management 315 14.2.1 Joint-deployment Framework 315 14.2.2 WSP-deployment Framework 318 14.2.3 User-deployment Framework 318 14.3 Revenue Maximization with WSP-deployed Femto-BSs 319 14.3.1 On Cross-tier Channel Allocation 320 14.3.2 On Optimal Pricing and Spectrum Partition 326 14.4 Summary 332 References 333 15 Field Trial of LTE Technology 335 15.1 Introduction 335 15.2 Field Trial Overview 336 15.2.1 UE Antennas 337 15.2.2 Network Configuration and Field Trial Setup 338 15.3 Measurement Results 338 15.4 Summary Comparison 344 15.5 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 349

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisElevate your software testing approach with a methodology from industry leaders who dedicated their careers to studying, practicing, and teaching the craft of testing. Dive into the world of expert software testing with Taking Testing Seriously: The Rapid Software Testing Approach. This book arms software professionals with the knowledge required to master the Rapid Software Testing (RST) methodology. Written by two co-creators of the RST approach and supplemented by material from respected testers who offer valuable insights, it is an essential read for anyone seeking excellence in the craft of testing. Taking Testing Seriously offers a rich exploration of the RST methodology through insightful interviews, expert discussions, practical case studies, and real-world examples. It thoroughly covers key topics such as the psychology of testing, the science behind it, the fundamental processes and heuristics of test design, and much more. This book provides concrete strategies for addressin

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Book SynopsisEnergy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts presents detailed field studies of energy transition in Lille, Riyadh, Fayence, Bokhol, Ouarzazate and the Arabian Desert. It analyzes local actions and good practices – according to the resources and constraints involved – in the process of removing the obstacles to the transition. Solutions are sought for the right type of space for buildings, transport, industry and services, and targets are set for Europe, the Middle East and Africa as part of the Paris Climate Agreement. As a pedagogical tool, this book is aimed at not only politicians and professionals, but also any members of the public who wish to learn about changes in production and energy consumption.Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi List of Acronyms xiii Chapter 1. Three Types of Space for Analyzing Energy Transition 1 1.1. From energy-to-energy transition 1 1.2. Presentation of the six research areas. 8 1.3. The importance of climates in the energy transition 12 1.4. Energy sectors analyzed by field 14 Chapter 2. Energy Transition in Metropolises 17 2.1. Energy characteristics in metropolises 17 2.2. The example of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia 22 2.2.1. Presentation of Riyadh 22 2.2.2. Development, construction and housing of Riyadh 32 2.2.3. Transport from Riyadh 47 2.2.4. Riyadh’s challenges for energy transition 51 2.3. The example of the European Metropolis of Lille in France 63 2.3.1. Presentation of the European Metropolis of Lille 63 2.3.2. Development, construction and housing of the European Metropolis of Lille 71 2.3.3. Transport of the European Metropolis of Lille 77 2.3.4. Challenges of the European Metropolis of Lille for the energy transition 81 2.4. Lessons learned from the energy transition in metropolises 92 2.4.1. Priority to controlling energy consumption in metropolises 95 2.4.2. Microproduction of energy in metropolises 102 2.4.3. Peripheral power generation units and networks 104 Chapter 3. The Energy Transition in Rural Areas 109 3.1. The characteristics of energy in rural areas 109 3.2. The example of Pays de Fayence in France 112 3.2.1. Presentation of Pays de Fayence 112 3.2.2. Development of the Pays de Fayence 117 3.2.3. Transport in the Pays de Fayence 130 3.2.4. Challenges of the Pays de Fayence for the energy transition 132 3.3. The example of Bokhol in Senegal 137 3.3.1. Presentation of Bokhol 137 3.3.2. Development of the Bokhol site 149 3.3.3. Bokhol’s challenges for the energy transition 156 3.4. Lessons learned from the energy transition in rural areas 158 3.4.1. Dynamics of positive energy territories 160 3.4.2. Complex regulations and rurality 165 3.4.3. Landscapes and rurality 168 Chapter 4. The Energy Transition in the Desert 171 4.1. The characteristics of energy in the desert 171 4.2. The example of Ouarzazate in Morocco 172 4.2.1. Presentation of Ouarzazate 172 4.2.2. Spatial planning in Ouarzazate 183 4.2.3. Ouarzazate’s challenges for the energy transition 186 4.3. The example of Neom in Saudi Arabia 188 4.3.1. Neom’s presentation 188 4.3.2. Development of the Neom project 195 4.3.3. Neom’s challenges for the energy transition 199 4.4. Lessons learned from the energy transition in the desert 200 Conclusion 205 References 219 Index 223

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Book SynopsisA modern communication network can be described as a large, complex, distributed system composed by higher interoperating, smaller sub-systems. Today, the proliferation and convergence of different types of wired, wireless, and mobile networks are crucial for the success of the next generation networking. However, these networks can hardly meet the requirements of future integrated-service networks, and are expected to carry multimedia traffic with various Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Providing all relevant QoS/QoE issues in these heterogeneous networks is then an important challenge for telecommunication operators, manufacturers, and companies. The impressive emergence and the important demand of the rising generation of real-time Multi-service (such as Data, Voice VoD, Video-Conference, etc.) over communication heterogeneous networks, require scalability while considering a continuous QoS. This book presents and explains all the techniques in new generation networks which integrate efficient global control mechanisms in two directions: (1) maintain QoS requirements in order to maximize network resources utilization, and minimize operational costs on all the types of wired-wireless-mobile networks used to transport traffic, and (2) mix the QoS associated with home, access, and core networks in order to provide Quality of Service/Quality of Experience expected by users of new services.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Challenges for End-to-End Quality of Service over Heterogenous Networks 1 Abdelhamid MELLOUK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Research challenges in end-to-end QoS 2 1.3. Contents 4 1.3.1. Chapter 2: principles and mechanisms for Quality of Service in networks 4 1.3.2. Chapter 3: different approaches to guarantee Quality of Service 5 1.3.3. Chapter 4: Quality of Service-based adaptive routing approaches 6 1.3.4. Chapter 5: optical networks: new challenges and paradigms for Quality of Service 7 1.3.5. Chapter 6: pushing Quality of Service across interdomain boundaries 8 1.3.6. Chapter 7: Internet-based collaborative teleoperation: towards tailorable groupware for teleoperation 9 1.3.7. Chapter 8: survivability-oriented Quality of Service in optical networks 10 1.3.8. Chapter 9: MAC protocols for Quality of Service provisioning in mobile ad hoc networks10 1.3.9. Chapter 10: Quality of Service-based scheduling mechanisms in mobile networks 11 1.3.10. Chapter 11: Quality of Service in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks 12 1.3.11. Chapter 12: Quality of Service challenges in WiMAX networks 13 1.3.12. Chapter 13: Quality of Service support for MPLS-based wired-wireless domains 14 1.3.13. Chapter 14: Quality of Service control in VoIP applications 15 1.3.14. Chapter 15: towards collaborative teleoperation based on human scale networked mixed reality environments. 16 1.3.15. Chapter 16: Quality of Service driven context awareness using semantic sensors infrastructure 17 1.3.16. Chapter 17: effect of transmission delay on haptic perception in shared virtual environments 18 1.4. Conclusion 19 Chapter 2. Principles and Mechanisms for Quality of Service in Networks 21 Zoubir MAMMERI 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Concepts and definitions 23 2.2.1. Definitions of QoS in a networking context 23 2.2.2. End-to-end QoS 24 2.2.3. Classes (levels) of service 24 2.2.4. Differentiated classes of service 26 2.3. QoS parameters and application classification 26 2.3.1. QoS parameter types 26 2.3.2. Application classification 29 2.3.3. QoS parameter specification 32 2.3.4. Traffic models 32 2.3.5. Service level agreements 34 2.4. Mechanisms and functions for QoS provisioning 35 2.4.1. General issues 35 2.4.2. QoS establishment 36 2.4.3. Admission control 36 2.4.4. QoS negotiation and renegotiation 37 2.4.5. Resource management 38 2.4.6. QoS signaling protocols 39 2.4.7. Routing 39 2.4.8. Traffic control mechanisms 41 2.4.9. QoS control, maintenance, monitoring 45 2.4.10. QoS policy 45 2.4.11. QoS mapping and translation 46 2.5. Overview of IntServ, DiffServ and MPLS 47 2.5.1. Integrated services architecture 47 2.5.2. DiffServ architecture 48 2.5.3. MPLS 50 2.6. Conclusion 51 2.7. References 51 Chapter 3. Different Approaches to Guarantee Quality of Service 55 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 55 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 56 3.1.2. Organization of chapter 58 3.2. Means of managing an end-to-end time constraint 59 3.2.1. Components of an end-to-end response time 59 3.2.2. Different methods to ensure that D is met 61 3.2.3. Discussion 65 3.2.4. A producer/consumer scheme avoiding starvation 66 3.2.5. Example of a video-on-demand multimedia system 67 3.3. Evaluation of the end-to-end response time 68 3.3.1. The holistic approach 68 3.3.2. Network calculus 69 3.3.3. Trajectory approach 71 3.3.4. Comparison between the holistic and trajectory approaches 74 3.3.5. Flow shaping 77 3.4. Probabilistic guarantee of the end-to-end response time 79 3.4.1. Principles for a probabilistic guarantee 79 3.4.2. Examples 80 3.4.3. Probabilistic versus deterministic guarantee 81 3.5. QoS support in a mobile ad hoc network 81 3.5.1. Specificities of MANETs 81 3.5.2. The OLSR routing protocol 82 3.5.3. QoS architecture and QoS OLSR 83 3.6. Conclusion and perspectives 87 3.7. References 89 Chapter 4. Quality of Service-based Adaptive Routing Approaches 93 Abdelhamid MELLOUK and Saïd HOCEINI 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. QoS-based routing algorithms 95 4.2.1. Classical routing algorithms 97 4.3. QoS-based routing approaches 99 4.4. Inductive approaches based on machine learning paradigms 99 4.4.1. Cognitive Packet Networks (CPN) 100 4.4.2. Swarm ant colony optimization (AntNet) 100 4.4.3. Reinforcement learning routing approaches 101 4.5. Neural net-based approach for adaptive routing policy 102 4.6. State-dependent KOQRA algorithm 105 4.6.1. First stage: constructing K optimal paths 105 4.6.2. Second stage: optimizing the end-to-end delay with the Q-learning algorithm 107 4.6.3. Third stage: adaptive probabilistic path selection 108 4.7. Conclusion 108 4.8. References 109 Chapter 5. Optical Networks: New Challenges and Paradigms for Quality of Service 115 Ken CHEN and Wisssam FAWAZ 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Optical communication: from transmission to networking 116 5.2.1. Fiber optic cable 116 5.2.2. WDM technology 117 5.2.3. From transmission to networking 118 5.3. Optical networks as a pillar for future network infrastructure 119 5.4. Routing and wavelength assignment 121 5.5. GMPLS 122 5.5.1. MPLS 122 5.5.2. Principle of the GMPLS extension 124 5.5.3. GMPLS components 126 5.6. Towards a new optical link-based architecture 129 5.7. Protection against link failures 130 5.8. Optical packet switch and optical burst switch 131 5.8.1. Optical packet switching 131 5.8.2. Optical burst switching 132 5.9. Conclusion 133 5.10. References 133 Chapter 6. Pushing Quality of Service Across Inter-domain Boundaries 135 Bingjie FU, Cristel PELSSER, Steve UHLIG 6.1. Introduction 135 6.2. Background 136 6.2.1. The Internet as a distributed system 137 6.2.2. Business relationships between ASs 137 6.2.3. Impact of inter-domain routing on path diversity 138 6.2.4. Inter-AS LSP requirements 142 6.3. RSVP-TE extensions to support inter-domain LSPs 143 6.3.1. Explicit routing of an LSP 143 6.3.2. RRO aggregation and the path key 144 6.3.3. Protection of inter-AS LSPs 145 6.3.4. End-to-end disjoint LSPs 146 6.4. State of the art in inter-domain PCE 146 6.4.1. PCE-based architecture 146 6.4.2. Path computation methods 147 6.4.3. Applicability of the path computation techniques 152 6.5. Towards inter-AS QoS 152 6.5.1. DistributingQoS Information for inter-AS LSPs 153 6.5.2. Computing inter-AS LSPs with end-to-end QoS constraints 155 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 158 6.7. Acknowledgments 159 6.8. References 159 Chapter 7. Internet-based Collaborative Teleoperation: Towards Tailorable Groupware for Teleoperation 163 Samir OTMANE, Nader CHEAIB and Malik MALLEM 7.1. Introduction 163 7.2. Teleoperation via the World Wide Web 164 7.2.1. Non-collaborative teleoperation systems 166 7.2.2. Towards collaborative teleoperation systems 170 7.3. ARITI-C: a groupware for collaborative teleoperation via the Internet 172 7.3.1. Software architecture of ARITI-C 173 7.3.2. Human-machine interface of ARITI-C 177 7.4. Integrating QoS in designing tailorable collaborative teleoperation systems 185 7.4.1. Need for QoS in internet-based teleoperation185 7.4.2. Need for tailorability in internet-based collaborative teleoperation 186 7.4.3. Design of tailorable groupware for internet-based collaborative teleoperation 190 7.5. Conclusion 192 7.6. References 193 Chapter 8. Survivability-Oriented Quality of Service in Optical Networks 197 Wissam FAWAZ and Ken CHEN 8.1. Introduction 197 8.2. Optical transport network failures 198 8.2.1. Failure statistics 199 8.2.2. Causes of failure 200 8.3. Optical network survivability evolution 202 8.3.1 Survivability in traditional carrier network architecture 202 8.3.2. Protection at the IP layer? 204 8.3.3 Why optical layer survivability? 205 8.4. Optical WDM-layer survivability mechanisms 207 8.4.1. Path protection 208 8.4.2. Path restoration 209 8.4.3. Link protection 209 8.4.4. Link restoration 210 8.5. Conclusion 210 8.6. References 211 Chapter 9. MAC Protocols for Quality of Service Provisioning in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 213 Ghalem BOUDOUR, Mahboub A. BALI and Cédric TEYSSIÉ 9.1. Introduction 213 9.2. IEEE 802.11 standard basics 216 9.3. Prioritization-oriented MAC protocols 217 9.3.1. RT-MAC protocol 217 9.3.2. DCF-PC protocol 218 9.3.3. HCF and IEEE 802.11e 219 9.3.4. DPS protocol 221 9.3.5. BB-DCF protocol 222 9.3.6. ES-DCF and DB-DCF protocols 224 9.4. Reservation-oriented protocols 226 9.4.1. Reservation protocols with synchronization 227 9.4.2. Reservation protocols without synchronization 231 9.4.3. Limitations of reservation-based protocols 235 9.5. Available bandwidth estimation methods for ad hoc networks 235 9.5.1. General issues 235 9.5.2. Methods for bandwidth estimation 237 9.6. Conclusion 244 9.7. References 245 Chapter 10. Quality of Service Scheduling Mechanisms in Mobile Networks 249 Mohamed BRAHMA, Abdelhafid ABOUAÏSSA and Pascal LORENZ 10.1. Introduction 249 10.1.1. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) 250 10.1.2. Constraints 251 10.2. Quality of Service 251 10.2.1. Routing with QoS in the ad hoc network 251 10.2.2. QoS models in ad hoc networks 252 10.2.3. QoS MAC protocols 254 10.3. Buffer and energy-based scheduling 256 10.3.1. Marking MAC frames 258 10.3.2. Adjusting the weight of each class queue 258 10.3.3. Weight calculation algorithm 259 10.4. Simulations and numerical results 260 10.5. Conclusion 266 10.6. References 266 Chapter 11. Quality of Service inWireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 269 Azzedine BOUKERCHE, Horacio A.B.F. OLIVEIRA, Eduardo F. NAKAMURA, Richard W.N. PAZZI and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Challenges for QoS in ad hoc and sensor networks 270 11.2. QoS parameters in ad hoc and sensor networks 271 11.3. Components of a QoS system 273 11.4. MACmeasurement and reservation 274 11.4.1. Q-MAC 277 11.5. QoS routing discovery and maintenance 278 11.5.1. Ticket-based probing 278 11.5.2. QoS-based geographic routing 280 11.5.3. Core extraction distributed ad hoc routing – CEDAR281 11.5.4. EQoS 283 11.5.5. The INSIGNIA QoS framework 283 11.5.6. Ad hocQoS on-demand routing –AQOR 285 11.6. Conclusions 287 11.7. References 288 Chapter 12. Quality of Service Challenges in WiMAX Networks 291 Sahar GHAZAL and Jalel BEN-OTHMAN 12.1. Introduction 291 12.2.QoS limitations in wireless networks 293 12.3.QoS features in WiMAXnetworks 294 12.3.1. Classification process 294 12.3.2. Scheduling services 295 12.3.3. Bandwidth management policies 296 12.4. QoS parameter set and management messages 298 12.4.1. Connection establishment 299 12.4.2. Dynamic change of admitted QoS parameters 300 12.5. MAC layer and QoS architecture 301 12.6. PHY layer supports QoS 302 12.7. QoS previous proposed solutions for WiMAX 303 12.7.1. Proposed scheduling algorithms 303 12.7.2. Proposed admission policies 304 12.8. Conclusion 305 12.9. References 305 Chapter 13. Quality of Service Support for MPLS-based Wired-Wireless Domains 309 Scott FOWLER, Sherali ZEADALLY and Abdelhamid MELLOUK 13.1. Abstract 309 13.2. Introduction 310 13.3. MPLS technology 310 13.3.1. Label distribution protocol (LDP) 312 13.4. Mobility and MPLS 314 13.5. Hierarchical MIP 315 13.6. Extending MPLS from wired networks to wireless networks 317 13.6.1. Hierarchical mobile MPLS (H-MPLS) approach 317 13.6.2. Hierarchical mobile IPv6withMPLS 321 13.6.3. Micro-mobility with MPLS (MM-MPLS) approach 326 13.6.4. The label edge mobility agent (LEMA) approach 328 13.7. Multimedia support over MPLS-based networks 329 13.7.1. MPLS support in DiffServ 331 13.7.2. Resource reservation protocol traffic engineering (RSVP-TE) with MPLS 335 13.7.3. Constraint-based routed label distribution protocol (CR-LDP) 336 13.8. Emerging trends of MPLS-based networks 337 13.8.1. Label management of MPLS 338 13.8.2. MPLS support over heterogenous networks 339 13.8.3. MPLS security 339 13.8.4. QoS support over MPLS-based networks 339 13.8.5. Fast handovers across MPLS-based wired-wireless networks 340 13.9. Conclusion 340 13.10. References 342 13.11. Appendix – list of acronyms 344 Chapter 14. Quality of Service Control in Voice-over IP Applications 347 Vincent LECUIRE and Mouna BENAISSA 14.1. Introduction 347 14.2. General structure of VoIP applications 348 14.3. End-to-end delay analysis 351 14.3.1. Coding/decoding delay 352 14.3.2. Packetization delay 353 14.3.3. Network delay 353 14.3.4. Jitter compensation delay 353 14.3.5. End-to-end delay calculation 354 14.4. Quality of Service requirements for VoIP 354 14.4.1. Delay constraint 354 14.4.2. Packet loss constraint 355 14.4.3. Jitter constraint 356 14.5. Algorithms for adaptive playout buffering 357 14.5.1. Approach based on linear filtering 359 14.5.2. Approach based on adaptive filter 363 14.5.3. Approach based on statistics distribution 364 14.6. Forward error correction mechanisms for packet loss repair 367 14.6.1. Media-specific FEC 368 14.6.2. Media-independent FEC 369 14.7. Joint playout buffering and packet-level FEC algorithms 370 14.7.1. Virtual delay algorithms 371 14.7.2. Delay aware algorithm 371 14.8. Conclusion 372 14.9. References 372 Chapter 15. Towards Collaborative Teleoperation Based On Human-Scale Networked Mixed Reality Environments 377 Samir OTMANE, Nassima OURAMDANE and Malik MALLEM 15.1. Introduction 377 15.2. Teleoperation and telerobotics 378 15.2.1. Brief background 379 15.2.2. Teleoperation 379 15.2.3. Telerobotics 382 15.2.4. Some application domains 383 15.3. Augmented reality assisted teleoperation 389 15.4. Human-scale collaborative teleoperation 393 15.4.1. Collaborative working environments. 394 15.4.2. Interactions in human-scale teleoperation 395 15.4.3. Distributed software architecture for human-scale collaborative teleoperation 398 15.5. Synthesis and problematics 401 15.6. References 403 Chapter 16. QoS-driven Context Awareness Using Semantic Sensors Infrastructure 407 Abdelghani CHIBANI and Yacine AMIRAT 16.1. Introduction 407 16.2. Context-aware pervasive computing 408 16.3. Service agent middleware for decentralized context management 409 16.3.1. Context service agent 410 16.3.2. Context aggregation agent 411 16.3.3. Context services composition 413 16.4. Context service discovery 415 16.4.1. QoS-driven context directories management 416 16.4.2. Contextual knowledge modeling 416 16.4.3. Contextual service modeling419 16.4.4. Context service semantic matching 420 16.5. Semantic context sensor scenarios 422 16.5.1. Scenario 1: context-aware travel organizer service 423 16.5.2. Scenario 2: context-aware services for healthcare ubiquitous robot 425 16.5.3. Scenario 3: context sensor infrastructure for living lab services 426 16.6. Conclusion 427 16.7. References 428 Chapter 17. Effect of Transmission Delay on Haptic Perception in Shared Virtual Environments 431 Hichem ARIOUI 17.1. Introduction 431 17.2. Haptic simulation in VR applications 433 17.2.1. Haptic feedback device 433 17.2.2. Applications of haptic systems 436 17.3. Delayed force feedback systems 437 17.3.1. Automatic control law, solutions and handicaps 437 17.3.2. Remote programming, solutions and handicaps 441 17.4. The Quality of Service for a good haptic rendering 442 17.5. References 443 List of Authors 445 Index 451

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Book SynopsisOptoelectronic sensors combine optical and electronic systems for numerous applications including pressure sensors, security systems, atmospheric particle measurement, close tolerance measurement, quality control, and more. This title provides an examination of the latest research in photonics and electronics in the areas of sensors.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Photodetectors 1 Franck OMNES 1.1. Brief overview of semiconductor materials 1 1.2. Photodetection with semiconductors: basic phenomena 3 1.3. Semiconductor devices 4 1.4. p-n junctions and p-i-n structures 5 1.5. Avalanche effect in p-i-n structures 7 1.6. Schottky junction 8 1.7. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structures 10 1.8. Operational parameters of photodetectors 11 Chapter 2. PIN Photodiodes for the Visible and Near-Infrared 15 Baudoin DE CREMOUX 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Physical processes occurring in photodiodes 17 2.3. Static characteristics of PIN photodiodes 25 2.4. Dynamic characteristics of PIN photodiodes 34 2.5. Semiconductor materials used in PIN photodiodes for the visible and near-infrared 42 2.6. New photodiode structures 49 2.7. Bibliography 55 Chapter 3. Avalanche Photodiodes 57 Gérard RIPOCHE and Joseph HARARI 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. History 58 3.3. The avalanche effect 60 3.4. Properties of avalanche photodiodes 66 3.5. Technological considerations 76 3.6. Silicon avalanche photodiodes 80 3.7. Avalanche photodiodes based on gallium arsenide 88 3.8. Germanium avalanche photodiodes 90 3.9. Avalanche photodiodes based on indium phosphate (InP) 95 3.10. III-V low-noise avalanche photodiodes 100 3.11. Prospects 104 3.12. Conclusion 106 3.13. Bibliography 107 Chapter 4. Phototransistors 111 Carmen GONZALEZ and Antoine MARTY 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. Phototransistors 112 4.3. The bipolar phototransistor: description and principles of operation 118 4.4. Photodetector circuits based on phototransistors 140 4.5. Applications 142 4.6. Conclusion 150 4.7. Bibliography 151 Chapter 5. Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes 155 Joseph HARARI and Vincent MAGNIN 5.1. Introduction 155 5.2. Operation and structure 156 5.3. Static and dynamic characteristics 165 5.4. Integration possibilities and conclusion 177 5.5. Bibliography 178 Chapter 6. Ultraviolet Photodetectors 181 Franck OMNES and Eva MONROY 6.1. Introduction 181 6.2. The UV-visible contrast 189 6.3. Si and SiC photodetectors for UV photodetection 190 6.4. UV detectors based on III-V nitrides 195 6.5. Conclusion 216 6.6. Bibliography 218 Chapter 7. Noise in Photodiodes and Photoreceiver Systems 223 Robert ALABEDRA and Dominique RIGAUD 7.1. Mathematical tools for noise 224 7.2. Fundamental noise sources 227 7.3. Excess noise 232 7.4. Analysis of noise electrical circuits 235 7.5. Noise in photodetectors 239 7.6. Noise optimization of photodetectors 245 7.7. Calculation of the noise of a photoreceiver 253 7.8. Comments and conclusions 266 7.9. Bibliography 268 List of Authors 269 Index 271

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Book SynopsisSince the beginning of the century, electrical engineering technologies and applications have pervaded daily life and are present in the majority of everyday products, tools, and appliances. Increasingly these applications are becoming more prevalent in the automotive vehicle and products market. While change in this field has been relatively slow over the last ten last years, the pace of change is now beginning to accelerate and we are witnessing a wave driven by regulatory constraints and market laws which are sweeping away the last bastions of resistance. This book discusses both the historical and scientific issues surrounding the application of electrical technology in the automotive drives field, as well as potential future developments, such as hybrid vehicles and fuel cells. In the current context of energy conservation, pollution prevention, and carbon control, this book will provide an important and timely examination of a potentially enormous new market.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Joseph BERETTA 1.1. Automotive constraints 1 1.2. Key figures from the automotive industry – data from the CCFA (association of French car manufacturers) 2 Chapter 2. Basic Definitions 5 Joseph BERETTA 2.1. Basic concepts 5 2.1.1. Basics of automotive energy. 5 2.1.2. Basics of automotive dynamics 7 2.2. The different electric drive-train systems 10 2.2.1. Basic definitions 10 2.2.2. Definitions of drive-train systems 14 2.2.3. Thermal-electric hybrid systems 19 2.2.4. Complex hybrids 22 Chapter 3. Electric-Powered Vehicles 27 Joseph BERETTA, Cyriacus BLEIJS, François BADIN and Thierry ALLEAU 3.1. History 27 3.2. Battery-powered electric vehicles 31 3.2.1. Battery sizing 31 3.2.2. Vehicle specifications 33 3.2.3. Calculating the vehicle weights 34 3.2.4. Application on a small vehicle 37 3.3. Recharging systems for electric vehicles 40 3.3.1. What is battery charging? 41 3.3.2. The various types of chargers 41 3.3.3. Recharging efficiency 49 3.3.4. Recharging in complete safety 50 3.4. Thermal/electric hybrid vehicles 53 3.4.1. Assessment of traditional motorizations 53 3.4.2. Implementation of hybrid transmissions 69 3.4.3. Context of research concerning hybrid transmission 74 3.4.4. Functionalities of hybrid architectures 82 3.4.5. Evaluation of hybrid vehicles 110 3.4.6. The first vehicles on the market 118 3.5. Fuel-cell vehicles 144 3.5.1. History, introduction 144 3.5.2. Choosing the kind of fuel cell 145 3.6. Bibliography 169 3.7. Summary table of fuel-cell (PEM) vehicle prototypes (as of February 2005) 169 Chapter 4. The Components of Electric-Powered Vehicles 173 Joseph BERETTA, Jean BONAL and Thierry ALLEAU 4.1. Electric motors 175 4.2. Electronic converters 180 4.2.1. Characteristics of electric vehicles 180 4.2.2. Components of electronic converters 181 4.3.3. Generators – receivers – sources 182 4.3.4. Rectifiers 185 4.3.5. Choppers 186 4.3.6. Inverters 202 4.3. Batteries and static storage systems 207 4.3.1. The different electrochemical couples for batteries 207 4.3.2. Positioning of Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries for different applications 213 4.3.3. Recycling processes 215 4.4. The fuel cell and on-board fuel storage 217 4.4.1. History of the fuel cell 217 4.4.2. The different fuel-cell technologies 220 4.4.3. The PEM fuel cell 223 4.4.4. Technology and cost of fuel-cell components 235 4.4.5. Peripherals of the fuel cell 241 4.4.6. Numerical modeling of the fuel cell 246 4.4.7. The fuel and its storage 249 4.4.8. Conclusions. 264 4.5. Bibliography 266 Chapter 5. Prospects and Evolutions of Electric-Powered Vehicles: What Technologies by 2015? 269 Joseph BERETTA 5.1. Mobility 269 5.2. New technologies 274 5.2.1. Electric motors 276 5.2.2. Electronic power systems 278 5.2.3. Electric energy sources 279 5.3. New cars 282 Automobile Glossary 291 Appendices 313 Appendix 1. European regulation emissions for light vehicles 313 Appendix 2.a. Example of hybrid parallel transmission with flywheel storage 314 Appendix 2.b. Example of hybrid parallel transmission with oleo-pneumatic storage 314 Appendix 3. Example of function allocation 315 Appendix 4. Toyota Prius engine 316 List of authors 317 Index 319

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the emerging generation of renewable energy technologies, covering solar energy (photovoltaic, thermal and thermodynamic energy conversion), wind energy, marine energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy, biofuels, biogas and the use of wood as a substitute for fossil fuels.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Chapter 1. Photovoltaic Electricity Production 1 Jean-Claude MULLER 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Photovoltaic conversion 3 1.3. Cells with a crystalline silicon base 5 1.4. Cells in thin films 10 1.5. Photovoltaic market 17 1.6. Prospects for photovoltaic electricity development 22 1.7. Bibliography 23 Chapter 2. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Grid 25 Seddik BACHA and Daniel CHATROUX 2.1. Problems of photovoltaic power generation connected to the grid 25 2.2. General remarks on connection 28 2.3. Physical architectures 30 2.4. Constraints related to supplying energy to the utility grid 34 2.5. Algorithmic architectures 38 2.6. Conclusion 42 2.7. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Solar Heating 45 Christophe MARVILLET 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Available energy from the sun 49 3.3. Flat solar panels 53 3.4. Solar heating systems 58 3.5. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Solar Thermodynamic Power Stations 63 Alain FERRIÈRE Introduction 63 4.1. Concentrating solar power technologies 65 4.2. The state of the art 84 4.3. Prospects 94 4.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 5. Wind Systems Technology 103 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE 5.1. Introduction: wind power today 103 5.2. Description of a wind generator 104 5.3. Operation of a wind turbine 106 5.4. Bibliography 136 Chapter 6. Integration of Wind Turbine Generators into the Grid 143 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE 6.1. Connection to the grid 143 6.2. Comparison of technologies and conclusion 169 6.3. Bibliography 171 6.4. Appendix: symbol table 177 Chapter 7. Marine Energy Resources Conversion Systems 181 Bernard MULTON, Alain CLÉMENT, Marie RUELLAN, Julien SEIGNEURBIEUX and Hamid BEN AHMED 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Electricity productivity from marine resources 183 7.3. Ocean wave generator systems (WEC: wave energy converters) 188 7.4. Tidal energy converters (TEC) 202 7.5. Other conversion systems 214 7.6. Conclusion 221 7.7. Bibliography 223 Chapter 8. Small Hydropower 227 Raymond CHENAL, Aline CHOULOT, Vincent DENIS and Norbert TISSOT 8.1. Introduction 227 8.2. What is small hydropower? 229 8.3. Hydraulic energy 231 8.4. The exploitation of hydraulic force 233 8.5. Potential 244 8.6. Research & Development in small hydropower 245 8.7. Environmental aspects of small hydropower 249 8.8. Policies favoring small hydropower 254 8.9. Conclusions 257 8.10. Bibliography 258 Chapter 9. Geothermal Energy Production 261 Florence JAUDIN and Laurent LE BEL 9.1. Introduction 261 9.2. Geothermal energy: why, for whom and how? 262 9.3. Geothermal heat pump systems 269 9.4. Direct production of heat 286 9.5. Electricity production.301 9.6. Glossary 320 9.7. Bibliography 325 Chapter 10. Biofuels 329 Frédéric MONOT, Jean-Luc DUPLAN, Nathalie ALAZARD-TOUX and Stéphane HIS 10.1. The place of biofuels in the energy environment 329 10.2. Current systems 345 10.3. Future systems: use of lignocellulose 358 10.4. Economic and environmental balance of biofuel production systems 380 10.5. Bibliography 394 Chapter 11. Biogas 397 Pierre LABEYRIE 11.1. Introduction: biogas, “the renewable natural gas” 397 11.2. Naturally occurring biogas 397 11.3. Production organized by humans 398 11.4. History of anaerobic digestion 399 11.5. Anaerobic digestion 400 11.6. Anaerobic digestion installations or biogas units 405 11.7. Uses of biogas 419 11.8. Conclusion: renewable natural gas and its challenges 424 11.9. Bibliography 425 Chapter 12. Energy Production from Wood 427 Frédéric DOUARD 12.1. Introduction: what is wood energy? 427 12.2. Overview of wood fuels 429 12.3. Principles of conversion of wood into energy 442 12.4. Generators of thermal energy from wood 450 12.5. Conclusion 470 12.6. Bibliography 471 List of Authors 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisInternet of Things: Connecting Objects puts forward the technologies and the networking architectures which make it possible to support the Internet of Things. Amongst these technologies, RFID, sensor and PLC technologies are described and a clear view on how they enable the Internet of Things is given. This book also provides a good overview of the main issues facing the Internet of Things such as the issues of privacy and security, application and usage, and standardization.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to the Internet of Things 1 Hakima CHAOUCHI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. History of IoT 3 1.3. About objects/things in the IoT 7 1.4. The identifier in the IoT 9 1.5. Enabling technologies of IoT 13 1.6. About the Internet in IoT 21 1.7. Bibliography 32 Chapter 2. Radio Frequency Identification Technology Overview 35 Ayyangar Ranganath HARISH 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Principle of RFID 36 2.3. Components of an RFID system 41 2.4. Issues 48 2.5. Bibliography 52 Chapter 3. Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology Overview 53 Thomas WATTEYNE and Kristofer S.J. PISTER 3.1. History and context 53 3.2. The node 60 3.3. Connecting nodes 64 3.4. Networking nodes 70 3.5. Securing communication 88 3.6. Standards and Fora 89 3.7. Conclusion 91 3.8. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Power Line Communication Technology Overview 97 Xavier CARCELLE and Thomas BOURGEAU 4.1. Introduction 97 4.2. Overview of existing PLC technologies and standards 98 4.3. Architectures for home network applications 114 4.4. Internet of things using PLC technology 120 4.5. Conclusion 127 4.6. Bibliography 127 Chapter 5. RFID Applications and Related Research Issues 129 Oscar BOTERO and Hakima CHAOUCHI 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Concepts and terminology 129 5.3. RFID applications 139 5.4. Ongoing research projects 144 5.5. Summary and conclusions 152 5.6. Bibliography 153 Chapter 6. RFID Deployment for Location and Mobility Management on the Internet 157 Apostolia PAPAPOSTOLOU and Hakima CHAOUCHI 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Background and related work 159 6.3. Localization and handover management relying on RFID 169 6.4. Technology considerations 176 6.5. Performance evaluation 181 6.6. Summary and conclusions 187 6.7. Bibliography 188 Chapter 7. The Internet of Things – Setting the Standards 191 Keith MAINWARING and Lara SRIVASTAVA 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Standardizing the IoT 193 7.3. Exploiting the potential of RFID 196 7.4. Identification in the IoT 202 7.5. Promoting ubiquitous networking: any where, any when, any what 212 7.6. Safeguarding data and consumer privacy 217 7.7. Conclusions 220 7.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 8. Governance of the Internet of Things 223 Rolf H. WEBER 8.1. Introduction 223 8.2. Bodies subject to governing principles 225 8.3. Substantive principles for IoT governance 233 8.4. IoT infrastructure governance 239 8.5. Further governance issues 246 8.6. Outlook 248 8.7. Bibliography 248 Conclusion 251 List of Authors 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisThe increased complexity of embedded systems coupled with quick design cycles to accommodate faster time-to-market requires increased system design productivity that involves both model-based design and tool-supported methodologies. Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques and provide a clean framework in which to express requirements and models of the systems, taking into account discrete, stochastic and continuous (timed or hybrid) parameters with increasingly efficient tools. This book deals with these formal methods applied to communicating embedded systems by presenting the related industrial challenges and the issues of modeling, model-checking, diagnosis and control synthesis, and by describing the main associated automated tools.Table of ContentsPreface xi Claude JARD and Olivier H. ROUX Chapter 1. Models for Real-Time Embedded Systems 1 Didier LIME, Olivier H. ROUX and Ji¡ri SRBA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Notations, languages and timed transition systems 5 1.3. Timed models 8 1.4. Models with stopwatches 23 1.5. Conclusion 31 1.6. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. Timed Model-Checking 39 Beatrice BERARD 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Timed models 40 2.3. Timed logics 46 2.4. Timed model-checking 51 2.5. Conclusion 61 2.6. Bibliography 61 Chapter 3. Control of Timed Systems 67 Franck CASSEZ and Nicolas MARKEY 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Timed games 72 3.3. Computation of winning states and strategies 76 3.4. Zeno strategies 82 3.5. Implementability 82 3.6. Specification of control objectives 85 3.7. Optimal control 87 3.8. Efficient algorithms for controller synthesis 92 3.9. Partial observation 96 3.10. Changing game rules 97 3.11. Bibliography 98 Chapter 4. Fault Diagnosis of Timed Systems 107 Franck CASSEZ and Stavros TRIPAKIS 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. Notations 109 4.3. Fault diagnosis problems 113 4.4. Fault diagnosis for discrete event systems 115 4.5. Fault diagnosis for timed systems 122 4.6. Other results and open problems 136 4.7. Bibliography 136 Chapter 5. Quantitative Verification of Markov Chains 139 Susanna DONATELLI and Serge HADDAD 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Performance evaluation of Markov models 140 5.3. Verification of discrete time Markov chain 148 5.4. Verification of continuous time Markov chain 157 5.5. State of the art in the quantitative evaluation of Markov chains 160 5.6. Bibliography 162 Chapter 6. Tools for Model-Checking Timed Systems 165 Alexandre DAVID, Gerd BEHRMANN, Peter BULYCHEV, Joakim BYG, Thomas CHATAIN, Kim G. LARSEN, Paul PETTERSSON, Jacob Illum RASMUSSEN, Ji¡ri SRBA,Wang YI, Kenneth Y. JOERGENSEN, Didier LIME,MorganMAGNIN, Olivier H. ROUX and Louis-Marie TRAONOUEZ 6.1. Introduction 165 6.2. UPPAAL 166 6.3. UPPAAL-CORA 182 6.4. UPPAAL-TIGA 185 6.5. TAPAAL 199 6.6. ROMEO: a tool for the analysis of timed extensions of Petri nets 205 6.7. Bibliography 217 Chapter 7. Tools for the Analysis of Hybrid Models 227 Thao DANG, Goran FREHSE, Antoine GIRARD and Colas LE GUERNIC 7.1. Introduction 227 7.2. Hybrid automata and reachability 228 7.3. Linear hybrid automata 232 7.4. Piecewise affine hybrid systems 234 7.5. Hybridization techniques for reachability computations 241 7.6. Bibliography 249 List of Authors 253 Index 259

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Book SynopsisEmbedded systems are becoming increasingly complex, and as they become more widespread, more capable, and more densely integrated in everyday consumer, household, industrial, and more specialized products, the design and use in applications of such systems requires knowledge of several different disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications, and networks. Without detailing all aspects of electronics, circuit design, and computer architecture related to the design of embedded systems, this book, written by expert specialists in electronics, data processing and telecommunications and networks, gives important insights into the communication techniques and problems encountered in embedded systems. The book focuses on applications in the area of telecommunications and networks because the vast majority of embedded systems are deployed in communications systems and equipment, and it therefore makes an excellent field-wide case study.Table of ContentsGeneral Introduction xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Embedded Systems 1 Patrice KADIONIK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Embedded system: a definition 3 1.3. Properties of an embedded system 4 1.4. The significance of Moore’s Law 6 1.5. Embedded systems and the system on silicon 9 1.6. Embedded systems and communications 12 1.7. Embedded systems and security 13 1.8. Embedded systems and time constraints 14 1.9. Embedded systems and free software 17 1.10. Embedded systems and their design 19 1.11. An example of multimedia embedded system design 20 1.12. Conclusion 25 1.13. Bibliography 26 Chapter 2. Quality-of-Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 29 Zoubir MAMMERI 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Mobile ad hoc networks: concepts, characteristics, challenges 31 2.3. QoS routing: general considerations 37 2.4. Best-effort routing protocols in MANETs 47 2.5. QoS routing in MANETs 56 2.6. Conclusion 71 2.7. Bibliography 74 Chapter 3. Self-Management of Ad Hoc Sensor Networks 81 Francine KRIEF 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Wireless sensor networks 82 3.3. Autonomic sensor networks 94 3.4. An example of self-configuration 102 3.5. Conclusion 109 3.6. Bibliography 110 Chapter 4. RFID Technology 113 Vincent GUYOT 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Automatic identification systems 113 4.3. The components of an RFID system 116 4.4. The different types of RFID systems 118 4.5. RF ranges 120 4.6. Information security 120 4.7. Standards in force 124 4.8. Examples of implementations 127 4.9. Conclusion 136 4.10. Bibliography 136 Chapter 5. Hardware Security in Embedded Systems 139 Lilian BOSSUET and Guy GOGNIAT 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Embedded systems and their security issues 140 5.3. Security of the system and its data 147 5.4. Secured hardware architectures for embedded systems 155 5.5. Conclusion168 5.6. Bibliography 169 Chapter 6. Communications Security in Embedded Systems 175 Mohamed Aymen CHALOUF 6.1. Introduction 175 6.2. Communications security 176 6.3. Communications security in embedded systems 195 6.4. Conclusion 204 6.5. Bibliography 204 Chapter 7. Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Services in 802.11-Type Embedded Communications Systems 207 Ismaïl DJAMA 7.1. Introduction 207 7.2. Limits of layered structuring 209 7.3. The XL concept 219 7.4. Conclusion 231 7.5. Bibliography 231 Chapter 8. Relevance of the DTN Architecture to Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 235 Olfa SAMET 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. Mobile ad hoc networks 236 8.3. Challenged networks 239 8.4. Delay-tolerant networks 241 8.5. Relevance of DTNs to ad hoc mobile networks 263 8.6. Conclusion 266 8.7. Bibliography 266 Chapter 9. Intelligent Interfaces and Mobile Communications 267 Badr BENMAMMAR and Zeina EL-FERKH JRAD 9.1. Introduction 267 9.2. Assisting the user with access to new internet services 269 9.3. Modeling user behavior 272 9.4. Synthesis of mobile and wireless networks 276 9.5. References for intelligent interfaces for access to mobile networks 285 9.6. Conclusion 294 9.7. Bibliography 294 Chapter 10. Routing and Mobility Management in Personal Networks 301 Usman JAVAID and Francine KRIEF 10.1. Introduction 301 10.2. Personal environments 303 10.3. Routing in personal environments 306 10.4. Gateway discovery 311 10.5. Mobility management 314 10.6. Conclusion 319 10.7. Bibliography 319 List of Authors 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisCombinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aims to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. “Paradigms of Combinatorial Optimization” is divided in two parts: • Paradigmatic Problems, that handles several famous combinatorial optimization problems as max cut, min coloring, optimal satisfiability tsp, etc., the study of which has largely contributed to both the development, the legitimization and the establishment of the Combinatorial Optimization as one of the most active actual scientific domains; • Classical and New Approaches, that presents the several methodological approaches that fertilize and are fertilized by Combinatorial optimization such as: Polynomial Approximation, Online Computation, Robustness, etc., and, more recently, Algorithmic Game Theory.Trade Review"Finally, the essay is useful for researchers and scientists in diverse fields (mathematics, programmers, engineers, etc.) as well as post-graduate students (and even undergraduates)." (Contemporary Physics, 19 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Vangelis Th. PASCHOS PART I. PARADIGMATIC PROBLEMS 1 Chapter 1. Optimal Satisfiability 3 Cristina BAZGAN Chapter 2. Scheduling Problems 33 Philippe CHRÉTIENNE and Christophe PICOULEAU Chapter 3. Location Problems 61 Aristotelis GIANNAKOS Chapter 4. MiniMax Algorithms and Games 89 Michel KOSKAS Chapter 5. Two-dimensional Bin Packing Problems 107 Andrea LODI, Silvano MARTELLO, Michele MONACI and Daniele VIGO Chapter 6. The Maximum Cut Problem 131 Walid BEN-AMEUR, Ali Ridha MAHJOUB and José NETO Chapter 7. The Traveling Salesman Problem and its Variations 173 Jérôme MONNOT and Sophie TOULOUSE Chapter 8. 0–1 Knapsack Problems 215 Gérard PLATEAU and Anass NAGIH Chapter 9. Integer Quadratic Knapsack Problems 243 Dominique QUADRI, Eric SOUTIF and Pierre TOLLA Chapter 10. Graph Coloring Problems 265 Dominique DE WERRA and Daniel KOBLER PART II. NEW APPROACHES 311 Chapter 11. Polynomial Approximation 313 Marc DEMANGE and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 12. Approximation Preserving Reductions 351 Giorgio AUSIELLO and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 13. Inapproximability of Combinatorial Optimization Problems 381 Luca TREVISAN Chapter 14. Local Search: Complexity and Approximation 435 Eric ANGEL, Petros CHRISTOPOULOS and Vassilis ZISSIMOPOULOS Chapter 15. On-line Algorithms 473 Giorgio AUSIELLO and Luca BECCHETTI Chapter 16. Polynomial Approximation for Multicriteria Combinatorial Optimization Problems 511 Eric ANGEL, Evripidis BAMPIS and Laurent GOURVÈS Chapter 17. An Introduction to Inverse Combinatorial Problems 547 Marc DEMANGE and Jérôme MONNOT Chapter 18. Probabilistic Combinatorial Optimization 587 Cécile MURAT and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 19. Robust Shortest Path Problems 615 Virginie GABREL and Cécile MURAT Chapter 20. Algorithmic Games 641 Aristotelis GIANNAKOS and Vangelis PASCHOS List of Authors 675 Index 681 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 689

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces and details the key facets of Combined Analysis—an x-ray and/or neutron scattering methodology which combines structural, textural, stress, microstructural, phase, layer, or other relevant variable or property analyses in a single approach. The author starts with basic theories related to diffraction by polycrystals and some of the most common combined analysis instrumental set-ups are detailed. Powder diffraction data treatment is introduced and in particular, the Rietveld analysis is discussed. The book also addresses automatic phase indexing—a necessary step to solve a structure ab initio. Since its effect prevails on real samples where textures are often stabilized, quantitative texture analysis is also detailed. Also discussed are microstructures of powder diffraction profiles; quantitative phase analysis from the Rietveld analysis; residual stress analysis for isotropic and anisotropic materials; specular x-ray reflectivity, and the various associated models. Finally, the book introduces the combined analysis concept, showing how it is superior to the view presented when we look at only one part of the analyses. This book shows that the existence of texture in a specimen can be envisaged as a way to decouple ordinarily strongly correlated parameters, as measured for instance in powder diagrams, and to examine and detail deeper material characterizations in a single methodology.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Acknowledgements xvii Chapter 1. Some Basic Notions About Powder Diffraction 1 1.1. Crystallite, grain, polycrystal and powder 1 1.2. Bragg’s law and harmonic reflections 2 1.3. Geometric conditions of diffraction, Ewald sphere 4 1.4. Imperfect powders 5 1.5. Main diffraction line profile components 6 1.6. Peak profile parameters 11 1.7. Modeling of the diffraction peaks 11 1.8. Experimental geometry 22 1.9. Intensity calibration (flat-field) 26 1.10. Standard samples 32 1.11. Probed thickness (penetration depth) 36 Chapter 2. Structure Refinement by Diffraction Profile Adjustment (Rietveld Method) 41 2.1. Principle of the Rietveld method 41 2.2. Rietveld-based codes 43 2.3. Parameter modeling 44 2.4. Crystal structure databases 71 2.5. Reliability factors in profile refinements 71 2.6. Parameter exactness 75 2.7. The Le Bail method 75 2.8. Refinement procedures 76 2.9. Refinement strategy 81 2.10. Structural determination by diffraction 82 Chapter 3. Automatic Indexing of Powder Diagrams 91 3.1. Principle 91 3.2. Dichotomy approach 92 3.3. Criterions for quality 93 Chapter 4. Quantitative Texture Analysis 95 4.1. Classic texture analysis 95 4.2. Orientation distribution (OD) or orientation distribution function (ODF)131 4.3. Distribution density and normalization 140 4.4. Direct and normalized pole figures 140 4.5. Reduced pole figures 143 4.6. Fundamental equation of quantitative texture analysis 143 4.7. Resolution of the fundamental equation 150 4.8. OD refinement reliability estimators 161 4.9. Inverse pole figures 168 4.10. Texture strength factors 170 4.11. Texture programs 173 4.12. Limits of the classic texture analysis 176 4.13. Magnetic quantitative texture analysis (MQTA)178 4.14. Reciprocal space mapping (RSM)189 Chapter 5. Quantitative Microstructure Analysis 191 5.1. Introduction 191 5.2. Microstructure modeling (classic) 192 5.3. Bertaut-Warren-Averbach approach (Fourier analysis) 197 5.4. Anisotropic broadening: the Popa approach 204 5.5. Stacking and twin faults 212 5.6. Dislocations 214 5.7. Crystallite size distributions 217 5.8. Rietveld approach 219 Chapter 6. Quantitative Phase Analysis 221 6.1. Standardized experiments 221 6.2. Polycrystalline samples 221 6.3. Amorphous-crystalline aggregates 223 6.4. Detection Limit 225 Chapter 7. Residual Strain-Stress Analysis 227 7.1. Strain definitions 227 7.2. ?Ï33 strain determination 229 7.3. Complete strain tensor determination 230 7.4. Textured samples 232 Chapter 8. X-Ray Reflectivity 235 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. X-rays and neutrons refractive index 238 8.3. The critical angle of reflection 240 8.4. Fresnel formalism (specular reflectivity) 241 8.5. Surface roughness 246 8.6. Matrix formalism (specular reflectivity) 250 8.7. Born approximation 251 8.8. Electron density profile 251 8.9. Multilayer reflectivity curves 252 8.10. Instrumental corrections 253 Chapter 9. Combined Structure-Texture-Microstructure-Stress-Phase Reflectivity Analysis 257 9.1. Initial queries 257 9.2. Implementation 261 9.3. Experimental set-up 264 9.4. Instrument calibration 264 9.5. Refinement strategy 269 9.6. Examples 272 Chapter 10. Macroscopic Anisotropic Properties 363 10.1. Aniso- and isotropic samples and properties 363 10.2. Macroscopic/microscopic properties 364 Bibliography 441 Glossary 483 Abbreviations 487 Mathematical Operators 489 Index 491

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Book SynopsisMathematical Morphology allows for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures using techniques based on the fields of set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. It is the basis of morphological image processing, and finds applications in fields including digital image processing (DSP), as well as areas for graphs, surface meshes, solids, and other spatial structures. This book presents an up-to-date treatment of mathematical morphology, based on the three pillars that made it an important field of theoretical work and practical application: a solid theoretical foundation, a large body of applications and an efficient implementation. The book is divided into five parts and includes 20 chapters. The five parts are structured as follows: Part I sets out the fundamental aspects of the discipline, starting with a general introduction, followed by two more theory-focused chapters, one addressing its mathematical structure and including an updated formalism, which is the result of several decades of work. Part II extends this formalism to some non-deterministic aspects of the theory, in particular detailing links with other disciplines such as stereology, geostatistics and fuzzy logic. Part III addresses the theory of morphological filtering and segmentation, featuring modern connected approaches, from both theoretical and practical aspects. Part IV features practical aspects of mathematical morphology, in particular how to deal with color and multivariate data, links to discrete geometry and topology, and some algorithmic aspects; without which applications would be impossible. Part V showcases all the previously noted fields of work through a sample of interesting, representative and varied applications. Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface xv PART I. FOUNDATIONS 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Mathematical Morphology 3 Laurent NAJMAN, Hugues TALBOT 1.1. First steps with mathematical morphology: dilations and erosions 4 1.2. Morphological filtering 12 1.3. Residues 22 1.4. Distance transform, skeletons and granulometric curves 24 1.5. Hierarchies and the watershed transform 30 1.6. Some concluding thoughts 33 Chapter 2. Algebraic Foundations of Morphology 35 Christian RONSE, Jean SERRA 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Complete lattices 36 2.3. Examples of lattices 42 2.4. Closings and openings 51 2.5. Adjunctions 56 2.6. Connections and connective segmentation 64 2.7. Morphological filtering and hierarchies 75 Chapter 3.Watersheds in Discrete Spaces 81 Gilles BERTRAND, Michel COUPRIE, Jean COUSTY, Laurent NAJMAN 3.1. Watersheds on the vertices of a graph 82 3.2. Watershed cuts: watershed on the edges of a graph 90 3.3. Watersheds in complexes 101 PART II. EVALUATING AND DECIDING 109 Chapter 4. An Introduction to Measurement Theory for Image Analysis 111 Hugues TALBOT, Jean SERRA, Laurent NAJMAN 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. General requirements 112 4.3. Convex ring and Minkowski functionals 113 4.4. Stereology and Minkowski functionals 119 4.5. Change in scale and stationarity 121 4.6. Individual objects and granulometries 122 4.7. Gray-level extension 128 4.8. As a conclusion 130 Chapter 5. Stochastic Methods 133 Christian LANTUÉJOUL 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Random transformation 134 5.3. Random image 138 Chapter 6. Fuzzy Sets and Mathematical Morphology 155 Isabelle BLOCH 6.1. Introduction 155 6.2. Background to fuzzy sets 156 6.3. Fuzzy dilations and erosions from duality principle 160 6.4. Fuzzy dilations and erosions from adjunction principle 165 6.5. Links between approaches 167 6.6. Application to the definition of spatial relations 170 6.7. Conclusion 176 PART III. FILTERING AND CONNECTIVITY 177 Chapter 7. Connected Operators based on Tree Pruning Strategies 179 Philippe SALEMBIER 7.1. Introduction 179 7.2. Connected operators 181 7.3. Tree representation and connected operator 182 7.4. Tree pruning 187 7.5. Conclusions 198 Chapter 8. Levelings 199 Jean SERRA, Corinne VACHIER, Fernand MEYER 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. Set-theoretical leveling 200 8.3. Numerical levelings 209 8.4. Discrete levelings 214 8.5. Bibliographical comment 227 Chapter 9. Segmentation,Minimum Spanning Tree and Hierarchies 229 Fernand MEYER, Laurent NAJMAN 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. Preamble: watersheds, floodings and plateaus 230 9.3. Hierarchies of segmentations 237 9.4. Computing contours saliency maps 252 9.5. Using hierarchies for segmentation 255 9.6. Lattice of hierarchies 258 PART IV. LINKS AND EXTENSIONS 263 Chapter 10. Distance, Granulometry and Skeleton 265 Michel COUPRIE, Hugues TALBOT 10.1. Skeletons 265 10.2. Skeletons in discrete spaces 269 10.3. Granulometric families and skeletons 270 10.4. Discrete distances 275 10.5. Bisector function 279 10.6. Homotopic transformations 280 10.7. Conclusion 289 Chapter 11. Color and Multivariate Images 291 Jesus ANGULO, Jocelyn CHANUSSOT 11.1. Introduction 291 11.2. Basic notions and notation 292 11.3. Morphological operators for color filtering 299 11.4. Mathematical morphology and color segmentation 312 11.5. Conclusion 320 Chapter 12. Algorithms for Mathematical Morphology 323 Thierry GÉRAUD, Hugues TALBOT, Marc VAN DROOGENBROECK 12.1. Introduction 323 12.2. Translation of definitions and algorithms 324 12.3. Taxonomy of algorithms 329 12.4. Geodesic reconstruction example 334 12.5. Historical perspectives and bibliography notes 344 12.6. Conclusions 352 PART V. APPLICATIONS 355 Chapter 13. Diatom Identification with Mathematical Morphology 357 Michael WILKINSON, Erik URBACH, Andre JALBA, Jos ROERDINK 13.1. Introduction 357 13.2. Morphological curvature scale space 358 13.3. Scale-space feature extraction 359 13.4. 2D size-shape pattern spectra 359 13.5. Datasets 364 13.6. Results 364 13.7. Conclusions 365 Chapter 14. Spatio-temporal Cardiac Segmentation 367 Jean COUSTY, Laurent NAJMAN, Michel COUPRIE 14.1.Which objects of interest? 368 14.2. How do we segment? 369 14.3. Results, conclusions and perspectives 372 Chapter 15. 3D Angiographic Image Segmentation 375 Benoît NAEGEL, Nicolas PASSAT, Christian RONSE 15.1. Context 375 15.2. Anatomical knowledge modeling 376 15.3. Hit-or-miss transform 378 15.4. Application: two vessel segmentation examples 378 15.5. Conclusion 383 Chapter 16. Compression 385 Beatriz MARCOTEGUI, Philippe SALEMBIER 16.1. Introduction 385 16.2. Morphological multiscale decomposition 385 16.3. Region-based decomposition 389 16.4. Conclusions 391 Chapter 17. Satellite Imagery and Digital ElevationModels 393 Pierre SOILLE 17.1. Introduction 393 17.2. On the specificity of satellite images 394 17.3. Mosaicing of satellite images 398 17.4. Applications to digital elevation models 400 17.5. Conclusion and perspectives 405 Chapter 18. Document Image Applications 407 Dan BLOOMBERG, Luc VINCENT 18.1. Introduction 407 18.2. Applications 409 Chapter 19. Analysis and Modeling of 3D Microstructures 421 Dominique JEULIN 19.1. Introduction 421 19.3. Models of random multiscale structures 431 19.4. Digital materials 440 19.5. Conclusion 444 Chapter 20. Random Spreads and Forest Fires 445 Jean SERRA 20.1. Introduction 445 20.2. Random spread 448 20.3. Forecast of the burnt zones 451 20.4. Discussion: estimating and choosing 453 20.5. Conclusions 454 Bibliography 457 List of Authors 499 Index 501

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the electrical models for the different elements of a photonic microwave link like lasers, external modulators, optical fibers, photodiodes and phototransistors. The future trends of these components are also introduced: lasers to VCSEL, external modulators to electro-absorption modulators, glass optical fibers to plastic optical fibers, photodiodes to UTC photodiodes or phototransistors. It also describes an original methodology to evaluate the performance of a microwave photonic link, based on the developed elcetrical models, that can be easily incorporated in commercial electrical circuits simulation software to simulate this complete link.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Abbrevation Glossary xvii Chapter 1 General Points 1 1.1. Microwave photonic links 1 1.2. Link description 4 1.3. Signal to transmit 5 1.4. Limitations of microwave photonic links 7 1.5. The components and characteristics of microwave photonic links 13 Chapter 2 Generation and Modulation of Light 15 2.1. Laser 15 2.2. Electro-optic modulator: EOM 49 2.3. Electro-absorption modulator: EAM 75 Chapter 3 Optical Fibers and Amplifiers 93 3.1. Optical fibers 93 3.2. Optical amplifiers 118 3.3. Appendix: modal analysis of propagation in a fiber 122 Chapter 4 Photodetectors 137 4.1. Photodetector definition 137 4.2. Photodiodes 138 4.3. Phototransistors 163 4.4. Appendix 184 Chapter 5 Performance of Microwave Photonic Links 193 5.1. Microwave photonic links: diagrams and definitions 193 5.2. Optomicrowave S-parameters and gains of each photonic link component 201 5.3. Microwave photonic links optomicrowave S-parameters and gains 210 5.4. Comparison of different link gains 218 5.5. Direct modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figures 221 5.6. External modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure 227 5.7. Comparisons of different link noise figures 232 5.8. Microwave photonic link nonlinearity: distortion phenomena 241 5.9. Microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range 246 5.10. Appendix 250 Chapter 6 Complement to Microwave Photonic Link Performances 267 6.1. Microwave signal attenuation during double sideband modulation 267 6.2. Modulator structures for optical carrier or high and low sideband removal 273 6.3. Degradation of a microwave signal spectral purity by an optical link 280 Chapter 7 Electronic Amplifiers in Microwave Photonic Links 289 7.1. Electronic amplifiers in optical links 289 7.2. Amplifiers in the optical link emitter 289 7.3. Receiver: amplifiers at the photodetector output 293 7.4. Appendix: analog and microwave amplifiers 300 Chapter 8 Simulation and Measurement of Microwave Photonic Links 321 8.1. State of the art and context 321 8.2. Microwave optical link models 324 8.3. Nonlinearity effects in the link 337 8.4. Link noise modeling 340 8.5. Other types of modulation of signals transmitted on an optical fiber 348 8.6. Conclusion 361 8.7. Appendix 362 Bibliography 367 Index 393

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Book SynopsisSystems engineering is the design of a complex interconnection of many elements (a system) to maximize a specific measure of system performance. It consists of two parts: modeling, in which each element of the system and its performance criteria are described; and optimization in which adjustable elements are tailored to allow peak performance. Systems engineering is applied to vast numbers of problems in industry and the military. An example of systems engineering at work is the control of the timing of thousands of city traffic lights to maximize traffic flow. The complex and intricate field of electronics and computers is perfectly suited for systems engineering analysis and in turn, advances in communications and computer technology have made more advanced systems engineering problems solvable. Thus, the two areas fed off of one another. This book is a basic introduction to the use of models and methods in the engineering design of systems. It is aimed at students as well as practicing engineers. The concept of the "systems of systems" is discussed extensively, after a critical comparison of the different definitions and a range of various practical illustrations. It also provides key answers as to what a system of systems is and how its complexity can be mastered.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Simulation: History, Concepts, and Examples 1 Pascal CANTOT 1.1. Issues: simulation, a tool for complexity 1 1.2. History of simulation 14 1.3. Real-world examples of simulation 24 1.4. Basic principles 29 1.5. Conclusion 51 1.6. Bibliography 52 Chapter 2. Principles of Modeling 57 Pascal CANTOT 2.1. Introduction to modeling 57 2.2. Typology of models 58 2.3. The modeling process 66 2.4. Simulation project management 91 2.5. Conclusion 94 2.6. Bibliography 94 Chapter 3. Credibility in Modeling and Simulation 99 Roland RABEAU 3.1. Technico-operational studies and simulations 99 3.2. Examples of technico-operational studies based on simulation tools 101 3.3. VV&A for technico-operational simulations 102 3.4. VV&A issues 108 3.5. Conclusions 145 3.6. Bibliography 152 Chapter 4. Modeling Systems and Their Environment 159 Pascal CANTOT 4.1. Introduction159 4.2. Modeling time 160 4.3. Modeling physical laws 163 4.4. Modeling random phenomena 166 4.5. Modeling the natural environment 178 4.6. Modeling human behavior 193 4.7. Bibliography 203 Chapter 5. Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems: Pitfalls and Limitations of Interpretation 207 Dominique LUZEAUX 5.1. Introduction 207 5.2. Complex systems, models, simulations, and their link with reality 209 5.3. Main characteristics of complex systems simulation 218 5.4. Review of families of models 228 5.5. An example: effect-based and counter-insurgency military operations 244 5.6. Conclusion 246 5.7. Bibliography 249 Chapter 6. Simulation Engines and Simulation Frameworks 253 Pascal CANTOT 6.1. Introduction 253 6.2. Simulation engines 254 6.3. Simulation frameworks 260 6.4. Capitalization of models 290 6.5. Conclusion and perspectives 291 6.6. Bibliography 292 Chapter 7. Distributed Simulation 295 Louis IGARZA 7.1. Introduction 295 7.2. Basic mechanisms of distributed simulation 305 7.3. Main interoperability standards 312 7.4. Methodological aspects: engineering processes for distributed simulation 326 7.5. Conclusion: the state of the art: toward “substantive” interoperability 331 7.6. Bibliography 331 Chapter 8. The Battle Lab Concept 333 Pascal CANTOT 8.1. Introduction 333 8.2. France: Laboratoire Technico-Opérationnel (LTO) 336 8.3. United Kingdom: the Niteworks project 350 8.4. Conclusion and perspectives 351 8.5. Bibliography 352 Chapter 9. Conclusion: What Return on Investment Can We Expect from Simulation? 355 Dominique LUZEAUX 9.1. Returns on simulation for acquisition 355 9.2. Economic analysis of gains from intelligent use of simulations 357 9.3. Multi-project acquisition 367 9.4. An (almost) definitive conclusion: conditions for success 368 9.5. Bibliography 371 Author Biographies 373 List of Authors 375 Index 377

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Book SynopsisThis book develops the stochastic geometry framework for image analysis purpose. Two main frameworks are described: marked point process and random closed sets models. We derive the main issues for defining an appropriate model. The algorithms for sampling and optimizing the models as well as for estimating parameters are reviewed. Numerous applications, covering remote sensing images, biological and medical imaging, are detailed. This book provides all the necessary tools for developing an image analysis application based on modern stochastic modeling.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 X. DESCOMBES Chapter 2. Marked Point Processes for Object Detection 11 X. DESCOMBES 2.1. Principal definitions 11 2.2. Density of a point process 15 2.3. Marked point processes 21 2.4. Point processes and image analysis 22 Chapter 3. Random Sets for Texture Analysis 29 C. LANTUÉJOUL and M. SCHMITT 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. Random sets 33 3.3. Some geostatistical aspects 42 3.4. Some morphological aspects 51 3.5. Appendix: demonstration of Miles’ formulae for the Boolean model 61 Chapter 4. Simulation and Optimization 65 F. LAFARGE, X. DESCOMBES, E. ZHIZHINA and R. MINLOS 4.1. Discrete simulations: Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms 66 4.2. Continuous simulations 91 4.3. Mixed simulations 105 4.4. Simulated annealing 106 Chapter 5. Parametric Inference for Marked Point Processes in Image Analysis 113 R. STOICA, F. CHATELAIN and M. SIGELLE 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. First question: what and where are the objects in the image? 117 5.3. Second question: what are the parameters of the point process that models the objects observed in the image? 129 5.4. Conclusion and perspectives 158 5.5. Acknowledgments 159 Chapter 6. How to Set Up a Point Process? 161 X. DESCOMBES 6.1. From disks to polygons, via a discussion of segments 162 6.2. From no overlap to alignment 167 6.3. From the likelihood to a hypothesis test 172 6.4. From Metropolis–Hastings to multiple births and deaths 176 Chapter 7. Population Counting 179 X. DESCOMBES 7.1. Detection of Virchow–Robin spaces 180 7.2. Evaluation of forestry resources 192 7.3. Counting a population of flamingos 207 7.4. Counting the boats at a port 229 Chapter 8. Structure Extraction 249 F. LAFARGE and X. DESCOMBES 8.1. Detection of the road network 250 8.2. Extraction of building footprints 262 8.3. Representation of natural textures 269 Chapter 9. Shape Recognition 287 F. LAFARGE and C. MALLET 9.1. Modeling of a LIDAR signal 287 9.2. 3D reconstruction of buildings 308 Bibliography 325 List of Authors 341 Index 343

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamental aspects of the new generation of electrical distribution grids, taking as its starting point the opportunities that exist for restructuring existing infrastructure. It emphasizes the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the distribution grid and the need for a technological evolution towards the implementation of smartgrids. The book is organized into two parts: the first part analyzes the integration of distributed energy sources into the distribution grid and the impact of these sources on grid operation. After a general description of the general characteristics of distribution grids and renewable energy sources, it then analyzes the economics of electrical energy distribution networks and presents the impact of these sources on grid operation. The second part of the book then analyzes the various functions which allow for safe operation of the grid and realization of the path towards real world application of smartgrids.Trade Review"This book offers a comprehensive and thorough exploration of both theoretical and practical tools needed for a new "intelligent energy network," typically referred to as a smart grid. . . The book should particularly interest researchers and engineers involved in the development of the new, more flexible and reliable distribution system of the future." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xv Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE Chapter 1. The Electrical Distribution Network: From Heritage to Innovation 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD, Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE and Jean-Pierre ANGELIER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The new power system paradigm 6 1.3. Structure and characteristics of current distribution systems 7 1.4. Consumption 11 1.5. Transmission and distribution systems operators 13 1.6. Future challenges for the distribution system 17 1.7. The link between investment and quality 32 1.8. Financing mechanisms and investment actors of distribution systems 36 1.9. Conclusion 38 1.10. Glossary 38 1.11. Bibliography 39 Chapter 2. Characteristics of Distribution Networks 41 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ-HÉRAULT, Raphaël CAIRE, Sylvain MARTINO, Christophe ANDRIEU and Bertrand RAISON 2.1. Part 1: the French network 41 2.2. The North American network 61 2.3. Bibliography 81 Chapter 3. Overview of Decentralized Means of Production 83 Haizea GAZTAÑAGA, Raphaël CAIRE, Seddik BACHA and Daniel ROYE 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Deregulation 84 3.3. Emergent means of production 85 3.4. Conclusion: a challenge and a development opportunity for mains power 119 3.5. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4. Connection to the Decentralized Production Network: Regulatory and Economic Aspects 123 Cédric CLASTRES, Philippe MENANTEAU and Lina-Maria RUIZ 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. European policies and growth dynamics of REn 124 4.3. Incentive policies for the deployment of renewable energies 129 4.4. Integration and connection of new renewable energy producers to the network 141 4.5. The insertion of renewable energies into the electrical market 147 4.6. Bibliography 157 Chapter 5. Impacts of Distributed Generation on the Electrical Network 161 Raphaël CAIRE and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 5.1. Introduction 161 5.2. Impact of distributed generation on electrical parameters 164 5.3. Impacts on the design, planning and exploitation 191 5.4. Impacts on network equipment 197 5.5. Bibliography 200 Chapter 6. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Network 203 Tuan TRAN-QUOC and Seddik BACHA 6.1. Introduction to grid-connected PV production 203 6.2. Structure of photovoltaic inverters 207 6.3. Control/command of the grid side converter 217 6.4. Anti-islanding protection of PV systems 221 6.5. Impact on the voltage and harmonics of grid connected PV systems 225 6.6. Impact on the voltage 230 6.7. Impact on voltage unbalance 233 6.8. Conclusion 234 6.9. Bibliography 235 Chapter 7. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 237 Yvon BÉSANGER and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 7.1. Introduction: problems of voltage control 237 7.2. Voltage control in today’s distribution systems 241 7.3. Voltage control in distribution systems with DG 242 7.4. Conclusion 270 7.5. Bibliography 271 Chapter 8. Grid Integration of Wind Turbine Systems and their Ancillary Services Participation 273 Alexandre TENINGE, Daniel ROYE and Seddik BACHA 8.1. Wind energy: context 273 8.2. Integration of wind energy in electrical systems 276 8.3. Grid code requirements and wind farms 282 8.4. Wind turbines: principles and modeling aspect 290 8.5. Study of mixed wind farm integration in an islanded grid 301 8.6. Bibliography 311 8.7. Manufacturers websites 313 8.8. List of symbols 314 Chapter 9. Reliability of Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 315 Yvon BÉSANGER 9.1. New considerations and challenges for the reliability of distribution systems 315 9.2. Basic concepts of electrical network reliability 319 9.3. Objectives and use of probabilistic reliability studies 330 9.4. Basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation 333 9.5. Some results of Monte Carlo method application 343 9.6. Conclusion 348 9.7. Bibliography 349 Chapter 10. Protection, Detection and Isolation of Faults in MV Networks in the Presence of Decentralized Production 351 Bertrand RAISON, Olivier CHILARD, Delcho PENKOV and Duc CONG PHAM 10.1. Introduction 351 10.2. Characteristics of faults in HVA distribution systems 353 10.3. Functioning of protection in MV networks in the presence of decentralized production 361 10.4. Detection of faults 373 10.5. Localization of faults in the presence of decentralized production 380 10.6. Bibliography 392 Chapter 11. Load Control in the Management of Distribution Systems 395 Didier BOËDA, Christophe KIENY and Daniel ROYE 11.1. Objectives of load control for the distributor 395 11.2. Controlled loads 397 11.3. Results for real-time control 403 11.4. Real-time load control with knowledge of houses’ characteristics 406 11.5. Optimized load control 407 11.6. Conclusion 413 11.7. Bibliography 414 Chapter 12. Power Electronics in the Future Distribution Grid 415 Seddik BACHA, David FREY, Erwan LEPELLETER and Raphaël CAIRE 12.1. Introduction 415 12.2. New context of distribution systems 416 12.3. PE systems in the context of existing networks 420 12.4. Current state of development 425 12.5. Conclusion 434 12.6. Bibliography 436 Chapter 13. Virtual Power Systems for Active Networks 439 Guillaume FOGGIA, Christophe KIENY and Joseph MAIRE 13.1. General context: towards an active network 439 13.2. Objectives 440 13.3. Concept of a virtual power plant (project FENIX) 442 13.4. Other developments: the Alp energy project 452 13.5. Prospects for virtual power plants on active network 454 13.6. Bibliography 457 Chapter 14. Towards Smart Grids 459 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 14.1. Introduction 459 14.2. Definitions of the smart grid 471 14.3. Objectives addressed by the smart grid concept 472 14.4. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the smart grid concept 474 14.5. Research and scientific aspects of the smart grid 476 14.6. Conclusion 483 14.7. Bibliography 484 List of Authors 487 Index 489

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