Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisA periodic surface is an assembly of identical elements arranged in a one or two-dimensional array. Such surfaces have various effects on incident electromagnetic waves. Their applications range from antennas to stealth aircraft. This book discusses finite antenna arrays and how to minimize the radar cross section of these arrays.Trade Review"There is great benefit from the analysis and physical insight presented in this book." (IEEE Antennas and Propagation, April 2004)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Symbols and Definitions. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Why Consider Finite Arrays? 1.2 Surface Waves Unique to Finite Periodic Structures. 1.3 Effects of Surface Waves. 1.4 How Do We Control the Surface Waves? 1.5 Common Misconceptions. 1.6 Conclusion. 1.7 Problems. 2. On the RCS of Arrays. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fundamentals of Antenna RCS. 2.3 How to Obtain a Low σtot by Cancellation (Not Recommended). 2.4 How Do We Obtain Low σtot Over a Broad Band? 2.5 A Little History. 2.6 On the RCS of Arrays. 2.7 An Alternative Approach: The Equivalent Circuit. 2.8 On the Radiation from Infinite vs. Finite Arrays. 2.9 On Transmitting, Receiving and Scattering Radiation Pattern of Finite Arrays. 2.10 Minimum versus Non-Minimum Scattering Antennas. 2.11 Other Non-Minimum Scattering Antennas. 2.12. How to Prevent Coupling Between the Elements Through the Feed Network. 2.12 How to Eliminate Backscatter Due to Tapered Aperture Illumination. 2.13 Common Misconceptions. 2.15 Summary. 2.16 Problems. 3. Theory. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Vector Potential and the H-Field for Column Arrays of Hertzian Elements. 3.3 Case I: Longitudinal Elements. 3.4 Case II: Transverse Elements. 3.5 Discussion. 3.6 Determination of the Element Currents. 3.7 The Double Infinite Arrays with Arbitrary Element Orientation. 3.8 Conclusions. 3.9 Problems. 4. Surface on Passive Surfaces of Finite Extent. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Model. 4.3 The Infinite Array Case. 4.4 The Finite Array Case Excited by Generators. 4.5 The Element Currents on a Finite Array Excited by an Incident Wave. 4.6 How the Surface Waves are Excited on a Finite Array. 4.7 How to Obtain the Actual Current Components. 4.8 The Bistatic Scattered Field from a Finite Array. 4.9 Parametric Study. 4.10 How to Control Surface Waves. 4.11 Finite Tuning the Load Resistors at a Single Frequency. 4.12 Variation with Angle of Incidence. 4.13 The Bistatic Scattered Field. 4.14 Previous Work. 4.15 On Scattering from Faceted Radomes. 4.16 Effects of Discontinuities in the Panels. 4.17 Scanning in the E-plane. 4.18 Effect of a Groundplane. 4.19 Common Misconceptions Concerning Element Currents on Finite Arrays. 4.20 Conclusion. 4.21 Problems. 5. Finite Active Arrays. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Modeling of a Finite x Infinite Groundplane. 5.3 Finite x Infinite Array with an FSS Groundplane. 5.4 Micro Management of the Backscattered Field. 5.5 The Model for Studying Surface Waves. 5.6 Controlling Surface Waves on Finite FSS Groundplanes. 5.7 Controlling Surface Waves on Finite Arrays of Active Elements with FSS Groundplane. 5.8 The Backscatterd Fields from the Triads in a Large Array. 5.9 On the Bistatic Scattered Field from a Large Array. 5.10 Further Reduction: Broadband Matching. 5.11 Common Misconceptions. 5.12 Conclusion. 5.13 Problems. 6. Broadband Wire Arrays. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Equivalent Circuit. 6.3 An Array with Groundplane and No Dielectric. 6.4 Practical Layouts of Closely Spaced Dipole Arrays. 6.5 Combination of the Impedance Components. 6.6 How to Obtain Grater Braodwidth. 6.7 Array with a Groundplane and a Single Dielectric Slab. 6.8 Actual Calculated Case: Array with Groundplane and Single Dielectric Slab. 6.9 Array with Groundplane and Two Dielectric Slab. 6.10 Comparison Between the Single and Double Slab Array. 6.11 Calculated Scan Impedance for Array with Groundplane and Two Dielectric Slabs. 6.12 Common Misconceptions. 6.13 Conclusions. 7. An Omnidirectional Antenna with Low RCS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Concept. 7.3 How Do We Feed the Elements? 7.4 Calculated Scattering Pattern for Omnidirectional Antenna with Low RCS. 7.5 Measured Backscatter from a Low RCS Omnidirectional Antenna. 7.6 Common Misconceptions. 7.7 Conclusions and Recommendations. 8. The RCS of Two-Dimensional Parabolic Antennas. 8.1 The Major Scattering Components. 8.2 Total Scattering from a Parabolic Reflector with a Typical Feed. 8.3 Practical Execution of the Low RCS Feed. 8.4 Out of Band Reduction. 8.5 Common Misconceptions on Edge Currents. 8.6 Conclusion. 9. Aperiodicity: Is it a Good Idea? 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 General Analysis of Periodic Structures with Perturbation of Element Loads and/or Inter-element Spacings. 9.3 Perturbation of Arrays of Tripoles. 9.4 Making Use of Our Observations. 9.5 Anomalies due to Insufficient Number of Models. 9.6 Aperiodicity on Finite Arrays. 9.7 Conclusions. 10. Summary and Final Remarks. 10.1 Summary. 10.2 Are We Going in the Right Direction? 10.3 Let Use Make Up! Appendix A. Determination of Transformation and Position Circles. Appendix B. Broadband Matching. Appendix C. Meander-Line Polarizers for Oblique Incidence. Appendix D. On the Scan versus the Embedded Impedance. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis well organized guide treats adaptive control design and analysis in an authoritative, rigorous manner. Gives both continuous-time and discrete-time adaptive control designs and their analysis. Deals with both single-input single-output and muli-input multi-output systems.Trade Review"…a welcome addition to the available literature…invaluable in providing a solid an agile guide through the adaptive control arena…" (IEEE Control Systems Magazine, October 2004) "…discusses theory thoroughly with all proofs given in considerable detail." (Mathematical Reviews, 2004f)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Systems Theory. 3. Adaptive Parameter Estimation. 4. Adaptive State Feedback Control. 5. Continuous-Time Model Reference Adaptive Control. 6. Discrete-Time Model Reference Adaptive Control. 7. Indirect Adaptive Control. 8. A Comparison Study. 9. Multivariable Adaptive Control. 10. Adaptive Control of Systems with Nonlinearities. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisProcessing the vast amounts of data on the Earth's land surface environment generated by NASA's and other international satellite programs is a significant challenge.Trade Review“…a well-researched book that the environmental modelling community will find an indispensable reference.” (Progress in Physical Geography, Vol.29, No.1, 2005) “…extremely well produced, with good layout, clear type, a useful list of acronyms and a comprehensive index…timely and refreshing...” (The Photogrammetric Record, December 2004) "This volume a very useful and practical addition to the literature on remote sensing.” (E-STREAMS, August 2004)Table of ContentsPreface xv Acronyms xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Atmospheric Shortwave Radiative Transfer Modeling 25 Chapter 3 Canopy Reflectance Modeling 76 Chapter 4 Soil and Snow Reflectance Modeling 143 Chapter 5 Satellite Sensor Radiometric Calibration 178 Chapter 6 Atmospheric Correction of Optical Imagery 196 Chapter 7 Topographic Correction Methods 231 Chapter 8 Estimation of Land Surface Biophysical variables 246 Chapter 9 Estimation of Surface Radiation Budget: I. Broadband Albedo 310 Chapter 10 Estimation of Surface Radiation Budget: II. Longwave 345 Chapter 11 Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation 398 Chapter 12 Validation and Spatial Scaling 431 Chapter 13 Applications 472 Appendix CD-ROM Content 525 Index 528

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsCommunication Systems and Information Theory. A Measure of Information. Coding for Discrete Sources. Discrete Memoryless Channels and Capacity. The Noisy-Channel Coding Theorem. Techniques for Coding and Decoding. Memoryless Channels with Discrete Time. Waveform Channels. Source Coding with a Fidelity Criterion. Index.

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Book SynopsisMulticarrier Modulation (MCM) is the most efficient technique for a highly distorting and highly corrupted medium such as digital subscriber loop (DSL). This book describes MCM and discusses the evolution of SDSL and VDSL (Very high-speed DSL).Trade Review"Students will find it a challenging book and the possible catalyst for dissertation work. This is a recommended book for all academic engineering libraries." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2001)Table of ContentsADSL Network Architecture, Protocols, and Equipment (A. Weissberger). The DSL as a Medium for High-Speed Data. DSL Systems: Capacity, Duplexing, Spectral Compatibility, and System Management. Fundamentals of Multicarrier Modulation. DFT-Based MCM (MQASK, OFDM, DMT). Other Types of MCM. Implementation of DMT: ADSL. Coexistence of ADSL with Other Services. VDSL: Requirements and Implementation. Future Improvements. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete and balanced account of communication theory, providing an understanding of both Fourier analysis (and the concepts associated with linear systems) and the characterization of such systems by mathematical operators. Presents applications of the theories to the diffraction of optical wave-fields and the analysis of image-forming systems.Table of ContentsRepresentation of Physical Quantities by MathematicalFunctions. Special Functions. Harmonic Analysis. Mathematical Operators and Physical Systems. Convolution. The Fourier Transform. Characteristics and Applications of Linear Filters. Two-Dimensional Convolution and Fourier Transformation. The Propagation and Diffraction of Optical Wave Fields. Image-Forming Systems. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction on the principles of digital logic circuits. While providing coverage to the usual topics in combinational and sequential circuit principles, it also includes a chapter on the use of the hardware description language ABEL in the design of circuits using PLDs and a chapter on computer organization.Table of ContentsNumber Representation, Codes, and Code Conversion. Switching Algebra and Logic Gates. Representation and Implementation of Logic Functions. Combinational Logic Design. Sequential Circuit Components. Synchronous Sequential Machines. Asynchronous Sequential Machines. Design Using Hardware Description Languages. Computer Organization. Appendix: MOSFETS and Bipolar Junction Transistors. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisBottlenecks in signal distribution systems are becoming more serious and set a limit on achievable speeds. This book examines methods to optimize performance, featuring a detailed discussion of a taxonomy of problem formulation.Table of ContentsInterconnect Models. Device Models. Interconnect Analysis. Inductance and Inductive Coupling for On-chip Interconnect. Synthesis: Overview and Static Topology Optimization. Global Routing Topology Synthesis. Optimization of Multi-Source Nets. Timing Driven Maze Routing.

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to marketing cellular devices and services Cellular Marketing is an all-encompassing guide to cellular sales. From product and pricing to strategy, marketing, and analysis, this book offers comprehensive guidance to help you improve your cellular product's outlook. The discussion compares the device sales to service sales, and includes an analysis of sales channels that includes direct and retail sales planning, support, lead generation, and campaigns. You'll learn how to develop a robust marketing strategy and comprehensive pricing structure while adopting useful metrics and putting measurement systems in place from the beginning.Table of ContentsMarket and Product Definition. The Marketing Organization. The Strategic Plan and the Marketing Plan. Pricing. Sales Channels. Advertising and Promotion. Marketing Measurement. Competitive Behavior and Analysis. The Sales Process. Cellular Sales Productivity. The Limits to Growth. Selling the Conversion to Digital. Swords Into Plowshares: Cooperation and the Evolution of PCS. Index.

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Book SynopsisFourier Series and Optical Transform Techniques in ContemporaryOptics An Introduction For anyone new to Fourier methods, this remarkable book willilluminate the subject like no other currently available. With over280 illustrations generated by computer graphics, it depicts in3-space (rather than the usual 2-space) the many basic functions ofoptical diffraction and imaging. These mind-stretchingvisualizations give the reader an enhanced understanding of bothFourier transform techniques and key principles in optics. At thesame time, the author provides a lucid text that covers wavenotation, the Fourier analysis of signals, the processing of lightin diffraction phenomena and imaging, Zernicke polynomials, Fouriertransforms for Fresnel diffraction, laser beacon adaptive optics,and related topics. Ideal for self-teaching, this book is highly recommended forworking engineers, technical staff, students of physical optics andsignal analysis, and Fourier novices in alTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: Some of the How and Why of Fourier Analysis. Fourier Series and Spectra in One-Dimension for Functions of FinitePeriod. Fourier Series and Spectra for Functions of Infinite Period; One Dimensional. Fourier Spectra for Non-Periodic Functions; One-Dimensional. The Diffraction of Light and Fourier Transforms in TwoDimensions. A Brief Summary of Linear Systems Theory Applied to OpticalImaging. Fourier Optical Transformations by Computer. Apodization and Super-Resolution, Phase from Shift, and MultipleApertures. Complex Apertures. Operations in the Fourier Transform Plane. Other Interesting and Related Topics. References. A Selected Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs optical character recognition (OCR) begins to find applications ranging from store checkout scanners to money-changing machines and postal system automation, it has become one of the most dynamic areas in information science today.Table of ContentsCharacter Recognition. Blurring and Sampling. Normalization. Thresholding Selection. Thinning. Theory of Preprocessing. Feature Extraction Using Linear Methods. Feature Extraction Based on Structure Analysis. Algebraic Description. Background Analysis. Linear Matching. Graph Matching. Elastic Matching. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisBusiness Earth Stations for Telecommunications Walter L. Morgan and Denis Rouffet This practical guide provides telecommunications managers with the basic information and procedures needed to configure a telecommunications network to meet the communications needs of their organization.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Obtaining Access to the Satellite. TELETRAFFIC. Interfaces Between Terrestrial and Satellite Systems. Telecommunications Systems. COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEMS. System Modeling. Overall System Calculations. MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES. Frequency Domain Multiple Access. Time Domain Multiple Access. Space Domain Multiple Access. Code Domain Multiple Access. Random Multiple Access. SPACECRAFT TECHNOLOGY. Space Configuration and Subsystems. Telemetry, Tracking, and Command. Solar Arrays. Attitude Control. Thermal Control. SATELLITE ORBITS. Direction of Orbit Normals and of Sun. Elliptical Orbits in a Plane. Earth Station--Azimuth, Elevation, and Range. Lunar and Solar Perturbations. Launching into a Geostationary Orbit. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of a highly successful book is completely updated and revised to reflect the latest developments involving the transmission of digital information over wireless networks. Written by an industry expert with over 32 years in the field, the Wireless Data Handbook offers a broad, unbiased treatment-unencumbered by various corporate interests-covering both the technical and business aspects of wireless technologies.Table of ContentsGETTING STARTED. A Short History of Data Radio. Data Network Types. Key Public Network Characteristics. Public Terrestrial Packet Switched Networks. Public Terrestrial Circuit Switched Networks. Public Satellite Networks. Hybrid Networks. BUSINESS 101: PRICE AND QUANTITY FIXATIONS. Fitting Applications to Public Offerings. Subscriber Growth: History and Barriers. Market Opportunity. Airtime Price Projections. BUSINESS 102: OTHER THINGS ARE IMPORTANT TOO. Coverage Versus Capacity. SOME PRIMITIVE TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Understanding Airtime Protocols. Estimating Airlink Capacity: Packet Systems. Enabling "Soft" Technologies. PUTTING IT TOGETHER. Device Alternatives. Connectivity. Systems and Subsystems. User Applications. Network Mythologies. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow to choose cellular service wisely and become an adept cellular user Keeping in touch via cellular is increasingly vital in today's fast--paced world. The technology now boasts over 50 million subscribers, and that figure is expected to double in the next five years.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Cellular Phone Systems. Cellular Phone Equipment. The Business of Cellular Phones. Getting Cellular Service. The Bill, Please. Hello, Ma? It's Me! Roaming. Mobile and Transportable Phones. Options and Accessories. Dealing With Operational Difficulties. Safety and Security. Into the Future. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisOptical Scanning involves the reading of a pattern of spatial information and transforming the read document or image into a signal for electronic processing. For example, in order to record a photograph on a computer disk one must first scan it. This book discusses about this topic.Trade Review"It will be of interest to graduate students as well as researchers and engineers." (Optik 117, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 INTRODUCTION-TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW AND UNIFYING PRINCIPLES 1 1.1 Optical Scanning Characteristics and Disciplines 1 1.2 Active and Passive Scanning 3 1.3 Input, Output, and Remote Sensing Systems 8 1.4 Optical and Resolution Invariants; Optical Transfer 9 1.5 System Architecture 12 2 SCANNING THEORY AND PROCESSES 19 2.1 The Point Spread Function and Its Convolution 19 2.2 Quantized or Digitized Scan 27 2.3 Gaussian Beam Propagation 31 2.4 Scanned Quality Criteria and the Modulation Transfer Function 37 3 SCANNED RESOLUTION 45 3.1 Influence and Significance of Scanned Resolution 45 3.2 Aperture Shape Factor 50 3.3 The Resolution Equation, the Resolution Invariant, and Beam Propagation 54 3.4 Augmented Resolution 56 3.5 Resolution in Passive and Remote Sensing Systems 61 4 SCANNER DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES 63 4.1 Scanner Technology Organization 63 4.2 High-Inertia Scanning 65 4.3 Rotating Polygons 65 4.4 Holographic Scanners 85 4.5 Oscillatory (Vibrational) Scanners 100 4.6 Scanner-Lens Relationships 108 4.7 Low-Inertia Scanning 112 4.8 Acoustooptic Scanners 113 4.9 Electrooptic (Gradient) Scanners 124 4.10 Agile Beam Steering 128 5 CONTROL OF SCANNER BEAM MISPLACEMENT 147 5.1 Cross-Scan Error and Its Correction 148 5.2 The Ghost Image and Its Elimination 155 6 SUMMARY-MAJOR SCANNER CHARACTERISTICS 161 6.1 Comparison of Major Scanner Types 164 References 169 Index 179

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Book SynopsisMagnetic recording technology has very wide applications in numerous industries. Prominent among these are applications in the computer and recording industries. Beginning with the fundamentals of magnetism, this book discusses all aspects of magnetic recording.Table of ContentsParamagnetism and Ferromagnetism. Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism. Crystalline Anisotropy and Magnetostriction. Domains in Thin Films and Processing of Thin Films. Magnetic Recording Systems. Magnetoresistive and Giant Magnetoresistive Heads. Magnetic Recording Media. List of Abbreviations and Symbols. Appendices. Solutions to Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisRoubik Gregorian, a well-known industry expert, provides circuit designers with the technical knowledge needed to design high-performance op-amps and comparators suitable for most analog circuit applications.Table of ContentsMOS Devices as Circuit Elements. Basic Analog CMOS Subcircuits. CMOS Operational Amplifier. Comparators. Digital-to-Analog Converters. Analog-to-Digital Converters. Practical Considerations and Design Examples. Index.

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Book SynopsisControl theory is an important and very active area in all engineering fields. This book recognizes this fact and presents illustrations of control systems for advanced applications in the fields of electrical, mechanical, aeronautical, chemical, and nuclear engineering as well as other related fields.Table of ContentsLinear Control-System Compensation and Design. Modern Control-System Design Using State-Space, Pole Placement, Ackermann's Formula, Estimation, Robust Control, and H Techniques. Digital Control-System Analysis and Design. Nonlinear Control-System Design. Introduction to Optimal Control Theory and Its Applications. Control-System Design Examples: Complete Case Studies. Appendices. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisA pragmatic approach to testing electronic systems As we move ahead in the electronic age, rapid changes in technology pose an ever-increasing number of challenges in testing electronic products. Many practicing engineers are involved in this arena, but few have a chance to study the field in a systematic way-learning takes place on the job.Trade Review"Highly recommended for libraries serving undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering students and professional practitioners." (Choice, Vol. 38, No. 7, March 2001)Table of ContentsDESIGN AND TEST. Overview of Testing. Defects, Failures, and Faults. Design Representation. VLSI Design Flow. TEST FLOW. Role of Simulation in Testing. Automatic Test Pattern Generation. Current Testing. DESIGN FOR TESTABILITY. Ad Hoc Test Techniques. Scan-Path Design. Boundary-Scan Testing. Built-in Self-Test. SPECIAL STRUCTURES. Memory Testing. Testing FPGAs and Microprocessors. ADVANCED TOPICS. Synthesis for Testability. Testing SOCs. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA collection of work from top researchers in the field, this book covers all aspects of self-similar network traffic. Readers will gain a better understanding of these networks through a broad introduction to the topic, as well as suggestions for future research.Trade Review"The primary objective of the book is to present a comprehensive yet cohesive account of some of the principal developments..." (IEE Signal Processing, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2001)Table of ContentsSelf-Similar Network Traffic: An Overview (K. Park & W. Willinger). Wavelets for the Analysis, Estimation, and Synthesis of Scaling Data (P. Abry, et al.). Simulations with Heavy-Tailed Workloads (M. Crovella & L. Lipsky). Queueing Behavior Under Fractional Brownian Traffic (I. Norros). Heavy Load Queueing Analysis with LRD On/Off Sources (F. Brichet, et al.). The Single Server Queue: Heavy Tails and Heavy Traffic (O. Boxma & J. Cohen). Fluid Queues, On/Off Processes, and Teletraffic Modeling with Highly Variable and Correlated Inputs (S. Resnick & G. Samorodnitsky). Bounds on the Buffer Occupancy Probability with Self-Similar Input Traffic (N. Likhanov). Buffer Asymptotics for M/G/ Input Processes (A. Makowski & M. Parulekar). Asymptotic Analysis of Queues with Subexponential Arrival Processes (P. Jelenkovi). Traffic and Queueing from an Unbounded Set of Independent Memoryless On/Off Sources (P. Jacquet). Long-Range Dependence and Queueing Effects for VBR Video (D. Heyman & T. Lakshman). Analysis of Transient Loss Performance Impact of Long-Range Dependence in Network Traffic (G.-L. Li & V. Li). The Protocol Stack and Its Modulating Effect on Self-Similar Traffic (K. Park, et al.). Characteristics of TCP Connection Arrivals (A. Feldmann). Engineering for Quality of Service (J. Roberts). Network Design and Control Using On/Off and Multilevel Source Traffic Models with Heavy-Tailed Distributions (N. Duffield & W. Whitt). Congestion Control for Self-Similar Network Traffic (T. Tuan & K. Park). Quality of Service Provisioning for Long-Range-Dependent Real-Time Traffic (A. Adas & A. Mukherjhee). Toward an Improved Understanding of Network Traffic Dynamics (R. Riedi & W. Willinger). Future Directions and Open Problems in Performance Evaluation and Control of Self-Similar Network Traffic (K. Park). Index.

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Book SynopsisA through discussion of frequency synthesizers, including design and effects on systems Working engineers who design, specify, use, or test frequency synthesizers need to develop an intimate understanding of how these devices operate and their effects on the systems in which they are embedded.Table of ContentsThe Elementary Phase-Locked Synthesizer. Modulation, Sidebands and Noise Spectrums. Frequency Dividers. Phase Detectors. Higher Order Loops. Sampling Effects. Architectures. Large-Signal Performance, Natural Acquisition. Acquisition Aids. Spectral Purity. Computer Aided Engineering. References. Answers to Problems. Cross-Reference from First Edition. Index.

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Book SynopsisAddresses the needs of those interested in learning the science and engineering of mobile and wireless communications. Readers are given the analytical tools, fundamental physics and communications theory, along with a comprehensive list of references.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Historical Overview of Wireless Systems. Propagation Characteristics of Wireless Channels. Modems for Wireless Communications. Cells and Cellular Traffic. Fading Mitigation in Wireless Systems. Multiple-Access Techniques. Appendix A: Topics in Signals and Systems. Appendix B: Topics in Communications Theory. Appendix C: Topics in Attenuation and Fading. Acronyms. References.

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Book SynopsisProvides coverage of vacuum microelectronics - principles, devices, and applications. This book covers topics that include: Field emission theory; Metal and silicon field emitter arrays; Novel cold cathode materials; and more. It is aimed at practitioners in the display, microwave, telecommunications, and microelectronics industries; and others.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Contributors xiii 1. Historical Overview 1Takao Utsumi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Shoulders’ Proposal 1 1.3 Groundbreaking Work 2 1.4 Invention of Spindt Cathode 4 1.5 Field Emitter Arrays 5 1.6 New Cathode Materials 6 1.7 Future 7 Dedication 9 References 9 2 Technological Overview 13Gregory P. Kochanski, Wei Zhu, and Yehuda Goren 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Promise and Reality 14 2.3 Case Studies 15 2.4 Outlook 30 References 31 3 Theory of Field Emission 33Kevin L. Jensen 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 One-Dimensional Tunneling Theory: Metals 35 3.3 Emission from Multi-Dimensional Structures 69 3.4 Conclusion 97 Acknowledgments 98 References 98 4 Spindt Field Emitter Arrays 105Charles A. (Capp) Spindt, Ivor Brodie, Christopher E. Holland and Paul R. Schwoebel 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 A Brief History of the Spindt Cathode 106 4.3 Fabrication Technology 108 4.4 Performance 141 4.5 Applications and Ongoing Developments 179 4.6 Summary 181 Acknowledgments 181 References 182 5 Silicon Field Emitter Arrays 187Jonathan Shaw and Junji Itoh 5.1 Introduction 187 5.2 Fabrication of Silicon FEAs 190 5.3 Free Electron Theory of Field Emission 199 5.4 Emission Characterization of Silicon FEAs 205 5.5 Local Circuit Elements 224 5.6 Summary 241 Dedication 242 References 242 6 Novel Cold Cathode Materials 247Wei Zhu, Peter K. Baumann, and Christopher A. Bower 6.1 Introduction 247 6.2 Diamond Emitters 248 6.3 Carbon Nanotube Emitters 265 6.4 Other Cold Cathodes 274 6.5 Conclusion 280 References 280 7 Field Emission Flat Panel Displays 289Heinz H. Busta 7.1 Introduction 289 7.2 Field Emission Displays 290 7.3 Other Display Technologies 334 7.4 Summary 341 Institutions Involved inFEDCommercialization 342 Acknowledgments 343 References 343 8 Cold Cathode Microwave Devices 349R. Allen Murphy and Mary Anne Kodis 8.1 Introduction 349 8.2 Microwave Amplifiers 350 8.3 Field Emitter Arrays 355 8.4 Characteristics of FEA-Cathode Microwave Tubes 381 8.5 Future Work 385 References 386 Index 393

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of model-based fuzzy control systems This volume offers full coverage of the systematic framework for the stability and design of nonlinear fuzzy control systems.Trade Review“…interesting as a source of new ideas leading to applied solutions” (International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, Vol.19, No.1, February 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. Introduction. Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Model and Parallel Distributed Compensation. LMI Control Performance Conditions and Designs. Fuzzy Observer Design. Robust Fuzzy Control. Optimal Fuzzy Control. Robust-Optimal Fuzzy Control. Trajectory Control of a Vehicle with Multiple Trailers. Fuzzy Modeling and Control of Chaotic Systems. Fuzzy Descriptor Systems and Control. Nonlinear Model Following Control. New Stability Conditions and Dynamic Feedback Designs. Multiobjective Control via Dynamic Parallel Distributed Compensation. T-S Fuzzy Model as Universal Approximator. Fuzzy Control of Nonlinear Time-Delay Systems. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive treatment of semiconductor device physics and technology, with emphasis on modern planar silicon devices. Physical principles are explained by the use of simple physical models and illustrated by experimental measurements.Table of ContentsThe Planar Technology. Solid-State Technology. Vapor-Phase Growth. Thermal Oxidation. Solid-State Diffusion. Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices. Elements of Semiconductor Physics. Semiconductors under Non-Equilibrium Conditions. p-n Junction. Junction Transistor. Junction Field-Effect Transistors. Surface Effects and Surface-Controlled Devices. Theory of Semiconductor Surfaces. Surface Effects on p-n Junctions. Surface Field-Effect Transistors. Properties of the Silicon-Silicon Dioxide System.

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Book SynopsisDeals with all aspects of Imaging Science and Technology, from archeology to life sciences and engineering. With this encyclopedia, scientists, engineers and physicians can understand more about the science and technology behind the imaging techniques they are using and learn the technologies.Trade Review"...an impressive book..." (Materials World, September 2002) "...provides coverage of imaging science and technology from a diverse range of applications, techniques, and fields of study...can assist scientists, engineers, and physicians to better understand the science behind...imaging techniques." (Spectroscopy, Vol. 17, No. 2, December 2002)Table of ContentsAcoustic Sources or Receiver Arrays: Directional Response Characteristics of , Detector Technology Analog and Digital SQUID Sensors , Detector Technology Capacitive Probe Microscopy , Imaging Techniques Systems Cathode Ray Tube Display Technology , Display Technology Cathode Ray Tubes , Display Technology Characterization of Image Systems , End User Charged Particle Optics , Image Formation Color Image Processing , Digital Image Processing Color Photography , Imaging Techniques Systems Digital Video , Display Technology Digital Watermarking , Digital Image Processing Display Calibration , End User Dye Transfer Printing Technology , Display Technology Electroencephalogram (EEG) Topography , Imaging Techniques Systems Electromagnetic Radiation and Interactions with Matter , Spectroscopy Electron Microscopes , Imaging Techniques Systems Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Electrophotography , Imaging Techniques Systems Endoscopy , Imaging Techniques Systems Feature Measurement , Digital Image Processing Feature Recognition Object Classification , Digital Image Processing Field Emission Display Panels , Display Technology Flow Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Force Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Foundations of Morphological Image Processing , Digital Image Processing Gravitation Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Gravure Multi-Copy Printing , Display Technology Ground Penetrating Radar , Imaging Techniques Systems High Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems High Speed Photographic Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Holography , Imaging Techniques Systems Human Visual System - Color Visual Processing , End User Human Visual System - Image Formation , End User Human Visual System - Spatial Visual Processing , End User Image Formation , Image Formation Image Processing Techniques , Digital Image Processing Image Quality Metrics , End User Image Search and Retrieval Strategies , Digital Image Processing Image Threshold and Segmentation , Digital Image Processing Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Art Conservation , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Astronomy , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Biochemistry , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Forensics & Criminology , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Medicine , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Meteorology , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Overhead Surveillance , Imaging Applications Infrared Thermography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display , Display Technology Instant Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems LIDAR , Imaging Techniques & Systems Lightning Locator , Imaging Techniques & Systems Liquid Crystal Display Technology , Display Technology Magnetic Field Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Magnetospheric Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Motion Picture Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Neutron Imaging, Radiography, and CT , Imaging Techniques & Systems Optical Image Formation , Image Formation Optical Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Over the horizon (OTH) Radar , Imaging Techniques & Systems Particle Detector Technology for Imaging, Detector Technology Photoconductor Detector Technology , Detector Technology Photodetectors , Detector Technology Photographic Color Display Technology , Display Technology RF Magnetic Field Mapping , Imaging Techniques & Systems Scanning Acoustic Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Silver Halide Detector Technology , Detector Technology Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) , Imaging Techniques & Systems Stereo & 3D Display Technologies , Display Technology Still Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems ....

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Book SynopsisRelates fundamental concepts in probability and statistics to the computer sciences and engineering. This book uses Markov chains and other statistical tools to illustrate processes in reliability of computer systems and networks, fault tolerance, and performance.Trade Review"The book offers a comprehensive introduction to probability, stochastic processes, and statistics for students of computer science, electrical and computer engineering, and applied mathematics. Its wealth of practical examples and up-to-date information makes it an excellent resource for practitioners as well." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2016) "I highly recommend this book for academics for use as a textbook and for researchers and professionals in the field as a useful reference." (Interfaces, September/ October 2004) "This introduction...uses Markov chains and other statistical tools to illustrate process in reliability of computer systems, fault tolerance, and performance." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002) "...an excellent self-contained book.... I recommend the book to beginners and veterans in the field..." (Computer Journal, Vol.45, No.6, 2002) "This book is a tour de force of clear, virtually error-free exposition of probability as it is applied in a host of up-to-date contexts.... It will richly reward the...reader.... Read this book cover to cover. It’s worth the effort." (Technometrics, Vol. 45, No. 1, February 2003)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xi Acronyms xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Probability Models 2 1.3 Sample Space 3 1.4 Events 6 1.5 Algebra of Events 7 1.6 Graphical Methods of Representing Events 11 1.7 Probability Axioms 13 1.8 Combinatorial Problems 19 1.9 Conditional Probability 23 1.10 Independence of Events 25 1.11 Bayes' Rule 38 1.12 Bernoulli Trials 45 2 Discrete Random Variables 61 2.1 Introduction 61 2.2 Random Variables and Their Event Spaces 62 2.3 The Probability Mass Function 64 2.4 Distribution Functions 66 2.5 Special Discrete Distributions 68 2.6 Analysis of Program MAX 92 2.7 The Probability Generating Function 96 2.8 Discrete Random Vectors 99 2.9 Independent Random Variables 104 3 Continuous Random Variables 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 The Exponential Distribution 119 3.3 The Reliability and Failure Rate 124 3.4 Some Important Distributions 129 3.5 Functions of a Random Variable 148 3.6 Jointly Distributed Random Variables 153 3.7 Order Statistics 157 3.8 Distribution of Sums 167 3.9 Functions of Normal Random Variables 182 4 Expectation 193 4.1 Introduction 193 4.2 Moments 197 4.3 Expectation Based on Multiple Random Variables 200 4.4 Transform Methods 208 4.5 Moments and Transforms of Some Distributions 217 4.6 Computation of Mean Time to Failure 228 4.7 Inequalities and Limit Theorems 237 5 Conditional Distribution and Expectation 247 5.1 Introduction 247 5.2 Mixture Distributions 247 5.3 Conditional Expectation 262 5.4 Impefect Fault Coverage and Reliability 268 5.5 Random Sums 279 6 Stochastic Processes 289 6.1 Introduction 289 6.2 Classification of Stochastic Processes 294 6.3 The Bernoulli Process 300 6.4 The Poisson Process 304 6.5 Renewal Processes 314 6.6 Availability Analysis 319 6.7 Random Incidence 328 6.8 Renewal Model of Program Behavior 332 7 Discrete-Time Markov Chains 337 7.1 Introduction 337 7.2 Computation of n-step Transition Probabilities 341 7.3 State Classification and Limiting Probabilities 347 7.4 Distribution of Times Between State Changes 356 7.5 Markov Modulated Bernoulli Process 358 7.6 Irreducible Finite Chains with Aperiodic States 361 7.7 * The M/G/1 Queuing System 377 7.8 Discrete-Time Birth-Death Processes 385 7.9 Finite Markov Chains with Absorbing States 392 8 Continuous-Time Markov Chains 405 8.1 Introduction 405 8.2 The Birth- Death Process 412 8.3 Other Special Cases of the Birth-Death Model 446 8.4 Non-Birth-Death Processes 454 8.5 Markov Chains with Absorbing States 496 8.6 Solution Techniques 520 8.7 Automated Generation 530 9 Networks of Queues 555 9.1 Introduction 555 9.2 Open Queuing Networks 560 9.3 Closed Queuing Networks 568 9.4 General Service Distribution and Multiple Job Types 596 9.5 Non-product-form Networks 604 9.6 Computing Response Time Distribution 617 9.7 Summary 630 10 Statistical Inference 637 10.1 Introduction 637 10.2 Parameter Estimation 639 10.3 Hypothesis Testing 692 11 Regression and Analysis of Variance 727 11.1 Introduction 727 11.2 Least-squares Curve Fitting 732 11.3 The Coefficients of Determination 735 11.4 Confidence Intervals in Linear Regression 738 11.5 Trend Detection and Slope Estimation 742 11.6 Correlation Analysis 745 11. 7 Simple Nonlinear Regression 748 11.8 Higher-dimensional Least-squares Fit 749 11.9 Analysis of Variance 751 A Bibliography 765 A.1 Theory 765 A.2 Applications 770 B Properties of Distributions 777 C Statistical Tables 780 D Laplace Transforms 801 E Program Performance Analysis 808 Author Index 811 Subject Index 819

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Book SynopsisFrom the reviews of the Second Edition . The book stresses how systems operate and the rationale behind their design, rather than presenting rigorous analytical formulations . [It provides] the practicality and breadth essential to mastering the concepts of modern communications systems. -Telecommunication Journal In this expanded new edition of his bestselling book, telephony expert John Bellamy continues to provide telecommunications engineers with practical, comprehensive coverage of all aspects of digital telephone systems, while addressing the rapid changes the field has seen in recent years. Bellamy discusses the near-complete conversion to digital technology in telephone networks worldwide, examines both existing and emerging technologies, and explores the intricacies of carrying voice over data networks as well as the use of telephone networks for carrying data for Internet access. He emphasizes system design, implementation, and application, but also correlates the practice toTrade Review"...strongly recommended for academic libraries serving electrical engineering and telecommunications programs including those owning an earlier edition..." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2001) "...provides the reader with the opportunity to review the entire area of telephony and digital telephony in particular." (New Books and Multimedia, January 2001)Table of ContentsBackground and Terminology. Why Digital? Voice Digitization. Digital Transmission and Multiplexing. Digital Switching. Digital Modulation and Radio Systems. Network Synchronization Control and Management. Fiber Optic Transmission Systems. Digital Mobile Telephony. Data and Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks. Digital Subscriber Access. Traffic Analysis. Appendices. Glossary. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers mathematical methods for analysis of telecommunication networks. This book concentrates on various call models used in telecommunications such as quality of service in packet switched Internet Protocol networks, Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and Time Division Multiplexing. It is useful for professionals and researchers of telecommunications.Trade Review"This new book by Hayes and Ganesh Babu brings new life to an old 'academic' topic...the book satisfies all requirements to become a landmark..." (IEEE Network, March 2005) "This very well-written book is a good mixture of classic and advanced material…I believe that it will become the standard reference." (Computing Reviews.com, August 13, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Retrieving Files from the Wiley FTP and Internet Sites. 1. Performance Evaluation in Telecommunications. 2. Probability and Random Processes Review. 3. Application of Birth and Death Processes to Queueing Theory. 4. Networks of Queues: Product Form Solution. 5. Markov Chains: Application to Multiplexing and Access. 6. The M/G/1 Queue: Imbedded Markov Chains. 7. Fluid Flow Analysis. 8. The Matrix Geometric Techniques. 9. Monte Carlo Simulation. Index.

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Book SynopsisExamining a specialised part of neural networks, with applications in control, signal processing and time series analysis, this title provides an up-to-date treatment of a class of nonlinear dynamical systems using feed forward neural network structures.Trade Review"…an interesting book, useful for researchers in network theory…" (Dynamical Systems Magazine, July 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Feedforward Neural Networks: An Introduction (S. Haykin). Uniform Approximation and Nonlinear Network Structures (I. Sandberg). Robust Neural Networks (J. Lo). Modeling, Segmentation, and Classification of Nonlinear Nonstationary Time Series (C. Fancourt & J. Principe). Application of Feedforward Networks to Speech (S. Katagiri). Index.

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Book SynopsisSome of the most exciting developments in the optics and processing of nanostructured materials can be found in applied science and engineering. The topics covered in this book are at the cutting edge of research.Trade Review"...written by leading scientists in their own field." (Measurement Science & Technology, September 2001)Table of ContentsPhotonic Crystals (M. Sigalas, et al.). "Holey" Silica Fibers (J. Knight, et al.). Near-Field Optics of Nanostructured Surfaces (S. Bozhevolnyi). Near-Field Optics of Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials (B. Hanewinkel, et al.). Localization of Light in Three-Dimensional Disordered Dielectrics (M. Rusek & A. Orlowski). Field Distribution, Anderson Localization, and Optical Phenomena in Random Metal-Dielectric Films (A. Sarychev & V. Shalaev). Optical Nonlinearities in Metal Colloidal Solutions (V. Safonov, et al.). Local Fields' Localization and Chaos and Nonlinear-Optical Enhancement in Clusters and Composites (M. Stockman). Some Theoretical and Numerical Approaches to the Optics of Fractal Smoke (V. Markel, et al.). Optics and Structure of Carbonaceous Soot Aggregates (E. Mikhailov, et al.). Optoelectronic Properties of Quantum Wires (A. Balandin, et al.). Quantum Dots: Physics and Applications (K. Wang & A. Balandin). Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications-from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes: * Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of sTable of ContentsInfrared Radiation Theory. Transmission Characteristics of IR Signals in Atmosphere. Potential IR Sources. Detectors and Focal Planar Arrays. Infrared Passive Devices and Electrooptic Components. IR Active Devices and Components. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Commercial and Industrial Devices and Systems. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Medicine, Telecommunications, and Space. Application of Photonic and Infrared Technologies for Space and Military Sensors. IR Signature Analysis and Countermeasure Techniques. Future Applications of IR and Photonic Technologies and Requirements for Auxiliary Equipment. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrunked radio enables full-duplex radio communication using asingle transmission frequency, making the technique more efficientin handling radio traffic. Written by an expert in this area, thisbook presents a much-needed discussion of trunked radio technologyand its practical applications. An Instructor Support FTP site is available from the Wileyeditorial department.Trade Review"…ideal for engineers with some communications background to gain an overall picture of what wireless systems are composed of." (IEEE Circuits & Devices, September/October 2004)Table of ContentsA Background on Trunked and Enhanced PMR Radio. Planning. Design. Radio Survey. Base Stations. Maintenance. Filters, Combiners, and Preselectors. Repeaters. Linking Sites. Power and Protection. Traffic Engineering on Trunked Radio Systems. Site Planning and Traffic Efficiency. Billing. MPT 1327 Systems. Smartnet. Logic Trunked Radio. Tetra. APCO-25. iDEN. Other Trunked Systems. Enhanced PMR. Equipment Shelters. Towers and Masts. Units and Concepts of Field Strength. Privacy. Analog Modulation/Demodulation Methods. Digital Modulation. Noise and Noise Performance. Coding, Formats, and Error Correction. Safety. Appendices. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the interdisciplinary field of solid electrodynamics and its applications in superconductor and microwave technologies. It gives scientists and engineers the foundation necessary to deal with theoretical and applied electromagnetics, continuum mechanics, applied superconductivity, high-speed electronic circuit design, microwave engineering and transducer technology.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Classical Electrodynamics. Continuum Electrodynamics of Deformable Solids. Electrodynamics of Superconductors in Weak Fields. Electrodynamics of Superconductors in Strong Fields. Electrodynamics of Josephson Junctions and Circuits. Electromagnetic Analysis of Transmission Lines and Waveguide. Electrodynamics of Deformable Superconductors. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA cutting-edge guide to the theory and practice of high-speed digital system design An understanding of high-speed interconnect phenomena is essential for digital designers who must deal with the challenges posed by the ever-increasing operating speeds of today''s microprocessors. This book provides a much-needed, practical guide to the state of the art of modern digital system design, combining easily accessible explanations with immensely useful problem-solving strategies. Written by three leading Intel engineers, High-Speed Digital System Design clarifies difficult and often neglected topics involving the effects of high frequencies on digital buses and presents a variety of proven techniques and application examples. Extensive appendices, formulas, modeling techniques as well as hundreds of figures are also provided. Coverage includes: * A thorough introduction to the digital aspects of basic transmission line theory * Crosstalk and nonideal transmissTrade Review"...an excellent guidebook for interconnect design...this very valuable work is highly recommended for design engineers and recent graduates struggling to transition from theory to real-world design." (Choice, Vol. 38, No. 8, April 2001) "This is an excellent book for anyone who has basic circuit theory knowledge.... It is a recommended book for all academic engineering libraries and would, also, be useful for the practicing engineer." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. The Importance of Interconnect Design. 1.1 The Basics. 1.2 The Past and the Future. 2. Ideal Transmission Line Fundamentals. 2.1 Transmission Line Structures on a PCB or MCM. 2.2 Wave Propagation. 2.3 Transmission Line Parameters. 2.3.1 Characteristic Impedance. 2.3.2 Propagation Velocity, Time, and Distance. 2.3.3 Equivalent Circuit Models for SPICE Simulation. 2.4 Launching Initial Wave and Transmission Line Reflections. 2.4.1 Initial Wave. 2.4.2 Multiple Reflections. 2.4.3 Effect of Rise Time on Reflections. 2.4.4 Reflections From Reactive Loads. 2.4.5 Termination Schemes to Eliminate Reflections. 2.5 Additional Examples. 2.5.1 Problem. 2.5.2 Goals. 2.5.3 Calculating the Cross-Sectional Geometry of the PCB. 2.5.4 Calculating the Propagation Delay. 2.5.5 Determining the Wave Shape Seen at the Receiver. 2.5.6 Creating an Equivalent Circuit. 3. Crosstalk. 3.1 Mutual Inductance and Mutual Capacitance. 3.2 Inductance and Capacitance Matrix. 3.3 Field Simulators. 3.4 Crosstalk-Induced Noise. 3.5 Simulating Crosstalk Using Equivalent Circuit Models. 3.6 Crosstalk-Induced Flight Time and Signal Integrity Variations. 3.6.1 Effect of Switching Patterns on Transmission Line Performance. 3.6.2 Simulating Traces in a Multiconductor System Using a Single-Line Equivalent Model. 3.7 Crosstalk Trends. 3.8 Termination of Odd- and Even-Mode Transmission Line Pairs. 3.8.1 Pi Termination Network. 3.8.2 T Termination Network. 3.9 Minimization of Crosstalk. 3.10 Additional Examples. 3.10.1 Problem. 3.10.2 Goals. 3.10.3 Determining the Maximum Crosstalk-Induced Impedance and Velocity Swing. 3.10.4 Determining if Crosstalk Will Induce False Triggers. 4. Nonideal Interconnect Issues. 4.1 Transmission Line Losses. 4.1.1 Conductor DC Losses. 4.1.2 Dielectric DC Losses. 4.1.3 Skin Effect. 4.1.4 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Losses. 4.2 Variations in the Dielectric Constant. 4.3 Serpentine Traces. 4.4 Intersymbol Interference. 4.5 Effects of 90 Bends. 4.6 Effect of Topology. 5. Connectors, Packages, and Vias. 5.1 Vias. 5.2 Connectors. 5.2.1 Series Inductance. 5.2.2 Shunt Capacitance. 5.2.3 Connector Crosstalk. 5.2.4 Effects of Inductively Coupled Connector Pin Fields. 5.2.5 EMI. 5.2.6 Connector Design Guidelines. 5.3 Chip Packages. 5.3.1 Common Types of Packages. 5.3.2 Creating a Package Model. 5.3.3 Effects of a Package. 5.3.4 Optimal Pin-Outs. 6. Nonideal Return Paths, Simultaneous Switching Noise, and Power Delivery. 6.1 Nonideal Current Return Paths. 6.1.1 Path of Least Inductance. 6.1.2 Signals Traversing a Ground Gap. 6.1.3 Signals That Change Reference Planes. 6.1.4 Signals Referenced to a Power or a Ground Plane. 6.1.5 Other Nonideal Return Path Scenarios. 6.1.6 Differential Signals. 6.2 Local Power Delivery Networks. 6.2.1 Determining the Local Decoupling Requirements for High-Speed I/O. 6.2.2 System-Level Power Delivery. 6.2.3 Choosing a Decoupling Capacitor. 6.2.4 Frequency Response of a Power Delivery System. 6.3 SSO/SSN. 6.3.1 Minimizing SSN. 7. Buffer Modeling. 7.1 Types of Models. 7.2 Basic CMOS Output Buffer. 7.2.1 Basic Operation. 7.2.2 Linear Modeling of the CMOS Buffer. 7.2.3 Behavioral Modeling of the Basic CMOS Buffer. 7.3 Output Buffers That Operate in the Saturation Region. 7.4 Conclusions. 8. Digital Timing Analysis. 8.1 Common-Clock Timing. 8.1.1 Common-Clock Timing Equations. 8.2 Source Synchronous Timing. 8.2.1 Source Synchronous Timing Equations. 8.2.2 Deriving Source Synchronous Timing Equations from an Eye Diagram. 8.2.3 Alternative Source Synchronous Schemes. 8.3 Alternative Bus Signaling Techniques. 8.3.1 Incident Clocking. 8.3.2 Embedded Clock. 9. Design Methodologies. 9.1 Timings. 9.1.1 Worst-Case Timing Spreadsheet. 9.1.2 Statistical Spreadsheets. 9.2 Timing Metrics, Signal Quality Metrics, and Test Loads. 9.2.1 Voltage Reference Uncertainty. 9.2.2 Simulation Reference Loads. 9.2.3 Flight Time. 9.2.4 Flight-Time Skew. 9.2.5 Signal Integrity. 9.3 Design Optimization. 9.3.1 Paper Analysis. 9.3.2 Routing Study. 9.4 Sensitivity Analysis. 9.4.1 Initial Trend and Significance Analysis. 9.4.2 Ordered Parameter Sweeps. 9.4.3 Phase 1 Solution Space. 9.4.4 Phase 2 Solution Space. 9.4.5 Phase 3 Solution Space. 9.5 Design Guidelines. 9.6 Extraction. 9.7 General Rules of Thumb to Follow When Designing a System. 10. Radiated Emissions Compliance and System Noise Minimization. 10.1 FCC Radiated Emission Specifications. 10.2 Physical Mechanisms of Radiation. 10.2.1 Differential-Mode Radiation. 10.2.2 Common-Mode Radiation. 10.2.3 Wave Impedance. 10.3 Decoupling and Choking. 10.3.1 High-Frequency Decoupling at the System Level. 10.3.2 Choking Cables and Localized Power and Ground Planes. 10.3.3 Low-Frequency Decoupling and Ground Isolation. 10.4 Additional PCB Design Criteria, Package Considerations, and Pin-Outs. 10.4.1 Placement of High-Speed Components and Traces. 10.4.2 Crosstalk. 10.4.3 Pin Assignments and Package Choice. 10.5 Enclosure (Chassis) Considerations. 10.5.1 Shielding Basics. 10.5.2 Apertures. 10.5.3 Resonances. 10.6 Spread Spectrum Clocking. 11. High-Speed Measurement Techniques. 11.1 Digital Oscilloscopes. 11.1.1 Bandwidth. 11.1.2 Sampling. 11.1.3 Other Effects. 11.1.4 Statistics. 11.2 Time-Domain Reflectometry. 11.2.1 TDR Theory. 11.2.2 Measurement Factors. 11.3 TDR Accuracy. 11.3.1 Launch Parasitics. 11.3.2 Probe Types. 11.3.3 Reflections. 11.3.4 Interface Transmission Loss. 11.3.5 Cable Loss. 11.3.6 Amplitude Offset Error. 11.4 Impedance Measurement. 11.4.1 Accurate Characterization of Impedance. 11.4.2 Measurement Region in TDR Impedance Profile. 11.5 Odd- and Even-Mode Impedance. 11.6 Crosstalk Noise. 11.7 Propagation Velocity. 11.7.1 Length Difference Method. 11.7.2 Y-Intercept Method. 11.7.3 TDT Method. 11.8 Vector Network Analyzer. 11.8.1 Introduction to S Parameters. 11.8.2 Equipment. 11.8.3 One-Port Measurements (ZO,L,C). 11.8.4 Two-Port Measurements (Td, Attenuation, Crosstalk). 11.8.5 Calibration. 11.8.6 Calibration for One-Port Measurements. 11.8.7 Calibration for Two-Port Measurements. 11.8.8 Calibration Verification. Appendix A: Alternative Characteristic Impedance Formulas. A.1 Microstrip. A.2 Symmetric Stripline. A.3 Offset Stripline. Appendix B: GTL Current-Mode Analysis. B.1 Basic GTL Operation. B.2 GTL Transitions When a Middle Agent Is Driving. B.3 GTL Transitions When an End Agent With a Termination Is Driving. B.4 Transitions When There is a Pull-Up at the Middle Agent. Appendix C: Frequency-Domain Components in a Digital Signal. Appendix D: Useful S-Parameter Conversions. D.1 ABCD, Z, and Y Parameters. D.2 Normalizing the S Matrix to a Different Characteristic Impedance. D.3 Derivation of the Formulas Used to Extract the Mutual Inductance and Capacitance from a Short Structure Using S21 Measurements. D.4 Derivation of the Formula to Extract Skin Effect Resistance from a Transmission Line. Appendix E: Definition of the Decibel. Appendix F: FCC Emission Limits. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic effects in unconventional structures and materials in electronics are becoming more important as device sizes shrink. This trend will continue, and as the use of these materials becomes more cost effective, there will be an increased need for a theoretical understanding of this subject.Trade Review"In summary, Electromagnetic Fields in Unconventional Materials and Structures is an advanced book, written by experts, that is bound to be useful to serious researchers" (Int. Jnl. of Electronics and Communications, Vol.55, No.5, 2001) "Congratulations! The book is a pearl. It is like a treasury." (Optik - Int. Jnl. for Light & Electron Optics, Vol.112, No.19, 2001)Table of ContentsScalar Hertz Potentials for Linear Bianisotropic Mediums (W. Weiglhofer). Recent Developments in the Homogenization of Linear Bianisotropic Composite Materials (B. Michel). Novel Free-Space Techniques to Characterize Complex Mediums (G. Borzdov). A Mini-Review on Isotropic Chiral Mediums (A. Lakhtakia). Sculptured Thin Films: Conception, Optical Properties, and Applications (V. Venugopal & A. Lakhtakia). Electrodynamic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (S. Maksimenko & G. Slepyan). Numerical Analyses of Optical Propagation and Interaction in Nonlinear Photorefractive Materials (P. Banerjee & J. Jarem). Some Multilayered and Other Unconventional Lightguides (P. Choudhury & O. Singh). All-Fiber Guided Wave Components (B. Pal). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Helical Structures (P. Jain & B. Basu). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisFive-step problem solving process. A five-step methodology for solving problems is used throughout the text. Each step is clearly identified to help students focus on the process of breaking a problem into smaller components and then addressing the smaller components throughout the text. The five steps are: State the problem clearly.Table of ContentsSolving Problems with Fortran 90 Arithmetic Computations and Simple Programs Control Constructs Engineering and Scientific Data Files Array Processing External Procedures Additional Data Types An Introduction to Pointers Appendix A: Fortran 90 Intrinsic Functions Solutions to Try It! Exercises Answers to Selected Problems

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Book Synopsis* Introduces the operational amplifier early, and uses it as a basic element throughout the book. * Provides numerous exercises and examples throughout. * Written in a clear, precise style that has been highly praised throughout many editions. .

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Book SynopsisThe most substantive survey available of the entire field of telecommunications and signal processing. Engineers have long required a comprehensive yet concise resource to turn to for reliable, up-to-date information on the continually evolving field of telecommunications.Trade Review"...contains a wealth of information treating all aspects of telecommunications...an excellent reference source...recommended." (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 1, September 2003)

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Book SynopsisKalman filtering is a well-established topic in the field of control and signal processing and represents by far the most refined method for the design of neural networks. This book takes a nontraditional nonlinear approach and reflects the fact that most practical applications are nonlinear.Trade Review"Although the traditional approach to the subject is usually linear, this book recognizes and deals with the fact that real problems are most often nonlinear." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Kalman Filters (S. Haykin). Parameter-Based Kalman Filter Training: Theory and Implementaion (G. Puskorius and L. Feldkamp). Learning Shape and Motion from Image Sequences (G. Patel, et al.). Chaotic Dynamics (G. Patel and S. Haykin). Dual Extended Kalman Filter Methods (E. Wan and A. Nelson). Learning Nonlinear Dynamical System Using the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm (S. Roweis and Z. Ghahramani). The Unscencted Kalman Filter (E. Wan and R. van der Merwe). Index.

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Book SynopsisSpeech coding has evolved into a highly matured branch of signal processing, with deployment of a plethora of products such as cellular phones, answering machines, communication devices, and more recently, voice over internet protocol (VoIP).Trade Review“…well equipped with exercises and with procedures which are helpful in implementing the coders…” (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.1041, No.16, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acronyms xix Notation xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Speech Coding 2 1.2 Classification of Speech Coders 8 1.3 Speech Production and Modeling 11 1.4 Some Properties of the Human Auditory System 18 1.5 Speech Coding Standards 22 1.6 About Algorithms 26 1.7 Summary and References 31 2 Signal Processing Techniques 33 2.1 Pitch Period Estimation 33 2.2 All-Pole and All-Zero Filters 45 2.3 Convolution 52 2.4 Summary and References 57 Exercises 57 3 Stochastic Processes and Models 61 3.1 Power Spectral Density 62 3.2 Periodogram 67 3.3 Autoregressive Model 69 3.4 Autocorrelation Estimation 73 3.5 Other Signal Models 85 3.6 Summary and References 86 Exercises 87 4 Linear Prediction 91 4.1 The Problem of Linear Prediction 92 4.2 Linear Prediction Analysis of Nonstationary Signals 96 4.3 Examples of Linear Prediction Analysis of Speech 101 4.4 The Levinson–Durbin Algorithm 107 4.5 The Leroux–Gueguen Algorithm 114 4.6 Long-Term Linear Prediction 120 4.7 Synthesis Filters 127 4.8 Practical Implementation 131 4.9 Moving Average Prediction 137 4.10 Summary and References 138 Exercises 139 5 Scalar Quantization 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Uniform Quantizer 147 5.3 Optimal Quantizer 149 5.4 Quantizer Design Algorithms 151 5.5 Algorithmic Implementation 155 5.6 Summary and References 158 Exercises 158 6 Pulse Code Modulation and Its Variants 161 6.1 Uniform Quantization 161 6.2 Nonuniform Quantization 166 6.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 172 6.4 Adaptive Schemes 175 6.5 Summary and References 180 Exercises 181 7 Vector Quantization 184 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Optimal Quantizer 188 7.3 Quantizer Design Algorithms 189 7.4 Multistage VQ 194 7.5 Predictive VQ 216 7.6 Other Structured Schemes 219 7.7 Summary and References 221 Exercises 222 8 Scalar Quantization of Linear Prediction Coefficient 227 8.1 Spectral Distortion 227 8.2 Quantization Based on Reflection Coefficient and Log Area Ratio 232 8.3 Line Spectral Frequency 239 8.4 Quantization Based on Line Spectral Frequency 252 8.5 Interpolation of LPC 256 8.6 Summary and References 258 Exercises 260 9 Linear Prediction Coding 263 9.1 Speech Production Model 264 9.2 Structure of the Algorithm 268 9.3 Voicing Detector 271 9.4 The FS1015 LPC Coder 275 9.5 Limitations of the LPC Model 277 9.6 Summary and References 280 Exercises 281 10 Regular-pulse Excitation Coders 285 10.1 Multipulse Excitation Model 286 10.2 Regular-Pulse-Excited–Long-Term Prediction 289 10.3 Summary and References 295 Exercises 296 11 Code-excited Linear Prediction 299 11.1 The CELP Speech Production Model 300 11.2 The Principle of Analysis-by-Synthesis 301 11.3 Encoding and Decoding 302 11.4 Excitation Codebook Search 308 11.5 Postfilter 317 11.6 Summary and References 325 Exercises 326 12 The Federal Standard Version of CELP 330 12.1 Improving the Long-Term Predictor 331 12.2 The Concept of the Adaptive Codebook 333 12.3 Incorporation of the Adaptive Codebook to the CELP Framework 336 12.4 Stochastic Codebook Structure 338 12.5 Adaptive Codebook Search 341 12.6 Stochastic Codebook Search 344 12.7 Encoder and Decoder 346 12.8 Summary and References 349 Exercises 350 13 Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction 353 13.1 The Core Encoding Structure 354 13.2 Search Strategies for Excitation Codebooks 356 13.3 Excitation Codebook Searches 357 13.4 Gain Related Procedures 362 13.5 Encoder and Decoder 366 13.6 Summary and References 368 Exercises 369 14 Low-delay CELP 372 14.1 Strategies to Achieve Low Delay 373 14.2 Basic Operational Principles 375 14.3 Linear Prediction Analysis 377 14.4 Excitation Codebook Search 380 14.5 Backward Gain Adaptation 385 14.6 Encoder and Decoder 389 14.7 Codebook Training 391 14.8 Summary and References 393 Exercises 394 15 Vector Quantization of Linear Prediction Coefficient 396 15.1 Correlation Among the LSFs 396 15.2 Split VQ 399 15.3 Multistage VQ 403 15.4 Predictive VQ 407 15.5 Summary and References 418 Exercises 419 16 Algebraic CELP 423 16.1 Algebraic Codebook Structure 424 16.2 Adaptive Codebook 425 16.3 Encoding and Decoding 433 16.4 Algebraic Codebook Search 437 16.5 Gain Quantization Using Conjugate VQ 443 16.6 Other ACELP Standards 446 16.7 Summary and References 451 Exercises 451 17 Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction 454 17.1 The MELP Speech Production Model 455 17.2 Fourier Magnitudes 456 17.3 Shaping Filters 464 17.4 Pitch Period and Voicing Strength Estimation 466 17.5 Encoder Operations 474 17.6 Decoder Operations 477 17.7 Summary and References 481 Exercises 482 18 Source-controlled Variable Bit-rate CELP 486 18.1 Adaptive Rate Decision 487 18.2 LP Analysis and LSF-Related Operations 494 18.3 Decoding and Encoding 496 18.4 Summary and References 498 Exercises 499 19 Speech Quality Assessment 501 19.1 The Scope of Quality and Measuring Conditions 501 19.2 Objective Quality Measurements for Waveform Coders 502 19.3 Subjective Quality Measures 504 19.4 Improvements on Objective Quality Measures 505 Appendix A Minimum-phase Property of the Forward Prediction-error Filter 507 Appendix B Some Properties of Line Spectral Frequency 514 Appendix C Research Directions in Speech Coding 518 Appendix D Linear Combiner for Pattern Classification 522 Appendix E CELP: Optimal Long-term Predictor to Minimize the Weighted Difference 531 Appendix F Review of Linear Algebra: Orthogonality, Basis, Linear Independence, and the Gram–schmidt Algorithm 537 Bibliography 542 Index 553

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Book SynopsisA guide of quick methods for designing electronic equipment that must be designed to withstand severe vibration and shock, this textbook explains how to predict the operational life of electronic equipment. Each concept is illustrated with sample problems and coverage of testing methods.Table of ContentsPreface xvii List of Symbols xix 1 Introduction 1 2 Vibrations of Simple Electronic Systems 17 3 Component Lead Wire and Solder Joint Vibration Fatigue Life 39 4 Beam Structures for Electronic Subassemblies 56 5 Component Lead Wires as Bents, Frames, and Arcs 75 6 Printed Circuit Boards and Flat Plates 103 7 Octave Rule, Snubbing, and Damping to Increase the PCB Fatigue Life 150 8 Preventing Sinusoidal Vibration Failures in Electronic Equipment 166 9 Designing Electronics for Random Vibration 188 10 Acoustic Noise Effects on Electronic 234 11 Designing Electronics for Shock Environments 248 12 Design and Analysis of Electronic Boxes 300 13 Effects of Manufacturing Methods on the Reliability of Electronics 330 14 Vibration Fixtures and Vibration Testing 346 15 Environmental Stress Screening for Electronic Equipment (ESSEE) 379 Bibliography 401 Index 405

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Book SynopsisA unique collection of algorithms and lab experiments for practitioners and researchers of digital image processing technology With the field of digital image processing rapidly expanding, there is a growing need for a book that would go beyond theory and techniques to address the underlying algorithms.Table of ContentsDigital Image Processing Fundamentals. Digital Image Transform Algorithms. Digital Image Filtering and Enhancement. Digital Image Compression. Edge Detection Algorithms. Image Segmentation Algorithms. Shape Description. Digital Image Processing Lab Exercises Using EIKONA. Index.

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Book SynopsisA software radio is a radio whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in software. All wireless telephones are controlled by this software. Written by the leader in the field, this book covers the technology that will allow cellular telephones to greatly expand the types of data they can transmit.Trade Review"...shows how to integrate the analogue radio-frequency and digital aspect of radio with the emerging large-scale, object-oriented software technology needed for open-architecture software-defined radio." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview. Architecture Evolution. The Radio Spectrum and RF Environment. Systems-Level Architecture Analysis. Node-Level Architecture Analysis. Segment Design Tradeoffs. Antenna Segment Tradeoffs. RE/IF Conversion Segment Tradeoffs. ADC and DAC Tradeoffs. Digital Processing Tradeoffs. Software Architecture Tradeoffs. Software Component Characteristics. Performance Management. Smart Antennas. Applications. Reference Architecture. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of this handbook has been fully updated to incorporate the latest developments in the field.Trade Review"Boucher...updates the 1995 edition of his substantial reference...He has maintained the original format...but here takes more of a digital perspective and incorporates new technologies that are shaping the direction of the industry." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001)Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition. About the Author. What is Cellular Radio? World System Standards--A History. Basic Radio. Planning--An Essential Network Function. Cell Site Selection and System Design. Radio Survey. Cellular Radio Interference. Cell Plans. Units and Concepts of Field Strength. Filters and Combiners. Cellular Repeaters. Antennas. Cellular Links. Base-Station Maintenance. Base-Station Control and Signaling. Power and Distribution. Protection and Grounding. Trunking. Switching. Traffic Engineering Concepts. Mobiles. Tower and Masts. Installations. Equipment Shelters. Budgets. Billing Systems. Marketing. Fraud. Data Over Cellular. Privacy. Rural and Offshore Applications of Cellular Radio. Interconnection. Preparing Invitations to Tender. Modulation/Demodulation Methods. Noise and Noise Performance. Digital Cellular. GSM Pan-European Cellular. DAMPS. NAMPS. E-TDMA. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Japanese Digital. Satellite Mobile Systems. Cordless Telephone Technologies. iDEN. Wireless Local Loop. The Technology. Coding, Formats, and Error Correction. Digital Modulation. Other Mobile Products. Safety Issues. Buying Used Hardware. Appendix A: RF Propagation Routine Appendix B: ISO Model. Appendix C: Amplifier Classes. Appendix D: 911 Location Requirements. Appendix E: Distortion and Noise. Appendix F: Recommended Further Reading and Sources of Information. Appendix G: Internet Protocols. Appendix H: Erlang B and C Tables. Appendix I: Conversion of Units Used for Cellular RF. Appendix J: Country Codes. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWave scattering by discrete scatterers is an interdisciplinary area of research with many applications in such areas as atomic physics, medical imaging, geoscience and remote sensing. This three-volume work is an expanded and updated version of the authors 1985 book, Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 1 1 Basic Scattering Parameters 2 1.1 Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections 2 1.2 Scattering Amplitude Matrix 6 2 Rayleigh Scattering 9 2.1 Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle 9 2.2 Rayleigh Scattering by a Sphere 10 2.3 Rayleigh Scattering by an Ellipsoid 12 2.4 Scattering Dyads 14 3 Integral Representations of Scattering and Born Approximation 16 3.1 Integral Expression for Scattering Amplitude 16 3.2 Born Approximation 18 4 Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves, and Spherical Waves 21 4.1 Cartesian Coordinates: Plane Waves 21 4.2 Cylindrical Waves 22 4.3 Spherical Waves 24 5 Acoustic Scattering 30 6 Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 32 6.1 Mie Scattering 32 6.2 Scattering by a Finite Length Cylinder Using the Infinite Cylinder Approximation 41 6.3 Scattering by a Disk Based on the Infinite Disk Approximation 46 References and Additional Readings 52CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 1 Dyadic Green's Function 54 1.1 Green's Functions 54 1.2 Plane Wave Representation 55 1.3 Cylindrical Waves 57 1.4 Spherical Waves 59 2 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem 60 3 Active Remote Sensing and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 66 4 Optical Theorem 68 5 Reciprocity and Symmetry 73 5.1 Reciprocity 73 5.2 Reciprocal Relations for Bistatic Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Amplitudes 75 5.3 Symmetry Relations for Dyadic Green's Function 79 6 Eulerian Angles of Rotation 81 7 T-Matrix 83 7.1 T-Matrix and Relation to Scattering Amplitudes 83 7.2 Unitarity and Symmetry 88 8 Extended Boundary Condition 91 8.1 Extended Boundary Condition Technique 91 8.2 Spheres 97 8.2.1 Scattering and Absorption for Arbitrary Excitation 100 8.2.2 Mie Scattering of Coated Sphere 102 8.3 Spheroids 104 References and Additional Readings 106CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING 107 1 Radar Equation for Conglomeration of Scatterers 108 2 Stokes Parameters and Phase Matrices 116 2.1 Elliptical Polarization, Stokes Parameters, Partial Polarization 116 2.2 Stokes Matrix 123 2.3 Scattering per Unit Volume and Phase Matrix 124 2.4 Rayleigh Phase Matrix 127 2.5 Phase Matrix of Random Media 129 3 Fluctuating Fields 131 3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Fields 131 3.2 Probability Distribution of Scattered Fields and Polarimetric Description 132 4 Specific Intensity 140 5 Passive Remote Sensing 145 5.1 Planck's Radiation Law and Brightness Temperature 145 5.2 KirchhofT's Law 149 5.3 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem 152 5.4 Emissivity of Four Stokes Parameters 155 6 Correlation Function of Fields 161 References and Additional Readings 165 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES 167 1 Ice 168 2 Snow 170 3 Vegetation 171 4 Atmosphere 172 5 Correlation Function and Pair Distribution Function 173 5.1 Correlation Function 174 5.2 Pair Distribution Function 176 6 Gaussian Rough Surface and Spectral Density 179 7 Soil and Rocky Surfaces 184 8 Ocean Surface 185 References and Additional Readings 195 CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA 199 1 Incoherent Approach of Radiative Transfer 200 2 Wave Approach 203 2.1 Reflection and Transmission 203 2.2 Dyadic Green's Function for Stratified Medium 207 2.3 Brightness Temperatures for a Stratified Medium with Temperature Distribution 212 3 Comparison Between Incoherent Approach and Coherent Approach 217 4 Applications to Passive Remote Sensing of Soil 220 References and Additional Readings 229 CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS 231 1 Single Scattering and Particle Position Correlation 232 2 Applications of Single Scattering 237 2.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 237 2.2 Interferometric SAR 248 2.3 Active Remote Sensing of Half-Space Random Media 252 References and Additional Readings 258 CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 259 1 Scalar Radiative Transfer Theory 260 2 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory 269 2.1 Phase Matrix of Independent Scattering 269 2.2 Extinction Matrix 272 2.3 Emission Vector 275 2.4 Boundary Conditions 283 References and Additional Readings 286 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 287 1 Iterative Method 288 1.1 Iterative Procedure 288 1.2 Integral Equation for Scattering Problems 293 1.3 Active Remote Sensing of a Half-Space of Spherical Particles 298 1.4 Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Nonspherical Particles 303 1.4.1 Numerical Illustrations with Finite Dielectric Cylinders 310 1.5 Second-Order Scattering from Isotropic Point Scatterers 322 2 Discrete Ordinate-Eigenanalysis Method 324 2.1 Radiative Transfer Solution for Laminar Structures 324 2.2 Numerical Procedure of Discrete Ordinate Method: Normal Incidence 328 2.3 Active Remote Sensing: Oblique Incidence 337 2.4 Discrete Ordinate Method for Passive Remote Sensing 343 2.5 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 349 2.6 Passive Remote Sensing of a Layer of Mie Scatterers Overlying a Dielectric Half-Space 352 3 Invariant Imbedding 362 3.1 One-Dimensional Problem 363 3.2 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Scattering Medium with Inhomogeneous Profiles 370 3.3 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 373 3.4 Thermal Emission of Layers of Spherical Scatterers in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Absorption and Temperature Profiles 374 4 Diffusion Approximation 380 References and Additional Readings 386 CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 389 1 Introduction 390 2 Statistics of Random Rough Surface 392 2.1 Statistics, Correlation Function and Spectral Density 392 2.2 Characteristic Functions 396 3 Small Perturbation Method 397 3.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 397 3.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 403 4 Kirchhoff Approach 407 4.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 408 4.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 415 References and Additional Readings 417 INDEX 419

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Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces.Trade Review"this graduate textbook presents numerical simulation techniques and results for electromagnetic wave scattering in random media and rough surfaces..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 1 One-Dimensional Layered Media with Permittivity Fluctuations 2 1.1 Continuous Random Medium 2 1.2 Generation of One-Dimensional Continuous Gaussian Random Medium 4 1.3 Numerical Results and Applications to Antarctica 5 2 Random Discrete Layering and Applications 8 References and Additional Readings 12 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 13 1 Integral Equation Formulation for Scattering Problems 14 1.1 Surface Integral Equations 14 1.2 Volume Integral Equations 17 1.3 Dyadic Green's Function Singularity and Electrostatics 19 2 Method of Moments 23 3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) 27 3.1 Small Cubes 28 3.2 Radiative Corrections 29 3.3 Other Shapes 31 4 Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 37 4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolutions 38 4.2 FFT for Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 42 5 Conjugate Gradient Method 46 5.1 Steepest Descent Method 46 5.2 Real Symmetric Positive Definite Matrix 48 5.3 General Real Matrix and Complex Matrix 52 References and Additional Readings 57 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 62 1.1 Surface Integral Equation 62 1.2 Floquet's Theorem and Bloch Condition 63 1.3 2-D Green's Function in 1-D Lattice 64 1.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 67 2 Dielectric Periodic Surface: T-Matrix Method 68 2.1 Formulation in Longitudinal Field Components 69 2.2 Surface Field Integral Equations and Coupled Matrix Equations 74 2.3 Emissivity and Comparison with Experiments 81 3 Scattering of Waves Obliquely Incident on Periodic Rough Surfaces: Integral Equation Approach 85 3.1 Formulation 85 3.2 Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures 89 4 Ewald's Method 93 4.1 Preliminaries 93 4.2 3-D Green's Function in 3-D Lattices 98 4.3 3-D Green's Function in 2-D Lattices 102 4.4 Numerical Results 105 References and Additional Readings 110 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 1 Perfect Electric Conductor (Non-Penetrable Surface) 114 1.1 Integral Equation 114 1.2 Matrix Equation: Dirichlet Boundary Condition (EFIE for TE Case) 1161.3 Tapering of Incident Waves and Calculation of Scattered Waves 118 1.4 Random Rough Surface Generation 124 1.4.1 Gaussian Rough Surface 124 1.4.2 Fractal Rough Surface 132 1.5 Neumann Boundary Condition (MFIE for TM Case) 134 2 Two-Media Problem 137 2.1 TE and TM Waves 139 2.2 Absorptivity, Emissivity and Reflectivity 141 2.3 Impedance Matrix Elements: Numerical Integrations 143 2.4 Simulation Results 145 2.4.1 Gaussian Surface and Comparisons with Analytical Methods 145 2.4.2 Dirichlet Case of Gaussian Surface with Ocean Spectrum and Fractal Surface 150 2.4.3 Bistatic Scattering for Two Media Problem with Ocean Spectrum 151 3 Topics of Numerical Simulations 154 3.1 Periodic Boundary Condition 154 3.2 MFIE for TE Case of PEC 158 3.3 Impedance Boundary Condition 161 4 Microwave Emission of Rough Ocean Surfaces 163 5 Waves Scattering from Real-Life Rough Surface Profiles 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Rough Surface Generated by Three Methods 167 5.3 Numerical Results of the Three Methods 169 References and Additional Readings 175 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 1 Banded Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two-Dimensional Scattering for PEC Case 1791.1 Introduction 179 1.2 Formulation and Computational Procedure 180 1.3 Product of a Weak Matrix and a Surface Unknown Column Vector 187 1.4 Convergence and Neighborhood Distance 188 1.5 Results of Composite Surfaces and Grazing Angle Problems 189 2 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method for Lossy Dielectric Surfaces 196 2.1 Introduction 196 2.2 Formulation and Single-Grid Implementation 198 2.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with Banded Matrix Iterative Approach/Canonical Grid Method 200 2.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficient and Emissivity 203 3 Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method 212 3.1 Steepest Descent Path for Green's Function 213 3.2 Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Decomposition and Grouping 216 3.3 Multi-Level Discretization of Angles and Interpolation 222 3.4 Steepest Descent Expression of Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Elements 226 3.5 SDFMM Algorithm 235 3.6 Numerical Results 242 4 Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) 242 4.1 Matrix Equations Based on MFIE for TE and TM Waves for PEC 242 4.2 Iterative Approach 245 4.3 Numerical Results 247 5 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method 249 5.1 Single Grid and PBTG 249 5.2 Computational Complexity of the Combined Algorithm of the PBTG with the MLFMM 252 5.3 Gaussian Rough Surfaces and CPU Comparison 254 5.4 Non-Gaussian Surfaces 257 References and Additional Readings 263 CHAPTER 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 1 Scattering by Non-Penetrable Media 270 1.1 Scalar Wave Scattering 270 1.1.1 Formulation and Numerical Method 270 1.1.2 Results and Discussion 273 1.1.3 Convergence of SMFSIA 277 1.2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 278 1.2.1 Surface Integral Equation 278 1.2.2 Surface Integral Equation for Rough Surface Scattering 280 1.2.3 Computation Methods 281 1.2.4 Numerical Simulation Results 286 2 Integral Equations for Dielectric Surfaces 293 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields with Electric and Magnetic Sources 293 2.2 Physical Problem and Equivalent Exterior and Interior Problems 296 2.2.1 Equivalent Exterior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 296 2.2.2 Equivalent Interior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 298 2.3 Surface Integral Equations for Equivalent Surface Currents, Tangential and Normal Components of Fields 300 3 Two-Dimensional Rough Dielectric Surfaces with Sparse Matrix Canonical Grid Method 304 3.1 Integral Equation and SMCG Method 304 3.2 Numerical Results of Bistatic Scattering Coefficient 318 4 Scattering by Lossy Dielectric Surfaces with PBTG Method 326 4.1 Introduction 326 4.2 Formulation and Single Grid Implementation 328 4.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method 329 4.4 Numerical Results and Comparison with Second Order Perturbation Method 334 4.5 Numerical Simulations of Emissivity of Soils with Rough Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies 343 5 Four Stokes Parameters Based on Tangential Surface Fields 350 6 Parallel Implementation of SMCG on Low Cost Beowulf System 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.2 Low-Cost Beowulf Cluster 355 6.3 Parallel Implementation of the SMCG Method and the PBTG Method 356 6.4 Numerical Results 360 References and Additional Readings 366 CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 1 Combining Simulations of Collective Volume Scattering Effects with Radiative Transfer Theory 373 2 Foldy-Lax Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Equations 376 2.1 Final Exciting Field and Multiple Scattering Equation 376 2.2 Foldy-Lax Equations for Point Scatterers 379 2.3 The JV-Particle Scattering Amplitude 382 3 Analytical Solutions of Point Scatterers 382 3.1 Phase Function and Extinction Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Point Scatterers 382 3.2 Scattering by Collection of Clusters 389 4 Monte Carlo Simulation Results of Point Scatterers 392 References and Additional Readings 401 CHAPTER 8 PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 1 Pair Distribution Functions and Structure Factors 404 1.1 Introduction 404 1.2 Percus Yevick Equation and Pair Distribution Function for Hard Spheres 406 1.3 Calculation of Structure Factor and Pair Distribution Function 409 2 Percus—Yevick Pair Distribution Functions for Multiple Sizes 411 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Particle Positions 414 3.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo Technique 415 3.2 Sequential Addition Method 418 3.3 Numerical Results 418 4 Sticky Particles 424 4.1 Percus-Yevick Pair Distribution Function for Sticky Spheres 424 4.2 Pair Distribution Function of Adhesive Sphere Mixture 429 4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Adhesive Spheres 434 5 Particle Placement Algorithm for Spheroids 444 5.1 Contact Functions of Two Ellipsoids 445 5.2 Illustrations of Contact Functions 446 References and Additional Readings 450 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE MEDIA 453 1 Introduction 454 1.1 Extinction as a Function of Concentration 454 1.2 Extinction as a Function of Frequency 456 2 Random Positions of Cylinders 458 2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations of Positions of Hard Cylinders 458 2.2 Simulations of Pair Distribution Functions 460 2.3 Percus-Yevick Approximation of Pair Distribution Functions 461 2.4 Results of Simulations 463 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Sticky Disks 463 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Scattering by Cylinders 469 3.1 Scattering by a Single Cylinder 469 3.2 Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Equations for Cylinders 476 3.3 Coherent Field, Incoherent Field, and Scattering Coefficient 480 3.4 Scattered Field and Internal Field Formulations 481 3.5 Low Frequency Formulas 482 3.6 Independent Scattering 484 3.7 Simulation Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Cylinders 485 4 Sparse-Matrix Canonical-Grid Method for Scattering by Many Cylinders 486 4.1 Introduction 486 4.2 The Two-Dimensional Scattering Problem of Many Dielectric Cylinders 489 4.3 Numerical Results of Scattering and CPU Comparisons 490 References and Additional Readings 493 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS 495 1 Introduction 496 2 Simple Analytical Models For Scattering From a Dense Medium 496 2.1 Effective Permittivity 496 2.2 Scattering Attenuation and Coherent Propagation Constant 500 2.3 Coherent Reflection and Incoherent Scattering From a Half-Space of Scatterers 505 2.4 A Simple Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory 510 3 Simulations Using Volume Integral Equations 512 3.1 Volume Integral Equation 512 3.2 Simulation of Densely Packed Dielectric Spheres 514 3.3 Densely Packed Spheroids 518 4 Numerical Simulations Using T-Matrix Formalism 533 4.1 Multiple Scattering Equations 533 4.2 Computational Considerations 541 4.3 Results and Comparisons with Analytic Theory 545 4.4 Simulation of Absorption Coefficient 547 References and Additional Readings 548 CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 1 Introduction 552 2 Two-Dimensional Simulations of Angular Memory Effect and Detection of Buried Object 553 2.1 Introduction 553 2.2 Simple and General Derivation of Memory Effect 553 2.3 ACF of Random Rough Surfaces with Different Averaging Methods 555 2.4 Scattering by a Buried Object Under a Rough Surface 557 3 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering by a Buried Object Under a 2-D Random Rough Surface (3-D Scattering) 564 3.1 Introduction 564 3.2 Formulation of Integral Equations 565 3.3 Statistics of Scattered Fields 570 3.4 Numerical Illustrations of ACF and PACF 571 4 Angular Correlation Function Applied to Correlation Imaging in Target Detection 575 4.1 Introduction 575 4.2 Formulation of Imaging 578 4.3 Simulations of SAR Data and ACF Processing 580 References and Additional Readings 591 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARIES 593 1 Introduction 594 2 Scattering by Dielectric Cylinders Above a Dielectric Half-Space 594 2.1 Scattering from a Layer of Vertical Cylinders: First-Order Solution 594 2.2 First- and Second-Order Solutions 603 2.3 Results of Monte Carlo Simulations 613 3 Scattering by Cylinders in the Presence of Two Reflective Boundaries 622 3.1 Vector Cylindrical Wave Expansion of Dyadic Green's Function Between Two Perfect Conductors 622 3.2 Dyadic Green's Function of a Cylindrical Scatterer Between Two PEC 629 3.3 Dyadic Green's Function with Multiple Cylinders 631 3.4 Excitation of Magnetic Ring Currents 635 3.4.1 First Order Solution 637 3.4.2 Numerical Results 638 References and Additional Readings 640 CHAPTER 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 1 Introduction 642 2 Plant Modeling by Using L-Systems 644 2.1 Lindenmayer Systems 644 2.2 Turtle Interpretation of L-Systems 646 2.3 Computer Simulations of Stochastic L-Systems and Input Files 649 3 Scattering from Trees Generated by L-Systems Based on Coherent Addition Approximation 654 3.1 Single Scattering by a Particle in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 655 3.1.1 Electric Field and Dyadic Green's Function 655 3.1.2 Scattering by a Single Particle 656 3.2 Scattering by Trees 659 4 Coherent Addition Approximation with Attenuation 667 5 Scattering from Plants Generated by L-Systems Based on Discrete Dipole Approximation 669 5.1 Formulation of Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) Method 670 5.2 Scattering by Simple Trees 672 5.3 Scattering by Honda Trees 677 6 Rice Canopy Scattering Model 685 6.1 Model Description 685 6.2 Model Simulation 689 References and Additional Readings 691 INDEX 693

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Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information. The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, andTrade Review"Here they [the authors] delve deeper into the topics raised in the first two volumes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING BASED ON SMALL PERTURBATION METHOD 1 1 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Perfect Electric Conductor 2 1.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 7 1.2 Second-Order Solutions 11 2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Dielectric Rough Surface 18 2.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 27 2.2 Second-Order Solutions 36 3 Coherent Reflection, Emissivities, and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients of Random Dielectric Surfaces 47 3.1 Coherent Reflection 48 3.2 Emissivities of Four Stokes Parameters 51 3.3 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 58 References and Additional Readings 61 CHAPTER 2 KIRCHHOFF APPROACH AND RELATED METHODS FOR ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 65 1 Kirchhoff Approach 66 1.1 Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface 66 1.2 Dielectric Rough Surfaces 72 1.3 Second-Order Slope Corrections 94 2 Phase Perturbation Method 101 3 Emissivity Based on Composite Surface Model 108 References and Additional Readings 118 CHAPTER 3 VOLUME SCATTERING: CASCADE OF LAYERS 121 1 Single Scattering Solution of a Thin Layer, Coherent Wave, and Effective Propagation Constant 122 2 Transition Operator 128 3 Electromagnetic Wave Case of a Thin Layer and Extinction Matrix 130 4 First- and Second-Order Solutions: Incoherent Waves 135 5 Cascading of Layers: From First- and Second-Order Wave Solutions to Radiative Transfer Equation 143 6 Effects of Clustering 150 References and Additional Readings 160 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC WAVE THEORY FOR A MEDIUM WITH PERMITTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS 161 1 Dyson's Equation for the Mean Field 162 1.1 Bilocal Approximation 167 1.2 Nonlinear Approximation 170 2 Second Moment of the Field 171 2.1 Bethe-Salpeter Equation 171 2.2 Energy Conservation 175 3 Strong Permittivity Fluctuations 178 3.1 Random Medium with Spherically Symmetric Correlation Function 179 3.2 Very Low Frequency Effective Permittivity 181 3.3 Effective Permittivity Under the Bilocal Approximation 182 3.4 Backscattering Coefficients 185 3.5 Results of Effective Permittivity and Bistatic Coefficients 187 References and Additional Readings 194 CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR DISCRETE SCATTERERS 197 1 Transition Operator 198 2 Multiple Scattering Equations 203 3 Approximations of Multiple Scattering Equations 204 3.1 Configurational Average of Multiple Scattering Equations 205 3.2 Effective Field Approximation (EFA, Foldy's Approximation) 207 3.3 Quasi-crystalline Approximation (QCA) 210 3.4 Coherent Potential (CP) 213 3.5 Quasi-crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP) 216 3.6 Low-Frequency Solutions 219 3.7 QCA-CP for Multiple Species of Particles 224 4 Ward's Identity and Energy Conservation 226 5 Derivation of Radiative Transfer Equation from Ladder Approximation 232 References and Additional Readings 241 CHAPTER 6 QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION IN DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 245 1 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers— Normal Incidence 246 1.1 Coherent Wave Propagation 247 1.2 Effective Phase Velocity and Attenuation Rate in the Low-Frequency Limit 257 1.3 Dispersion Relations at Higher Frequencies 259 2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers—Oblique Incidence 266 2.1 Dispersion Relation and Coherent Reflected Wave 266 2.2 Vertically and Horizontally Polarized Incidence 275 3 Cases with Size Distributions 280 3.1 Coherent Field 281 3.2 Incoherent Field Using Distorted Born Approximation 287 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on Quasi-crystalline Approximation 300 4.1 Phase Matrix, Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption Coefficients 301 4.2 Brightness Temperature Computed with QCA-based DMRT 307 4.3 Numerical Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Particles 309 References and Additional Readings 319 CHAPTER 7 DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 323 1 Introduction 324 2 Effective Propagation Constants, Mean Green's Function, and Mean Field for Half-Space DiscreteRandom Medium of Multiple Species 325 3 Derivation of Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equation (DMRT) 329 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Active Remote Sensing 340 5 General Relation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing with Temperature Distribution 344 6 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Passive Remote Sensing 349 7 Numerical Illustrations of Active and Passive Remote Sensing 351 References and Additional Readings 357 CHAPTER 8 BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT 359 1 Introduction 360 1.1 Volume Scattering 361 1.2 Volume Scattering in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 362 2 Second-Order Volume Scattering Theory of Isotropic Point Scatterers 366 3 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms for Isotropic Point Scatterers 374 3.1 Formulation 375 3.2 Numerical Illustrations 380 4 Anisotropic Scatterers and Diffusion Approximation 385 4.1 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms 386 4.2 Unidirectional Point Source Green's Function 391 4.3 Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory 393 4.4 Diffusion Approximation 395 4.5 Numerical Results 399 References and Additional Readings 403 INDEX 407

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