Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisGraphene has been hailed as a rising star in photonics and optoelectronics. The wonderful optical properties of graphene make possible the multiple functions of signal emission, transmission, modulation, and detection to be realized in one material. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices. Particularly, it emphasizes the ability to integrate graphene photonics onto the silicon platform to afford broadband operation in light routing and amplification, which involves components such as the polarizer, the modulator, and the photodetector. It also includes other functions such as a saturable absorber and an optical limiter. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationship between the operation of these conceptually new photonic devices and the fundamental physics of graphene involved in the interactions between graphene and light.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Application of Graphene in Lasers. Graphene-Based Optical Modulators. Graphene-based photodetectors. Graphene for Solar Cells. Graphene Plasmonics. Graphene as Optical Limiters. Graphene Based Light Emitting Diodes. Graphene-Based Touchscreens. Perspective.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid development of technology based on metamaterials coupled with the recent introduction of the transformation optics technique provides an unprecedented ability for device designers to manipulate and control the behavior of electromagnetic wave phenomena. Many of the early metamaterial designs, such as negative index materials and electromagnetic bandgap surfaces, were limited to operation only over a very narrow bandwidth. However, recent groundbreaking work reported by several international research groups on the development of broadband metamaterials has opened up the doors to an exciting frontier in the creation of new devices for applications ranging from radio frequencies to visible wavelengths. This book contains a collection of eight chapters that cover recent cutting-edge contributions to the theoretical, numerical, and experimental aspects of broadband metamaterials.Table of ContentsBroadband Anisotropic Metamaterials for Antenna Applications. Broadband Low-loss Metamaterial-enabled Horn Antennas. Realization of Slow Wave Phenomena Using Coupled Transmission Lines and their Application to Antennas and Vacuum Electronics. Design Synthesis of Multi- and Broad-band Gap Electromagnetic Metasurfaces. Temporal and Spatial Dispersion Engineering using Metamaterial Concepts and Structures. Broadband Performance of Lenses Designed with Quasiconformal Transformation Optics. Broadband Chirality in Twisted Metamaterials. Broadband Optical Metasurfaces and Metamaterials.

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Book SynopsisOne dimensional electronic materials are expected to be key components owing to their potential applications in nanoscale electronics, optics, energy storage, and biology. Besides, compound semiconductors have been greatly developed as epitaxial growth crystal materials. Molecular beam and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy approaches are representative techniques achieving 0D–2D quantum well, wire, and dot semiconductor III-V heterostructures with precise structural accuracy with atomic resolution. Based on the background of those epitaxial techniques, high-quality, single-crystalline III-V heterostructures have been achieved. III-V Nanowires have been proposed for the next generation of nanoscale optical and electrical devices such as nanowire light emitting diodes, lasers, photovoltaics, and transistors. Key issues for the realization of those devices involve the superior mobility and optical properties of III-V materials (i.e., nitride-, phosphide-, and arsenide-related heterostructure systems). Further, the developed epitaxial growth technique enables electronic carrier control through the formation of quantum structures and precise doping, which can be introduced into the nanowire system. The growth can extend the functions of the material systems through the introduction of elements with large miscibility gap, or, alternatively, by the formation of hybrid heterostructures between semiconductors and another material systems. This book reviews recent progresses of such novel III-V semiconductor nanowires, covering a wide range of aspects from the epitaxial growth to the device applications. Prospects of such advanced 1D structures for nanoscience and nanotechnology are also discussed.Table of ContentsEpitaxial Heterostructure Nanowires. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN nanocolumns and related nanocolumn emitters. Novel GaNP nanowires for advanced optoelectronics and photonics. GaNAs-based nanowires for near-infrared optoelectronics. Dilute Bismide Nanowires. Ferromagnetic MnAs/III-V Hybrid Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs-Fe3Si Semiconductor-Ferromagnet Core-Shell Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs/AlGaOx Heterostructured Nanowires Synthesized by Post Growth Wet Oxidation. GaAs/SrTiO3 Core-Shell Nanowires. Ga(In)N nanowires grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy: from quantum light emitters to nano-transistors. InP-related nanowires for light-emitting applications. InP/InAs quantum heterostructure nanowires. III-Nitride Nanowires and Their Laser, LED photovoltaic Applications. III-V nanowires: transistor and photovoltaic applications.

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Book SynopsisThe use of light for probing and imaging biomedical media is promising for the development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled applications of nonlinear optical processes, which allow deeper imaging in biological tissues with higher spatial resolution. This book provides an overview of emerging novel optical imaging techniques, Gaussian beam optics, light scattering, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear optical tomography of tissues and cells. It consists of pioneering works that employ different linear and nonlinear optical imaging techniques for deep tissue imaging, including the new applications of single- and multiphoton excitation fluorescence, Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering gain and loss, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum spectroscopy. The book is a comprehensive reference of emerging deep tissue imaging techniques for researchers and students working in various disciplines.Trade Review“This impressive volume represents a landmark publication on the use of optical methods for deepbiomedical imaging—a field that has been transformed by a variety of technical innovations in recentyears. Editors Shi and Alfano have secured contributions from top names in the field, for an extensivecompilation that comprehensively details the new state of the art, including forefront advances anddevelopments. Fully covering applications, methods and theory, this lavishly illustrated book is destinedto become a reference classic.” - Prof. David L. Andrews, University of East Anglia, UK“This very timely book provides a highly comprehensive and very authoritative coverage of novelimaging technologies using multimodal optical spectroscopy and light scattering, aimed towardsnoninvasive deep tissue diagnostic and fundamental understanding of diseases such as cancers andbrain disorders. I highly recommend this book as an introductory guide on optical imaging for students,as well as a valuable reference for scientists, engineers, and biomedical researchers who are seeking abetter understanding of deep optical imaging in biological tissues or biomaterials in life scienceresearch.” - Prof. Paras N. Prasad, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA“This is an excellent and up-to-date account of biomedical imaging research. The subject matterincludes the important topics of the field, including the necessary fundamental background such asnonlinear optical processes and highly scattering optical phenomena. Each of the topics is well writtenby the well-established subject matter experts, and the book is comprehensive and self-contained. Thebackground material is well integrated into the text with the important references included.” - Dr.Daniel A. Nolan, Corning Inc., USA"Drs. Shi and Alfano have expertly put together an extremely strong collection of chapters written by leaders in the field of deep imaging in biomedical materials. The technical material gives a thorough background as well as a broad view of the most state-of-the-art results worldwide. This book is a must-read for both active researchers in this field and students studying the topic."—Prof. Alan E. Willner, University of Southern California, USATable of ContentsOverview of Second- and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes for Deep Imaging. Complex Light Beams. Gaussian Beam Optical Parameters in Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging. The Optics of Deep Optical Imaging in Tissues Using Long Wavelengths. Light Propagation and Interaction in Highly Scattering Media for Deep Tissue Imaging. Application of Nonlinear Microscopy in Life Sciences. Smart Biomarker-Coated PbS Quantum Dots for Deeper Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Optical Window. Biomedical Applications in Probing Deep Tissue Using Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Optical Biopsy. Light Propagation in Turbid Tissue-Like Scattering Media. Overview of the Cumulant Solution to Light Propagation Inside a Turbid Medium and Its Applications in Deep Imaging Beyond the Diffusion Approximation. Deep Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Diffusion Reconstruction of Banana Paths with Near Infrared Prostatoscope Analyzer. Terahertz Propagation in Tissues and Its Thickness Limitation. Detection of Brain Tumors Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Chemical and Molecular Imaging of Deep Tissue through Photoacoustic Detection of Chemical Bond Vibrations. Deep Tissue Imaging: Acoustic and Thermal Wave Propagation and Light Interactions in Tissue. Using the Transmission Matrix to Image Disordered Media.

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Book SynopsisGaN is considered the most promising material candidate in next-generation power device applications, owing to its unique material properties, for example, bandgap, high breakdown field, and high electron mobility. Therefore, GaN power device technologies are listed as the top priority to be developed in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China.This book presents a comprehensive overview of GaN power device technologies, for example, material growth, property analysis, device structure design, fabrication process, reliability, failure analysis, and packaging. It provides useful information to both students and researchers in academic and related industries working on GaN power devices. GaN wafer growth technology is from Enkris Semiconductor, currently one of the leading players in commercial GaN wafers. Chapters 3 and 7, on the GaN transistor fabrication process and GaN vertical power devices, are edited by Dr. Zhihong Liu, who has been working on GaN devices for more than ten years. Chapters 2 and 5, on the characteristics of polarization effects and the original demonstration of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors, are written by researchers from Southwest Jiaotong University. Chapters 6, 8, and 9, on surface passivation, reliability, and package technologies, are edited by a group of researchers from the Southern University of Science and Technology of China.Table of ContentsThe Growth Technology of High-Voltage GaN on Silicon. The Characteristics of Polarization Effects in GaN Heterostructures. The GaN Transistor Fabrication Process. Conventional AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Original Demonstration of Depletion Mode and Enhancement Mode AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Surface Passivation and GaN MIS HEMTs. GaN Vertical Power Devices. Reliability of GaN HEMT Devices. Packaging Technologies for GaN HEMTs.

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Book SynopsisGraphene, the wonder material of the 21st century, is expected to play an important role in future nanoelectronic applications, but the only way to achieve this goal is to grow graphene directly on a semiconductor, integrating it in the chain for the production of electronic circuits and devices. This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC. Through high-temperature annealing in a controlled environment, it is possible to decompose the topmost SiC layers, obtaining quasi-ideal graphene by Si sublimation with record electronic mobilities, while selective growth on patterned structures makes possible the opening of a gap by quantum confinement.The book starts with a review chapter on the significance and challenges of graphene growth on semiconductors, followed by three chapters dedicated to an up-to-date analysis of the synthesis of graphene in ultrahigh vacuum, and concludes with two chapters discussing possible ways of tailoring the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene by atomic intercalation and of creating a gap by the growth of templated graphene nanostructures.Table of ContentsForeword. The significance and challenges of direct growth of graphene on semiconductor surfaces. Graphene synthesized on cubic-SiC(001) in ultra-high vacuum: Atomic and electronic structure, transport properties. Epitaxial Graphene from UHV decomposition of 3C-SiC/Si. Diffusion and kinetics in epitaxial graphene growth on SiC. Atomic intercalation at the SiC/graphene interface. Epitaxial graphene on SiC: 2D sheets, selective growth and nanoribbons.

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Book SynopsisSince its invention, the integrated circuit has necessitated new process modules and numerous architectural changes to improve application performances, power consumption, and cost reduction. Silicon CMOS is now well established to offer the integration of several tens of billions of devices on a chip or in a system. At present, there are important challenges in the introduction of heterogeneous co-integration of materials and devices with the silicon CMOS 2D- and 3D-based platforms. New fabrication techniques allowing strong energy and variability efficiency come in as possible players to improve the various figures of merit of fabrication technology. Integrated Nanodevice and Nanosystem Fabrication: Breakthroughs and Alternatives is the second volume in the Pan Stanford Series on Intelligent Nanosystems. The book contains 8 chapters and is divided into two parts, the first of which reports breakthrough materials and techniques such as single ion implantation in silicon and diamond, graphene and 2D materials, nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes, while the second tackles the scaling and architectural aspects of silicon devices through HiK scaling for nanoCMOS, nanoscale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors, design for variability co-optimization in SOI FinFETs, and nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.Trade Review"A timely book that showcases some of the most important advances in nanodevices and nanofabrication, written by world-renowned experts."Prof. H.-S. Philip Wong, Stanford University, USA"This seven-chapter book reviews important new trends in nanotechnology and nanodevices, ranging from single-ion implantation and two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, to nanofabrication with a scanning probe microscope. The second part of the book deals with unconventional approaches to scaling nanoscale CMOS devices and to reducing device variability. Taken together, the book provides a wealth of information for graduate students and nanotechnology researchers, as well as a good insight into the future developments for engineers involved with nanosystem design and fabrication."Prof. George Celler, Rutgers University, USA"In this book, the authors address various advanced nanofabrication techniques and device issues for nano-CMOS extension. The topics are timely and their description is well balanced between innovation and practicality, as the authors evaluate each technique on the basis of the current CMOS technology. I strongly recommend the book to graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the industry and academia."Prof. Byung Gook Park, Seoul National University, KoreaTable of ContentsIntroduction: Will new materials, fabrication and architecture schemes emerge for CMOS survival?. Deterministic single-ion implantation method for quantum processing in silicon and diamond. Graphene and two-dimensional materials : extending silicon technology for the future? Nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes. High-k dielectric scaling for nano CMOS technology. Nanometer scale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors. TCAD-based design technology co-optimization for variability in nanoscale SOI FinFETs. Nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.

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Book SynopsisLet There Be Light is a groundbreaking history of electrification in Hong Kong. Mark L. Clifford traces how a power company and its visionary founder jumpstarted the British colony’s postwar economic rise and set in motion far-reaching political and social change.Trade ReviewLet There Be Light is a cultural, business, and political history of the world’s single most indispensable technology—electricity generation—in a great city that it helped create. This elegantly written, deeply researched, and thoughtful book offers, in microcosm, a global vision of development, finance, and state engagement with the economy. -- Thomas W. Laqueur, author of The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal RemainsAn insightful and vivid history. Mark Clifford challenges the conventional view of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire state. He shows instead the complex and successful collaboration between its government and its most important industry—electricity. At the center stands Lawrence Kadoorie—a colonial British capitalist at the door of communist China, a Jewish entrepreneur in a city riven with antisemitism. This is a valuable history of business and of technology—and of Hong Kong’s and China’s rise. -- Jonathan Kaufman, author of The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern ChinaBeautifully written and rich in fascinating detail, Let There Be Light tells the history of China Light & Power—a company that shaped modern Hong Kong. With scholarly rigor and a journalist’s flair for storytelling, Clifford chronicles the central role a company and its people played in building one of the world’s great cities. An impressive achievement and essential reading for anyone interested in electricity markets, Hong Kong history, or the relationship between businesses and governments more broadly. -- David Sandalow, author of Guide to Chinese Climate PolicyTable of Contents1. Private Light and Colonial Power2. In the Beginning: China Light & Power, 1900–19403. War, Occupation, and New Possibilities, 1941–19464. “The Problem of People,” 1947–19585. Electricity as a Political Project, 1959–19646. “Die-Hard Reactionary” in the Expanding Colonial State, 1964–19737. “Intelligent Anticipation” for “1997 and All That,” 1974–19828. Sing the City ElectricAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a the only one-stop reference to illustrating design, analysis, and manufacturing concepts for different power devices utilizing HTS. Engineers at OEM, utilities, industry, and universities will be able to understand the basic theory and perform design and analysis for different devices.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Abbreviations. CHAPTER 1 Introduction. CHAPTER 2 HTS Superconductors. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 HTS Background and Nomenclature. 2.2.1 Background. 2.2.2 Nomenclature. 2.3 BSCCO-2212 Conductors. 2.4 BSCCO-2223 OPIT Wires. 2.4.1 Manufacturing Process. 2.4.2 Characteristics - Electrical and Mechanical. 2.5 YBCO-123 Coated Conductors. 2.6 Magnesium Diboride (MgB2). 2.7 State-of-the-art of Various HTS Conductors. 2.8 Superconducting Magnet Design. 2.9 Summary. References. CHAPTER 3 Cooling and Thermal Insulation Systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Anatomy of a Cryostat. 3.3 Cryogenic Fluids for Cooling HTS Magnets. 3.4 Direct Cooling with Cryogens. 3.5 Indirect or Conduction Cooling. 3.6 Refrigeration Systems. 3.6.1 Gifford-McMahon (G-M) Cryocoolers. 3.6.2 Stirling Coolers. 3.6.3 Pulse Tube Coolers. 3.7 Open Loop Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen. 3.8 Magnet Materials. 3.9 Current Leads. 3.9.1 Design of Conduction Cooled Leads. 3.10 Example Cryostat Design. 3.10.1 Configuration. 3.10.2 Thermal Load Calculations. 3.10.2.1 Radiation Thermal Load Through MLI. 3.10.3 Current Leads. 3.10.4 Conduction. 3.10.5 Selection of Refrigerator. 3.11 Summary. References. CHAPTER 4 Rotating AC Machines. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Topology. 4.3 Analysis and Parameter Calculations. 4.3.1 Magnetic Circuit and Harmonic Components. 4.3.2 Parameter Calculations. 4.3.3 Machine Terminal Parameters. 4.4 Design. 4.4.1 Stator Winding Design Issues. 4.4.2 Field Winding Design Issues. 4.4.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Shield Design Issues. 4.4.4 Loss and Efficiency Calculations. 4.4.5 Example Design. 4.5 Manufacturing Issues. 4.5.1 Superconducting Field Winding and Its Cooling Systems. 4.5.2 Torque Transfer from Col Field Winding to Warm Shaft. 4.5.3 Stator Winding. 4.6 Simulation. 4.7 Generators. 4.7.1 High Speed Generators. 4.7.2 Low Speed Generators. 4.8 Motors. 4.8.1 High Speed Motors. 4.8.2 Low Speed Motors. 4.9 Summary. References. CHAPTER 5 Rotating DC Homoploar Machines. 5.1 Introduction. 5.5 Principle. 5.3 Configuration. 5.4 Design Challenges. 5.5 Prototypes. 5.6 Summary. References. CHAPTER 6 Synchronous AC Homoploar Machines. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Principle. 6.3 Design. 6.4 Design Challenges. 6.5 Prototypes. 6.6 Summary. References. CHAPTER 7 Transformers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Configuration. 7.3 Design Analysis. 7.3.1 50MVA Example Design. 7.4 Challenges. 7.5 Manufacturing Issues. 7.6 Prototypes. 7.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 8 Fault Current Limiters. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Principle and Configuration. 8.2.1 Resistive Fault Current Limiters (R-FCL). 8.2.2 Inductive FCL with Shielded Iron Core. 8.2.3 Inductive FCL with Saturated Iron Core. 8.3 Design Analysis. 8.3.1 Example Design - Resistive FCL. 8.3.2 Example Design - Saturated Core FCL. 8.4 Challenges. 8.4.1 Challenges of Resistive FCL. 8.4.2 Challenges of Inductive FCL. 8.5 Manufacturing Issues. 8.6 Prototypes. 8.6.1 AMSC’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.6.2 Superpower’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.6.3 Zenergy Power’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.6.4 Nexans’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 9 Power Cables. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Configurations. 9.2.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.2.2 HTS Cables. 9.3 Design Analysis. 9.3.1 Cryogenic Cable Analysis. 9.3.2 HTS Cable Analysis. 9.3.2.1 HTS Coaxial Cable - High Voltage. 9.3.2.2 HTS Coaxial Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.3.2.3 TriaxTM HTS Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.4 Challenges. 9.4.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.4.2 HTS Cable. 9.5 Manufacturing Issues. 9.5.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.5.2 HTS Cable. 9.6 Prototypes. 9.6.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.6.2 HTS Cable - High Voltage. 9.6.3 HTS Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.6.4 TriaxTM HTS Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 10 Maglev Transport. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Configuration. 10.2.1 Electro-dynamic Suspension (EDS). 10.2.2 Electro-magnetic Suspension (EMS) . 10.3 Design Analysis. 10.3.1 Electro-dynamic Suspension Maglev. 10.3.2 Electro-magnetic Suspension Maglev. 10.4 Challenges (Technical/Economic). 10.4.1 EDS System Challenges. 10.4.2 EMS System Challenges. 10.5 Manufacturing Issues. 10.6 Prototypes. 10.6.1 Northrop Grumman Concept. 10.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 11 Other Applications of HTS. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Air-Core Magnets. 11.2.1 High Field Magnets. 11.2.2 Low Field Magnets. 11.3 Iron-Core Magnets. 11.3.1 Beam Bending. 11.3.2 Induction Heating. 11.3.3 Synchrotron. 11.4 Challenges. 11.5 Summary. About the Author. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisA COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN''S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today''s environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the FTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Benefits of Electric Power and a History of the Electric Power Industry 1 1.1 Societal Benefits of Electricity 1 1.2 Origin of the Industry 2 1.3 The Development of the National Electric Power Grid 5 1.4 “The Golden Age” 8 Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis 9 The Environmental Crises—The Shift to Low-Sulfur Oil 10 The Fuel Crisis—The Shift from Oil 10 The Financial Crisis 11 The Legislative and Regulatory Crisis 12 1.5 Global Warming Crisis and Concerns about Carbon Emissions 13 1.6 Restructuring, Competition, and the Industry 13 Ownership Structure Chapter 2 The Electric Power System 15 2.1 The Customers 16 2.2 Sources of the Electric Energy—Generation 17 2.3 The Delivery System 20 Interconnections 24 The Grid 24 Chapter 3 Basic Electric Power Concepts 27 3.1 Electric Energy 28 3.2 Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity 30 Direct Current (DC) 31 Alternating Current (AC) 31 Three Phases 33 Synchronism 34 3.3 Characteristics of AC Systems 34 Resistance 34 Induction and Inductive Reactance 35 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance 36 Impedance 38 3.4 Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current 38 3.5 Power in Alternating Current Circuits 39 Real Power 40 Reactive Power 40 Transformers 42 3.6 Power Flow 43 Division of Power Flow 43 Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow 44 3.7 Stability 44 Automatic Generation Controls (AGC) 46 Results of Instability 47 Chapter 4 Electric Energy Consumption 49 4.1 End Uses for Electricity 49 4.2 Customer Classes 50 4.3 Rate Classes 51 4.4 Demand and Energy 51 Energy 52 Effects of Load Diversity 53 4.5 System Load 55 Load Management 57 4.6 Reactive Load 59 4.7 Losses and Unaccounted-For Energy in the Delivery System 59 4.8 Forecasts 61 Chapter 5 Electric Power Generation and Concerns About Greenhouse Gases 65 5.1 Generation’s Role 65 5.2 Types of Generation 66 5.3 Thermal Conversion: Using Fuel as the Energy Resource 69 Steam Cycle—Steam Turbines 69 Combustion (Gas) Turbines 70 Combined Cycle 71 Nuclear 72 Reciprocating Engines 73 Microturbines 74 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Cogeneration 74 5.4 Thermal Conversion: Nonfuel Heat Sources 74 Geothermal 74 Solar Thermal Generation 75 5.5 Mechanical Energy Conversion 75 Hydroturbines and Hydropumped Storage 75 Wind Turbines 77 Distributed Generation and Other Sources 78 5.6 Renewable Technologies and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Supply-Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions 83 5.7 Characteristics of Generating Plants 84 Size 85 Efficiency 87 Availability 88 Schedulable and Unschedulable Units 90 5.8 Capital Cost of Generation 90 5.9 Generator Life Extension 91 5.10 The Technology of Generation 91 Synchronous Generators 91 Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation 92 5.11 System Needs and Evaluation of Intermittent Resources 93 Chapter 6 The Technology of the Electric Transmission System 97 6.1 Components 97 6.2 HVAC 98 Overhead Lines 98 Overhead Line Capability—Ratings 99 Transmission Cable 101 Cable Capacity 101 Submarine Cables 102 Superconducting Cables 102 6.3 Substations 102 Substation Equipment 103 Substation Circuit Breaker Arrangements 108 Transmission System Aging 108 6.4 HVDC 108 6.5 Advantages of AC over DC Operation 110 Advantages of HVDC 111 Disadvantages of HVDC 112 6.5 Knowledge Required of Transmission Systems 113 Chapter 7 Distribution 115 7.1 Function of Distribution 115 7.2 Primary Distribution Feeders 116 Radial Systems 116 Loop Systems 117 Primary Network Systems 117 Secondary Systems 117 7.3 Distribution Capacity 118 7.4 Losses 119 7.5 Distribution Facility Ratings 119 7.6 Metering 120 7.7 Control of Distribution Voltages 120 Distribution Transformers 121 Voltage Regulators 122 Capacitors 123 7.8 Distribution System Reliability 123 7.10 Quality of Service 124 7.11 Design of Distribution Systems 125 7.12 Distributed Generation 125 7.13 Operation of Distribution Systems 126 7.14 Smart Grids and Microgrids 127 Chapter 8 Energy Storage and Other New Technologies 129 8.1 Energy Storage 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution 132 8.2 Energy Storage Concepts and Technologies 133 Mechanical Systems 133 Thermal Energy Storage 136 Chemical Energy Storage 138 Batteries 138 Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems 139 Electrical Storage 140 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 141 Power Conversion Equipment 141 The Future for Energy Storage 142 8.3 Smart Grid 142 Microgrids 146 8.4 New Nuclear Plant Designs 146 8.5 Carbon Sequestration and Clean Coal Technologies 150 8.6 Superconductors 153 Chapter 9 Reliability 155 9.1 Causes of Outages 155 9.2 Costs of Power Outages 157 9.3 Ways to Measure Reliability 158 9.4 Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate 159 Power System Generation 164 Transmission 165 Distribution 166 9.5 Summary 166 Chapter 10 The Physical Network: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Its Standards 167 10.1 NERC as Electric Reliability Organization 169 10.2 NERC Standards 171 Functional Model 171 10.3 Development of Standards 176 Reliability Principles 177 Market Interface Principles 177 Compliance with NERC Standards 179 Other NERC Responsibilities 179 The Future 180 Chapter 11 The Physical Network: Operation of the Electric Bulk Power 181 11.1 Balancing Authorities 181 Area Control 182 Operating Reserves 184 11.2 Reliability Coordinators 184 11.3 Transmission Operators 186 Power Transfer Limits 186 Determination of Total Transfer Capability 187 Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow 188 Reduction of Power Transfers—Congestion Management 189 Ancillary Services 189 11.4 Voltage and Reactive Control 191 11.5 Emergencies 192 Operating Emergencies 193 11.6 Information Exchange 194 Chapter 12 The Physical Network: Planning of the Electric Bulk Power System 197 12.1 Planning Standards 198 12.2 Generation Planning 198 12.3 Transmission Planning 200 Transmission System Planning Studies 203 12.4 Least Cost Planning 205 12.5 The New Planning Environment 205 Recent Transmission Projects 211 Chapter 13 The Regulatory Network: Legislation 213 13.1 Pricing and Regulation 213 13.2 Federal Legislation 214 13.3 Federal Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) 214 13.4 Federal Power Act 216 13.5 Other 1930 Federal Laws 219 13.6 Department of Energy Organization Act 219 13.7 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) 220 13.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct02) 222 13.9 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05) 224 13.10 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 227 13.11 Environmental Laws 227 13.12 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 230 Chapter 14 The Regulatory Network: The Regulators 231 14.1 The Regulators 231 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 231 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 233 Department of Energy (DOE) 234 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 236 Recent Federal Regulations 237 FERC Actions after EPAct92 237 FERC Actions Implementing EPAct05 242 Market Manipulation 242 Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure 242 Expansion and Modernization of the Nation’s Electricity Grid 245 Siting Major New Transmission Facilities 245 PURPA Reforms 246 Repeal of PUHCA—Mergers and Acquisitions 246 Market-Based Rates 247 Recent EPA Actions 248 State Regulatory Authority 249 State Utility Restructuring 250 Overall Regulatory Problems 251 Chapter 15 The Information, Communication, and Control Network and Security 253 15.1 Smart Grid 253 15.2 Financial and Business Operations 254 15.3 System Operations 255 15.4 Distribution Operations 255 15.5 Cyber Security 256 15.6 Nuclear Plant Security 259 Chapter 16 The Fuel and Energy Network 261 16.1 Resource Procurement 264 Fuel Measurements 265 16.2 Fuel Transportation 265 16.3 Fuel Diversity 266 16.4 Fossil Fuels Used 267 16.5 Renewable Energy 269 16.6 Fuel Purchasing 271 16.7 Emission Rights 271 Chapter 17 The Business Network: Market Participants 273 17.1 Investment and Cost Recovery 273 17.2 The Changing Industry Structure 274 Functional Unbundling 274 Additional Utility Responses 275 ISO/RTO Formation 275 Holding Company Formation 275 Power Plant Divestitures 277 17.3 New Structures 279 Power Producers 279 Independent Transmission Companies and Operators 279 Impact of Restructuring on the Transmission System 280 Distributors 280 Power Marketers 281 17.4 New Corporate Ownership 281 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions 282 Acquisitions by Foreign Companies 282 Financial Institutions 283 Chapter 18 The Money Network: Wholesale Markets 285 18.1 The Energy Markets 286 Standard Market Design (SMD) 288 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) 289 18.2 Transmission 291 Transmission Rights 291 Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs) 292 Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) 293 Wheeling and Customer Choice 294 Contracts and Agreements 294 Average System versus Incremental Costs 295 18.3 Customer Late Issues 294 Construction Work in Progress (CWIP) 295 Setting of Rates 296 Rate Freezes 296 Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits 296 Average Costs versus Incremental Costs 297 18.4 Market versus Operational Control 298 18.5 Market Power Issues 298 Price Caps 299 18.6 The Future 299 Chapter 19 The Professional and Industry Organizations 301 19.1 The Professional Organizations 301 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 301 The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 303 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 304 (ASME) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) CIGRE 304 19.2 Industry Associations 304 NEMA 304 The Association of Edison Illuminating 305 Companies (AEIC) The American Public Power Association (APPA) 305 The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) 306 The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON) 306 The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) 307 Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA) 307 The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) 308 19.3 Public Interest Groups 308 The National Association of Regulatory Utility 308 Commissioners (NARUC) Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) 308 Public Citizen 309 Public Interest Law Project 309 19.4 Research Organizations 309 The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 310 Other Research 310 The National Regulatory Research Institute (NRRI) 311 The Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisPresents Fundamentals of Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Electric Power Converters for Power System Applications Electronic (static) power conversion has gained widespread acceptance in power systems applications; electronic power converters are increasingly employed for power conversion and conditioning, compensation, and active filtering. This book presents the fundamentals for analysis and control of a specific class of high-power electronic convertersthe three-phase voltage-sourced converter (VSC). Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems provides a necessary and unprecedented link between the principles of operation and the applications of voltage-sourced converters. The book: Describes various functions that the VSC can perform in electric power systems Covers a wide range of applications of the VSC in electric power systemsincluding wind power conversion systems Adopts a systematic approach to the modeling and control design Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii ACRONYMS xix 1 Electronic Power Conversion 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Power-Electronic Converters and Converter Systems 1 1.3 Applications of Electronic Converters in Power Systems 3 1.4 Power-Electronic Switches 4 1.5 Classification of Converters 8 1.6 Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) 10 1.7 Basic Configurations 10 1.8 Scope of the Book 20 PART I FUNDAMENTALS 21 2 DC/AC Half-Bridge Converter 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Converter Structure 23 2.3 Principles of Operation 25 2.4 Converter Switched Model 27 2.5 Converter Averaged Model 32 2.6 Nonideal Half-Bridge Converter 38 3 Control of Half-Bridge Converter 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 AC-Side Control Model of Half-Bridge Converter 48 3.3 Control of Half-Bridge Converter 50 3.4 Feed-Forward Compensation 53 3.5 Sinusoidal Command Following 59 4 Space Phasors and Two-Dimensional Frames 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Space-Phasor Representation of a Balanced Three-Phase Function 70 4.3 Space-Phasor Representation of Three-Phase Systems 82 4.4 Power in Three-Wire Three-Phase Systems 88 4.5 αβ-Frame Representation and Control of Three-Phase Signals and Systems 91 4.6 dq-Frame Representation and Control of Three-Phase Systems 101 5 Two-Level, Three-Phase Voltage-Sourced Converter 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Two-Level Voltage-Sourced Converter 115 5.3 Models and Control of Two-Level VSC 119 5.4 Classification of VSC Systems 125 6 Three-Level, Three-Phase, Neutral-Point Clamped, Voltage-Sourced Converter 127 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 128 6.3 PWM Scheme For Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 130 6.4 Switched Model of Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 133 6.5 Averaged Model of Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 135 6.6 Three-Level NPC 136 6.7 Three-Level NPC with Capacitive DC-Side Voltage Divider 144 7 Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System: Control in αβ-Frame 160 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Structure of Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System 160 7.3 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller 161 7.4 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller Based on Three-Level NPC 181 7.5 Controlled DC-Voltage Power Port 189 8 Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System: Control in dq-Frame 204 8.1 Introduction 204 8.2 Structure of Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System 205 8.3 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller 206 8.4 Current-Mode Control of Real-/Reactive-Power Controller 217 8.5 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller Based on Three-Level NPC 232 8.6 Controlled DC-Voltage Power Port 234 9 Controlled-Frequency VSC System 245 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Structure of Controlled-Frequency VSC System 246 9.3 Model of Controlled-Frequency VSC System 247 9.4 Voltage Control 253 10 Variable-Frequency VSC System 270 10.1 Introduction 270 10.2 Structure of Variable-Frequency VSC System 270 10.3 Control of Variable-Frequency VSC System 273 PART II APPLICATIONS 311 11 Static Compensator (STATCOM) 313 11.1 Introduction 313 11.2 Controlled DC-Voltage Power Port 313 11.3 STATCOM Structure 314 11.4 Dynamic Model for PCC Voltage Control 315 11.5 Approximate Model of PCC Voltage Dynamics 321 11.6 STATCOM Control 322 11.7 Compensator Design for PCC Voltage Controller 324 11.8 Model Evaluation 324 12 Back-to-Back HVDC Conversion System 334 12.1 Introduction 334 12.2 HVDC System Structure 334 12.3 HVDC System Model 336 12.4 HVDC System Control 342 12.5 HVDC System Performance Under an Asymmetrical Fault 353 13 Variable-SpeedWind-Power System 385 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Constant-Speed and Variable-Speed Wind-Power Systems 385 13.3 Wind Turbine Characteristics 388 13.4 Maximum Power Extraction from A Variable-Speed Wind-Power System 390 13.5 Variable-Speed Wind-Power System Based on Doubly-Fed Asynchronous Machine 393 APPENDIXA: Space-Phasor Representation of Symmetrical Three-Phase Electric Machines 413 A.1 Introduction 413 A.2 Structure of Symmetrical Three-Phase Machine 413 A.3 Machine Electrical Model 414 A.4 Machine Equivalent Circuit 418 A.5 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) 421 APPENDIX B: Per-Unit Values for VSC Systems 426 B.1 Introduction 426 REFERENCES 431 INDEX 439

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Book SynopsisThe book is composed of 12 chapters and three appendices, and can be divided into four parts. The first part includes Chapters 2 to 7, which discuss the concepts, models, methods and data in probabilistic transmission planning.Trade Review"Principle engineer at a Canadian electric company, Li uses his technical reports and papers as a foundation for a comprehensive guide to planning a system to transmit electricity from its generation source to the sub-transmission stations where it enters the distribution system." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of Transmission Planning 1 1.2 Necessity of Probabilistic Transmission Planning 6 1.3 Outline of the Book 8 2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBABILISTIC PLANNING 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Probabilistic Planning Criteria 12 2.3 Procedure of Probabilistic Planning 14 2.4 Other Aspects in Probabilistic Planning 17 2.5 Conclusions 18 3 LOAD MODELING 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Load Forecast 22 3.3 Load Clustering 37 3.4 Uncertainty and Correlation of Bus Loads 42 3.5 Voltage- and Frequency-Dependent Bus Loads 44 3.6 Conclusions 46 4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Power Flow 50 4.3 Probabilistic Power Flow 53 4.4 Optimal Power Flow (OPF) 57 4.5 Probabilistic Search Optimization Algorithms 64 4.6 Contingency Analysis and Ranking 72 4.7 Voltage Stability Evaluation 76 4.8 Transient Stability Solution 80 4.9 Conclusions 83 5 PROBABILISTIC RELIABILITY EVALUATION 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Reliability Indices 86 5.3 Reliability Worth Assessment 90 5.4 Substation Adequacy Evaluation 93 5.5 Composite System Adequacy Evaluation 99 5.6 Probabilistic Voltage Stability Assessment 107 5.7 Probabilistic Transient Stability Assessment 114 5.8 Conclusions 120 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS METHODS 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Cost Components of Projects 124 6.3 Time Value of Money and Present Value Method 125 6.4 Depreciation 131 6.5 Economic Assessment of Investment Projects 137 6.6 Economic Assessment of Equipment Replacement 142 6.7 Uncertainty Analysis in Economic Assessment 144 6.8 Conclusions 147 7 DATA IN PROBABILISTIC TRANSMISSION PLANNING 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Data for Power System Analysis 150 7.3 Reliability Data in Probabilistic Planning 163 7.4 Other Data 176 7.5 Conclusions 178 8 FUZZY TECHNIQUES FOR DATA UNCERTAINTY 181 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Fuzzy Models of System Component Outages 182 8.3 Mixed Fuzzy and Probabilistic Models for Loads 190 8.4 Combined Probabilistic and Fuzzy Techniques 192 8.5 Example 1: Case Study Not Considering Weather Effects 196 8.6 Example 2: Case Study Considering Weather Effects 202 8.7 Conclusions 212 9 NETWORK REINFORCEMENT PLANNING 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Probabilistic Planning of Bulk Power Supply System 216 9.3 Probabilistic Planning of Transmission Loop Network 225 9.4 Conclusions 234 10 RETIREMENT PLANNING OF NETWORK COMPONENTS 237 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 Retirement Timing of an Aged AC Cable 238 10.3 Replacement Strategy of an HVDC Cable 247 10.4 Conclusions 257 11 SUBSTATION PLANNING 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Probabilistic Planning of Substation Confi guration 260 11.3 Transformer Spare Planning 272 11.4 Conclusions 280 12 SINGLE-CIRCUIT SUPPLY SYSTEM PLANNING 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Reliability Performance of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 285 12.3 Planning Method of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 288 12.4 Application to Actual Utility System 298 12.5 Conclusions 307 APPENDIX A ELEMENTS OF PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS 309 A.1 Probability Operation Rules 309 A.2 Four Important Probability Distributions 310 A.3 Measures of Probability Distribution 313 A.4 Parameter Estimation 314 A.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 316 APPENDIX B ELEMENTS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICS 321 B.1 Fuzzy Sets 321 B.2 Fuzzy Numbers 323 B.3 Two Typical Fuzzy Numbers in Engineering Applications 325 B.4 Fuzzy Relations 326 APPENDIX C ELEMENTS OF RELIABILITY EVALUATION 329 C.1 Basic Concepts 329 C.2 Crisp Reliability Evaluation 331 C.3 Fuzzy Reliability Evaluation 335 References 341 Index 349

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Book SynopsisPower Electronics and Energy Conversion Systems is a definitive five-volume reference spanning classical theory through practical applications and consolidating the latest advancements in energy conversion technology. Comprehensive yet highly accessible, each volume is organised in a basic-to-sophisticated crescendo, providing a single-source reference for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and designers. Volume 1 Fundamentals and Hard-switching Converters introduces the key challenges in power electronics from basic components to operation principles and presents classical hard- and soft-switching DC to DC converters, rectifiers and inverters. At a more advanced level, it provides comprehensive analysis of DC and AC models comparing the available approaches for their derivation and results. A full treatment of DC to DC hard-switching converters is given, from fundamentals to modern industrial solutions and practical engineering insight. The author Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Energy Conversion Electronics Circuits? 1 1.1.1 Applications in the Information and Telecommunication Industry 2 1.1.2 Applications in Renewable Energy Conversion 4 1.1.3 Future Energy Conversion – Fuel Cells 6 1.1.4 Electric Vehicles 6 1.1.5 Applications in Electronic Display Devices 8 1.1.6 Audio Amplifiers 9 1.1.7 Applications in Portable Electronic Devices 9 1.1.8 Applications in High Voltage Physics Experiments and Atomic Accelerators 10 1.1.9 Lighting Technology 11 1.1.10 Aerospace Applications 11 1.1.11 Power System Conditioning 12 1.1.12 Energy Recycling in Manufacturing Industry 12 1.1.13 Applications in Space Exploration 12 1.1.14 Defense Applications 14 1.1.15 Drives and High-Power Industrial Applications 15 1.1.16 Classification of Power Electronic Circuits 15 1.2 Basic Principles of Operation of a Power Electronics Circuit 17 1.3 Basic Components of the Power Circuit: Power Semiconductor Switches and Passive Reactive Elements 28 1.3.1 Uncontrollable Switches – Power Diodes 28 1.3.2 Semicontrollable Switches (Thyristors) 32 1.3.3 Controllable Switches 35 1.3.4 Gallium Nitride (GaN) Switch Technology 51 1.3.5 Energy Losses Associated with Power Switches 52 1.3.6 Passive Reactive Elements 65 1.3.7 Ultracapacitors 80 1.4 Basic Steady-State Analysis of Duty Cycle Controlled Converters with Constant Switching Frequency 81 1.4.1 Input-to-Output Voltage Ratio for Basic DC-DC Converters 81 1.4.2 Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction Operation Modes 85 1.4.3 Design of the Elements of the Basic Converters 85 1.4.4 Controller for Duty Cycle Control (PWM) 88 1.4.5 Conversion Efficiency, Hard-switching and Soft-switching 92 1.5 Introduction to Switched-Capacitor (SC) Converters 96 1.6 Frequency-Controlled Converters 101 1.6.1 Resonant Converters 101 1.6.2 Quasi-Resonant Converters (QRC) 110 1.7 Overview on AC-DC Rectifiers and DC-AC Inverters 119 1.7.1 Rectifiers 119 1.7.2 Inverters 132 1.8 Case Studies 140 1.8.1 Case Study 1 140 1.8.2 Case Study 2 146 1.8.3 Case Study 3 150 1.9 Highlights of the Chapter 154 Problems 155 Bibliography 157 2 Modeling DC-DC Converters 161 2.1 What is the Purpose of Modeling the Power Stage? 162 2.2 Average State-Space Equations, Small-Ripple Approximation (Time-Linearization) 164 2.3 DC Voltage Gain and AC Small-Signal Open-Loop Transfer Functions Based on Average State-Space Equations for Converters Operating in Continuous Conduction Mode 169 2.3.1 DC Voltage Gain and AC Open-Loop Line-to-Load Voltage Transfer Function 169 2.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage AC Transfer Function. Small-Signal Approximation 171 2.3.3 DC Gain and AC Small-Signal Open-Loop Transfer Functions of the Boost, Buck and Buck-Boost Converters Operating in CCM 173 2.3.4* Graphical Averaged Models of the Boost, Buck and Buck-Boost Converters Operating in CCM 191 2.3.5* Canonical Graphical Averaged Models of DC-DC Converters Operating in CCM 211 2.4 DC Voltage Gain and AC Small-Signal Open-Loop Transfer Functions Based on Average State-Space Equations for Converters Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 217 2.4.1 Reduced-Order Averaged Models 217 2.4.2* Full-Order Averaged Models 237 2.5* Average PWM Switch Model 253 2.5.1 Average PWM Switch Model for Converters Operating in Continuous Conduction Mode 253 2.5.2 Average PWM Switch Model for Converters Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 263 2.6 Average Model of the Switches Resistances and Diode Forward Voltage. Average Model of the PWM 288 2.6.1 Average Model of the Switches DC Resistances and Diode Forward Voltage 288 2.6.2 Average Model of the PWM 291 2.7* Average Resonant Switch Model for the DC and Small-Signal Analysis of QRC Converters 292 2.7.1 Average Model of the Zero-Current (ZC) Resonant Switch 293 2.7.2 Average Model of the Zero-Voltage (ZV) Resonant Switch 300 2.7.3 DC Analysis and Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions of ZCS Quasi-Resonant Converters 305 2.7.4 DC Analysis and Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions of ZVS Quasi-Resonant Converters 325 2.8 Simulation and Computer-Aided Design of Power Electronics Circuits 339 2.9 Case Study 355 2.10 Highlights of the Chapter 362 Problems 365 Bibliography 368 3 Classical DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converters 369 3.1 Buck DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converter 369 3.1.1 Influence of the DC Resistance of the Inductor 369 3.1.2 Boundary Control 375 3.1.3 Calculation of Losses in a Buck Converter Operating in CCM by Considering the Inductor Current Ripple and the ESR of the Capacitor 377 3.1.4 Design of a Buck Converter in CCM Operation 382 3.1.5 Buck Converter with Input Filter 386 3.1.6 Review of the Steady-State Analysis of the Buck Converter in DCM Operation 390 3.1.7 Design of a Buck Converter in DCM Operation 395 3.1.8* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Buck Converter 399 3.2 Boost DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converter 402 3.2.1 Boost Converter in Steady-State CCM Operation 402 3.2.2 Boost Converter in Steady-State DCM Operation 410 3.2.3* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Boost Converter 417 3.3 Buck-Boost DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converter 420 3.3.1 Buck-Boost Converter in Steady-State CCM Operation 421 3.3.2 Buck-Boost Converter in Steady-State DCM Operation 429 3.3.3* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Buck-Boost Converter 437 3.4 Cuk (Boost-Buck) PWM Hard-switching Converter 437 3.4.1 Derivation and Switching Operation of the Cuk Converter 438 3.4.2 Steady-State Analysis of Cuk Converter in CCM Operation and its Design 438 3.4.3* DC Voltage Gain and AC Small-Signal Characteristics of theCuk Converter in the Presence of Parasitic Resistances 447 3.4.4 Design Example and Commercially Available Cuk Converters 455 3.4.5* Discontinuous Conduction Mode for the Cuk Converter 456 3.4.6* Cuk Converter with Coupled Inductor 468 3.5 SEPIC PWM Hard-switching Converter 470 3.5.1 SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 471 3.5.2 Steady-State Analysis of SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 473 3.5.3* Small-Signal Analysis of the SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 479 3.5.4 Commercially Available SEPIC Converters: Case Studies 483 3.5.5* SEPIC Converter in DCM Operation 489 3.5.6* AC Analysis of SEPIC Converter in DICM 500 3.5.7* Isolated SEPIC Converter 503 3.6 Zeta (Inverse SEPIC) PWM Hard-switching Converter 503 3.6.1 Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 504 3.6.2 Steady-State Analysis of a Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 505 3.6.3* Small-Signal Analysis of the Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 514 3.6.4 Design Example and Case Study 515 3.6.5* Zeta Converter in DCM Operation 520 3.6.6* Isolated Zeta Converter 529 3.7 Forward Converter 530 3.7.1 The Role of a High-Frequency Transformer in the Structure of DC-DC Converters 530 3.7.2 Derivation of Forward Converter 531 3.7.3 Operation of Forward Converter in CCM 534 3.7.4 Operation of a Forward Converter in DCM and Design Considerations for CCM and DCM 545 3.7.5* Multiple-Output Forward Converter 551 3.7.6* Other Core Reset Strategies 551 3.7.7 Examples of Practical Designs: Case Studies 564 3.8* Isolated Cuk Converter 568 3.9 Flyback Converter 574 3.9.1 Derivation of the Flyback Converter 574 3.9.2 Operation of Flyback Converter in CCM and DCM 577 3.9.3 Effects of the Coupled Inductor Leakage Inductance 587 3.9.4* Small-Signal Model of the Flyback Converter 598 3.9.5 Designs of the Flyback Converter: Case Studies – Practical Considerations 600 3.10 Push–Pull Converter 607 3.10.1 Push–Pull Converter of Buck Type (Voltage Driven) 607 3.10.2 CCM Operation of the Push–Pull Converter 608 3.10.3 Non-Idealities in the Push–Pull Converter 616 3.10.4 DCM Operation 619 3.10.5* Push–Pull Converter of the Boost Type (Current Driven) 625 3.10.6 Design Example 631 3.11 Half-Bridge Converter 634 3.11.1 The Buck-Type Half-Bridge Topology 634 3.11.2 CCM Operation 636 3.11.3 Input-to-Output Voltage Conversion Ratio and Design of a Half-Bridge Converter in CCM Operation 645 3.11.4 Practical Aspects 647 3.11.5 DCM Operation 648 3.11.6* Current-Driven Half-Bridge Converter 652 3.12 Full-Bridge Converter 657 3.12.1 Full-Bridge Topology 657 3.12.2 CCM Operation of the Buck-Type Full-Bridge Converter 660 3.12.3 Input-to-Output Voltage Conversion Ratio and Design of a Buck-Type Full-Bridge Converter in CCM Operation 672 3.12.4 Practical Aspects 676 3.12.5* Other Transistor Control Schemes: Phase-Shift Control 676 3.12.6* Current-Driven Full-Bridge Converter 680 3.13 Highlights of the Chapter 687 Problems 696 Bibliography 702 4 Derived Structures of DC-DC Converters 705 4.1 Current Doubler Rectifier (CDR) for Push–Pull, Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge Converters 705 4.1.1 Cyclical Operation of Current Doubler Rectifier 706 4.1.2 Voltage Conversion Ratio of Converters with CDR 711 4.1.3 Ripple Cancellation in the Output Current 711 4.1.4* Other Structures of CDR 713 4.1.5 Penalties of CDR 719 4.1.6* Current Tripler and Current Multiplier 719 4.2 Voltage Doubler and Voltage Multiplier Rectifier 721 4.2.1 Full-Wave Bridge Voltage Doubler 721 4.2.2 Greinacher Multiplier 723 4.2.3 Voltage Tripler and General Cockcroft–Walton Multiplier 727 4.2.4* Voltage Doubler with One Capacitor 729 4.2.5 Fibonacci Voltage Multiplier 730 4.2.6 Voltage Dividers 735 4.2.7* “Economy” Power Supply and the 48 Power Supply 736 4.3 Quadratic Converters 742 4.3.1 Quadratic Buck Converters 743 4.3.2* Buck-Boost Quadratic Converters (D<0.5) 746 4.4* Two-Switch Buck-Boost Converter 748 4.4.1 Buck-Boost Converters Obtained by Interleaving a Boost and a Buck Switching Cell 749 4.4.2 Z-Source Buck-Boost Converter with Positive Output Voltage 753 4.5* Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor Integrated Basic Converters 757 4.5.1 Family of Converters Based on Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor Structures 757 4.5.2 KY Converter 776 4.5.3 Watkins–Johnson Converter 782 4.6* The Sheppard–Taylor Converter 783 4.6.1 CCM Operation 783 4.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode Operation 785 4.6.3 Isolated Sheppard–Taylor Converter 791 4.7* Converters with Low Voltage Stress on the Active Switches 793 4.7.1 Four-Switch Full-Bridge-Type Converter with Vin/2 Primary-Side Switches Voltage Stress 794 4.7.2 Converter with Vin/3 Voltage Stress on the Primary-Side Switches 797 4.7.3 Three-Level Boost Converter 797 4.8* Tapped Inductor-Based Converters 805 4.8.1 Tapped Inductor Buck Converter and VRMs (Voltage Regulator Module) 805 4.8.2 Tapped Inductor Boost Converter 812 4.9* Current-Driven Dual-Bridge Converter with Center-Tapped Inductor 812 4.10 Highlights of the Chapter 824 Problems 829 Bibliography 830 Index 833

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Book SynopsisHarmonic distortion problems include equipment overheating, motor failures, capacitor failure and inaccurate power metering. The topic of power system harmonics was covered for the first time 20 years ago and the first edition has become a standard reference work in this area.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Subject Definition and Objectives. 2. Harmonic Analysis. 3. Harmonic Sources. 4. Effects of Harmonic Distortion. 5. Harmonic Monitoring. 6. Harmonic Elimination. 7. Computation of Harmonic Flows. 8. Advanced Harmonic Assessment. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe main topic of this book is quantum mechanics, as the title indicates. It specifically targets those topics within quantum mechanics that are needed to understand modern semiconductor theory. It begins with the motivation for quantum mechanics and why classical physics fails when dealing with very small particles and small dimensions.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Why Quantum Mechanics? 1 1.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 1 1.1.2 Wave–Particle Duality 2 1.1.3 Energy Equations 3 1.1.4 The Schrödinger Equation 5 1.2 Simulation of the One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation 7 1.2.1 Propagation of a Particle in Free Space 8 1.2.2 Propagation of a Particle Interacting with a Potential 11 1.3 Physical Parameters: The Observables 14 1.4 The Potential V(x) 17 1.4.1 The Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 17 1.4.2 A Particle in an Electric Field 17 1.5 Propagating through Potential Barriers 20 1.6 Summary 23 Exercises 24 References 25 2. Stationary States 27 2.1 The Infinite Well 28 2.1.1 Eigenstates and Eigenenergies 30 2.1.2 Quantization 33 2.2 Eigenfunction Decomposition 34 2.3 Periodic Boundary Conditions 38 2.4 Eigenfunctions for Arbitrarily Shaped Potentials 39 2.5 Coupled Wells 41 2.6 Bra-ket Notation 44 2.7 Summary 47 Exercises 47 References 49 3. Fourier Theory in Quantum Mechanics 51 3.1 The Fourier Transform 51 3.2 Fourier Analysis and Available States 55 3.3 Uncertainty 59 3.4 Transmission via FFT 62 3.5 Summary 66 Exercises 67 References 69 4. Matrix Algebra in Quantum Mechanics 71 4.1 Vector and Matrix Representation 71 4.1.1 State Variables as Vectors 71 4.1.2 Operators as Matrices 73 4.2 Matrix Representation of the Hamiltonian 76 4.2.1 Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 77 4.2.2 A Well with Periodic Boundary Conditions 77 4.2.3 The Harmonic Oscillator 80 4.3 The Eigenspace Representation 81 4.4 Formalism 83 4.4.1 Hermitian Operators 83 4.4.2 Function Spaces 84 Appendix: Review of Matrix Algebra 85 Exercises 88 References 90 5. A Brief Introduction to Statistical Mechanics 91 5.1 Density of States 91 5.1.1 One-Dimensional Density of States 92 5.1.2 Two-Dimensional Density of States 94 5.1.3 Three-Dimensional Density of States 96 5.1.4 The Density of States in the Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 97 5.2 Probability Distributions 98 5.2.1 Fermions versus Classical Particles 98 5.2.2 Probability Distributions as a Function of Energy 99 5.2.3 Distribution of Fermion Balls 101 5.2.4 Particles in the One-Dimensional Infinite Well 105 5.2.5 Boltzmann Approximation 106 5.3 The Equilibrium Distribution of Electrons and Holes 107 5.4 The Electron Density and the Density Matrix 110 5.4.1 The Density Matrix 111 Exercises 113 References 114 6. Bands and Subbands 115 6.1 Bands in Semiconductors 115 6.2 The Effective Mass 118 6.3 Modes (Subbands) in Quantum Structures 123 Exercises 128 References 129 7. The Schrödinger Equation for Spin-1/2 Fermions 131 7.1 Spin in Fermions 131 7.1.1 Spinors in Three Dimensions 132 7.1.2 The Pauli Spin Matrices 135 7.1.3 Simulation of Spin 136 7.2 An Electron in a Magnetic Field 142 7.3 A Charged Particle Moving in Combined E and B Fields 146 7.4 The Hartree–Fock Approximation 148 7.4.1 The Hartree Term 148 7.4.2 The Fock Term 153 Exercises 155 References 157 8. The Green’s Function Formulation 159 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 The Density Matrix and the Spectral Matrix 161 8.3 The Matrix Version of the Green’s Function 164 8.3.1 Eigenfunction Representation of Green’s Function 165 8.3.2 Real Space Representation of Green’s Function 167 8.4 The Self-Energy Matrix 169 8.4.1 An Electric Field across the Channel 174 8.4.2 A Short Discussion on Contacts 175 Exercises 176 References 176 9. Transmission 177 9.1 The Single-Energy Channel 177 9.2 Current Flow 179 9.3 The Transmission Matrix 181 9.3.1 Flow into the Channel 183 9.3.2 Flow out of the Channel 184 9.3.3 Transmission 185 9.3.4 Determining Current Flow 186 9.4 Conductance 189 9.5 Büttiker Probes 191 9.6 A Simulation Example 194 Exercises 196 References 197 10. Approximation Methods 199 10.1 The Variational Method 199 10.2 Nondegenerate Perturbation Theory 202 10.2.1 First-Order Corrections 203 10.2.2 Second-Order Corrections 206 10.3 Degenerate Perturbation Theory 206 10.4 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 209 10.4.1 An Electric Field Added to an Infinite Well 212 10.4.2 Sinusoidal Perturbations 213 10.4.3 Absorption, Emission, and Stimulated Emission 215 10.4.4 Calculation of Sinusoidal Perturbations Using Fourier Theory 216 10.4.5 Fermi’s Golden Rule 221 Exercises 223 References 225 11. The Harmonic Oscillator 227 11.1 The Harmonic Oscillator in One Dimension 227 11.1.1 Illustration of the Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions 232 11.1.2 Compatible Observables 233 11.2 The Coherent State of the Harmonic Oscillator 233 11.2.1 The Superposition of Two Eigentates in an Infinite Well 234 11.2.2 The Superposition of Four Eigenstates in a Harmonic Oscillator 235 11.2.3 The Coherent State 236 11.3 The Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 238 11.3.1 The Simulation of a Quantum Dot 238 Exercises 244 References 244 12. Finding Eigenfunctions Using Time-Domain Simulation 245 12.1 Finding the Eigenenergies and Eigenfunctions in One Dimension 245 12.1.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions 248 12.2 Finding the Eigenfunctions of Two-Dimensional Structures 249 12.2.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions in an Irregular Structure 252 12.3 Finding a Complete Set of Eigenfunctions 257 Exercises 259 References 259 Appendix A. Important Constants and Units 261 Appendix B. Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 265 B.1 The Structure of the FFT 265 B.2 Windowing 267 B.3 FFT of the State Variable 270 Exercises 271 References 271 Appendix C. An Introduction to the Green’s Function Method 273 C.1 A One-Dimensional Electromagnetic Cavity 275 Exercises 279 References 279 Appendix D. Listings of the Programs Used in this Book 281 D.1 Chapter 1 281 D.2 Chapter 2 284 D.3 Chapter 3 295 D.4 Chapter 4 309 D.5 Chapter 5 312 D.6 Chapter 6 314 D.7 Chapter 7 323 D.8 Chapter 8 336 D.9 Chapter 9 345 D.10 Chapter 10 356 D.11 Chapter 11 378 D.12 Chapter 12 395 D.13 Appendix B 415 Index 419

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to SPICE-oriented semiconductor device modeling. The SPICE program allows engineers to simulate both individual devices and electronic circuits, performing a large number of different analyses needed for tasks such as verification of circuit designs and prediction of circuit performance.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Spice. Charge Transport in Semiconductors. Two-Terminal Devices. Bipolar Junction Transistors. Field Effect Transistors. Advanced FET Modeling. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe third volume of ''Frontiers of Electrochemistry'' concentrates on materials science. It provides a review of recent progress in the study of the electrochemical properties of novel materials and describes advances in the development of electrode materials for photoelectrochemistry, polymeric materials and insertion compounds for Lithium batteries. The book provides a careful description of electrochemistry of carbon, thin polymer film coated electrodes, electrocatalytic metal-oxide electrodes, electrochemistry of nuclear fuels and electrochemistry of clays and zeolites. The selection of excellent review articles was written by the best experts in their field of research. The book will interest electrochemists, materials scientists, electrochemical engineers, and other scientists in academic and industrial settings. In the preface, the editors point out that each chapter provides sufficient background material so that it can be read and appreciate by specialists and non specialists Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Electrode Materials and Strategies for Photoelectrochemistry/ Polymeric Materials for Li Batteries/ Insertion Compounds for Lithium Rocking Chair Batteries/ Thin Polymer Films on Electrodes/ Electrochemistry of Carbon/ Electrocatalytic Metal-Oxide Electrodes/ Electrochemistry of VO2, Nuclear Fuel/ Electrochemistry of Clays and Zeolites

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Book SynopsisThe design of inverters employing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to vary the voltage and amplitude of power electronic inverters has evolved over the past forty years. This is the first comprehensive textbook to view the subject as a whole and to clarify and unify the many diverse approaches taken by researchers.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Nomenclature. Chapter 1: Introduction to Power Electronic Converters. 1.1 Basic Converter Topologies. 1.2 Voltage Source/Stiff Inverters. 1.3 Switching Function Representation of Three-Phase Converters. 1.4 Output Voltage Control. 1.5 Current Source/Stiff Inverters. 1.6 Concept of a Space Vector. 1.7 Three-Level Inverters. 1.8 Multilevel Inverter Topologies. 1.9 Summary. Chapter 2: Harmonic Distortion. 2.1 Harmonic Voltage Distortion Factor. 2.2 Harmonic Current Distortion Factor. 2.3 Harmonic Distortion Factors for Three-Phase Inverters. 2.4 Choice of Performance Indicator. 2.5 WTHD of Three-Level Inverter. 2.6 The Induction Motor Load. 2.7 Harmonic Distortion Weighting Factors for Induction Motor Load. 2.8 Example Calculation of Harmonic Losses. 2.9 WTHD Normalization for PWM Inverter Supply. 2.10 Summary. Chapter 3: Modulation of One Inverter Phase Leg. 3.1 Fundamental Concepts of PWM. 3.2 Evaluation of PWM Schemes. 3.3 Double Fourier Integral Analysis of a Two-Level Pulse Width-Modulated Waveform. 3.4 Naturally Sampled Pulse Width Modulation. 3.5 PWM Analysis by Duty Cycle Variation. 3.6 Regular Sampled Pulse Width Modulation. 3.7 "Direct" Modulation. 3.8 Integer versus Non-Integer Frequency Ratios. 3.9 Review of PWM Variations. 3.10 Summary. Chapter 4: Modulation of Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. 4.1 Topology of a Single-Phase Inverter. 4.2 Three-Level Modulation of a Single-Phase Inverter. 4.3 Analytic Calculation of Harmonic Losses. 4.4 Sideband Modulation. 4.5 Switched Pulse Position. 4.6 Switched Pulse Sequence. 4.7 Summary. Chapter 5: Modulation of Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. 5.1 Topology of a Three-Phase Inverter (VSI). 5.2 Three-Phase Modulation with Sinusoidal References. 5.3 Third-Harmonic Reference Injection. 5.4 Analytic Calculation of Harmonic Losses. 5.5 Discontinuous Modulation Strategies. 5.6 Triplen Carrier Ratios and Subharmonics. 5.7 Summary. Chapter 6: Zero Space Vector Placement Modulation Strategies. 6.1 Space Vector Modulation. 6.1.1 Principles of Space Vector Modulation. 6.1.2 SVM Compared to Regular Sampled PWM. 6.2 Phase Leg References for Space Vector Modulation. 6.3 Naturally Sampled SVM. 6.4 Analytical Solution for SVM. 6.5 Harmonic Losses for SVM. 6.6 Placement of the Zero Space Vector. 6.7 Discontinuous Modulation. 6.8 Phase Leg References for Discontinuous PWM. 6.9 Analytical Solutions for Discontinuous PWM. 6.10 Comparison of Harmonic Performance. 6.11 Harmonic Losses for Discontinuous PWM. 6.12 Single-Edge SVM. 6.13 Switched Pulse Sequence. 6.14 Summary. Chapter 7: Modulation of Current Source Inverters. 7.1 Three-Phase Modulators as State Machines. 7.2 Naturally Sampled CSI Space Vector Modulator. 7.3 Experimental Confirmation. 7.4 Summary. Chapter 8: Overmodulation of an Inverter. 8.1 The Overmodulation Region. 8.2 Naturally Sampled Overmodulation of One Phase Leg of an Inverter. 8.3 Regular Sampled Overmodulation of One Phase Leg of an Inverter. 8.4 Naturally Sampled Overmodulation of Single- and Three-Phase Inverters. 8.5 PWM Controller Gain during Overmodulation. 8.6 Space Vector Approach to Overmodulation. 8.7 Summary. Chapter 9: Programmed Modulation Strategies. 9.1 Optimized Space Vector Modulation. 9.2 Harmonic Elimination PWM. 9.3 Performance Index for Optimality. 9.4 Optimum PWM. 9.5 Minimum-Loss PWM. 9.6 Summary. Chapter 10: Programmed Modulation of Multilevel Converters. 10.1 Multilevel Converter Alternatives. 10.2 Block Switching Approaches to Voltage Control. 10.3 Harmonic Elimination Applied to Multilevel Inverters. 10.4 Minimum Harmonic Distortion. 10.5 Summary. Chapter 11: Carrier-Based PWM of Multilevel Inverters. 11.1 PWM of Cascaded Single-Phase H-Bridges. 11.2 Overmodulation of Cascaded H-Bridges. 11.3 PWM Alternatives for Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters. 11.4 Three-Level Naturally Sampled PD PWM. 11.5 Three-Level Naturally Sampled APOD or POD PWM. 11.6 Overmodulation of Three-Level Inverters. 11.7 Five-Level PWM for Diode-Clamped Inverters. 11.8 PWM of Higher Level Inverters. 11.9 Equivalent PD PWM for Cascaded Inverters. 11.10 Hybrid Multilevel Inverter. 11.11 Equivalent PD PWM for a Hybrid Inverter. 11.12 Third-Harmonic Injection for Multilevel Inverters. 11.13 Operation of a Multilevel Inverter with a Variable Modulation Index. 11.14 Summary. Chapter 12: Space Vector PWM for Multilevel Converters. 12.1 Optimized Space Vector Sequences. 12.2 Modulator for Selecting Switching States. 12.3 Decomposition Method. 12.4 Hexagonal Coordinate System. 12.5 Optimal Space Vector Position within a Switching Period. 12.6 Comparison of Space Vector PWM to Carrier-Based PWM. 12.7 Discontinuous Modulation in Multilevel Inverters. 12.8 Summary. Chapter 13: Implementation of a Modulation Controller. 13.1 Overview of a Power Electronic Conversion System. 13.2 Elements of a PWM Converter System. 13.3 Hardware Implementation of the PWM Process. 13.4 PWM Software Implementation. 13.5 Summary. Chapter 14: Continuing Developments in Modulation. 14.1 Random Pulse Width Modulation. 14.2 PWM Rectifier with Voltage Unbalance. 14.3 Common Mode Elimination. 14.4 Four Phase Leg Inverter Modulation. 14.5 Effect of Minimum Pulse Width. 14.6 PWM Dead-Time Compensation. 14.7 Summary. Appendix 1: Fourier Series Representation of a Double Variable Controlled Waveform. Appendix 2: Jacobi-Anger and Bessel Function Relationships. A2.1 Jacobi-Anger Expansions. A2.2 Bessel Function Integral Relationships. Appendix 3: Three-Phase and Half-Cycle Symmetry Relationships. Appendix 4: Overmodulation of a Single-Phase Leg. A4.1 Naturally Sampled Double-Edge PWM. A4.2 Symmetric Regular Sampled Double-Edge PWM.9 A4.3 Asymmetric Regular Sampled Double-Edge PWM. Appendix 5: Numeric Integration of a Double Fourier Series Representation of a Switched Waveform. A5.1 Formulation of the Double Fourier Integral. A5.2 Analytical Solution of the Inner Integral. A5.3 Numeric Integration of the Outer Integral. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA systematic reporting of all aspects of the electric power field, including coverage of both hydro- and thermal-generating plants. * Thorough coverage of both static and dynamic operations of power systems. * A global perspective from both an academic and industrial point of view. * Emphasis on the important relations between operations and control devices, including useful considerations for control system design. * New developments and original contributions, both for theory and for practical applications.Trade Review"Originality of presentations, thoughtful physical interpretations...high quality of comments together with valuable practical information supplied throughout the book make it a very special and precious reference." (International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, January 2005) “... a very special and precious reference...” (International Journal of Robust & Nonlinear Control, Vol.15, No.1, 10th January 2005) “…a very special and precious reference…the reader may benefit enormously…” (International Journal of Robust & Non-Linear Control, Vol14, No.18 December 2004) "…an excellent book for either the engineer-practitioner…or the theoretician-researcher…a thoughtful book full of insights…" (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb 2004) "...English translation is new. It's a good one." (Electrical Apparatus, May 2003) "...an excellent work, which elegantly and thoroughly treats basic and up-to-date techniques of advanced system analysis, design, and control...essential." (Choice, September 2003) "...packed with formulas and figures..." (E-Streams, Vol. 6, No. 8)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction to the Problems of Analysis and Control of Electric Power Systems. 2. Configuration and Working Point. 3. Frequency and Active Power Control. 4. Dynamic Behavior of the Synchronous Machine. 5. Dynamic Behavior of Network Elements and Loads. 6. Voltage and Reactive Power Control. 7. The Synchronous Machine Connected to an Infinite Bus. 8. Electromechanical Phenomena in a Multimachine System. Appendix 1: Transformation to Symmetrical Components. Appendix 2: Park's Transformation. Appendix 3: Elementary Outline of the Automatic Control Theory. References. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisHow to prevent electrical hazards in the workplace is the focus of this guide. It spells out proper design, maintenance, and operating procedures for minimizing the risks of electrical fires, accidents, and injuries on the job. Coverage of the latest electrical standards helps you comply with the current National Electrical Code (NEC)?? and OSHA requirements. NEC requirements and procedures are provided for grounding an electrical distribution system, selecting proper conductors, sizing the feeder, and effective branch circuit overcurrent protection. Safety considerations are explored for single and three-phase systems, fuses, plugs, and ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs). The guide also clarifies factors that influence soil resistivity, and it analyzes correction factors for special situations such as high ambient temperature environments. Human responses to electric shock are covered in detail. Among the important areas addressed are the approximate electrical impedance of theTable of ContentsElectrical Systems, Terminology and Components--Relationship to Electrical and Lightning Accidents and Fires. Physiological Effects of Electricity--Relationship to Electrical and Lightning Death and Injury. Selecting the Proper Size for Conductors and Overcurrent Protection Devices. Grounding of Electrical Distribution Systems and Electrical Equipment. OSHA Standards and Requirements and the National Electrical Code. Electrical Wiring and Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) Locations. Electrical Fires: Causes, Prevention, and Investigation. Lightning Protection for Buildings, Equipment, and Personnel. Static Electricity: Causes, Analysis and Prevention. High Voltage Systems: Design, Construction and Maintenance. Index.

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Book SynopsisPraise for the First Edition . . . A unique piece of work, a book for electronics engineering, in general, but well suited and excellently applicable also to biomedical engineering . . . I recommend it with no reservation, congratulating the authors for the job performed. -IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Describes a broad range of sensors in practical use and some circuit designs; copious information about electronic components is supplied, a matter of great value to electronic engineers. A large number of applications are supplied for each type of sensor described . . . This volume is of considerable importance.-Robotica In this new edition of their successful book, renowned authorities Ramon Pallàs-Areny and John Webster bring you up to speed on the latest advances in sensor technology, addressing both the explosive growth in the use of microsensors and improvements made in classical macrosensors. They continue to offer the only combined treatment foTrade Review"...It is sufficiently detailed to be useful to just about anyone involved with sensor development and implementation..." (n-lux.net, 4 February 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction to Sensor-Based Measurement Systems. Resistive Sensors. Signal Conditioning for Resistive Sensors. Reactance Variation and Electromagnetic Sensors. Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors. Self-Generating Sensors. Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors. Digital and Intelligent Sensors. Other Sensing Methods. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis biography of Thomas Edison (1847-1931) studies and evaluates his career as an inventor and explores in detail how he created inventions that shaped the 20th century, including the electric light, photography, and over 1000 other items.Trade Review"Paul Israel, in this latest biography, has done a remarkable job. Not only has he given us fresh insights into a complex personality, but he has set this against the backdrop of a dramatically changing American society driven on remorselessly by the second Industrial Revolution in which Edison was a pivotal players." (Nature, 9th November 2000)Table of ContentsChildhood and Education. Itinerant Telegrapher. From Operator to Inventor. A Leading Electromechanician. Competing Interests. From Shop to Laboratory. New Directions. The Invention Factory. The Wizard of Menlo Park. Inventing a System. From Research to Development. Inventing an Industry. Family Matters. A New Laboratory. Inventing Entertainment. Industrial Research. Competition and Consolidation. Innovation and Enthusiasm. A Modern Legend. Fame in the Family. The Business of Innovation. Edison Incorporated. Inventor-Philosopher. Epilogue. Notes. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe restructuring and deregulation of the power utility industry is resulting in significant competitive, technological and regulatory changes. Independent power producers, power marketers and brokers have added a new and significant dimension to the task of maintaining a reliable electric system.Trade Review"a valuable resource...to be highly recommended" (Power Engineering Journal, February 2002) "... a useful addition to a corporate or university library because of the quality of writing and topics covered..." (The Journal of Energy Literature, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 2002)Table of ContentsEnergy Generation under the New Environment Deregulation of Electric Utilities Competitive Wholesale Electricity Markets Distribution in a Deregulated Market Transmission Expansion in the New Environment Transmission Open Access Electric Power Industry Restructuring in China Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Asset Management Power Quality Information Technology Applications Application of the Internet to Power System Monitoring and Trading Index

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Book SynopsisAs the curriculums of electrical engineering programs became over crowded, many schools began combining electromechanical energy conversion and power systems analysis courses. There were no books to fit this trend, and using two books was uneconomical and confusing. Today, almost 15 % of the Universities in the US and the Canada require a combined course.Table of ContentsEnergy Resources and Electric Energy Conversion. Power System Components and Analysis. Basic AC Circuit Concepts. Magnetic Circuits and Transformers. Fundamentals of Rotating Machines. DC Machines. Synchronous Machines. Induction Motors. Transmission Lines. Power Flow Solutions. Faults, Protection, and Stability. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputer models can be used to simulate the changing states of electrical power systems. Such simulations enable the power engineer to study performance and predict disturbances. Focusing on the performance of the power system boosted by the FACTS.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Transmission Systems. FACTS and HVDC Transmission. Load Flow. Load Flow Under Power Electronic Control. Electromagnetic Transients. System Stability. System Stability Under Power Electronic Control. Appendix I: Fault Level Derivation. Appendix II: Numerical Integration Methods. Appendix III: Test System Used in the Stability Examples. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs environmental concerns escalate, solar power is increasingly seen as an attractive alternative energy source. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells addresses the practical and theoretical issues fundamental to the viable conversion of sunlight into electricity.Table of ContentsPhotovoltaics. Solar Power. The Principles of Photovoltaics. The P-N Junction. The Physics of Solar Cells. High Efficiency Solar Cells. Si Solar Cell Technology. Selected Solar Cell Types. Analysis and Measuring Techniques. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisQuality of power supply is now a major issue worldwide making harmonic analysis an essential element in power system planning and design. Power System Harmonic Analysis presents novel analytical and modelling tools for the assessment of components and systems, and their interactions at harmonic frequencies.Table of ContentsFourier Analysis. Transmission Systems. Direct Harmonic Solutions. AC-DC Conversion--Frequency Domain. Harmonic Instabilities. Machine Non-linearities--Harmonic Domain. AC-DC Conversion--Harmonic Domain. Iterative Harmonic Analysis. Converter Harmonic Impedances. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolar Electricity Second Edition Edited by Tomas Markvart University of Southampton, UK .warmly recommended as a comprehensive, introductory text on a subject which should become increasingly important. (Review of the First Edition in Contemporary Physics) The rapid evolution of photovoltaic technology has highlighted the increasing capabilities of solar electricity as a power source for distributed energy generation. Building on the success of the first edition, Solar Electricity presents a balanced introduction to all aspects of solar energy conversion, from cell types to environmental impact and applications. Now fully revised to incorporate the latest industry achievements and featuring: New sections on the role of dye sensitised solar cells, photovoltaics in buildings, diesel hybrid systems, and photovoltaic markets and funding. Solar cell design and manufacturing technology including crystalline silicon and thin film devices. Introduction to a range of photovoltaic applications iTable of ContentsElectricity from the Sun. Solar Radiation. Solar Cells. Photovoltaic System Engineering. Applications. Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics. Advanced and Specialised Topics. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolar Electricity Second Edition Edited by Tomas Markvart University of Southampton, UK .warmly recommended as a comprehensive, introductory text on a subject which should become increasingly important. (Review of the First Edition in Contemporary Physics) The rapid evolution of photovoltaic technology has highlighted the increasing capabilities of solar electricity as a power source for distributed energy generation. Building on the success of the first edition, Solar Electricity presents a balanced introduction to all aspects of solar energy conversion, from cell types to environmental impact and applications. Now fully revised to incorporate the latest industry achievements and featuring: New sections on the role of dye sensitised solar cells, photovoltaics in buildings, diesel hybrid systems, and photovoltaic markets and funding. Solar cell design and manufacturing technology including crystalline silicon and thin film devices. Introduction to a range of photovoltaic applications iTable of ContentsElectricity from the Sun. Solar Radiation. Solar Cells. Photovoltaic System Engineering. Applications. Environmental Impacts of Photovaltaics. Advanced and Specialised Topics. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"The dispossession of Palestinians is...discussed as a result of capitalist and technological development which in turn shaped societal dynamics and contributed to the first manifestations of inequality between Jewish settlers and the indigenous Palestinians." * Middle East Monitor *"Fredrik Meiton’s meticulous history of electrification in the British Mandate of Palestine, and its vast implications for Israel and the Palestinians, provides an important intervention in the history of the region by illuminating the role of technology in shaping the political reality." * The Middle East Journal *"Meiton has written an elegant and original history of mandatory Palestine." * Journal of Interdisciplinary History *"Meiton makes a major contribution to exposing the inherent political nature of infrastructure and approaching perennial ethnic opposition via an STS framework." * Technology and Culture *Table of ContentsLists of Tables and Illustrations Abbreviations and Notes on Sources Acknowledgments Introduction: The Unalterable Order of Electrical Palestine 1 Expert Revolutionary 2 Contentious Concession 3 The Politics of Th in Circuitries 4 The Radiance of the Jewish National Home 5 Industrialization and Revolt 6 Electrical Jerusalem 7 Statehood and Statelessness Conclusion: Electrical Palestine Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisElectric Cables Handbook provides a comprehensive and substantial coverage of all types of energy cables----from wiring and flexible cables for general use, to distribution, transmission and submarine cables.Table of ContentsTheory, design and principles common to all cable types; Wiring cables, flexible cables and cables for general industrial use; Supply distribution systems and cables; Transmission systems and cables; Submarine distribution and transmission; High temperature superconductivity; Optical fibres in power transmission systems; Cables for communication applications; Appendices

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Book SynopsisWhite Gold looks at what went wrong with hydro development, with the predicted industrial transformation, with the timing and magnitude of projects, and with national and regional initiatives to link these major projects to a trans-Canada power grid.Trade ReviewA much needed historical account of hydroelectric development in Canada ... an extremely useful and timely book. It is very well researched, the argument is focused, and the writing style is accessible ... an excellent reference for those seeking background on contemporary utility restructuring and de(re)-regulation in Canada. -- W. Scott Prudham * Canadian Geographer *A detailed look at the electric power systems in Canada. -- L.J. Bohmann * Choice *Froschauer has produced a very succinct and insightful book on Canadian hydro-electricity development. His critical stance on many of the issues and repercussions of mega-project development is properly researched and well presented. The book also contains useful appendixes and a comprehensive bibliography. -- Richard G. Kuhn * CBRA 5043 *Table of Contents1 Introduction: Federal and Provincial Power2 Avoiding National Power3 Niagara Power Repatriation (Ontario)4 Power from the North and Neighbour: Distinct Interconnections (Quebec)5 The Churchill Power Trap (Newfoundland)6 Nelson River Power (Manitoba)7 Peace, Pulp, and Power Hunger (BC)8 Conclusion: Review and ResistanceAppendixesGlossaryReferences

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Book SynopsisWith a focus on electromechanical systems in a variety of fields, this accessible introductory text brings you coverage of the full range of electrical mechanical devices used today. You'll gain a comprehensive understanding of the design process and get valuable insights into good design practice.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations xxv Preface xxix About the Author xxxi Introduction 1 PART I Understanding the Science and Technology 7 Chapter 1 Electrical Engineering 9 Chapter 2 Mechanical Engineering 35 PART II Understanding the Devices and Systems 65 Chapter 3 Generators and Motors 67 Chapter 4 Brakes and Clutches 88 Chapter 5 Amplifiers 101 Chapter 6 Actuators 111 Chapter 7 Transducers 128 Chapter 8 Controlled Motion 153 Chapter 9 Contact Makers and Electrodes 172 Chapter 10 Computer Components 202 Chapter 11 Marking Paper 212 Chapter 12 Sound 222 Chapter 13 Manufacturing 229 Chapter 14 Assembling and Connecting 239 Chapter 15 Military Devices 254 Chapter 16 Medical Devices 257 Chapter 17 Consumer Devices 263 Chapter 18 Passive Electrical Components 268 PART III Understanding Design 273 Chapter 19 The Science and the Art 275 Chapter 20 How One Designs 278 Chapter 21 Minimum Constraint Design 284 Chapter 22 Design for Manufacturing 289 Chapter 23 User-Friendly Design 294 Chapter 24 Accuracy, Adjustment and Gauging 297 Chapter 25 Reliability, Defects, Abuse, Failure, and Maintenance 300 Chapter 26 Barriers, Filters, Conduits, and Valves 309 Chapter 27 Ecology 320 Chapter 28 Money 324 Chapter 29 Cost Reduction and Product Improvement 327 Chapter 30 Constraints on Design 334 Chapter 31 People Engineering 337 Chapter 32 Getting Help 345 Chapter 33 Design Parameters 349 Chapter 34 Product Classes and Families 352 Appendix Patent Classification 357 References and Bibliography 361 Index 371

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Book SynopsisThis original contributed volume combines the individual expertise of eleven world-renowned professionals to provide comprehensive, authoritative coverage of state-of-the-art power electronics and AC drive technology. Featuring an extensive introductory chapter by power-electronics expert Bimal K. Bose and more than 400 figures, POWER ELECTRONICS AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES covers each of the field''s component disciplines and drives--all in one complete resource. Broad in scope and unique in its presentation, this volume belongs on the bookshelf of every industry engineer, professor, graduate student, and researcher involved in this fast-growing multidisciplinary field. It is an essential for teaching, research, development, and design.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Introduction to Power Electronics and Drives 1Bimal K. Bose, University of Tennessee, USA Chapter 1 Power Semiconductor Devices for Variable Frequency Drives 9B. J. Baliga, North Carolina State University, USA Chapter 2 Electrical Machines for Drives 36GR Slemon, University of Toronto, Canada Chapter 3 Power Electronic Converters for Drives 80J. D. van Wyk, Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa Chapter 4 Pulse Width Modulation for Electronic Power Converters 138J. Holtz, Wuppertal University, Germany Chapter 5 Motion Control with Induction Motors 209R. D. Lorenz, 1. A. Lipo, D. 1/1/. Novotny, University of Wisconsin, USA Chapter 6 Variable Frequency Permanent Magnet AC Machine Drives 277M. Jahns, General Electric Co., USA Chapter 7 High Power Industrial Drives 332H. Stemmler, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Chapter 8 Simulation of Power Electronic and Motion Control Systems 400N. Mohan, W. P. Robbins, L A. Aga, M. Rastogi, R. Naik, University of MinnesotaChapter 9 Estimation, Identification, and Sensorless Control of AC Drives 454K. Ohnishi, Keio University; N. Matsui, Nagoya Institute of Technology; Y. Hori, University of Tokyo; Japan Chapter 10 Microprocessors and Digital ICs for Control of Power Electronics and Drives 480H. Le-Huy, Laval University, Canada Chapter 11 Expert System, Fuzzy Logic, and Neural Networks in Power Electronics and Drives 559B. K. Bose, University of Tennessee, USA References 627 Index 631 Biography of Dr. Bose 639

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Book SynopsisJoseph F. Keithley, a modern pioneer of instrumentation, brings you a fascinating history of electrical measurement from the ancient Greeks to the inventors of the early twentieth century. Written in a direct and fluent style, the book illuminates the lives of the most significant inventors in the field, including George Simon Ohm, Andre Marie Ampere, and Jean Baptiste Fourier. Chapter by chapter, meet the inventors in their youth and discover the origins of their lifelong pursuits of electrical measurement. Not only will you find highlights of important technological contributions, you will also learn about the tribulations and excitement that accompany the discoveries of these early masters. Included are nearly 100 rare photographs from museums around the world. THE STORY OF ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS is a must read for students and practitioners of physics, electrical engineering, and instrumentation and metrology who want to understand the history behind modeTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Measurements from the Beginning through the Middle Ages. The Beginnings of Experimental Science. The First Rotating Electrostatic Generator. Electric Conductors and Insulators. Vitreous and Resinous Electric Fluid. The Leyden Jar--The First Capacitor. A Bolt of Lightning Is an Electric Discharge. Early Electrostatic-Measuring Instruments. The First Quantitative Measurements of Electricity and Magnetism. A Carefully Prepared Leg of a Dead Frog Twitches When Stimulated Electrically. Current Electricity Can Be Produced by Chemical Action. An Electric Current Has an Associated Magnetic Field. The Foundations of Electrodynamics. Early Electromagnetic Indicating Instruments. Mathematics Using Harmonically Related Sinusoids. Ohm's Law: X = a/1, E = IR, or I = V/R. Advanced Applications of Mathematics to Measurements and the Development of Many Magnetic and Electrical Measuring Instruments. Acoustics and Electricity Research. Transformations of Electrical and Mechanical Energy. Electromagnetics and Self-Inductance. The Kelvin Scale, Transatlantic Cable, Sensitive Galvanometers, and Electrometers. Electromagnetic Radiation. The Beginnings of Radio. The Story of a Successful Electrical Instrument Manufacturer. The Discovery of the Electron, Part I. The Discovery of the Electron, Part II: Verifying JJ Thomson's Results and Developments Leading into the Twentieth Century. Appendix: Photo Section. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisAssists structural engineers in the layout and performance of the structural analysis and design of air and flue gas ductwork for natural gas, coal, oil, reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE), and all other fossil fuel power stations and industrial boiler applications.

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Book SynopsisResearch on high-level synthesis started over twenty years ago, but lower-level tools were not available to seriously support the insertion of high-level synthesis into the mainstream design methodology.Trade Review`Recommended for anyone requiring a firm foundation in the principles of behavioural synthesis.' Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Architectural Models in Synthesis. 3. Quality Measures. 4. Design Description Languages. 5. Design Representation and Transformations. 6. Partitioning. 7. Scheduling. 8. Allocation. 9. Design Methodology for High-Level Synthesis. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisBeginning in the 1960s, the security of electricity supply has shaped South Africa’s economic growth and prosperity, and electricity shortages have negatively inflected the rise of its postapartheid democracy. Construction delays and escalating costs have thwarted the nation’s mining, manufacturing, and power generation.Trade ReviewFaeeza Ballim's timely work successfully explains the durability of [electricity utility] Eskom, offers some sense of why the backlash against Eskom (including assassination attempts) is mounting, and offers historians valuable tools for analyzing the relationship between electric power infrastructures and the state. * H-Environment, H-Net Reviews *A fascinating and timely study of South Africa’s state corporations—in particular its national electricity provider Eskom—and their relationship to the (post)apartheid state. Drawing on meticulous historical research, Ballim powerfully revises existing accounts of state power in South Africa and speaks to urgent questions of energy politics and democratization in the present. -- Antina von Schnitzler, author of Democracy's Infrastructure: Techno-Politics and Protest after ApartheidThe inevitable intertwining of power supply, politics and the market has been well explored. Yet in policy debates, one continues to hear calls for the separation of the three parts of the assemblage. Ballim takes up the issue in South Africa and captivatingly shows how calls for disentanglement obscure better insights. -- Richard Rottenburg, University of the WitwatersrandThe trouble of a timely book is that one is tempted to demand proposals and solutions to the current crisis. Apartheid’s Leviathan is not that book and that is perhaps one of its greatest strengths. Faeeza Ballim’s careful exposition of archival documents and valuable insights from first-hand interviews add a human character offering a useful contribution demanding us to reflect on Eskom in its broader historical context. -- Brian Kamanzi * Africa Is a Country *Table of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1 The Unlikely Exploitation of the Waterberg Chapter 2 The Taming of the Waterberg Chapter 3 Eskom and the Turning of the Tide Chapter 4 Contested Neoliberalism Chapter 5 Labor and Belonging in Lephalale Chapter 6 The Medupi Power Station Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisOne of the most methodical treatments of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scatteringincluding new applications and ideas Presented in two parts, this book takes an analytical approach on the subject and emphasizes new ideas and applications used today. Part one covers fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. It provides ample end-of-chapter problems and offers a 90-page solution manual to help readers check and comprehend their work. The second part of the book explores up-to-date applications of electromagnetic wavesincluding radiometry, geophysical remote sensing and imaging, and biomedical and signal processing applications. Written by a world renowned authority in the field of electromagnetic research, this new edition of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications presents detailed applications with useful appendices, including mathematical formulasTable of ContentsAbout The Author Xix Preface Xxi Preface To The First Edition Xxv Acknowledgments Xxvii Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Fundamental Field Equations 7 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10 2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11 2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28 2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30 Problems / 33 3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36 3.3 Polarization / 37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50 3.9 Complex Waves / 51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66 3.14 WKB Method / 68 3.15 Bremmer Series / 72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80 Problems / 81 4 Waveguides And Cavities 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91 4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100 4.9 TEM Modes / 104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117 4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128 Problems / 133 5 Green’s Functions 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144 5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145 5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163 Problems / 166 6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169 6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182 6.6 Beam Waves / 183 6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191 6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198 Problems / 199 7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201 7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203 7.3 Periodic Layers / 209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224 Problems / 229 8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240 8.6 Mixing Formula / 241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249 8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257 8.16 Warm Plasma / 259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278 Problems / 280 9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313 Problems / 314 10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318 10.2 Radar Equations / 321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330 10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350 Problems / 354 11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364 11.4 Radiation Field / 366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376 11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation / 379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394 Problems / 395 12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427 12.11 Small Apertures / 430 12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439 12.14 Related Problems / 441 Problems / 441 13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463 13.8 Curved Wedge / 463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467 Problems / 470 14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481 14.3 Strip Lines / 485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502 Problems / 506 15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528 15.9 Refracted Wave / 536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549 Problems / 550 Part II Applications 553 16 Inverse Scattering 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582 Problems / 584 17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587 17.1 Radiometry / 587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594 17.6 System Temperature / 598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600 17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604 Problems / 607 18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613 18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622 19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638 19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644 19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650 20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666 20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680 21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692 21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701 21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708 21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720 22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium / 729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740 23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media / 752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779 24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization / 789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794 24.7 Memory Effects / 795 25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797 25.1 History / 797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802 26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819 Appendices 821 References 913 Index 929

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Book SynopsisIncluding chemical, synthetic, and cross-disciplinary approaches; this book includes the necessary techniques and technologies to help readers better understand polymers for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Principles of Fuel Cells 1 1.2 Types of Fuel Cells 3 1.2.1 AFC 3 1.2.2 PAFC 6 1.2.3 MCFC 7 1.2.4 SOFC 8 1.2.5 PEMFC 11 1.2.6 DMFC 12 1.3 Applications 14 1.3.1 Stationary Power 15 1.3.2 Propulsion of Vehicles 15 1.3.3 Portable Applications 17 1.4 Needs of Fundamental Materials for PEM Fuel Cells 17 1.4.1 Membranes 17 1.4.2 Electrodes 18 1.4.3 Polymeric Materials as Components of Fuel Cell Catalytic System 20 1.4.4 Bipolar Plates 21 1.5 Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells 22 1.5.1 Proton Exchange Membranes 22 1.5.2 PEMs for DMFCs 29 1.5.3 Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) 34 1.5.4 Organic–Inorganic Composites 35 1.6 Testing of PEMs 36 References 36 2 Fluoropolymers for Proton Exchange Membranes 50 2.1 Introduction 50 2.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acid Resins 51 2.2.1 PFSA Polymers with Long Side Chains 53 2.2.2 PFSA Polymers with Short Side Chains 55 2.2.3 Sulfonimide Membranes 58 2.3 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 59 2.3.1 Partially Fluorinated Aromatic Polymers 59 2.3.2 Partially Fluorinated Graft Copolymers 67 2.4 Durability of Fluoropolymers for Proton Exchange Membranes 75 2.5 Composite Membranes Based on Fluoropolymers 82 2.5.1 Reinforcement by a Polymer 83 2.5.2 Organic–Inorganic Composite Membranes 83 2.5.3 Nafion®/Sulfonated Polymers 85 2.5.4 Multilayer Membranes 85 2.5.5 Semi-IPN Membranes 86 References 87 3 Nonfluorinated Polymers for Proton Exchange Membranes 102 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Sulfonated Polyimides 103 3.2.1 Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyimides 104 3.2.2 Structure and Properties of Sulfonated Polyimide 116 3.2.3 Modification of Sulfonated Polyimides 127 3.2.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability of sPI Membranes 136 3.3 Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) 141 3.3.1 Synthesis of sPEEK 142 3.3.2 Structure and Properties 146 3.3.3 Modification of sPEEK Membranes 153 3.4 Sulfonated Polysulfone and Poly(ether sulfone) 160 3.4.1 Polysulfones and Poly(ether sulfone) 160 3.4.2 Sulfonation and Phosphonation of Polysulfones and Poly(ether sulfone)s 162 3.4.3 Poly(arylene thioether sulfone)s 180 3.5 Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 181 3.5.1 Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 184 3.5.2 Phenylphosphonic Acid-Functionalized Polyphosphazenes 187 3.5.3 Polyphosphazenes with Sulfonimide Side Groups 188 3.5.4 Modification of Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 190 3.5.5 Polyphosphazene Membranes for PEMFCs 192 3.5.6 Polyphosphazene Membranes for DMFCs 193 3.6 Sulfonated Polybenzimidazole 194 3.7 Sulfonated Poly(phenylene oxide) 198 3.7.1 Sulfonated PPO for PEMs 198 3.7.2 Modification of sPPO 202 3.7.3 Fuel Cell Performances of sPPO Membranes 210 References 212 4 Anhydrous Proton-Conducting Polymers for High-Temperature PEMFCs 241 4.1 Introduction 241 4.2 Phosphoric Acid-Impregnated Polybenzimidazole Membranes 242 4.2.1 Synthesis of PBIs 243 4.2.2 Membrane Fabrication of PBIs 256 4.2.3 Structure and Properties of PBIs 259 4.2.4 Modification of PBIs 268 4.2.5 Composite Membranes of PBIs 271 4.2.6 Fuel Cell Technologies 272 References 276 5 Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells 293 5.1 Introduction 293 5.2 Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells 296 5.2.1 Heterogeneous Membranes 296 5.2.2 Interpenetrating Polymer Network 303 5.2.3 Homogeneous Membranes 304 5.3 Structure and Properties of AEMs 329 5.3.1 General Properties of AEMs 329 5.3.2 Properties of the Ionic Groups 331 5.3.3 Transport Mechanisms in AEMs 332 5.3.4 Stability of Alkaline AEMs 335 5.3.5 Examples of Chemical Stability of Ammonium Groups Toward OH- Attack 338 5.4 Application of AEMs 340 References 345 6 Polymers for New Types of Fuel Cells 360 6.1 Direct Liquid-Feed Fuel Cells 360 6.1.1 Introduction 360 6.1.2 Direct Liquid-Feed Fuels 361 6.1.3 Carbon-Free Fuels 369 6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 373 6.2.1 Introduction 373 6.2.2 Materials of Construction 377 6.2.3 Outlook and Application of MFCs 379 6.3 Microfuel Cells 380 6.3.1 Introduction 380 6.3.2 Different Types of Microfuel Cells 382 6.3.3 Commercial Developments of Microfuel Cells 392 References 395 Index 407

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Book SynopsisThis book covers instantaneous power theory as well as the importance of design of shunt, series, and combined shunt-series power active filters and hybrid passive-active power filters Illustrates pioneering applications of the p-q theory to power conditioning, which highlights distinct differences from conventional theories Explores p-q-r theory to give a new method of analyzing the different powers in a three-phase circuit Provides exercises at the end of many chapters that are unique to the second edition Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Concepts and Evolution of Electric Power Theory 1 1.2 Applications of the P-q Theory to Power Electronics Equipment 4 1.3 Harmonic Voltages in Power Systems 5 1.4 Identified and Unidentified Harmonic-Producing Loads 6 1.5 Harmonic Current and Voltage Sources 8 1.6 Basic Principles of Harmonic Compensation 9 1.7 Basic Principle of Power Flow Control 13 References 15 CHAPTER 2 ELECTRIC POWER DEFINITIONS: BACKGROUND 17 2.1 Power Definitions Under Sinusoidal Conditions 18 2.2 Voltage and Current Phasors and Complex Impedance 20 2.3 Complex Power and Power Factor 21 2.4 Concepts of Power Under Nonsinusoidal Conditions: Conventional Approaches 22 2.4.1 Power Definitions by Budeanu 22 2.4.1.A Power Tetrahedron and Distortion Factor 25 2.4.2 Power Definitions by Fryze 27 2.5 Electric Power in Three-Phase Systems 28 2.5.1 Classifications of Three-Phase Systems 28 2.5.2 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Systems 31 2.5.3 Power in Three-Phase Unbalanced Systems 33 2.6 Summary 34 2.7 Exercises 34 References 35 CHAPTER 3 THE INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY 37 3.1 Basis of the p-q Theory 37 3.1.1 Historical Background of the p-q Theory 38 3.1.2 The Clarke Transformation 39 3.1.2.A Calculation of Voltage and Current Vectors When Zero-Sequence Components Are Excluded 41 3.1.3 Three-Phase Instantaneous Active Power in Terms of Clarke Components 43 3.1.4 The Instantaneous Powers of the p-q Theory 44 3.2 The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Three-Wire Systems 44 3.2.1 Comparisons with the Conventional Theory 48 3.2.1.A Example #1—Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents 49 3.2.1.B Example #2—Balanced Voltages and Capacitive Loads 49 3.2.1.C Example #3—Sinusoidal Balanced Voltage and Nonlinear Load 50 3.2.2 Use of the p-q Theory for Shunt Current Compensation 54 3.2.2.A Examples of Appearance of Hidden Currents 59 3.2.3 The Dual p-q Theory 63 3.3 The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems 65 3.3.1 The Zero-Sequence Power in a Three-Phase Sinusoidal Voltage Source 67 3.3.2 Presence of Negative-Sequence Components 68 3.3.3 General Case Including Distortions and Imbalances in the Voltages and in the Currents 69 3.3.4 Physical Meanings of the Instantaneous Real, Imaginary, and Zero-Sequence Powers 74 3.3.5 Avoiding the Clarke Transformation in the p-q Theory 75 3.3.6 Modified p-q Theory 77 3.4 Instantaneous abc Theory 81 3.4.1 Active and Nonactive Current Calculation by Means of a Minimization Method 83 3.4.2 Generalized Fryze Currents Minimization Method 88 3.5 Comparisons Between the p-q Theory and the abc Theory 91 3.5.1 Selection of Power Components to be Compensated 95 3.6 The p-q-r Theory 97 3.7 Summary 104 3.8 Exercises 105 References 106 CHAPTER 4 SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERS 111 4.1 General Description of Shunt Active Filters 113 4.1.1 PWM Converters for Shunt Active Filters 114 4.1.2 Active Filter Controllers 115 4.2 Three-Phase, Three-Wire Shunt Active Filters 118 4.2.1 Active Filters for Constant Power Compensation 119 4.2.2 Active Filters for Sinusoidal Current Control 135 4.2.2.A Positive-Sequence Voltage Detector 138 4.2.2.B Simulation Results 145 4.2.3 Active Filters for Current Minimization 145 4.2.4 Active Filters for Harmonic Damping 149 4.2.4.A Shunt Active Filter Based on Voltage Detection 151 4.2.4.B Active Filter Controller Based on Voltage Detection 152 4.2.4.C An Application Case of an Active Filter for Harmonic Damping 156 4.2.5 A Digital Controller 171 4.2.5.A System Configuration of the Digital Controller 172 4.2.5.B Current Control Methods 177 4.3 Three-Phase, Four-Wire Shunt Active Filters 180 4.3.1 Converter Topologies for Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems 181 4.3.2 Dynamic Hysteresis-Band Current Controller 182 4.3.3 Active Filter dc Voltage Regulator 184 4.3.4 Optimal Power Flow Conditions 185 4.3.5 Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy 187 4.3.6 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy 189 4.3.7 Performance Analysis and Parameter Optimization 192 4.3.7.A Influence of the System Parameters 192 4.3.7.B Dynamic Response of the Shunt Active Filter 193 4.3.7.C Economical Aspects 198 4.3.7.D Experimental Results 199 4.4 Compensation Methods Based on the p-q-r Theory 204 4.4.1 Reference Power Control Method 206 4.4.2 Reference Current Control Method 211 4.4.3 Alternative Control Method 213 4.4.4 The Simplified Sinusoidal Source Current Strategy 215 4.4.4.A The PLL Circuit and the Positive-Sequence Detector 215 4.4.4.B The Sinusoidal Source Current Control Strategy with Energy Balance Inside the Active Filter 217 4.5 Comparisons Between Control Methods Based on the p-q Theory and the p-q-r Theory 218 4.6 Shunt Selective Harmonic Compensation 224 4.7 Summary 231 4.8 Exercises 231 References 233 CHAPTER 5 HYBRID AND SERIES ACTIVE FILTERS 237 5.1 Basic Series Active Filter 237 5.2 Combined Series Active Filter and Shunt Passive Filter 239 5.2.1 Example of an Experimental System 242 5.2.1.A Compensation Principle 243 5.2.1.B Filtering Characteristics 245 5.2.1.C Control Circuit 246 5.2.1.D Filter to Suppress Switching Ripples 248 5.2.1.E Experimental Results 249 5.2.2 Some Remarks about the Hybrid Filters 252 5.3 Series Active Filter Integrated with a Double-Series Diode Rectifier 253 5.3.1 The First-Generation Control Circuit 255 5.3.1.A Circuit Configuration and Delay Time 255 5.3.1.B Stability of the Active Filter 257 5.3.2 The Second-Generation Control Circuit 258 5.3.3 Stability Analysis and Characteristics Comparison 260 5.3.3.A Transfer Function of the Control Circuits 260 5.3.3.B Characteristics Comparisons 261 5.3.4 Design of a Switching-Ripple Filter 263 5.3.4.A Design Principle 263 5.3.4.B Effect on the System Stability 263 5.3.4.C Experimental Testing 264 5.3.5 Experimental Results 266 5.4 Comparisons Between Hybrid and Pure Active Filters 268 5.4.1 Low-Voltage Transformerless Hybrid Active Filter 268 5.4.2 Low-Voltage, Transformerless, Pure Shunt Active Filter 271 5.4.3 Comparisons through Simulation Results 273 5.5 Hybrid Active Filters for Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 274 5.5.1 Hybrid Active Filter for a Three-Phase Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 275 5.5.1.A System Configuration 275 5.5.1.B Experimental System 277 5.5.1.C Control System 277 5.5.1.D Common Sixth-Harmonic Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection 281 5.5.1.E Three-Phase Second-Harmonic Negative Sequence Voltages Injection 283 5.5.1.F Experimental Results 286 5.5.1.G Appendix 292 5.5.2 Hybrid Active Filter for a Three-Phase 12-Pulse Diode Rectifier 292 5.5.2.A Medium-Voltage High-Power Motor Drive Systems 293 5.5.2.B Experimental System 295 5.5.2.C Control System 298 5.5.2.D Three-Phase Second-Harmonic Negative Sequence Voltages Injection 300 5.5.2.E Experimental Results 303 5.5.2.F Overall System Efficiency 308 5.6 Summary 308 5.7 Exercises 309 References 310 CHAPTER 6 COMBINED SERIES AND SHUNT POWER CONDITIONERS 313 6.1 The Unified Power Flow Controller 314 6.1.1 FACTS and UPFC Principles 315 6.1.1.A Voltage Regulation Principle 317 6.1.1.B Power Flow Control Principle 318 6.1.2 A Controller Design for the UPFC 321 6.1.3 UPFC Approach Using a Shunt Multipulse Converter 328 6.1.3.A Six-Pulse Converter 328 6.1.3.B Quasi 24-Pulse Converter 332 6.1.3.C Control of Active and Reactive Power in Multipulse Converters 334 6.1.3.D Shunt Multipulse Converter Controller 336 6.2 The Unified Power Quality Conditioner 339 6.2.1 General Description of the UPQC 340 6.2.2 A Three-Phase, Four-Wire UPQC 342 6.2.2.A Power Circuit of the UPQC 343 6.2.2.B The UPQC Controller 344 6.2.2.C Analysis of the UPQC Dynamic 353 6.2.3 The UPQC Combined with Passive Filters (the Hybrid UPQC) 370 6.2.3.A Controller of the Hybrid UPQC 374 6.2.3.B Experimental Results 380 6.3 The Universal Active Power Line Conditioner 386 6.3.1 General Description of the UPLC 386 6.3.2 The Controller of the UPLC 389 6.3.2.A Controller for Configuration #2 of the UPLC 396 6.3.3 Performance of the UPLC 397 6.3.3.A Normalized System Parameters 397 6.3.3.B Simulation Results of Configuration #1 of the UPLC 401 6.3.3.C Simulation Results of Configuration #2 of the UPLC 409 6.3.4 General Aspects 411 6.4 Combined Shunt-Series Filters for AC and DC Sides of Three-Phase Rectifiers 411 6.4.1 The Combined Shunt-Series Filter 414 6.4.2 Instantaneous Real and Imaginary Powers in the ac Source 415 6.4.3 The Instantaneous Power in the dc Side of the Rectifier 416 6.4.4 Comparison of Instantaneous Powers on the ac and dc Sides of the Rectifier 418 6.4.5 Control Algorithm of the Active Shunt-Series Filter 418 6.4.6 The Common dc Link 421 6.4.7 Digital Simulation 424 6.4.8 Experimental Results 426 6.5 Summary 427 6.6 Exercises 428 References 429 INDEX 431

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Book SynopsisSince publication of the first edition ofFuel Cell Systems Explained, three compelling drivers have supported the continuing development of fuel cell technology. These are: the need to maintain energy security in an energy-hungry world, the desire to move towards zero-emission vehicles and power plants, and the mitigation of climate change by lowering of CO2 emissions. New fuel cell materials, enhanced stack performance and increased lifetimes are leading to the emergence of the first truly commercial systems in applications that range from fork-lift trucks to power sources for mobile phone towers. Leading vehicle manufacturers have embraced the use of electric drive-trains and now see hydrogen fuel cells complementing advanced battery technology in zero-emission vehicles. After many decades of laboratory development, a global but fragile fuel cell industry is bringing the first commercial products to market. This thoroughly revised edition includes several new sections devoted to, for example, fuel cell characterisation, improved materials for low-temperature hydrogen and liquid-fuelled systems, and real-world technology implementation. Assuming no prior knowledge of fuel cell technology, the third edition comprehensively brings together all of the key topics encompassed in this diverse field. Practitioners, researchers and students in electrical, power, chemical and automotive engineering will continue to benefit from this essential guide to the principles, design and implementation of fuel cell systems.Trade ReviewEver since its initial publication, Fuel Cell Systems Explained has been one of the most approachable books on the subject. Well-written and concise, the third edition maintains that tradition. The scientific and technical sections are clear and logical, and lead the reader carefully through the complexities of fuel cell materials and operating conditions, from basic principles to specific fuel cell types. This is all prefaced by a history of the sector. While this latter may seem tangential to those seeking electrochemical equations, in fact it is both interesting and useful, for example in helping me understand some of the technology development decisions that have been made over the years. It is also interesting to discover that one of the very first applications was of a fuel cell developed by Bacon and trialled in a forklift, perhaps not coincidentally one of the most successful sectors today, and that fuel cells were viewed as superior to batteries as far back as the Gemini space missions; a technology supremacy discussion which is just as live today. - David Hart, Director, E4tech and lead author of the annual Fuel Cell Industry Review The Third Edition of Fuel Cell Systems Explained is an updated version of a book that has always been essential reading for everyone entering into the fuel cell sector, be they student or industrial practitioner. This edition introduces the basic principles of thermodynamics and electrochemical kinetics pertinent to the understanding of fuel cell operation, and determining fuel cell efficiency and voltage losses. But the heart of the book are the six chapters detailing each of the principal fuel cell technologies; proton-exchange membrane fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; direct liquid fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells. There are also useful chapters covering different fuels and fuel processing options, hydrogen storage and a short discussion of balance-of-plant. I am delighted to say that it is a book that I will continue to recommend highly as a first read to all those who join my own research group to work on this exciting technology. - Professor Nigel Brandon OBE FREng, Imperial College London, UKTable of ContentsBrief Biographies xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Acronyms and Initialisms xix Symbols and Units xxv 1 Introducing Fuel Cells 1 1.1 Historical Perspective 1 1.2 Fuel-Cell Basics 7 1.3 Electrode Reaction Rates 9 1.4 Stack Design 11 1.5 Gas Supply and Cooling 14 1.6 Principal Technologies 17 1.7 Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries and Other Fuel Cells 19 1.7.1 Metal–Air Cells 20 1.7.2 Redox Flow Cells 20 1.7.3 Biological Fuel Cells 23 1.8 Balance-of-Plant Components 23 1.9 Fuel-Cell Systems: Key Parameters 24 1.10 Advantages and Applications 25 Further Reading 26 2 Efficiency and Open-Circuit Voltage 27 2.1 Open-Circuit Voltage: Hydrogen Fuel Cell 27 2.2 Open-Circuit Voltage: Other Fuel Cells and Batteries 31 2.3 Efficiency and Its Limits 32 2.4 Efficiency and Voltage 35 2.5 Influence of Pressure and Gas Concentration 36 2.5.1 Nernst Equation 36 2.5.2 Hydrogen Partial Pressure 38 2.5.3 Fuel and Oxidant Utilization 39 2.5.4 System Pressure 39 2.6 Summary 40 Further Reading 41 3 Operational Fuel-Cell Voltages 43 3.1 Fundamental Voltage: Current Behaviour 43 3.2 Terminology 44 3.3 Fuel-Cell Irreversibilities 46 3.4 ActivationLosses 46 3.4.1 The Tafel Equation 46 3.4.2 The Constants in the Tafel Equation 48 3.4.3 Reducing the Activation Overpotential 51 3.5 InternalCurrents and Fuel Crossover 52 3.6 Ohmic Losses 54 3.7 Mass-Transport Losses 55 3.8 Combining the Irreversibilities 57 3.9 The Electrical Double-Layer 58 3.10 Techniques for Distinguishing Irreversibilities 60 3.10.1 Cyclic Voltammetry 60 3.10.2 AC Impedance Spectroscopy 61 3.10.3 Current Interruption 65 Further Reading 68 4 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 69 4.1 Overview 69 4.2 Polymer Electrolyte: Principles of Operation 72 4.2.1 Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane 72 4.2.2 Modified Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membranes 76 4.2.3 Alternative Sulfonated and Non-Sulfonated Membranes 77 4.2.4 Acid–Base Complexes and Ionic Liquids 79 4.2.5 High-Temperature Proton Conductors 80 4.3 Electrodes and Electrode Structure 81 4.3.1 Catalyst Layers: Platinum-Based Catalysts 82 4.3.2 Catalyst Layers: Alternative Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction 85 4.3.2.1 Macrocyclics 86 4.3.2.2 Chalcogenides 87 4.3.2.3 Conductive Polymers 87 4.3.2.4 Nitrides 87 4.3.2.5 Functionalized Carbons 87 4.3.2.6 Heteropolyacids 88 4.3.3 Catalyst Layer: Negative Electrode 88 4.3.4 Catalyst Durability 88 4.3.5 Gas-Diffusion Layer 89 4.4 Water Management 92 4.4.1 Hydration and Water Movement 92 4.4.2 Air Flow and Water Evaporation 94 4.4.3 Air Humidity 96 4.4.4 Self-Humidified Cells 98 4.4.5 External Humidification: Principles 100 4.4.6 External Humidification: Methods 102 4.5 Cooling and Air Supply 104 4.5.1 Cooling with Cathode Air Supply 104 4.5.2 Separate Reactant and Cooling Air 104 4.5.3 Water Cooling 105 4.6 Stack Construction Methods 107 4.6.1 Introduction 107 4.6.2 Carbon Bipolar Plates 107 4.6.3 Metal Bipolar Plates 109 4.6.4 Flow-Field Patterns 110 4.6.5 Other Topologies 112 4.6.6 Mixed Reactant Cells 114 4.7 Operating Pressure 115 4.7.1 Technical Issues 115 4.7.2 Benefits of High Operating Pressures 117 4.7.2.1 Current 117 4.7.3 Other Factors 120 4.8 Fuel Types 120 4.8.1 Reformed Hydrocarbons 120 4.8.2 Alcohols and Other Liquid Fuels 121 4.9 Practical and Commercial Systems 122 4.9.1 Small-Scale Systems 122 4.9.2 Medium-Scale for Stationary Applications 123 4.9.3 Transport System Applications 125 4.10 System Design, Stack Lifetime and Related Issues 129 4.10.1 Membrane Degradation 129 4.10.2 Catalyst Degradation 129 4.10.3 System Control 129 4.11 Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells 130 Further Reading 132 5 Alkaline Fuel Cells 135 5.1 Principles of Operation 135 5.2 System Designs 137 5.2.1 Circulating Electrolyte Solution 137 5.2.2 Static Electrolyte Solution 140 5.2.3 Dissolved Fuel 142 5.2.4 Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 144 5.3 Electrodes 147 5.3.1 Sintered Nickel Powder 147 5.3.2 Raney Metals 147 5.3.3 Rolled Carbon 148 5.3.4 Catalysts 150 5.4 Stack Designs 151 5.4.1 Monopolar and Bipolar 151 5.4.2 Other Stack Designs 152 5.5 Operating Pressure and Temperature 152 5.6 Opportunities and Challenges 155 Further Reading 156 6 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells 157 6.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 157 6.1.1 Principles of Operation 160 6.1.2 Electrode Reactions with a Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolyte 160 6.1.3 Electrode Reactions with an Alkaline Electrolyte 162 6.1.4 Anode Catalysts 162 6.1.5 Cathode Catalysts 163 6.1.6 System Designs 164 6.1.7 Fuel Crossover 165 6.1.8 Mitigating Fuel Crossover: Standard Techniques 166 6.1.9 Mitigating Fuel Crossover: Prospective Techniques 167 6.1.10 Methanol Production 168 6.1.11 Methanol Safety and Storage 168 6.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 169 6.2.1 Principles of Operation 170 6.2.2 Ethanol Oxidation, Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism 170 6.2.3 Low-Temperature Operation: Performance and Challenges 172 6.2.4 High-Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 173 6.3 Direct Propanol Fuel Cells 173 6.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cells 174 6.4.1 Principles of Operation 174 6.4.2 Ethylene Glycol: Anodic Oxidation 175 6.4.3 Cell Performance 176 6.5 Formic Acid Fuel Cells 176 6.5.1 Formic Acid: Anodic Oxidation 177 6.5.2 Cell Performance 177 6.6 Borohydride Fuel Cells 178 6.6.1 Anode Catalysts 180 6.6.2 Challenges 180 6.7 Application of Direct Liquid Fuel Cells 182 Further Reading 184 7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 187 7.1 High- Temperature Fuel-Cell Systems 187 7.2 System Design 188 7.2.1 Fuel Processing 188 7.2.2 Fuel Utilization 189 7.2.3 Heat-Exchangers 192 7.2.3.1 Designs 193 7.2.3.2 Exergy Analysis 193 7.2.3.3 Pinch Analysis 194 7.3 Principles of Operation 196 7.3.1 Electrolyte 196 7.3.2 Electrodes and Catalysts 198 7.3.3 Stack Construction 199 7.3.4 Stack Cooling and Manifolding 200 7.4 Performance 201 7.4.1 Operating Pressure 202 7.4.2 Operating Temperature 202 7.4.3 Effects of Fuel and Oxidant Composition 203 7.4.4 Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Sulfur 204 7.5 Technological Developments 204 Further Reading 206 8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 207 8.1 Principles of Operation 207 8.2 Cell Components 210 8.2.1 Electrolyte 211 8.2.2 Anode 213 8.2.3 Cathode 214 8.2.4 Non-Porous Components 215 8.3 Stack Configuration and Sealing 215 8.3.1 Manifolding 216 8.3.2 Internal and External Reforming 218 8.4 Performance 220 8.4.1 Influence of Pressure 220 8.4.2 Influence of Temperature 222 8.5 Practical Systems 223 8.5.1 Fuel Cell Energy (USA) 223 8.5.2 Fuel Cell Energy Solutions (Europe) 225 8.5.3 Facilities in Japan 228 8.5.4 Facilities in South Korea 228 8.6 Future Research and Development 229 8.7 Hydrogen Production and Carbon Dioxide Separation 230 8.8 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 231 Further Reading 234 9 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 235 9.1 Principles of Operation 235 9.1.1 High-Temperature (HT) Cells 235 9.1.2 Low-Temperature (IT) Cells 237 9.2 Components 238 9.2.1 Zirconia Electrolyte for HT-Cells 238 9.2.2 Electrolytes for IT-Cells 240 9.2.2.1 Ceria 240 9.2.2.2 Perovskites 241 9.2.2.3 Other Materials 243 9.2.3 Anodes 243 9.2.3.1 Nickel-YSZ 243 9.2.3.2 Cathode 245 9.2.3.3 Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor Anode 246 9.2.4 Cathode 247 9.2.5 Interconnect Material 247 9.2.6 Sealing Materials 248 9.3 Practical Design and Stacking Arrangements 249 9.3.1 Tubular Design 249 9.3.2 Planar Design 251 9.4 Performance 253 9.5 Developmental and Commercial Systems 254 9.5.1 Tubular SOFCs 255 9.5.2 Planar SOFCs 256 9.6 Combined-Cycle and Other Systems 258 Further Reading 260 10 Fuels for Fuel Cells 263 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Fossil Fuels 266 10.2.1 Petroleum 266 10.2.2 Petroleum from Tar Sands, Oil Shales and Gas Hydrates 268 10.2.3 Coal and Coal Gases 268 10.2.4 Natural Gas and Coal-Bed Methane (Coal-Seam Gas) 270 10.3 Biofuels 272 10.4 Basics of Fuel Processing 275 10.4.1 Fuel-Cell Requirements 275 10.4.2 Desulfurization 275 10.4.3 Steam Reforming 277 10.4.4 Carbon Formation and Pre-Reforming 280 10.4.5 Internal Reforming 281 10.4.5.1 Indirect Internal Reforming (IIR) 283 10.4.5.2 Direct Internal Reforming (DIR) 283 10.4.6 Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation 284 10.4.7 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming 285 10.4.8 Solar–Thermal Reforming 286 10.4.9 Sorbent-Enhanced Reforming 287 10.4.10 Hydrogen Generation by Pyrolysis or Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons 289 10.4.11 Further Fuel Processing: Removal of Carbon Monoxide 290 10.5 Membrane Developments for Gas Separation 293 10.5.1 Non-Porous Metal Membranes 293 10.5.2 Non-Porous Ceramic Membranes 294 10.5.3 Porous Membranes 294 10.5.4 Oxygen Separation 295 10.6 Practical Fuel Processing: Stationary Applications 295 10.6.1 Industrial Steam Reforming 295 10.6.2 Fuel-Cell Plants Operating with Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 296 10.6.3 Reformer and Partial Oxidation Designs 298 10.6.3.1 Conventional Packed-Bed Catalytic Reactors 298 10.6.3.2 Compact Reformers 299 10.6.3.3 Plate Reformers and Microchannel Reformers 300 10.6.3.4 Membrane Reactors 301 10.6.3.5 Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactors 302 10.6.3.6 Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactors 303 10.7 Practical Fuel Processing: Mobile Applications 304 10.8 Electrolysers 305 10.8.1 Operation of Electrolysers 305 10.8.2 Applications 307 10.8.3 Electrolyser Efficiency 312 10.8.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells 312 10.9 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production and Chemical Looping 314 10.9.1 Thermochemical Cycles 314 10.9.2 Chemical Looping 317 10.10 Biological Production of Hydrogen 318 10.10.1 Introduction 318 10.10.2 Photosynthesis and Water Splitting 318 10.10.3 Biological Shift Reaction 320 10.10.4 Digestion Processes 320 Further Reading 321 11 Hydrogen Storage 323 11.1 Strategic Considerations 323 11.2 Safety 326 11.3 Compressed Hydrogen 327 11.3.1 Storage Cylinders 327 11.3.2 Storage Efficiency 329 11.3.3 Costs of Stored Hydrogen 330 11.3.4 Safety Aspects 330 11.4 Liquid Hydrogen 331 11.5 Reversible Metal Hydrides 333 11.6 Simple Hydrogen-Bearing Chemicals 338 11.6.1 Organic Chemicals 338 11.6.2 Alkali Metal Hydrides 339 11.6.3 Ammonia, Amines and Ammonia Borane 340 11.7 Complex Chemical Hydrides 341 11.7.1 Alanates 342 11.7.2 Borohydrides 342 11.8 Nanostructured Materials 344 11.9 Evaluation of Hydrogen Storage Methods 347 Further Reading 350 12 The Complete System and Its Future 351 12.1 Mechanical Balance-of-Plant Components 351 12.1.1 Compressors 351 12.1.1.1 Efficiency 354 12.1.1.2 Power 356 12.1.1.3 Performance Charts 356 12.1.1.4 Selection 359 12.1.2 Turbines 361 12.1.3 Ejector Circulators 362 12.1.4 Fans and Blowers 363 12.1.5 Pumps 364 12.2 Power Electronics 365 12.2.1 DC Regulators (Converters) and Electronic Switches 366 12.2.2 Step-Down Regulators 368 12.2.3 Step-Up Regulators 370 12.2.4 Inverters 371 12.2.4.1 Single Phase 372 12.2.4.2 Three Phase 376 12.2.5 Fuel-Cell Interface and Grid Connection Issues 378 12.2.6 Power Factor and Power Factor Correction 378 12.3 Hybrid Fuel-Cell + Battery Systems 380 12.4 Analysis of Fuel-Cell Systems 384 12.4.1 Well-to-Wheels Analysis 385 12.4.2 Power-Train Analysis 387 12.4.3 Life-Cycle Assessment 388 12.4.4 Process Modelling 389 12.4.5 Further Modelling 392 12.5 Commercial Reality 394 12.5.1 Back to Basics 394 12.5.2 Commercial Progress 395 12.6 Future Prospects: The Crystal Ball Remains Cloudy 397 Further Reading 399 Appendix 1 Calculations of the Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy 401 A1.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell 401 A1.2 Carbon Monoxide Fuel Cell 403 Appendix 2 Useful Fuel-Cell Equations 405 A2.1 Introduction 405 A2.2 Oxygen and Air Usage 406 A2.3 Exit Air Flow Rate 407 A2.4 Hydrogen Usage 407 A2.5 Rate of Water Production 408 A2.6 Heat Production 409 Appendix 3 Calculation of Power Required by Air Compressor and Power Recoverable by Turbine in Fuel-Cell Exhaust 411 A3.1 Power Required by Air Compressor 411 A3.2 Power Recoverable from Fuel-Cell Exhaust with a Turbine 412 Glossary of Terms 415 Index 437

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Book SynopsisMicrogrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Future microgrids could exist as energy-balanced cells within existing power distribution grids or stand-alone power networks within small communities.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xix 1 The Microgrids Concept 1Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Microgrid Concept as a Means to Integrate Distributed Generation 3 1.3 Clarification of the Microgrid Concept 4 1.4 Operation and Control of Microgrids 8 1.5 Market Models for Microgrids 12 1.6 Status Quo and Outlook of Microgrid Applications 22 2 Microgrids Control Issues 25Aris Dimeas, Antonis Tsikalakis, George Kariniotakis and George Korres 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Control Functions 25 2.3 The Role of Information and Communication Technology 27 2.4 Microgrid Control Architecture 28 2.5 Centralized and Decentralized Control 32 2.6 Forecasting 35 2.7 Centralized Control 40 2.8 Decentralized Control 51 2.9 State Estimation 72 2.10 Conclusions 76 3 Intelligent Local Controllers 81Thomas Degner, Nikos Soultani, Alfred Engler and Asier Gil de Muro 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Inverter Control Issues in the Formation of Microgrids 82 3.4 Implications of Line Parameters on Frequency and Voltage Droop Concepts 92 3.5 Development and Evaluation of Innovative Local Controls to Improve Stability 98 3.6 Conclusions 115 4 Microgrid Protection 117Alexander Oudalov, Thomas Degner, Frank van Overbeeke and Jose Miguel Yarza 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Challenges for Microgrid Protection 118 4.3 Adaptive Protection for Microgrids 125 4.4 Fault Current Source for Effective Protection in Islanded Operation 146 4.5 Fault Current Limitation in Microgrids 151 4.6 Conclusions 154 5 Operation of Multi-Microgrids 165Joao Abel PeScas Lopes, Andre Madureira, Nuno Gil and Fernanda Resende 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Multi-Microgrid Control and Management Architecture 167 5.3 Coordinated Voltage/var Support 169 5.4 Coordinated Frequency Control 178 5.5 Emergency Functions (Black Start) 186 5.6 Dynamic Equivalents 192 5.7 Conclusions 202 6 Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons 206George Kariniotakis, Aris Dimeas and Frank Van Overbeeke (Sections 6.1, 6.2) 6.1 Introduction 206 6.2 Overview of Microgrid Projects in Europe 206 6.3 Overview of Microgrid Projects in the USA 231John Romankiewicz, Chris Marnay (Section 6.3) 6.4 Overview of Japanese Microgrid Projects 249Satoshi Morozumi (Section 6.4) 6.5 Overview of Microgrid Projects in China 262Meiqin Mao (Section 6.5) 6.6 An Off-Grid Microgrid in Chile 270Rodrigo Palma Behnke and Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez (Section 6.6) 7 Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation 275Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao 7.1 Introduction and Overview of Potential Microgrid Benefits 275 7.2 Setup of Benefit Quantification Study 278 7.3 Quantification of Microgrids Benefits under Standard Test Conditions 285 7.4 Impact of External Market Prices and Pricing Policies 296 7.5 Impact of Microgrid Operation Strategy 303 7.6 Extension to European Scale 307 7.7 Conclusions 310 References 313 Index 315

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Book SynopsisProvides comprehensive coverage of the basic principles and methods of electric power conversion and the latest developments in the fieldThis book constitutes a comprehensive overview of the modern power electronics. Various semiconductor power switches are described, complementary components and systems are presented, and power electronic converters that process power for a variety of applications are explained in detail. This third edition updates all chapters, including new concepts in modern power electronics. New to this edition is extended coverage of matrix converters, multilevel inverters, and applications of the Z-source in cascaded power converters. The book is accompanied by a website hosting an instructor's manual, a PowerPoint presentation, and a set of PSpice files for simulation of a variety of power electronic converters.Introduction to Modern Power Electronics, Third Edition: Discusses power conversion tTrade Review"This book would be an excellent introduction for those who want to learn about power electronics, or a refresher for those already familiar with the topic. The descriptions are clearly written and supported by numerous circuit schematics, drawings, and tables, which will help the reader fully grasp the subject matter.[Overall]... the book admirably serves the purpose of introducing power electronics to a wide audience of engineers." (IEEE Electrical Insulation magazine May 2017) Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Principles of Electric Power Conversion 1 1.1 What is Power Electronics? 1 1.2 Generic Power Converter 3 1.3 Waveform Components and Figures of Merit 8 1.4 Phase Control and Square-Wave Mode 16 1.5 Pulse Width Modulation 22 1.6 Computation of Current Waveforms 30 1.6.1 Analytical Solution 30 1.6.2 Numerical Solution 35 1.6.3 Practical Example: Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers 38 Summary 43 Examples 43 Problems 50 Computer Assignments 53 Further Reading 56 2 Semiconductor Power Switches 57 2.1 General Properties of Semiconductor Power Switches 57 2.2 Power Diodes 59 2.3 Semi-Controlled Switches 63 2.3.1 SCRs 64 2.3.2 Triacs 67 2.4 Fully Controlled Switches 68 2.4.1 GTOs 68 2.4.2 IGCTs 69 2.4.3 Power BJTs 70 2.4.4 Power MOSFETs 74 2.4.5 IGBTs 75 2.5 Comparison of Semiconductor Power Switches 77 2.6 Power Modules 79 2.7 Wide Bandgap Devices 84 Summary 86 Further Reading 87 3 Supplementary Components and Systems 88 3.1 What Are Supplementary Components and Systems? 88 3.2 Drivers 89 3.2.1 Drivers for SCRs, Triacs, and BCTs 89 3.2.2 Drivers for GTOs and IGCTs 90 3.2.3 Drivers for BJTs 91 3.2.4 Drivers for Power MOSFETs and IGBTs 94 3.3 Overcurrent Protection Schemes 96 3.4 Snubbers 98 3.4.1 Snubbers for Power Diodes, SCRs, and Triacs 101 3.4.2 Snubbers for GTOs and IGCTs 102 3.4.3 Snubbers for Transistors 103 3.4.4 Energy Recovery from Snubbers 104 3.5 Filters 106 3.6 Cooling 109 3.7 Control 111 Summary 113 Further Reading 114 4 AC-to-DC Converters 115 4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115 4.1.1 Three-Pulse Diode Rectifier 115 4.1.2 Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 117 4.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 130 4.2.1 Phase-Controlled Six-Pulse Rectifier 130 4.2.2 Dual Converters 143 4.3 PWM Rectifiers 149 4.3.1 Impact of Input Filter 149 4.3.2 Principles of PWM 150 4.3.3 Current-Type PWM Rectifier 158 4.3.4 Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier 163 4.3.5 Vienna Rectifier 175 4.4 Device Selection for Rectifiers 178 4.5 Common Applications of Rectifiers 180 Summary 184 Examples 185 Problems 191 Computer Assignments 193 Further Reading 195 5 AC-to-AC Converters 196 5.1 AC Voltage Controllers 196 5.1.1 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller 196 5.1.2 Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 203 5.1.3 PWM AC Voltage Controllers 211 5.2 Cycloconverters 215 5.3 Matrix Converters 220 5.3.1 Classic Matrix Converters 220 5.3.2 Sparse Matrix Converters 227 5.3.3 Z-Source Matrix Converters 230 5.4 Device Selection for AC-to-AC Converters 234 5.5 Common Applications of AC-to-AC Converters 235 Summary 236 Examples 237 Problems 241 Computer Assignments 242 Further Reading 243 6 DC-to-DC Converters 245 6.1 Static DC Switches 245 6.2 Step-Down Choppers 248 6.2.1 First-Quadrant Chopper 250 6.2.2 Second-Quadrant Chopper 254 6.2.3 First-and-Second-Quadrant Chopper 256 6.2.4 First-and-Fourth-Quadrant Chopper 258 6.2.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper 260 6.3 Step-Up Chopper 262 6.4 Current Control in Choppers 265 6.5 Device Selection for Choppers 265 6.6 Common Applications of Choppers 267 Summary 269 Examples 269 Problems 272 Computer Assignments 274 Further Reading 275 7 DC-to-AC Converters 276 7.1 Voltage-Source Inverters 276 7.1.1 Single-Phase VSI 277 7.1.2 Three-Phase VSI 286 7.1.3 Voltage Control Techniques for PWM Inverters 295 7.1.4 Current Control Techniques for VSIs 306 7.2 Current-Source Inverters 315 7.2.1 Three-Phase Square-Wave CSI 315 7.2.2 Three-Phase PWM CSI 319 7.3 Multilevel Inverters 322 7.3.1 Diode-Clamped Three-Level Inverter 324 7.3.2 Flying-Capacitor Three-Level Inverter 327 7.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter 329 7.4 Soft-Switching Inverters 333 7.5 Device Selection for Inverters 341 7.6 Common Applications of Inverters 344 Summary 352 Examples 352 Problems 359 Computer Assignments 360 Further Reading 362 8 Switching Power Supplies 364 8.1 Basic Types of Switching Power Supplies 364 8.2 Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 365 8.2.1 Buck Converter 366 8.2.2 Boost Converter 369 8.2.3 Buck–Boost Converter 371 8.2.4 Ĉuk Converter 374 8.2.5 SEPIC and Zeta Converters 378 8.2.6 Comparison of Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 379 8.3 Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 382 8.3.1 Single-Switch-Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 383 8.3.2 Multiple-Switch-Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 386 8.3.3 Comparison of Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 389 8.4 Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 390 8.4.1 Quasi-Resonant Converters 391 8.4.2 Load-Resonant Converters 395 8.4.3 Comparison of Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 402 Summary 402 Examples 403 Problems 406 Computer Assignments 408 Further Reading 410 9 Power Electronics and Clean Energy 411 9.1 Why is Power Electronics Indispensable in Clean Energy Systems? 411 9.2 Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Systems 413 9.2.1 Solar Energy Systems 413 9.2.2 Wind Energy Systems 417 9.3 Fuel Cell Energy Systems 422 9.4 Electric Cars 424 9.5 Hybrid Cars 426 9.6 Power Electronics and Energy Conservation 430 Summary 431 Further Reading 432 Appendix A Spice Simulations 433 Appendix B Fourier Series 438 Appendix C Three-Phase Systems 442 Index 447

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