Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThe development of electric power systems has been made up of incremental innovations from the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century. The creation of deregulated electricity markets has brought about an emerging paradigm in which the relationships between producers, power system operators and consumers have changed enormously compared to the monopolistic case. The scope of this book is to provide fundamental concepts of the physics and operation of transmission and distribution lines, which is the content of Part 1, followed by the models and tools for the description and simulation of large electrical grids for steady state and transient operation. These advanced tools allow the physics and technology of power systems to be described and the algorithms of Ybus and Zbus matrices to be built for various studies such as short-circuit studies and load flow or transient phenomena analysis. Part 3 deals with the new organization concepts in the frame of deregulated markets. In this part the restructuring of the power industry is presented where various actors interact together through market places or bilateral contracts. In addition, the operation of the power grids under this deregulated context is detailed and the relationships between power system operators and market actors (energy producers and providers, traders, etc.) is explained with several examples. The ancillary services, congestion management and grid access concepts are also described. A large number of exercises and problems disseminated throughout the book with solutions at the end enable the reader to check his understanding of the content at any time.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Introduction xix Part 1. Transmission Lines and Electric Power Networks 1 Chapter 1. The Two Paradigms of the World Electrical Power System 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The historical paradigm 5 1.4. Distributed generation 15 Chapter 2. Production of Electrical Energy 17 Chapter 3. General Information on Electrical Power Networks 21 3.1. Transmission and distribution systems 21 3.2. Voltages 23 3.3. Power transfer 25 Chapter 4. Network Architecture 27 4.1. Network architecture: mesh or radial layout 27 4.2. Line and cable technologies 33 4.3. Network components 40 4.4. Short-circuit power 51 4.5. Real and reactive power in sinusoidal situations 55 Chapter 5. Operation of Electric Lines 59 5.1 Operational equations (physical phenomena) 59 5.2. Modeling of lines under steady-state conditions 75 5.3. Exercises 108 Chapter 6. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission 113 6.1. Advantages, disadvantages and fields of application 114 6.2. HVDC link between two points 115 6.3. Operating equations 123 Chapter 7. Three-phase Transmission Lines 127 7.1. Line characteristics 127 7.2. Equations of three-phase lines 134 7.3. Modes of propagation 136 7.4. Exercise No. 11: calculation of parameters of three-phase lines 147 Chapter 8. Electrical Transients in Transmission 149 8.1. Transient analysis using Laplace transform 150 8.2. Method of traveling waves 164 Part 2. Analysis Methods of Electrical Power Systems 173 Chapter 9. Functions of Electrical Energy Systems 175 9.1. Introduction 175 9.2. Hierarchy and representation of electrical power systems 179 Chapter 10. Network Representation 183 10.1. Graphical and topological description of a network 183 10.2. Network global modeling: the CIM model 186 10.3. Matrix representation of networks 187 Chapter 11. Formation of Network Matrices 207 11.1. Formation of the Ybus matrix 208 11.2. Formation of the Zbus matrix 210 11.3. Exercises 220 Chapter 12. Load Flow Calculations 223 12.1. Objectives 223 12.2. Model of network elements 224 12.3. Problem formulation 226 12.4. Solution methods 228 12.5. Software tools for load flow analysis 241 12.6. Principle of numerical iterative methods 241 12.7 Exercises 244 Chapter 13. Transient Analysis Methods 249 13.1. Interest in transient analysis 249 13.2. Transient network analyzer 251 13.3. The method of traveling waves 253 13.4. Conclusions 265 13.5. Exercises 266 Chapter 14. Fault Current Calculations 271 14.1. Definition 271 14.2. Effects of short-circuit conditions 271 14.3. Common causes of faults 272 14.4. Importance of short-circuit current calculations 273 14.5. Types of short circuits 273 14.6. Notion of short-circuit power 275 14.7. Polyphase balanced and unbalanced systems 276 14.8. Generalization of fault calculation in complex networks 296 14.9. Three-phase symmetrical fault current calculations 296 14.10. Symmetrical fault current: systematic approach 298 14.11. Expression of short-circuit current and short-circuit power 302 14.12. Asymmetrical fault current calculations 303 14.13 Exercises 319 Chapter 15. Stability Analysis of Power Systems 323 15.1. Objective 323 15.2. Introduction 323 15.3. Categories and classes of stability problems 324 15.4. The equation of motion 326 15.5. Simplified model of a synchronous machine 331 15.6. Power-angle considerations at steady state 333 15.7. Case of small perturbations 337 15.8. Transient stability 339 15.9. Application of equal-area criteria 343 15.10. Case of a multi-machine system 351 15.11 Exercise No. 22: stability and critical fault clearing time 352 Part 3. Management of Electricity Networks in a Competitive Environment 355 Chapter 16. Basic Electrical System 357 16.1. Introduction 357 16.2. Means of power generation 361 16.3. Transmission network 372 16.4. Distribution network 375 16.5. Consumption 377 16.6. System monitoring 381 16.7. Need for network interconnections 385 16.8. Conclusion 390 Chapter 17. Liberalization of Energy Markets 391 17.1. Introduction 391 17.2. Main electrical system features 393 17.3. Case prior to liberalization: monopoly regime 393 17.4. Liberalization of energy markets: reasons for change 396 17.5. Guidelines and regulations 399 17.6. Liberalization of energy markets: the concept of unbundling 401 17.7. Liberalization of energy markets: industrial movement 405 17.8. Liberalization of energy markets: different market segments and players 405 17.9. Conclusion 418 Chapter 18. Description and Models of Energy Markets 419 18.1. Introduction 419 18.2. Organized market model type 420 18.3. Bilateral market model 424 18.4. Other models 424 18.5. Different markets 427 18.6. Interaction and coupling of markets 430 18.7. Market adjustment 431 18.8. Responsibilities, different markets and interactions 433 18.9. Treatment of losses 433 18.10. Factors influencing prices and their variation 436 18.11. Conclusion 441 Chapter 19. Ancillary Services 443 19.1. Introduction 443 19.2. Some definitions 444 19.3. Frequency adjustment and control 445 19.4. Voltage control 451 19.5. System recovery 455 19.6. Management of ancillary services 455 19.7. Market-based mechanisms for ancillary services 456 19.8. Cost allocation of ancillary services 461 19.9. Example of cost of ancillary services 461 19.10. Conclusion 461 Chapter 20. Available Transmission Capability (ATC) 465 20.1. Introduction 465 20.2. Calculation of maximum power transfer capabilities 467 20.3. Directional aspects and time line in calculating ATC 474 20.4. Availability of information on ATC to market participants 475 20.5. Mechanisms for allocating cross-border capacities 476 20.6. Conclusion 477 Chapter 21. Congestion Management 479 21.1. Introduction 479 21.2. Congestion phenomenon in transmission networks 480 21.3. Factors influencing congestion 481 21.4. Congestion and the market 483 21.5. Technical resolution of congestion 485 21.6. Principle of nodal pricing 486 21.7. Principle of market splitting and zonal pricing 488 21.8. Case of a bilateral market 490 21.9. Case of re-dispatching without taking into account balance constraints of SCs 494 21.10. General formulation of the re-dispatching problem 495 21.11. Case of pool based on the calculation of nodal marginal prices 498 21.12. Hedging the risk of congestion cost 500 21.13. Conclusion 501 Chapter 22. Network Access and Charges 503 22.1. Introduction 503 22.2. Main costs and expenses of electricity transmission 505 22.3. Tariff objectives for electricity transmission 505 22.4. Methods of determining costs and price setting 506 22.5. Some regulation aspects of cost allocation 515 22.6. French example: principles of tariffs on the public transmission system 517 22.7. Tariff for network access in Europe 521 22.8. Conclusion 521 Part 4. Exercise Solutions 525 Chapter 23. Exercise Solutions 527 23.1. Exercise No. 1: per-unit system 527 23.2. Exercise No. 2: parameters of single-phase line 532 23.3. Exercise No. 3: power transfer 541 23.4. Exercise No. 4 550 23.5. Exercise No. 5 554 23.6. Exercise No. 6: lossless long line 559 23.7. Exercise No. 7: long three-phase line with losses 570 23.8. Exercise No. 8: single-phase long line 577 23.9. Exercise No. 9: series compensation of long lines 587 23.10. Exercise No. 10: parameters of a single conductor 593 23.11. Exercise No. 11: calculation of parameters of three-phase lines 597 23.12. Exercise No. 12: construction of Zbus matrix 607 23.13. Exercise No. 13: construction of network matrices 612 23.14. Exercise No. 14: load flow calculations 617 23.15. Exercise No. 15: power flow 630 23.16. Exercise No. 16: matrices and load flow 630 23.17. Exercise No. 17: transient analysis of a line 631 23.18. Exercise No. 18: matrices and transient analysis 632 23.19. Exercise No. 19: transfer analysis under lightning strike 632 23.20. Exercise No. 20: fault current in a simple network 633 23.21. Exercise No. 21: symmetrical fault on a network 648 23.22 Exercise No. 22: stability and critical fault clearing time 659 References 665 Index 671

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Book SynopsisThe object of this book is to provide a comprehensive reference source for the numerous scientific communities (engineers, researchers, students, etc.) in various disciplines which require detailed information in the field of dielectric materials. Part 1 focuses on physical properties, electrical ageing, and modeling - including topics such as the physics of charged dielectric materials, conduction mechanisms, dielectric relaxation, space charge, electric ageing and end of life (EOL) models, and dielectric experimental characterization. Part 2 examines applications of specific relevance to dielectric materials: insulating oils for transformers, electro-rheological fluids, electrolytic capacitors, ionic membranes, photovoltaic conversion, dielectric thermal control coatings for geostationary satellites, plastics recycling and piezoelectric polymers.Trade Review“Students, engineers, and materials scientists will find this book to be a good comprehensive resource for learning about the fundamental material property characteristics of dielelectric materials.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 July 2014)Table of ContentsPART 1. GENERAL PHYSICS PHENOMENA 1 Chapter 1. Physics of Dielectrics 3 Guy BLAISE and Daniel TREHEUX 1.1. Definitions 3 1.2. Different types of polarization 4 1.3. Macroscopic aspects of the polarization 8 1.4. Bibliography 16 Chapter 2. Physics of Charged Dielectrics: Mobility and Charge Trapping 17 Guy BLAISE and Daniel TREHEUX 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Localization of a charge in an “ideally perfect” and pure polarizable medium 18 2.3. Localization and trapping of carriers in a real material 26 2.4. Detrapping 33 2.5. Bibliography 35 Chapter 3. Conduction Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling of Transport in Organic Insulators: Trends and Perspectives 37 Fulbert BAUDOIN, Christian LAURENT, Séverine LE ROY and Gilbert TEYSSEDRE 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Molecular modeling applied to polymers 40 3.3. Macroscopic models 51 3.4. Trends and perspectives 63 3.5. Conclusions 68 3.6. Bibliography 69 Chapter 4. Dielectric Relaxation in Polymeric Materials 79 Eric DANTRAS, Jérôme MENEGOTTO, Philippe DEMONT and Colette LACABANNE 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Dynamics of polarization mechanisms 79 4.3. Orientation polarization in the time domain 81 4.4. Orientation polarization in the frequency domain 83 4.5. Temperature dependence 87 4.6. Relaxation modes of amorphous polymers 92 4.7. Relaxation modes of semi-crystalline polymers 96 4.8. Conclusion 98 4.9. Bibliography 99 Chapter 5. Electrification 101 Gérard TOUCHARD 5.1. Introduction 101 5.2. Electrification of solid bodies by separation/contact 101 5.3. Electrification of solid particles 108 5.4. Conclusion 115 5.5. Bibliography 115 PART 2. PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS – AGEING 117 Chapter 6. Space Charges: Definition, History, Measurement 119 Alain TOUREILLE, Petru NOTINGHER, Jérôme CASTELLON and Serge AGNEL 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. History 120 6.3. Space charge measurement methods in solid insulators 123 6.4. Trends and perspectives 129 6.5. Bibliography 130 Chapter 7. Dielectric Materials under Electron Irradiation in a Scanning Electron Microscope 135 Omar JBARA, Slim FAKHFAKH, Sébastien RONDOT and Dominique MOUZE 7.1. Introduction 135 7.2. Fundamental aspects of electron irradiation of solids 136 7.3. Physics of insulators 141 7.4. Applications: measurement of the trapped charge or the surface potential 153 7.5. Conclusion 159 7.6. Bibliography 160 Chapter 8. Precursory Phenomena and Dielectric Breakdown of Solids 165 Christian MAYOUX, Nadine LAHOUD, Laurent BOUDOU and Juan MARTINEZ-VEGA 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. Electrical breakdown 166 8.3. Precursory phenomena 168 8.4. Conclusion 179 8.5. Bibliography 180 Chapter 9. Models for Ageing of Electrical Insulation: Trends and Perspectives 189 Nadine LAHOUD, Laurent BOUDOU, Christian MAYOUX and Juan MARTINEZ-VEGA 9.1. Introduction 189 9.2. Kinetic approach according to Zhurkov 190 9.3. Thermodynamic approach according to Crine 195 9.4. Microscopic approach according to Dissado–Mazzanti–Montanari 200 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 206 9.6. Bibliography 207 PART 3. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS AND MEASUREMENT 209 Chapter 10. Response of an Insulating Material to an Electric Charge: Measurement and Modeling 211 Philippe MOLINIÉ 10.1. Introduction 211 10.2. Standard experiments 212 10.3. Basic electrostatic equations 213 10.4. Dipolar polarization 215 10.5. Intrinsic conduction 218 10.6. Space charge, injection and charge transport 220 10.7. Which model for which material? 226 10.8. Bibliography 227 Chapter 11. Pulsed Electroacoustic Method: Evolution and Development Perspectives for Space Charge Measurement 229 Virginie GRISERI 11.1. Introduction 229 11.2. Principle of the method 230 11.3. Performance of the method 238 11.4. Diverse measurement systems 239 11.5. Development perspectives and conclusions 246 11.6. Bibliography 246 Chapter 12. FLIMM and FLAMM Methods: Localization of 3-D Space Charges at the Micrometer Scale 251 Anca PETRE, Didier MARTY-DESSUS, Laurent BERQUEZ and Jean-Luc FRANCESCHI 12.1. Introduction 251 12.2. The FLIMM method 252 12.3. The FLAMM method 254 12.4. Modeling of the thermal gradient 255 12.5. Mathematical deconvolution 255 12.6. Results 258 12.7. Conclusion 267 12.8. Bibliography 267 Chapter 13. Space Charge Measurement by the Laser-Induced Pressure Pulse Technique 271 David MALEC 13.1. Introduction 271 13.2. History 272 13.3. Establishment of fundamental equations for the determination of space charge distribution 272 13.4. Experimental setup 276 13.5. Performances and limitations 282 13.6. Examples of use of the method 283 13.7. Use of the LIPP method for surface charge measurement 285 13.8. Perspectives 285 13.9. Bibliography 285 Chapter 14. The Thermal Step Method for Space Charge Measurements 289 Alain TOUREILLE, Serge AGNEL, Petru NOTINGHER and Jérôme CASTELLON 14.1. Introduction 289 14.2. Principle of the thermal step method (TSM) 290 14.3. Numerical resolution methods 297 14.4. Experimental set-up 299 14.5. Applications 306 14.6. Conclusion 321 14.7. Bibliography 322 Chapter 15. Physico-Chemical Characterization Techniques of Dielectrics 325 Christine MAYOUX and Christian MAYOUX 15.1. Introduction 325 15.2. Domains of application 326 15.3. The materials themselves 333 15.4. Conclusion 340 15.5. Bibliography 341 Chapter 16. Insulating Oils for Transformers 347 Abderrahmane BEROUAL, Christophe PERRIER, Jean-Luc BESSEDE 16.1. Introduction 347 16.2. Generalities 348 16.3. Mineral oils 352 16.4. Synthetic esters or pentaerythritol ester 357 16.5. Silicone oils or PDMS 363 16.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons or PCB 366 16.7. Natural esters or vegetable oils 367 16.8. Security of employment of insulating oils 370 16.9. Conclusion and perspectives 373 16.10. Bibliography 374 Chapter 17. Electrorheological Fluids 379 Jean-Numa FOULC 17.1. Introduction 379 17.2. Electrorheology 381 17.3. Mechanisms and modeling of the electrorheological effect 387 17.4. The conduction model 392 17.5. Giant electrorheological effect 396 17.6. Conclusion 397 17.7. Bibliography 397 Chapter 18. Electrolytic Capacitors 403 Pascal VENET 18.1. Introduction 403 18.2. Generalities 404 18.3. Electrolytic capacitors 410 18.4. Aluminum liquid electrolytic capacitors 411 18.5. (Solid electrolyte) tantalum electrolytic capacitors 414 18.6. Models and characteristics 417 18.7. Failures of electrolytic capacitors 426 18.8. Conclusion and perspectives 431 18.9. Bibliography 432 Chapter 19. Ion Exchange Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells 435 Vicente COMPAÑ MORENO and Evaristo RIANDE GARCIA 19.1. Introduction 435 19.2. Homogenous cation-exchange membranes 438 19.3. Heterogenous ion exchange membranes 439 19.4. Polymer/acid membranes 441 19.5. Characterization of membranes 442 19.6. Experimental characterization of ion exchange membranes 457 19.7. Determination of membrane morphology using the SEM technique 469 19.8. Thermal stability 470 19.9. Acknowledgements 471 19.10. Bibliography 472 Chapter 20. Semiconducting Organic Materials for Electroluminescent Devices and Photovoltaic Conversion 477 Pascale JOLINAT and Isabelle SEGUY 20.1. Brief history 477 20.2. Origin of conduction in organic semiconductors 479 20.3. Electrical and optical characteristics of organic semiconductors 480 20.4. Application to electroluminescent devices 482 20.5. Application to photovoltaic conversion 486 20.6. The processing of organic semiconductors 489 20.7. Conclusion 491 20.8. Bibliography 491 Chapter 21. Dielectric Coatings for the Thermal Control of Geostationary Satellites: Trends and Problems 495 Stéphanie REMAURY 21.1. Introduction 495 21.2. Space environment 496 21.3. The thermal control of space vehicles 501 21.4. Electrostatic phenomena in materials 503 21.5. Conclusion 512 21.6. Bibliography 513 Chapter 22. Recycling of Plastic Materials 515 Pilar MARTINEZ and Eva VERDEJO 22.1. Introduction 515 22.2. Plastic materials 516 22.3. Plastic residues 519 22.4. Bibliography 529 Chapter 23. Piezoelectric Polymers and their Applications 531 Alain BERNES 23.1. Introduction 531 23.2. Piezoelectric polymeric materials 532 23.3. Electro-active properties of piezoelectric polymers 538 23.4. Piezoelectricity applications 549 23.5. Transducers 551 23.6. Conclusion 556 23.7. Bibliography 556 Chapter 24. Polymeric Insulators in the Electrical Engineering Industry: Examples of Applications, Constraints and Perspectives 559 Jean-Luc BESSEDE 24.1. Introduction 559 24.2. Equipment 560 24.3. Power transformer insulation 565 24.4. Perspectives 567 24.5. Conclusion 570 24.6. Bibliography 570 List of Authors 573 Index 577

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the various devices used in radio communication and broadcasting to achieve high selectivity filtering and coupling. After providing background in the basics of microwave theory and more detailed material — including a special chapter on precision and errors in measurement - the reader will find detailed descriptions, manufacturing processes, and for the most useful instances a number of worked-through formulas, which will allow engineers and technicians to design circuits or components for filtering or coupling applications. Content is covered in this format across a broad range of fields including coaxial cavities, combline filters, bandpass and pass-reject duplexers, multicouplers, circulators, low-noise amplifiers, helix resonators, and much more.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Reminders and General Points 1 1.1. Lines 1 1.2. Adaptation and stationary waves 4 1.3. Smith chart 6 1.4. Power in a line 6 1.5. Line sections 7 1.6. Lines with losses 9 Chapter 2. Measurements in HF 11 2.1. Material 11 2.2. The power bench 11 2.3. Measurements on the network analyzer 14 Chapter 3. Resonant Cavities 25 3.1. Resonance 25 3.2. Coaxial cavities 28 3.3. Quarter-wave cavities 29 Chapter 4. Fabrication and Tuning of Cavities 47 4.1. Standard structures 47 4.2. Materials 53 4.3. Assembly 56 4.4. Temperature stability 58 4.5. Cavity tuning 70 Chapter 5. The Band-pass Filter 83 5.1. The band-pass function 83 5.2. Calculation of a Tchebycheff band-pass 85 5.3. Technologies 87 Chapter 6. The Combline Filter 97 6.1. Architecture 97 6.2. Dimension calculations. Dishal’s Method 105 6.3. Tuning of filters 114 Chapter 7. Channel Multiplexing 129 7.1. Definitions 129 7.2. The duplexer 129 7.3. The combiner 140 Chapter 8. Auxiliary Devices 157 8.1. Introduction 157 8.2. Circulators 157 8.3. The antenna alarms 165 8.4. Loads and attenuators 170 8.5. Reception amplifiers 177 8.6. The impedance adaptor 186 8.7. The 2nd harmonic rejecter 186 Chapter 9. Directive Couplers 189 9.1. Introduction 189 9.2. Technologies 191 9.3. The hybrid transformer 194 9.4. The 180° hybrid ring 196 9.5. The wireline 198 9.6. The “groundless” coupler 199 9.7. The “catnose” coupler 201 9.8. Discrete-elements coupler 202 9.9. Numerical data 204 9.10. Applications 210 Chapter 10. Helical Resonators 213 10.1. Introduction 213 10.2. Functioning 214 10.3. Structures 215 10.4. Tapping and coupling 219 10.5. Quality coefficient 220 10.6. Set-up rules 223 10.7. Applications 224 Chapter 11. Multicouplers 225 11.1. Transmitter multicouplers (TX) 225 11.2. Receiver multicouplers (RX) 235 11.3. TX/RX multicouplers 236 11.4. TMA 240 11.5. Power and intermodulations 243 11.6. Multiband coupling 254 Chapter 12. Utilities 257 12.1. BASIC programs 257 12.2. Varia 264 Chapter 13. Various Questions and Exploratory Ways 271 13.1. The coupler without intrinsic loss 271 13.2. Infinite rejection band-pass 275 13.3. Helix TX multicoupler 276 13.4. Conclusion 278 Bibliography 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisEnergy storage examines different applications such as electric power generation, transmission and distribution systems, pulsed systems, transportation, buildings and mobile applications. For each of these applications, proper energy storage technologies are foreseen, with their advantages, disadvantages and limits. As electricity cannot be stored cheaply in large quantities, energy has to be stored in another form (chemical, thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical) and then converted back into electric power and/or energy using conversion systems. Most of the storage technologies are examined: batteries, hydrogen, super capacitors, SMES, flywheels, CAES, thermal storage and hydraulic gravitational storage.Table of ContentsForeword x Yves BRUNET Chapter 1. Energy Storage for Electrical Systems 1 Régine BELHOMME, Jérôme DUVAL, Gauthier DELLILE, Gilles MALARANGE, Julien MARTIN and Andrei NEKRASSOV 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Energy storage for the producer 3 1.3. The special case of intermittent generation 8 1.4. Energy storage for transmission systems 13 1.5. Energy storage for distribution networks 16 1.6. Energy storage for retailers 22 1.7. Energy storage for consumers 23 1.8. Energy storage for the balancing responsible party (BRP) 28 1.9. Conclusion 31 1.10. Bibliography 34 Chapter 2.Transport: Rail, Road, Plane, Ship 37 Jean-Marie KAUFFMANN 2.1. Introduction 37 2.2. Electrical energy is a secondary energy 38 2.3. Electrical energy: principal or unique source 43 2.4. Electrical energy complementing another source – hybridization 55 2.5. Conclusion 61 2.6. Bibliography 63 Chapter 3. Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Systems 65 Florence MATTERA 3.1. Introduction 65 3.2. Stand alone photovoltaic systems 65 3.3. Limited lifespan for lead acid battery technology 72 3.4. Grid connected systems 77 3.5. Bibliography 81 Chapter 4. Mobile Applications and Micro-Power Sources 83 Jérôme DELAMARE and Orphée CUGAT 4.1. The diverse energy needs of mobile applications 83 4.2. Characteristics due to the miniaturized scale 89 4.3. Capacitative storage 90 4.4. Electrochemical storage 91 4.5. Hydrocarbon storage 95 4.6. Pyroelectricity 102 4.7. Tribo-electricity 102 4.8. Radioactive source 103 4.9. Recovering ambient energy 103 4.10. Associated electronics: use of electricity – onboard EP 106 4.11. Bibliography 107 Chapter 5. Hydrogen Storage 115 Daniel FRUCHART 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Generalities regarding hydrogen storage 116 5.3. Pressurized storage 119 5.4. Cryogenic storage 121 5.5. Solid storage 122 5.6. Other modes of storage 128 5.7. Discussion: technical/energy/economic aspects 129 5.8. Bibliography 131 Chapter 6. Fuel Cells: Principles and Function 133 Eric VIEIL 6.1. What is a cell or battery? 133 6.2. Chemical energy 134 6.3. The unfolding of a reaction 137 6.4. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 143 6.5. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 143 6.6. The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) 145 6.7. Comparison of the different types of fuel cell 146 6.8. Catalysis 148 6.9. Critical points 149 6.10. Conclusion: the storage application 151 Chapter 7. Fuel Cells: System Operation 153 Daniel HISSEL, Denis CANDUSSO and Marie-Cécile PERA 7.1. Introduction: what is a fuel cell “system”? 153 7.2. Air supply system 156 7.3. Gas humidification system 160 7.4. The static converter at the stack terminals 164 7.5. Lifespan, reliability and diagnosis 165 7.6. Bibliography 170 Chapter 8. Electrochemical Storage: Cells and Batteries 173 Florence FUSALBA and Sébastien MARTINET 8.1. Generalities of accumulators: principle of operation 173 8.2. Applications 176 8.3. Technological histories: lead, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH… then lithium ion 185 8.4. Application needs 197 8.5. Focusing on lithium-ion technologies 199 8.6. Processing and recycling of lithium batteries 207 8.7. Other batteries 209 8.8. Bibliography 214 Chapter 9. Supercapacitors: Principles, Sizing, Power Interfaces and Applications 217 Philippe BARRADE 9.1. Introduction 217 9.2. Supercapacitor: electric double-layer capacitor 219 9.3. Sizing a bank of supercapacitors 226 9.4. Power interfaces 230 9.5. Applications 235 9.6. Bibliography 240 List of authors 243 Index 245

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Book SynopsisA voltage converter changes the voltage of an electrical power source and is usually combined with other components to create a power supply. This title is devoted to the control of static converters, which deals with pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques, and also discusses methods for current control. Various application cases are treated. The book is ideal for professionals in power engineering, power electronics, and electric drives industries, as well as practicing engineers, university professors, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students.Table of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1. Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation for Two-level Three-phase Voltage Inverters 1 Francis LABRIQUE and Jean-Paul LOUIS 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Reference voltages varef, vbref, vcref 4 1.3. Reference voltages Paref, Pbref, Pcref 10 1.4. Link between the quantities va, vb, vc and Pa, Pb, Pc 12 1.5. Generation of PWM signals 13 1.6. Determination of the reference waves varef k, vbref k, and vcref k from the reference waves varef k, vbref k, vcref k 24 1.7. Conclusion 32 1.8. Bibliography 33 Chapter 2. Space Vector Modulation Strategies 35 Nicolas PATIN and Vincent LANFRANCHI 2.1. Inverters and space vector PWM 35 2.2. Geometric approach to the problem 48 2.3. Space vector PWM and implementation 58 2.4. Conclusion 68 2.5. Bibliography 69 Chapter 3. Overmodulation of Three-phase Voltage Inverters 71 Nicolas PATIN and Eric MONMASSON 3.1. Background 71 3.2. Comparison of modulation strategies 72 3.3. Saturation of modulators 78 3.4. Improved overmodulation 81 3.5. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Computed and Optimized Pulse Width Modulation Strategies 93 Vincent LANFRANCHI, Nicolas PATIN and Daniel DEPERNET 4.1. Introduction to programmed PWM 93 4.2. Range of valid frequencies for PWM 95 4.3. Programmed harmonic elimination PWM 97 4.4. Optimized PWM 100 4.5. Calculated multilevel PWM 108 4.6. Conclusion 114 4.7. Bibliography 115 Chapter 5. Delta-Sigma Modulation 119 Jean-Paul VILAIN and Christophe LESBROUSSART 5.1. Introduction 119 5.2. Principle of single-phase Delta-Sigma modulation 120 5.3. Three-phase case: vector DSM 128 5.4. Conclusion 138 5.5. Bibliography 139 Chapter 6. Stochastic Modulation Strategies 141 Vincent LANFRANCHI and Nicolas PATIN 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Spread-spectrum techniques and their applications 142 6.3. Description of stochastic modulation techniques 144 6.4. Spectral analysis of stochastic modulation 147 6.5. Conclusion 155 6.6. Bibliography 156 Chapter 7. Electromagnetic Compatibility of Variable Speed Drives: Impact of PWM Control Strategies 159 Bertrand REVOL 7.1. Introduction 159 7.2. Objectives of an EMC study 161 7.3. EMC mechanisms in static converters 162 7.4. Time-domain simulation 167 7.5. Frequency-domain modeling: a tool for the engineer 169 7.6. PWM control 178 7.7. Comparison of sources for different carrier-based PWM strategies 190 7.8. Space vector PWM 193 7.9. Structure for minimizing the common mode voltage 199 7.10. Conclusion 200 7.11. Bibliography 200 Chapter 8. Multiphase Voltage Source Inverters 203 Xavier KESTELYN and Eric SEMAIL 8.1. Introduction 203 8.2. Vector modeling of voltage source inverters 204 8.3. Inverter as seen by the multiphase load 221 8.4. Conclusion 237 8.5. Bibliography 238 Chapter 9. PWM Strategies for Multilevel Converters 243 Thierry MEYNARD and Guillaume GATEAU 9.1. Introduction to multilevel and interleaved converters 243 9.2. Modulators 252 9.3. Examples of control signal generators for various multilevel structures 274 9.4. Conclusion 280 9.5. Bibliography 283 Chapter 10. PI Current Control of a Synchronous Motor 287 Mohamed Wissem NAOUAR, Eric MONMASSON, Ilhem SLAMA-BELKHODJA and Ahmad Ammar NAASSANI 10.1. Introduction 287 10.2. Model of a synchronous motor 288 10.3. Typical power delivery system for a synchronous motor 300 10.4. PI current control of a synchronous motor in the fixed three-phase coordinate system of the stator 303 10.5. PI current control for a synchronous motor in a rotating coordinate system (d, q) 311 10.6. Conclusion 316 10.7. Bibliography 317 Chapter 11. Predictive Current Control for a Synchronous Motor 319 Mohamed Wissem NAOUAR, Eric MONMASSON, Ilhem SLAMA-BELKHODJA and Ahmad Ammar NAASSANI 11.1. Introduction 319 11.2. Minimum-switching-frequency predictive control strategies 320 11.3. Limited-switching-frequency predictive control strategies 321 11.4. Limited-switching-frequency predictive current control strategies for a synchronous motor 322 11.5. Conclusion 333 11.6. Bibliography 334 Chapter 12. Sliding Mode Current Control for a Synchronous Motor 335 Ahmad Ammar NAASSANI, Mohamed Wissem NAOUAR, Eric MONMASSON and Ilhem SLAMA-BELKHODJA 12.1. Introduction 335 12.2. Sliding mode current control for a DC motor 336 12.3. Sliding mode current control of a synchronous motor 350 12.4. Conclusion 369 12.5. Bibliography 370 Chapter 13. Hybrid Current Controller with Large Bandwidth and Fixed Switching Frequency 371 Serge PIERFEDERICI, Farid MEIBODY-TABAR and Jean-Philippe MARTIN 13.1. Introduction 371 13.2. Main types of discrete-output current regulators 374 13.3. Tools for limit cycle analysis 392 13.4. Conclusion 414 13.5. Bibliography 414 Chapter 14. Current Control Using Self-oscillating Current Controllers 417 Jean-Claude LE CLAIRE 14.1. Introduction 417 14.2. Operating principle of the self-oscillating current controller 418 14.3. Improvements to the SOCC 428 14.4. Characteristics of the SOCC 432 14.5. Extensions to the SOCC concept 435 14.6. Conclusion 445 14.7. Bibliography 445 Chapter 15. Current and Voltage Control Strategies Using Resonant Correctors: Examples of Fixed-frequency Applications 449 Joseph PIERQUIN, Arnaud DAVIGNY and Benoît ROBYNS 15.1. Introduction 449 15.2. Current control with resonant correctors 451 15.3. Voltage control strategy 463 15.4. Conclusion 483 15.5. Appendix: transformer parameters 484 15.6. Bibliography 484 Chapter 16. Current Control Strategies for Multicell Converters 487 Guillaume GATEAU and Thierry MEYNARD 16.1. Introduction 487 16.2. Multilevel conversion topology 488 16.3. Modeling and analysis of degrees of freedom for control 495 16.4. Analysis of degrees of freedom available to the control algorithm 497 16.5. Classification of control strategies 500 16.6. Indirect control strategy for a single-phase leg 501 16.7. Direct control strategy for a single-phase leg 513 16.8. Command strategy, three-phase approach 521 16.9. Features of multicell converters: need for an observer 530 16.10. Conclusions and outlook 531 16.11. Bibliography 533 List of Authors 537 Index 541

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Book SynopsisOn a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies. There are many different definitions of the concept of SmartGrids and thus it appears indispensable to gather the knowledge available from both industry and research laboratories in one book. Distributed generation is rightly receiving an increased amount of attention and will become an integral part of urban energy systems, providing consumers and energy providers with safe, affordable, clean, reliable, flexible and readily-accessible energy services.The aim of this book is to describe future electricity networks that will enable all energy services to become sustainable. The traditional design of network control systems with a centralized structure is not in-line with the paradigm of the unbundled electricity system and decentralized control; this is highlighted by looking at how future active networks will efficiently link small- and medium-scale power sources with consumer demands, allowing decisions to be made on how best to operate in real time. It also looks at the level of control required: power flow assessment, voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies and new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently used, certainly in relation to the distribution systems. To manage active networks, a vision of grid computing is created that assures universal access to computing resources. An intelligent grid infrastructure gives more flexibility concerning demand and supply, providing new instruments for optimal and cost-effective grid operation at the same time.Table of ContentsForeword xv Ronnie BELMANS Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. The new energy paradigm 1 1.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 5 1.3. Integration of advanced technologies 7 1.4. The European energy perspective 10 1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 15 1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 16 1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 17 1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 18 1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 18 1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 19 1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 20 1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 21 1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 22 1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 23 1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 23 1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 28 1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 30 1.13. Conclusion 30 1.14. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33 Catherine FAILLIET 2.1. Key trends 33 2.1.1. The crisis 33 2.1.2. Environmental awareness 35 2.1.3. New technologies 35 2.2. The evolution of the individual’s relationship to energy 37 2.2.1. Curiosity 37 2.2.2. The need for transparency 38 2.2.3. Responsibility 38 2.3. The historical model of energy companies 39 2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 39 2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 40 2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 40 2.4. SmartGrids from the customer’s point of view 42 2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 42 2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 45 2.4.3. The consumers’ reluctance 47 2.5. What about possible business models? 49 2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz… and the search for a business model 49 2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 52 2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 54 2.6. Bibliography 56 Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57 Hervé MIGNON 3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 58 3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 62 3.3. New challenges 68 3.4. An evolving transmission grid 72 3.5. Conclusion 76 3.6. Bibliography 77 Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79 Jean-Louis COULLON 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 80 4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 81 4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 83 4.3. Demand response 87 4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 90 4.4.1. New storage methods 90 4.4.2. Microgrids 91 4.4.3. Electric vehicles 92 4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 92 4.6. Grid reliability analysis 94 4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 94 4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 95 4.6.3. Dynamic limits . 97 4.6.4. Self-healing grids 98 4.7. Smart asset management 99 4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 102 4.8.1. The need for pilot projects 102 4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 103 4.8.3. Renewables 103 4.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency 103 4.8.5. Cost/profit allocation 104 4.8.6. New regulatory frameworks 104 4.9. Standards 105 4.9.1. The case of smart grids 105 4.9.2. Work in progress 106 4.9.3. Cooperation 107 4.10. System architecture items 107 4.10.1. Broaden the vision 108 4.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration 112 4.10.3. Developing integration tools 112 4.11. Acknowledgements 113 4.12. Bibliography 113 Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution 115 Pierre MALLET 5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids 116 5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity 117 5.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy 118 5.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids 118 5.5. Smart Life 119 5.6. Smart Operation 120 5.7. Smart Metering 121 5.7.1. The Linky project 121 5.7.2. New services for customers 122 5.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management 122 5.8. Smart Services 123 5.9. Smart local optimization 123 5.9.1. Distributed generation 124 5.9.2. Active management of demand 126 5.9.3. Means of distributed storage 126 5.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles 127 5.9.5. Local optimization of the system 128 5.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids 128 5.11. Bibliography 129 Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids 131 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. The structure of distribution grids 133 6.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations 133 6.2.2. Meshed and looped grids 135 6.2.3. Types of conductor 138 6.2.4. Underground/overhead 139 6.2.5. MV/LV substations 140 6.3. Planning of the distribution grids 140 6.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering 141 6.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures 143 6.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid 143 6.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning 148 6.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure 155 6.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid 162 6.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure 164 6.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses 166 6.4.1. The problem of copper losses 166 6.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem 169 6.4.3. Combinatorial optimization 176 6.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration 181 6.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids 191 6.5. Bibliography 193 Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools 197 Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Voltage control 198 7.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks 198 7.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks 199 7.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation 199 7.2.4. Voltage control conclusion 210 7.3. Protection schemes 211 7.3.1. MV protection scheme 212 7.3.2. Neutral grounding modes 214 7.3.3. Fault characteristics 215 7.3.4. Power outages 216 7.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder 217 7.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.2. Demonstrator description 221 7.4.3. General self-healing principles 224 7.4.4. Some results 227 7.5. Reliability 231 7.5.1. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 232 7.5.2. Conclusion on reliability 239 7.6. Bibliography 240 Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into Distribution Networks 243 Florent CADOUX and George GROSS 8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport 244 8.1.1. An increasingly credible technology 244 8.1.2. Example: the Fluence ZE 244 8.1.3. What are the consequences on the electrical network? 245 8.1.4. Demand management and vehicle-to-grid 246 8.2 Vehicles as “active loads” 246 8.2.1. Energetic services 247 8.2.2. Frequency regulation 248 8.2.3. Load reserve and shedding 248 8.2.4. Other services 249 8.3. Economic impacts 250 8.3.1. A potentially lucrative but limited market 250 8.3.2. New business models 250 8.3.3. Market integration 252 8.4. Environmental impacts 252 8.4.1. Synergy with intermittent sources 252 8.4.2. Energetic efficiency 253 8.4.3. Other advantages 253 8.4.4. Evaluating environmental impacts 254 8.5. Technological challenges 254 8.5.1. Architecture 255 8.5.2. Communication infrastructure 255 8.5.3. Control strategy 256 8.5.4. Feedback 256 8.6. Uncertainty factors 257 8.6.1. Electric vehicle adoption 257 8.6.2. Viability of demand management 257 8.6.3. Technological factors 258 8.6.4. Economic factors 258 8.7. Conclusion 259 8.8. Bibliography 259 Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies Will Shape SmartGrids 263 Gilles PRIVAT 9.1. Introduction 263 9.2. Control decentralization 264 9.2.1. Why smart grids will not be “intelligent networks” 264 9.2.2. From the “home area network” to the “smart home grid”: extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home 265 9.2.3. The “smart home grid” for the local optimization of energy efficiency 267 9.2.4. From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous control of subnetworks 270 9.3. Interoperability and connectivity 270 9.3.1. “Utility computing”: when the electrical grid is a model for information technologies 270 9.3.2. Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical layer to information models 271 9.4. From synchronism to asynchronism 273 9.4.1. Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism 273 9.4.2. From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity 274 9.4.3. From data packets to energy packets 275 9.5. Future Internet for SmartGrids 277 9.5.1. Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and physical networks: sensors 277 9.5.2. Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud 278 9.6. Conclusion 279 9.7. Bibliography 280 Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and Management of the Grid 281 Hervé BARANCOURT 10.1. Introduction 281 10.1.1. Classification of the information systems 281 10.1.2. Approach 283 10.2. The metering information system 283 10.2.1. Presentation of the metering system 283 10.2.2. Architecture of the metering system 286 10.2.3. The manipulated data 291 10.2.4. The deployment of a metering system 293 10.3. Information system metering in the management of the grid 295 10.3.1. Links with IS management of the distribution network 295 10.3.2. The SmartGrid triptych 296 10.4. Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system 297 10.4.1. Two approaches 297 10.4.2. The “pro’sumer’s” information 298 10.4.3. Summary 299 10.5. Bibliography 300 Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach 301 Jacques PERCEBOIS 11.1. “Demand response”: a consequence of opening the electricity industry and the rise in environmental concerns 302 11.1.1. The specific features of electricity 302 11.1.2. The impact of introducing competition 303 11.1.3. The impact of the objectives for reducing CO2 emissions 306 11.2. Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to avoid the risk of “failure” during peaks 306 11.2.1. Coping with failures 306 11.2.2. Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest 307 11.2.3. Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices 308 11.3. Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity 311 11.3.1. Towards a market of withdrawal 311 11.3.2 Who is financing the installation of the meters? 314 11.3.3. What are the economic results of the operation? 314 11.4. From smart meters to SmartGrids – the results 317 11.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids 321 Didier LAFFAILLE 12.1. The regulation and funding of SmartGrids 321 12.1.1. Must R&D expenditure be submitted to an incentive mechanism? 322 12.1.2. How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids? 323 12.1.3. Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs and to what extent? 323 12.1.4. Should cooperation be established? 323 12.2. Regulation and economic models 324 12.3. Evolution of the value chain 326 12.3.1. How will the energy and ICT sectors work together? 326 12.3.2. What will be the role of consumers and new players in the value chain? 328 12.4. The emergence of a business model for smart grids 329 12.4.1. Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the deployment of SmartGrids within Europe? 329 12.4.2. What variation is there in France? 331 12.5. Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids 333 12.5.1. How to ensure that system operators will account for public interest in their investment decisions? 334 12.5.2. The Linky smart meter 334 12.5.3. How to finance investments in SmartGrids? 337 12.5.4. Which energy regulatory framework should be used to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids? 337 12.5.5. What kind of development in prices would be acceptable for the consumer? 338 12.5.6. How else can the energy regulator facilitate the development of a SmartGrid system? 338 12.6. The business models are yet to be created 339 12.7. The standardization of SmartGrids 340 12.7.1. Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently developing the electrical system? 340 12.7.2. Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability in SmartGrids? 342 12.7.3. What standardization efforts are being made for SmartGrids in Europe? 344 12.7.4. Is standardization an important commercial issue for the European sector? 346 12.8. Conclusion 347 12.9. Bibliography 348 List of Authors 351 Index 355

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Book SynopsisMonitoring and diagnosis of electrical machine faults is a scientific and economic issue which is motivated by objectives for reliability and serviceability in electrical drives. This book provides a survey of the techniques used to detect the faults occurring in electrical drives: electrical, thermal and mechanical faults of the electrical machine, faults of the static converter and faults of the energy storage unit. Diagnosis of faults occurring in electrical drives is an essential part of a global monitoring system used to improve reliability and serviceability. This diagnosis is performed with a large variety of techniques: parameter estimation, state observation, Kalman filtering, spectral analysis, neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence, etc. Particular emphasis in this book is put on the modeling of the electrical machine in faulty situations. Electrical Machines Diagnosis presents original results obtained mainly by French researchers in different domains. It will be useful as a guideline for the conception of more robust electrical machines and indeed for engineers who have to monitor and maintain electrical drives. As the monitoring and diagnosis of electrical machines is still an open domain, this book will also be very useful to researchers.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Faults in Electrical Machines and their Diagnosis 1 Sadok BAZINE and Jean-Claude TRIGEASSOU 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Composition of induction machines 3 1.3. Failures in induction machines 5 1.4. Overview of methods for diagnosing induction machines 10 1.5. Conclusion 18 1.6. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Modeling Induction Machine Winding Faults for Diagnosis 23 Emmanuel SCHAEFFER and Smail BACHIR 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Study framework and general methodology 26 2.3. Model of the machine with a stator insulation fault 40 2.4. Generalization of the approach to the coupled modeling of stator and rotor faults 51 2.5. Methodology for monitoring the induction machine 57 2.6. Conclusion 64 2.7. Bibliography 67 Chapter 3. Closed-Loop Diagnosis of the Induction Machine 69 Imène BEN AMEUR BAZINE, Jean-Claude TRIGEASSOU, Khaled JELASSI and Thierry POINOT 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. Closed-loop identification 71 3.3. General methodology of closed-loop identification of induction machine 74 3.4. Closed-loop diagnosis of simultaneous stator/rotor faults 82 3.5. Conclusion 89 3.6. Bibliography 90 Chapter 4. Induction Machine Diagnosis Using Observers 93 Guy CLERC and Jean-Claude MARQUES 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Model presentation 96 4.3. Observers 104 4.4. Applying observers to diagnostics 119 4.5. Conclusion 127 4.6. Bibliography 128 Chapter 5. Thermal Monitoring of the Induction Machine 131 Luc LORON and Emmanuel FOULON 5.1. Introduction 131 5.2. Real-time parametric estimation by Kalman filter 137 5.3. Electrical models for the thermal monitoring 142 5.4. Experimental system 149 5.5. Experimental results 157 5.6. Conclusion 162 5.7. Appendix: induction machine characteristics 163 5.8. Bibliography 163 Chapter 6. Diagnosis of the Internal Resistance of an Automotive Lead-acid Battery by the Implementation of a Model Invalidation-based Approach: Application to Crankability Estimation 167 Jocelyn SABATIER, Mikaël CUGNET, Stéphane LARUELLE, Sylvie GRUGEON, Isabelle CHANTEUR, Bernard SAHUT, Alain OUSTALOUP and Jean-Marie TARASCON 6.1. Introduction 167 6.2. Fractional model of a lead-acid battery for the start-up phase 169 6.3. Identification of the fractional model 171 6.4. Battery resistance as crankability estimator 175 6.5. Model validation and estimation of the battery resistance 178 6.6. Toward a battery state estimator 188 6.7. Conclusion 188 6.8. Bibliography 190 Chapter 7. Electrical and Mechanical Faults Diagnosis of Induction Machines using Signal Analysis 193 Hubert RAZIK and Mohamed EL KAMEL OUMAAMAR 7.1. Introduction 193 7.2. The spectrum of the current line 194 7.3. Signal processing 196 7.4. Signal analysis from experiment campaigns 199 7.5. Conclusion 222 7.6. Appendices 223 7.7. Bibliography 224 Chapter 8. Fault Diagnosis of the Induction Machine by Neural Networks 227 Monia Ben Khader BOUZID, Najiba MRABET BELLAAJ, Khaled JELASSI, Gérard CHAMPENOIS and Sandrine MOREAU 8.1. Introduction 227 8.2. Methodology of the use of the ANN in the diagnostic domain 228 8.3. Description of the monitoring system 232 8.4. The detection problem 233 8.5. The proposed method for the robust detection 235 8.6. Signature of the stator and rotor faults 237 8.7. Detection of the faults by the RNd neural network 244 8.8. Diagnosis of the stator fault 251 8.9. Diagnosis of the rotor fault 263 8.10. Complete monitoring system of the induction machine 267 8.11. Conclusion 268 8.12. Bibliography 269 Chapter 9. Faults Detection and Diagnosis in a Static Converter 271 Mohamed BENBOUZID, Claude DELPHA, Zoubir KHATIR, Stéphane LEFEBVRE and Demba DIALLO 9.1. Introduction 271 9.2. Detection and diagnosis 273 9.3. Thermal fatigue of power electronic moduli and failure modes 294 9.4. Conclusion 316 9.5. Bibliography 316 List of Authors 321 Index 327

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Book SynopsisDedicated to a complete presentation on all aspects of reverberation chambers, this book provides the physical principles behind these test systems in a very progressive manner. The detailed panorama of parameters governing the operation of electromagnetic reverberation chambers details various applications such as radiated immunity, emissivity, and shielding efficiency experiments. In addition, the reader is provided with the elements of electromagnetic theory and statistics required to take full advantage of the basic operational rules of reverberation chambers, including calibration procedures. Comparisons with other testing systems (TEM cells, anechoic chambers) are also discussed.Trade Review"The book is recommended both as a reference for researchers and professionals working with reverberation chambers, and as a textbook for a course on reverberation chambers." (Radio Science Bulletin, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Foreword xv Paolo CORONA Introduction xix Chapter 1. Position of the Reverberation Chambers in Common Electromagnetic Tests 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Electromagnetic fields and plane waves 2 1.3. Electromagnetic tests in confined areas 13 1.4. Discussion 26 1.5. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Main Physical Features of Electromagnetic Cavities 29 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Reduction of the modes in a 1D cavity 30 2.3. Physical features of an empty rectangular cavity 44 2.4. The 3D cavity operating in stirred modes 69 2.5. Discussion 77 2.6. Bibliography 80 Chapter 3. Statistical Behavior of Stirred Waves in an Oversized Cavity 83 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Descriptions of the ideal random electromagnetic field 84 3.3. Simulation of the properties of an ideal random field 93 3.4. Contribution of the statistical tests 104 3.5. Balance of power in a reverberation chamber 121 3.6. Discussion 130 3.7. Bibliography 132 Chapter 4. Impact of the Physical and Technological Parameters of a Reverberation Chamber 135 4.1. Introduction 135 4.2. Main parameters for reverberation chamber design 136 4.3. The usual techniques of mode stirring 153 4.4. The characterization of reverberation chambers 164 4.5. Discussion 188 4.6. Bibliography 190 Chapter 5. Radiated Immunity Tests in a Reverberation Chamber 193 5.1. Introduction 193 5.2. The calibration process 194 5.3. Examples of calibration results 206 5.4. Implementing of the immunity test for a piece of equipment 210 5.5. Immunity test in reverberation and anechoic chambers 220 5.6. Rectangular components of the electric field and the total electric field 226 5.7. Discussion 228 5.8. Bibliography 230 Chapter 6. Emissivity Tests in Reverberation Chambers 233 6.1. Introduction 233 6.2. A few notions on electromagnetic radiation and antennas 234 6.3. Measurement of the total radiated power in free space 249 6.4. Measurement of the unintentional emission of a device under test 252 6.5. Measurement examples of the total radiated power 262 6.6. Total radiated power and radiated emissivity 269 6.7. Measurement of the efficiency and of the diversity gain of the antennas 272 6.8. Discussion 275 6.9. Bibliography 276 Chapter 7. Measurement of the Shielding Effectiveness 279 7.1. Introduction 279 7.2. Definitions of the shielding effectiveness 280 7.3. Measurement of the effectiveness of shielded cables and connectors in reverberation chambers 287 7.4. Measurement of the attenuation of the shielded enclosures 302 7.5. Measurement of the shielding effectiveness of the materials 307 7.6. Discussion 316 7.7. Bibliography 318 Chapter 8. Mode Stirring Reverberation Chamber: A Research Tool 321 8.1. Introduction 321 8.2. A non-ideal random electromagnetic field 324 8.3. Studying the correlation of a set of measurements 336 8.4. Quantization of the scattered and coherent fields in a reverberation chamber 349 8.5. Discussion 356 8.6. Bibliography 358 APPENDICES 361 Appendix 1. Notion of Probability 363 A1.1. The random variable concept 363 A1.2. Probability concept from intuition 363 A1.3. Probability density function (pdf) 364 A1.4. Computation of moments 365 A1.5. Centered and normalized variables 366 A1.6. Computation of the variance and standard deviation 367 A1.7. Probability distributions 367 A1.8. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) 369 A1.9. The ergodism notion 369 A1.10. Features of the random stationary variables 372 A1.11. The characteristic function 373 A1.12. Summary of the main probability distributions 375 A1.13. Tables of numerical values of the normal distribution integrals 378 A1.14. Bibliography 379 Appendix 2. Formulas of the Quality Factor of a Rectangular Cavity 381 A2.1. Quality factor of the TMm n p mode 381 A2.2. Calculation of the average Q quality factor 382 A2.3. Bibliography 384 Appendix 3. Total Field and Total Power Variables 385 A3.1. Total field variables 385 A3.2. χ2 variable attached to the total field 386 A3.3. Total field probability density function 386 A3.4. Calculation of the mean of the total field 387 A3.5. The pdf of the total power 388 A3.6. Calculation of the mean total powers 389 Appendix 4. Calculation of the Variances of υφ, υη, υθ 391 A4.1. Variance of the υφ and υη variables 391 A4.2. Variance of the υθ variable 392 Appendix 5. Electric Dipole Formulas 395 A5.1. Complete formulas of the electric dipole 395 A5.2. Near-field formulas of the electric dipole 397 A5.3. Far-field formulas of the electric dipole 397 A5.4. Bibliography 398 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThe developments of electrical machines are due to the convergence of material progress, improved calculation tools, and new feeding sources. Among the many recent machines, the authors have chosen, in this first book, to relate the progress in slow speed machines, high speed machines, and superconducting machines. The first part of the book is dedicated to materials and an overview of magnetism, mechanic, and heat transfer.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Theoretical Tools and Materials for Electric Machines 1 Abderrezak REZZOUG and Mohammed El-Hadi ZAÏM 1.1. Theoretical tools 1 1.2. Materials 16 1.3. Bibliography 35 Chapter 2. Low-speed Teeth Coupling Machines 39 Daniel MATT, Abdel Mounaïm TOUNZI and Mohammed El-Hadi ZAÏM 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Positioning of the problem. Outline of the feasibility limits 41 2.3. Teeth coil winding and toothed pole machines 63 2.4. Machines with distributed winding and the Vernier effect 82 2.5. Bibliography 112 Chapter 3. High-speed Electric Machines 117 Mohammed El-Hadi ZAÏM, Hamid Ben AHMED and Nicolas BERNARD 3.1. Interest in high-speed rotational operating 117 3.2. Criteria and constraints of a high-speed machine 121 3.3. Types of electric machines 142 3.4. Examples of applications 152 3.5. Methodology of high-speed machine optimization 169 3.6. Bibliography 184 Chapter 4. Superconducting Machines 191 Abderrezak REZZOUG, Jean LÉVÊQUE and Bruno DOUINE 4.1. Introduction 191 4.2. Superconducting materials in electrotechnology 192 4.3. Superconducting materials used in electric machines 201 4.4. Losses in the self-field of superconductors 212 4.5. Cryogenic environment 216 4.6. Superconducting machines 235 4.7. Bibliography 250 List of Authors 257 Index 259

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Book SynopsisThe fuel cell is a potential candidate for energy storage and conversion in our future energy mix. It is able to directly convert the chemical energy stored in fuel (e.g. hydrogen) into electricity, without undergoing different intermediary conversion steps. In the field of mobile and stationary applications, it is considered to be one of the future energy solutions. Among the different fuel cell types, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has shown great potential in mobile applications, due to its low operating temperature, solid-state electrolyte and compactness. This book presents a detailed state of art of PEM fuel cell modeling, with very detailed physical phenomena equations in different physical domains. Examples and a fully coupled multi-physical 1.2 kW PEMFC model are given help the reader better understand how to use the equations.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Nomenclature xiii Part 1: State of the Art: Of Fuel Cells Modeling 1 Chapter 1. General Introduction 3 1.1. What is a fuel cell? 3 1.2. Types of fuel cells 5 Chapter 2. PEMFC Structure 13 2.1. Bipolar plates 15 2.2. Membrane electrode assembly 16 Chapter 3. Why Model a Fuel Cell? 21 3.1. Advantages of modeling and simulation 22 3.2. Complex system modeling methods 23 3.3. Modeling goals 26 Chapter 4. How Can a Fuel Cell be Modeled? 31 4.1. Space dimension: 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D 31 4.2. Temporal behavior: static or dynamic 32 4.3. Type: analytical, semi-empirical, empirical 33 4.4. Modeled areas: stack, single cell, individual layer 34 4.5. Modeled phenomena 35 Chapter 5. Literature Models Synthesis 37 5.1. 50 models published in the literature 37 5.2. Model classification 42 Part 2: Modeling of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 47 Chapter 6. Model Structural and Functional Approaches 49 Chapter 7. Stack-Level Modeling 53 7.1. Electrical domain 53 7.2. Fluidic domain 54 7.3. Thermal domain 61 Chapter 8. Cell-Level Modeling (Membrane-Electrode Assembly, MEA) 69 8.1. Electrical domain 69 8.2. Fluidic domain 85 8.3. Thermal domain 89 Chapter 9. Individual Layer Level Modeling 91 9.1. Electrical domain 91 9.2. Fluidic domain 104 9.3. Thermal domain 134 Chapter 10. Finite Element and Finite Volume Approach 141 10.1. Conservation of mass 141 10.2. Conservation of momentum 142 10.3. Conservation of matter 143 10.4. Conservation of charge 143 10.5. Conservation of energy 144 Part 3: 1D Dynamic Model of a Nexa Fuel Cell Stack 147 Chapter 11. Detailed Nexa Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Modeling 149 11.1. Modeling hypotheses 149 11.2. Modeling in the electrical domain 150 11.3. Modeling in the fluidic domain 159 11.4. Thermal domain modeling 179 11.5. Set of adjustable parameters 201 Chapter 12. Model Experimental Validation 205 12.1. Multiphysical model validation with a 1.2 kW fuel cell stack 205 Bibliography 227 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThis book proposes systemic design methodologies applied to electrical energy systems, in particular analysis and system management, modeling and sizing tools.It includes 8 chapters: after an introduction to the systemic approach (history, basics & fundamental issues, index terms) for designing energy systems, this book presents two different graphical formalisms especially dedicated to multidisciplinary devices modeling, synthesis and analysis: Bond Graph and COG/EMR. Other systemic analysis approaches for quality and stability of systems, as well as for safety and robustness analysis tools are also proposed. One chapter is dedicated to energy management and another is focused on Monte Carlo algorithms for electrical systems and networks sizing.The aim of this book is to summarize design methodologies based in particular on a systemic viewpoint, by considering the system as a whole. These methods and tools are proposed by the most important French research laboratories, which have many scientific partnerships with other European and international research institutions. Scientists and engineers in the field of electrical engineering, especially teachers/researchers because of the focus on methodological issues, will find this book extremely useful, as will PhD and Masters students in this field.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Systemic Design 1 Stéphan ASTIER, Alain BOUSCAYROL and Xavier ROBOAM 1.1. The system and the science of systems 2 1.1.1. First notions of systems and systems theory 3 1.1.2. A brief history of systems theory and the science of systems 6 1.1.3. The science of systems and artifacts 9 1.2. The model and the science of systems 12 1.3. Energy systems: specific and shared properties 15 1.3.1. Energy and its properties 15 1.3.2. Entropy and quality of energy 19 1.3.3. Consequences for energy systems 24 1.4. Systemic design of energy systems 26 1.4.1. The context of systemic design in technology 26 1.4.2. The design process: toward an integrated design 28 1.5. Conclusion: what are the objectives for an integrated design of energy conversion systems? 32 1.6. Glossary of systemic design 33 1.7. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. The Bond Graph Formalism for an Energetic and Dynamic Approach of the Analysis and Synthesis of Multiphysical Systems 39 Xavier ROBOAM, Eric BIDEAUX, Genevieve DAUPHIN-TANGUY, Bruno SARENI and Stéphan ASTIER 2.1. Summary of basic principles and elements of the formalism 41 2.1.1. Basic elements 41 2.1.2. The elementary phenomena 42 2.1.3. The causality in bond graphs 45 2.2. The bond graph: an “interdisciplinary formalism” 46 2.2.1. “Electro-electrical” conversion 47 2.2.2. Electromechanical conversion 51 2.2.3. Electrochemical conversion 52 2.2.4. Example of a causal multiphysical model: the EHA actuator 55 2.3. The bond graph, tool of system analysis 56 2.3.1. Analysis of models properties 56 2.3.2. Linear time invariant models 58 2.3.3. Simplification of models 61 2.4. Design of systems by inversion of bond graph models 69 2.4.1. Inverse problems associated with the design approach 70 2.4.2. Inversion of systems modeled by bond graph 72 2.4.3. Example of application to design problems 78 2.5. Bibliography 84 Chapter 3. Graphic Formalisms for the Control of Multi-Physical Energetic Systems: COG and EMR 89 Alain BOUSCAYROL, Jean Paul HAUTIER and Betty LEMAIRE-SEMAIL 3.1. Introduction 89 3.2. Which approach should be used for the control of an energetic system? 90 3.2.1. Control of an energetic system 90 3.2.2. Different approaches to the control of a system 91 3.2.3. Modeling and control of an energetic system 92 3.2.4. Toward the use of graphic formalisms of representation 93 3.3. The causal ordering graph 95 3.3.1. Description by COG 95 3.3.2. Structure of control by inversion of the COG 100 3.3.3. Elementary example: control of a DC drive 105 3.4. Energetic Macroscopic Representation 107 3.4.1. Description by EMR 108 3.4.2. Structure of control by inversion of an EMR 111 3.4.3. Elementary example: control of an electrical vehicle 114 3.5. Complementarity of the approaches and extensions 116 3.5.1. Differences and complementarities 117 3.5.2. Example: control of a paper band winder/unwinder 117 3.5.3. Other applications and extensions 119 3.6. Bibliography 120 Chapter 4. The Robustness: A New Approach for the Integration of Energetic Systems 125 Nicolas RETIÈRE, Delphine RIU, Mathieu SAUTREUIL and Olivier SENAME 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. Control design of electrical systems 126 4.2.1. The control design is an issue of integration 126 4.2.2. The nominal control synthesis 130 4.2.3. The analysis of robustness 135 4.3. Application to an on-board generation system 141 4.3.1. Presentation of a nominal system 141 4.3.2. Modeling and dynamical analysis of the nominal system 141 4.3.3. Analysis of the robustness 147 4.4. Conclusion 155 4.5. Bibliography 155 Chapter 5. Quality and Stability of Embedded Power DC Networks 159 Hubert PIQUET, Nicolas ROUX, Babak NAHID-MOBARAKEH, Serge PIERFEDERICI, Pierre MAGNE and Jérôme FAUCHER 5.1. Introduction 159 5.1.1. Challenges to quality optimization 160 5.1.2. The difficulty of stability 161 5.2. Production of DC networks: the quality of the distributed energy 165 5.2.1. Combined and specialized electrical architectures 165 5.2.2. AC/DC converters 167 5.2.3. Studying AC/DC interactions 167 5.2.4. Simplified modeling of the HVDC network 169 5.2.5. Methods of causal analysis of AC/DC interactions 170 5.3. Characterization of the input impedances/admittances of equipment 172 5.3.1. Analytical characterization of the input impedance of systems in electrical engineering 173 5.3.2. Experimental and simulation characterization 187 5.4. Analysis of asymptotic stability via methods, based on impedance specifications 190 5.4.1. Introduction 190 5.4.2. Principles: the case of a two-body cascading system 191 5.5. Analysis of asymptotic stability via the Routh–Hurwitz criterion 206 5.5.1. Overview of the Routh–Hurwitz criterion 206 5.5.2. Example, design charts 207 5.5.3. Analysis of network architectures with regard to their stability 210 5.6. Analysis tools for asymptotic global stability – dynamic behavior of an HVDC network subject to large-signal disturbances 215 5.6.1. Introduction 215 5.6.2. Analysis tools for large signal stability 216 5.6.3. Conclusion 219 5.7. Conclusion to the chapter 219 5.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 6. Energy Management in Hybrid Electrical Systems with Storage 223 Christophe TURPIN, Stéphan ASTIER, Xavier ROBOAM, Bruno SARENI and Hubert PIQUET 6.1. Introduction to energy hybridization via the example of hybrid automobiles 224 6.1.1. General information on the architectures of hybrid automobiles 224 6.1.2. Parallel architecture: summation of the mechanical powers 225 6.1.3. Series architecture: summation of the electric powers 226 6.1.4. Series–parallel architecture 228 6.2. Energy management in electric junction hybrid systems with electric energy storage 229 6.2.1. Storage, essential properties, power invertibility, losses 229 6.2.2. Electric junction hybrid systems, electric node 233 6.2.3. Generic hybrid system with an electric node containing storage, energy flow management 234 6.2.4. Strategy for frequency splitting of power via active filtering 236 6.2.5. Electric node and energy degrees of freedom 239 6.2.6. Overview of energy management in electric-junction multisource hybrid systems with storage: energy management strategy 242 6.3. Indicators, criteria and data for the design of hybrid systems 245 6.3.1. Properties of storage units for hybridization 245 6.3.2. Mission properties, energy indicators 247 6.4. Examples in various application areas 250 6.4.1. Example 1. Simple hybridization: emergency generator for an aircraft based on a wind turbine hybridized by supercapacitors 250 6.4.2. Example 2. Simple hybridization: emergency generator for an aircraft based on a fuel cell hybridized with supercapacitors 256 6.4.3. Example 3. Double hybridization: power train of a locomotive based on a combustion engine hybridized by batteries and supercapacitors 266 6.4.4. Example 4. Double hybridization: smoothing of photovoltaic generation via an electrolyzer–fuel cell tandem (H2 /O2 battery) and a lead acid battery 275 6.5. Conclusion for energy management in hybrid systems 281 6.6. Bibliography 283 Chapter 7. Stochastic Approach Applied to the Sizing of Energy Chains and Power Systems 287 Patrick GUÉRIN, Geoffroy ROBLOT and Laurence MIÈGEVILLE 7.1. Introduction 287 7.2. Standard principle of the power report 289 7.2.1. Maximum current 290 7.2.2. Load factor Ku 290 7.2.3. Diversity factor Ks 291 7.2.4. Enhancement factor Ka 292 7.2.5. Application 292 7.3. Stochastic approach 294 7.3.1. Observation 294 7.3.2. Principle of the stochastic approach 295 7.4. Modeling of the loads 297 7.4.1. Different types of loads 298 7.4.2. Modeling using a specification 299 7.4.3. Modeling using experimental readings 301 7.5. Simulation of the power flows 302 7.5.1. Analytical method 302 7.5.2. Monte Carlo method 304 7.5.3. Application to an “on-board” power system 306 7.6. Probabilistic and dynamic approach 312 7.6.1. Modeling of the loads or associated electrical quantities 312 7.6.2. Simulation of the power flows 316 7.6.3. Application to the embedded network 317 7.7. Conclusion 319 7.8. Bibliography 321 Chapter 8. Probabilistic Approach for Reliability of Power Systems 325 Yvon BÉSANGER and Jean-Pierre ROGNON 8.1. Contextual elements 325 8.2. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 331 8.2.1. Monte Carlo method 331 8.2.2. Simulation 331 8.2.3. Basic statistical concepts and definitions 331 8.2.4. Monte Carlo simulation 333 8.3. Variance reduction 340 8.3.1. Justification and principles 340 8.3.2. Comparative study of the variance reduction methods 342 8.4. Illustrative example 363 8.5. Conclusion 367 8.6. Bibliography 368 List of Authors 371 Index 373

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Book SynopsisThis book presents correct-by-design control techniques for switching systems, using different methods of stability analysis. Switching systems are increasingly used in the electronics and mechanical industries; in power electronics and the automotive industry, for example. This is due to their flexibility and simplicity in accurately controlling industrial mechanisms. By adopting appropriate control rules, we can steer a switching system to a region centered at a desired equilibrium point, while avoiding “unsafe” regions of parameter saturation. The authors explain various correct-by-design methods for control synthesis, using different methods of stability and invariance analysis. They also provide several applications of these methods to industrial examples of power electronics. Contents 1. Control Theory: Basic Concepts. 2. Sampled Switched Systems. 3. Safety Controllers. 4. Stability Controllers. 5. Application to Multilevel Converters. 6. Other Issues: Reachability, Sensitivity, Robustness and Nonlinearity. About the Authors Laurent Fribourg is head of the LSV (Laboratoire Spécification et Vérification) and Scientific Coordinator of the Institut Farman, Institut Fédératif de Recherche CNRS, which brings together the expertise of five laboratories from ENS Cachan, in France, in the fields of modeling, simulation and validation of complex systems. He has published over 70 articles in international journals and reviewed proceedings of international conferences, in the domain of the theory of formal methods and their industrial applications. Romain Soulat is in the third year of his doctorate at the LSV at ENS Cachan in France, under the supervision of Laurent Fribourg. He is working on the modeling and verification of hybrid systems. In particular, his interests concern robustness in scheduling problems – especially as part of a collaborative project with EADS Astrium on the verification of a component in the launcher for the future Ariane 6 rocket. He has published 5 articles in reviewed proceedings of international conferences.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. CONTROL THEORY: BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1.1. Model of control systems 1 1.2. Digital control systems 3 1.2.1. Digitization 3 1.2.2. Quantization 6 1.2.3. Switching 6 1.3. Control of switched systems using invariant sets 8 1.3.1. Controlled invariants 9 1.3.2. Safety control problem 9 1.3.3. Stability control problem 10 1.3.4. Other controllers 11 1.4. Notes 11 CHAPTER 2. SAMPLED SWITCHED SYSTEMS 13 2.1. Model 13 2.2. Illustrative examples 18 2.3. Zonotopes 21 2.4. Notes 23 CHAPTER 3. SAFETY CONTROLLERS 25 3.1. Backward fixed point computation (direct approach) 26 3.2. Approximate bisimulation (indirect approach) 29 3.3. Application to a three-cell Boost DC–DC converter 35 3.3.1. Model 35 3.3.2. Direct method 37 3.3.3. Indirect method 37 3.4. Notes 40 CHAPTER 4. STABILITY CONTROLLERS 41 4.1. Motivation 42 4.2. Preliminaries 42 4.2.1. Control induced by the decomposition 45 4.3. Decomposition function 46 4.3.1. Basic procedure 46 4.3.2. Enhancement for safety 48 4.4. Limit cycles 52 4.4.1. Discussion of the assumptions H1 and H2 53 4.4.2. Illustrative examples 54 4.5. Implementation 58 4.6. Notes 59 CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION TO MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS 61 5.1. Multilevel converters 62 5.2. Application of the decomposition procedure 62 5.2.1. Five-level converter 63 5.2.2. Seven-level converter 67 5.3. Physical experimentations 70 5.4. Notes 73 CHAPTER 6. OTHER ISSUES: REACHABILITY, SENSITIVITY, ROBUSTNESS AND NONLINEARITY 75 6.1. Reachability control 75 6.2. Sensitivity 78 6.3. Robust safety control 79 6.4. Nonlinearity 82 6.5. Notes 87 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 89 APPENDIX 1. SUFFICIENT CONDITION OF DECOMPOSITION 93 APPENDIX 2. APPLICATIONS OF THE ENHANCED DECOMPOSITION PROCEDURE 97 APPENDIX 3. PROOF OF THEOREM 4.3 103 APPENDIX 4. EXAMPLE WITH |R∗Δ| = ∞ 107 APPENDIX 5. CODE 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 INDEX 127

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Book SynopsisThis book, designed for engineers, technicians, designers and operators working with electrical networks, contains theoretical and practical information on the design and set-up of protection systems. Protection of Electrical Networks first discusses network structures and grounding systems together with problems that can occur in networks. It goes on to cover current and voltage transformers, protection functions, circuit breakers and fuses. Practical explanations of how protection systems function are given, and these, together with tables of settings, make this book suitable for any reader, irrespective of their initial level of knowledge.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Network structures. Chapter 2. Earthing systems. Chapter 3. Main faults occurring in networks and machines. Chapter 4. Short-circuits. Chapter 5. Consequences of short-circuits. Chapter 6. Instrument transformers. Chapter 7. Protection functions and their applications. Chapter 8. Overcurrent switching devices. Chapter 9. Different selectivity systems. Chapter 10. Protections of networks elements. Appendix A. Transient Current Calculation of Short-circuit Fed by Utility Network. Appendix B. Calculation of Inrush Current During Capacitor Bank Energization. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights new trends and challenges in intelligent systems, which play an important part in the digital transformation of many areas of science and practice. It includes papers offering a deeper understanding of the human-centred perspective on artificial intelligence, of intelligent value co-creation, ethics, value-oriented digital models, transparency, and intelligent digital architectures and engineering to support digital services and intelligent systems, the transformation of structures in digital businesses and intelligent systems based on human practices, as well as the study of interaction and the co-adaptation of humans and systems. All papers were originally presented at the International KES Conference on Human Centred Intelligent Systems 2020 (KES HCIS 2020), held on June 17–19, 2020, in Split, Croatia.

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