Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisProvides coverage of Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) for cage induction motors This book is primarily for industrial engineers. It has 13 chapters and contains a unique data base of 50 industrial case histories on the application of MCSA to diagnose broken rotor bars or unacceptable levels of airgap eccentricity in cage induction motors with ratings from 127 kW (170 H.P.) up to 10,160 kW (13,620 H.P.). There are also unsuccessful case histories, which is another unique feature of the book. The case studies also illustrate the effects of mechanical load dynamics downstream of the motor on the interpretation of current signatures. A number of cases are presented where abnormal operation of the driven load was diagnosed. Chapter 13 presents a critical appraisal of MCSA including successes, failures and lessons learned via industrial case histories. The case histories are presented in a step by step format, with predictions and outcomes supported by cuTable of ContentsABOUT THE AUTHORS xiii OBITUARY TO IAN CULBERT xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxiii NOMENCLATURE xxvii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii RELEVANT UNITS OF EQUIVALENCE USEFUL FOR THIS BOOK xxxv CHAPTER 1 MOTOR CURRENT SIGNATURE ANALYSIS FOR INDUCTION MOTORS 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Development of MCSA and Goals of This Book 4 1.2 Basic Theory of Operation of the 3-Phase Induction Motor 6 1.3 Starting and Run-Up Characteristics of SCIMs 20 1.4 Illustrations of Construction of a Large HV SCIM 29 1.5 Questions 33 References 34 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MANUFACTURE OF SQUIRREL CAGE ROTORS 39 2.0 Introduction 39 2.1 Aluminum and Copper Die-Cast Windings 40 2.2 Fabricated Squirrel Cage Windings 43 2.3 Design and Manufacturing Features of Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings to Minimize Failures 52 2.4 Questions 53 References 54 CHAPTER 3 CAUSES OF BREAKS IN SQUIRREL CAGE WINDINGS DURING DIRECT-ON-LINE STARTS AND STEADY-STATE OPERATION 55 3.0 Introduction 55 3.1 Mechanical Stresses and Consequential Forces on Rotor Bars and End Rings 56 3.2 Thermal Stresses in the Rotor Bars and End Rings 57 3.3 Broken Bars and End Rings Due to Combined Mechanical and Thermal Stresses When Starting High Inertia Loads 59 3.4 Rotor Bar Stresses Resulting from a Loose Slot Fit 60 3.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of Certain Bar and End Ring Shapes and Types of Joints 62 3.6 Pulsating Loads Due to Crushers and Compressors 62 3.7 Direct-On-Line Starting of Large Induction Motors Driving High Inertia Fans 63 3.8 Direct-On-Line Starting of Large Induction Motors Driving Centrifugal Pumps 66 3.9 Limitations on Repetitive Motor Starts 68 3.10 Criteria for Design of Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings 69 3.11 Samples of Breaks in Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings 72 3.12 Questions 77 References 77 Further Reading 78 CHAPTER 4 MOTOR CURRENT SIGNATURE ANALYSIS (MCSA) TO DETECT CAGE WINDING DEFECTS 79 4.0 Summary 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Derivation of Current Component at f (1 − 2s) 82 4.3 Reasons for Current Component at f (1 + 2s) 83 4.4 Spectrum Analysis of Current 85 4.5 Severity Indicators for Assessing Condition of Cage Windings at Full-Load 93 4.6 The dB Broken Bar Severity Chart 110 4.7 Influence of Number of Rotor Bars and Pole Number on the Equivalent Broken Bar Factor with Measured dB Difference Values 111 4.8 Questions 116 References 118 CHAPTER 5 MCSA INDUSTRIAL CASE HISTORIES—DIAGNOSIS OF CAGE WINDING DEFECTS IN SCIMs DRIVING STEADY LOADS 119 5.0 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 119 5.1 Case History (2000–2014)—Summary and Key Features 120 5.2 Case History (1983)—Summary and Key Features 122 5.3 Case History (1982)—Summary and Key Features 125 5.4 Case History (2002)—Summary and Key Features 128 5.5 Case History (1985–1987)—Summary and Key Features 133 5.6 Case History (2006)—Summary and Key Features 136 5.7 MCSA Case History (2004)—Summary and Key Features 139 5.8 MCSA Case History (2004)—Summary and Key Features 141 5.9 Questions 143 References 144 CHAPTER 6 MCSA CASE HISTORIES—DIAGNOSIS OF CAGE WINDING DEFECTS IN SCIMs FITTED WITH END RING RETAINING RINGS 147 6.0 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 147 6.1 Case History (2006)—Summary 148 6.2 Concluding Remarks on this Challenging Case History 160 6.3 Case History (1990)—Summary and Key Features 161 6.4 Summary and Lessons Learned from Industrial Case Histories in Chapters 5 and 6 166 6.5 Questions 170 References 172 CHAPTER 7 MCSA CASE HISTORIES—CYCLIC LOADS CAN CAUSE FALSE POSITIVES OF CAGE WINDING BREAKS 173 7.1 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 173 7.2 Case History (2006)—Effect of Gas Recycling in a Centrifugal Gas Compressor and the Detection of Broken Rotor Bars 179 7.3 Case History: False Positive of Broken Rotor Bars Due to Recycling of Gas in a Centrifugal Compressor 180 7.4 Two Case Histories (2002 and 2013)—Broken Rotor Bars in the Same SCIM without and with Gas Recycling in a Gas Compressor 185 7.5 Case History 1986–Fluid Coupling Dynamics Caused a False Positive of a Cage Winding Break 193 7.6 Questions 198 References 200 CHAPTER 8 MCSA CASE HISTORIES—SCIM DRIVES WITH SLOW SPEED GEARBOXES AND FLUCTUATING LOADS CAN GIVE FALSE POSITIVES OF BROKEN ROTOR BARS 201 8.1 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 201 8.2 Case History (1989)—Slow Speed Coal Conveyor, Load Fluctuations, and Gearbox in the Drive Train 213 8.3 MCSA Case History (1990)—Possible False Positive of Broken Rotor Bars in a SCIM Driving a Coal Conveyor Via a Slow Speed Gearbox 216 8.4 Case History (1992)—Impossible to Analyze MCSA Data Due to Severe Random Current Fluctuations from The Mechanical Load Dynamics from the Coal Crusher 217 8.5 Case History (1995)—Successful Assessment of Cage Windings When the Load Current Fluctuations are Normal from a SCIM Driving Coal Crusher 221 8.6 Two Case Histories (2015)—False Positive of Broken Bars in One of the SCIMs Driving Thrusters on an FPSO If Influence of Drive Dynamics is Discounted 227 8.7 Questions 237 References 238 CHAPTER 9 MISCELLANEOUS MCSA CASE HISTORIES 241 9.0 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 241 9.1 Possible False Positives of Cage Winding Breaks in Two 1850 kW SCIMs, Due to Number of Poles (2p) Equal to Number of Spider Support Arms (Sp) on Shaft (1991) 242 9.2 Case History (2007)—SCIM with Number of Poles Equal to Number of Kidney Shaped Axial Ducts in the Rotor—False Positive of Broken Bars Prevented by Load Changes 251 9.3 Two Case Histories (2005–2008)—Normal and Abnormal Pumping Dynamics in Two SCIM Seawater Lift Pump Drive Trains 253 9.4 MCSA Case History (2006–2007)—Slack and Worn Belt Drives in Two SCIM Cooling Fan Drives in a Cement Factory 259 9.5 Application of MCSA to Inverter-FED LV and HV SCIMs 263 9.6 Case History (1990)—Assessment of the Mechanical Operational Condition of an Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) Driven by a SCIM Used in Artificial Oil Lift 267 9.7 Questions 270 References 271 CHAPTER 10 MCSA TO ESTIMATE THE OPERATIONAL AIRGAP ECCENTRICITY IN SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS 273 10.0 Summary and Introduction 273 10.1 Definition of Airgap Eccentricity 274 10.2 Causes and Associated Types of Airgap Eccentricity 276 10.3 Unbalanced Magnetic Pull (UMP) and Rotor Pull-Over 281 10.4 Current Signature Pattern due to Airgap Eccentricity 284 10.5 Questions 294 References 295 CHAPTER 11 CASE HISTORIES—SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF MCSA TO ESTIMATE OPERATIONAL AIRGAP ECCENTRICITY IN SCIMS 299 11.0 Summary and List of Case Histories 299 11.1 Flow Chart of MCSA Procedure to Estimate Operational Airgap Eccentricity 300 11.2 Case History (1989)—Low Level of Airgap Eccentricity in a SCIM Driving a Centrifugal Air Compressor 302 11.3 Two Case Histories (2004)—Operational Airgap Eccentricity in Nominally Identical SCIMs Driving Pumps in a CCGT Power Station 307 11.4 Four Case Histories (2005)—Abnormal Level of Airgap Eccentricity in a Large, Low Speed, HV Motor Driving a Cooling Water Pump in a Power Station 310 11.5 Case History (1988)—High Level of Airgap Eccentricity in an HV SCIM Driving a Pump in a Large Oil Storage Tank Facility 318 11.6 Case History (2001)—High Airgap Eccentricity in a Cooling Water Pump Motor that Caused Severe Mechanical Damage to HV Stator Coils 324 11.7 Case History (2008)—Unsuccessful Application of MCSA Applied to a Large (6300 kW), Inverter-FED, 6600 V SCIM During a No-Load Run to Assess Its Operational Airgap Eccentricity 332 11.8 Case History (2008)—Successful Application of MCSA Applied to a Large (4500 kW), Inverter-Fed, 3300 V SCIM to Assess its Operational Airgap Eccentricity 335 11.9 Case History (2007)—Advanced MCSA Interpretation of Current Spectra Was Required to Verify High Airgap Eccentricity in an HV SCIM Driving a Primary Air (PA) Fan in a Power Station 339 11.10 Case History (1990)—Unsuccessful MCSA Case History to Assess Operational Airgap Eccentricity in an HV SCIM Driving a Slow Speed Reciprocating Compressor 343 11.11 Case History (2002)—Predict Number of Rotor Slots and Assessment of Operational Airgap Eccentricity in a Large 6600 V, 6714 kW/9000 HP SCIM Driving a Centrifugal Compressor 347 11.12 Questions 353 References 357 CHAPTER 12 CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF MCSA TO DIAGNOSE SHORT CIRCUITED TURNS IN LV AND HV STATOR WINDINGS AND FAULTS IN ROLLER ELEMENT BEARINGS IN SCIMS 359 12.1 Summary 359 12.2 Shorted Turns in HV Stator Winding Coils 361 12.3 Detection of Shorted Turns Via MCSA under Controlled Experimental Conditions 364 12.4 Detection of Defects in Roller Element Bearings Via MCSA 368 12.5 Questions 371 References 372 CHAPTER 13 APPRAISAL OF MCSA INCLUDING LESSONS LEARNED VIA INDUSTRIAL CASE HISTORIES 375 13.1 Summary of MCSA in Industry to Diagnose Cage Winding Breaks 375 13.2 Flow Chart for Measurement and Analysis of Current to Diagnose Cage Winding Breaks 375 13.3 MCSA to Diagnose Broken Rotor Bars in SCIMs Driving Steady Loads 379 13.4 Number of Rotor Bars, External Constraints, and Lessons Learned 380 13.5 Effect of End Ring Retaining Rings (ERRS) on Diagnosis of Broken Rotor Bars 381 13.6 MCSA Applied to SCIMs Driving Complex Mechanical Plant, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations 382 13.7 Double Cage Rotors—Classical MCSA can only Detect Cage Winding Breaks in Inner Run Winding 382 13.8 MCSA to Diagnose Operational Levels of Airgap Eccentricity in SCIMs 383 13.9 Recommendations to End Users 385 13.10 Suggested Research and Development Projects 386 References 388 Appendix 13.A Commentary on Interpretation of LV and HV Used in SCIMs 388 LIST OF EQUATIONS 389 INDEX 393

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Book SynopsisA unique guide to the most important technical aspects of photovoltaic power generation with comprehensive analysis and author industry-experience Unique from other books in the area in that it explains profound theories in simple language, introduces widely used production equipment and processes for industry professionals, and explains the complete PV industry chain from material to power generationHas originated from the author's practical industry experience, enabling the use of up-to-date information during this time of new development in the Chinese PV industryContent includes approximately 255 illustrations and 46 tables to help clarify complex theories.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xv Preface xvii 1 Basic Physics of Solar Cells 1 1.1 Development of Solar Cells 1 1.1.1 Solar Energy Is the Most Promising Renewable Energy Source in the World 1 1.1.2 Development of Solar Cells 4 1.2 Solar Radiation and Air Mass 6 1.2.1 Conversion of Sunlight Into Electricity Using Photoelectric Effect Is an ImportantWay to Make Use of Solar Energy 6 1.2.2 Basics of Solar Radiation and Definition of Air Mass 6 1.2.3 Wavelength of Solar Radiation 7 1.3 Basics of Semiconductors 8 1.3.1 Communisation Motion of Electrons in a Crystalline and Formation of Energy Bands 9 1.3.2 Atomic Structures of Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors and Energy Bands Image 9 1.3.3 Energy Band Structure of Dope Semiconductor 10 1.3.4 Fermi Level 11 1.3.5 DirectionalMovement of Electrons and Holes 12 1.3.6 Generation and Recombination of Carriers 13 1.4 Light Absorption of Semiconductor Materials 14 1.4.1 Light Absorption of Semiconductor 14 1.4.2 Intrinsic and Non-Intrinsic Absorptions of Semiconductor Materials 15 1.4.3 Light Absorption Coefficient and Semiconductor Materials of Direct/Indirect Transition 16 1.5 P-N Junctions and PV Effect of Solar Cells 18 1.5.1 Bending of a P-N Junction Band and Formation of a Built-In Field 18 1.5.2 Effect of an External Voltage on the P-N Junction Band Structure 20 1.5.3 Effect of Solar Radiation on a P-N Junction’s Band Structure and the PV Effect 20 1.5.4 Composition of the Photo-Generated Current in the Solar Cell 22 1.5.5 Key Parameters of the Solar Cell 24 1.5.5.1 I-V Characteristic Curve of a Solar Cell 24 1.5.5.2 Relations of the Open-Circuit Voltage and the Height of the P-N Junction Potential Barrier in a Solar Cell 24 1.5.5.3 Short-Circuit Current of a Solar Cell Isc 24 1.5.5.4 The Optimum Operation Point of Solar Cells, the Optimum Operation Voltage and Current 25 1.5.5.5 Filling Factor (FF) 26 1.5.5.6 Power Conversion Efficiency of a Solar Cell η 26 1.5.5.7 Temperature Characteristics of a Solar Cell 27 1.5.6 Application of a Concentration Junction in a PV Cell for Back Surface Field (BSF) 27 1.5.7 Basic Structure of Homogeneous P-N Junction Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Analysis on the Cell’s Efficiency 29 1.6 Solar Cells of Heterojunctions 32 1.6.1 Composition of Heterojunctions 32 1.6.2 Construction andWorking Principle of the Solar Cell with Heterojunctions 32 2 Materials of Solar Cells 35 2.1 Low-Cost Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon 35 2.1.1 Polycrystalline Silicon—The Most Important Raw Material of the PV Industry 35 2.1.2 Meaning of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon 38 2.1.3 Preparation of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon (UMG Silicon) by MetallurgicalMethod 41 2.1.4 Preparation of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon by FBR Method 45 2.1.5 Preparation of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon by SiCl4 Zinc Reduction Method 45 2.1.6 Preparation of Solar-Grade Granular Polycrystalline Silicon by VLD Method 47 2.1.7 Hydrogenation of the Main By-Product SiCl4 Produced in the Production Process of Polycrystalline Silicon by the SiemensMethod 48 2.2 Casting Polycrystalline Silicon 49 2.2.1 General 49 2.2.2 Preparation Process of Casting Crystalline Silicon 50 2.2.3 Impurities and Defects in Casting Crystalline Silicon 54 2.2.3.1 Non-Metal Impurities in Casting Crystalline Silicon 54 2.2.3.2 Metal Impurities and Gettering in Casting Crystalline Silicon 56 2.2.3.3 Crystal Boundaries and Dislocations in Casting Crystalline Silicon 57 2.2.4 Latest Development of Casting Crystalline Silicon andWafers 58 2.2.4.1 Casting of Pseudo-Single Crystal 58 2.2.4.2 Continuous Output Improvement of Casting Crystalline Silicon Furnaces 59 2.3 CZ Monocrystalline Silicon 60 2.3.1 Heat Flow Continuity Equation of Grain Growth Interface and its Application 60 2.3.2 Heat Conduction in the Melt 62 2.3.3 Temperature Distribution in the Crystal 63 2.3.4 Impurity Segregation Between Solid and Liquid 64 2.4 Nature of a-Si/μC-SiThin Film 66 2.4.1 Nature of a-SiThin Film 66 2.4.1.1 Basic Nature of a-Si Thin Film and its Application to PV Sector 67 2.4.1.2 Fermi Level Pinning and Efficiency DegradationMechanism for a-Si Thin-film Cells 69 2.4.2 Nature of μC-SiThin Film 70 2.5 PreparationMethods of a-Si/μC-Si Film 72 2.5.1 A Main Raw Material for Silicon Film Preparation—Silane 72 2.5.2 Introduction to Silicon Thin-film Growth Methods 74 2.5.3 Preparation of a-Si/μC-SiThin Film by PECVD Method 74 2.5.4 Preparation of a-Si/μC-SiThin Film by HWCVD Method 75 2.5.5 Growing SiliconThin Film by Other Methods 76 2.5.5.1 Direct Preparation of μC-SiThin Film by LPCVD Technique 76 2.5.5.2 a-Si Crystallised to Polycrystalline SiliconThin Film by SPC Technique 77 2.5.5.3 a-Si Crystallised to Polycrystalline SiliconThin Film by Metal-Induced Method 77 2.5.5.4 a-Si Crystallised to Polycrystalline SiliconThin Film by RTP Technique 77 2.5.5.5 a-Si Crystallised to Polycrystalline SiliconThin Film by Linear Laser Technique 78 2.5.6 Comparisons of Various Silicon Film Growth Methods 78 2.6 Compound Semiconductor Materials 79 2.6.1 GaAs and Other Semiconductor Materials 79 2.6.2 CdTe and CdSThin Film Materials 80 2.6.3 CuInSe2 and CuInS2 Thin Film Materials 80 2.7 Analysis on Impurities in Semiconductor Materials 81 2.7.1 Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS) Analysis 81 2.7.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Analysis 82 2.7.3 Infrared Spectroscopy to Detect the Carbon and Oxygen Contents in SiliconWafer 84 3 Preparation Methods of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 85 3.1 Preparation Process Flow of CSSCs 85 3.1.1 Basic Structure of CSSCs 85 3.1.2 Production Flow of CSSCs 87 3.2 Performance Detection and Sorting of Raw SiliconWafer 88 3.2.1 Measurement of SiliconWafer Conduction Type 88 3.2.2 Measurement of SiliconWafer Resistivity and Thin Layer Square Resistance 89 3.2.3 Measurement of the Minority Carrier Lifetime 90 3.2.4 Measurement of SiliconWafer Thickness 92 3.2.5 High-Speed Multi-Purpose SiliconWafer Testers 92 3.3 SiliconWafer Surface Cleaning and Texturing 93 3.3.1 Principles of Chemical Cleaning and Texturing 93 3.3.2 Production Equipment and Process of Chemical Corrosion Texturing 94 3.3.3 Laser Texturing and Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) Techniques 95 3.3.3.1 Laser Texturing 97 3.3.3.2 RIE 98 3.4 Junction Preparation by Diffusion 99 3.4.1 Principles 99 3.4.2 Process and Equipment 100 3.4.2.1 Gaseous Diffusion of POCl3 in Tubular Furnace 100 3.4.2.2 Dilute Phosphoric Acid Doper and Chain-Type Diffusion Furnace 102 3.4.3 Measurement of Diffusion LayerThickness (Junction Depth) 103 3.4.3.1 Measurement of the Longitudinal Distribution of the Phosphorus Concentration on the Diffusion Layer by SIMS Method 103 3.4.3.2 Measurement of PN Junction Depth by SRP 103 3.4.4 CSSC Phosphorus Impurity Gettering 104 3.5 Plasma Corrosion and Laser Edging Isolation 106 3.5.1 Objectives and Means of Edging Isolation 106 3.5.2 Principles and Equipment of Plasma Etching 107 3.5.3 Laser Edging Isolation 109 3.6 Removal of PSG 110 3.6.1 Principles and Processes of PSG Removal 110 3.6.2 Equipment and Production Line for PSG Removal 111 3.6.2.1 Bath-Type PSG-Removal Integrated Production System 111 3.6.2.2 Chain-Type PSG-Removal Production System 112 3.7 Preparation of Anti-Reflection Coating by PECVD and PVD Methods 112 3.7.1 Objectives and Principles for Anti-Reflection Coating Preparation 112 3.7.2 Principles of Silicon Nitride Coating Prepared by PECVD 113 3.7.3 Direct (Tubular) PECVD and Indirect (Plate-Type) PECVD 115 3.7.4 Typical PECVD Systems 117 3.7.4.1 Tubular Direct PECVD System 117 3.7.4.2 Plate-Type Direct PECVD System 117 3.7.4.3 Plate-Type Indirect PECVD System 118 3.7.5 Preparation of Silicon Nitride Coating by Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) 119 3.7.5.1 Principles of Silicon Nitride Coating Prepared by PVD 119 3.7.5.2 Comparisons of Silicon Nitride Coating Deposited by PVD and PECVD 121 3.7.5.3 ATON Sputtering System Produced by Applied Materials, USA 122 3.7.6 Measurement of theThickness and Refractive Index of the Anti-Reflection Coating by Ellipsometer 122 3.8 Preparation of Top/Bottom Electrodes (Surface Metallisation) 123 3.8.1 Technical Requirements and Production Flow for Top/Bottom Electrode Preparation 123 3.8.2 Electrode Printing, Drying, Testing and Cell sorting 125 3.8.3 Fast Sintering Furnace System 126 3.8.4 Electrode Slurry 128 3.8.5 Aluminum Impurity Gettering 130 3.9 Cell Testing and Sorting 130 3.9.1 Objectives of Solar Cell Testing and Sorting 130 3.9.2 Cell-sorting Equipment 130 3.10 Automation of CSSC Production Techniques 133 3.10.1 Promotion of Cascading/Chain-Type Production Lines 133 3.10.2 Mounting/Dismounting the SiliconWafer by Robots Instead of Manual Operation 133 3.11 ParameterMeasurement in CSSC Production Process 136 3.11.1 Solar Simulator 136 3.11.2 Measurement of V-I Characteristics and PV Conversion Efficiency for Solar Cells 136 3.11.3 Measurement of Spectral Response for Solar Cells 139 3.12 Product Quality Control and Cost Analysis for Solar Cell Production Lines 140 3.12.1 On-line Inspection of Solar Cell Production 140 3.12.2 Traditional Process Quality Control on the Solar Cell Production Line 140 3.12.2.1 Working Environment 140 3.12.2.2 Quality Control of the Cleaning and Texturing Process 140 3.12.2.3 Quality Control of Diffusion Process 141 3.12.2.4 Quality Control inWafer Edging Isolation and PSG Removal Procedures 141 3.12.2.5 Quality Control in PECVD Procedure 141 3.12.2.6 Quality Control in Print and Sintering Procedures 141 3.12.3 Cost Analysis for CSSCs 142 4 Preparation Methods of Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 143 4.1 Advantages and Prospects of TFSSCs 143 4.1.1 Advantages of TFSSCs 143 4.1.2 History and Prospects of TFSSCs 144 4.2 Structures and Power Generation Principles of TFSSCs 146 4.2.1 Structures of a-Si:H and μC-Si THSCs 146 4.2.2 Power Generation Principle of TFSSCs 147 4.2.3 Light Absorption of a-SiC:H/μC-Si and a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H Stacked Solar Cells 150 4.3 Preparation Techniques of TFSSCs 151 4.3.1 TCO Sputtered on Glass Substrate 151 4.3.2 P-Type (a-SiC:H) Film Deposited by PECVD Method 152 4.3.3 I (a-Si:H) Intrinsic Zone Deposited by PECVD Method 152 4.3.4 N-Type (a-Si:H) Layer Thin Film Deposited by PECVD Method 154 4.3.5 Al(Ag) Back Electrodes Sputtered by PVD Method 154 4.3.6 Integration of TFSCs and Modules 154 4.4 Main Production Equipment for TFSSCs 155 4.4.1 Production System of TFSSCs 155 4.4.2 Glass Cleaning and Surface Texturing Equipment 158 4.4.3 TCO Sputtering Equipment and ZAO Target 158 4.4.4 PECVD System forThin Film Silicon Deposition 160 4.4.5 Back Contact Sputtering Equipment 163 4.4.6 Laser Scriber 164 4.4.7 Testing Equipment 165 4.5 Discussion on Some Issues Concerning TFSSC Preparation 166 4.5.1 Performance, Preparation and Testing of TCO 166 4.5.2 Influence of PECVD Process Parameters on Deposition and Crystallisation Rates of Silicon Thin Film 167 4.5.2.1 Hydrogen Dilution 167 4.5.2.2 Gas Pressure 167 4.5.2.3 Deposition Temperature 168 4.5.2.4 Distance Between the Electrode and the Substrate 168 4.5.2.5 Power Excited by Plasma 169 4.5.2.6 Frequency Excited by Plasma 169 4.5.3 VHF-PECVD Method to Deposit Silicon Film 169 4.5.4 HWCVD Method to Deposit Silicon Film 170 4.6 Adjustment of TFSSC Energy Band Structure 171 4.6.1 Methods to Adjust the Band Gap of Thin Film Silicon 171 4.6.1.1 Significance of Energy Band Structure Adjustment for TFSSCs 171 4.6.1.2 Gap Adjustment by a-Si Hydrogen Content and Deposition Temperature 172 4.6.1.3 a-SiC Carbon Material toWiden the Gap 172 4.6.1.4 a-Si Ge Material to Narrow Down the Gap 172 4.6.2 a-SiGe TFSCs 172 4.6.3 Boron, Phosphorous and Hydrogen in a-Si Film 175 4.7 Physical Principle of PECVD and Deposition of SiliconThin Film 175 4.7.1 Glow Discharge and Plasma Generation 175 4.7.2 Mechanism on a-Si Thin Film Grown by PECVD Method 177 4.7.2.1 Basic Principles of PECVD 177 4.7.2.2 a-Si:H (a-Si-Containing Hydrogen) Deposited by PECVD Method 178 4.7.2.3 Growth Mechanism 179 4.8 Physical Sputtering Principles and TCO and Back Metal Preparation System 179 4.8.1 Overview on TCO and Back Metal Deposited by Physical Sputtering 179 4.8.2 A Simple Parallel Metal DC Diode Sputtering System 182 4.8.3 RF and MC Sputtering Systems 183 5 High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells and Non-Silicon-Based New Solar Cells 187 5.1 High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells (CSSCs) 187 5.1.1 Selective Emitters and Buried Contact Silicon Solar Cells 188 5.1.2 Passivation Emitter Silicon Solar Cells 190 5.1.3 Back Finger Electrodes and Boron Diffusion N-Type Crystalline Silicon (IBC) Solar Cells 192 5.1.4 MetallisationWrap-Through (MWT) Silicon Solar Cells 193 5.2 Production Techniques of HIT High-Efficiency Solar Cells 196 5.2.1 a-Si/Monocrystalline Silicon Heterojunctions with Intrinsic Layer 196 5.2.2 Structure and Techniques of Double-Surface HIT Cells 196 5.2.3 Characteristics of HIT Cells 197 5.3 Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells 197 5.3.1 Fabrication Methods of Compound Solar Cells 197 5.3.1.1 Vacuum Evaporation Technique 197 5.3.1.2 Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) Technique 198 5.3.1.3 Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) Technique 198 5.3.1.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 198 5.3.2 III–V Compound Multi-Junction Crystalline Solar Cells 199 5.3.3 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) TFSCs 201 5.3.4 CIGS TFSCs 204 5.3.4.1 Vacuum Co-Evaporation and Vacuum-Sputtering Methods 205 5.3.4.2 Non-Vacuum Method 207 5.3.4.3 Roll to Roll Method 209 5.4 Next-Generation Solar Cells 210 5.4.1 Organic Solar Cells 210 5.4.2 Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells 213 5.4.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 215 5.4.4 Concentrator Solar Cells 217 5.4.5 Multiple QuantumWell (MQW) Solar Cells 219 6 Modules and Arrays of Solar Cells 223 6.1 General 223 6.1.1 Modules and Arrays of Solar Cells 223 6.1.2 Packaging Techniques of Several Solar Cell Modules 224 6.1.3 Packaging Structure of Flat Plate Solar Cell Modules 224 6.1.4 Solar Cell Modules for Building Integrated PV (BIPV) 225 6.1.5 Double-Sided Cells and Modules 228 6.2 Module Packaging Materials 229 6.2.1 Inspection and Sorting of CellWafers 230 6.2.2 Upper Cover Glass 231 6.2.3 Adhesives and Modified EVA Film 232 6.2.4 Back Plate and Localisation 233 6.2.5 Frameworks and Junction Boxes and Other Materials 235 6.3 Module Packaging Techniques 237 6.4 Module Packaging System 239 6.4.1 Main Equipment in the Production Line of Solar Cell Modules 239 6.4.2 Laser Scribers 240 6.4.3 CellWelders 240 6.4.4 Solar Cell Module Laminators 242 6.4.5 Solar Simulators, Turnover Trolleys and Frame Machines 242 6.5 Reliability of Solar Cell Modules and Inspection After Packaging 242 6.5.1 Module Packaging and PV System Reliability 242 6.5.2 Objectives and Descriptions of Solar Cell and Module Tests 244 6.5.2.1 Indoor Tests of PV Cells 245 6.5.2.2 Indoor Tests of PV Modules 245 6.5.2.3 Outdoor Tests of PV Modules 245 6.5.3 Testing Methods and Verification Standards of Solar Cell Modules 246 6.5.4 Tests of PV Performance and Macro Defects of Solar Cell Modules 247 6.5.4.1 Tests of PV Performance of Solar Cell Modules 247 6.5.4.2 Tests of Macro Defects of Solar Cells and the Modules 247 6.5.4.3 Testing Principles of Electroluminescence 249 6.6 Efficiency, Common Specifications and Market Development Trend of Solar Cell Modules 250 6.6.1 Estimates of Solar Cell Module Power and Efficiency 250 6.6.2 Common Specifications in the Solar Cell Module Market 252 6.6.3 Attenuation of Solar Cell Module Power During Usage 253 6.6.4 Development Trend of Solar Cell Modules in China 253 6.7 Solar Cell Arrays 254 6.7.1 Design of Solar Cell Arrays 254 6.7.2 Array Electrical Connections and Hot Spot Effect 255 6.7.3 Installation and Measurement of Arrays 256 7 PV Systems and Grid-Connected Technologies 259 7.1 Overview on the PV System 259 7.1.1 Characteristics, Classifications and Compositions of the PV System 259 7.1.2 Composition and SimpleWorking Principles of the PV System 263 7.2 Energy Storage Batteries 265 7.2.1 Energy Storage Batteries andTheir Application to PV System 265 7.2.2 Lead-Acid Batteries 266 7.2.3 Lithium Ion Batteries 268 7.2.4 Liquid Flow Energy Storage Batteries 269 7.2.4.1 Sodium-Sulphur Batteries 269 7.2.4.2 Vanadium Redox Batteries 270 7.2.4.3 Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries 270 7.2.5 Super Capacitors 271 7.2.6 Fuel Cells 272 7.2.6.1 General 272 7.2.7 Capacity Design of Battery Packs 274 7.3 Core of the Inverter—Power-Switching Devices 275 7.3.1 MOSFET and IGBT and Other Power Electronic Power-Switching Devices 275 7.3.2 Structure andWorking Principles of IGBT 275 7.3.3 Development History of IGBT 278 7.3.3.1 Trench Gate Technology 278 7.3.3.2 Non-Punch-Through (NPT) Technique 278 7.3.3.3 Filed Stop (FS) Technology 279 7.4 Inverters 281 7.4.1 Role of the Inverter in the PV System 281 7.4.2 Working Principles of the Inverter 282 7.4.3 Control of the Inverter 285 7.4.4 Inverter Circuit and Inverter Types 285 7.4.5 Selection and Requirements of Inverters for PV Applications 286 7.5 Controllers: Module Power Optimisation and IntelligentMonitoring 287 7.5.1 Functions of the PV System Controllers 287 7.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking Technology (MPPT) of Solar Cell Controllers 289 7.5.3 Installation Angle and Position Regulation of Solar Cell Arrays by the Controller 291 7.5.4 Other Functions of the Controller 293 7.6 Applications of PV Systems 294 7.6.1 Classifications of PV Systems 294 7.6.2 Application Type, Size and Load Types of the PV System 294 7.6.2.1 Small-Power DC PV Systems 294 7.6.2.2 DC Power Supply Systems Required of Controllers 295 7.6.2.3 AC/DC Power Supply Systems Required of Inverters 295 7.6.2.4 Small-/Medium-Sized Distributed PV Systems with the Grid-Connected Inverter 296 7.6.2.5 Large-Sized Centralised Grid-Connected PV Stations 296 7.6.2.6 Hybrid Power System 297 7.6.3 Energy Storage Device Charging/Discharging by Small-/Medium-Sized PV Systems 298 7.7 BIPV and Distributed PV Stations 299 7.7.1 BIPV 299 7.7.2 Design Principles of BIPV Grid-Connected Power Systems 301 7.7.3 National Policies and Certification of BIPV in China 301 7.7.4 Encouragement of Distributed PV Stations by the Chinese Government 301 7.8 Grid-Connected PV Systems and Intelligent Grids 302 7.8.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 302 7.8.2 Technical Specifications of the Grid on the Grid-Connected PV System 303 7.8.3 Significance of the Intelligent Grid on PV Power and Other New Energy Utilisation 305 7.8.4 Development of China’s PV Industry in the Past 10 Years and Its Outlook 307 7.9 Codes and Test Verifications of the PV System 309 7.9.1 Necessity and Main Contents of PV Product Certification 309 7.9.2 TUV Certification Oriented to the European Market 311 7.9.3 UL Certification Oriented to the U.S. and Canadian Market 311 7.9.4 Certification of PV Products in China 313 Bibliography 319 Index 321

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Book SynopsisBATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATIONS Enables readers to understand basic concepts, design, and implementation of battery management systems Battery Management System and its Applications is an all-in-one guide to basic concepts, design, and applications of battery management systems (BMS), featuring industrially relevant case studies with detailed analysis, and providing clear, concise descriptions of performance testing, battery modeling, functions, and topologies of BMS. In Battery Management System and its Applications, readers can expect to find information on: Core and basic concepts of BMS, to help readers establish a foundation of relevant knowledge before more advanced concepts are introducedPerformance testing and battery modeling, to help readers fully understand Lithium-ion batteriesBasic functions and topologies of BMS, with the aim of guiding readers to design simple BMS themselvesSome advanced functions of BMS, drawing from the research achievements of the auTable of ContentsPreface xiii About the Authors xv Part I Introduction 1 1 Why Does a Battery Need a BMS? 3 1.1 General Introduction to a BMS 3 1.2 Example of a BMS in a Real System 5 1.3 System Failures Due to the Absence of a BMS 7 2 General Requirements (Functions and Features) 11 2.1 Basic Functions of a BMS 11 2.2 Topological Structure of a BMS 16 3 General Procedure of the BMS Design 19 3.1 Universal Battery Management System and Customized Battery Management System 19 3.2 General Development Flow of the Power Battery Management System 21 Part II Li-Ion Batteries 27 4 Introduction to Li-Ion Batteries 29 4.1 Components of Li-Ion Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes, Separators, and Cell Packing 29 4.2 Li-Ion Electrode Manufacturing 31 4.3 Cell Assembly in an Li-Ion Battery 32 4.4 Safety and Cost Prediction 33 5 Schemes of Battery Testing 37 5.1 Battery Tests for BMS Development 37 5.2 Capacity and the Charge and Discharge Rate Test 41 5.3 Discharge Rate Characteristic Test 44 5.4 Charge and Discharge Equilibrium Potential Curves and Equivalent Internal Resistance Tests 46 5.5 Battery Cycle Test 49 5.6 Phased Evaluation of the Cycle Process 58 6 Test Results and Analysis 67 6.1 Characteristic Test Results and Their Analysis 67 6.2 Degradation Test and Analysis 80 7 Battery Modeling 101 7.1 Battery Modeling for BMS 101 7.2 Common Battery Models and Their Deficiencies 102 7.3 External Characteristics of the Li-Ion Power Battery and Their Analysis 105 7.4 A Power Battery Model Based on a Three-Order RC Network 110 7.5 Model Parameterization and Its Online Identification 117 7.6 Battery Cell Simulation Model 124 Part III Functions of BMS 133 8 Battery Monitoring 135 8.1 Discussion on Real Time and Synchronization 135 8.2 Battery Voltage Monitoring 139 8.3 Battery Current Monitoring 145 8.4 Temperature Monitoring 149 9 SoC Estimation of a Battery 153 9.1 Different Understandings of the SoC Definition 153 9.2 Classical Estimation Methods 158 9.3 Difficulty in an SoC Estimation 162 9.4 Actual Problems to Be Considered During an SoC Estimation 166 9.5 Estimation Method Based on the Battery Model and the Extended Kalman Filter 169 9.6 Error Spectrum of the SoC Estimation Based on the EKF 177 10 Charge Control 193 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Charging Power Categories 196 10.3 Charge Control Methods 198 10.4 Effect of Charge Control on Battery Performance 203 10.5 Charging Circuits 204 10.6 Infrastructure Development and Challenges 209 10.7 Isolation and Safety Requirement for EC Chargers 211 11 Balancing/Balancing Control 213 11.1 Balancing Control Management and Its Significance 213 11.2 Classification of Balancing Control Management 218 11.3 Review and Analysis of Active Balancing Technologies 221 11.4 Balancing Strategy Study 226 11.5 Two Active Balancing Control Strategies 234 11.6 Evaluation and Comparison of Balancing Control Strategies 245 12 State of Health (SoH) Estimation of a Battery 257 12.1 Definition and Indices/Parameters of SoH 257 12.2 Modeling of Battery Degradation (Aging) and SoH Estimation 265 12.3 Battery Degradation Diagnosis for EVs 278 13 Communication Interface for BMS 291 13.1 BMS Communication Bus and Protocols 293 13.2 Higher-Layer Communication Protocols 298 13.3 A Case Study: Universal CiA EnergyBus for a Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) 299 14 Battery Lifecycle Information Management 301 14.1 Data Type of Power Battery 301 14.2 Vehicle Instrument Data Display 302 14.3 Battery Data Transmission Mode 306 14.4 Information Concerning a Full-Power Battery Lifecycle 311 14.5 Storage and Analysis of Historical Information of a Battery 316 14.6 Battery Detection System Based on a Mobile Terminal 320 Part IV Case Studies 327 15 BMS for an E-Bike 329 15.1 Balancing 329 15.2 Battery Pack Design for an E-Bike 331 15.3 Methodology 333 15.4 Active Balancing Solutions 337 15.5 Test Results 341 15.6 Possibility with Active Balancing 349 15.7 Results and Evaluation 349 16 BMS for a Fork-Lift 353 16.1 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries for Fork-Lifts 353 16.2 Battery Management Systems for Fork-Lifts 355 16.3 The LIONIC Battery System for Truck Applications 356 16.4 Application 357 16.5 The Usable Energy Li-Ion Traction Batteries 359 17 BMS for a Minibus 363 17.1 Internal Resistance Analysis of a Power Battery System and Discharging Strategy Research of Vehicles 361 17.2 Consistency Evaluation Research of a Power Battery System 377 17.3 Safety Management and Protection of a Power Battery System 386 Index 389

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Book SynopsisA collection of 25 papers presented at the 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (CMCEE-11), June 14-19, 2015 in Vancouver, BC, Canada. Paper in this volume were presented in the below six symposia from Track 1 on the topic of Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems: High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysis Ceramic-Related Materials, Devices, and Processing for Heat-to-Electricity Direct Conversion Material Science and Technologies for Advanced Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications Materials for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage High Temperature Superconductors: Materials, Technologies, and Systems Table of ContentsPreface ix HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS Effect of Additives on Self-Healing of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings 3N. Sata, A. Ansar, and K. A. Friedrich Development of Ceramic Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Cells 19Günter Schiller, Rémi Costa, and K. Andreas Friedrich BICU(TI)VOX as a Low/Intermediate Temperature SOFC Electrolyte: Another Look 29Paul Fuierer, Kevin Ring, Joerg Exner, and Ralf Moos Symbolic Analysis of Multi-Stage Electrochemical Oxidation for Enhancement of Electric Efficiency of SOFCs 41Y. Matsuzaki, Y. Tachikawa, T. Hatae, H. Matsumoto, S. Taniguchi, and K. Sasaki Low Temperature AC Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Unitary Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 47R. Muccillo, E. N. S. Muccillo, F. C. Fonseca, and D. Z. de Florio SOFC System Development and Field Trials for Commercial Applications 61T. Pfeifer, S. Reuber, M. Hartmann, M. Barthel, and J. Baade Technology Readiness of SOFC Stacks—A Review 77C. Wunderlich High-Temperature Direct Fuel Cell Material Experience 89Chao-Yi Yuh, A. Hilmi, and R. Venkataraman Development of Highly-Efficient Energy Storage System using Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell 101Masato Yoshino, Tsuneji Kameda, Hisao Watanabe, and Masahiko Yamada CERAMIC-RELATED MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND PROCESSING FOR HEAT-TO-ELECTRICITY DIRECT CONVERSION Thermoelectric Properties Higher Manganese Silicide Containing Small Amount of MnSi/Si Nano-Particles 115Swapnil Ghodke, A. Yamamoto, H. Ikuta, and T. Takeuchi Anomalous Temperature Gradient in Non-Maxwellian Gases 123George S. Levy Thermophysical Property of Poly-Si Phononic Crystals for Thermoelectrics 135Masahiro Nomura and Oliver Paul The Potential of Maximal ZT-Value for Thermoelectric Materials of Mn11Si19 HMS Phase by Calculating Electronic Structure 147Akio Yamamoto, Koichi Kitahara, Hidetoshi Miyazaki, Manabu Inukai, and Tsunehiro Takeuchi MATERIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION ENERGY Development of Ga Doped Hollandites BaxCsy(Ga2x+yTi8-2x-y)O16 for Cs Immobilization 159Y. Xu, R. Grote, Y. Wen, L. Shuller-Nickles, and K.S. Brinkman Atomistic Simulations of Ceramic Materials Relevant for Nuclear Waste Management: Cases of Monazite and Pyrochlore 165Y. Li, P. M. Kowalski, G. Beridze, A.Blanca-Romero, Y. Ji, V. L. Vinograd, J. Gale, and D. Bosbach Development of Joining Method for Zircaloy and SiC/SiC Composite Tubes by using Fiber Laser 177Hisashi Serizawa, Yuuki Asakura, Joon-Soo Park, Hirotatsu Kishimoto, and Akira Kohyama ADVANCED BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS An Investigation on the Cycle Performance of LiFePO4 Pouch Cells by a Combination of Synchrotron Based X-Ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy 187G. T. K. Fey, Y. C. Lin, K. P. Huang, P. J. Wu, J. K. Chang, and H. M. Kao The Influence of the Synthesis Route on Electrochemical Properties of Spinel Type High-Voltage Cathode Material LiNi0.5Mn15O4 for Lithium Ion Batteries 197M. Seidel, K. Nikolowski, M. Wolter, I. Kinski, and A. Michaelis MATERIALS FOR SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE High Temperature Solar Receiver with Ceramic Materials 207Birgit Gobereit, Daniela Hofmann, Peter Schwarzbözl, and Ralf Uhlig Determination of Parameters for Improved Efficiency in Thermal Energy Storage using Encapsulated Phase Change Materials 219Laura Solomon, Alparslan Oztekin, Sudhakar Neti, and Himanshu Jain Tuning the Spectral Selectivity of SiC-Based Volumetric Solar Receivers with Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Coatings 227Benoit Rousseau, Simon Guevelou, Jérôme Vicente, Cyril Caliot, and Gilles Flamant Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Silicon Carbide Honeycomb Component Applied as an Absorber for Concentrated Solar Radiation 239Thomas Fend, Peter Schwarzboezl, Olena Smirnova, Martin Schmuecker, Ferdinand Flucht, and Sven Dathe HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS: MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND SYSTEMS Anomalous Proximity Effect and More than One Majorana Fermion 253S. Ikegaya and Y. Asano Atomic-Scale Study of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Manganite/Cuprate Thin-Film Heterostructures 261Hao Zhang, Igor Fridman, Nicolas Gauquelin, Gianluigi Botton, and John Y. T. Wei Tunneling and Photoemission Spectra in Cuprate Superconductors: Evidence for Strong Multiple-Phonon Coupling and Polaronic Effects 273Guo-meng Zhao Author Index 289

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Book SynopsisAn essential guide to the stability and control of power systems integrating large-scale renewable energy sources The rapid development of smart grids and the integration of large scale renewable energy have added daunting new layers of complexity to the long-standing problem of power system stability control. This book offers a systematic stochastic analysis of these nonlinear problems and provides comprehensive countermeasures to improve power system performance and control with large-scale, hybrid power systems. Power system stability analysis and control is by no means a new topic. But the integration of large scale renewable energy sources has added many new challenges which must be addressed, especially in the areas of time variance, time delay, and uncertainties. Robust, adaptive control strategies and countermeasures are the key to avoiding inadequate, excessive, or lost loads within hybrid power systems. Written by an internationally recognized innovator in the field this bTable of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi 1 Basic Theories of Power System Security Defense 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Power System Reliability and Stability 2 1.2.1 Reliability of Power System 2 1.2.2 Stability of Power System 4 1.3 Three Defense Lines in the Power System 7 1.3.1 Classification of Disturbance in the Power System 7 1.3.2 Power System Operation State 8 1.3.3 Three Defense Lines in Power System Stability Control 10 1.3.4 Functions of Defense System 12 1.4 Summary 15 References 15 2 Power System Analysis and Control Theory 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Mathematical Model of Power System 17 2.2.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generator 17 2.2.2 Mathematical Model of Excitation System 22 2.2.3 Mathematical Model of Prime Mover and Speed Governor 24 2.2.4 Mathematical Model of Load 27 2.3 Power System Stability Analysis Method 29 2.3.1 Time‐Domain Simulation Method 29 2.3.2 Eigenvalue Analysis Method 31 2.3.3 Transient Energy Function Method 33 2.4 Automatic Control Theory 33 2.4.1 Classical Control Theory 34 2.4.2 Modern Control Theory 35 2.4.3 Large System Theory and Intelligent Control Theory 36 2.5 Summary 38 References 38 3 Wide‐Area Information Monitoring 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Test System 41 3.2.1 Four‐Generator Two‐Area System 41 3.2.2 Sixteen‐Generator System 42 3.2.3 Western Electricity Coordinating Council 43 3.3 Optimal Selection of Wide‐Area Signal 44 3.3.1 Wide‐Area Signal Selection Method Based on the Contribution Factor 44 3.3.2 Simulation Verification 48 3.4 Optimal Selection of Wide‐Area Controller 57 3.4.1 Mathematical Background 57 3.4.2 Example Test System 62 3.4.3 GPSS Based on Collocated Controller Design 63 3.4.4 Testing Results and Analysis 64 3.5 Summary 70 References 71 4 Stability Analysis of Stochastic System 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Stability Analysis of Stochastic Parameter System 74 4.2.1 Interval Model and Second‐Order Perturbation Theory‐Based Modal Analysis 74 4.2.2 Power System Small‐Signal Stability Region Calculation Method Based on the Guardian Map Theory 82 4.3 Stability Analysis of Stochastic Structure System 102 4.3.1 Model‐Trajectory‐Based Method for Analyzing the Fault System 102 4.3.2 Angle Stability Analysis of Power System Considering Cascading Failure 119 4.4 Stability Analysis of Stochastic Excitation System 137 4.4.1 Model of Multiple Operating Conditions System Considering the Stochastic Characteristic of Wind Speed 137 4.4.2 Simulation Analysis 146 4.5 Summary 152 References 153 5 Stability Analysis of Time‐Delay System 155 5.1 Introduction 155 5.2 Stability Analysis of a Non‐Jump Time‐Delay System 156 5.2.1 Stochastic Stability Analysis of Power System with Time Delay Based on Itô Differential 156 5.2.2 Stochastic Time‐Delay Stability Analysis of a Power System with Wind Power Connection 168 5.3 Stability Analysis of a Jump Time‐Delay System 182 5.3.1 Jump Power System Time‐Delay Stability Analysis Based on Discrete Markov Theory 182 5.3.2 Time‐Delay Stability Analysis of Power System Based on the Fault Chains and Markov Process 196 5.4 Summary 208 Appendix A 209 References 210 6 Wide‐Area Robust Control 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Robust Control for Internal Uncertainties 214 6.2.1 Multiobjective Robust H 2 /H ∞ Control Considering Uncertainties for Damping Oscillation 214 6.2.2 Robust H 2 /H ∞ Control Strategy Based on Polytope Uncertainty 221 6.3 Optimal Robust Control 226 6.3.1 Wide‐Area Damping Robust Control Based on Nonconvex Stable Region 226 6.3.2 Wide‐Area Damping Robust H 2 /H ∞ Control Strategy Based on Perfect Regulation 236 6.4 Error Tracking Robust Control 243 6.4.1 Control Algorithm 245 6.4.2 Simulation Verification 248 6.5 Summary 251 References 252 7 Wide‐Area Adaptive Control 253 7.1 Introduction 253 7.2 Adaptive Control Considering Operating Condition Identification 254 7.2.1 Federated Kalman Filter Based Adaptive Damping Control of Inter‐Area Oscillations 254 7.2.2 Classification and Regression Tree Based Adaptive Damping Control of Inter‐Area Oscillations 268 7.3 Adaptive Control Considering Controller Switching 288 7.3.1 Dual Youla Parameterization Based Adaptive Wide‐Area Damping Control 288 7.3.2 Continuous Markov Model Based Adaptive Control Strategy for Time‐Varying Power System 303 7.3.3 Discrete Markov Model Based Adaptive Control Strategy of Multiple‐Condition Power System 318 7.3.4 Adaptive Controller Switching Considering Time Delay 327 7.4 Summary 339 References 340 Index 341

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the area of computational electromagnetics Computational Method in Electromagnetic Compatibility offers a review of the most recent advances in computational electromagnetics. The authorsnoted experts in the fieldexamine similar problems by taking different approaches related to antenna theory models and transmission line methods. They discuss various solution methods related to boundary integral equation techniques and finite difference techniques. The topics covered are related to realistic antenna systems including antennas for air traffic control or ground penetrating radar antennas; grounding systems (such as grounding systems for wind turbines); biomedical applications of electromagnetic fields (such as transcranial magnetic stimulation); and much more. The text features a number of illustrative computational examples and a reference list at the end of each chapter. The book is grounded in a rigorous theoretical approacTable of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Electromagnetic Field Coupling to ThinWire Configurations of Arbitrary Shape 1 1 Computational Electromagnetics – Introductory Aspects 3 1.1 The Character of Physical Models Representing Natural Phenomena 3 1.1.1 Scientific Method, a Definition, History, Development ... ? 3 1.1.2 Physical Model and the MathematicalMethod to Solve the Problem –The Essence of Scientific Theories 4 1.1.3 Philosophical Aspects Behind Scientific Theories 7 1.1.4 On the Character of Physical Models 8 1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 9 1.2.1 Original Form of Maxwell’s Equations 9 1.2.2 Modern Form of Maxwell’s Equations 10 1.2.3 From the Corner of Philosophy of Science 12 1.2.4 FDTD Solution of Maxwell’s Equations 13 1.2.5 Computational Examples 16 1.3 The ElectromagneticWave Equations 19 1.4 Conservation Laws in the Electromagnetic Field 20 1.5 Density of Quantity of Movement in the Electromagnetic Field 22 1.6 Electromagnetic Potentials 25 1.7 Solution of theWave Equation and Radiation Arrow of Time 25 1.8 Complex Phasor Form of Equations in Electromagnetics 27 1.8.1 The Generalized Symmetric Form of Maxwell’s Equations 27 1.8.2 Complex Phasor Form of ElectromagneticWave Equations 29 1.8.3 Poynting Theorem for Complex Phasors 29 References 31 2 Antenna Theory versus Transmission Line Approximation – General Considerations 33 2.1 A Note on EMC ComputationalModels 33 2.1.1 Classification of EMC Models 34 2.1.2 Summary Remarks on EMC Modeling 34 2.2 Generalized Telegrapher’s Equations for the Field Coupling to Finite LengthWires 35 2.2.1 Frequency Domain Analysis for StraightWires above a Lossy Ground 36 2.2.1.1 Integral Equation for PECWire of Finite Length above a Lossy Ground 37 2.2.1.2 Integral Equation for a Lossy Conductor above a Lossy Ground 39 2.2.1.3 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for PECWires 39 2.2.1.4 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for Lossy Conductors 42 2.2.1.5 Numerical Solution of Integral Equations 43 2.2.1.6 Simulation Results 46 2.2.1.7 Simulation Results and Comparison with TLTheory 46 2.2.2 Frequency Domain Analysis for StraightWires Buried in a Lossy Ground 51 2.2.2.1 Integral Equation for Lossy Conductor Buried in a Lossy Ground 51 2.2.2.2 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for Buried LossyWires 54 2.2.2.3 Computational Examples 56 2.2.3 Time Domain Analysis for StraightWires above a Lossy Ground 61 2.2.3.1 Space–Time Integro-Differential Equation for PECWire above a Lossy Ground 61 2.2.3.2 Space–Time Integro-Differential Equation for Lossy Conductors 65 2.2.3.3 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for PECWires 66 2.2.3.4 Generalized Telegrapher’s Equations for Lossy Conductors 70 2.2.4 Time Domain Analysis for StraightWires Buried in a Lossy Ground 74 2.2.4.1 Space–Time Integro-Differential Equation for PECWire below a Lossy Ground 74 2.2.4.2 Space–Time Integro-Differential Equation for Lossy Conductors 79 2.2.4.3 Generalized Telegrapher’s Equations for BuriedWires 80 2.2.4.4 Computational Results: BuriedWire Scatterer 82 2.2.4.5 Computational Results: Horizontal Grounding Electrode 84 2.3 Single HorizontalWire in the Presence of a Lossy Half-Space: Comparison of Analytical Solution, Numerical Solution, and Transmission Line Approximation 86 2.3.1 Wire above a Perfect Ground 88 2.3.2 Wire above an Imperfect Ground 89 2.3.3 Wire Buried in a Lossy Ground 89 2.3.4 Analytical Solution 90 2.3.5 Boundary Element Procedure 92 2.3.6 The Transmission Line Model 93 2.3.7 Modified Transmission Line Model 94 2.3.8 Computational Examples 95 2.3.8.1 Wire above a PEC Ground 95 2.3.8.2 Wire above a Lossy Ground 95 2.3.8.3 Wire Buried in a Lossy Ground 103 2.3.9 Field Transmitted in a Lower Lossy Half-Space 103 2.3.10 Numerical Results 110 2.4 Single VerticalWire in the Presence of a Lossy Half-Space: Comparison of Analytical Solution, Numerical Solution, and Transmission Line Approximation 114 2.4.1 Numerical Solution 117 2.4.2 Analytical Solution 119 2.4.3 Computational Examples 121 2.4.3.1 Transmitting Antenna 122 2.4.3.2 Receiving Antenna 122 2.5 Magnetic Current Loop Excitation of ThinWires 132 2.5.1 Delta Gap and Magnetic Frill 134 2.5.2 Magnetic Current Loop 135 2.5.3 Numerical Solution 136 2.5.4 Numerical Results 139 References 146 3 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to OverheadWires 153 3.1 Frequency Domain Models and Methods 154 3.1.1 Antenna Theory Approach: Set of Coupled Pocklington’s Equations 154 3.1.2 Numerical Solution 160 3.1.3 Transmission Line Approximation: Telegrapher’s Equations in the Frequency Domain 162 3.1.4 Computational Examples 162 3.2 Time Domain Models and Methods 167 3.2.1 The Antenna Theory Model 167 3.2.2 The Numerical Solution 175 3.2.3 The Transmission Line Model 181 3.2.4 The Solution of Transmission Line Equations via FDTD 182 3.2.5 Numerical Results 184 3.3 Applications to Antenna Systems 187 3.3.1 Helix Antennas 187 3.3.2 Log-Periodic Dipole Arrays 190 3.3.3 GPR Dipole Antennas 198 References 202 4 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to BuriedWires 205 4.1 Frequency Domain Modeling 205 4.1.1 Antenna Theory Approach: Set of Coupled Pocklington’s Equations for ArbitraryWire Configurations 206 4.1.2 Antenna Theory Approach: Numerical Solution 210 4.1.3 Transmission Line Approximation: 212 4.1.4 Computational Examples 213 4.2 Time Domain Modeling 216 4.2.1 Antenna Theory Approach 216 4.2.2 Transmission Line Model 219 4.2.3 Computational Examples 223 References 223 5 Lightning Electromagnetics 225 5.1 AntennaModel of Lightning Channel 225 5.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation 226 5.1.2 Computational Examples 228 5.2 Vertical AntennaModel of a Lightning Rod 230 5.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation 234 5.2.2 Computational Examples 236 5.3 AntennaModel of aWind Turbine Exposed to Lightning Strike 237 5.3.1 Integral Equation Formulation for Multiple OverheadWires 240 5.3.2 Numerical Solution of Integral Equation Set for Overhead Wires 241 5.3.3 Computational Example: Transient Response of aWT Lightning Strike 242 References 247 6 Transient Analysis of Grounding Systems 253 6.1 Frequency Domain Analysis of Horizontal Grounding Electrode 254 6.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation/Reflection Coefficient Approach 254 6.1.2 Numerical Solution 257 6.1.3 Integral Equation Formulation/Sommerfeld Integral Approach 258 6.1.4 Analytical Solution 260 6.1.5 Modified Transmission Line Method (TLM) Approach 261 6.1.6 Computational Examples 261 6.1.7 Application of Magnetic Current Loop (MCL) Source model to Horizontal Grounding Electrode 284 6.2 Frequency Domain Analysis of Vertical Grounding Electrode 288 6.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation/Reflection Coefficient Approach 288 6.2.2 Numerical Solution 290 6.2.3 Analytical Solution 291 6.2.4 Examples 292 6.3 Frequency Domain Analysis of Complex Grounding Systems 297 6.3.1 Antenna Theory Approach: Set of Homogeneous Pocklington’s Integro-Differential Equations for Grounding Systems 298 6.3.2 Antenna Theory Approach: Numerical Solution 300 6.3.3 Modified Transmission Line Method Approach 301 6.3.4 Finite Difference Solution of the Potential Differential Equation for Transient Induced Voltage 301 6.3.5 Computational Examples: Grounding Grids and Rings 304 6.3.6 Computational Examples: Grounding Systems forWTs 311 6.4 Time Domain Analysis of Horizontal Grounding Electrodes 320 6.4.1 Homogeneous Integral Equation Formulation in the Time Domain 321 6.4.2 Numerical Solution Procedure for Pocklington’s Equation 322 6.4.3 Numerical Results for Grounding Electrode 323 6.4.4 Analytical Solution of Pocklington’s Equation 323 6.4.5 Transmission Line Model 324 6.4.6 FDTD Solution of Telegrapher’s Equations 325 6.4.7 The Leakage Current 326 6.4.8 Computational Examples for the Horizontal Grounding Electrode 328 References 331 Part II Advanced Models in Bioelectromagnetics 337 7 Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields – General Aspects 339 7.1 Dosimetry 340 7.1.1 Low Frequency Exposures 341 7.1.2 High Frequency Exposures 342 7.2 Coupling Mechanisms 342 7.2.1 Coupling to LF Electric Fields 343 7.2.2 Coupling to LF Magnetic Fields 343 7.2.3 Absorption of Energy from Electromagnetic Radiation 343 7.2.4 Indirect Coupling Mechanisms 344 7.3 Biological Effects 344 7.3.1 Effects of ELF Fields 345 7.3.2 Effects of HF Radiation 345 7.4 Safety Guidelines and Exposure Limits 348 7.5 Some Remarks 351 References 351 8 Modeling of Human Exposure to Static and Low Frequency Fields 353 8.1 Exposure to Static Fields 354 8.1.1 Finite Element Solution 356 8.1.2 Boundary Element Solution 357 8.1.3 Numerical Results 360 8.2 Exposure to Low Frequency (LF) Fields 361 8.2.1 Numerical Results 362 References 363 9 Modeling of Human Exposure to High Frequency (HF) Electromagnetic Fields 365 9.1 Internal Electromagnetic Field DosimetryMethods 366 9.1.1 Solution by the Hybrid Finite Element/Boundary Element Approach 366 9.1.2 Numerical Results for the Human Eye Exposure 368 9.1.3 Solution by the Method of Moments 372 9.1.4 Computational Example for the Brain Exposure 380 9.2 Thermal Dosimetry Procedures 381 9.2.1 Finite Element Solution of Bio-Heat Transfer Equation 381 9.2.2 Numerical Results 382 References 383 10 Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields 387 10.1 Modeling of Induced Fields due to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Treatment 388 10.1.1 Numerical Results 391 10.2 Modeling of Nerve Fiber Excitation 392 10.2.1 Passive Nerve Fiber 396 10.2.2 Numerical Results for Passive Nerve Fiber 397 10.2.3 Active Nerve Fiber 397 10.2.4 Numerical Results for Active Nerve Fiber 401 References 403 Index 407

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Book SynopsisIntroduces readers to micro and local power markets and their use for local initiatives, grid integration, and future applications This book provides the basis for understanding micro power markets, emphasizing its application for local initiatives, the grid integration of renewable-based generation, and facilitating the decarbonization of the future electrical networks. It gives readers a comprehensive overview of the market operation, and highlights the basis of the design of local and micro markets. Micro and Local Power Markets starts by covering the economics and basic principle of power markets, including the fundamentals of the power trading (for both wholesale and local markets). Following a definition of both micro and local (technical and economic aspects) power markets, the book then looks at the organization of such markets. It describes the design of those power markets, isolated from the wholesale markets, and examines the methodologies of the interaction between theseTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Power Market Fundamentals 1Íngrid Munné-Collado, Pol Olivella-Rosell and Andreas Sumper 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Design of Power Markets 5 1.2.1 Organization 5 1.2.1.1 Monopoly 5 1.2.1.2 Purchasing Agency 5 1.2.1.3 Wholesale Market 5 1.2.1.4 Retail Competition 7 1.2.2 Bilateral Contracts and Auctions 7 1.2.3 Clearing 10 1.2.4 Settlement or Pricing 10 1.2.5 Example 11 1.3 Mechanism for Auctions 13 1.3.1 Why Auctions in Energy Markets? 13 1.3.2 Auction Basics 13 1.3.2.1 The Revenue Equivalence Theorem 14 1.3.3 Types of Auctions 15 1.3.3.1 The English or Ascending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.2 The Dutch or Descending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.3 The First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.4 The Second-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 16 1.3.4 Auction Mechanisms Applied to Electricity Products 16 1.3.4.1 Sealed-Bid Auctions 16 1.3.4.2 Descending Clock Auction 17 1.3.4.3 Hybrid Auctions 18 1.3.4.4 Combinatorial Auctions 19 1.3.4.5 Two-Sided Auction Mechanisms 19 1.3.5 Auction Characteristics in Power Markets 19 1.3.6 Auction Design 20 1.3.6.1 Objectives Establishment 20 1.3.6.2 Object Identification 20 1.3.6.3 Participation Encouragement 21 1.3.6.4 Vulnerabilities in the Auction Mechanism 21 1.3.7 Example 23 1.4 Markets for Futures, Energy, and Balancing 27 1.4.1 Forward and Futures Markets 27 1.4.2 Spot Markets 28 1.4.3 Day-Ahead Markets 29 1.4.4 Intraday Markets 30 1.4.5 Balancing Markets 32 1.5 Conclusions and Further Reading 33 References 34 2 Local and Micro Power Markets 37Íngrid Munné-Collado, Eduard Bullich-Massagué, Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba and Pol Olivella-Rosell 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Why Local and Micro? 38 2.3 The Evolution of Power Systems 40 2.4 Introduction to Microgrids 41 2.4.1 Microgrid Definition 41 2.4.2 Microgrid Components 43 2.4.3 Microgrid Operation Modes 45 2.4.3.1 Microgrid Connected to an External Distribution Grid 45 2.4.3.2 Microgrid Connected to Another Microgrid 46 2.4.3.3 Isolated Microgrid 48 2.5 Local and Micro Power Market Concepts 49 2.5.1 Local and Micro Power Market Definitions 49 2.5.2 Comparative Analysis 52 2.6 Local Market Design 59 2.6.1 Involved Agents and Stakeholders 60 2.6.2 Approach 63 2.6.2.1 Centralized (Pool-based) Approach 64 2.6.2.2 Peer-To-Peer 66 2.6.3 Services 68 2.6.3.1 Energy 68 2.6.3.2 Flexibility 70 2.6.4 Local Market Services and Approach Review 77 2.6.5 Local Market Interaction 81 2.7 Conclusions and Discussion 84 References 85 3 Micro Markets in Microgrids 97Bernt Bremdal and Iliana Ilieva 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Basic Definitions of Micro Market Functions in Microgrids 99 3.2.1 Island Mode Versus Connected Mode 99 3.2.2 Market Approach for Resource Allocations 101 3.2.3 The Importance of Ownership, Business Focus, and Responsibilities 102 3.2.4 Capacity Design and Physical Laws 105 3.2.5 Resource Efficiency 105 3.2.6 Prerequisites for a Liberal Market 108 3.2.7 Basic Organizational Structures 109 3.2.8 Single Seller–Single Buyer 110 3.2.9 Multiple Sellers–Single Buyer 110 3.2.10 Single Seller–Multiple Buyers 112 3.2.11 Multiple Sellers–Multiple Buyers 112 3.3 Operational Characteristics of Microgrid-based Micro Markets 113 3.3.1 Types of Microgrid 114 3.3.2 Degree of Connectivity to Main Supply 114 3.3.3 Geography 119 3.3.4 Ownership 120 3.3.5 Business Models 120 3.3.6 Physical Control and Communication System 121 3.3.7 Management of the Microgrid 122 3.3.8 Number of Independent Buyers and Sellers 123 3.3.9 Type of Supply 123 3.3.10 Type of Loads 124 3.3.11 Storage Capacity and Reserve Power 124 3.3.12 Exchange and Trade Concepts 125 3.3.13 Pricing and Settlement 126 3.3.14 Contract Types 127 3.3.15 Market Efficiency and Economic Welfare Considerations 129 3.3.16 The Role of ICT 129 3.4 Market Models 130 3.4.1 Introduction 130 3.4.2 Model 1: Central Control and Optimization 130 3.4.3 Model 2: Central Control – Distributed Decision Making 132 3.4.4 Model 3: Central Market Management and Double Auction 136 3.4.5 Model 4: Distributed Control – Peer-to-Peer Trade 142 3.4.6 Model 5: Non-competitive Allocation of Energy 150 3.5 Conclusions 158 References 160 4 Coupled Local Power Markets 165Pol Olivella-Rosell, Shahab Shariat Torbaghan and Madeleine Gibescu 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Local and Wholesale Market Coupling 167 4.2.1 Flexibility Definition 169 4.2.2 Services and Products Traded 171 4.2.3 Market Participants 172 4.2.3.1 The Local Market Operator 173 4.2.3.2 BRP and Local Markets 175 4.2.3.3 DSO and Local Markets 176 4.2.3.4 Prosumers and Local Markets 176 4.2.4 LFM Interaction Timeline 177 4.3 Local Market Clearing Mechanism in Coupled Markets 178 4.3.1 Day-ahead Scheduling 180 4.3.2 Intraday Scheduling 183 4.3.3 Quarterly Scheduling 186 4.4 Conclusions and Discussion 186 References 188 5 Digital Business Models for Local and Micro Power Markets 193Emmanuelle Reuter, Moritz Loock and Julia Cousse 5.1 What are Digital Business Models? 193 5.1.1 Digital Technology Enables Value and Money Flow to be Decoupled 194 5.1.2 Prosumption as Co-creation 194 5.2 Local Power Markets and Digital Business Models 196 5.2.1 Decentralization and Local Power Markets 196 5.2.2 Digitalization and the Rise of Platform Business Models 199 5.2.3 Case Examples of Platform Business Models 201 5.2.3.1 Case Example 1: Next Kraftwerke 202 5.2.3.2 Case Example 2: LichtBlick 202 5.2.3.3 Case Example 3: Piclo 202 5.2.3.4 Case Example 4: Change38 203 5.3 The EMPOWER Platform and Business Models 204 5.4 Social Acceptance of Local Power Markets 206 5.4.1 Citizen-level Acceptance 207 5.4.1.1 Key Drivers for Participation 208 5.4.1.2 Key Means for Participation 209 5.4.1.3 Key Barriers for Participation 212 5.4.2 Utility-Level Acceptance 213 5.4.3 Cooperative-Level Acceptance 215 5.5 Conclusion 219 References 220 6 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 223Dirk Kuiken 6.1 Power Market Regulation 223 6.1.1 Definition: What and Why 224 6.1.2 Development 225 6.1.3 Regulators 227 6.1.4 Forms, Instruments, and Types 228 6.2 Common Power Market Regulation 230 6.2.1 Generation (Production) 231 6.2.2 Networks (Transportation and Distribution) 232 6.2.3 Trade 233 6.2.4 Consumption 234 6.3 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 235 6.3.1 Definition 237 6.3.2 Isolated vs Interconnected Markets 238 6.3.2.1 Isolated Markets 239 6.3.2.2 Interconnected Markets 241 6.3.3 General Requirements 242 6.3.4 Existing Legal Frameworks 243 6.4 Trade Settings 245 6.4.1 Bilateral Agreements 245 6.4.1.1 Parties 245 6.4.1.2 Services 246 6.4.1.3 Terms and Conditions 247 6.4.2 Market Platforms 249 6.4.2.1 Market Operator 249 6.4.2.2 Market Rules 249 6.5 Further Discussion 253 Acknowledgements 254 References 255 Index 261

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive survey of advanced multilevel converter design, control, operation and grid-connected applications Advanced Multilevel Converters and Applications in Grid Integration presents a comprehensive review of the core principles of advanced multilevel converters, which require fewer components and provide higher power conversion efficiency and output power quality. The authors noted experts in the field explain in detail the operation principles and control strategies and present the mathematical expressions and design procedures of their components. The text examines the advantages and disadvantages compared to the classical multilevel and two level power converters. The authors also include examples of the industrial applications of the advanced multilevel converters and offer thoughtful explanations on their control strategies. Advanced Multilevel Converters and Applications in Grid Integration provides a clear understanding of the gaTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii Part I A review on Classical Multilevel Converters 1 1 Classical Multilevel Converters 3Gabriel H. P. Ooi, Ziyou Lim, and Hossein Dehghani Tafti 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classical Two-Level Converters 3 1.3 The Need for Multilevel Converters 4 1.4 Classical Multilevel Converters 5 1.5 Multilevel Applications and Future Trends 12 References 14 2 Multilevel Modulation Methods 17Ziyou Lim, Hossein Dehghani Tafti, and Harikrishna R. Pinkymol 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Carrier-Based Sinusoidal Pulse-WidthModulation Methods 19 2.3 Space Vector Modulation (SVM) 24 2.4 Summary 27 References 28 3 Mathematical Modeling of Classical Three-Level Converters 29Gabriel H. P. Ooi 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Three-Level Diode-Clamped Inverter Topology 29 3.3 Three-Level Flying-Capacitor Inverter Topology 38 3.4 Summary 44 References 44 4 Voltage BalancingMethods for Classical Multilevel Converters 45Gabriel H. P. Ooi, Hossein Dehghani Tafti, and Harikrishna R. Pinkymol 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Active Balancing by Adding dc Offset Voltage to Modulating Signals 45 4.3 Measurement Results for dc Offset Modulation Control 47 4.4 Natural Balancing by using Star Connected RC Filter 49 4.5 Measurement Results for the Natural Balancing Method 59 4.6 Space Vector Modulation with the Self-Balancing Technique 59 4.7 Summary 61 References 63 Part II Advanced Multilevel Rectifiers and their Control Strategies 65 5 Unidirectional Three-Phase Three-Level Unity-Power Factor Rectifier 67Gabriel H. P. Ooi and Hossein Dehghani Tafti 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Circuit Configuration 67 5.3 Proposed Controller Scheme 70 5.4 Experimental Verification 80 5.5 Summary 86 References 86 6 Bidirectional and Unidirectional Five-Level Multiple-Pole Multilevel Rectifiers 89Gabriel H. P. Ooi 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Circuit Configuration 89 6.3 Modulation Scheme 91 6.4 Design Considerations 93 6.5 Comparative Evaluation 95 6.6 Control Strategy 101 6.7 Experimental Verification 103 6.8 Summary 105 References 105 7 Five-Level Multiple-Pole Multilevel Vienna Rectifier 107Gabriel H. P. Ooi and Ali I. Maswood 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Operating Principle 108 7.3 Design Considerations 110 7.4 Control Strategy 112 7.5 Validation 115 7.6 Summary 116 References 117 8 Five-Level Multiple-Pole Multilevel Rectifier with Reduced Components 119Gabriel H. P. Ooi 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Operation Principle 120 8.3 Modulation Scheme 122 8.4 Control Strategy 123 8.5 Design Considerations 128 8.6 Validation 131 8.7 Experimental Verification 131 8.8 Summary 132 References 134 9 Four-Quadrant Reduced Modular Cell Rectifier 137Ziyou Lim 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Circuit Configuration 139 9.3 Operating Principle 139 9.4 Design Considerations 141 9.5 Control Strategy 144 9.6 Comparative Evaluation of Classical MFCR and Proposed RFCR 148 9.7 Experimental Verification 149 References 160 Part III Advanced Multilevel Inverters and their Control Strategies 163 10 Transformerless Five-Level/Multiple-Pole Multilevel Inverters with Single DC Bus Configuration 165Gabriel H. P. Ooi 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Five-Level Multiple-Pole Concept 166 10.3 Circuit Configuration and Operation Principles 167 10.4 Modulation Scheme 176 10.5 Design Consideration 176 10.6 Accuracy of the Current Stress Calculation 184 10.7 Losses in Power Devices 189 10.8 Discussion 197 References 199 11 Transformerless Seven-Level/Multiple-Pole Multilevel Inverters with Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) Balancing Circuit 201Hossein Dehghani Tafti and Gabriel H. P. Ooi 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Circuit Configuration and Operating Principles 201 11.3 SIMO Voltage Balancing Circuit 204 11.4 Design Considerations 208 11.5 Experimental Verification 212 11.6 Summary 215 References 215 12 Three-Phase Seven-Level Three-Cell Lightweight Flying Capacitor Inverter 217Ziyou Lim 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 LFCI Topology 219 12.3 Circuit Configuration 220 12.4 Operational Principles 220 12.5 Modulation Scheme 228 12.6 Design Considerations 230 12.7 Harmonic Characteristics 234 12.8 Experimental Verification 247 References 250 13 Three-Phase Seven-Level Four-Cell Reduced Flying Capacitor Inverter 251Ziyou Lim 13.1 Introduction 251 13.2 Circuit Configuration 251 13.3 Operation Principles 252 13.4 Design Considerations 254 13.5 Flying Capacitor Voltage Balancing Control 259 13.6 Experimental Verification 264 14 Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter 275Ziyou Lim 14.1 Introduction 275 14.2 Circuit Configuration 277 14.3 Operating Principles 277 14.4 Design Considerations 279 14.5 Multiple Voltage Quantities Enhancement Control 280 14.6 Common Mode Reduction 298 References 316 15 Multilevel Z-Source Inverters 319Muhammad M. Roomi 15.1 Introduction 319 15.2 Two-Level ZSI 321 15.3 Three-Level ZSI 324 15.4 Modulation Methods for Three-Level Z-Source NPC Inverter 332 15.5 Modulation Method for Three-Level Dual Z-Source NPC Inverter 335 15.6 Reference Disposition Level-Shifted PWM for Non-ideal Dual Z-Source Network NPC Inverter 350 15.7 Applications of ZSI 363 15.8 Summary 365 References 367 Part IV Grid-Integration Applications of Advanced Multilevel Converters 369 16 Multilevel Converter-Based Photovoltaic Power Conversion 371Hossein Dehghani Tafti, Georgios Konstantinou, and Josep Pou 16.1 Introduction 371 16.2 Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter–Based PV Power Plant 371 16.3 Seven-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter–Based PV Power Plant 390 16.4 Summary 407 References 407 17 Multilevel Converter–basedWind Power Conversion 413Md Shafquat Ullah Khan 17.1 Introduction 413 17.2 Wind Power Conversion Principles 413 17.3 Multilevel Converters in Wind Power Conversion 416 17.4 Grid-Connected Back-to-Back Three-Phase NPC Converter 418 17.5 Summary 429 References 429 18 Z-Source Inverter–Based Fuel Cell Power Generation 433Muhammad M. Roomi 18.1 Introduction 433 18.2 Fuel Cell Power Conversion Principles 436 18.3 Modelling of the PEMFC 437 18.4 Circuit Configuration 439 18.5 Control Strategy 440 18.6 Validation 442 18.7 Summary 451 References 453 19 Multilevel Converter-Based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System 455Muhammad M. Roomi and Harikrishna R. Pinkymol 19.1 Introduction 455 19.2 A Space Vector Modulated Five-Level Multiple-pole Multilevel Diode-Clamped STATCOM 456 19.3 Summary 470 References 470 Index 473

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Book SynopsisProvides students with an understanding of the modeling and practice in power system stability analysis and control design, as well as the computational tools used by commercial vendors Bringing together wind, FACTS, HVDC, and several other modern elements, this book gives readers everything they need to know about power systems. It makes learning complex power system concepts, models, and dynamics simpler and more efficient while providing modern viewpoints of power system analysis. Power System Modeling, Computation, and Control provides students with a new and detailed analysis of voltage stability; a simple example illustrating the BCU method of transient stability analysis; and one of only a few derivations of the transient synchronous machine model. It offers a discussion on reactive power consumption of induction motors during start-up to illustrate the low-voltage phenomenon observed in urban load centers. Damping controller designs using power system stabilizer, HVDC systemTable of ContentsPreface xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electrification 1 1.2 Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Systems 2 1.2.1 Central Generating Station Model 2 1.2.2 Renewable Generation 4 1.2.3 Smart Grids 5 1.3 Time Scales 5 1.3.1 Dynamic Phenomena 5 1.3.2 Measurements and Data 5 1.3.3 Control Functions and System Operation 7 1.4 Organization of the Book 7 Part I System Concepts 9 2 Steady-State Power Flow 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Power Network Elements and Admittance Matrix 12 2.2.1 Transmission Lines 12 2.2.2 Transformers 13 2.2.3 Per Unit Representation 14 2.2.4 Building the Network Admittance Matrix 14 2.3 Active and Reactive Power Flow Calculations 16 2.4 Power Flow Formulation 19 2.5 Newton-Raphson Method 21 2.5.1 General Procedure 21 2.5.2 NR Solution of Power Flow Equations 22 2.6 Advanced Power Flow Features 27 2.6.1 Load Bus Voltage Regulation 27 2.6.2 Multi-area Power Flow 28 2.6.3 Active Line Power Flow Regulation 29 2.6.4 Dishonest Newton-Raphson Method 30 2.6.5 Fast Decoupled Loadflow 30 2.6.6 DC Power Flow 31 2.7 Summary and Notes 31 Appendix 2.A Two-winding Transformer Model 32 Appendix 2.B LU Decomposition and Sparsity Methods 36 Appendix 2.C Power Flow and Dynamic Data for the 2-area, 4-machine System 39 Problems 42 3 Steady-State Voltage Stability Analysis 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Voltage Collapse Incidents 48 3.2.1 Tokyo, Japan: July 23, 1987 48 3.2.2 US Western Power System: July 2, 1996 48 3.3 Reactive Power Consumption on Transmission Lines 49 3.4 Voltage Stability Analysis of a Radial Load System 55 3.4.1 Maximum Power Transfer 59 3.5 Voltage Stability Analysis of Large Power Systems 61 3.6 Continuation Power Flow Method 64 3.6.1 Continuation Power Flow Algorithm 66 3.7 An AQ-Bus Method for Solving Power Flow 67 3.7.1 Analytical Framework for the AQ-Bus Method 69 3.7.2 AQ-Bus Formulation for Constant-Power-Factor Loads 70 3.7.3 AQ-Bus Algorithm for Computing Voltage Stability Margins 71 3.8 Power System Components Affecting Voltage Stability 73 3.8.1 Shunt Reactive Power Supply 74 3.8.2 Under-Load Tap Changer 76 3.9 Hierarchical Voltage Control 79 3.10 Voltage Stability Margins and Indices 80 3.10.1 Voltage Stability Margins 80 3.10.2 Voltage Sensitivities 81 3.10.3 Singular Values and Eigenvalues of the Power Flow Jacobian Matrix 82 3.11 Summary and Notes 82 Problems 83 4 Power System Dynamics and Simulation 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Electromechanical Model of Synchronous Machines 88 4.3 Single-Machine Infinite-Bus System 90 4.4 Power System Disturbances 94 4.4.1 Fault-On Analysis 94 4.4.2 Post-Fault Analysis 96 4.4.3 Other Types of Faults 98 4.5 Simulation Methods 98 4.5.1 Modified Euler Methods 99 4.5.1.1 Euler Full-Step Modification Method 100 4.5.1.2 Euler Half-Step Modification Method 101 4.5.2 Adams-Bashforth Second-Order Method 101 4.5.3 Selecting Integration Stepsize 102 4.5.4 Implicit Integration Methods 104 4.5.4.1 Integration of DAEs 105 4.6 Dynamic Models of Multi-Machine Power Systems 106 4.6.1 Constant-Impedance Loads 107 4.6.2 Generator Current Injections 108 4.6.3 Network Equation Extended to the Machine Internal Node 108 4.6.4 Reduced Admittance Matrix Approach 109 4.6.5 Method for Dynamic Simulation 109 4.7 Multi-Machine Power System Stability 114 4.7.1 Reference Frames for Machine Angles 115 4.8 Power System Toolbox 117 4.9 Summary and Notes 119 Problems 119 5 Direct Transient Stability Analysis 123 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Equal-Area Analysis of a Single-Machine Infinite-Bus System 124 5.2.1 Power-Angle Curve 124 5.2.2 Fault-On and Post-Fault Analysis 126 5.3 Transient Energy Functions 127 5.3.1 Lyapunov Functions 128 5.3.2 Energy Function for Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Electromechanical Model 128 5.4 Energy Function Analysis of a Disturbance Event 131 5.5 Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Model Phase Portrait and Region of Stability 135 5.6 Direct Stability Analysis using Energy Functions 138 5.7 Energy Functions for Multi-Machine Power Systems 139 5.7.1 Direct Stability Analysis for Multi-Machine Systems 142 5.7.2 Computation of Critical Energy 143 5.8 Dynamic Security Assessment 146 5.9 Summary and Notes 146 Problems 147 6 Linear Analysis and Small-Signal Stability 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Electromechanical Modes 150 6.3 Linearization 151 6.3.1 State-Space Models 151 6.3.2 Input-Output Models 152 6.3.3 Modal Analysis and Time-Domain Solutions 152 6.3.4 Time Response of Linear Systems 154 6.3.5 Participation Factors 156 6.4 Linearized Models of Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Systems 157 6.5 Linearized Models of Multi-Machine Systems 160 6.5.1 Synchronizing Torque Matrix and Eigenvalue Properties 162 6.5.2 Modeshapes and Participation Factors 162 6.6 Developing Linearized Models of Large Power Systems 164 6.6.1 Analytical Partial Derivatives 165 6.6.2 Numerical Linearization 169 6.7 Summary and Notes 171 Problems 171 Part II Synchronous Machine Models and their Control Systems 175 7 Steady-State Models and Operation of Synchronous Machines 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Physical Description 177 7.2.1 Amortisseur Bars 179 7.3 Synchronous Machine Model 179 7.3.1 Flux Linkage and Voltage Equations 181 7.3.2 Stator (Armature) Self and Mutual Inductances 183 7.3.3 Mutual Inductances between Stator and Rotor 183 7.3.4 Rotor Self and Mutual Inductances 184 7.4 Park Transformation 185 7.4.1 Electrical Power in dq0 Variables 188 7.5 Reciprocal, Equal Lad Per-Unit System 189 7.5.1 Stator Base Values 189 7.5.2 Stator Voltage Equations 190 7.5.3 Rotor Base Values 191 7.5.4 Rotor Voltage Equations 191 7.5.5 Stator Flux-Linkage Equations 192 7.5.6 Rotor Flux-Linkage Equations 192 7.5.7 Equal Mutual Inductance 192 7.6 Equivalent Circuits 196 7.6.1 Flux-Linkage Circuits 196 7.6.2 Voltage Equivalent Circuits 197 7.7 Steady-State Analysis 199 7.7.1 Open-Circuit Condition 199 7.7.2 Loaded Condition 201 7.7.3 Drawing Voltage-Current Phasor Diagrams 202 7.8 Saturation Effects 204 7.8.1 Representations of Magnetic Saturation 205 7.9 Generator Capability Curves 207 7.10 Summary and Notes 209 Problems 209 8 Dynamic Models of Synchronous Machines 213 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Machine Dynamic Response During Fault 213 8.2.1 DC Offset and Stator Transients 215 8.3 Transient and Subtransient Reactances and Time Constants 216 8.4 Subtransient Synchronous Machine Model 221 8.5 Other Synchronous Machine Models 227 8.5.1 Flux-Decay Model 227 8.5.2 Classical Model 228 8.6 dq-axes Rotation Between a Generator and the System 229 8.7 Power System Simulation using Detailed Machine Models 230 8.7.1 Power System Simulation Algorithm 231 8.8 Linearized Models 232 8.9 Summary and Notes 234 Problems 235 9 Excitation Systems 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Excitation System Models 238 9.3 Type DC Exciters 239 9.3.1 Separately Excited DC exciter 239 9.3.2 Self-Excited DC Exciter 243 9.3.3 Voltage Regulator 244 9.3.4 Initialization of DC Type Exciters 245 9.3.5 Transfer Function Analysis 246 9.3.6 Generator and Exciter Closed-Loop System 248 9.3.7 Excitation System Response Ratios 251 9.4 Type AC Exciters 252 9.5 Type ST Excitation Systems 254 9.6 Load Compensation Control 257 9.7 Protective Functions 259 9.8 Summary and Notes 259 Appendix 9.A Anti-Windup Limits 260 Problems 261 10 Power System Stabilizers 265 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Single-Machine Infinite-Bus System Model 266 10.3 Synchronizing and Damping Torques 271 10.3.1 ΔTe2 Under Constant Field Voltage 272 10.3.2 ΔTe2 With Excitation System Control 273 10.4 Power System Stabilizer Design using Rotor Speed Signal 275 10.4.1 PSS Design Requirements 276 10.4.2 PSS Control Blocks 277 10.4.3 PSS Design Methods 279 10.4.4 Torsional Filters 284 10.4.5 PSS Field Tuning 287 10.4.6 Interarea Mode Damping 287 10.5 Other PSS Input Signals 288 10.5.1 Generator Terminal Bus Frequency 288 10.5.2 Electrical Power Output ΔPe 288 10.6 Integral-of-Accelerating-Power or Dual-Input PSS 289 10.7 Summary and Notes 293 Problems 293 11 Load and Induction Motor Models 295 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Static Load Models 296 11.2.1 Exponential Load Model 296 11.2.2 Polynomial Load Model 297 11.3 Incorporating ZIP Load Models in Dynamic Simulation and Linear Analysis 298 11.4 Induction Motors: Steady-State Models 303 11.4.1 Physical Description 304 11.4.2 Mathematical Description 304 11.4.2.1 Modeling Equations 304 11.4.2.2 Reference Frame Transformation 306 11.4.3 Equivalent Circuits 308 11.4.4 Per-Unit Representation 310 11.4.5 Torque-Slip Characteristics 311 11.4.6 Reactive Power Consumption 313 11.4.7 Motor Startup 314 11.5 Induction Motors: Dynamic Models 315 11.5.1 Initialization 318 11.5.2 Reactive Power Requirement during Motor Stalling 320 11.6 Summary and Notes 323 Problems 324 12 Turbine-Governor Models and Frequency Control 327 12.1 Introduction 327 12.2 Steam Turbines 328 12.2.1 Turbine Configurations 328 12.2.2 Steam Turbine-Governors 331 12.3 Hydraulic Turbines 333 12.3.1 Hydraulic Turbine-Governors 337 12.3.2 Load Rejection of Hydraulic Turbines 338 12.4 Gas Turbines and Co-Generation Plants 339 12.5 Primary Frequency Control 342 12.5.1 Isolated Turbine-Generator Serving Local Load 343 12.5.2 Interconnected Units 347 12.5.3 Frequency Response in US Power Grids 349 12.6 Automatic Generation Control 351 12.7 Turbine-Generator Torsional Oscillations and Subsynchronous Resonance 356 12.7.1 Torsional Modes 356 12.7.2 Electrical Network Modes 363 12.7.3 SSR Occurrence and Countermeasures 365 12.8 Summary and Notes 366 Problems 367 Part III Advanced Power System Topics 371 13 High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 373 13.1 Introduction 373 13.1.1 HVDC System Installations and Applications 375 13.1.2 HVDC System Economics 377 13.2 AC/DC and DC/AC Conversion 377 13.2.1 AC-DC Conversion using Ideal Diodes 378 13.2.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter 379 13.3 Line-Commutation Operation in HVDC Systems 383 13.3.1 Rectifier Operation 383 13.3.1.1 Thyristor Ignition Delay Angle 383 13.3.1.2 Commutation Overlap 385 13.3.2 Inverter Operation 388 13.3.3 Multiple Bridge Converters 389 13.3.4 Equivalent Circuit 389 13.4 Control Modes 391 13.4.1 Mode 1: Normal Operation 392 13.4.2 Mode 2: Reduced-Voltage Operation 393 13.4.3 Mode 3: Transitional Mode 394 13.4.4 System Operation Under Fault Conditions 396 13.4.5 Communication Requirements 396 13.5 Multi-terminal HVDC Systems 397 13.6 Harmonics and Reactive Power Requirement 398 13.6.1 Harmonic Filters 398 13.6.2 Reactive Power Support 399 13.7 AC-DC Power Flow Computation 401 13.8 Dynamic Models 406 13.8.1 Converter Control 406 13.8.2 DC Line Dynamics 408 13.8.3 AC-DC Network Solution 409 13.9 Damping Control Design 411 13.10 Summary and Notes 416 Problems 416 14 Flexible AC Transmission Systems 421 14.1 Introduction 421 14.2 Static Var Compensator 422 14.2.1 Circuit Configuration and Thyristor Switching 422 14.2.2 Steady-State Voltage Regulation and Stability Enhancement 423 14.2.2.1 Voltage Stability Enhancement 424 14.2.2.2 Transient Stability Enhancement 427 14.2.3 Dynamic Voltage Control and Droop Regulation 429 14.2.4 Dynamic Simulation 433 14.2.5 Damping Control Design using SVC 435 14.3 Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator 441 14.3.1 Fixed Series Compensation 442 14.3.2 TCSC Circuit Configuration and Switching 442 14.3.3 Voltage Reversal Control 444 14.3.4 Mitigation of Subsynchronous Oscillations 445 14.3.5 Dynamic Model and Damping Control Design 446 14.4 Shunt VSC Controllers 451 14.4.1 Voltage-Sourced Converters 451 14.4.1.1 Three-Phase Full-Wave VSCs 453 14.4.1.2 Three-Level Converters 455 14.4.1.3 Harmonics 455 14.4.2 Static Compensator 458 14.4.2.1 Steady-State Analysis 458 14.4.2.2 Dynamic Model 459 14.4.3 VSC HVDC Systems 463 14.4.3.1 Steady-State Operation 463 14.4.3.2 Dynamic Model 466 14.5 Series and Coupled VSC Controllers 469 14.5.1 Static Synchronous Series Compensation 469 14.5.1.1 Steady-State Analysis 469 14.5.2 Unified Power Flow Controller 471 14.5.2.1 Steady-State Analysis 471 14.5.3 Interline Power Flow Controller 475 14.5.3.1 Steady-State Analysis 475 14.5.4 Dynamic Model 478 14.5.4.1 Series Voltage Insertion 479 14.5.4.2 Line Active and Reactive Power Flow Control 480 14.6 Summary and Notes 480 Problems 481 15 Wind Power Generation and Modeling 487 15.1 Background 487 15.2 Wind Turbine Components 489 15.3 Wind Power 491 15.3.1 Blade Angle Orientation 492 15.3.2 Power Coefficient 494 15.4 Wind Turbine Types 496 15.4.1 Type 1 496 15.4.2 Type 2 497 15.4.3 Type 3 498 15.4.4 Type 4 498 15.5 Steady-State Characteristics 499 15.5.1 Type-1Wind Turbine 499 15.5.2 Type-2Wind Turbine 501 15.5.3 Type-3Wind Turbine 502 15.6 Wind Power Plant Representation 505 15.7 Overall Control Criteria for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 510 15.8 Wind Turbine Model for Transient Stability Planning Studies 513 15.8.1 Overall Model Structure 513 15.8.2 Generator/Converter Model 514 15.8.3 Electrical Control Model 515 15.8.4 Drive-Train Model 517 15.8.5 Torque Control Model 519 15.8.6 Aerodynamic Model 520 15.8.7 Pitch Controller 522 15.9 Plant-Level Control Model 526 15.9.1 Simulation Example 526 15.10 Summary and Notes 527 Problems 528 16 Power System Coherency and Model Reduction 531 16.1 Introduction 531 16.2 Interarea Oscillations and Slow Coherency 532 16.2.1 Slow Coherency 534 16.2.2 Slow Coherent Areas 536 16.2.3 Finding Coherent Groups of Machines 541 16.3 Generator Aggregation and Network Reduction 544 16.3.1 Generator Aggregation 545 16.3.2 Dynamic Aggregation 548 16.3.3 Load Bus Elimination 551 16.4 Simulation Studies 555 16.4.1 Singular Perturbations Method 556 16.5 Linear Reduced Model Methods 557 16.5.1 Modal Truncation 558 16.5.2 Balanced Model Reduction Method 559 16.6 Dynamic Model Reduction Software 559 16.7 Summary and Notes 560 Problems 560 References 563 Index 577

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Book SynopsisENERGY STORAGE Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on energy storage presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges in the field of renewable energy systems for sustainability and scalability for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers. The world's energy landscape is very complex. Fossil fuels, especially because of hydraulic fracturing, are still a mainstay of global energy production, but renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and others, are increasing in importance for global energy sustainability. Experts and non-experts agree that the next game-changer in this area will be energy storage. Energy storage is crucial for continuous operation of power plants and can supplement basic power generation sources over a stand-alone system. It can enhance capacity and leads to greater security, including continuous electricity supply and other applications. A depenTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Concentrating Solar Power Plants 1 Dr. Pratibha Biswal 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technology 2 1.2.1 CSP Receiver Concepts 4 1.2.1.1 Parabolic Trough System 4 1.2.1.2 Linear Fresnel Reflector Systems 5 1.2.1.3 Central Receiver Plants 6 1.2.1.4 Dish System 7 1.3 Thermal Energy Storage in CSP 7 1.3.1 Active Two-Tank System 9 1.3.1.1 Active Two-Tank Direct 9 1.3.2 Active Single-Tank Thermocline 20 1.3.3 Other TES Systems 21 1.3.3.1 Packed-Bed Storage System 21 1.3.3.2 Passive Thermal Storage System 22 1.3.4 Types of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) 22 1.3.4.1 Sensible Energy Storage 22 1.3.4.2 Latent Heat Storage 24 1.3.4.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage 25 1.4 Corrosion Problem in TES-CSP System 26 1.5 Conclusion 26 References 27 2 Solar Thermal Power Plant with Thermal Energy Storage 31 Anil Kumar, Umakanta Sahoo and BK Jayasimha Rathod 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Literature Review 39 2.2.1 Power Installed Capacity of India 39 2.2.2 Energy Storage Systems 40 2.2.3 Thermal Storage Systems 40 2.3 Energy Demand of World 44 2.4 Experimental Set Up 48 2.4.1 Description of Experimental Set Ups 49 2.5 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions 55 2.5.1 Performance of Reflector Round the Year (Experimental Set up I) 58 2.5.1.1 Simulation Results 63 2.5.1.2 Typical PID of a Solar Module from ‘India One’ Solar Power Plant 66 2.5.1.3 Quantity of Steam to Turbine 67 2.6 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions 69 2.7 Conclusions 75 Symbols 76 Acknowledgement 77 References 77 3 Efficient Energy Storage Systems for Wind Power Application 81 Pradeep Kumar Sahu, Satyaranjan Jena and Umakanta Sahoo 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Energy Storage Devices 84 3.2.1 Electrical Energy Storage 84 3.2.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 85 3.2.1.2 Supercapacitors 86 3.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage 87 3.2.2.1 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 87 3.2.2.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) 88 3.2.2.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage 89 3.2.3 Chemical Energy Storage 89 3.2.3.1 Battery Storage System (BSS) 90 3.2.3.2 Fuel Cells 90 3.2.3.3 Solar Fuel 90 3.2.4 Thermal Energy Storage 93 3.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 93 3.4 Power Converter Topologies for Hybrid Energy Storage 95 3.4.1 Passive Topology 95 3.4.2 Semi-Active Topology 97 3.4.3 Active Topology 97 3.4.4 Comparison of Different Topologies 98 3.5 HESS Energy Management and Control 99 3.5.1 HESS Control Schemes 99 3.5.1.1 Classical Control Scheme 100 3.5.1.2 Intelligent Control Schemes 102 3.5.2 Comparison of Different Control Schemes 103 3.6 Applications of the Storage Technologies in Wind Power 104 3.6.1 Power Fluctuation Mitigation 104 3.6.2 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) 105 3.6.3 Voltage Control Support 105 3.6.4 Oscillation Damping 106 3.6.5 Peak Shaving 106 3.6.6 Spinning Reserve 107 3.6.7 Time Shifting 108 3.6.8 Transmission Line Curtailment 108 3.6.9 Load Following 109 3.6.10 Unit Commitment 110 3.7 Conclusion 110 References 112 4 Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Device: Supercapacitor 119 Swagatika Kamila, Bikash Kumar Jena and Suddhasatwa Basu 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Types of Energy Storage Devices 120 4.3 Overview of Supercapacitor and Its Global Scenario 122 4.4 Status of Supercapacitor in India 125 4.5 Types of Supercapacitor According to the Energy Storage Mechanism 126 4.5.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 126 4.5.2 Pseudocapacitor 128 4.5.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor 129 4.5.3.1 Composite Supercapacitor 129 4.5.3.2 Asymmetric Supercapacitor 130 4.5.3.3 Battery Type 130 4.6 Basic Components of Supercapacitor 130 4.6.1 Current Collector 130 4.6.2 Electrode Materials 131 4.6.2.1 EDLC Materials 131 4.6.2.2 Pseudocapacitive Materials 132 4.6.3 Electrolytes 138 4.6.4 Binders 138 4.6.5 Separators 139 4.7 Conclusion 140 References 140 5 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Cooling and Heating Applications 149 Pankaj Kalita, Debangsu Kashyap and Urbashi Bordoloi 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 Classification of Storage Systems 151 5.3 Sensible Heat Storage 151 5.3.1 Water-Based Storage 153 5.3.2 Packed Beds 156 5.3.3 Aquifers 158 5.3.4 Borehole 160 5.4 Latent Heat Storage 163 5.4.1 Enhancement Methods for Thermal Conductivity Enhancement 164 5.4.1.1 Macro and Microencapsulation 165 5.4.1.2 Addition of Fins 166 5.4.1.3 Multiple PCM Technology 167 5.4.1.4 Immersion Through Material Pores 167 5.5 Thermochemical Heat Storage 168 5.5.1 Absorption Cycle 172 5.5.2 Adsorption Cycles 173 5.5.3 Chemical Reaction 174 5.6 Application of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 176 5.6.1 Absorption Refrigeration System 176 5.6.2 Solar Pumps Application in Space Cooling/Heating 177 5.6.3 Solar Pond Integrated Packed-Bed TES System for Space Heating 178 5.6.4 Solar FPC 179 5.6.5 Solar PV/T 181 5.6.6 Solar Air Heater 183 5.7 Design Problems 184 5.8 Conclusion 196 References 196 6 Optimistic Technological Approaches for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices/Materials 201 Benjamin Raj, Arya Das, Suddhasatwa Basu and Mamata Mohapatra 6.1 Introduction 202 6.2 Advancements in Supercapacitor Technology 202 6.2.1 The Current Global Supercapacitor Market 205 6.2.2 Challenges: From Lab to Market 207 6.2.3 Current Trends and Opportunities 209 6.2.4 Composites and Novel Architectures 209 6.2.5 Microsupercapacitors 210 6.2.6 Hybrid Supercapacitors 211 6.2.7 Flexible, Wearable and Smart Supercapacitors 211 6.3 Advancements in Battery Technology 212 6.3.1 Challenges 213 6.3.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 213 6.3.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 214 6.3.4 Lead Storage Battery 214 6.3.5 Sodium Sulphur Battery 215 6.3.6 Flow Batteries 217 6.3.7 Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) 218 6.4 Conclusion and Outlook 221 References 222 7 Electro-Chemical Battery Energy Storage Systems - A Comprehensive Overview 229 Nikhil P G and G Sivaramakrishnan 7.1 Introduction 229 7.2 Electro-Chemical Storage Devices 231 7.2.1 Definition and Types 231 7.2.2 Energy Storage Landscape and Benefits of Electro-Chemical Storage 235 7.2.3 Drivers and Barriers in Implementation of Energy Storage Systems 240 7.3 Design and Performance Parameters for Electro-Chemical Storage 240 7.3.1 Design Basis for Large Storage Application 240 7.4 Case Study From Industry 243 7.5 Best Practices in Battery Maintenance 245 7.6 End of Life Cycle of Batteries 247 7.6.1 Major Recyclable Products from the Process 248 7.6.2 Disposal Measures 248 7.7 India Energy Storage Mission 249 7.8 Conclusion 251 References 251 8 Simulation of Charging and Discharging a Thermal Energy Storage System Involving Phase Change Material 253 S. Sanyal, A. Borgohain and S.P. Gupta 8.1 Introduction 253 8.2 Design of Latent Heat Storage (LHS) System 256 8.2.1 Identification of Suitable PCM 256 8.2.2 Design of Heat Exchanger 260 8.2.3 Performance Evaluation 261 8.3 Analysis of Phase Change Systems 261 8.4 Simulation 263 8.4.1 Equations Involved 263 8.4.2 Modelling 265 8.4.3 Transient Analysis 269 8.5 Results and Discussion 269 8.5.1 Scalability of Mesh 269 8.5.2 Melting 270 8.5.3 Solidification 271 8.5.4 Performance 273 8.6 Conclusion 274 Acknowledgement 274 Abbreviation 275 References 275 Index 277

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Book SynopsisThe definitive guide to problem-solving in the design of communications systems In Algorithms for Communications Systems and their Applications, 2nd Edition, authors Benvenuto, Cherubini, and Tomasin have delivered the ultimate and practical guide to applying algorithms in communications systems. Written for researchers and professionals in the areas of digital communications, signal processing, and computer engineering, Algorithms for Communications Systems presents algorithmic and computational procedures within communications systems that overcome a wide range of problems facing system designers. New material in this fully updated edition includes: MIMO systems (Space-time block coding/Spatial multiplexing /Beamforming and interference management/Channel Estimation) OFDM and SC-FDMA (Synchronization/Resource allocation (bit and power loading)/Filtered OFDM) Improved radio channel model (Doppler and shadowing/mmWave) PTable of ContentsPreface 3 Acknowledgments 3 1 Elements of signal theory 7 1.1 Continuous-time linear systems 7 1.2 Discrete-time linear systems 10 Discrete Fourier transform 13 The DFT operator 14 Circular and linear convolution via DFT 15 Convolution by the overlap-save method 17 IIR and FIR filters 19 1.3 Signal bandwidth 22 The sampling theorem 24 Heaviside conditions for the absence of signal distortion 26 1.4 Passband signals and systems 26 Complex representation 26 Relation between a signal and its complex representation 28 Baseband equivalent of a transformation 36 Envelope and instantaneous phase and frequency 37 1.5 Second-order analysis of random processes 38 1.5.1 Correlation 39 Properties of the autocorrelation function 40 1.5.2 Power spectral density 40 Spectral lines in the PSD 40 Cross power spectral density 42 Properties of the PSD 42 PSD through filtering 43 1.5.3 PSD of discrete-time random processes 43 Spectral lines in the PSD 44 PSD through filtering 45 Minimum-phase spectral factorization 46 1.5.4 PSD of passband processes 47 PSD of in-phase and quadrature components 47 Cyclostationary processes 50 1.6 The autocorrelation matrix 56 Properties 56 Eigenvalues 56 Other properties 57 Eigenvalue analysis for Hermitian matrices 58 1.7 Examples of random processes 60 1.8 Matched filter 66 White noise case 68 1.9 Ergodic random processes 69 1.9.1 Mean value estimators 71 Rectangular window 74 Exponential filter 74 General window 75 1.9.2 Correlation estimators 75 Unbiased estimate 76 Biased estimate 76 1.9.3 Power spectral density estimators 77 Periodogram or instantaneous spectrum 77 Welch periodogram 78 Blackman and Tukey correlogram 79 Windowing and window closing 79 1.10 Parametric models of random processes 82 ARMA 82 MA 84 AR 84 Spectral factorization of AR models 87 Whitening filter 87 Relation between ARMA, MA, and AR models 87 1.10.1 Autocorrelation of AR processes 89 1.10.2 Spectral estimation of an AR process 91 Some useful relations 92 AR model of sinusoidal processes 94 1.11 Guide to the bibliography 95 Bibliography 95 Appendixes 97 1.A Multirate systems 98 1.A.1 Fundamentals 98 1.A.2 Decimation 100 1.A.3 Interpolation 102 1.A.4 Decimator filter 104 1.A.5 Interpolator filter 105 1.A.6 Rate conversion 108 1.A.7 Time interpolation 109 Linear interpolation 110 Quadratic interpolation 112 1.A.8 The noble identities 112 1.A.9 The polyphase representation 113 Efficient implementations 114 1.B Generation of a complex Gaussian noise 121 1.C Pseudo-noise sequences 122 Maximal-length 122 CAZAC 124 Gold 125 2 The Wiener filter 129 2.1 The Wiener filter 129 Matrix formulation 130 Optimum filter design 132 The principle of orthogonality 134 Expression of the minimum mean-square error 135 Characterization of the cost function surface 136 The Wiener filter in the z-domain 137 2.2 Linear prediction 140 Forward linear predictor 141 Optimum predictor coefficients 141 Forward prediction error filter 142 Relation between linear prediction and AR models 143 First and second order solutions 144 2.3 The least squares method 145 Data windowing 146 Matrix formulation 146 Correlation matrix 147 Determination of the optimum filter coefficients 147 2.3.1 The principle of orthogonality 148 Minimum cost function 149 The normal equation using the data matrix 149 Geometric interpretation: the projection operator 150 2.3.2 Solutions to the LS problem 151 Singular value decomposition 152 Minimum norm solution 154 2.4 The estimation problem 155 Estimation of a random variable 155 MMSE estimation 155 Extension to multiple observations 157 Linear MMSE estimation of a random variable 158 Linear MMSE estimation of a random vector 158 2.4.1 The Cramér-Rao lower bound 160 Extension to vector parameter 162 2.5 Examples of application 164 2.5.1 Identification of a linear discrete-time system 164 2.5.2 Identification of a continuous-time system 166 2.5.3 Cancellation of an interfering signal 169 2.5.4 Cancellation of a sinusoidal interferer with known frequency 170 2.5.5 Echo cancellation in digital subscriber loops 171 2.5.6 Cancellation of a periodic interferer 172 Bibliography 173 Appendixes 174 2.A The Levinson-Durbin algorithm 175 Lattice filters 176 The Delsarte-Genin algorithm 177 3 Adaptive transversal filters 179 3.1 The MSE design criterion 180 3.1.1 The steepest descent or gradient algorithm 181 Stability 181 Conditions for convergence 183 Adaptation gain 184 Transient behaviour of the MSE 185 3.1.2 The least mean square algorithm 186 Implementation 187 Computational complexity 188 Conditions for convergence 188 3.1.3 Convergence analysis of the LMS algorithm 190 Convergence of the mean 191 Convergence in the mean-square sense: real scalar case 192 Convergence in the mean-square sense: general case 193 Fundamental results 196 Observations 197 Final remarks 199 3.1.4 Other versions of the LMS algorithm 199 Leaky LMS 199 Sign algorithm 200 Normalized LMS 200 Variable adaptation gain 201 3.1.5 Example of application: the predictor 202 3.2 The recursive least squares algorithm 208 Normal equation 209 Derivation 210 Initialization 212 Recursive form of the minimum cost function 212 Convergence 214 Computational complexity 214 Example of application: the predictor 215 3.3 Fast recursive algorithms 215 3.3.1 Comparison of the various algorithms 216 3.4 Examples of application 216 3.4.1 Identification of a linear discrete-time system 217 Finite alphabet case 219 3.4.2 Cancellation of a sinusoidal interferer with known frequency 220 Bibliography 221 4 Transmission channels 223 4.1 Radio channel 223 4.1.1 Propagation and used frequencies in radio transmission 224 Basic propagation mechanisms 224 Frequency ranges 224 4.1.2 Analog front-end architectures 226 Radiation masks 226 Conventional superheterodyne receiver 227 Alternative architectures 227 Direct conversion receiver 228 Single conversion to low-IF 229 Double conversion and wideband IF 229 4.1.3 General channel model 230 High power amplifier 230 Transmission medium 233 Additive noise 234 Phase noise 234 4.1.4 Narrowband radio channel model 235 Equivalent circuit at the receiver 237 Multipath 238 Path loss as a function of distance 240 4.1.5 Fading effects in propagation models 243 Macroscopic fading or shadowing 243 Microscopic fading 245 4.1.6 Doppler shift 245 4.1.7 Wideband channel model 247 Multipath channel parameters 249 Statistical description of fading channels 250 4.1.8 Channel statistics 252 Power delay profile 252 Coherence bandwidth 253 Doppler spectrum 254 Coherence time 255 Doppler spectrum models 256 Power angular spectrum 256 Coherence distance 256 On fading 257 4.1.9 Discrete-time model for fading channels 258 Generation of a process with a preassigned spectrum 259 4.1.10 Discrete-space model of shadowing 261 4.1.11 Multiantenna systems 264 Discrete-time model 266 4.2 Telephone channel 268 Distortion 270 Noise sources 270 Echo 270 Appendixes 272 4.A Discrete-time NB model for mmWave channels 273 Angular domain representation 273 Bibliography 274 5 Vector quantization 277 5.1 Basic concept 277 5.2 Characterization of VQ 278 Parameters determining VQ performance 278 Comparison between VQ and scalar quantization 280 5.3 Optimum quantization 281 Generalized Lloyd algorithm 282 5.4 The Linde, Buzo, and Gray algorithm 284 Choice of the initial codebook 285 Splitting procedure 286 Selection of the training sequence 287 5.4.1 k-means clustering 288 5.5 Variants of VQ 288 Tree search VQ 288 Multistage VQ 289 Product code VQ 291 5.6 VQ of channel state information 292 MISO channel quantization 292 Channel feedback with feedforward information 294 5.7 Principal component analysis 295 5.7.1 PCA and k-means clustering 297 Bibliography 299 6 Digital transmission model and channel capacity 301 6.1 Digital transmission model 301 6.2 Detection 305 6.2.1 Optimum detection 306 ML 307 MAP 307 6.2.2 Soft detection 309 LLRs associated to bits of BMAP 309 Simplified expressions 312 6.2.3 Receiver strategies 314 6.3 Relevant parameters of the digital transmission model 314 Relations among parameters 315 6.4 Error probability 317 6.5 Capacity 320 6.5.1 Discrete-time AWGN channel 321 6.5.2 SISO narrowband AWGN channel 322 6.5.3 SISO dispersive AGN channel 322 6.5.4 MIMO discrete-time NB AWGN channel 325 6.6 Achievable rates of modulations in AWGN channels 326 6.6.1 Rate as a function of the SNR per dimension 327 6.6.2 Coding strategies depending on the signal-to-noise ratio 329 Coding gain 330 6.6.3 Achievable rate of an AWGN channel using PAM 331 Bibliography 333 Appendixes 334 6.A Gray labelling 335 6.B The Gaussian distribution and Marcum functions 336 6.B.1 The Q function 336 6.B.2 Marcum function 338 7 Single-carrier modulation 341 7.1 Signals and systems 341 7.1.1 Baseband digital transmission (PAM) 341 Modulator 342 Transmission channel 343 Receiver 343 Power spectral density 344 7.1.2 Passband digital transmission (QAM) 346 Modulator 346 Power spectral density 347 Three equivalent representations of the modulator 348 Coherent receiver 349 7.1.3 Baseband equivalent model of a QAM system 349 Signal analysis 349 7.1.4 Characterization of system elements 353 Transmitter 353 Transmission channel 354 Receiver 355 7.2 Intersymbol interference 356 Discrete-time equivalent system 356 Nyquist pulses 357 Eye diagram 361 7.3 Performance analysis 365 Signal-to-noise ratio 365 Symbol error probability in the absence of ISI 366 Matched filter receiver 367 7.4 Channel equalization 367 7.4.1 Zero-forcing equalizer 367 7.4.2 Linear equalizer 368 Optimum receiver in the presence of noise and ISI 369 Alternative derivation of the IIR equalizer 370 Signal-to-noise ratio at detector 374 7.4.3 LE with a finite number of coefficients 375 Adaptive LE 376 Fractionally spaced equalizer 378 7.4.4 Decision feedback equalizer 381 Design of a DFE with a finite number of coefficients 384 Design of a fractionally spaced DFE 387 Signal-to-noise ratio at the decision point 389 Remarks 390 7.4.5 Frequency domain equalization 390 DFE with data frame using a unique word 390 7.4.6 LE-ZF 394 7.4.7 DFE-ZF with IIR filters 394 DFE-ZF as noise predictor 400 DFE as ISI and noise predictor 400 7.4.8 Benchmark performance of LE-ZF and DFE-ZF 402 Comparison 402 Performance for two channel models 403 7.4.9 Passband equalizers 404 Passband receiver structure 405 Optimization of equalizer coefficients and carrier phase offset 407 Adaptive method 408 7.5 Optimum methods for data detection 410 7.5.1 Maximum-likelihood sequence detection 412 Lower bound to error probability using MLSD 413 The Viterbi algorithm 414 Computational complexity of the VA 419 7.5.2 Maximum a posteriori probability detector 419 Statistical description of a sequential machine 420 The forward-backward algorithm 421 Scaling 425 The log likelihood function and the Max-Log-MAP criterion 426 LLRs associated to bits of BMAP 427 Relation between Max-Log-MAP and Log-MAP 428 7.5.3 Optimum receivers 428 7.5.4 The Ungerboeck’s formulation of MLSD 430 7.5.5 Error probability achieved by MLSD 433 Computation of the minimum distance 437 7.5.6 The reduced-state sequence detection 441 Trellis diagram 442 The RSSE algorithm 444 Further simplification: DFSE 446 7.6 Numerical results obtained by simulations 447 QPSK over a minimum-phase channel 447 QPSK over a non minimum phase channel 448 8-PSK over a minimum phase channel 449 8-PSK over a non minimum phase channel 449 7.7 Precoding for dispersive channels 451 7.7.1 Tomlinson-Harashima precoding 452 7.7.2 Flexible precoding 454 7.8 Channel estimation 456 7.8.1 The correlation method 456 7.8.2 The LS method 458 Formulation using the data matrix 459 7.8.3 Signal-to-estimation error ratio 460 7.8.4 Channel estimation for multirate systems 464 7.8.5 The LMMSE method 465 7.9 Faster-than-Nyquist Signalling 467 Bibliography 467 Appendixes 470 7.A Simulation of a QAM system 471 7.B Description of a finite-state machine 477 7.C Line codes for PAM systems 478 7.C.1 Line codes 478 Non-return-to-zero format 478 Return-to-zero format 479 Biphase format 480 Delay modulation or Miller code 481 Block line codes 481 Alternate mark inversion 481 7.C.2 Partial response systems 482 The choice of the PR polynomial 485 Symbol detection and error probability 489 Precoding 491 Error probability with precoding 492 Alternative interpretation of PR systems 493 7.D Implementation of a QAM transmitter 497 8 Multicarrier modulation 499 8.1 MC systems 499 8.2 Orthogonality conditions 500 Time domain 501 Frequency domain 501 z-transform domain 501 8.3 Efficient implementation of MC systems 502 MC implementation employing matched filters 502 Orthogonality conditions in terms of the polyphase components 505 MC implementation employing a prototype filter 505 8.4 Non-critically sampled filter banks 510 8.5 Examples of MC systems 515 OFDM or DMT 515 Filtered multitone 516 8.6 Analog signal processing requirements in MC systems 517 8.6.1 Analog filter requirements 517 Interpolator filter and virtual subchannels 517 Modulator filter 519 8.6.2 Power amplifier requirements 520 8.7 Equalization 521 8.7.1 OFDM equalization 521 8.7.2 FMT equalization 524 Per-subchannel fractionally-spaced equalization 524 Per-subchannel T -spaced equalization 524 Alternative per-subchannel T -spaced equalization 525 8.8 Orthogonal time frequency space modulation 526 OTFS equalization 527 8.9 Channel estimation in OFDM 527 Instantaneous estimate or LS method 528 LMMSE 530 The LS estimate with truncated impulse response 531 8.9.1 Channel estimate and pilot symbols 532 8.10 Multiuser access schemes 532 8.10.1 OFDMA 533 8.10.2 SC-FDMA or DFT-spread OFDM 534 8.11 Comparison between MC and SC systems 535 8.12 Other MC waveforms 536 Bibliography 537 9 Transmission over multiple input multiple output channels 539 9.1 The MIMO NB channel 539 Spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity 544 Interference in MIMO channels 544 9.2 CSI only at the receiver 545 9.2.1 SIMO combiner 545 Equalization and diversity 548 9.2.2 MIMO combiner 548 Zero-forcing 549 MMSE 550 9.2.3 MIMO nonlinear detection and decoding 550 V-BLAST system 550 Spatial modulation 552 9.2.4 Space-time coding 553 The Alamouti code 553 The Golden code 555 9.2.5 MIMO channel estimation 556 The least squares method 556 The LMMSE method 557 9.3 CSI only at the transmitter 558 9.3.1 MISO linear precoding 558 MISO antenna selection 559 9.3.2 MIMO linear precoding 560 ZF precoding 561 9.3.3 MIMO nonlinear precoding 562 Dirty paper coding 562 TH precoding 564 9.3.4 Channel estimation for CSIT 564 9.4 CSI at both the transmitter and the receiver 565 9.5 Hybrid beamforming 566 Hybrid beamforming and angular domain representation 567 9.6 Multiuser MIMO: broadcast channel 568 9.6.1 CSI at both the transmitter and the receivers 569 Block diagonalization 570 User selection 571 Joint spatial division and multiplexing 572 9.6.2 Broadcast channel estimation 573 9.7 Multiuser MIMO: multiple-access channel 573 9.7.1 CSI at both the transmitters and the receiver 574 Block diagonalization 575 9.7.2 Multiple-access channel estimation 575 9.8 Massive MIMO 575 9.8.1 Channel hardening 576 9.8.2 Multiuser channel orthogonality 576 Bibliography 576 10 Spread-spectrum systems 581 10.1 Spread-spectrum techniques 581 10.1.1 Direct sequence systems 581 Classification of CDMA systems 589 Synchronization 590 10.1.2 Frequency hopping systems 590 Classification of FH systems 592 10.2 Applications of spread-spectrum systems 593 10.2.1 Anti-jamming 594 10.2.2 Multiple access 596 10.2.3 Interference rejection 597 10.3 Chip matched filter and rake receiver 597 Number of resolvable rays in a multipath channel 597 Chip matched filter 598 10.4 Interference 601 Detection strategies for multiple-access systems 603 10.5 Single-user detection 603 Chip equalizer 603 Symbol equalizer 605 10.6 Multiuser detection 606 10.6.1 Block equalizer 606 10.6.2 Interference cancellation detector 608 Successive interference cancellation 608 Parallel interference cancellation 610 10.6.3 ML multiuser detector 610 Correlation matrix 611 Whitening filter 611 10.7 Multicarrier CDMA systems 612 Bibliography 613 Appendixes 615 10.A Walsh codes 616 11 Channel codes 619 11.1 System model 620 11.2 Block codes 622 11.2.1 Theory of binary codes with group structure 622 Properties 622 Parity check matrix 625 Code generator matrix 628 Decoding of binary parity check codes 628 Cosets 629 Two conceptually simple decoding methods 630 Syndrome decoding 631 11.2.2 Fundamentals of algebra 633 modulo-q arithmetic 634 Polynomials with coefficients from a field 637 Modular arithmetic for polynomials 638 Devices to sum and multiply elements in a finite field 640 Remarks on finite fields 642 Roots of a polynomial 646 Minimum function 648 Methods to determine the minimum function 650 Properties of the minimum function 652 11.2.3 Cyclic codes 653 The algebra of cyclic codes 653 Properties of cyclic codes 654 Encoding by a shift register of length r 658 Encoding by a shift register of length k 661 Hard decoding of cyclic codes 662 Hamming codes 663 Burst error detection 666 11.2.4 Simplex cyclic codes 666 Relation to PN sequences 668 11.2.5 BCH codes 669 An alternative method to specify the code polynomials 669 Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenhemcodes 671 Binary BCH codes 674 Reed-Solomon codes 675 Decoding of BCH codes 676 Efficient decoding of BCH codes 681 11.2.6 Performance of block codes 689 11.3 Convolutional codes 690 11.3.1 General description of convolutional codes 693 Parity check matrix 695 Generator matrix 696 Transfer function 696 Catastrophic error propagation 700 11.3.2 Decoding of convolutional codes 702 Interleaving 702 Two decoding models 703 Decoding by the Viterbi algorithm 704 Decoding by the forward-backward algorithm 705 Sequential decoding 706 11.3.3 Performance of convolutional codes 710 11.4 Puncturing 711 11.5 Concatenated codes 711 The soft-output Viterbi algorithm 711 11.6 Turbo codes 713 Encoding 713 The basic principle of iterative decoding 718 FBA revisited 719 Iterative decoding 728 Performance evaluation 730 11.7 Iterative detection and decoding 730 11.8 Low-density parity check codes 734 11.8.1 Representation of LDPC codes 735 Matrix representation 735 Graphical representation 736 11.8.2 Encoding 737 Encoding procedure 737 11.8.3 Decoding 738 Hard decision decoder 738 The sum-product algorithm decoder 741 The LR-SPA decoder 744 The LLR-SPA or log-domain SPA decoder 745 The min-sum decoder 747 Other decoding algorithms 748 11.8.4 Example of application 748 Performance and coding gain 748 11.8.5 Comparison with turbo codes 749 11.9 Polar codes 751 11.9.1 Encoding 752 Internal CRC 753 LLRs associated to code bits 754 11.9.2 Tanner graph 755 11.9.3 Decoding algorithms 757 Successive cancellation decoding - the principle 758 Successive cancellation decoding - the algorithm 760 Successive cancellation list decoding 763 Other decoding algorithms 765 11.9.4 Frozen set design 765 Genie-aided SC decoding 766 Design based on density evolution 767 Channel polarisation 770 11.9.5 Puncturing and shortening 770 Puncturing 771 Shortening 772 Frozen set design 774 11.9.6 Performance 774 11.10Milestones in channel coding 775 Bibliography 775 Appendixes 781 11.A Nonbinary parity check codes 782 Linear codes 783 Parity check matrix 784 Code generator matrix 785 Decoding of nonbinary parity check codes 786 Coset 786 Two conceptually simple decoding methods 787 Syndrome decoding 787 12 Trellis coded modulation 789 12.1 Linear TCM for one and two-dimensional signal sets 790 12.1.1 Fundamental elements 790 Basic TCM scheme 792 Example 792 12.1.2 Set partitioning 795 12.1.3 Lattices 797 12.1.4 Assignment of symbols to the transitions in the trellis 802 12.1.5 General structure of the encoder/bit-mapper 807 Computation of dfree 809 12.2 Multidimensional TCM 811 Encoding 812 Decoding 815 12.3 Rotationally invariant TCM schemes 817 Bibliography 817 13 Techniques to achieve capacity 819 13.1 Capacity achieving solutions for multicarrier systems 819 13.1.1 Achievable bit rate of OFDM 819 13.1.2 Waterfilling solution 820 Iterative solution 821 13.1.3 Achievable rate under practical constraints 821 Effective SNR and system margin in MC systems 822 Uniform power allocation and minimum rate per subchannel 823 13.1.4 The bit and power loading problem revisited 824 Transmission modes 824 Problem formulation 825 Some simplifying assumptions 826 On loading algorithms 826 The Hughes-Hartogs algorithm 827 The Krongold-Ramchandran Jones algorithm 827 The Chow-Cioffi Bingham algorithm 830 Comparison 832 13.2 Capacity achieving solutions for single carrier systems 833 Achieving capacity 837 Bibliography 838 14 Synchronization 839 14.1 The problem of synchronization for QAM systems 839 14.2 The phase-locked loop 841 14.2.1 PLL baseband model 843 Linear approximation 844 14.2.2 Analysis of the PLL in the presence of additive noise 846 Noise analysis using the linearity assumption 847 14.2.3 Analysis of a second order PLL 848 14.3 Costas loop 852 14.3.1 PAM signals 852 14.3.2 QAM signals 854 14.4 The optimum receiver 856 Timing recovery 858 Carrier phase recovery 862 14.5 Algorithms for timing and carrier phase recovery 863 14.5.1 ML criterion 863 Assumption of slow time varying channel 863 14.5.2 Taxonomy of algorithms using the ML criterion 863 Feedback estimators 865 Early-late estimators 866 14.5.3 Timing estimators 867 Non data aided 867 NDA synchronization via spectral estimation 869 Data aided and data directed 871 Data and phase directed with feedback: differentiator scheme 874 Data and phase directed with feedback: Mueller & Muller scheme 874 Non data aided with feedback 877 14.5.4 Phasor estimators 878 Data and timing directed 878 Non data aided forM-PSK signals 878 Data and timing directed with feedback 879 14.6 Algorithms for carrier frequency recovery 880 14.6.1 Frequency offset estimators 881 Non data aided 881 Non data aided and timing independent with feedback 882 Non data aided and timing directed with feedback 883 14.6.2 Estimators operating at the modulation rate 883 Data aided and data directed 884 Non data aided forM-PSK 885 14.7 Second-order digital PLL 885 14.8 Synchronization in spread-spectrum systems 885 14.8.1 The transmission system 885 Transmitter 885 Optimum receiver 886 14.8.2 Timing estimators with feedback 887 Non data aided: non coherent DLL 888 Non data aided modified code tracking loop 888 Data and phase directed: coherent DLL 891 14.9 Synchronization in OFDM 891 14.9.1 Frame synchronization 891 Effects of STO 891 Schmidl and Cox algorithm 893 14.9.2 Carrier frequency synchronization 894 Estimator performance 895 Other synchronization solutions 895 14.10Synchronization in SC-FDMA 896 Bibliography 899 15 Self-training equalization 901 15.1 Problem definition and fundamentals 901 Minimization of a special function 904 15.2 Three algorithms for PAM systems 908 The Sato algorithm 908 Benveniste-Goursat algorithm 909 Stop-and-go algorithm 909 Remarks 910 15.3 The contour algorithm for PAM systems 910 Simplified realization of the contour algorithm 912 15.4 Self-training equalization for partial response systems 913 The Sato algorithm 914 The contour algorithm 915 15.5 Self-training equalization for QAM systems 917 The Sato algorithm 918 15.5.1 Constant-modulus algorithm 919 The contour algorithm 921 Joint contour algorithm and carrier phase tracking 922 15.6 Examples of applications 924 Bibliography 928 Appendixes 930 15.A On the convergence of the contour algorithm 931 16 Low-complexity demodulators 933 16.1 Phase-shift keying 933 16.1.1 Differential PSK 935 Error probability ofM-DPSK 936 16.1.2 Differential encoding and coherent demodulation 937 Differentially encoded BPSK 937 Multilevel case 938 16.2 (D)PSK non-coherent receivers 940 16.2.1 Baseband differential detector 940 16.2.2 IF-band (1 Bit) differential detector 942 Signal at detection point 944 16.2.3 FM discriminator with integrate and dump filter 945 16.3 Optimum receivers for signals with random phase 946 ML criterion 948 Implementation of a non coherentML receiver 951 Error probability for a non coherent binary FSK system 953 Performance comparison of binary systems 956 16.4 Frequency-based modulations 957 16.4.1 Frequency shift keying 957 Coherent demodulator 959 Non coherent demodulator 959 Limiter-discriminator FM demodulator 961 16.4.2 Minimum-shift keying 961 Power spectral density of CPFSK 963 Performance 963 MSK with differential precoding 967 16.4.3 Remarks on spectral containment 968 16.5 Gaussian MSK 968 PSD of GMSK 972 16.5.1 Implementation of a GMSK scheme 973 Configuration I 973 Configuration II 974 Configuration III 975 16.5.2 Linear approximation of a GMSK signal 977 Performance of GMSK 978 Performance in the presence of multipath 983 Bibliography 985 Appendixes 985 16.A Continuous phase modulation 986 Alternative definition of CPM 986 Advantages of CPM 988 17 Applications of interference cancellation 989 17.1 Echo and near–end crosstalk cancellation for PAM systems 990 Crosstalk cancellation and full duplex transmission 991 Polyphase structure of the canceller 992 Canceller at symbol rate 993 Adaptive canceller 994 Canceller structure with distributed arithmetic 995 17.2 Echo cancellation for QAM systems 998 17.3 Echo cancellation for OFDM systems 1001 17.4 Multiuser detection for VDSL 1004 17.4.1 Upstream power back-off 1009 17.4.2 Comparison of PBO methods 1011 Bibliography 1014 18 Examples of communication systems 1019 18.1 The 5G cellular system 1019 18.1.1 Cells in a wireless system 1019 18.1.2 The release 15 of the 3GPP standard 1020 18.1.3 Radio access network 1021 Time-frequency plan 1022 NR data transmission chain 1023 OFDM numerology 1023 Channel estimation 1024 18.1.4 Downlink 1024 Synchronization 1026 Initial access or beam sweeping 1027 Channel estimation 1028 Channel state information reporting 1028 18.1.5 Uplink 1029 Transform precoding numerology 1029 Channel estimation 1029 Synchronization 1030 Timing advance 1031 18.1.6 Network slicing 1031 18.2 GSM 1032 Radio subsystem 1034 18.3 Wireless local area networks 1036 Medium access control protocols 1036 18.4 DECT 1037 18.5 Bluetooth 1040 18.6 Transmission over unshielded twisted pairs 1041 18.6.1 Transmission over UTP in the customer service area 1041 18.6.2 High speed transmission over UTP in local area networks 1045 18.7 Hybrid fibre/coaxial cable networks 1048 Ranging and power adjustment in OFDMA systems 1051 Ranging and power adjustment for uplink transmission 1052 Bibliography 1053 Appendixes 1057 18.A Duplexing 1058 Three methods 1058 18.B Deterministic access methods 1059 19 High-speed communications over twisted-pair cables 1063 19.1 Quaternary partial response class-IV system 1063 Analog filter design 1064 Received signal and adaptive gain control 1064 Near-end crosstalk cancellation 1065 Decorrelation filter 1065 Adaptive equalizer 1065 Compensation of the timing phase drift 1066 Adaptive equalizer coefficient adaptation 1066 Convergence behaviour of the various algorithms 1067 19.1.1 VLSI implementation 1069 Adaptive digital NEXT canceller 1069 Adaptive digital equalizer 1071 Timing control 1075 Viterbi detector 1077 19.2 Dual duplex system 1077 Dual duplex transmission 1077 Physical layer control 1080 Coding and decoding 1080 19.2.1 Signal processing functions 1083 The 100BASE-T2 transmitter 1083 The 100BASE-T2 receiver 1084 Computational complexity of digital receive filters 1086 Bibliography 1087 Appendixes 1087 19.A Interference suppression 1088

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Book SynopsisProbabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems Discover how modern techniques have shaped complex power system expansion planning with this one-stop resource from two experts in the field Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems delivers a comprehensive collection of innovative approaches to the probabilistic planning of generation and transmission systems under uncertainties. The book includes renewables and energy storage calculations when using probabilistic and deterministic reliability techniques to assess system performance from a long-term expansion planning viewpoint. Divided into two sections, the book first covers topics related to Generation Expansion Planning, with chapters on cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and more. The second and final section provides information on Transmission System Expansion Planning, with chTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxv Part I Generation Expansion Planning 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Electricity Outlook 3 1.2 Renewables 8 1.3 Power System Planning 12 2 Background on Generation Expansion Planning 15 2.1 Methodology and Issues 15 2.2 Formulation of the Least-Cost Generation Expansion Planning Problem 18 3 Cost Assessment and Methodologies in Generation Expansion Planning 21 3.1 Basic Cost Concepts 21 3.1.1 Annual Effective Discount Rate 22 3.1.2 Present Value 23 3.1.3 Relationship Between Salvage Value and Depreciation Cost 24 3.2 Methodologies 26 3.2.1 Dynamic Programming 26 3.2.2 Linear Programming 27 3.2.2.1 Investment Cost (Capital Cost) 27 3.2.2.2 Operating Cost 27 3.2.2.3 LP Formula 28 3.2.3 Integer Programming 28 3.2.4 Multi-objective Linear Programming 28 3.2.5 Genetic Algorithm 29 3.2.6 Game Theory 30 3.2.7 Reliability Worth 32 3.2.8 Maximum Principle 32 3.3 Conventional Approach for Load Modeling 34 3.3.1 Load Duration Curve 34 4 Load Model and Generation Expansion Planning 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Analytical Approach for Long-Term Generation Expansion Planning 40 4.2.1 Representation of Random Load Fluctuations 41 4.2.2 Available Generation Capacities 43 4.2.3 Expected Plant Outputs 44 4.2.4 Expected Annual Energy 47 4.2.5 Reliability Measures 47 4.2.5.1 Expected Annual Unserved Energy 47 4.2.5.2 Annual Loss-of-Load Probability 47 4.2.6 Expected Annual Cost 48 4.2.7 Expected Marginal Values 49 4.3 Optimal Utilization of Hydro Resources 50 4.3.1 Introduction 50 4.3.2 Conventional Peak-Shaving Operation and its Problems 51 4.3.3 Peak-Shaving Operation Based on Analytical Production Costing Model 52 4.3.3.1 Basic Concept 52 4.3.3.2 Peak-Shaving Operation Problem 53 4.3.4 Optimization Procedure for Peak-Shaving Operation 53 4.4 Long-Range Generation Expansion Planning 56 4.4.1 Statement of Long-Range Generation Expansion Planning Problem 56 4.4.1.1 Master Problem and Basic Subproblems 57 4.4.1.2 Hydro Subproblem 58 4.4.2 Optimization Procedures 59 4.5 Case Studies 60 4.5.1 Test for Accuracy of Formulas 60 4.5.2 Test for Solution Convergence and Computing Efficiency 62 4.6 Conclusion 65 5 Probabilistic Production Simulation Model 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Effective Load Distribution Curve 67 5.3 Case Studies 71 5.3.1 Case Study I: Sample System I With One 30MW Generator Only 71 5.3.2 Case Study II: Sample System II With One 10MW Generator Only 75 5.3.3 Case Study III: Sample System III With Two Generators – 30 and 10MW 78 5.4 Probabilistic Production Simulation Algorithm 82 5.4.1 Hartley Transform 82 5.5 Supply Reserve Rate 90 6 Decision Maker’s Satisfaction Using Fuzzy Set Theory 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Fuzzy Dynamic Programming 96 6.3 Best Generation Mix 97 6.3.1 Problem Statement 97 6.3.2 Objective Functions 97 6.3.3 Constraints 99 6.3.4 Membership Functions 100 6.3.5 The Proposed Fuzzy Dynamic Programming-Based Solution Procedure 101 6.4 Case Study 102 6.4.1 Results and Discussion 104 6.5 Conclusion 108 7 Best Generation Mix Considering Air Pollution Constraints 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Concept of Flexible Planning 111 7.3 LP Formulation of the Best Generation Mix 112 7.3.1 Problem Statement 112 7.3.2 Objective Functions 113 7.4 Fuzzy LP Formulation of Flexible Generation Mix 116 7.4.1 The Optimal Decision Theory by Fuzzy Set Theory 116 7.4.2 The Function of Fuzzy Linear Programming 117 7.5 Case Studies 118 7.5.1 Results by Non-Fuzzy Model 120 7.5.2 Results by Fuzzy Model 122 7.6 Conclusion 124 8 Generation System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy 127 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 LP Formulation of the Best Generation Mix 128 8.2.1 Problem Statement 128 8.2.2 Objective Function and Constraints 129 8.3 Fuzzy LP Formulation of Flexible Generation Mix 132 8.3.1 The Optimal Decision Theory by Fuzzy Set Theory 132 8.3.2 The Function of Fuzzy Linear Programming 133 8.4 Case Studies 134 8.4.1 Test Results 134 8.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis 134 8.4.2.1 Capacity Factor of WTG and SCG 134 8.5 Conclusion 140 9 Reliability Evaluation for Power System Planning with Wind Generators and Multi-Energy Storage Systems 141 9.1 Introduction 141 9.2 Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation by Monte Carlo Simulation 143 9.2.1 Probabilistic Operation Model of Generator 1 143 9.2.2 Probabilistic Operation Model of Generator 2 144 9.3 Probabilistic Output Prediction Model of WTG 145 9.4 Multi-Energy Storage System Operational Model 147 9.4.1 Constraints of ESS control (EUi,k) 149 9.5 Multi-ESS Operation Rule 150 9.5.1 Discharging Mode 150 9.5.2 Charging Mode 151 9.6 Reliability Evaluation with Energy Storage System 151 9.7 Case Studies 152 9.7.1 Power System of Jeju Island 152 9.7.2 Reliability Evaluation of Single-ESS 156 9.7.3 Reliability Evaluation of Multi-ESS 159 9.7.4 Comparison of System A and System B 162 9.8 Conclusion 163 9.A Appendices 164 9.A.1 Single-ESS Model 164 9.A.2 Multi-ESS Model 167 9.A.3 Operation of Multi-ESS Models 168 Method 1: Energy Rate Dispatch Method (ERDM) 173 Method 2: Maximum First Priority Method (MFPM) 173 9.A.4 A Comparative Analysis of Single-ESS and Multi-ESS Models 175 10 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Expansion Planning and Reactive Power Planning 177 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Generation Expansion Planning 178 10.3 The Least-Cost GEP Problem 179 10.4 Simple Genetic Algorithm 180 10.4.1 String Representation 181 10.4.2 Genetic Operations 181 10.5 Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP 182 10.5.1 String Structure 182 10.5.2 Fitness Function 182 10.5.3 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population 183 10.5.4 Stochastic Crossover, Elitism, and Mutation 185 10.6 Case Studies 186 10.6.1 Test Systems’ Description 186 10.6.2 Parameters for GEP and IGA 187 10.6.3 Numerical Results 189 10.6.4 Summary 192 10.7 Reactive Power Planning 192 10.8 Decomposition of Reactive Power Planning Problem 194 10.8.1 Investment-Operation Problem 194 10.8.2 Benders Decomposition Formulation 195 10.9 Solution Algorithm for VAR Planning 196 10.10 Simulation Results 198 10.10.1 The 6-bus System 198 10.10.2 IEEE 30-bus System 199 10.10.3 Summary 200 10.11 Conclusion 201 References 203 Part II Transmission System Expansion Planning 213 11 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 215 11.1 Introduction 215 11.2 Long-Term Transmission Expansion Planning 216 11.3 Yearly Transmission Expansion Planning 218 11.3.1 Power Flow Model 218 11.3.2 Optimal Operation Cost Model 220 11.3.3 Probability of Line Failures 222 11.3.4 Expected Operation Cost 223 11.3.5 Annual Expected Operation Cost 224 11.4 Long-Term Transmission Planning Problem 224 11.4.1 Long-Term Transmission Planning Model 225 11.4.2 Solution Technique for the Planning Problem 226 11.5 Case Study 227 11.6 Conclusion 232 12 Models and Methodologies 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem 235 12.3 Cost Evaluation for TEP Considering Electricity Market 236 12.4 Model Development History for TEP Problem 237 12.5 General DC Power Flow-Based Formulation of TEP Problem 238 12.5.1 Linear Programming 239 12.5.2 Dynamic Programming 240 12.5.3 Integer Programming (IP) 242 12.5.4 Genetic Algorithm by Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) 245 12.6 Branch and Bound Algorithm 246 12.6.1 Branch and Bound Algorithm and Flow Chart 246 12.6.2 Sample System Study by Branch and Bound 248 13 Probabilistic Production Cost Simulation for TEP 257 13.1 Introduction 257 13.2 Modeling of Extended Effective Load for Composite Power System 259 13.3 Probability Distribution Function of the Synthesized Fictitious Equivalent Generator 263 13.4 Reliability Evaluation and Probabilistic Production Cost Simulation at Load Points 265 13.5 Case Studies 266 13.5.1 Numerical Calculation of a Simple Example 266 13.5.2 Case Study: Modified Roy Billinton Test System 274 13.6 Conclusion 288 14 Reliability Constraints 291 14.1 Deterministic Reliability Constraint Using Contingency Constraints 291 14.1.1 Introduction 291 14.1.2 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 292 14.1.3 Maximum Flow Under Contingency Analysis for Security Constraint 297 14.1.4 Alternative Types of Contingency Criteria 298 14.1.5 Solution Algorithm 299 14.1.6 Case Studies 300 14.1.7 Conclusion 316 Appendix 319 14.2 Deterministic Reliability Constraints 322 14.2.1 Introduction 322 14.2.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem 323 14.2.3 Maximum Flow Under Contingency Analysis for Security Constraint 325 14.2.4 Solution Algorithm 325 14.2.5 Case Studies 326 14.2.6 Conclusion 331 14.3 Probabilistic Reliability Constraints 333 14.3.1 Introduction 333 14.3.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem 338 14.3.3 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation 340 14.3.4 Solution Algorithm 343 14.3.5 Case Study 344 14.3.6 Conclusion 357 14.4 Outage Cost Constraints 357 14.4.1 Introduction 357 14.4.2 The Objective Function 358 14.4.3 Constraints 359 14.4.4 Outage Cost Assessment of Transmission System 360 14.4.5 Reliability Evaluation of Transmission System 363 14.4.6 Outage Cost Assessment 363 14.4.7 Solution Algorithm 364 14.4.8 Case Study 365 14.4.9 Conclusion 369 14.5 Deterministic–Probabilistic (D–P) Criteria 373 15 Fuzzy Decision Making for TEP 375 15.1 Introduction 375 15.2 Fuzzy Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 377 15.3 Equivalent Crisp Integer Programming and Branch and Bound Method 379 15.4 Membership Functions 380 15.5 Solution Algorithm 381 15.6 Testing 382 15.6.1 Discussion of Results 384 15.6.2 Solution Sensitivity to Reliability Criterion 387 15.6.3 Sensitivity to Budget for Construction Cost 389 15.7 Case Study 390 15.8 Conclusion 396 15.A Appendix 396 15.A.1 Network Modeling of Power System 396 15.A.2 Definition 397 15.A.3 Fuzzy Integer Programming (FIP) 398 16 Optimal Reliability Criteria for TEP 401 16.1 Introduction 401 16.2 Probabilistic Optimal Reliability Criterion 401 16.2.1 Introduction 401 16.2.2 Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination 403 16.2.3 Optimal Composite Power System Expansion Planning 403 16.2.3.1 The Objective Function 403 16.2.3.2 Constraints 405 16.2.4 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation and Outage Cost Assessment 406 16.2.4.1 Reliability Evaluation at HLI 406 16.2.4.2 Reliability Evaluation at HLII (Composite Power System) 407 16.2.4.3 Flow Chart of the Proposed Methodology for Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination in Transmission System Expansion Planning 409 16.2.5 Case Study 410 16.2.6 Conclusion 416 16.3 Deterministic Reliability Criterion for Composite Power System Expansion Planning 416 16.3.1 Introduction 416 16.3.2 Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination 419 16.3.3 Optimal Composite Power System Expansion Planning 419 16.3.3.1 Composite Power System Expansion Planning Formulation in CmExpP.For 419 16.3.3.2 Flow Chart 421 16.3.4 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation 421 16.3.4.1 Reliability Indices at Load Points 422 16.3.4.2 Reliability Indices of the Bulk System 423 16.3.5 DMR Evaluation using Maximum Flow Method 424 16.3.6 Flow Chart of Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination 424 16.3.7 Case Study 425 16.3.7.1 Basic Input Data 425 16.3.7.2 Results of Construction Costs of Cases 428 16.3.7.3 Reliability Evaluation 428 16.3.8 Conclusion 431 17 Probabilistic Reliability-Based Expansion Planning with Wind Turbine Generators 433 17.1 Introduction 433 17.2 The Multistate Operation Model of WTG 434 17.2.1 WTG Power Output Model 434 17.2.2 Wind Speed Model 435 17.2.3 The Multistate Model of WTG using Normal ProbabilityDistribution Function 435 17.3 Reliability Evaluation of a Composite Power System with WTG 438 17.3.1 Reliability Indices at Load Buses 440 17.3.2 System Reliability Indices 440 17.4 Case Study 441 17.5 Conclusion 448 17.A Appendix 448 18 Probabilistic Reliability-Based HVDC Expansion Planning with Wind Turbine Generators 449 18.1 The Status of HVDC 449 18.2 HVDC Technology for Energy Efficiency and Grid Reliability 451 18.3 HVDC Impacts on Transmission System Reliabili ty 455 18.4 Case Study 455 References 465 Index 469

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Book SynopsisHow to design a solar power plant, from start to finish In Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants, a team of distinguished engineers delivers a comprehensive reference on PV power plantsand their designfor specialists, experts, and academics. Written in three parts, the book covers the detailed theoretical knowledge required to properly design a PV power plant. It goes on to explore the step-by-step requirements for creating a real-world PV power plant, including parts and components design, mathematical formulations and calculations, analyses, evaluations, and planning. The book concludes with a discussion of a sample solar plant design, as well as tips on how to avoid common design mistakes, and how to handle the operation and maintenance of PV power plants. Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants also includes: Thorough introductions to the basic requirements of design, economic analyses, and investTable of ContentsPREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACRONYMS SYMBOLS 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar Energy 1 1.2 Diverse Solar Energy Applications 1 1.2.1 Solar Thermal Power Plant 2 1.2.2 PV Thermal Hybrid Power Plants 4 1.2.3 PV Power Plant 4 1.3 Global PV Power Plants 9 1.4 Perspective of PV Power Plants 11 1.5 A Review on the Design of Large-Scale PV Power Plant 13 1.6 Outline of the Book 14 References 15 2 Design Requirements 19 2.1 Overview 19 2.2 Development Phases 19 2.2.1 Concept Development and Site Identification 20 2.2.2 Prefeasibility Study 20 2.2.3 Feasibility Study 20 2.2.4 Permitting, Financing and Contracts 20 2.2.5 Detailed Design and Engineering 21 2.2.6 Construction 21 2.2.7 Commercial Operation 21 2.3 Project Predesign 21 2.4 Project Detailed Design 21 2.5 The Main Components Required for Realizing an LS-PVPP 22 2.5.1 PV Panels (PV Module) 22 2.5.2 Solar Inverter 22 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Mounting Systems (Solar Module Racking) 26 2.5.4 DC Cable 26 2.5.5 DC Combiner Box 26 2.5.6 DC Protection System 26 2.5.7 AC Combiner Box 26 2.5.8 Low-Voltage Switchgear 26 2.5.9 Transformers 27 2.5.10 Medium-Voltage Switchgear 27 2.5.11 LV and MV AC Cables 27 2.5.12 AC Protection Devices 27 2.6 An Overview of PV Technologies 27 2.6.1 Background on Solar Cell 27 2.6.2 Types and Classifications 28 2.7 Solar Inverter Topologies Overview 28 2.7.1 Central Inverter 28 2.7.2 String Inverter 29 2.7.3 Multi-string Inverter29 2.7.4 Micro-Inverter 29 2.8 Solar Panel Mounting 30 2.9 Solar Panel Tilt 30 2.10 Solar Tracking System 31 2.10.1 One-Axis Tracker 31 2.10.1.1 North–South Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.2 Polar Tracking 31 2.10.1.3 East–West Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.4 Azimuthal-Axis Tracking 32 2.10.2 Two-Axis Tracker 32 2.10.3 Driving Motor 32 2.10.4 Solar Tracker Control 33 References 34 3 Feasibility Studies 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Preliminary Feasibility Studies 35 3.3 Technical Feasibility Study 36 3.3.1 Site Selection 36 3.3.1.1 Amount of Sunlight 36 3.3.1.2 Land Area and Geometry 36 3.3.1.3 Climate Conditions 37 3.3.1.4 Site Access to Power Grid 38 3.3.1.5 Site Road Access 38 3.3.1.6 Site Topography 38 3.3.1.7 Land Geotechnics and Seismicity 40 3.3.1.8 Drainage, Seasonal Flooding 41 3.3.1.9 Land Use and Legal Permits 41 3.3.1.10 Air Pollution and Suspended Solid Particles 42 3.3.1.11 Geopolitical Risk 43 3.3.1.12 Financial Incentives 43 3.3.2 Annual Electricity Production 43 3.3.3 Equipment Technical Specifications 43 3.3.4 Execution and Construction Processes 43 3.3.5 Site Plan 43 3.4 Environmental Feasibility 44 3.5 Social Feasibility 45 3.6 Economic Feasibility 45 3.6.1 Financial Model Inputs 45 3.6.2 Financial Model Results 47 3.6.3 Financial and Economic Indicators 48 3.6.4 Financial Indicators 48 3.6.4.1 Net Present Value 48 3.6.4.2 Internal Rate of Return 48 3.6.4.3 Investment Return Period 49 3.6.4.4 Break Even Point 49 3.7 Timing Feasibility 50 3.8 Summary 50 References 51 4 Grid Connection Studies 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Introducing Topics of Grid Connection Studies 53 4.2.1 Load Flow Studies 53 4.2.2 Contingency (N-1) 54 4.2.3 Three-phase and Single-phase Short Circuit Studies 55 4.2.4 Grounding System Studies 55 4.2.5 Network Protection Studies 56 4.2.6 Power Quality Studies 57 4.2.7 Stability Studies 58 4.3 Modeling of Grid and PV Power Plants 59 4.3.1 Background Information Required for Modeling 59 4.3.2 Simulation of PV Plant and Network 60 4.3.3 Load Flow Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 60 4.3.4 Contingency (N-1) Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 66 4.3.5 Three-phase Short Circuit Studies 68 4.3.6 Power Quality Studies 68 4.3.7 Sustainability Studies 72 4.3.8 Investigating Additional Parameters for Grid Connection Studies 73 4.4 Summary 76 References 76 5 Solar Resource and Irradiance 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Radiometric Terms 79 5.2.1 Extraterrestrial Irradiance 79 5.2.2 Solar Geometry 80 5.2.3 Solar Radiation and Earth’s Atmosphere 81 5.3 Solar Resources 82 5.3.1 Satellite Solar Data 86 5.3.2 Radiation Measurement 86 5.4 Solar Energy Radiation on Panels 86 5.5 Solar Azimuth and Altitude Angle 89 5.6 Tilt Angle and Orientation 92 5.7 Shadow Distances and Row Spacing 95 5.7.1 Sun Path 96 5.7.2 Shadow Calculations for Fixed PV Systems 96 5.7.3 Shadow Calculations for Single-Axis Tracking PV Systems) Horizontal E–W Tracking Axis) 99 References 100 6 Large-Scale PV Plant Design Overview 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Classification of LSPVPP Engineering Documents 101 6.2.1 Part 1: Feasibility Study 101 6.2.2 Part 2: Basic Design 102 6.2.3 Part 3: Detailed Design and Shop Drawing 107 6.2.4 Part 4: As-Built and Final Documentation 107 6.3 Roadmap Proposal for LSPVPP Design 108 6.3.1 Project Definition 108 6.3.2 Collecting General Information 109 6.3.3 Collecting Information By Site Visit 109 6.3.4 Limitations and Obstacles Identification 110 6.3.5 PV Module and Inverter Selection111 6.3.6 String Size Calculations 111 6.3.7 Solar PV Mounting Structure Selection 111 6.3.8 Tilt Angle Calculation 113 6.3.9 Calculations of Far and Near Shading 113 6.3.10 Optimization Process 113 6.3.11 Energy Balance and Value Engineering 115 6.3.12 Optimal Transformer Size 116 6.3.13 General SLD and Layout 116 6.3.14 Detailed Design 117 6.3.15 Electrical Parameters and Value Engineering 117 6.3.16 Preparing Final Documents 117 6.4 Conclusion 117 References 118 7 PV Power Plant DC Side Design 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 DC Side Design Methodology 119 7.3 PV Modules Selection 121 7.3.1 Module Technology 121 7.3.2 PV Module Size 123 7.3.3 Selection Criteria 123 7.4 Inverter Selection 123 7.4.1 Inverter Topologies 126 7.4.1.1 Micro Inverter 126 7.4.1.2 Multi-string Inverter 126 7.4.1.3 String Inverter 126 7.4.1.4 Central Inverter 126 7.4.1.5 Virtual Central Inverter 128 7.4.2 Comparison of Inverter Topologies 128 7.5 PV Modules Number 129 7.5.1 Method 1 133 7.5.1.1 Minimum String Size 133 7.5.1.2 Maximum String Size 134 7.5.1.3 Determining Maximum Current of a PV Module 135 7.5.1.4 Determining Number of Inverters 135 7.5.2 Method 2 136 7.6 Size of PV Plant DC Side 136 7.7 DC Cables 138 7.7.1 Criteria 138 7.7.2 DC Cables Cross Section 139 7.7.2.1 Current Capacity 139 7.7.2.2 Voltage Drop 141 7.7.2.3 Power Loss 143 7.7.2.4 Short-circuit Current 143 7.8 DC Box Combiner 144 7.9 String Diode 145 7.10 Fuse 145 7.10.1 Rated Voltage 146 7.10.2 Rated Current 146 7.10.3 Fuse Testing 147 7.10.4 Melting Time 147 7.11 Surge Arrester 148 7.12 DC Switch 149 7.13 Conclusion 150 Note 150 References 150 8 PV System Losses and Energy Yield 8.1. Introduction 8.2. PV System Losses 8.2.1. Sunlight Losses 8.2.1.1. Array Incidence Losses 8.2.1.2. Soiling Losses 8.2.1.3. Dust Losses 8.2.1.4. Snow Losses 8.2.2. Sunlight into DC Electricity Conversion 8.2.2.1. Temperature-r Related Losses 8.2.2.2. Shading Losses 8.2.2.3. Low Irradiance 8.2.2.4. Module Quality 8.2.2.5. Light-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.6. Potential-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.7. Manufacturing Module Mismatch 8.2.2.8. Degradation 8.2.3. DC to AC Conversion Losses 8.2.3.1. Inverter Losses 8.2.3.2. MPPT Losses 8.2.3.3. Tracking Curtailment 8.2.3.4. PV Plant DC Losses 8.2.4. PV Plant AC Losses 8.2.4.1. AC Losses 8.2.4.2. Auxiliary Power Losses 8.2.4.3. Downtime and Unavailability 8.2.4.4. Grid Compliance Losses 8.3. Energy Yield Prediction 8.3.1. Irradiation on Modules 8.3.2. PV Plant Losses 8.3.3. Performance Modeling 8.3.4. Uncertainty in Energy Yield 8.3.5. Performance Ratio 8.3.6. Capacity Factor 8.4. Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisSMART GRIDS AND MICROGRIDS Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart grids and microgrids for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals. The power supply is one of the most important issues of our time. In every country, all over the world, from refrigerators to coffee makers to heating and cooling, almost everyone in the world needs to have access to power. As the global demand rises, new methods of delivering power, such as smart grids and microgrids, have, out of necessity or choice, been developed and researched. In this book, modern and advanced concepts of both microgrid and smart grid technology are introduced. Beginning from the brief fundamental concepts of microgrids and its various constituents this team of experts discusses different architectures, control issues, communication challenges, measurement, stability, power quality and mitigation, protection, and powerTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition 1Balasubramonian M, Rajeswari Ramachandran, Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Albert Paul Arunkumar C P and Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab Nomenclature 2 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV 5 1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh 8 1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature 9 1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point 10 1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation 11 1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique 12 1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method 12 1.4 Results and Discussion 13 1.4.1 Simulation Results 16 1.4.2 Experimental Results 19 1.4.3 Comparative Analysis 19 1.5 Conclusion 24 References 24 2 Energy Storage System in Microgrid 27Md Waseem Ahmad and Ravi Raushan 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 28 2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies 30 2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 31 2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies 36 2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid 36 2.4.1 DC-DC Converter 36 2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier 38 2.4.3 AC-AC Converter 38 2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters 38 2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid 38 2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter 41 2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 44 2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid 45 2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI 50 2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 53 2.6 Conclusion 57 References 57 3 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 59Mohan Krishna S, Sheila Mahapatra, Febin Daya J L, Thinagaran Perumal, Saurav Raj and Prajof Prabhakaran 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Background and Motivation 60 3.1.2 Literature Review 62 3.1.3 Organization of the Paper 63 3.2 Application of the Technique 64 3.2.1 Economic Evaluation 64 3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 65 3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories 66 3.3 Result Analysis 67 3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy 67 3.3.2 Reduction in CO2 Emissions 68 3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs 68 3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature 69 3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP) 69 3.3.6 Estimation of DPP 70 3.4 Conclusion 71 References 71 4 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network 75Archana A N and Rajeev T. 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Background 78 4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network 79 4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System 81 4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study 82 4.4.2 Formulation of Test Case Scenarios 84 4.5 Results and Discussions 87 4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers 87 4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers 88 4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices 89 4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network 91 4.6 Conclusion 91 Nomenclature 92 Appendix 92 References 97 5 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability 99Jithin S and Rajeev T. 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Microgrid Control 100 5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy 101 5.3.1 Primary Control 103 5.3.2 Secondary Control 106 5.3.3 Tertiary Control 107 5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods 108 5.4 Control Techniques 108 5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control 108 5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control 110 5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods 111 5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques 117 5.5 Stability of Microgrids 118 5.5.1 Stability Classification 119 5.5.2 Power Balance Stability 120 5.5.3 Control System Stability 120 5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques 121 5.7 Conclusions 122 References 123 6 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station 127Sachpreet Kaur, Tarlochan Kaur and Rintu Khanna 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description 132 6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling 132 6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) 133 6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units 135 6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs 135 6.4 PEVs Control Strategy 138 6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 139 6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1 140 6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2 141 6.6 Conclusions 143 References 143 7 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids 147Swetha Shekarappa G, Manjulata Badi, Saurav Raj and Sheila Mahapatra 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy 151 7.3 Hydro Energy 152 7.4 Solar Power 157 7.5 Wind Energy 160 7.6 Geothermal Energy 163 7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids 165 Conclusion and Future Scope 168 Acknowledgement 169 References 169 8 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario 175Dr Suresh N S., Padmavathy N S., Dr S Arul Daniel and Dr Ramakrishna Kappagantu 8.1 Introduction 176 8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies 176 8.1.2 Why Smart Grid 177 8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation 178 8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation 179 8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies 180 8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 180 8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR) 180 8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM) 181 8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS) 181 8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics 182 8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration 183 8.2.8 Microgrid 184 8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems 184 8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems 185 8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) 186 8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT) 186 8.2.13 Cyber Security 187 8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs 187 8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 188 8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs 189 8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 191 8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India 191 8.5 Summary 192 References 193 9 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid 195B Dastagiri Reddy, K Venkatraman, M.P Selvan and S Moorthi 9.1 Introduction 196 9.2 System Description 197 9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller 202 9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System 208 9.5 Online Monitoring System 210 9.6 Conclusion 211 References 212 10 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids 215Tomina Thomas, DR Prawin Angel Michael and Anoop Joy 10.1 Introduction 216 10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology 217 10.2.1 Microgrid 220 10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation 221 10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow 221 10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology 226 10.3.1 Smart Grid 226 10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids? 227 10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids 228 10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid 229 10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs 229 10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India 230 10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India 234 10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids 234 10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids 235 10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India 236 10.7.4 Future Directions 238 10.8 Conclusion 239 References 240 11 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment 241Sreekanth Thamballa 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 DC-DC Converters 244 11.2.1 Buck Converter 245 11.2.2 Boost Converter 249 11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 252 11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers) 253 11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR) 253 11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR) 254 11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier 258 11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs) 260 11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters) 260 11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI) 261 11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter 263 11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters 265 11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters 266 11.5 AC-AC Converters 266 11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller 267 11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter 269 11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters 270 11.6.1 Matlab 270 11.6.2 Pspice 270 11.6.3 Plecs 271 11.6.4 Saber 271 References 271 12 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 273Dheeban S S, Muthu Selvan N B and Krishnaveni L 12.1 Introduction 274 12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables 276 12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault 276 12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault 276 12.2.3 Earth Fault 277 12.3 Fault Location Methods 277 12.3.1 Online Method 277 12.3.2 Offline Method 278 12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test 278 12.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test 279 12.3.2.3 Cable Thumping 281 12.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer 282 12.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods 283 12.4 Internet of Things 284 12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT 286 12.6 Conclusion 291 Annexure 292 References 293 13 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology 295Manjulata Badi, Swetha Shekarappa G, Sheila Mahapatra and Saurav Raj 13.1 Introduction 296 13.2 Background of Power Grid 296 13.3 India’s Current Situation 298 13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid 299 13.5 The Smart Grid 302 13.6 Smart Grid Components 304 13.6.1 Smart Meter 304 13.6.2 Distribution Automation 305 13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response 305 13.6.4 Demand Side Management 305 13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment 306 13.6.6 Transmission Automation 306 13.6.7 Vehicle Electric 306 13.6.8 Electric Storage 307 13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy 307 13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers 307 13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative 308 13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies 309 13.9.1 Power System Planning 309 13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization 310 13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations 310 13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids 311 13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach 312 13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps 312 13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function 313 13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality 314 13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response 315 13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods 317 13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope 317 References 318 14 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 325Vivek Menon U and Poongundran Selvaprabhu 14.1 Introduction 326 14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development 327 14.2.1 Microgrid 327 14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System 327 14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG) 329 14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System 330 14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid 330 14.2.2 Smart Grid 331 14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter 331 14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 331 14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 333 14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors 333 14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET) 334 14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid 335 14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid 335 14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid 337 14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid 340 14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid 341 14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends 341 14.4.1 Solutions 341 14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid 344 14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 346 14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids 352 14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids 354 14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies 355 14.7 Conclusion 357 Abbreviations 358 References 360 Index 365

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Book SynopsisPOWER GRID RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS How to protect our power grids in the face of extreme weather events The field of structural and operational resilience of power systems, particularly against natural disasters, is of obvious importance in light of climate change and the accompanying increase in hurricanes, wildfires, tornados, frigid temperatures, and more. Addressing these vulnerabilities in service is a matter of increasing diligence for the electric power industry, and as such, targeted studies and advanced technologies are being developed to help address these issues generallywhether they be from the threat of cyber-attacks or of natural disasters. Power Grid Resilience against Natural Disasters provides, for the first time, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to resilience-enhancing planning and operation strategies of power grids against extreme events. It addresses, in detail, the three necessary steps to ensure power grid sucTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power Grid and Natural Disasters 3 1.2 Power Grid Resilience 4 1.2.1 Definitions 4 1.2.2 Importance and Benefits 6 1.2.2.1 Dealing withWeather-Related Disastrous Events 6 1.2.2.2 Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 7 1.2.2.3 Dealing with Cybersecurity-Related Events 8 1.2.3 Challenges 9 1.3 Resilience Enhancement Against Disasters 12 1.3.1 Preparedness Prior to Disasters 12 1.3.1.1 Component-Level Resilience Enhancement 13 1.3.1.2 System-Level Resilience Enhancement 14 1.3.2 Response as Disasters Unfold 14 1.3.2.1 System State Acquisition 15 1.3.2.2 Controlled Separation 16 1.3.3 Recovery After Disasters 17 1.3.3.1 Conventional Recovery Process 17 1.3.3.2 Microgrids for Electric Service Recovery 18 1.3.3.3 Distribution Grid Topology Reconfiguration 18 1.4 Coordination and Co-Optimization 20 1.5 Focus of This Book 22 1.6 Summary 23 References 23 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents Part II Preparedness Prior to a Natural Disaster 35 2 Preventive Maintenance to Enhance Grid Reliability 37 2.1 Component- and System-Level Deterioration Model 37 2.1.1 Component-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 38 2.1.2 System-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 40 2.1.3 Mathematical Model without Harsh External Conditions 40 2.2 Preventive Maintenance in Consideration of Disasters 41 2.2.1 Potential Disasters Influencing Preventive Maintenance 41 2.2.2 Preventive Maintenance Model with Disasters Influences 42 2.2.2.1 Probabilistic Model of Repair Delays Caused By Harsh External Conditions 42 2.2.2.2 Activity Vectors Corresponding to Repair Delays 42 2.2.2.3 Expected Cost 43 2.3 Solution Algorithms 44 2.3.1 Backward Induction 44 2.3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 44 2.4 Case Studies 45 2.4.1 Data Description 45 2.4.2 Case I: Verification of the Proposed Model 45 2.4.2.1 Verifying the Model Using Monte Carlo Simulations 46 2.4.2.2 Selection of Optimal Maintenance Activities 47 2.4.2.3 Influences of Harsh External Conditions on Maintenance 48 2.4.3 Case II: Results Simulating the Zhejiang Electric Power Grid 48 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 51 Nomenclature 52 References 53 3 Preallocating Emergency Resources to Enhance Grid Survivability 55 3.1 Emergency Resources of Grids against Disasters 55 3.2 Mobile Emergency Generators and Grid Survivability 58 3.2.1 Microgrid Formation 59 3.2.2 Preallocation and Real-Time Allocation 59 3.2.3 Coordination with Conventional Restoration Procedures 60 3.3 Preallocation Optimization of Mobile Emergency Generators 61 3.3.1 A Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization Model 61 3.3.2 Availability of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.3 Connection of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.4 Coordination of Multiple Flexibility in Microgrids 67 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 3.4 Solution Algorithms 67 3.4.1 Scenario Generation and Reduction 68 3.4.2 Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm 69 3.4.3 Scenario Decomposition Algorithm 69 3.5 Case Studies 70 3.5.1 Test System Introduction 70 3.5.2 Demonstration of the Proposed Dispatch Method 71 3.5.3 Capacity Utilization Rate 73 3.5.4 Importance of Considering Traffic Issue and Preallocation 75 3.5.5 Computational Efficiency 76 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 77 Nomenclature 78 References 80 4 Grid Automation Enabling Prompt Restoration 85 4.1 Smart Grid and Automation Systems 85 4.2 Distribution System Automation and Restoration 87 4.3 Prompt Restoration with Remote-Controlled Switches 89 4.4 Remote-Controlled Switch Allocation Models 91 4.4.1 Minimizing Customer Interruption Cost 91 4.4.2 Minimizing System Average Interruption Duration Index 93 4.4.3 Maximizing System Restoration Capability 94 4.5 Solution Method 95 4.5.1 Practical Candidate Restoration Strategies 95 4.5.2 Model Transformation 99 4.5.3 Linearization and Simplification Techniques 100 4.5.4 Overall Solution Process 100 4.6 Case Studies 102 4.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 102 4.6.1.1 Results of the CIC-oriented Model 102 4.6.1.2 Results of the SAIDI-oriented Model 103 4.6.1.3 Results of the RL-oriented Model 105 4.6.1.4 Comparisons 105 4.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 106 4.7 Impacts of Remote-Controlled Switch Malfunction 109 4.8 Consideration of Distributed Generations 110 4.9 Summary and Conclusions 111 Nomenclature of RCS-Restoration Models 112 Nomenclature of RCS Allocation Models 113 References 113 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page x [1] [1] [1] [1] x Contents Part III Response as a Natural Disaster Unfolds 119 5 Security Region-Based Operational Point Analysis for Resilience Enhancement 121 5.1 Resilience-Oriented Operational Strategies 121 5.2 Security Region during an Unfolding Disaster 123 5.2.1 Sequential Security Region 123 5.2.2 Uncertain Varying System Topology Changes 125 5.3 Operational Point Analysis Resilience Enhancement 126 5.3.1 Sequential Security Region 126 5.3.2 Sequential Security Region with Uncertain Varying Topology Changes 127 5.3.3 Mapping System Topology Changes 129 5.3.4 Bilevel Optimization Model 130 5.3.5 Solution Process 131 5.4 Case Studies 132 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 138 Nomenclature 138 References 140 6 Proactive Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Transmission Systems 143 6.1 Proactive Strategy Against ExtremeWeather Events 143 6.2 System States Caused by Unfolding Disasters 145 6.2.1 Component Failure Rate 146 6.2.2 System States on Disasters’ Trajectories 146 6.2.3 Transition Probabilities Between Different System States 147 6.3 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy 148 6.3.1 Sequential Decision Processes 148 6.3.2 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy Constraints 148 6.3.3 Linear Scalarization of the Model 150 6.3.4 Case Studies 152 6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 152 6.3.4.2 A Practical Power Grid System 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 159 Nomenclature 160 References 162 7 Markov Decision Process-Based Resilience Enhancement for Distribution Systems 165 7.1 Real-Time Response Against Unfolding Disasters 165 7.2 Disasters’ Influences on Distribution Systems 167 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi 7.2.1 Markov States on Disasters’ Trajectories 167 7.2.2 Transition Probability Between Markov States 169 7.3 Markov Decision Processes-Based Optimization Model 169 7.3.1 Markov Decision Processes-based Recursive Model 169 7.3.2 Operational Constraints 170 7.3.2.1 Radiality Constraint 170 7.3.2.2 Repair Constraint 170 7.3.2.3 Power Flow Constraint 171 7.3.2.4 Power Balance Constraint 171 7.3.2.5 Line Capacity Constraint 171 7.3.2.6 Voltage Constraint 172 7.4 Solution Algorithms – Approximate Dynamic Programming 172 7.4.1 Solution Challenges 172 7.4.2 Post-decision States 174 7.4.3 Forward Dynamic Algorithm 174 7.4.4 Proposed Model Reformulation 175 7.4.5 Iteration Process 177 7.5 Case Studies 177 7.5.1 IEEE 33-Bus System 177 7.5.1.1 Data Description 177 7.5.1.2 Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 178 7.5.1.3 Dispatch Strategies with Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 180 7.5.2 IEEE 123-Bus System 181 7.5.2.1 Data Description 181 7.5.2.2 Simulated Results 181 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 183 Nomenclature 184 References 186 Part IV Recovery After a Natural Disaster 189 8 Microgrids with Flexible Boundaries for Service Restoration 191 8.1 Using Microgrids in Service Restoration 191 8.2 Dynamically Formed Microgrids 194 8.2.1 Flexible Boundaries in Microgrid Formation Optimization 194 8.2.2 Radiality Constraints and Topological Flexibility 195 8.3 Mathematical Formulation of Radiality Constraints 198 8.3.1 Loop-Eliminating Model 200 8.3.2 Path-Based Model 200 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xii [1] [1] [1] [1] xii Contents 8.3.3 Single-Commodity Flow-Based Model 200 8.3.4 Parent–Child Node Relation-Based Model 201 8.3.5 Primal and Dual Graph-Based Model 201 8.3.6 Spanning Forest-Based Model 201 8.4 Adaptive Microgrid Formation for Service Restoration 202 8.4.1 Formulation and Validity 202 8.4.2 Tightness and Compactness 205 8.4.3 Applicability and Application 207 8.5 Case Studies 211 8.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 211 8.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 215 8.5.3 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 219 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 219 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.1 220 8.A.2 Proof of Proposition 8.1 220 Nomenclature of Spanning Tree Constraints 221 Nomenclature of MG Formation Model 221 References 222 9 Microgrids with Mobile Power Sources for Service Restoration 227 9.1 Grid Survivability and Recovery with Mobile Power Sources 227 9.2 Routing and Scheduling Mobile Power Sources in Microgrids 230 9.3 Mobile Power Sources and Supporting Facilities 233 9.3.1 Availability 233 9.3.2 Grid-Forming Functions 234 9.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness 234 9.4 A Two-Stage Dispatch Framework 235 9.4.1 Proactive Pre-Dispatch 235 9.4.2 Dynamic Routing and Scheduling 239 9.5 Solution Method 243 9.5.1 Column-and-Constraint Generation Algorithm 243 9.5.2 Linearization Techniques 245 9.6 Case Studies 245 9.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 246 9.6.1.1 Results of MPS Proactive Pre-positioning 246 9.6.1.2 Results of MPS Dynamic Dispatch 247 9.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 251 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 255 Nomenclature 255 References 257 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xiii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xiii 10 Co-Optimization of Grid Flexibilities in Recovery Logistics 261 10.1 Post-Disaster Recovery Logistics of Grids 261 10.1.1 Power Infrastructure Recovery 262 10.1.2 Microgrid-Based Service Restoration 263 10.1.3 A Co-Optimization Approach 264 10.2 Flexibility Resources in Grid Recovery Logistics 265 10.2.1 Routing and Scheduling of Repair Crews 265 10.2.2 Routing and Scheduling of Mobile Power Sources 268 10.2.3 Grid Reconfiguration and Operation 271 10.3 Co-Optimization of Flexibility Resources 277 10.4 Solution Method 280 10.4.1 Pre-assigning Minimal Repair Tasks 280 10.4.2 Selecting Candidate Nodes to Connect Mobile Power Sources 281 10.4.3 Linearization Techniques 283 10.5 Case Studies 284 10.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 284 10.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 287 10.5.3 Computational Efficiency 290 10.5.4 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 292 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 10.A.1 Proof of Proposition 10.1 293 References 294 Index 301

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xx Acronyms xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Perform Partial Discharge Measurements? 1 1.2 Partial Discharge and Corona 2 1.3 Categories of PD Tests 3 1.3.1 Factory PD Testing 3 1.3.2 Onsite/Off line PD Tests 5 1.3.3 Online PD Testing and Continuous Monitoring 5 1.4 PD Test Standards 6 1.5 History of PD Measurement 7 1.5.1 RIV Test – The First Era 7 1.5.2 Analog PD Detection Using Oscilloscopes – The Second Era 9 1.5.3 Digitizing, Ultrahigh Frequency, and Post- Processing – The Third Era 11 1.5.3.1 Transition to Digital Instruments 11 1.5.3.2 VHF and UHF PD Detection 12 1.5.3.3 Post- Processing of Signals 14 1.6 The Future 15 1.7 Roadmap for the Book 16 References 17 2 Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown 21 2.1 Electric Fields in High- Voltage Equipment 21 2.1.1 Impact of Electric Field on Partial Discharges 21 2.1.2 Basic Quantities and Equations 21 2.1.3 Simple Electrode Configurations 22 2.1.3.1 Parallel Plates Capacitor 24 2.1.3.2 Coaxial Cylindrical Electrodes 24 2.1.3.3 Concentric Spheres 25 2.1.3.4 Point/Plane Electrodes 25 2.1.4 Multi- Dielectric Systems 25 2.1.4.1 Cavities (Voids) 26 2.1.4.2 Interfaces 28 2.1.4.3 Triple Point (Triple Junction) 29 2.1.5 Floating Metal Objects 30 2.2 Electrical Breakdown 30 2.3 Breakdown in Gases 31 2.3.1 Breakdown in Uniform Fields 31 2.3.2 Breakdown in Divergent Fields 36 2.3.3 Breakdown Under Impulse Voltages – the V- t Characteristic 37 2.4 Breakdown in Solids 38 2.4.1 Electrical Treeing 40 2.5 Breakdown in Liquids 41 2.6 Dielectric Strength 43 References 45 3 Physics of Partial Discharge 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Classification of Partial Discharges 47 3.3 PD Current Pulse Characteristics 48 3.4 Effects of PD 53 3.5 Corona Due to Non- Uniform Electric Fields Around Conductors 55 3.5.1 PD and Corona Polarity 56 3.5.2 Corona AC Phase Position 57 3.5.3 Corona Current Pulse Characteristics 57 3.6 Partial Discharge in Voids 59 3.6.1 PD Inception 59 3.6.1.1 Inception Delay 61 3.6.2 Modified Field Due to Space Charge 62 3.7 PD on Insulation Surfaces 66 3.7.1 Triple Point Junction 66 3.7.2 Electrical Tracking 66 3.8 Effect of Ambient Conditions and Conditioning 67 3.8.1 Conditioning 67 3.8.2 Ambient/Operating Conditions 68 3.9 Summary of Measured PD Quantities 68 3.9.1 Magnitude 69 3.9.2 Pulse Count Rate 69 3.9.3 Phase Position 70 3.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with Respect to the AC Cycle 71 3.10.1 Polarity Analysis 71 3.10.2 Physical Basis for PRPD Patterns 71 3.10.3 PD Packets 80 References 82 4 Other Discharge Phenomena 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 PD as Interference 86 4.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing 87 4.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections 87 4.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown 89 4.6 Dry Band Arcing 89 4.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge 89 References 90 5 PD Measurement Overview 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Charge- Based and Electromagnetic Measurement Methods 93 5.3 Optical PD Detection 95 5.4 Acoustic Detection of PD 97 5.4.1 Acoustic Detection of PD Through the Air 98 5.4.2 Acoustic PD Detection Within Enclosed HV Apparatus 102 5.4.2.1 Power Transformers 102 5.4.2.2 Gas- Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 104 5.5 Chemical Detection 105 5.5.1 Ozone in Air 105 5.5.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) 106 5.5.3 SF 6 Decomposition Products in GIS 107 References 107 6 Charge- Based PD Detection 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Basic Electrical Detection Circuits Using Coupling Capacitors 109 6.2.1 Direct Circuit 110 6.2.2 Indirect Circuit 111 6.3 Measuring Impedances 111 6.3.1 Resistors and Quadripoles 111 6.3.2 AC Synchronization and Quadripoles 113 6.3.3 High- Frequency Current Transformers 113 6.4 Electrical PD Detection Models 115 6.4.1 ABC Model 115 6.4.1.1 Equivalent Circuit 117 6.4.1.2 Equivalent PD Current Generator 117 6.4.1.3 Coupling Capacitor 117 6.4.1.4 Under Estimation of Charge 118 6.4.2 Dipole Model 118 6.4.3 Comparing the ABC Model with the Dipole Model 120 6.4.4 Pulse Polarity 120 6.5 Quasi- integration in Charge- Based Measuring Systems 121 6.5.1 Quasi- integration Explained 121 6.5.2 Frequency Range of Charge- Based PD Detectors 122 6.5.2.1 Pros and Cons of the Narrowband vs Wideband Systems 123 6.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge 125 6.6.1 Capacitive Test Objects 125 6.6.2 Distributed Test Objects 126 6.6.2.1 PD Pulse Splitting and Reflections 127 6.6.2.2 Attenuation and Dispersion 129 6.6.3 Inductive- Capacitive Test Objects 132 6.6.4 Practical Calibrators 134 References 135 7 Electromagnetic (RF) PD Detection 137 7.1 Why Measure Electromagnetic Signals from PD 137 7.2 Terminology 139 7.3 Basic Electrical Detection Circuits 141 7.3.1 Transmission Path 141 7.3.2 Sensors 144 7.3.3 Time and Frequency Domain Measurement 145 7.4 Types of RF Sensors 148 7.4.1 Ferrite Antennas 148 7.4.2 Magnetic Loops 148 7.4.3 Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) Sensors 148 7.4.4 Internal or Tank- Mounted UHF Sensors 149 7.4.5 Antennas 150 7.4.5.1 Monopole 150 7.4.5.2 Patch (Microstrip) Antenna 151 7.4.5.3 Horn Antenna 152 7.4.5.4 Stator Slot Couplers 152 7.5 Measuring Instruments 153 7.6 Performance and Sensitivity Check 153 7.7 PD Source Location 155 References 156 8 PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software 159 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Frequency Range Selection 160 8.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations 160 8.3.1 Minimum Threshold and Processing Time 162 8.3.2 AC Voltage Measurement and Synchronization 163 8.3.3 Combined Analog–Digital Systems 164 8.3.4 Digital System to Measure Pulse Magnitude and Selected Pulse Characteristics 165 8.3.5 Systems to Facilitate Waveform Post- Processing 165 8.4 Hardware- Based Interference Suppression and PD Source Identification 166 8.4.1 Hardware- Based Gating 166 8.4.2 Time- of- Flight (or Time of Arrival) Method 167 8.4.3 Pulse Shape Analysis 169 8.5 PD Calibrator Hardware 170 8.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors 171 8.6.1 Sensor Reliability 172 8.6.2 Instrument Robustness 173 8.6.3 Cybersecurity 173 8.7 PD System Output Charts 174 8.7.1 Pulse Magnitude Analysis (PMA) Plot 174 8.7.2 Phase- Magnitude- Number (Ø- q- n) Plot 175 8.7.3 Phase- Resolved PD (PRPD) Plot 176 8.7.4 Trend Plot 176 8.7.5 PDIV/PDEV Plot 178 8.7.6 Scatter Plot 179 8.8 PD Activity Indicators 179 8.8.1 Quasi- Peak PD Magnitude (Q IEC) 180 8.8.2 Peak PD Magnitude (Q m) 181 8.8.3 Integrated PD Indicators 181 8.9 Post- Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis 183 8.9.1 Statistical Post- Processing 183 8.9.2 Time- Frequency Maps 184 8.9.3 Three- Phase Synchronous Pattern Analysis 186 8.9.4 Software- Based Censoring 187 8.9.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems 188 References 190 9 Suppression of External Electrical Interference 193 9.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference 193 9.1.1 Factory Testing 193 9.1.2 Condition Assessment Testing 194 9.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Electrical Interference 194 9.2.1 Electrical/Electronic Noise 194 9.2.2 External Electrical Interference (“Disturbances”) 195 9.2.2.1 PD and Corona from Connected Equipment 195 9.2.2.2 Arcing from Poorly Bonded Metal and Connections 196 9.2.2.3 Electronic Switching 196 9.2.2.4 Slip Ring/Brush Arcing 197 9.2.2.5 Lighting 197 9.3 Interference Suppression for Off line PD Testing 198 9.3.1 Electromagnetic Shielded Rooms 198 9.3.2 Good Practice for Test Set- Up 198 9.3.3 Power Supply Filtering 199 9.3.4 Signal Filtering 199 9.3.5 PD Measurement Bridges 200 9.3.6 Time- of- Flight 201 9.3.7 PRPD Pattern Recognition 202 9.3.8 Time- Frequency Map 202 9.3.9 Gating 202 9.4 Online Interference Suppression 203 References 203 10 Performing PD Tests and Basic Interpretation 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement 206 10.2.1 Test Procedure 206 10.2.2 Sensitivity 207 10.2.3 Interpretation 207 References 225 11 PD Testing of Lumped Capacitive Test Objects 227 11.1 Lumped Capacitive Objects 227 11.2 Test Procedures 228 11.3 Measures to Suppress Electrical Interference 230 11.4 Sensitivity Check 231 References 233 12 PD in Power Cables 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Cable System Structure 235 12.2.1 Cable Insulation 236 References 279 13 Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 283 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance 283 13.3 The GIS Insulation System 286 13.3.1 Insulation System Components 286 References 358 14 Air- Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 365 14.1 Introduction 365 14.2 AIS Insulation Systems 366 14.3 Insulation Failure Processes 368 14.3.1 Surface Electrical Tracking 368 References 379 15 Power Transformers 381 15.1 Introduction 381 15.2 Transformer Insulation Systems 382 15.2.1 Dry- Type Transformer 382 15.2.2 Materials Used in Liquid- Filled Paper- Insulated Power Transformers 384 References 452 16 Rotating Machine Stator Windings 457 16.1 Introduction 457 16.2 Relevant Standards 458 16.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems 458 16.3.1 Insulation System Components 459 16.3.2 PD Suppression Coatings 461 16.3.3 Stator Winding Construction 462 References 501 17 PD Detection in DC Equipment 505 17.1 Why Is HVDC So Popular Now? 505 17.2 Insulation System Design in dc 506 17.3 The Reasons for PD Testing Using dc 507 17.4 Off line PD Testing with DC Excitation 510 17.5 Interpretation of PD Measurements Under DC Excitation 511 17.5.1 Time Series Interpretation 512 17.5.2 Magnitude Dispersion 513 17.5.3 Effect of Operating Conditions on PD 514 17.6 Perspective 517 References 517 18 PD Detection Under Impulse Voltage 519 18.1 Introduction 519 18.2 Insulation Failure Due to Short Risetime Impulse Voltages 520 18.2.1 High Peak Voltage 520 18.2.2 Short Risetime Causing High Turn Voltages in Windings 521 References 531 Index 533

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one resource on power system protection fundamentals, practices, and applications Made up of an assembly of electrical components, power system protections are a critical piece of the electric power system. Despite its central importance to the safe operation of the power grid, the information available on the topic is limited in scope and detail. In Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications, a team of renowned engineers delivers an authoritative and robust overview of power system protection ideal for new and early-career engineers and technologists. The book offers device- and manufacturer-agnostic fundamentals using an accessible balance of theory and practical application. It offers a wealth of examples and easy-to-grasp illustrations to aid the reader in understanding and retaining the information provided within. In addition to providing a wealth of information on power system protection applications for generation, transmission, aTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 What Is Power System Protection, Why Is It Required and Some Basics? 1 1.1 What Is Power System Protection? 1 1.2 Why Is Power System Protections Required? 2 1.3 Some Basic Protection System Terms and Information 6 References 12 2 Basic Power System Protection Components 13 2.1 General Description 13 2.2 Power System Protection Components 13 2.3 Physical Implementation 21 2.4 Power System Isolation Devices and Control Interfaces 23 2.5 Redundancy Arrangements 24 3 AC Signal Sources 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Current Transformers 27 3.3 Voltage Sources 53 References 56 4 Basic Types of Protection Relays and Their Operation 57 4.1 General 57 4.3 Overcurrent 59 4.4 Differential 77 4.5 Distance 86 Reference 94 5 Protection Information Representation, Nomenclature, and Jargon 95 5.1 General 95 5.2 Protection Drawing Types 95 5.3 Nomenclature and Device Numbers 108 5.4 Classification of Relays 112 5.5 Protection Jargon 114 Reference 116 6 Per-Unit System and Fault Calculations 117 6.1 General 117 6.2 Per-Unit 118 6.3 Fundamental Need for Fault Information 125 6.4 Symmetrical Components 128 6.5 Sequence Impedances of Power Apparatus 131 6.6 Balanced Fault Analysis 139 6.7 Sequence Networks 140 6.8 Summary of Unbalance Fault Calculations 144 6.9 High-Level Summary of the Fault Calculation Process 147 6.10 Useful Fault Calculation Formulas/Methods 148 6.11 Fault Calculation Examples 149 References 157 7 Protection Zones 159 7.1 Protection Zones General 159 7.2 Zones Defined 159 7.3 Zone Overlap Around Breakers 161 7.4 Protection Zoning at Stations 163 7.5 Protection Zones in General 170 7.6 Backup Protection 177 7.7 CT Configuration and Protection Trip Zones 178 7.8 Where Protections Zones do not Overlap Around Breakers 182 7.9 Lines Terminating Directly on Buses at a HV Switching Station 183 8 Transformer Protection 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 General Principles 185 8.3 Differential Protection Power Transformers 186 8.4 Percent Differential Protection Autotransformers 220 8.5 Transformer Percent Differential Setting Examples 227 Reference 235 9 Bus Protection 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Typical Bus Arrangements 237 9.3 Bus Protection Requirements 239 9.4 Methods of Protecting Buses 239 9.5 Example High Impedance Differential Protection Setting 264 Reference 267 10 Breaker Failure Protection and Automatic Reclosing 269 10.1 Introduction 269 10.2 Breaker Failure General Background 269 10.3 Breaker Automatic Reclosing General Background 283 11 Station Protection 285 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Types of Stations 285 11.3 Station and Protection Architecture 287 11.4 Station Switchgear Type 300 11.5 Sub-Transmission Types and Station Grounding 302 11.6 Master Ground 303 12 Capacitor Bank Protection 307 12.1 Capacitor Banks 307 12.2 Purpose for Shunt Capacitors on Power System Networks 307 12.3 Capacitor Bank Construction 308 12.4 Capacitor Bank Protection 319 12.5 Capacitor Bank Breakers 324 12.6 Capacitor Bank Sample Settings 324 Reference 333 13 Synchronous Generator Protection 335 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 General 336 13.3 Generator/Unit Transformer Protections 340 13.4 Current Transformers 355 13.5 Generator Protection Sample Settings 356 13.6 Generator Control and Protection Systems Coordination 363 13.7 General Generator Tripping Requirements 369 13.8 Breaker Failure Initiation 370 Reference 370 14 Transmission Line Protection 371 14.1 General 371 14.2 Basic Line Protection Requirements 371 14.3 Impedance Relays and Why Not Just Overcurrent Relays 372 14.4 Distance Relay Response to Fault Types 376 14.5 Apparent Impedance 381 14.6 Redundancy/Backup 388 14.7 Tele-Protection (Also Known as Pilot-Protection) 390 14.8 General Implications 399 14.9 Peripheral Requirements of Distance Protection 400 14.10 Tele-Protection (Pilot-Protection) A Historical Perspective 408 14.11 Tele-Protection via Power Line Carrier 408 14.12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 409 14.13 Three-Terminal Lines 410 14.14 Distributed Generation 413 14.15 Distance Relay Response to Resistive Faults 421 14.16 Power System Considerations 428 14.17 Line Current Differential Protection 433 14.18 Pilot Wire Protection 439 14.19 Power System Considerations 440 14.20 Line Setting Application Example 443 References 453 15 Subtransmission/Distribution Feeder Protection 455 15.1 Subtransmission/Distribution Characteristics 455 15.2 Definitions/Characteristics 455 15.3 Distribution Feeder Protection Devices 459 15.4 Protection Coordination Principles 482 15.5 Feeder Energization 491 15.6 Subtransmission Feeder Protection 493 15.7 Impact of Distributed Generators (DGs) on Distribution Feeder Protection 509 15.8 Feeder Protection Application Settings Example 516 References 522 Index 523

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xii Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Multimodal Pose Estimation for Vehicle Navigation 2 1.2.1 Multi-Senor Pose Estimation 2 1.2.2 Pose Estimation with Constraints 4 1.2.3 Research Focus in Multimodal Pose Estimation 5 1.3 Secure Estimation 7 1.3.1 Secure State Estimation under Cyber Attacks 7 1.3.2 Secure Pose Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles 8 1.4 Contributions and Organization 9 Part I Multimodal Perception in Vehicle Pose Estimation 13 2 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation 15 2.1 Preliminaries 16 2.1.1 Stereo Visual Odometry 16 2.1.2 Heading Reference Sensors 17 2.1.3 Graph Optimization on a Manifold 17 2.2 Abstraction Model of Measurement with a Heading Reference 19 2.2.1 Loosely Coupled Model 19 2.2.2 Tightly Coupled Model 20 2.2.3 Structure of the Abstraction Model 22 2.2.4 Vertex Removal in the Abstraction Model 22 2.3 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation (HRPE) 24 2.3.1 Initialization 24 2.3.2 Graph Optimization 24 2.3.3 Maintenance of the Dynamic Graph 26 2.4 Simulation Studies 26 2.4.1 Accuracy with Respect to Heading Measurement Error 28 2.4.2 Accuracy with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.4.3 Time Consumption with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.5 Experimental Results 31 2.5.1 Experimental Platform 31 2.5.2 Pose Estimation Performance 33 2.5.3 Real-Time Performance 34 2.6 Conclusion 36 3 Road-Constrained Localization Using Cloud Models 37 3.1 Preliminaries 38 3.1.1 Scaled Measurement Equations for Visual Odometry 38 3.1.2 Cloud Models 39 3.1.3 Uniform Gaussian Distribution (UGD) 39 3.1.4 Gaussian-Gaussian Distribution (GGD) 42 3.2 Map-Assisted Ground Vehicle Localization 43 3.2.1 Measurement Representation with UGD 44 3.2.2 Shape Matching Between Map and Particles 45 3.2.3 Particle Resampling and Parameter Estimation 46 3.2.4 Framework Extension to Other Cloud Models 47 3.3 Experimental Validation on UGD 47 3.3.1 Configurations 47 3.3.2 Localization with Stereo Visual Odometry 48 3.3.3 Localization with Monocular Visual Odometry 49 3.3.4 Scale Estimation Results 52 3.3.5 Weighting Function Balancing 52 3.4 Experimental Validation on GGD 54 3.4.1 Experiments on KITTI 55 3.4.2 Experiments on the Self-Collected Dataset 61 3.5 Conclusion 63 4 GPS/Odometry/Map Fusion for Vehicle Positioning Using Potential Functions 65 4.1 Potential Wells and Potential Trenches 66 4.1.1 Potential Function Creation 67 4.1.2 Minimum Searching 71 4.2 Potential-Function-Based Fusion for Vehicle Positioning 74 4.2.1 Information Sources and Sensors 74 4.2.2 Potential Representation 76 4.2.3 Road-Switching Strategy 76 4.3 Experimental Results 78 4.3.1 Quantitative Results 78 4.3.2 Qualitative Evaluation 80 4.4 Conclusion 84 5 Multi-Sensor Geometric Pose Estimation 85 5.1 Preliminaries 86 5.1.1 Distance on Riemannian Manifolds 86 5.1.2 Probabilistic Distribution on Riemannian Manifolds 87 5.2 Geometric Pose Estimation Using Dynamic Potential Fields 88 5.2.1 State Space and Measurement Space 88 5.2.2 Dynamic Potential Fields on Manifolds 90 5.2.3 DPF-Based Information Fusion 91 5.2.4 Approximation of Geometric Pose Estimation 95 5.3 VO-Heading-Map Pose Estimation for Ground Vehicles 97 5.3.1 System Modeling 97 5.3.2 Road Constraints 98 5.3.3 Parameter Estimation on SE(3) 99 5.4 Experiments on KITTI Sequences 99 5.4.1 Overall Performance 99 5.4.2 Influence of Heading Error 102 5.4.3 Influence of Road Map Resolution 102 5.4.4 Influences of Parameters 104 5.5 Experiments on the NTU Dataset 105 5.5.1 Overall Performance 105 5.5.2 Phenomena Observed During Experiments 105 5.6 Conclusion 107 Part II Secure State Estimation for Mobile Robots 109 6 Filter-Based Secure Dynamic Pose Estimation 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 RelatedWork 113 6.3 Problem Formulation 114 6.3.1 System Model 114 6.3.2 Measurement Model 116 6.3.3 Attack Model 116 6.4 Estimator Design 117 6.5 Discussion of Parameter Selection 122 6.5.1 The Probability Subject to Deception Attacks 122 6.5.2 The Bound of Signal 𝝃k 123 6.6 Experimental Validation 123 6.6.1 Pose Estimation under Attack on a Single State 125 6.6.2 Pose Estimation under Attacks on Multiple States 127 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 UKF-Based Vehicle Pose Estimation under Randomly Occurring Deception Attacks 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Related Work 133 7.3 Pose Estimation Problem for Ground Vehicles under Attack 134 7.3.1 System Model 134 7.3.2 Attack Model 136 7.4 Design of the Unscented Kalman Filter 137 7.5 Numeric Simulation 141 7.6 Experiments 144 7.6.1 General Performance 145 7.6.2 Influence of Parameters 145 7.7 Conclusion 147 8 Secure Dynamic State Estimation with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 149 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Problem Formulation 151 8.3 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter By Using a Local Estimate 153 8.4 A Secure Information Fusion Scheme 158 8.5 Numerical Example 161 8.6 Conclusion 162 8.7 Appendix: Proof of Theorem 8.2 162 8.8 Proof of Theorem 8.4 165 9 Secure Dynamic State Estimation for AHRS 169 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Related Work 170 9.2.1 Attitude Estimation 170 9.2.2 Secure State Estimation 171 9.2.3 Secure Attitude Estimation 171 9.3 Attitude Estimation Using Heading References 172 9.3.1 Attitude Estimation from Vector Observations 172 9.3.2 Secure Attitude Estimation Framework and Modeling 173 9.4 Secure Estimator Design with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 174 9.4.1 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter Using a Local Estimate 176 9.4.2 A Least-Square Interpretation for the Decomposition 177 9.4.3 Secure State Estimate 178 9.5 Simulation Validation 181 9.5.1 Simulating Measurements with Attacks 182 9.5.2 Filter Performance 182 9.5.3 Influence of Parameter 𝛾 182 9.6 Conclusion 184 10 Conclusions 185 References 189 Index 207

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Book Synopsis*Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations xix Symbols xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief History 2 1.1.1 Early Days 2 1.1.2 The Middle of the Twentieth Century 7 1.1.3 Developments towards the End of the Twentieth Century and the Early Twenty-First Century 8 1.2 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 13 1.2.1 Energy Saving and Overall Reduction of Carbon Emissions 14 1.2.2 Reducing Local Pollution 15 1.2.3 Reducing Dependence on Oil 15 1.3 Usage Patterns for Electric Road Vehicles 15 Further Reading 17 2 Types of Electric Vehicles – EV Architecture 19 2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles 19 2.2 The IC Engine/Electric Hybrid Vehicle 19 2.3 Fuelled EVs 24 2.4 EVs using Supply Lines 25 2.5 EVs which use Flywheels or Supercapacitors 25 2.6 Solar-Powered Vehicles 26 2.7 Vehicles using Linear Motors 27 2.8 EVs for the Future 27 Further Reading 27 3 Batteries, Flywheels and Supercapacitors 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Battery Parameters 30 3.2.1 Cell and Battery Voltages 30 3.2.2 Charge (or Amphour) Capacity 31 3.2.3 Energy Stored 32 3.2.4 Specific Energy 33 3.2.5 Energy Density 33 3.2.6 Specific Power 34 3.2.7 Amphour (or Charge) Efficiency 34 3.2.8 Energy Efficiency 35 3.2.9 Self-discharge Rates 35 3.2.10 Battery Geometry 35 3.2.11 Battery Temperature, Heating and Cooling Needs 35 3.2.12 Battery Life and Number of Deep Cycles 35 3.3 Lead Acid Batteries 36 3.3.1 Lead Acid Battery Basics 36 3.3.2 Special Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries 38 3.3.3 Battery Life and Maintenance 40 3.3.4 Battery Charging 40 3.3.5 Summary of Lead Acid Batteries 41 3.4 Nickel-Based Batteries 41 3.4.1 Introduction 41 3.4.2 Nickel Cadmium 41 3.4.3 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries 44 3.5 Sodium-Based Batteries 46 3.5.1 Introduction 46 3.5.2 Sodium Sulfur Batteries 47 3.5.3 Sodium Metal Chloride (ZEBRA) Batteries 48 3.6 Lithium Batteries 50 3.6.1 Introduction 50 3.6.2 The Lithium Polymer Battery 50 3.6.3 The Lithium Ion Battery 51 3.7 Metal–Air Batteries 52 3.7.1 Introduction 52 3.7.2 The Aluminium–Air Battery 52 3.7.3 The Zinc–Air Battery 53 3.8 Supercapacitors and Flywheels 54 3.8.1 Supercapacitors 54 3.8.2 Flywheels 56 3.9 Battery Charging 59 3.9.1 Battery Chargers 59 3.9.2 Charge Equalisation 60 3.10 The Designer’s Choice of Battery 63 3.10.1 Introduction 63 3.10.2 Batteries which are Currently Available Commercially 63 3.11 Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles 64 3.11.1 Introduction 64 3.11.2 IC/Battery Electric Hybrids 64 3.11.3 Battery/Battery Electric Hybrids 64 3.11.4 Combinations using Flywheels 65 3.11.5 Complex Hybrids 65 3.12 Battery Modelling 65 3.12.1 The Purpose of Battery Modelling 65 3.12.2 Battery Equivalent Circuit 66 3.12.3 Modelling Battery Capacity 68 3.12.4 Simulating a Battery at a Set Power 71 3.12.5 Calculating the Peukert Coefficient 75 3.12.6 Approximate Battery Sizing 76 3.13 In Conclusion 77 References 78 4 Electricity Supply 79 4.1 Normal Existing Domestic and Industrial Electricity Supply 79 4.2 Infrastructure Needed for Charging Electric Vehicles 80 4.3 Electricity Supply Rails 81 4.4 Inductive Power Transfer for Moving Vehicles 82 4.5 Battery Swapping 84 Further Reading 85 5 Fuel Cells 87 5.1 Fuel Cells – A Real Option? 87 5.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells – Basic Principles 89 5.2.1 Electrode Reactions 89 5.2.2 Different Electrolytes 90 5.2.3 Fuel Cell Electrodes 93 5.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics – An Introduction 95 5.3.1 Fuel Cell Efficiency and Efficiency Limits 95 5.3.2 Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage 98 5.3.3 Practical Fuel Cell Voltages 100 5.3.4 The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration 101 5.4 Connecting Cells in Series – The Bipolar Plate 102 5.5 Water Management in the PEMFC 106 5.5.1 Introduction to the Water Problem 106 5.5.2 The Electrolyte of a PEMFC 107 5.5.3 Keeping the PEM Hydrated 109 5.6 Thermal Management of the PEMFC 110 5.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System 111 5.8 Practical Efficiency of Fuel Cells 114 References 114 6 Hydrogen as a Fuel – Its Production and Storage 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Hydrogen as a Fuel 117 6.3 Fuel Reforming 118 6.3.1 Fuel Cell Requirements 118 6.3.2 Steam Reforming 118 6.3.3 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming 120 6.3.4 Further Fuel Processing – Carbon Monoxide Removal 121 6.3.5 Practical Fuel Processing for Mobile Applications 122 6.3.6 Energy Efficiency of Reforming 123 6.4 Energy Efficiency of Reforming 124 6.5 Hydrogen Storage I – Storage as Hydrogen 124 6.5.1 Introduction to the Problem 124 6.5.2 Safety 124 6.5.3 The Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas 125 6.5.4 Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid 127 6.5.5 Reversible Metal Hydride Hydrogen Stores 129 6.5.6 Carbon Nanofibres 131 6.5.7 Storage Methods Compared 131 6.6 Hydrogen Storage II – Chemical Methods 132 6.6.1 Introduction 132 6.6.2 Methanol 133 6.6.3 Alkali Metal Hydrides 135 6.6.4 Sodium Borohydride 136 6.6.5 Ammonia 140 6.6.6 Storage Methods Compared 142 References 143 7 Electric Machines and their Controllers 145 7.1 The ‘Brushed’ DC Electric Motor 145 7.1.1 Operation of the Basic DC Motor 145 7.1.2 Torque Speed Characteristics 147 7.1.3 Controlling the Brushed DC Motor 151 7.1.4 Providing the Magnetic Field for DC Motors 152 7.1.5 DC Motor Efficiency 153 7.1.6 Motor Losses and Motor Size 156 7.1.7 Electric Motors as Brakes 156 7.2 DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion 159 7.2.1 Switching Devices 159 7.2.2 Step-Down or ‘Buck’ Regulators 161 7.2.3 Step-Up or ‘Boost’ Switching Regulator 162 7.2.4 Single-Phase Inverters 165 7.2.5 Three Phase 167 7.3 Brushless Electric Motors 169 7.3.1 Introduction 169 7.3.2 The Brushless DC Motor 169 7.3.3 Switched Reluctance Motors 173 7.3.4 The Induction Motor 177 7.4 Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass 179 7.4.1 Improving Motor Efficiency 179 7.4.2 Motor Mass 181 7.5 Electric Machines for Hybrid Vehicles 182 7.6 Linear Motors 185 References 185 8 Electric Vehicle Modelling 187 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Tractive Effort 188 8.2.1 Introduction 188 8.2.2 Rolling Resistance Force 188 8.2.3 Aerodynamic Drag 189 8.2.4 Hill Climbing Force 189 8.2.5 Acceleration Force 189 8.2.6 Total Tractive Effort 191 8.3 Modelling Vehicle Acceleration 191 8.3.1 Acceleration Performance Parameters 191 8.3.2 Modelling the Acceleration of an Electric Scooter 193 8.3.3 Modelling the Acceleration of a Small Car 197 8.4 Modelling Electric Vehicle Range 198 8.4.1 Driving Cycles 198 8.4.2 Range Modelling of Battery Electric Vehicles 204 8.4.3 Constant Velocity Range Modelling 210 8.4.4 Other uses of Simulations 210 8.4.5 Range Modelling of Fuel Cell Vehicles 212 8.4.6 Range Modelling of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 215 8.5 Simulations – A Summary 215 References 216 9 Design Considerations 217 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 217 9.2.1 Aerodynamics and Energy 217 9.2.2 Body/Chassis Aerodynamic Shape 220 9.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance 222 9.4 Transmission Efficiency 223 9.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass 227 9.6 Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design 229 9.6.1 Body/Chassis Requirements 229 9.6.2 Body/Chassis Layout 230 9.6.3 Body/Chassis Strength, Rigidity and Crash Resistance 231 9.6.4 Designing for Stability 234 9.6.5 Suspension for Electric Vehicles 234 9.6.6 Examples of Chassis used in Modern Battery and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 235 9.6.7 Chassis used in Modern Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 235 9.7 General Issues in Design 237 9.7.1 Design Specifications 237 9.7.2 Software in the use of Electric Vehicle Design 237 10 Design of Ancillary Systems 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Heating and Cooling Systems 239 10.3 Design of the Controls 242 10.4 Power Steering 244 10.5 Choice of Tyres 245 10.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks 245 10.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems 245 11 Efficiencies and Carbon Release Comparison 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Definition of Efficiency 248 11.3 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Chemical Energy in Fuel 248 12 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 253 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Vehicle Pollution – The Effects 253 12.3 Vehicle Pollution in Context 256 12.4 The Role of Regulations and Lawmakers 256 Further Reading 258 13 Power Generation for Transport – Particularly for Zero Emissions 259 13.1 Introduction 259 13.2 Power Generation using Fossil Fuels 260 13.3 Alternative and Sustainable Energy 260 13.3.1 Solar Energy 260 13.3.2 Wind Energy 262 13.3.3 Hydroelectricity 263 13.3.4 Tidal Energy 264 13.3.5 Marine Currents 266 13.3.6 Wave Energy 266 13.3.7 Biomass Energy 267 13.3.8 Obtaining Energy from Waste 267 13.3.9 Geothermal Energy 267 13.4 Nuclear Energy 267 13.4.1 Nuclear Fission 267 13.4.2 Nuclear Fusion 268 13.5 In Conclusion 269 Further Reading 269 14 Recent Electric Vehicles 271 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Low-Speed Rechargeable Battery Vehicles 271 14.2.1 Electric Bicycles 271 14.2.2 Electric Mobility Aids 272 14.2.3 Low-Speed Vehicles 274 14.3 Battery-Powered Cars and Vans 274 14.3.1 Peugeot 106 and the Partner 274 14.3.2 The GM EV1 275 14.3.3 The Nissan Leaf 279 14.3.4 The Mitsubishi MiEV 279 14.4 Hybrid Vehicles 279 14.4.1 The Honda Insight 280 14.4.2 The Toyota Prius 281 14.4.3 The Chevrolet Volt 283 14.5 Fuel-Cell-Powered Bus 284 14.6 Conventional High-Speed Trains 286 14.6.1 Introduction 286 14.6.2 The Technology of High-Speed Trains 288 14.7 Conclusion 289 References 290 15 The Future of Electric Vehicles 291 15.1 Introduction 291 15.2 The Tesla S 291 15.3 The Honda FCX Clarity 292 15.4 Maglev Trains 292 15.5 Electric Road–Rail Systems 294 15.6 Conclusion 295 Further Reading 296 Appendices: MATLAB® Examples 297 Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV1 297 Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles 298 Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle 300 Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car 302 Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling 304 Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation 306 Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots 308 Index 311

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Book SynopsisFormerly known as Handbook of Power System Engineering, this second edition provides rigorous revisions to the original treatment of systems analysis together with a substantial new four-chapter section on power electronics applications. Encompassing a whole range of equipment, phenomena, and analytical approaches, this handbook offers a complete overview of power systems and their power electronics applications, and presents a thorough examination of the fundamental principles, combining theories and technologies that are usually treated in separate specialised fields, in a single unified hierarchy. Key features of this new edition: Updates throughout the entire book with new material covering applications to current topics such as brushless generators, speed adjustable pumped storage hydro generation, wind generation, small-hydro generation, solar generation, DC-transmission, SVC, SVG (STATCOM), FACTS, active-filters, UPS and advanced railway traffic appTable of ContentsPREFACE xxi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxiii ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxv INTRODUCTION xxvii 1 OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES AND THEIR CIRCUIT CONSTANTS 1 1.1 Overhead Transmission Lines with LR Constants 1 1.2 Stray Capacitance of Overhead Transmission Lines 10 1.3 Working Inductance and Working Capacitance 18 1.4 Supplement: Proof of Equivalent Radius req () for a Multi-bundled Conductor 25 2 SYMMETRICAL COORDINATE METHOD (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS) 29 2.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Components 29 2.2 Definition of Symmetrical Components 31 2.3 Conversion of Three-phase Circuit into Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit 34 2.4 Transmission Lines by Symmetrical Components 36 2.5 Typical Transmission Line Constants 46 2.6 Generator by Symmetrical Components (Easy Description) 49 2.7 Description of Three-phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical Components 52 3 FAULT ANALYSIS BY SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS 53 3.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Coordinate Method 53 3.2 Line-to-ground Fault (Phase a to Ground Fault: 1fG) 54 3.3 Fault Analysis at Various Fault Modes 59 3.4 Conductor Opening 59 4 FAULT ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT LINES (INCLUDING SIMULTANEOUS DOUBLE CIRCUIT FAULT) 69 4.1 Two-phase Circuit and its Symmetrical Coordinate Method 69 4.2 Double Circuit Line by Two-phase Symmetrical Transformation 73 4.3 Fault Analysis of Double Circuit Line (General Process) 77 4.4 Single Circuit Fault on the Double Circuit Line 80 4.5 Double Circuit Fault at Single Point f 81 4.6 Simultaneous Double Circuit Faults at Different Points f, F on the Same Line 85 5 PER UNIT METHOD AND INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT 91 5.1 Fundamental Concept of the PU Method 91 5.2 PU Method for Three-phase Circuits 97 5.3 Three-phase Three-winding Transformer, its Symmetrical Components Equations, and the Equivalent Circuit 99 5.4 Base Quantity Modification of Unitized Impedance 110 5.5 Autotransformer 111 5.6 Numerical Example to Find the Unitized Symmetrical Equivalent Circuit 112 5.7 Supplement: Transformation from Equation 5.18 to Equation 5.19 122 6 THE ab0 COORDINATE METHOD (CLARKE COMPONENTS) AND ITS APPLICATION 127 6.1 Definition of ab0 Coordinate Method (ab0 Components) 127 6.2 Interrelation Between ab0 Components and Symmetrical Components 130 6.3 Circuit Equation and Impedance by the ab0 Coordinate Method 134 6.4 Three-phase Circuit in ab0 Components 134 6.5 Fault Analysis by ab0 Components 139 7 SYMMETRICAL AND ab0 COMPONENTS AS ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 145 7.1 The Symbolic Method and its Application to Transient Phenomena 145 7.2 Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and ab0 Components 147 7.3 Comparison of Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and ab0 Components 150 8 NEUTRAL GROUNDING METHODS 153 8.1 Comparison of Neutral Grounding Methods 153 8.2 Overvoltages on the Unfaulted Phases Caused by a Line-to-ground fault 158 8.3 Arc-suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral Grounded Method 159 8.4 Possibility of Voltage Resonance 160 9 VISUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS 169 9.1 Three-phase Fault: 3fS, 3fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 169 9.2 Phase b–c Fault: 2fS (for Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 170 9.3 Phase a to Ground Fault: 1fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System) 173 9.4 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System) 175 9.5 Phase a Line-to-ground Fault: 1fG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 178 9.6 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2fG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 180 10 THEORY OF GENERATORS 183 10.1 Mathematical Description of a Synchronous Generator 183 10.2 Introduction of d–q–0 Method (d–q–0 Components) 191 10.3 Transformation of Generator Equations from a–b–c to d–q–0 Domain 195 10.4 Generator Operating Characteristics and its Vector Diagrams on d- and q-axes Plane 208 10.5 Transient Phenomena and the Generator’s Transient Reactances 211 10.6 Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators 213 10.7 Laplace-transformed Generator Equations and the Time Constants 220 10.8 Measuring of Generator Reactances 224 10.9 Relations Between the d–q–0 and a–b–0 Domains 228 10.10 Detailed Calculation of Generator Short-circuit Transient Current under Load Operation 228 10.11 Supplement 234 11 APPARENT POWER AND ITS EXPRESSION IN THE 0–1–2 AND d–q–0 DOMAINS 241 11.1 Apparent Power and its Symbolic Expression for Arbitrary Waveform Voltages and Currents 241 11.2 Apparent Power of a Three-phase Circuit in the 0–1–2 Domain 243 11.3 Apparent Power in the d–q–0 Domain 246 12 GENERATING POWER AND STEADY-STATE STABILITY 251 12.1 Generating Power and the P–d and Q–d Curves 251 12.2 Power Transfer Limit between a Generator and a Power System Network 254 12.3 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 12.17 from Equations 12.15st and 12.16 261 13 THE GENERATOR AS ROTATING MACHINERY 263 13.1 Mechanical (Kinetic) Power and Generating (Electrical) Power 263 13.2 Kinetic Equation of the Generator 265 13.3 Mechanism of Power Conversion from Rotor Mechanical Power to Stator Electrical Power 268 13.4 Speed Governors, the Rotating Speed Control Equipment for Generators 274 14 TRANSIENT/DYNAMIC STABILITY, P–Q–V CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLTAGE STABILITY OF A POWER SYSTEM 281 14.1 Steady-state Stability, Transient Stability, Dynamic Stability 281 14.2 Mechanical Acceleration Equation for the Two-generator System and Disturbance Response 282 14.3 Transient Stability and Dynamic Stability (Case Study) 284 14.4 Four-terminal Circuit and the Pd Curve under Fault Conditions and Operational Reactance 286 14.5 PQV Characteristics and Voltage Stability (Voltage Instability Phenomena) 290 14.6 Supplement 1: Derivation of DV/DP, DV/DQ Sensitivity Equation (Equation 14.20 from Equation 14.19) 298 14.7 Supplement 2: Derivation of Power Circle Diagram Equation (Equation 14.31 from Equation 14.18 s) 299 15 GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS WITH AVR AND STABLE OPERATION LIMIT 301 15.1 Theory of AVR, and Transfer Function of Generator System with AVR 301 15.2 Duties of AVR and Transfer Function of Generator + AVR 305 15.3 Response Characteristics of Total System and Generator Operational Limit 308 15.4 Transmission Line Charging by Generator with AVR 312 15.5 Supplement 1: Derivation of ed (s), eq(s) as Function of ef (s) (Equation 15.9 from Equations 15.7 and 15.8) 313 15.6 Supplement 2: Derivation of eG(s) as Function of ef (s) (Equation 15.10 from Equations 15.8 and 15.9) 314 16 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND THE CAPABILITY LIMITS OF GENERATORS 319 16.1 General Equations of Generators in Terms of p–q Coordinates 319 16.2 Rating Items and the Capability Curve of the Generator 322 16.3 Leading Power-factor (Under-excitation Domain) Operation, and UEL Function by AVR 328 16.4 V–Q (Voltage and Reactive Power) Control by AVR 334 16.5 Thermal Generators’ Weak Points (Negative-sequence Current, Higher Harmonic Current, Shaft-torsional Distortion) 337 16.6 General Description of Modern Thermal/Nuclear TG Unit 346 16.7 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 16.14 from Equation 16.9 351 17 R–X COORDINATES AND THE THEORY OF DIRECTIONAL DISTANCE RELAYS 353 17.1 Protective Relays, Their Mission and Classification 353 17.2 Principle of Directional Distance Relays and R–X Coordinates Plane 355 17.3 Impedance Locus in R–X Coordinates in Case of a Fault (under No-load Condition) 358 17.4 Impedance Locus under Normal States and Step-out Condition 365 17.5 Impedance Locus under Faults with Load Flow Conditions 370 17.6 Loss of Excitation Detection by DZ-Relays 371 17.7 Supplement 1: The Drawing Method for the Locus () of Equation 17.22 372 17.8 Supplement 2: The Drawing Method for () of Equation 17.24 374 18 TRAVELLING-WAVE (SURGE) PHENOMENA 379 18.1 Theory of Travelling-wave Phenomena along Transmission Lines (Distributed-constants Circuit) 379 18.2 Approximation of Distributed-constants Circuit and Accuracy of Concentrated-constants Circuit 390 18.3 Behaviour of Travelling Wave at a Transition Point 391 18.4 Surge Overvoltages and their Three Different and Confusing Notations 395 18.5 Behaviour of Travelling Waves at a Lightning-strike Point 396 18.6 Travelling-wave Phenomena of Three-phase Transmission Line 398 18.7 Line-to-ground and Line-to-line Travelling Waves 400 18.8 The Reflection Lattice and Transient Behaviour Modes 402 18.9 Supplement 1: General Solution Equation 18.10 for Differential Equation 18.9 405 18.10 Supplement 2: Derivation of Equation 18.19 from Equation 18.18 407 19 SWITCHING SURGE PHENOMENA BY CIRCUIT-BREAKERS AND LINE SWITCHES 411 19.1 Transient Calculation of a Single-Phase Circuit by Breaker Opening 411 19.2 Calculation of Transient Recovery Voltages Across a Breaker's Three Poles by 3fS Fault Tripping 420 19.3 Fundamental Concepts of High-voltage Circuit-breakers 430 19.4 Current Tripping by Circuit-breakers: Actual Phenomena 434 19.5 Overvoltages Caused by Breaker Closing (Close-switching Surge) 444 19.6 Resistive Tripping and Resistive Closing by Circuit-breakers 447 19.7 Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches) 453 19.8 Supplement 1: Calculation of the Coefficients k1k4 of Equation 19.6 455 19.9 Supplement 2: Calculation of the Coefficients k1k6 of Equation 19.17 455 20 OVERVOLTAGE PHENOMENA 459 20.1 Classification of Overvoltage Phenomena 459 20.2 Fundamental (Power) Frequency Overvoltages (Non-resonant Phenomena) 459 20.3 Lower Frequency Harmonic Resonant Overvoltages 463 20.4 Switching Surges 467 20.5 Overvoltage Phenomena by Lightning Strikes 469 21 INSULATION COORDINATION 475 21.1 Overvoltages as Insulation Stresses 475 21.2 Fundamental Concept of Insulation Coordination 481 21.3 Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages and Flashover 483 21.4 Overvoltage Protection at Substations 488 21.5 Insulation Coordination Details 500 21.6 Transfer Surge Voltages Through the Transformer, and Generator Protection 511 21.7 Internal High-frequency Voltage Oscillation of Transformers Caused by Incident Surge 520 21.8 Oil-filled Transformers Versus Gas-filled Transformers 526 21.9 Supplement: Proof that Equation 21.21 is the Solution of Equation 21.20 529 22 WAVEFORM DISTORTION AND LOWER ORDER HARMONIC RESONANCE 531 22.1 Causes and Influences of Waveform Distortion 531 22.2 Fault Current Waveform Distortion Caused on Cable Lines 534 23 POWER CABLES AND POWER CABLE CIRCUITS 541 23.1 Power Cables and Their General Features 541 23.2 Distinguishing Features of Power Cable 545 23.3 Circuit Constants of Power Cables 550 23.4 Metallic Sheath and Outer Covering 557 23.5 Cross-bonding Metallic-shielding Method 559 23.6 Surge Voltages: Phenomena Travelling Through a Power Cable 563 23.7 Surge Voltages Phenomena on Cable and Overhead Line Jointing Terminal 566 23.8 Surge Voltages at Cable End Terminal Connected to GIS 568 24 APPROACHES FOR SPECIAL CIRCUITS 573 24.1 On-load Tap-changing Transformer (LTC Transformer) 573 24.2 Phase-shifting Transformer 575 24.3 Woodbridge Transformer and Scott Transformer 579 24.4 Neutral Grounding Transformer 583 24.5 Mis-connection of Three-phase Orders 585 25 THEORY OF INDUCTION GENERATORS AND MOTORS 591 25.1 Introduction of Induction Motors and Their Driving Control 591 25.2 Theory of Three-phase Induction Machines (IM) with Wye-connected Rotor Windings 592 25.3 Squirrel-cage Type Induction Motors 612 25.4 Supplement 1: Calculation of Equations (25.17), (25.18), and (25.19) 627 26 POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF SWITCHING 629 26.1 Power Electronics and the Fundamental Concept 629 26.2 Power Switching by Power Devices 630 26.3 Snubber Circuit 633 26.4 Voltage Conversion by Switching 635 26.5 Power Electronic Devices 635 26.6 Mathematical Backgrounds for Power Electronic Application Analysis 643 27 POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS 651 27.1 AC to DC Conversion: Rectifier by a Diode 651 27.2 AC to DC Controlled Conversion: Rectifier by Thyristors 661 27.3 DC to DC Converters (DC to DC Choppers) 671 27.4 DC to AC Inverters 680 27.5 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control of Inverters 687 27.6 AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter) 691 27.7 Supplement: Transformer Core Flux Saturation (Flux Bias Caused by DC Biased Current Component) 692 28 POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS IN UTILITY POWER SYSTEMS AND SOME INDUSTRIES 695 28.1 Introduction 695 28.2 Motor Drive Application 695 28.3 Generator Excitation System 704 28.4 (Double-fed) Adjustable Speed Pumped Storage Generator-motor Unit 706 28.5 Wind Generation 710 28.6 Small Hydro Generation 715 28.7 Solar Generation (Photovoltaic Generation) 716 28.8 Static Var Compensators (SVC: Thyristor Based External Commutated Scheme) 717 28.9 Active Filters 726 28.10 High-Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC Transmission) 734 28.11 FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Technology 736 28.12 Railway Applications 741 28.13 UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) 745 APPENDIX A – MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE 747 APPENDIX B – MATRIX EQUATION FORMULAE 751 ANALYTICAL METHODS INDEX 757 COMPONENTS INDEX 759 SUBJECT INDEX 763

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Book SynopsisDiscover the technology for producing and delivering electricity in this easily accessible introduction to power systems Electric Power Systems underlie virtually every aspect of modern life. In the face of an unprecedented transition from fossil fuels to clean energy, it has never been more essential for engineers and other professionals from diverse disciplines to understand the electric grid and help chart its future. Since its original publication, Electric Power Systems has served as a uniquely accessible and qualitative introduction to the subject, offering a foundational overview with an emphasis on key concepts and building physical intuition. Now revised and updated to bring even greater rigor and incorporate the latest technologies, it remains an indispensable introduction to this vital subject. Readers of the revised and expanded second edition of Electric Power Systems will also find: End-of-chapter problems to facil

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Book SynopsisThis cross-disciplinary title features contributions by key-note specialists from Europe, Israel and the United States. It deals with the rapidly growing area of microwave photonics, and includes an extended study of the interactions between optical signals and microwave and millimetre-wave electrical signals for broadband applications. Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. General introduction. 1: Microwave photonics components. 1. Introduction. 2. Fast lasers sources. 2.1. Fast lasers sources; F. Deborgies. 2.2. Tunable/selectable sources; F. Brillouet. 2.3. Transverse mode, patterns and polarization behavior in VCSELs; J.G. McInerney. 2.4. Mode locked microchip lasers for the generation of low noise millimeter wave carriers; P.R. Herczfeld. 3. Semiconductors optical amplifiers; J.C. Simon. 4. Fast Modulators. 4.1. Fast modulators; M. Varasi. 4.2. Electroabsorption modulators and photo-oscillators for conversion of optics to millimeterwaves; C. Minot. 5. High speed photodetection. 5.1. Microwave optical interaction devices; D. Jager. 5.2. The GaAs MESFET as an optical detector; A. Madjar, et al. 5.3. HBT phototransistors as an optic/millimetre-wave converter. Part I: The device 100; C. Gonzalez. 5.4. HBT phototransistor as an optical millimeter wave converter. Part II: Simulation; C. Rumelhard, et al. 6. References. 2: Electronics for optics: integrated circuits. 1. Introduction. 2. Electronics for optics: introduction to MMICs; I. Darwazeh. 3. High speed ICs for optoelectronic modules; R. Lefevre. 4. High efficiency optical transmitter and receiver modules using integrated MMIC impedance matching and low noise 50.0 amplifier; M. Schaller, et al. 5. References. 3: Modeling methods for optoelectronics. 1. Introduction. 2. Foundations for integrated optics modeling; I. Montrosset, G. Perrone. 3. Tools for microwave-optic co-simulation; D. Breuer, et al. 4. The TLM method - Application to the microwaves and optics; F. Ndagijimana, et al. 5. References. 4 : Microwave - photonics systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Microwave optical links. 2.1. Analog optical links: models, measures and limits of performances; C.H. Cox, III. 2.2. Optoelectronic and optical devices for applications to microwave systems; P. Richin, D. Mongardien. 3. Telecommunication systems. 3.1. Microwave and millimeter-wave photonics for telecommunications; D. Wake. 3.2. Fibre supported MM-wave systems; P. Lane. 3.3. Optics and microwaves in telecommunications networks, today and in the future; M. Joindot. 4. Wireless systems; J.F. Cadiou, et al. 4.2. Broadband access networks: the opportunities of wireless; G. Kalbe. 5. Antenna - Beam fonning. 5.1. Planar antenna technology for microwave-optical interactions; Y. Qian, et al. 5.2. Antenna applications of RF photonics; J.J. Lee. 5.3. Microwave/photonic feed networks for phased array antenna systems; R.A. Sparks. 5.4. Photonics and phased array antennas; J. Chazelas, D. Dolfi. 6. Phase noise degradation in nonlinear fiber optic links distribution networks for communication satellites; A.S. Daryoush. 7. References. 5: All optical processing of microwave functions. 1. Introduction. 2. Photonic base microwave functions. 2.1. Microwave

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Book SynopsisI am honored and delighted to write the foreword to this very first book about SystemC. ” As the new system-level specification and design language, SystemC - rectly contributes to these two solutions.Table of ContentsFigures. Foreword. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 2. Fundamentals of SystemC. 3. Models of Computation. 4. Classical Hardware Modeling in SystemC. 5. Functional Modeling. 6. Parameterized Modules and Channels. 7. Interface and Channel Design. 8. Transaction-Level Modeling. 9. Communication Refinement. 10. Testbenches, Tracing, and Debugging. 11. Conclusions and the Future of SystemC. Bibliography. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisA communication system must have adequate electrical protection in order to meet the reliability standards for commercially acceptable service and to keep down maintenance expenses. This report characterizes, from the viewpoint of electrical protection and coordination, the conditions of the electrical environment to which communication facilities are exposed. It gives consideration to both present and anticipated future conditions, and covers such topics as the effects of lightning, interference from power networks, electric shock, earth potential gradients, corrosion, over-voltage in AC power utilization circuits,her and electromagnetic pulses.Characterization of the Electrical Environment is a current reference on the design factors required to ensure reliable performance of communication facilities under field operating conditions. It will be useful as a manual for practicing engineers in telecommunications, and as a tutorial textbook in engineering schools in No

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Book SynopsisManual calculations are still extensively used and in particular are necessary for checking and verifying various software calculation design packages. It is highly recommended that users of such software familiarise themselves with the rudiments of these calculations prior to using the software packages. This essential book fills the gap between software and manual calculations. It provides the reader with all the necessary tools to enable accurate calculations of circuit designs. Rather than complex equations, this book uses extensive worked examples to make understanding the calculations simpler. The focus on worked examples furnishes the reader with the knowledge to carry out the necessary checks to electrical cable sizing software programmes. Other key features include: Updated information on 230 volt references and voltage drop under normal load conditions New sections on buried cables that take into account soil thermal conductivityTrade Review"This essential book fills the gap between software and manual calculations. It provides the reader with all the necessary tools to enable accurate calculations of circuit designs. Rather than complex equations, this book uses extensive worked examples to make understanding the calculations simpler." (Broadcastnewsroom, 20 October 2010).Table of ContentsAbout the authors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Symbols xiii Definitions xv 1 Calculation of the cross-sectional areas of circuit live conductors 1 General circuits 4 Circuits in thermally insulating walls 5 Circuits totally surrounded by thermally insulating material 6 Circuits in varying external influences and installation conditions 6 Circuits in ventilated trenches 8 Circuits using mineral-insulated cables 9 Circuits on perforated metal cable trays 10 Circuits in enclosed trenches 11 Circuits buried in the ground 14 Grouped circuits not liable to simultaneous overload 18 Circuits in low ambient temperatures 24 Grouped ring circuits 26 Motor circuits subject to frequent stopping and starting 27 Circuits for star-delta starting of motors 29 Change of parameters of already installed circuits 30 Admixtures of cable sizes in enclosures 33 Grouping of cables having different insulation 39 2 Calculation of voltage drop under normal load conditions 40 The simple approach 40 The more accurate approach taking account of conductor operating temperature 43 The more accurate approach taking account of load power factor 55 The more accurate approach taking account of both conductor operating temperature and load power factor 58 Voltage drop in ring circuits 59 Voltage drop in ELV circuits 62 3 Calculation of earth fault loop impedance 65 The simple approach 70 The more accurate approach taking account of conductor temperature 75 Calculations taking account of transformer impedance 81 Calculations concerning circuits fed from sub-distribution boards 82 Calculations where conduit or trunking is used as the protective conductor 87 Calculations where cable armouring is used as the protective conductor 94 4 Calculations concerning protective conductor cross-sectional area 101 Calculations when the protective device is a fuse 104 Calculations when an external cpc is in parallel with the armour 111 Calculations when the protective device is an mcb 113 Calculations when the protective device is an RCD or RCBO 119 5 Calculations related to short circuit conditions 126 a.c. single-phase circuits 127 The more rigorous method for a.c. single-phase circuits 135 a.c. three-phase circuits 141 6 Combined examples 153 Appendix: The touch voltage concept 175 Index 189

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Book Synopsispresentation of the classical and quantum free electron theories and their successes and shortcomings (Chapter 23). In order to explain the large differences in the electrical properties of solids as well as the peculiar properties of semiconductors, the existence of allowed and forbidden energy bands is investigated (Chapter 24).Table of Contents1 Physical Quantities.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Quantities and Units.- 1.3 Powers of 10.- 1.4 Accuracy of Numbers.- Problems.- 2 Vectors.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Vector Components.- 2.3 Unit Vectors.- 2.4 Dot Product.- 2.5 Cross Product.- Problems.- 3 Uniformly Accelerated Motion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Speed and Velocity.- 3.3 Acceleration.- 3.4 Linear Motion.- 3.5 Projectile Motion.- Problems.- 4 Newton’s Laws.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Newton’s Laws.- 4.3 Mass.- 4.4 Weight.- 4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws.- 4.6 Friction.- Problems.- 5 Work, Energy, and Power.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Work.- 5.3 Potential Energy.- 5.4 Work Done by a Variable Force.- 5.5 Kinetic Energy.- 5.6 Energy Conservation.- 5.7 Power.- Problems.- 6 Momentum and Collisions.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Center of Mass.- 6.3 Motion of the Center of Mass.- 6.4 Momentum and its Conservation.- 6.5 Collisions.- Problems.- 7 Rotational Motion.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Measurement of Rotation.- 7.3 Rotational Motion.- 7.4 Equations of Rotational Motion.- 7.5 Radial Acceleration.- 7.6 Centripetal Force.- 7.7 Orbital Motion and Gravitation.- Problems.- 8 Rotational Dynamics.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Moment of Inertia and Torque.- 8.3 Rotational Kinetic Energy.- 8.4 Power.- 8.5 Angular Momentum.- 8.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum.- Problems.- 9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Concept of Temperature.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Molecular Weight.- 9.3 Thermometers.- 9.4 Ideal Gas Law and Absolute Temperature.- 9.5 Kinetic Theory of Gas Pressure.- 9.6 Kinetic Theory of Temperature.- 9.7 Measurement of Heat.- 9.8 Specific Heats of Gases.- 9.9 Work Done by a Gas.- 9.10 First Law of Thermodynamics.- Supplement 9-1: Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistical Distribution.- Problems.- 10 Oscillatory Motion.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Characterization of Springs.- 10.3 Frequency and Period.- 10.4 Amplitude and Phase Angle.- 10.5 Oscillation of a Spring.- 10.6 Energy of Oscillation.- Problems.- 11 Wave Motion.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Wavelength, Velocity, Frequency, and Amplitude.- 11.3 Traveling Waves in a String.- 11.4 Energy Transfer of a Wave.- Problems.- 12 Interference of Waves.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Superposition Principle.- 12.3 Interference from Two Sources.- 12.4 Double Slit Interference of Light.- 12.5 Single Slit Diffraction.- 12.6 Resolving Power.- 12.7 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals: Bragg Scattering.- 12.8 Standing Waves.- Problems.- 13 Electrostatics.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Attraction and Repulsion of Charges.- 13.3 Coulomb’s Law.- 13.4 Charge of an Electron.- 13.5 Superposition Principle.- Problems.- 14 The Electric Field and the Electric Potential.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Electric Field.- 14.3 Electrical Potential Energy.- 14.4 Electric Potential.- 14.5 The Electron Volt.- 14.6 Electromotive Force.- 14.7 Capacitance.- Problems.- 15 Electric Current.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Motion of Charges in an Electric Field.- 15.3 Electric Current.- 15.4 Resistance and Resistivity.- 15.5 Resistances in Series and Parallel.- 15.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules.- 15.7 Ammeters and Voltmeters.- 15.8 Power Dissipation by Resistors.- 15.9 Charging a Capacitor—RC Circuits.- Problems.- 16 Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Waves.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Magnetic Fields.- 16.3 Force on Current-Carrying Wires.- 16.4 Torque on a Current Loop.- 16.5 Magnetic Dipole Moment.- 16.6 Force on a Moving Charge.- 16.7 The Hall Effect.- 16.8 Electromagnetic Waves: The Nature of Light.- Problems.- 17 The Beginning of the Quantum Story.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Blackbody Radiation.- 17.3 The Photoelectric Effect.- 17.4 Further Evidence for the Photon Theory.- Supplement 17-1: Momentum of the Photon.- Problems.- 18 Atomic Models.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 The Rutherford Model.- 18.3 The Spectrum Of Hydrogen.- 18.4 The Bohr Atom.- 18.5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment.- Problems.- 19 Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 De Broglie’s Hypothesis and Its Experimental Verification.- 19.3 Nature of the Wave.- 19.4 The Uncertainty Principle.- 19.5 Physical Origin of the Uncertainty Principle.- 19.6 Matter Waves and the Uncertainty Principle.- 19.7 Velocity of the Wave Packet: Group Velocity.- 19.8 The Principle of Complementarity.- Problems.- 20 An Introduction to the Methods of Quantum Mechanics.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 The Schrödinger Theory of Quantum Mechanics.- 20.3 Application of the Schrödinger Theory.- Problems.- 21 Quantum Mechanics of Atoms.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Outline of the Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for the H Atom.- 21.3 Physical Significance of the Results.- 21.4 Space Quantization: The Experiments.- 21.5 The Spin.- 21.6 Some Features of the Atomic Wavefunctions.- 21.7 The Periodic Table.- Problems.- 22 Crystal Structures and Bonding in Solids.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Crystal Structures.- 22.3 Crystal Bonding.- Problems.- 23 Free Electron Theories of Solids.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 Classical Free Electron (CFE) Model.- 23.3 Quantum-Mechanical Free Electron Model (QMFE).- Supplement 23-1: The Wiedemann-Franz Law.- Supplement 23-2: Fermi-Dirac Statistics.- Problems.- 24 Band Theory of Solids.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Bloch’s Theorem.- 24.3 The Kronig-Penney Model.- 24.4 Tight-Binding Approximation.- 24.5 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors.- 24.6 Effective Mass.- 24.7 Holes.- Problems.- 25 Semiconductors.- 25.1 Introduction.- 25.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors.- 25.3 Extrinsic or Impurity Semiconductors.- 25.4 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors.- 25.5 Photoconductivity.- 25.6 Compound Semiconductors.- Problems.- 26 Semiconductor Devices.- 26.1 Introduction.- 26.2 Metal-Metal Junction: The Contact Potential.- 26.3 The Semiconductor Diode.- 26.4 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).- 26.5 Field-Effect Transistors (FET).- 26.6 Optoelectronic Devices.- Problems.- 27 Some Basic Logic Circuits of Computers.- 27.1 Introduction.- 27.2 Rudiments of Boolean Algebra.- 27.3 Electronic Logic Circuits.- 27.4 Semiconductor Gates.- 27.5 NAND and NOR Gates.- 27.6 Other Gates: RTL, TTL, and CMOS.- 27.7 Memory Circuits.- 27.8 Clock Circuits.- Problems.- 28 The Technology of Manufacturing Integrated Circuits.- 28.1 Introduction.- 28.2 Semiconductor Purification: Zone Refining.- 28.3 Single-Crystal Growth.- 28.4 The Processes of IC Production.- 28.5 Electronic Component Fabrication on a Chip.- 28.6 Conclusion.- Problems.- Photo Credits.

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Book SynopsisBased on the highly successful second edition, this extended edition of SystemVerilog for Verification: A Guide to Learning the Testbench Language Features teaches all verification features of the SystemVerilog language, providing hundreds of examples to clearly explain the concepts and basic fundamentals. It contains materials for both the full-time verification engineer and the student learning this valuable skill.In the third edition, authors Chris Spear and Greg Tumbush start with how to verify a design, and then use that context to demonstrate the language features, including the advantages and disadvantages of different styles, allowing readers to choose between alternatives. This textbook contains end-of-chapter exercises designed to enhance students'' understanding of the material. Other features of this revision include: New sections on static variables, print specifiers, and DPI from the 2009 IEEE language standard Descriptions of UVM featTable of ContentsVerification Guidelines.- Data Types.- Procedural Statements and Routines.- Connecting the Testbench and Design.- Basic OOP.- Randomization.- Threads and Interprocess Communication.- Advanced OOP and Testbench Guidelines.- Functional Coverage.- Advanced Interfaces.- A Complete SystemVerilog Testbench.- Interfacing with C/C++.

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Book SynopsisFrom whale oil to kerosene, from the colonial period to the end of the US Civil War, modern, industrial lights brought wonderful improvements and incredible wealth to some. But for most workers, free and unfree, human and nonhuman, these lights were catastrophes. This book tells their stories.

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Book SynopsisWeaves together personal narrative, historical research, cultural analysis, and social science to provide a sweeping investigation of the varied influence of overhead wires on the American landscape and the American mind.Trade Review"Focusing on the network of wires that connect energy, place, and culture in the United States, Daniel Wuebben's well-composed meditation on the vinelike web of overhead power lines offers a rich and compelling account of the ambiguities, tensions, and ironies associated with this often-overlooked piece of critical infrastructure. Power-Lined: Electricity, Landscape, and the American Mind is a welcome addition to the energy humanities and social sciences literature with its engaging exploration of the modern imaginaries that inspired the US transmission grid's design as well as the anxieties that accompanied the expansion of overhead lines across the Great Plains and beyond."—Melissa Bollman, Great Plains Quarterly"Wuebben is provocative and pragmatic about balancing aesthetic interests with the practical realities of an infrastructural item that has become an essential, pervasive part of modern life."—D. Mitch, Choice"Reading Wuebben's work is a rich experience. One particular strength lies in his showing how power and telegraph lines appear in places one would not expect."—A. David Wunsch, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine"Wuebben's study deserves attention by anyone interested in the effects of technology on society and culture. It is a unique and innovative analysis."—R. Douglas Hurt, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society“Daniel Wuebben invites the reader to gaze at the transmission lines crisscrossing our landscape and imagine not only the technology behind the infrastructure but also the politics and poetics of electrifying our country. With historical detail and carefully constructed analysis, Wuebben offers an engaging narrative that fills important gaps in our understanding of the power grid and its physical and cultural ramifications for the twenty-first century.”—Julie A. Cohn, author of The Grid: Biography of an American Technology“Daniel Wuebben’s Power-Lined makes a valuable contribution to understanding the crucial place of technology in the relationship between people and the natural world. As he reveals in this measured study of electric power lines, the relationship between people and nature is always dynamic, interactive, complex, and messy.”—James C. Williams, author of Energy and the Making of Modern California“In this eloquent and engaging new book, Daniel Wuebben sheds light on a ubiquitous yet often-overlooked aspect of electrical development: the power lines themselves. This capacious book incorporates the history of technology, literature and cinema studies, and art history in chronicling the history of our wired world, from the stringing of telegraph cables through the development of a smart grid. The result of his impressive attention to detail is a book that will enlighten any reader who is interested in technology, literature, and culture.”—Jennifer L. Lieberman, author of Power Lines: Electricity in American Life and Letters, 1882–1952“Power-Lined has the potential to link several fields of study: history of technology, American studies, literature, design, and art history. This is an important subject, and the author tackles it quite well. . . . It’s very readable and entertainingly written.”—David Hochfelder, author of The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Preface: Playing Power Lines Introduction: Power-Lined Landscapes 1. Wires in the Garden, 1844–1882 2. New York’s Frontier Lines and Telegraph Forests, 1882–1916 3. California’s Wood Poles, Steel Towers, and Modernist Pylons, 1907–1972 4. Public Perceptions and Power Line Battles, 1935–2013 Conclusion: The Future of the Power-Lined Landscape Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisIn Recharging China in War and Revolution, 18821955, Ying Jia Tan explores the fascinating politics of Chinese power consumption as electrical industries developed during seven decades of revolution and warfare.Tan traces this history from the textile-factory power shortages of the late Qing, through the struggle over China''s electrical industries during its civil war, to the 1937 Japanese invasion that robbed China of 97 percent of its generative capacity. Along the way, he demonstrates that power industries became an integral part of the nation''s military-industrial complex, showing how competing regimes asserted economic sovereignty through the nationalization of electricity.Based on a wide range of published records, engineering reports, and archival collections in China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States, Recharging China in War and Revolution, 18821955 argues that, even in times of peace, the Chinese economy operated as thoTrade ReviewTan's book [is] both timely and an essential new entry in the historiography on modern China. * Asian Studies *In Recharging China in War and Revolution, 1882–1955, Ying Jia Tan offers a timely account of China's energy history, detailing its electrical development from the late Qing to the early Mao periods.This book makes an important contribution to the larger scholarship on energy history by explicating how electricity and state power were entwined and evolved in the Chinese experience. * Technology and Culture *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Forging Resilience 1. Spinning the Threads of Discontent 2. Defending the Public Good 3. Unleashing Fire and Fury 4. Dawning of the Copper Age 5. Turning the Tide 6. Waging Electrical Warfare 7. Manufacturing Technocracy Conclusion: Hauntings from Past Energy Transitions

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Book SynopsisWith this third edition, international expert Rolf Kehlhofer leads a team of eminent engineers for the long-awaited update of the 'bible' for combined-cycle plants. Recognized as the foremost technical and economic reference for these complex facilities, Combined-Cycle for Gas & Steam Turbine Power Plants, third edition, still offers the backbone of basics in system layout, details on controls and automation, and operating instructions. New information includes a chapter devoted to the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), in-depth technical information on heat recovery steam generator, and a diverse group of real-world combined-cycle plant case studies.Table of Contents Introduction The electricity market Economics Thermodynamic principles of the combined-cycle plant Combined-cycle concepts Applications of combined cycles Components Control and automation Operating and part load behavior Environmental consideration Developmental trends The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) Carbon dioxide capture and storage Some typical combined-cycle plants Conclusion Appendix A Conversions table Appendix B Calculation of the operating performance of combined-cycle installations Appendix C Symbols used

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Book SynopsisThe latest book by Penni McLean-Conner is an outline for utilities, government agencies and power generators for educating consumers on conservation, better resource management, and a smaller carbon footprint. These techniques are not only of interest to the modern consumer, but also can maximize opportunities for demand-side management. Demand-side management programs are effective methods for reducing peak demand of electricity, helping to curb escalating electricity prices for consumers, allowing power generators greater control of the electrical loads and promoting overall conservation of stretched resources. This book offers proven strategies for creating, delivering and maximizing demand-side management, truly a smart approach for your organization!Table of ContentsForeword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Part One: Create an energy efficiency culture; Build the business case for energy efficiency; Understand the energy efficiency life cycle; Influence policy to support energy efficiency investment; Part Two: Deliver energy efficiency to consumers; Market barriers and assessment; Residential energy efficiency; Commercial and industrial energy efficiency; Demand response; Distributed generation; Part Three: Optimize energy efficiency performance; Participate in organizations that advance energy efficiency; Evaluate programs; Position for the future.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Electrical Measurements discusses the basic concept of the measurement systems along with the principles of electrical measurements. It includes the notion of instrumentation, electronic circuits, instrument transformers, AC bridges, and energy and power measurements. This book also discusses about the magnetic force and, analog and digital recorders. It provides the reader with the insights of different aspects of electrical measurements so as to understand notion of electrical measurements and learn about the transformers as well as recorders.

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Book SynopsisThe major topical and societal issues of energy transition and environmental conservation have benefited from the contribution of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, including carbon-based newcomers, have helped to improve in particular the performance of energy storage and conversion devices. Some of these nanomaterials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds and carbon dots, were discovered well before the 2000s. Others are more recent, including graphene (the leading material of the 21st century) as well as many mineral materials developed at the nano scale: atomic clusters, metal or semiconductor nanoparticles, two-dimensional inorganic materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOF) and luminescent quantum dots. All of these are involved in the realization of devices for energy purposes. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials for Energy provides a critical analysis of the latest work in the fields of batteries, photovoltaics, fuel cells and catalysis as well as lighting, with the advent of light-emitting diodes.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies 1 Chapter 1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials 3 1.1 Fullerenes 4 1.1.1 Properties of fullerenes 5 1.2 Carbon nanodiamonds 11 1.2.1 Principal techniques used in creating nanodiamonds 11 1.2.2 Key properties of nanodiamonds 13 1.3 Carbon dots or carbon quantum dots 16 1.3.1 CQD production methods 16 1.3.2 Fluorescence properties of CQDs 18 1.3.3 CQD applications 21 1.4 Carbon nanotubes 21 1.4.1 Chirality of carbon nanotubes 24 1.4.2 Mechanistic models of CNT growth 26 1.4.3 CNT arrays aligned horizontally or perpendicularly to a planar substrate 31 1.4.4 Key properties and applications of CNTs 34 1.4.5 Conclusion 37 1.5 Graphene 37 1.5.1 Electrical properties of exfoliated graphene 38 1.5.2 Graphene production techniques 41 1.5.3 Applications of graphene and graphene derivatives 51 1.5.4 Conclusion 62 1.6 Graphene quantum dots 63 1.6.1 GQD production methods 63 1.6.2 Properties and applications of GQDs 66 1.6.3 Graphdiyne: a new alternative to graphene 72 1.7 Conclusions and perspectives of carbon-based nanomaterials 77 Chapter 2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 79 2.1 Metallic nanoparticles 80 2.1.1 Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) 81 2.1.2 Core-shell type bimetallic nanoparticles 83 2.2 Metal nanoclusters 87 2.2.1 Production methods for gold nanoclusters 88 2.2.2 Structure and stability criteria of Au NC 90 2.2.3 Luminescence properties of Au NCs 91 2.2.4 Applications using the luminescent properties of Au NCs 95 2.2.5 Conclusion 97 2.3 Semiconductor quantum dots 97 2.3.1 Development of colloidal QDs 98 2.4 Two-dimensional inorganic lamellar nanosheets 103 2.4.1 Transition metal dichalcogenides 104 2.4.2 Conclusion 113 2.5 Hybrid metal-organic frameworks 113 2.5.1 MOF production 113 2.5.2 Potential applications of MOFs 119 2.5.3 Conclusions 128 2.6 Conclusions on inorganic nanomaterials 129 Part 2 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials for Energy 131 Chapter 3 Energy Storage 133 3.1 Worldwide energy use 133 3.2 Energy storage systems 135 3.2.1 Non-chemical/electrochemical storage 135 3.2.2 Chemical and electrochemical storage systems 136 3.2.3 Rechargeable batteries 139 3.2.4 Supercapacitors 184 3.2.5 Pseudocapacitors 189 3.3 Conclusions on energy storage 193 Chapter 4 Energy Conversion 195 4.1 Photovoltaics 196 4.1.1 General principles of the photovoltaic process 197 4.1.2 Photovoltaic technologies 200 4.2 Electroluminescence, lighting and display 225 4.2.1 Inorganic light-emitting diodes 226 4.2.2 Organic light-emitting diodes 233 4.2.3 QDot light-emitting diodes 244 4.3 Conclusions on energy conversion 249 Chapter 5 Electro- and Photocatalysis 251 5.1 Water splitting 252 5.2 Electrolysis techniques 253 5.3 HER and OER processes in water splitting 257 5.3.1 HER in an acidic medium 257 5.3.2 HER in alkaline media 274 5.3.3 Conclusions on HER reactions 279 5.3.4 Catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction 279 5.4 Photoelectrochemical water splitting 294 5.4.1 Heterogeneous photocatalysts 297 5.4.2 Photocatalytic systems with two SC heterojunctions 298 5.4.3 Conclusions 302 5.5 Fuel cells 302 5.5.1 Operating principle of a fuel cell 303 5.5.2 Choice of O 2 reduction catalysts 306 5.5.3 Conclusions on electrocatalysis and photocatalysis 310 Conclusion 313 References 317 Index 359

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Book SynopsisThe UK model of incentive regulation of power grids was at one time the most advanced, and elements of it were adopted throughout the EU. This model worked well, particularly in the context of limited investment and innovation, a single and strong regulatory authority, and limited coordination between foreign grid operators. This enlightening book demonstrates how the landscape has changed markedly since 2010 and that regulation has had to work hard to catch up and evolve. As the EU enters a wave of investment and an era of new services and innovation, this has created growing tensions between national regulatory authorities in terms of coordinating technical standards and distribution systems. This is being played out against an increasingly disruptive backdrop of digitization, new market platforms and novel business models. Electricity Network Regulation in the EU adopts a truly European approach to the complex issues surrounding the topic, focusing on the grey areas and critical questions that have traditionally been difficult to answer. Incentive regulation and grids are addressed simultaneously at the theoretical and practical level, providing the reader with fundamental concepts and concrete examples. This timely book is an invaluable read for energy practitioners working in utility companies, regulators and other public bodies. It will also appeal to academics involved in the world of electricity regulation. The book utilizes language that would make it suitable for interdisciplinary students, including engineering and law scholars.Contributors include: P. Bhagwat, J.-M. Glachant, S.Y. Hadush, L. Meeus, V. Rious, N. Rossetto, T. SchittekatteTrade Review'No one will today argue the fact our European Energy System is at a critical tipping point of transformation to enable the expected massive penetration of competitive renewables - largely distributed - while leveraging new citizen engagements towards climate objectives. In that context it has become critical to think ''outside the box'' when it comes to future market design and regulation, for which this book offers a unique perspective of current challenges and obstacles while providing strategic directions for the next regulatory innovations.' --Laurent Schmitt, Secretary General at ENTSO-E, BelgiumTable of ContentsContents Introduction Part 1 Incentive Regulation: aligning the interests of the operators with the interests of their customers 1. The British reference model Vincent Rious and Nicolò Rossetto 2. Continental incentive regulation Vincent Rious and Nicolò Rossetto Part 2 Seams issues: one market, one system, but many operators and authorities 3. TSO-TSO seams issues Jean-Michel Glachant 4. DSO-TSO seams issues Leonardo Meeus and Samson Yemane Hadush Part 3 Grey areas: the border between the market and the grid 5. Classical grey areas since the start of the internal market Leonardo Meeus and Pradyumna Bhagwat 6. New grey areas at the frontiers of European power grids Leonardo Meeus and Tim Schittekatte Index

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Book SynopsisExamines the history of electricity provision in Africa and the effects of privatization and infrastructure changes in energy transformation, offering a critical window into development politics in African states. No country has managed to develop beyond a subsistence economy without ensuring at least minimum access to electricity for the majority of its population. Yet many sub-Saharan African countries struggle to meet demand. Why is this, and what can be done to reduce energy poverty and further Africa's development? Examining the politics and processes surrounding electricity infrastructure, provision and reform, the author provides an overview of historical andcontemporary debates about access in the sub-continent, and explores the shifting role and influence of national governments and of multilateral agencies in energy reform decisions. He describes a challenging political environment for electricity supply, with African governments becoming increasingly frustrated with the rules and the processes of multilateral donors. Civil society also began to question reform choices, and governments in turn looked to new development partners, such as China, to chart a fresh path of energy transformation. Drawing on over fifteen years of research on Uganda, which has one of the lowest levels of access to electricity in Africa and has struggled to construct several, large hydroelectric dams on the Nile, Gore argues that there is a critical need to recognize how the changing political and social context in African countries, and globally, has affected the capacity tofulfil national energy goals, minimize energy poverty and transform economies. Christopher Gore is Associate Professor, Department of Politics and Public Administration, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada. OA EDITION This book has been made available as Open Access through the support of the Office of the Dean, Faculty of Arts, Ryerson University; Ryerson International; and the Department of Politics and Public Administration, Ryerson University.Trade Review... should appeal to scholars not only of energy and electricity policy but also of socio-technical transitions and African studies. What is particularly impressive is the attention to the micro-politics of electricity sector reform processes in Uganda whilst drawing on an impressively eclectic range of theoretical resources. -- Peter Newell, Professor of International Relations, University of SussexChristopher Gore's lively new book, Electricity in Africa, is an excellent case study of one of the continent's most pressing issues: energy availability and consumption. Based on over a decade and a half of research and interviews, Electricity in Africa, part of the praiseworthy African Issues series, reveals the emerging scholarship of energy studies in East Africa, focusing on Uganda because of its uniquely bleak energy situation. Despite its increasing population, Uganda has suffered from one of the lowest levels of electricity access in Africa, and Gore provides a thorough examination of how and why this has occurred. * JOURNAL OF GLOBAL SOUTH STUDIES *Electricity in Africa helps us understand the complexity of electricity sector reforms. Gore has interacted with many of the key stakeholders in government and in the development community and has a deep understanding of the specifics of the sector as well as of its history and the Uganda context. * COMMONWEALTH & COMPARATIVE POLITICS *Christopher Gore's book is a good step in the direction of the desired continental synthesis of two decades of political economy in relation to electricity in African countries. [.] Gore's emphasis on transformation brings fresh air to the discussion. * AFRICA *Table of ContentsIntroduction Electricity, Infrastructure and Dams in Africa The Politics of Provision: A History of Debate and Reform Privatization and Electricity Sector Reform Dam-building and Electricity in Contemporary Uganda Electricity and the Politics of Transformation

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the management and valuation of energy storage in electric power grids, highlighting the interest of storage systems in grid applications and developing management methodologies based on artificial intelligence tools. The authors highlight the importance of storing electrical energy, in the context of sustainable development, in "smart grids", and discuss multiple services that storing electrical energy can bring. Methodological tools are provided to build an energy management system storage following a generic approach. These tools are based on causal formalisms, artificial intelligence and explicit optimization techniques and are presented throughout the book in connection with concrete case studies.Table of ContentsFOREWORD xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. ISSUES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE 1 1.1. Difficulties of storing electrical energy 1 1.2. Why store electrical energy? 3 1.3. Value enhancement of storage in electrical grids 6 1.4. Storage management 9 1.5. Bibliography 13 CHAPTER 2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY STORAGE 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Storage technologies 17 2.3. Characteristics of a storage system 19 2.3.1. Energy storage capacity 19 2.3.2. Maximum power and time constant 20 2.3.3. Energy losses and efficiency 20 2.3.4. Aging 21 2.3.5. Costs 21 2.3.6. Energy and specific power 22 2.3.7. Response time 23 2.3.8. Gray energy 24 2.3.9. State of energy 24 2.3.10. Other characteristics 25 2.4. Hydraulic storage 26 2.4.1. Principle of hydraulic storage 26 2.4.2. Exercise: Lac Noir station 27 2.5. Compressed-air storage 32 2.5.1. Principle of compressed-air storage 32 2.5.2. First- and second-generation compressed-air storage 33 2.5.3. Adiabatic compressed-air storage 34 2.5.4. Air storage 35 2.5.5. Hydropneumatic storage 36 2.6. Thermal storage 38 2.6.1. Sensitive-heat storage 38 2.6.2. Latent-heat storage 39 2.7. Chemical storage 40 2.7.1. Electrochemical storage 40 2.7.2. Hydrogen storage 45 2.8. Kinetic storage 47 2.9. Electrostatic storage 48 2.10. Electromagnetic storage 49 2.11. Compared performances of storage technologies 51 2.12. Bibliography 52 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS AND VALUES OF ENERGY STORAGE IN POWER SYSTEMS 55 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Introduction to power systems and their operation 59 3.2.1. Generation plants 60 3.2.2. Electric grids 65 3.2.3. Demand 68 3.2.4. Some basics of the operation of power systems 69 3.3. Services that can be provided by storage 84 3.3.1. Introduction 84 3.3.2. Services required for connection to the transmission grid 85 3.3.3. Potential additional services provided to a transmission system operator 88 3.3.4. Potential services provided by storage to a distribution system operator 91 3.3.5. Services for a centralized generation owner 107 3.3.6. Services for a renewable decentralized producer 108 3.3.7. Services for consumers 118 3.3.8. Benefits from market activities 124 3.4. Example of the contribution of storage to the treatment of congestion events 127 3.4.1. Indicator of state of charge of grid 127 3.4.2. Evolution scenario for electric grid 128 3.4.3. Treatment of congestion events in Brittany 128 3.5. Example of contribution of storage to dynamic support of frequency control in an island grid 131 3.5.1. Context and potential interest of this service 131 3.5.2. What is under-frequency load shedding? 131 3.5.3. Technical specifications of dynamic support 132 3.5.4. Method used for detailed study of dynamic support 135 3.5.5. Stage 1: theoretical approach 135 3.5.6. Stage 2: dynamic simulations 141 3.5.7. Stage 3: experimental laboratory implementation 142 3.5.8. Economic value making 144 3.5.9. Conclusion 145 3.6. General conclusion 145 3.7. Bibliography 146 CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC AND APPLICATION TO THE MANAGEMENT OF KINETIC ENERGY STORAGE IN A HYBRID WIND-DIESEL SYSTEM 153 4.1. Introduction 153 4.2. Introduction to fuzzy logic 154 4.2.1. Principle of fuzzy reasoning 154 4.2.2. Fuzzy logic and Boolean logic 155 4.2.3. Stages of a fuzzy supervisor 160 4.2.4. Example of fuzzy reasoning 164 4.3. Wind-kinetic energy storage combination on an isolated site with a diesel generator 168 4.3.1. Introduction 168 4.3.2. Energy management strategy 170 4.3.3. Fuzzy logic supervisor 171 4.3.4. Results of simulation with fuzzy supervisor 174 4.3.5. Results of simulation with simple filtering 176 4.4. Conclusion 179 4.5. Bibliography 179 CHAPTER 5. SUPERVISOR CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR A WINDPOWER SOURCE COMBINED WITH STORAGE 181 5.1. Introduction 181 5.2. Energetic system studied 182 5.3. Supervisor development methodology 183 5.4. Specifications 184 5.4.1. Objectives 184 5.4.2. Limitations 184 5.4.3. Means of action 185 5.5. Supervisor structure 186 5.5.1. Input values 186 5.5.2. Output values 187 5.5.3. Supervisor development tools 187 5.6. Identification of various operating states: functional graph 191 5.6.1. Graph of level N1 192 5.6.2. Graph of level N1.1 193 5.6.3. Graph of level N1.2 194 5.6.4. Graph of level N1.3 194 5.7. Membership functions 195 5.8. Operational graph 199 5.8.1. Graph of level N1 200 5.8.2. Graph of level N1.1 200 5.8.3. Graph of level N1.2 201 5.8.4. Graph of level N1.3 201 5.9. Fuzzy rules 202 5.10. Experimental validation 203 5.10.1. Implantation of supervisor 203 5.10.2. Experimental configuration 204 5.10.3. Results and analyses 207 5.11. Conclusion 212 5.12. Bibliography 212 CHAPTER 6. DESIGN OF A HYBRID MULTISOURCE/MULTISTORAGE SUPERVISOR 215 6.1. Introduction 215 6.2. Methodology for the construction of a supervisor for a hybrid source incorporating windpower 217 6.2.1. Determination of system specifications 218 6.2.2. Structure of supervisor 220 6.2.3. Determination of functional graphs 223 6.2.4. Determination of membership functions 227 6.2.5. Determination of operational graphs 231 6.2.6. Extraction of fuzzy laws 233 6.3. Compared performance of different variants of hybrid source 234 6.3.1. Characteristics of simulated system 234 6.3.2. Simulations of different hybrid source variants 237 6.3.3. Comparison of performance of different hybrid sources by means of indicators 248 6.4. Conclusion 249 6.5. Appendices 249 6.5.1. Range of output value variations 249 6.5.2. Fuzzy rules 251 6.6. Bibliography 253 CHAPTER 7. MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC ENHANCEMENT OF ADIABATIC COMPRESSED-AIR ENERGY STORAGE INCORPORATED INTO A POWER GRID 255 7.1. Introduction 255 7.2. Services provided by storage 257 7.2.1. Storage planning 257 7.2.2. Frequency control 257 7.2.3. Congestion management 258 7.2.4. Guarantee of variable renewable production 258 7.3. Supervision strategy 259 7.3.1. Methodology 259 7.3.2. Objectives, constraints and means of actions 260 7.3.3. Supervisor structure 260 7.3.4. Determination of functional graphs 262 7.3.5. Determination of membership functions 267 7.3.6. Determination of operational graphs 270 7.3.7. Extraction of fuzzy rules 270 7.3.8. Indicators 270 7.4. Economic value of services 271 7.4.1. Purchase/sale action 272 7.4.2. Frequency control billing 273 7.4.3. Billing of additional services 273 7.5. Application 274 7.5.1. Test grid 274 7.5.2. Interest of the contribution of storage to ancillary services 275 7.5.3. Interest of fuzzy supervisor compared to a Boolean supervisor 279 7.6. Conclusion 281 7.7. Acknowledgments 282 7.8. Bibliography 282 INDEX 285

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Book Synopsis Current developments in the renewable energy field, and the trend toward self-production and self-consumption of energy, has led to increased interest in the means of storing electrical energy; a key element of sustainable development. This book provides an in-depth view of the environmentally responsible energy solutions currently available for use in the building sector. It highlights the importance of storing electrical energy, demonstrates the many services that the storage of electrical energy can bring, and discusses the important socio-economic factors related to the emergence of smart buildings and smart grids. Finally, it presents the methodological tools needed to build a system of storage-based energy management, illustrated by concrete, pedagogic examples. Table of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Storing Electrical Energy in Habitat: Toward “Smart Buildings” and “Smart Cities” 1 1.1. Toward smarter electrical grids 1 1.1.1. The move to decentralize electrical grids 1 1.1.2. Smart grids 2 1.2. Storage requirements in buildings 4 1.3. Difficulties in storing electrical energy 5 1.4. Electricity supply in buildings 7 1.4.1. Building supply and consumption 7 1.4.2. Self-production and self-consumption 10 1.4.3. Micro-grids 11 1.5. Smart buildings 14 1.6. Smart cities 18 1.7. Socio-economic questions 19 1.7.1. Toward new economic models 19 1.7.2. Social acceptability 20 1.8. Storage management 22 1.9. Methodologies used in developing energy management for storage systems 24 Chapter 2. Energy Storage in a Commercial Building 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Managing energy storage in a supermarket 27 2.2.1. Introduction 27 2.2.2. System characteristics 28 2.2.3. Electricity billing 31 2.2.4. Objectives of the energy management strategy 32 2.2.5. Fuzzy logic supervisor 33 2.2.6. Simulation 46 2.2.7. Performance analysis using indicators 49 2.3. Conclusion 51 2.4. Acknowledgments 52 Chapter 3. Energy Storage in a Tertiary Building, Combining Photovoltaic Panels and LED Lighting 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. DC network architecture 55 3.3. Energy management 56 3.3.1. Specification 56 3.3.2. System inputs/outputs 58 3.3.3. Functional graph 59 3.3.4. Determination of membership functions 61 3.3.5. Operational graph 63 3.3.6. Fuzzy rules 63 3.4. Simulation results 66 3.4.1. Case 1: favorable grid access conditions (GAC) 68 3.4.2. Case 2: unfavorable GACs 69 3.4.3. Case 3: variable GAC 70 3.4.4. Comparison of results 73 3.5. Conclusion 74 3.6. Acknowledgments 75 Chapter 4. Hybrid Storage Associated with Photovoltaic Technology for Buildings in Non-interconnected Zones 77 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. Photovoltaic systems in buildings and integration into the grid 78 4.2.1. Context and economic issues 78 4.2.2. Examples of projects 80 4.3. Importance of storage in photovoltaic systems 85 4.3.1. Photovoltaic systems for isolated sites 85 4.3.2. Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid 85 4.3.3. Hybrid storage 86 4.3.4. Electronic conversion structures for hybrid storage 88 4.4. Photovoltaic generator with hybrid storage system 91 4.4.1. Case study 91 4.4.2. Principles and standards for frequency support 93 4.4.3. Calculating battery wear 97 4.5. Energy management 99 4.5.1. Methodology 99 4.5.2. Operating specifications 100 4.5.3. Supervisor structure and determination of input/output 101 4.5.4. Functional graphs 103 4.5.5. Membership functions 105 4.5.6. Operating graphs 108 4.5.7. Fuzzy rules 110 4.5.8. Evaluation indicators 113 4.6. Simulation results 114 4.6.1. Supervisor validation 115 4.6.2. Life expectancy of storage elements 120 4.6.3. Efficiency 123 4.6.4. Levelized cost of energy 126 4.7. Experimental validation of energy management 128 4.7.1. Definition of tests 128 4.7.2. Experimental results 129 4.8. Conclusion 132 4.9. Acknowledgments 134 Chapter 5. Economic and Sociological Implications of Smart Grids 135 5.1. Introduction 135 5.2. Actor diversity in smart grids 137 5.3. Economic and sociological implications of smart grids 138 5.3.1. Introduction 138 5.3.2. Implications of smart grids for the value chain 141 5.3.3. The “downstream” role of smart grids 150 5.3.4. The “upstream” role of smart grids 160 5.3.5. Demand management programs 166 5.4. Social acceptability 169 5.4.1. Introduction 169 5.4.2. Conceptual frameworks: points of reference 170 5.4.3. Studies of social acceptability 174 5.4.4. Theoretical application of voluntary load reduction within a reference framework 181 5.4.5. Quality of the load reduction contract 191 5.5. Conclusion 195 5.6. Acknowledgments 196 Chapter 6. Energy Mutualization for Tertiary Buildings, Residential Buildings and Producers 197 6.1. Introduction 197 6.2. Energy mutualization between commercial, tertiary and residential buildings, producers and grid managers 198 6.2.1. Grid actors 198 6.2.2. Energy service aggregator 199 6.2.3. Case study: structure of the micro-grid 201 6.2.4. Consumption and production profiles of actors in the micro-grid 203 6.3. Management of energy mutualization for tertiary buildings, residential buildings and energy producers 205 6.3.1. Objectives and constraints of actors in the micro-grid 206 6.3.2. Supervisor structure: input and output variables 210 6.3.3. Functional graphs 211 6.3.4. Membership functions 212 6.3.5. Operating graphs 217 6.3.6. Fuzzy rules 217 6.3.7. Indicators 221 6.4. Case study 221 6.4.1. Characteristics of the micro-grid 221 6.4.2. Scenarios 222 6.5. Load reduction 228 6.5.1. Load reduction principle 228 6.5.2. Introduction to load reduction and acceptability 229 6.5.3. Simulation of energy management with load reduction 231 6.6. Conclusion 233 6.7. Acknowledgments 233 6.8. Appendix 1 234 Chapter 7. Centralized Management of a Local Energy Community to Maximize Self-consumption of PV Production 235 7.1. Introduction 235 7.2. Energy management issues in residential neighborhoods 242 7.2.1. Electric grid management: basic principles 242 7.2.2. The move toward smart grids 243 7.2.3. A few applications of micro-grids for managing local energy communities 246 7.3. The active PV generator 249 7.3.1. Current PV production 249 7.3.2. Limits and necessary developments 249 7.3.3. Cascade structure 250 7.3.4. Domestic application 251 7.3.5. Energy management of the DC bus 254 7.3.6. Energy management of ultracapacitors 261 7.4. Micro-grid management 263 7.4.1. Organization of electrical grid management 263 7.4.2. Key functions 264 7.4.3. Characteristics of local controllers for distributed production 268 7.4.4. Fundamentals of power balancing 268 7.4.5. Load management 270 7.5. Application to the context of a residential electrical network 270 7.5.1. From managing domestic demand to managing domestic production 270 7.5.2. Residential grids and application of micro-grid concepts 273 7.5.3. Energy management of a micro-grid 277 7.6. Prediction techniques and data processing 278 7.6.1. Predicting PV production 278 7.6.2. Load prediction 279 7.6.3. Energy estimation 281 7.7. Day ahead operational planning and half-hourly power reference calculations 283 7.7.1. Objectives 283 7.7.2. Constraints 283 7.7.3. Determinist algorithm for generator use 284 7.7.4. Practical application 287 7.8. Medium-term energy management 289 7.8.1. Reducing observed deviations 289 7.8.2. Energy management to minimize the aging of batteries 290 7.9. Short-term energy management 292 7.9.1. Primary frequency regulation 292 7.9.2. Power balancing strategies in the active generator 292 7.10. Experimental testing using real-time simulation 294 7.10.1. Benefits of real-time simulation 294 7.10.2. The Electrical Power Management Lab 295 7.10.3. Experimental implementation 297 7.10.4. Analysis of self-consumption in a house 300 7.10.5. Increasing the proportion of PV use in a residential grid 306 7.11. Review of scientific contributions and methodological summary 312 7.12. Concluding thoughts and research perspectives 313 Chapter 8. Reversible Charging from Electric Vehicles to Grids and Buildings 317 8.1. Introduction 317 8.2. Reversible charging of electric vehicles 319 8.2.1. Vehicle to Grid 319 8.2.2. Vehicle to Home and to Building 323 8.2.3. Vehicle to Station and energy hubs 324 8.2.4. Energy service aggregator 325 8.3. Potential services and energy management of reversible EV fleets 325 8.3.1. Services supplied by V2G 325 8.3.2. Energy management of a V2G fleet 328 8.4. Vehicle to Station: V2S 340 8.4.1. Impact and contribution of EVs in a railway station carpark 340 8.4.2. V2S: contribution of V2G technology in a station parking lot 344 8.5. V2H 348 8.6. Conclusion 352 8.7. Acknowledgments 353 8.8. Appendix 353 8.8.1. Detailed functional graphs for the V2G application 353 References 355 Index 369

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade, ZnO as an important II-VI semiconductor has attracted much attention within the scientific community over the world owing to its numerous unique and prosperous properties. This material, considered as a “future material”, especially in nanostructural format, has aroused many interesting research works due to its large range of applications in electronics, photonics, acoustics, energy and sensing. The bio-compatibility, piezoelectricity & low cost fabrication make ZnO nanostructure a very promising material for energy harvesting.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. PROPERTIES OF ZNO 1 1.1. Crystal structure of ZnO 1 1.2. Electrical properties of ZnO and Schottky junction ZnO/Au 3 1.3. Optical properties of ZnO 14 1.4. Piezoelectricity of ZnO 16 CHAPTER 2. ZNO NANOSTRUCTURE SYNTHESIS 21 2.1. Electrochemical deposition for ZnO nanostructure 22 2.1.1. Electrodeposition of monocrystalline ZnO nanowires and nanorods via template method 24 2.1.2. ZnO nanowire array growth via electrochemical road 29 2.2. Hydrothermal method for ZnO nanowire array grow 31 2.3. Comparative discussion on ZnO nanowire arrays obtained via electrodeposition and hydrothermal method 33 2.4. Influence of main parameters of hydrothermal method on ZnO nanowire growth morphology 36 2.4.1. Effect of the growth method 36 2.4.2. Effect of the growth solution pH value 38 2.4.3. Effect of the growth temperature 40 2.4.4. Effect of the growth time 41 2.5. Electrospinning method for ZnO micro/nanofiber synthesis 44 CHAPTER 3. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF ZNO-NANOWIREBASED ENERGY HARVESTING 49 3.1. Nanowire in bending mode 51 3.1.1. Influence of the nanowire length 54 3.1.2. Influence of the nanowire diameter 55 3.1.3. Influence of the aspect ratio 56 3.2. Nanowire in compression mode 57 3.2.1. Influence of the nanowire length 58 3.2.2. Influence of the nanowire diameter 59 3.2.3. Influence of the aspect ratio 59 3.3. Nanowire arrays in static and vibrational responses 61 3.3.1. Nanowire arrays in static and compressive responses 61 3.3.2. Nanowire arrays in periodic vibrational response 62 CHAPTER 4. ZNO-NANOWIRE- BASED NANOGENERATORS: PRINCIPLE, CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVICE FABRICATION 65 4.1. Working principle of nanogenerators 67 4.2. ZnO-nanowire-based energy harvesting device fabrication 75 4.3. ZnO-nanowire-based energy harvesting device characterization 81 4.4. ZnO-nanostructure-based hybrid nanogenerators 96 CONCLUSION 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY 109 INDEX 121

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Book SynopsisThe electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS: SOME REMINDERS 1 1.1. Main evolution of batteries from the 1980s to now 1 1.2. Supercapacitors: recent developments 8 CHAPTER 2. ADVANCED LI-ION 11 2.1. Positive electrode materials for Li-ion technology 11 2.2. Negative electrode materials for Li-ion technology 14 2.3. The question of electrolytes for Li-ion technology 15 CHAPTER 3. CAPACITIVE STORAGE 17 3.1. Carbonated materials for capacitive storage 17 3.2. Pseudocapacitive materials 18 3.3. Electrolytes for supercapacitors 20 3.4. Hybrid systems and middle-term goals 21 CHAPTER 4. NEW CHEMISTRIES 23 4.1. Li-air technology 24 4.2. Li-S technology 27 4.3. Na-ion technology 29 4.4. Redox-flow technology 32 4.5. All-solid state batteries 36 CHAPTER 5. ECO-COMPATIBLE STORAGE 41 5.1. Ionothermal synthesis 42 5.2. Bioinspired synthesis/approach 42 5.3. Organic electrodes for “green” Li-ion batteries and more durable batteries 45 5.4. Recycling and LCA 47 CHAPTER 6. SMART MATERIALS 49 6.1. Photonics of insertion materials to create photo-rechargeable batteries 50 6.2. Micro-energy sources 51 CHAPTER 7. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, RESEARCH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION 53 7.1. Development: industrial property 53 7.2. Education 54 7.2.1. Erasmus Mundus Master’s degree: Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion (MESC) 55 7.2.2. Specialization in Energy Storage and Conversion (SCE), at ENSCBP (Bordeaux – INP) 57 CONCLUSION 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 INDEX 75

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Book SynopsisThe electrochemical energy storage is a means to conserve electrical energy in chemical form. This form of storage benefits from the fact that these two energies share the same vector, the electron. This advantage allows us to limit the losses related to the conversion of energy from one form to another. The RS2E focuses its research on rechargeable electrochemical devices (or electrochemical storage) batteries and supercapacitors. The materials used in the electrodes are key components of lithium-ion batteries. Their nature depend battery performance in terms of mass and volume capacity, energy density, power, durability, safety, etc. This book deals with current and future positive and negative electrode materials covering aspects related to research new and better materials for future applications (related to renewable energy storage and transportation in particular), bringing light on the mechanisms of operation, aging and failure.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. NEGATIVE ELECTRODES 1 1.1. Preamble 1 1.2. Classic materials: insertion mechanism 3 1.2.1. Graphitic carbon 3 1.2.2. Titanium oxides 7 1.3. Toward other materials and other mechanisms 13 1.3.1. Silicon 14 1.3.2. Other block p elements 19 1.4. Summary on negative electrodes 27 CHAPTER 2. POSITIVE ELECTRODES 29 2.1. Preamble 29 2.2. Layered transition metal oxides as positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries: from LiCoO2 to Li1+xM1-xO2 30 2.2.1. The layered oxide LiCoO2: the starting point 31 2.2.2. From LiNiO2, initially explored as an alternative to LiCoO2, to the commercialization of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) 34 2.2.3. Electrode/electrolyte interfaces and aging phenomena in layered oxides 40 2.2.4. High-capacity Li-rich layered oxides 43 2.3. Alternatives to layered oxides 49 2.3.1. Materials with spinel structure: from LiMn2O4 to LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 50 2.3.2. The olivine phase LiFePO4: a small revolution 57 CONCLUSION 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 INDEX 81

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Book SynopsisSince the 90s, the Li-ion batteries are the most commonly used energy storage systems. The demand for performance and safety is constantly growing, current commercial batteries based liquid electrolytes or gels may not be able to meet the needs of emerging applications such as for electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy storage , and it is therefore necessary to develop advanced storage systems with characteristics such that the highest density of energy technology, long life, low cost of production, little or no maintenance and high safety of use. Batteries "all solid" are a technology of choice to meet these requirements. In this technology, the electrolyte separator between the two electrodes is no longer a liquid medium but a solid.Table of ContentsIntroduction vii Chapter 1 Anatomy of an All-Solid-State Battery 1 1.1 Constituents of an all-solid battery 3 1.1.1 Nature of solid electrolytes: required qualities 3 1.1.2 Positive electrode materials 4 1.1.3 Negative electrode materials 5 1.1.4 Conductive additive 7 1.1.5 Formulation of electrodes 7 1.2 Shaping methods of all-solid batteries 8 1.2.1 Assembly by cold pressing 8 1.2.2 Design by high temperature sintering 10 Chapter 2 Solid Ionic Conductors 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Solid lithium-ion conductors 15 2.2.1 The Garnets 15 2.2.2 The NASICON AxMM′(XO4)3 Structure 17 2.2.3 The compounds LISICON and Thio-LISICON 18 2.2.4 Ion conductive glass and glass-ceramics 23 2.2.5 The Argyrodites 29 2.2.6 The complex hydrides 34 2.2.7 Phosphorus and lithium oxynitride or LiPON 36 2.2.8 Anti-perovskite lithium-rich solid electrolytes 36 2.2.9 Solid polymer electrolytes 39 2.3 Solid sodium-ion conductors 40 2.3.1 NASICON compounds 41 2.3.2 Na3PS4 42 Chapter 3 All-Solid-State Battery Technology Using Solid Sulfide Electrolytes 47 3.1 Monolithic Li-ion “all-solid-state” batteries 47 3.1.1 The first “all-solid-state” batteries 47 3.1.2 Second generation “all-solid-state” batteries 48 3.1.3 Toward High Performance Batteries 53 3.1.4 Batteries using lithium argyrodite electrolytes 58 3.1.5 Li10XP2S12 (X = Ge, Si, Sn) phase in the structure LGPS 66 3.1.6 Understanding stability at the interfaces between the electrolyte and electrode materials 81 3.1.7 Summary 84 3.2 Sodium monolithic “all-solid-state” batteries 85 3.3 “All-solid-state” Li–S batteries 91 Chapter 4 Monolithic “All-Solid-State” Batteries Using Solid Oxide Electrolytes 97 4.1 Silver “all-solid-state” battery technology 97 4.2 Li-ion “solid-state” battery technology 100 4.3 Sodium “solid-state” battery technology 108 4.3.1 Sodium-ion “solid-state” battery technology 108 4.3.2 Sodium-sulfur “all-solid-state” battery technology 116 Chapter 5 LiBH4 Electrolyte and Polymer Battery Technology 119 5.1 “All-solid-state” battery technology: LiBH4 electrolyte 119 5.2 “Solid-state” polymer battery technology 120 Chapter 6 Markets 123 6.1 Solid electrolytes 123 6.1.1 Ohara 123 6.1.2 NEI 127 6.2 Solid-state batteries 127 6.3 Conclusion 137 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 145 Index 167

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