Chemistry Books
Wiley RedoxActive Ligands
Book Synopsis
£106.25
McGraw-Hill Education Chemistry The Molecular Nature Of Matter And
Book SynopsisThe tenth edition of Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change maintains its standard-setting position among general chemistry textbooks by evolving further to meet the needs of professor and student. The text still contains the most accurate molecular illustrations, consistent step-by-step worked problems, and an extensive collection of end-of-chapter problems. And changes throughout this edition make the text more readable and succinct, the artwork more teachable and modern, and the design more focused and inviting. The three hallmarks that have made this text a market leader are now demonstrated in its pages more clearly than ever.The text is strengthened by its offering in ALEKS, now featuring Custom Question Authoring, Video Assignments, Virtual Labs, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: Keys to the Study of Chemistry: Definitions, Units, and Problem SolvingChapter 2: The Components of MatterChapter 3: Stoichiometry of Formulas and EquationsChapter 4: Three Major Classes of Chemical ReactionsChapter 5: Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular TheoryChapter 6: Thermochemistry: Energy Flow and Chemical ChangeChapter 7: Quantum Theory and Atomic StructureChapter 8: Electron Configuration and Chemical PeriodicityChapter 9: Models of Chemical BondingChapter 10: The Shapes of MoleculesChapter 11: Theories of Covalent BondingChapter 12: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase ChangesChapter 13: The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and ColloidsChapter 14: Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group ElementsChapter 15: Organic Compounds and the Atomic Properties of CarbonChapter 16: Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical ReactionsChapter 17: Equilibrium: The Extent of Chemical ReactionsChapter 18: Acid-Base EquilibriaChapter 19: Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous SystemsChapter 20: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Reaction DirectionChapter 21: Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical WorkChapter 22: The Elements in Nature and IndustryChapter 23: Transition Elements and Their Coordination CompoundsChapter 24: Nuclear Reactions and Their Applications
£56.04
John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd Chemistry 5th Edition Print and Interactive EText
Book Synopsis
£75.56
Pearson Education Student Solutions Manual Black Exercises for
Book SynopsisAbout our authors THEODORE L. BROWN received his Ph.D. from Michigan State University in 1956. Since then, he has been a member of the faculty of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where he is now Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus. He served as Vice Chancellor for Research, and Dean of The Graduate College, from 1980 to 1986, and as Founding Director of the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology from 1987 to 1993. Professor Brown has been an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow and has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1972 he was awarded the American Chemical Society Award for Research in Inorganic Chemistry and received the American Chemical Society Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Inorganic Chemistry in 1993. He has been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Chemical Table of Contents1. Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution 5. Thermochemistry 6. Electronic Structure of Atoms 7. Periodic Properties of the Elements 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 10. Gases 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces 12. Solids and Modern Materials 13. Properties of Solutions 14. Chemical Kinetics 15. Chemical Equilibrium 16. Acid—Base Equilibria 17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 18. Chemistry of the Environment 19. Chemical Thermodynamics 20. Electrochemistry 21. Nuclear Chemistry 22. Chemistry of the Nonmetals 23. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry 24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry Appendices Mathematical Operations Properties of Water Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25ο C) Aqueous Equilibrium Constants Standard Reduction Potentials at 25ο C Answers to Selected Exercises Answers to Give It Some Thought Answers to Go Figure Answer to Selected Practice Exercises Glossary Photo and Art Credits
£88.88
The University of Chicago Press The Forge and the Crucible
Book SynopsisTranslation of Forgerons et alchimistes.
£30.00
Baywood Publishing Company Inc Evacuation from Fires Applied Fire Science in Transition
Book SynopsisEvacuation from Fires, Volume II in this important new series was developed because of the fundamental importance of removing occupants from harm''s way during building fires and the need to demonstrate new analytical techniques and tools for the design and evaluation of exit requirements during fire emergencies. The corollary issue of elevator transport for evacuation and fire fighter use during fire emergencies is also discussed in this volume.Table of ContentsCommentary on Fire Safety Requirements: Circulation and Fire Safety in Buildings J. Sterling Crandall High-Rise Office Building Evacuation Planning: Human Factors Versus "Cutting Edge" Technologies Charles Jennings An Investigation of the Aspects of Occupant Behavior Required for Evacuation Modeling S. Gwynne, E. R. Galea, M. Owen, and P. J. Lawrence Adaptive Decision-Making in Response to Crowd Formations in building EXODUS S. Gwynne, E. R. Galea, P. J. Lawrence, M. Owen, and L. Fillippidis T-HELP: A Mathematical Model for Calculating Time Available from Escape for Fire A. K. Gupta A Consideration on Required Number of Exists in a Room Takeyosi Tanaka, Ichiro Hagiwara, and Yoshio Mimura Illustrating Some Rule Based Algorithms of Egress Complexity Using Simple Case Studies H. A. Donegan, I. R. Taylor, G. Christie, and G. Livesey The Impact of a Wheelchair Bound Evacuee on the Speed and Flow of Evacuees in a Stairway During an Uncontrolled Unannounced Evacuation T. J. Shields, K. E. Boyce, G. W. H. Silcock, and B. Dunne A Study on the Exit Requirements in Karaoke Establishments S. M. Lo and Z. M. Deng Perspective on Elevator Safety During Fires John Hodgens
£74.09
Cengage Learning, Inc Chemical Principles
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Chemists and Chemistry. 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. 3. Stoichiometry. 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry. 5. Gases. 6. Chemical Equilibrium. 7. Acids and Bases. 8. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria. 9. Energy, Enthalpy, and Thermochemistry. 10. Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy. 11. Electrochemistry. 12. Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Theory. 13. Bonding: General Concepts. 14. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals. 15. Chemical Kinetics. 16. Liquids and Solids. 17. Properties of Solutions. 18. The Representative Elements. 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry. 20. The Nucleus: A Chemist���s View. 21. Organic and Biochemical Molecules. Appendix 1. Mathematical Procedures. Appendix 2. Units of Measurement and Conversions Among Units. Appendix 3. Spectral Analysis. Appendix 4. Selected Thermodynamic Data. Appendix 5. Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials. Appendix 6. Deriving the Integrated Rate Laws. Glossary. Answers to Selected Exercises.
£80.99
Oxford University Press Oxford Revise AQA A Level Chemistry Complete
Book SynopsisPlease note this title is suitable for any student studying:Exam Board: AQALevel: A LevelSubject: ChemistryFirst teaching: September 2015; first exams: June 2017Oxford Revise is a fresh, evidence-based approach to studying; created by the teacher-trusted Oxford Science author team and informed by the latest research into the best ways to make learning stick, it organises content in the most effective way for successful learning, ideal for independent study throughout the school year and in the lead-up to exams. Based on principles of cognitive science, the simple three-step Knowledge, Retrieval, and Practice approach helps students to organise information and commit it to long-term memory, improve retention and recall, and apply knowledge successfully with extensive exam-style practice. It''s everything students need to study effectively and fully prepare for their exams, in one convenient book. Each paperback purchased includes free access to an ebook version of the title. Details on
£17.99
Wiley-Blackwell Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis An Introduction 9t h Edition
£54.62
Hodder Education George Facers A Level Chemistry Student Book 2
Book SynopsisExam Board: EdexcelLevel: AS/A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2017Helps higher achieving students to maximise their potential, with a focus on independent learning, assessment advice and model assessment answers in this new edition of George Facer''s best-selling textbook- Encourages independent learning with notes and clear explanations throughout the content - Strengthens understanding with worked examples of chemical equations and calculations - Stretches the students with a bank of questions at the end of each chapter - Provides assessment guidance and sample answers
£39.84
McGraw-Hill Education Chemistry ISE
Book Synopsis
£53.99
Pearson Education Limited OCR A level Chemistry A Student Book 2
Book Synopsis
£37.54
John Wiley & Sons Inc Organic Structures from Spectra
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix List of Tables xiii List of Figures xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy 1 1.2 Chromophores 2 1.3 Degree of Unsaturation 3 1.4 Connectivity 4 1.5 Sensitivity 4 1.6 Practical Considerations 5 2 Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy 6 2.1 The Nature of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 6 2.2 Basic Instrumentation 6 2.3 Quantitative Aspects of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 8 2.4 Classification of UV Absorption Bands 8 2.5 Special Terms in Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 9 2.6 Important UV Chromophores 10 2.6.1 Dienes and Polyenes 10 2.6.2 Carbonyl Compounds 11 2.6.3 Benzene Derivatives 11 2.7 The Effect of Solvents 13 3 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 14 3.1 Absorption Range and the Nature of IR Absorption 14 3.2 Experimental Aspects of Infrared Spectroscopy 15 3.3 General Features of Infrared Spectra 16 3.4 Important IR Chromophores 18 3.4.1 –O–H and –N–H Stretching Vibrations 18 3.4.2 C–H Stretching Vibrations 18 3.4.3 –C≡N and –C≡C– Stretching Vibrations 19 3.4.4 Carbonyl Groups 19 3.4.5 Other Polar Functional Groups 21 3.4.6 The Fingerprint Region 21 4 Mass Spectrometry 23 4.1 Ionisation Processes 23 4.2 Instrumentation 25 4.3 Mass Spectral Data 26 4.3.1 High Resolution Mass Spectra 26 4.3.2 Molecular Fragmentation 28 4.3.3 Isotope Ratios 29 4.3.4 Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectrometry 31 4.3.5 Metastable Peaks 31 4.4 Representation of Fragmentation Processes 31 4.5 Factors Governing Fragmentation Processes 32 4.6 Examples of Common Types of Fragmentation 32 4.6.1 Cleavage at Branch Points 32 4.6.2 Β-Cleavage 33 4.6.3 Cleavage Α to Carbonyl Groups 33 4.6.4 Cleavage Α to Heteroatoms 34 4.6.5 Retro Diels–Alder Reaction 34 4.6.6 The Mclafferty Rearrangement 34 5 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 36 5.1 The Physics of Nuclear Spins and NMR Instruments 36 5.1.1 The Larmor Equation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 36 5.2 Basic NMR Instrumentation 39 5.2.1 CW and Pulsed NMR Spectrometers 39 5.2.2 Nuclear Relaxation 42 5.2.3 Magnets for NMR Spectroscopy 43 5.2.4 The NMR Spectrum 44 5.3 Chemical Shift in 1H NMR Spectroscopy 45 5.4 Spin–Spin Coupling in 1H NMR Spectroscopy 52 5.4.1 Signal Multiplicity – The N+1 Rule 54 5.5 Analysis of 1H NMR Spectra 55 5.5.1 Spin Systems 56 5.5.2 Strongly and Weakly Coupled Spin Systems 56 5.5.3 Magnetic Equivalence 58 5.5.4 Conventions for Naming Spin Systems 59 5.5.5 Spectral Analysis of First-Order NMR Spectra 60 5.5.6 Splitting Diagrams 61 5.5.7 Spin Decoupling 64 5.6 Correlation of 1H–1H Coupling With Structure 65 5.6.1 Non-Aromatic Spin Systems 65 5.6.2 Aromatic Spin Systems 66 5.7 The Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) 69 5.8 Labile and Exchangeable Protons 70 6 13c NMR Spectroscopy 72 6.1 Coupling and Decoupling in 13c NMR Spectra 72 6.2 The Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) in 13c NMR Spectroscopy 73 6.3 Determining 13c Signal Multiplicity Using Dept 73 6.4 Shielding and Characteristic Chemical Shifts in 13c NMR Spectra 76 7 2-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 82 7.1 Proton–Proton Interactions By 2D NMR 85 7.1.1 COSY (Correlation Spectroscopy) 85 7.1.2 TOCSY (Total Correlation Spectroscopy) 86 7.1.3 NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) 88 7.2 Proton–Carbon Interactions By 2D NMR 89 7.2.1 The HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation) or HSC (Heteronuclear Shift Correlation) Spectrum 89 7.2.2 HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation) 91 8 Miscellaneous Topics 96 8.1 Solvents for NMR Spectroscopy 96 8.2 Solvent-Induced Shifts 97 8.3 Dynamic Processes in NMR – The NMR Time-Scale 98 8.3.1 Conformational Exchange Processes 99 8.3.2 Intermolecular Exchange of Labile Protons 99 8.3.3 Rotation About Partial Double Bonds 100 8.4 The Effect of Chirality 100 8.5 The NMR Spectra of “Other Nuclei” 101 9 Determining the Structure of Organic Compounds From Spectra 102 9.1 Solving Problems 103 9.2 Worked Examples 104 10 Problems 115 Index 538
£53.15
Wooden Books Elements of Chemistry: Quarks, Atoms and
Book SynopsisWhat makes a quark? How many quarks make a proton? How many protons make an oxygen atom? How many oxygen atoms make a carbon dioxide molecule? How many carbon atoms make you? In this accessible little book, packed with helpful diagrams and interesting information, science writer Matt Tweed takes us on a whirlwind tour into the tiny realms, the stuff we are all made of, the building blocks of the material world, the elements of chemisty.Trade ReviewWooden Books are: "Fascinating" FINANCIAL TIMES. "Beautiful" LONDON REVIEW OF BOOKS. "Rich and Artful" THE LANCET. "Genuinely mind-expanding" FORTEAN TIMES. "Excellent" NEW SCIENTIST. "Stunning" NEW YORK TIMES. Small books, big ideas.
£8.18
Cengage Learning, Inc Introductory Chemistry
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Chemistry: An Introduction. 2. Measurements and Calculations. 3. Matter. 4. Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions. 5. Nomenclature. 6. Chemical Reactions: An Introduction. 7. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. 8. Chemical Composition. 9. Chemical Quantities. 10. Energy. 11. Modern Atomic Theory. 12. Chemical Bonding. 13. Gases. 14. Liquids and Solids. 15. Solutions. 16. Acids and Bases. 17. Equilibrium. 18. Oxidation���Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry. 19. Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy. 20. Organic Chemistry. 21. Biochemistry.
£76.99
Royal Society of Chemistry Molecules of Murder: Criminal Molecules and
Book SynopsisMolecules of Murder is about infamous murderers and famous victims; about people like Harold Shipman, Alexander Litvinenko, Adelaide Bartlett, and Georgi Markov. Few books on poisons analyse these crimes from the viewpoint of the poison itself, doing so throws a new light on how the murders or attempted murders were carried out and ultimately how the perpetrators were uncovered and brought to justice. Part I includes molecules which occur naturally and were originally used by doctors before becoming notorious as murder weapons. Part II deals with unnatural molecules, mainly man-made, and they too have been dangerously misused in famous crimes. The book ends with the most famous poisoning case in recent years, that of Alexander Litvinenko and his death from polonium chloride. The first half of each chapter starts by looking at the target molecule itself, its discovery, its history, its chemistry, its use in medicine, its toxicology, and its effects on the human body. The second half then investigates a famous murder case and reveals the modus operandi of the poisoner and how some were caught, some are still at large, and some literally got away with murder. Molecules of Murder will explain how forensic chemists have developed cunning ways to detect minute traces of dangerous substances, and explain why some of these poisons, which appear so life-threatening, are now being researched as possible life-savers. Award winning science writer John Emsley has assembled another group of true crime and chemistry stories to rival those of his highly acclaimed Elements of Murder.Trade Review"Molecules of murder is a paean to forensic chemistry. It is also an eminently readable discussion of classic poisoning cases and the science behind them." * Molecular Interventions, P146. *"This very well written book should find its way into most school libraries, as it will appeal to those - young and old - who are fascinated either by the chemistry involved, or by the history of several murder cases." * Science in School, issue 13, Tim Harrison, University of Bristol. *"...each chapter is full of interesting nuggets of information that you just don't find in the standard toxicology textbooks.""...an excellent read for the chemist, toxicologist or occupational hygienist who is interested in the world of "true crime.""...the writing is a model of clarity, the stories logically laid out.""Highly recommended, too, for anybody who enjoys a good thriller!" * Safety and Health Practitioner *"This book is clearly written and much easier to digest than the compounds it describes.""Emsley has written a book that satisfies the true-crime reader as well as the science-orientated specialist.""I'm sure Gil Grisson, former head of the forensic investigation team in the TV Show "CSI" would have a copy on his shelf" * Chemical and Engineering News, Feb 2 2009, Volume 87, Number 05, Charles Tumosa *"In this highly engaging, detailed and morbidly fascinating slim volume, chemist John Emsley narrates the stories of those who made use of science for killing their fellow beings through deadly means""The cases are fascinating for science buffs because of the scientific background about the poisons, and for others for the ingenious thinking that went both into murders and the detective work involved in solving them." * Ashutosh Joglekar Blog, December 04, 2008 *"The accounts are superbly written, with appropriate ammounts of chemistry expertly blended with gripping accounts of criminal acts.""...I found this book fascinating and a brilliant mixture of chemistry and crime. The writing is excellent, the research thorough and the resulting book outstanding." * Education in chemistry, John Nicholson. *"This book is a must read for students of forensic science.""...is the right balance between a book on toxicology and an analysis of the use of poisons in crime""The case study analysis makes the book useful in other disciplines apart from a pure science and this would be a very good text for use in criminolgy or other social science based courses""The book has a very good glossary making it a useful reference source" * Physical Science Centre, Volume 9, Issue 2 *Table of ContentsPart I: From medicine to murder; Chapter 1: Ricin and the assassination of Georgi Markov; Chapter 2: Hyoscine and the murder of Belle Elmore; Chapter 3: Atropine and Mrs Agutter's gin and tonic; Chapter 4: Diamorphine and the Dr Jekyll of Hyde; Chapter 5: Adrenaline and the near-perfect murders of Kirsten Gilbert; Part II: So simple, so useful, so deadly; Chapter 6: Chloroform and the murder of Edwin Bartlett; Chapter 7: Life & Death & CO; Carbon monoxide and the homemade gas chamber; Chapter 8: Cyanide and the death on the Nile; Chapter 9: Paraquat and the poisoned gravy; Chapter 10: Polonium and the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko;
£999.99
McGraw-Hill Education Organic Chemistry ISE
Book SynopsisOrganic Chemistry has been designed to meet the needs of the two-semester, undergraduate organic chemistry course. This best-selling text gives students a solid understanding of organic chemistry by focusing on how fundamental reaction mechanisms function and reactions occur. The authors strive for students to have a deeper understanding of the physical concepts that underlie organic chemistry, and for them to have a broader knowledge of the role of organic chemistry in biological systems.The text is strengthened by its offering in ALEKS, now featuring Custom Question Authoring, Video Assignments, Virtual Labs, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: Structure Determines PropertiesChapter 2: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to HydrocarbonsChapter 3: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations and cis–trans StereoisomersChapter 4: ChiralityChapter 5: Alcohols and Alkyl Halides: Introduction to Reaction MechanismsChapter 6: Nucleophilic SubstitutionChapter 7: Structure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination ReactionsChapter 8: Addition Reactions of AlkenesChapter 9: AlkynesChapter 10: Introduction to Free RadicalsChapter 11: Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic SystemsChapter 12: Arenes and AromaticityChapter 13: Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Aromatic SubstitutionChapter 14: SpectroscopyChapter 15: Organometallic CompoundsChapter 16: Alcohols, Diols, and ThiolsChapter 17: Ethers, Epoxides, and SulfidesChapter 18: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl GroupChapter 19: Carboxylic AcidsChapter 20: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl SubstitutionChapter 21: Enols and EnolatesChapter 22: AminesChapter 23: CarbohydratesChapter 24: LipidsChapter 25: Amino Acids, Peptides, and ProteinsChapter 26: Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsChapter 27: Synthetic Polymers
£56.04
Oxford University Press Oxford IB Course Preparation Oxford IB Diploma
Book SynopsisDirectly linked to Oxford''s bestselling DP Science resources, this new Course Preparation resource thoroughly prepares students to meet the demands of IB Diploma Programme Chemistry. Ideal for students who have studied non-IB courses at pre-16 level, the text introduces learners to the IB approach, terminology and skills. Answers are available online.
£31.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Essential Laboratory Skills for Biosciences
Book SynopsisEssential Laboratory Skills for Biosciences is an essential companion during laboratory sessions. It is designed to be simple and give clear step by step instructions on essential techniques, supported by relevant diagrams.Table of ContentsList of Figures vii List of Tables xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction xv Health and Safety xvii 1 Measurements and Calculations 1 1.1 Units and measurements 1 1.2 Measuring the volumes of liquids 4 1.3 Pipetting 8 1.4 Weighing 15 1.5 Calculations 19 2 Preparing Solutions 23 2.1 Common terms defining solutions 23 2.2 Precautions in making solutions 23 2.3 Making solutions 24 2.4 Dilutions to prepare standard solutions 26 2.5 Molar solutions 29 2.6 Calculations involving solutions 31 3 Separation of Liquids and Solids 35 3.1 Filtration 35 3.2 Centrifugation 39 3.3 Chromatography 45 3.4 Electrophoresis 51 4 Common Techniques and Equipment 55 4.1 Titration 55 4.2 Spectrophotometry 60 4.3 Aseptic techniques 69 4.4 Disinfectants 73 5 Microscopy and Histology 75 5.1 Light microscopy 75 5.2 Slide preparation 84 5.3 Cell Counting 89 6 Cardiorespiratory Measurements 93 6.1 Techniques to investigate cardiovascular function 93 6.2 Techniques to investigate respiratory function 104 7 Recording and Presenting Data 111 7.1 Keeping a laboratory book 111 7.2 Presentation of data 112 7.3 Recording data in tables 112 7.4 Presenting data in graphs 113 7.5 Describing data statistically 117 Recommended Reading 119 Appendices Appendix 1: Rules for Powers 121 Appendix 2: Rules for Logarithms 123 Appendix 3: Factors to Consider When Making Solutions 125 Appendix 4: Principle of Spectrophotometry 127 Appendix 5: Descriptive Statistics and Formulae 129 Appendix 6: Using Software to Draw Tables, Graphs and Calculating Descriptive Statistics 133 Index 137
£20.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quantum Mechanics
Book Synopsis
£36.05
John Wiley & Sons Inc Experimental Organic Chemistry
Book SynopsisThe definitive guide to the principles and practice of experimental organic chemistry - fully updated and now featuring more than 100 experiments The latest edition of this popular guide to experimental organic chemistry takes students from their first day in the laboratory right through to complex research procedures.Table of ContentsAbout the authors ix Preface to the third edition xi About the companion website xv PART 1: LABORATORY PRACTICE 1 1 Safety in the chemical laboratory 3 1.1 Essential rules for laboratory safety 4 1.2 Hazardous chemicals 7 1.3 Disposal of hazardous waste 11 1.4 Accident procedures 12 2 Glassware and equipment in the laboratory 15 2.1 Glass equipment 16 2.2 Hardware 21 2.3 Heating 24 2.4 Stirring 30 2.5 Vacuum pumps 32 2.6 The rotary evaporator 42 2.7 Catalytic hydrogenation 46 2.8 Ozonolysis 48 2.9 Irradiation 50 2.10 Compressed gases 54 3 Organic reactions: From starting materials to pure organic product 61 3.1 Handling chemicals 62 3.2 The reaction 81 3.3 Purification of organic compounds 105 4 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds 185 4.1 Purity 185 4.2 Determination of structure using chemical methods 202 5 Spectroscopic analysis of organic compounds 207 5.1 Absorption spectroscopy 207 5.2 Infrared spectroscopy 209 5.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 227 5.4 Ultraviolet spectroscopy 279 5.5 Mass spectrometry 295 6 Keeping records: The laboratory notebook and chemical literature 311 6.1 The laboratory notebook 312 6.2 The research report 322 6.3 The chemical literature 327 PART 2: EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 329 Introduction 331 List of experiments 333 Experiments that can be taken in sequence 353 Experiments that can be used to compare directly different techniques for undertaking a reaction 354 Experiments that illustrate particular techniques 354 7 Functional group interconversions 355 7.1 Simple transformations 355 7.2 Reactions of alkenes 366 7.3 Substitution 386 7.4 Reduction 390 7.5 Oxidation 424 7.6 Rearrangements 436 8 Carbon–carbon bond]forming reactions 443 8.1 Grignard and organolithium reagents 444 8.2 Enolate anions 456 8.3 Heteroatom]stabilized carbanions 484 8.4 Aromatic electrophilic substitution 504 8.5 Pericyclic reactions 514 8.6 Metal]mediated coupling reactions 534 9 Experiments using enabling technologies 545 9.1 Microwave chemistry 545 9.2 Flow chemistry 554 10 Projects 569 10.1 Natural product isolation and identification 569 10.2 Project in organic synthesis 578 10.3 Aspects of physical organic chemistry 608 APPENDICES 627 Organic solvents 629 Spectroscopic correlation tables 635 Index of chemicals 649 General index 657
£53.06
Hodder Education How to Pass Higher Chemistry, Second Edition
Book SynopsisExam Board: SQA Level: Higher Subject: Chemistry First Teaching: August 2018 First Exam: May 2019Get your best grade with comprehensive course notes and advice from Scotland's top experts, fully updated for the latest changes to SQA Higher assessment.How to Pass Higher Chemistry Second Edition contains all the advice and support you need to revise successfully for your Higher exam. It combines an overview of the course syllabus with advice from a top expert on how to improve exam performance, so you have the best chance of success.- Revise confidently with up-to-date guidance tailored to the latest SQA assessment changes - Refresh your knowledge with comprehensive, tailored subject notes- Prepare for the exam with top tips and hints on revision techniques- Get your best grade with advice on how to gain those vital extra marks
£15.09
Quercus Publishing The Secret Lives of the Elements
Book Synopsis'A delightful and engaging treasure trove of a book that brings the chemical elements to life and gives them personalities of their own. A wonderful read for young and old alike to get you inspired by chemistry.' Jim Al-Khalili 'The perfect book to escape our human-sized existence and take a tour of the atomic world instead.' Helen Arney, science comedian and broadcasterWhen we think of the periodic table we picture orderly rows of elements that conform to type and never break the rules. In this book Kathryn Harkup reveals that there are personalities, passions, quirks and historical oddities behind those ordered rows, and shows us that the periodic table is a sprawling family tree with its own black sheep, wayward cousins and odd uncles. The elements in the periodic table, like us, are an extended family - some old, some newborn, some shy and reticent, some exuberant or unreliable. Dr Harkup tells the weird and wonderful stories of just fifty two members of this family - remarkable tales of discovery, inspiration and revolution, from the everyday to the extraordinary. Some elements are relatively anonymous; others, already familiar, are seen in a new light; and old friends have surprising secrets to share. From our green-fingered friend magnesium to the devil incarnate polonium, this eclectic collection of engaging and informative stories will change the way you see the periodic table for ever.Trade Review'A delightful and engaging treasure trove of a book that brings the chemical elements to life and gives them personalities of their own. A wonderful read for young and old alike to get you inspired by chemistry.' -- Jim Al-Khalili'The perfect book to escape our human-sized existence and take a tour of the atomic world instead.' - Helen Arney, science comedian and broadcaster.
£15.29
ECW Press,Canada Better Not Burn Your Toast
£17.09
Royal Society of Chemistry RSC Periodic Table Wallchart, A0
Book SynopsisThe periodic table from the Royal Society of Chemistry has been updated for 2017, and now includes the four new elements, completing the seventh period. Our periodic table poster is two-sided. On one side, a bold colour-coded version, emphasising readability and clarity; on the other, a Visual Elements version, with fascinating element artwork by Murray Robertson. A collaborative project between the artist and the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Visual Elements periodic table aims to produce a vibrant representation of the elements, not simply by rendering images of their physical appearance but also by investigating the manner in which they affect our daily lives in largely unseen and often unexpected ways. Printed in full colour, the wallchart measures A0. Information for each element includes the name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and relative atomic mass. The groups are readily identifiable by colour. We’ve designed the wallchart to be readable, visually engaging, and an excellent addition to any classroom, laboratory, or office. Price shown does not include VAT. A larger 2A0 version is also available and can be found at http://www.rsc.org/shop/books/2017/9781788011921.asp
£999.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Organic Redox Chemistry: Chemical, Photochemical
Book SynopsisOrganic Redox Chemistry Explore the most recent advancements and synthesis applications in redox chemistry Redox chemistry has emerged as a crucial research topic in synthetic method development. In Organic Redox Chemistry: Chemical, Photochemical and Electrochemical Syntheses, some key researchers in this field, including editors Dr. Frédéric W. Patureau and the late Dr. Jun-Ichi Yoshida, deliver an insightful exploration of this rapidly developing topic. This book highlights electron transfer processes in synthesis by using different techniques to initiate them, allowing for a multi-directional perspective in organic redox chemistry. Covering a wide array of the important and recent developments in the field, Organic Redox Chemistry will earn a place in the libraries of chemists seeking a one-stop resource that compares chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical methods in organic synthesis.Table of ContentsBiography xi Preface xiii 1 Chemical Oxidative C—C Bond Formation 1 Koji Hirano 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Oxidative Aryl–Alkenyl Bond Formation 1 1.2.1 Oxidative Mizoroki–Heck Reaction with Arylmetal Reagents 2 1.2.2 Direct Oxidative Mizoroki–Heck Reaction with Arene C–Hs (Fujiwara–Moritani Reaction) 4 1.3 Oxidative Aryl–Aryl Bond Formation 8 1.3.1 Oxidative C–H/C–M Biaryl Cross-Coupling 10 1.3.2 Oxidative C–H/C–H Biaryl Cross-Coupling 12 1.4 Oxidative Aryl–Alkynyl Bond Formation 15 1.5 Oxidative C—C Bond Formation at Csp3 Center 18 1.6 Conclusion 22 References 23 2 Electrochemical Oxidative C—C Bond Formation 29 Sebastian Lips and Siegfried R. Waldvogel 2.1 Electrochemical Oxidative Aryl–Aryl Cross-Coupling Reaction 29 2.2 Electrochemical Oxidative Benzyl–Aryl Cross-Coupling Reaction 35 2.3 Electrochemical Oxidative Arylation of Olefins 36 2.4 Electrochemical Oxidative Arylation of Alkynes 39 2.5 Electrochemical Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of C(sp3)—H and C(sp2)—H Bonds 39 References 39 3 Fundamentals of Photochemical Redox Reactions 45 Daniel A. Corbin, Nicholas A. Swisher, and Garret M. Miyake 3.1 Introduction: A Brief History of Photochemistry 45 3.2 Photochemistry: Background and Theory 50 3.2.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 50 3.2.2 Allowed and Forbidden Transitions 51 3.2.3 Photophysical Processes 52 3.2.3.1 Jablonski Diagrams 52 3.2.3.2 Absorption 53 3.2.3.3 Vibrational Relaxation 55 3.2.3.4 Internal Conversion 56 3.2.3.5 Fluorescence 56 3.2.3.6 Intersystem Crossing 57 3.2.3.7 Phosphorescence 58 3.2.4 Electron Transfers 58 3.2.4.1 Photoinduced Electron Transfer 58 3.2.4.2 Mechanisms of Electron Transfer 59 3.2.4.3 Marcus Theory 60 3.2.5 Laboratory Techniques for Studying Photoredox Processes 61 3.2.5.1 sUV–Visible Spectroscopy 61 3.2.5.2 Emission Spectroscopy 63 3.2.5.3 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy 65 3.2.5.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 67 3.2.6 Practical Considerations for Performing Photochemical Reactions 68 3.2.6.1 Factors Influencing Bimolecular Reactions 68 3.2.6.2 Photoreactor Design 68 3.2.6.3 Choice of Light Source 69 3.3 Photoredox Catalysis 69 3.3.1 General Mechanisms of Photocatalysis 69 3.3.2 Design Principles for Effective Photoredox Catalysts 70 3.3.2.1 Effective Absorption of Light 70 3.3.2.2 High Quantum Yield of Desired Excited State 71 3.3.2.3 Long-Lived Excited State 71 3.3.2.4 Favorable Thermodynamics 71 3.3.2.5 Redox Reversibility 72 3.3.3 Inorganic Photocatalysts 72 3.3.4 Organic Excited-State Oxidants 75 3.3.5 Organic Excited-State Reductants 78 3.3.6 Open-Shell Photoredox Catalysts 82 3.4 Photochemistry of Electron Donor–Acceptor Complexes 85 3.4.1 Background and Theory 85 3.4.1.1 What Is an EDA Complex? 85 3.4.1.2 How do EDA Complexes Interact with Light? 85 3.4.1.3 Electron Transfer in EDA Complexes 86 3.4.1.4 Environmental Factors Affecting EDA Complexes 86 3.4.2 Early Examples of EDA Photochemistry 87 3.4.3 Recent Examples of EDA Photochemistry 87 3.4.3.1 Rediscovering EDA Complexes through Photoredox Catalysis 87 3.4.3.2 Stoichiometric EDA Reactions 88 3.4.3.3 Use of Sacrificial Donors and Acceptors 89 3.4.3.4 Redox Auxiliaries to Expand Donor and Acceptor Scope 90 3.4.3.5 Catalytic EDA Reactions 91 3.4.3.6 Enantioselective Reactions of EDA Complexes 91 3.5 Concluding Thoughts 92 Suggested Additional Reading 92 Photochemistry and Photophysical Processes 92 Electrochemical Methods 93 Photoredox Catalysis 93 Earth Abundant Metal Photoredox Catalysis 93 EDA Complexes 93 References 93 4 C—H Bond Functionalization with Chemical Oxidants 103 Jia-Xiang Xiang, Pooja Vemuri, and Frédéric W. Patureau 4.1 Introduction 103 4.1.1 A Shift in the Rate-Determining Step 103 4.1.2 The Nature of the Oxidant 103 4.2 Metal-Based Oxidants and Other Inorganic Oxidants 104 4.2.1 Silver Salt Oxidants 105 4.2.2 Copper Salt Oxidants 108 4.2.3 Other Inorganic Oxidants 109 4.3 Organic Oxidants 109 4.3.1 Organic Peroxides 110 4.3.2 Quinones 112 4.4 Internal Oxidants (DGox) 115 4.5 Use of O2 as an Oxidant 119 4.6 Dehydrogenative Couplings with No Oxidant at All 124 4.7 Conclusion 125 References 125 5 Electrochemical Reductive Transformations 129 Mahito Atobe and Toshio Fuchigami 5.1 General Characteristics of Electrochemical Reactions 129 5.2 Mechanism of Organic Electrochemical Reductions 130 5.3 Characteristics of Organic Electrochemical Reductions 131 5.3.1 Umpolung 131 5.3.2 Selectivity 132 5.3.2.1 Chemoselectivity 133 5.3.2.2 Reaction Pathway Selectivity 133 5.3.2.3 Regioselectivity 133 5.3.2.4 Stereoselectivity 134 5.3.2.5 Selectivity Depending on Electrode Materials 134 5.4 Electroauxiliaries 135 5.4.1 Electroauxiliaries Based on Readily Electron-Transferable Functional Groups 135 5.4.2 Electroauxiliaries Based on Coordination Effects 136 5.5 Reaction Pattern of Organic Electrochemical Reductions 137 5.5.1 Transformation Type of Functional Group 137 5.5.2 Addition Type 138 5.5.3 Insertion Type 138 5.5.4 Substitution Type 139 5.5.5 Substitutive Exchange Type 139 5.5.6 Elimination Type 139 5.5.7 Dimerization Type 139 5.5.8 Crossed Dimerization 140 5.5.9 Cyclization Type 140 5.5.10 Polymorphism Formation Type 140 5.5.11 Polymerization Type 141 5.5.12 Cleavage Type 141 5.5.13 Metalation Type 141 5.5.14 Asymmetric Synthesis Type 141 5.6 Electrochemically Generated Reactive Species 141 5.6.1 Cathodically Generated Carbon Species 142 5.6.1.1 Reduction of Alkyl Halides 142 5.6.1.2 Reduction of Ketone and Imine 142 5.6.1.3 Reduction of Activated Olefin and Conjugated Olefin 142 5.6.1.4 Reduction of Active Hydrogen Compounds 143 5.6.1.5 Reduction of gem- and vic-Dihalogeno Compounds 143 5.6.2 Cathodically Generated Heteroatom Species 143 5.6.2.1 Cathodically Generated Nitrogen Species 143 5.6.2.2 Reduction of Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid 143 5.6.2.3 14-Family and 15-Family Element Species 144 5.7 Advanced Methodology for Electrochemical Reductive Transformations 144 5.7.1 Electrocatalysis for Reductive Transformations 144 5.7.1.1 Direct and Indirect Electrochemical Reductions 144 5.7.1.2 Kinds of Mediators for Reductive Transformations 145 5.7.1.3 Electrorechemical Reductive Transformations Using Mediators 146 5.7.2 Electrogenerated Bases 148 5.8 Conclusions 150 References 150 6 Electrochemical Redox-Mediated Polymer Synthesis 153 Naoki Shida and Shinsuke Inagi 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers by Electrochemical Redox 154 6.2.1 Electrochemical Redox Behavior of Conducting Polymers 154 6.2.2 Oxidative Electropolymerization of Aromatic Monomers 154 6.2.3 Electrochemical Copolymer Synthesis 155 6.2.4 Reductive Electropolymerization of Aromatic Monomers 157 6.2.5 Polysilane Synthesis by Cathodic Reduction 157 6.2.6 Electropolymerization Under Nonconventional Conditions 158 6.3 Post-Functionalization of Conducting Polymers by Electrochemical Redox 159 6.3.1 Functionalization of Conducting Polymers by Anodic Substitution 159 6.3.2 Cathodic Reduction and Paired Reactions 162 6.3.3 Functionalization of Polyaniline by the CRS Method 162 6.3.4 Oxidation-Induced Intramolecular Cyclization of Conducting Polymer 163 6.3.5 Electrogenerated Transition-Metal Catalysts for Post-Functionalization 164 6.4 Synthesis of Nonconjugated Polymers by Electrochemical Redox 164 6.4.1 Electropolymerization of Electroactive Polymers 164 6.4.2 Electrochemical Redox-Controlled Polymerization 165 6.4.3 Electrochemically Induced Film Formation via Crosslinking 167 6.5 Conclusion 167 References 168 7 Chemical Paired Transformations 171 Eiji Shirakawa 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Direct Arylation of Arenes with Aryl Halides 173 7.3 Electron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides 178 7.4 Conclusions 182 References 183 8 Photochemical Paired Transformations 187 Takashi Koike and Munetaka Akita 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Basic Concepts for Photochemical Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Process 188 8.2.1 Concept 1: Direct HAT by the Excited Photocatalyst 188 8.2.2 Concept 2: Indirect HAT Triggered by Photocatalysis 188 8.3 Asymmetric Radical Functionalization Associated with Direct HAT by Photocatalysts 189 8.3.1 Photocatalytic Functionalization of C(sp3)—H Bonds Based on Concept 1 189 8.3.2 Asymmetric Transformations Based on Concept 1 194 8.4 Asymmetric Radical Functionalization Associated with Indirect HAT Triggered by Photocatalysis 195 8.4.1 Photocatalytic Functionalization of C(sp3)—H Bonds Through 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer Processes 197 8.4.2 Asymmetric Transformations Based on Concept 2 200 8.5 Summary and Outlook 201 References 202 9 Paired Electrolysis 209 Kouichi Matsumoto and Toshiki Nokami 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Paired Electrolysis for Sequential Reactions at both Electrodes 210 9.2.1 Using an Undivided Cell 210 9.2.2 Using a Flow Cell 211 9.3 Paired Electrolysis with Two Different Reactions at both Electrodes 213 9.3.1 Using an Undivided Cell 213 9.3.2 Using a Divided Cell 214 9.3.3 Using a Flow Cell 215 9.4 Paired Electrolysis for Generation of Two Intermediates to Afford a Final Product by the Sequential Reaction 216 9.4.1 Using an Undivided Cell 216 9.4.2 Using a Divided Cell 219 9.4.3 Using a Flow Cell 220 9.5 Conclusion 221 References 221 Index 225
£107.91
Wiley VCH Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells
Book Synopsis
£114.75
Double 9 Books LLP The Chemical History of a Candle
Book Synopsis
£10.79
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Momentum Heat and Mass Transfer
Book SynopsisThe field's essential standard for more than three decades, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer offers a systematic introduction to transport phenomena and rate processes. Thorough coverage of central principles helps students build a foundational knowledge base while developing vital analysis and problem solving skills. Momentum, heat, and mass transfer are introduced sequentially for clarity of concept and logical organization of processes, while examples of modern applications illustrate real-world practices and strengthen student comprehension. Designed to keep the focus on concept over content, this text uses accessible language and efficient pedagogy to streamline student mastery and facilitate further exploration. Abundant examples, practice problems, and illustrations reinforce basic principles, while extensive tables simplify comparisons of the various states of matter. Detailed coverage of topics including dimensional analysis, viscous flow, con
£45.59
HarperCollins Publishers Inc The Cartoon Guide to Chemistry
Book SynopsisA leading scientist and an award-winning cartoonist team up to provide a complete, up-to-date course in college-level chemistry, covering the history of the scientific field, as well as such topics as physical and organic chemistry, biochemistry, environmental chemistry, physics as chemistry, electrochemistry, and more.
£13.49
Oxford University Press Organic Chemistry
Book SynopsisOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon. The ability of carbon to link together to form long chain molecules and ring compounds as well as bonding with many other elements has led to a vast array of organic compounds. These compounds are central to life, forming the basis for organic molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In this Very Short Introduction Graham Patrick covers the whole range of organic compounds and their roles. Beginning with the structures and properties of the basic groups of organic compounds, he goes on to consider organic compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, polymers, food and drink, petrochemicals, and nanotechnology. He looks at how new materials, in particular the single layer form of carbon called graphene, are opening up exciting new possibilities for applications, and discusses the particular challenges of working with carbon compounds, many of which are colourless. Patrick also discusses techniques used in the field.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of ContentsREFERENCES; FURTHER READING; INDEX
£9.49
HarperCollins Publishers Viral The Search for the Origin of Covid19
Book SynopsisUnderstanding how Covid-19 started is more important than we know for the future of humankind.Determining whether thevirus came from nature or from a lab will help us to safeguard against the next pandemic.This disease will forever punctuate modern history. It has led to the deaths of millions, sickened hundreds of millions and affected the lives of almost every person on the planet. We now know that Covid is here to stay.Genetic engineering expert Dr Alina Chan and renowned science writer Matt Ridley examine the origins of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Covid-19, using their formidable skills to scrutinise arguments and rigorously analyse the sprawling data.Viralis a fascinating account that takes in pangolins, horseshoe bats, internet sleuths and misleading scientificpapers. It details the evidence and investigates hypotheses for the virus origin, chief among them a potential laboratory leak or a natural spillover.Science has made great strides over the last decades. Chan and Trade Review‘The result is a viral whodunnit that is sure to appeal to armchair detectives’ Mark Honigsbaum, the Observer ‘The book collates a series of circumstantial but damning points in favour of the lab-leak hypothesis. It opens with a cloak-and-dagger scene of a BBC reporter trying to reach a mine in Mojiang, a rural area in southwest China… The book has dozens of tantalising facts … The book, fairly, does not conclude that the lab leak hypothesis is definitely true, merely that it is highly possible, and I agree… I hope the questions that Chan and Ridley raise are answered more fully, one way or another’ Tom Chivers, The Times Praise for Dr Alina Chan: ‘Both journalists and armchair detectives interested in the mystery of the coronavirus were discovering Chan as a kind of Holmes to our Watson. She crunched information at twice our speed, zeroing in on small details we’d overlooked, and became a go-to for anyone looking for spin-free explications of the latest science on Covid-19’ Rowan Jacobsen, Boston Magazine ‘Here was an actual scientist at America’s biggest gene centre who was explaining why the official story might be wrong’ Antonio Regalado, MIT Technology Review Praise for Matt Ridley: ‘What a superb writer he is, and he seems to get better and better' Richard Dawkins ‘[Genome is] a dazzling work of popular science, offering clarity and inspiration’ Guardian ‘[How Innovation Works] ranges from the truly profound to the merely fascinating’ Steven Pinker
£9.49
Quarto Publishing PLC The Periodic Table: A visual guide to the
Book SynopsisWhich is the densest element? Which has the largest atoms? And why are some elements radioactive? From the little-known uses of gold in medicine to the development of the hydrogen bomb, this is a fresh new look at the Periodic Table. Combining cutting edge science with fascinating facts and stunning infographics, this book looks at the extraordinary stories of discovery, amazing properties and surprising uses of each elements, whether solid, liquid or gas - naturally occurring, synthesised or theoretical! From hydrogen to oganesson, this is a fact-filled visual guide to each element,each accompanied by technical date (category, atomic number, weight, boiling point) as well as fun facts and stories about their discovery and surprising uses. Table of ContentsContents 1 The Periodic Table 2 The Big Picture 3 Inside Chemistry 4 Directory of Elements Glossary Index Acknowledgements
£12.34
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Enabling Conditions and
Book SynopsisThe initial Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) book published in 2001 set the rules and approaches for using LOPA as an intermediate method between purely qualitative hazards evaluation/analysis and more quantitative analysis methods. Basic LOPA provides an order-of-magnitude risk estimate of risk with fairly reproducible results. LOPA results are considered critical in determining safety integrity level for design of safety instrumented systems. This guideline clarifies key concepts and reinforces the limitations and the requirements of LOPA. The main scope of the guideline is to provide examples of CMs and ECs and to provide concrete guidance on the protocols that must be followed to use these concepts. The bookpresents a brief overview of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and its variations, and summarizes terminology used for evaluating scenarios in the context of a typical incident sequence. It defines and illustrates the most common types of ECs and CMs and shows how they Table of ContentsList of Tables ix List of Figures xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii Glossary xv Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv 1 Context 1 1.1 LOPA Overview 1 1.2 Pertinent LOPA Variations 10 1.3 When to Use Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers 13 1.4 Risk Criteria Endpoints 16 2 LOPA Enabling Conditions 23 2.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 23 2.2 Interrelationship with Initiating Event 23 2.3 Time-At-Risk Enabling Conditions 23 2.4 Campaign Enabling Conditions 30 2.5 Other Possible Enabling Conditions 34 2.6 Documenting and Validating Enabling Conditions 34 3 LOPA Conditional Modifiers 37 3.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 37 3.2 Probability of a Hazardous Atmosphere 42 3.3 Probability of Ignition or Initiation 44 3.4 Probability of Explosion 49 3.5 Probability of Personnel Presence 55 3.6 Probability of Injury or Fatality 60 3.7 Probability of Equipment Damage or Other Financial Impact 65 3.8 Documenting, Managing and Validating Conditional Modifiers 69 4 Application to Other Methods 71 4.1 Quantitative Risk Analysis 71 4.2 Use of Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers with Scenario Identification Methods 75 4.3 Barrier Analysis and Diagrams 79 Appendices 81 A Simultaneous Failures and “Double Jeopardy” 83 B Peak Risk Concepts 91 C Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95 Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95 References 99 Index 103
£73.76
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Schaums Outline of College Chemistry
Book SynopsisTough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time?Fortunately, there's Schaum's.More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum'sto help them succeed in the classroom and on exams.Schaum's is the key to faster learning and highergrades in every subject. Each Outline presents all theessential course information in an easy-to-follow,topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds ofexamples, solved problems, and practice exercises totest your skills.This Schaum's Outline gives you 1,340 fully solved problems Clear, concise explanations of all college chemistry concepts Support for all the major textbooks for collegechemistry courses Fully compatible with your classroom text, Schaum's highlights all the important facts you need to know. Use Schaum's to shorten your study time--and get your best test scores!Table of Contents1. Quantities and Units; 2. Atomic and Molecular Mass; Molar Mass; 3. Formulas and Composition Calculations; 4. Calculations from Chemical Equations; 5. Measurement of Gases; 6. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory; 7. Thermochemistry; 8. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Law; 9. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure; 10. Solids and Liquids; 11. Oxidation-Reduction; 12. Concentration of Solutions; 13. Reactions Involving Standard Solutions; 14. Properties of Solutions; 15. Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; 16. Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium; 17. Acids and Bases; 18. Complex Ions; Precipitates; 19. Electrochemistry; 20. Rates of Reactions; 21. Nuclear Processes
£16.19
McGraw-Hill Education Chemistry in Context 2024 Release ISE
Book SynopsisThe goal of the American Chemical Society's Chemistry in Context is to establish chemical principles on a need-to-know basis for non-science majors, enabling them to learn chemistry in the context of their own lives and significant issues facing science and the world. The non-traditional approach of Chemistry in Context reflects today''s technological issues and the chemistry principles within them. Climate change, renewable energy, alternate fuels, nutrition, and genetic engineering are examples of issues that are covered in Chemistry in Context.
£53.99
Oxford University Press Minerals
Book SynopsisMinerals existed long before any forms of life, playing a key role in the origin and evolution of life; an interaction with biological systems that we are only now beginning to understand. Exploring the traditional strand of mineralogy, which emphasises the important mineral families, the well-established analytical methods (optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction) and the dramatic developments made in techniques over recent decades, David Vaughan also introduces the modern strand of mineralogy, which explores the role minerals play in the plate tectonic cycle and how they interact with the living world. Demonstrating how minerals can be critical for human health and illness by providing essential nutrients and releasing poisons, Vaughan explores the multitude of ways in which minerals have aided our understanding of the world.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Trade Reviewan excellent choice for those curious to dig deeper into the mineral world. * Geoscientist *Table of Contents1. The mineral world ; 2. Studying minerals ; 3. Minerals and the interior of the Earth ; 4. Earth's surface and the cycling of minerals ; 5. Minerals and the living world ; 6. Minerals as resources ; 7. Minerals past, present, and future ; Further reading ; Index
£9.49
Royal Society of Chemistry Chemistry of Fireworks
Book SynopsisFor centuries fireworks have been a source of delight and amazement in cultures around the world. But what produces their dazzling array of effects? This book takes you behind the scenes to explore the chemistry and physics behind the art of pyrotechnics. Topics covered include history and characteristics of gunpowder; principles behind each of the most popular firework types: rockets, shells, fountains, sparklers, bangers, roman candles and wheels; special effects, including sound effects, coloured smokes and electrical firing; firework safety for private use and displays; and firework legislation. The Chemistry of Fireworks is aimed at students with A level qualifications or equivalent. The style is concise and easy to understand, and the theory of fireworks is discussed in terms of well-known scientific concepts wherever possible. It will also be a useful source of reference for anyone studying pyrotechnics as applied to fireworks. Review Extracts a worthwhile addition to the pyroteTrade Review""" ... a worthwhile addition to the pyrotechnist's library ...""""""... interesting background information for those with A-level chemistry or its equivalent.""""""... a welcome primer on the chemistry of pyrotechnics.""""""... a useful source of information which makes absorbing reading.""""""... a useful primer or supplemental text for students and a handy reference source for fireworks aficionados."""Table of ContentsHistorical Introduction; The Characteristics of Black Powder; Rockets; Mines and Shells; Fountains; Sparklers; Bangers; Roman Candles; Gerbs and Wheels; Special Effects; Fireworks Safety; Fireworks Legislation; Subject Index.
£23.74
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemistry For Dummies
Book SynopsisChemistry For Dummies, 2nd Edition (9781119293460) was previously published as Chemistry For Dummies, 2nd Edition (9781118007303). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: The Basic Concepts of Chemistry. Chapter 1: What Is Chemistry, and Why Do I Need to Know Some?. Chapter 2: Contemplating Chemical Calculations. Chapter 3: Matter and Energy. Chapter 4: Something Smaller Than an Atom? Atomic Structure. Chapter 5: The Periodic Table (But No Chairs). Chapter 6: Balloons, Tires, and Scuba Tanks: The Wonderful World of Gases. Part II: A Cornucopia of Chemical Concepts. Chapter 7: Chemical Cooking: Chemical Reactions. Chapter 8: The Mole: Can You Dig It? Chapter 9: Mixing Matter Up: Solutions. Chapter 10: Thermochemistry: Hot Stuff. Chapter 11: Sour and Bitter: Acids and Bases. Part III: Blessed Be the Bonds That Tie. Chapter 12: Where Did I Put That Electron? Quantum Theory. Chapter 13: Opposites Do Attract: Ionic Bonding. Chapter 14: Sharing Nicely: Covalent Bonding. Chapter 15: What Do Molecules Really Look Like? Molecular Geometry and Hybridization. Chapter 16: Tackling Periodic Trends. Chapter 17: Examining the Link between Intermolecular Forces and Condensed States. Part IV: Environmental Chemistry: Benefits and Problems. Chapter 18: Cough! Cough! Hack! Hack! Air Pollution. Chapter 19: Examining the Ins and Outs of Water Pollution. Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry: It’ll Blow Your Mind. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 21: Ten Serendipitous Discoveries in Chemistry. Chapter 22: Ten (Or So) Great Chemistry Nerds. Chapter 23: Ten Terrifi c Tips for Passing Chem I. Chapter 24: The Top Ten Industrial Chemicals. Glossary. Index.
£17.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Microaggressions in Everyday Life
Book SynopsisThe essential, authoritative guide to microaggressions, revised and updated The revised and updated second edition of Microaggressions in Everyday Life presents an introduction to the concept of microaggressions, classifies the various types of microaggressions, and offers solutions for ending microaggressions at the individual, group, and community levels. The authorsnoted experts on the topicexplore the psychological effects of microaggressions on bothperpetrators and targets. Subtle racism, sexism, and heterosexism remain relatively invisible and potentially harmful to the wellbeing, self-esteem, and standard of living of many marginalized groups in society. The book examines the manifestations of various forms of microaggressions and explores their impact. The text covers: researching microaggressions, exploring microaggressions in education, identifying best practices teaching about microaggressions, understanding microaggressions in the counseling sTable of ContentsPreface xi Section One: Psychological Manifestation and Dynamics of Microaggressions Chapter One Microaggressions as Toxic Rain: Here, There, and Everywhere! 3 What Are Microaggressions? 7 Racial Microaggressions 9 The Invisibility and Nebulous Nature of Everyday Racism 12 Gender Microaggressions 16 Sexual‐Orientation Microaggressions 19 Misunderstanding Microaggressions 20 Stop Making Mountains Out of Molehills! 20 Everything’s a Microaggression in This Climate of Political Correctness 20 Your Analysis is Flawed 21 Microaggressions, Marginality, and Harmful Impact 23 The Way Forward: Making the “Invisible” Visible 26 Chapter Two Taxonomy of Microaggressions 31 Conscious and Deliberate Bigotry versus Unconscious and Unintentional Bias 33 The Changing Face of Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism 34 Microaggressions 36 Environmental Macroaggressions 37 Forms of Microaggressions 41 Microassaults 41 Microinsults and Microinvalidations: Common Themes 48 Microinsults 49 Microinvalidations 52 The Way Forward: Defining, Recognizing, and Deconstructing Hidden Messages in Microaggressions 55 Chapter Three The Psychological Dilemmas and Dynamics of Microaggressions 59 Clash of Racial Realities : “You Are Just Being Hypersensitive and Misreading the Situation!” 62 Invisibility of Unintentional Biases: “I’m Not a Racist!” 67 Perceived Minimal Harm of Microaggressions : “Don’t Make a Mountain Out of a Molehill!” 70 The Catch‐22 of Responding to Microaggressions : “You’re Damned if You Do and Damned if You Don’t!” 73 The Way Forward: Dealing with Psychological Dilemmas 79 Section Two: Microaggressive Impact on Targets and Perpetrators Chapter Four The Microaggression Process Model: The Internal Struggle of Targets 85 Tracing the Impact of Microaggressions 88 Phase One—The Potential Microaggressive Incident or Event 88 Phase Two—Initial Assessment and Questioning of the Incident 96 Phase Three—Reaction Processes 97 Phase Four—Interpretation and Meaning 103 Phase Five—Consequences and Impact 106 The Microaggression Process Model: Recap 110 The Way Forward: Strength through Adversity 112 Chapter Five Microaggressive Stress: Impact on Physical and Psychological Well‐Being 115 Biological Stressors: A Roadmap to Understanding Microaggressive Harm 117 Psychological and Social Stressors 119 Microaggressions and Daily Hassles 120 Impact of Everyday Hassles 121 The Life‐Change Model of Stress 122 The Transactional Model of Stress 123 Situating Stress in the Macro‐Context of Oppression 124 The Harmful Effects of Microaggressive Stress 127 Physical Health Effects of Microaggressive Stressors 127 Psychological Health Effects of Microaggressive Stressors 129 Strength through Adversity 140 The Way Forward: Responding Strategically and Resisting Microaggressions 140 Chapter Six Microaggressive Perpetrators: Who, What, When, How, and Why? 145 Who Are Microaggressive Perpetrators? 147 How and Why Do Individuals Perpetrate Microaggressions? 149 Using the Tools: Creating and Maintaining Dominance 149 Power to Impose a Biased Reality 151 What Makes It So Difficult for Perpetrators to Recognize Their Privilege? 153 Layer One—Fear of Appearing Biased 154 Layer Two—Fear of Recognizing One’s Complicity in Oppression 155 Layer Three—Fear of Acknowledging One’s Privilege 156 Layer Four—Fear of Taking Personal Responsibility to End Oppression 158 What Are the Costs of Microaggressions to Perpetrators? 160 Cognitive Costs of Oppression 161 Emotional Costs of Oppression 162 Behavioral Costs of Oppression 164 Spiritual and Moral Costs of Oppression 165 The Way Forward: The Ethical Mandate 166 Section Three: Interrogating Microaggressions: On Research, Teaching, and Counseling Chapter Seven Researching Microaggressions: Show Me the Evidence! 171 In Their Own Words: Qualitative Investigation of Microaggressions 173 Purposive Samples 178 Focus Groups 178 Individual Interviews 180 Other Data Sources 180 Trustworthiness 182 Do Findings Generalize? Quantitative Investigation of Microaggressions 182 Measuring Microaggressions 183 Quantitative Research Designs 189 Summary 191 The Way Forward: Future Research Directions 192 Chapter Eight Teaching about Microaggressions 199 Faculty Narratives: Facing Challenges in the Classroom 201 Challenges Faculty Members of Color Face 202 Challenges White Faculty Members Face 205 Encountering Microaggressions in the Classroom 207 Navigating Microaggressions: What Can Educators Do? 209 Microaggressions Pedagogy: How to Teach about Microaggressions 213 The Way Forward: General Strategies for Facilitating Difficult Dialogues on Race 216 Chapter Nine Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy 223 Underutilization of Mental Health Services 225 Premature Termination and Quality of Mental Health Care 226 Multicultural Counseling Competence 227 Manifestations of Racial Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy 228 Microaggressions Influence Counseling Process and Outcomes 237 Innovative Research Approaches 240 The Way Forward: Microaggressions Implications for Practice and Research 241 Section Four: Disarming Microaggressions and Macroaggressions Chapter Ten Microintervention Strategies for Disarming Microaggressions and Macroaggressions 249 Microaggressions and Macroaggressions 251 The Need to Take Action: Targets, Allies, and Bystanders 252 Targets 253 Allies 254 Bystanders 256 Responding to Microaggressions and Macroaggressions 257 Microinterventions 258 Strategic Goal: Make the “Invisible” Visible 261 Strategic Goal: Disarm the Microaggression 269 Strategic Goal: Educate the Perpetrator 271 Strategic Goal: Seek External Intervention or Support 273 Microinterventions and Macroaggressions 275 Context Matters 277 The Way Forward: Microinterventions and the New Research Frontier 278 References 281 Author Index 321 Subject Index 337
£46.50
Pearson Education Limited Chemistry Global Edition
Book SynopsisJill K. Robinson received her Ph.D. in analytical and atmospheric chemistry from the University of Colorado at Boulder. She is a senior lecturer at Indiana University and teaches general, analytical, and environmental chemistry courses. Her clear and relatable teaching style has been honored with several awards including the President's Award for Distinguished Teaching at Indiana University and the J. Calvin Giddings Award for Excellence in Education from the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry. She leads workshops to help faculty transition from lecture-based instruction to student-centered pedagogies. John McMurry, educated at Harvard and Columbia, has taught more than 20,000 students in general and organic chemistry over a 40-year period. An emeritus professor of chemistry at Cornell University, Dr. McMurry previously spent 13 years on the faculty at the University of California at Santa Cruz. He has received numerouTable of Contents 1. Chemical Tools: Experimentation and Measurement 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution 5. Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms 6. Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory 7. Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures 8. Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure 9. Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy 10. Gases: Their Properties and Behavior 11. Liquids and Phase Changes 12. Solids and Solid-State Materials 13. Solutions and Their Properties 14. Chemical Kinetics 15. Chemical Equilibrium 16. Aqueous Equilibria: Acids and Bases 17. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria 18. Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Spontaneity 19. Electrochemistry 20. Nuclear Chemistry 21. Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry 22. The Main-Group Elements 23. Organic and Biological Chemistry
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Hodder Education OCR A level Chemistry Student Book 1
Book SynopsisExam Board: OCRLevel: A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016This is an OCR endorsed resourceStretch and challenge your students'' knowledge and understanding of Chemistry, build their mathematical and practical skills, and provide plenty of assessment guidance with this OCR Year 1 Student Book. - Build understanding with a summary of prior knowledge and diagnostic questions at the start of each chapter to help bring students up to speed- Support practical assessment with Practical Skill summaries that help develop your students'' knowledge and skills- Test understanding and provide plenty of practice to assess progression, with Test Yourself Questions and multiple choice questions- Provide mathematical support with examples of method integrated throughout and a dedicated ''Maths in Chemistry'' chapter- Develop understanding with free online access to
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Quercus Publishing The Secret Lives of Molecules
Book SynopsisWhat happens when you really get under the skin of the world around you? Everything that surrounds us - and we ourselves - are made of molecules, constructed from a limited set of elements that can combine to form an almost limitless kaleidoscope of possibilities.Dr Kathryn Harkup reveals the inner lives of the invisible molecules that make up our world, ranging from the fundamental to the frivolous; via the psychedelic effects of caffeine to the deadly march of CO2 emissions. This is a book about the stories of discovery, the quirks of science and of human history that have enhanced our appreciation and understanding of the world.
£17.09
Quercus Publishing Periodic Table in Minutes
Book SynopsisAn icon of science, the Periodic Table defines the fundamental chemistry of everything in the universe. In this compact yet comprehensive guide, Dan Green outlines the history, development and workings of the table, shows how its design reflects and illuminates the organisation of all matter, and even explains what it has to tell us about the chemistry of distant stars and of our own bodies. Contents include an individual entry for every known element - detailing properties, uses and key data - and sections on the patterns and groups of the famous table, as well as explanations of basic chemistry concepts such as elements and compounds, atomic structure, chemical bonds, reactions and radioactivity, amongst many others.
£11.69
Royal Society of Chemistry McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods:
Book SynopsisMcCance and Widdowsons's The Composition of Foods, Seventh Summary Edition provides a timely, authoritative and comprehensive update of the nutrient data for the most commonly consumed foods in the UK. Foods that are less commonly consumed but are important in the diets of sub-groups of the population are also included. This Seventh Summary Edition contains data which has been reviewed and updated since the last edition was published in 2002 and incorporates data from previously published supplements plus new analytical data and additional data from manufacturers. New data includes updates on key foods in the UK diet including flours and grains, bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, biscuits, cakes, eggs, fat spreads, fruits, vegetables, fish and fish products. Values for a wide range of nutrients (e.g. proximates, inorganics, vitamins, fibre and fatty acids) are provided and additional tables provide data for carotenoid fractions, vitamin E fractions and vitamin K for selected foods. Values for specific nutrients, including sodium, sugars, saturated and trans fatty acids in processed foods have been updated to reflect changes resulting from health policy and recent industry initiatives on reformulations. AOAC fibre values have been included for a wide range of foods to enable energy calculations, including fibre for food labelling purposes. Aimed at students and professionals in all food and health disciplines, this essential handbook should be on the bookshelf of everyone who needs to know the nutritional value of foods consumed in the UK.Trade Review"I find this book hypnotically wonderful." "...it is hugely valuable if you have a professional interest in nutrition. The nutritionist's bible..." -- Brian Clegg * Popular Science *Table of ContentsForeword; Acknowledgements; Introduction; Tables; Additional tables; Appendices
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Springer Nature Switzerland AG A Life and Career in Chemistry: Autobiography
Book SynopsisThis book is an enthusiastic account of Pierre Laszlo’s life and pioneering work on catalysis of organic reactions by modified clays, and his reflections on doing science from the 1960s to 1990s. In this autobiography, readers will discover a first-hand testimony of the chemical revolution in the second half of the 20th century, and the author’s perspective on finding a calling in science and chemistry, as well as his own experience on doing science, teaching science and managing a scientific career.During this period, Pierre Laszlo led an academic laboratory and worked also in three different countries: the US, Belgium and France, where he had the opportunity to meet remarkable colleagues. In this book, he recalls his encounters and collaborations with important scientists, who shaped the nature of chemistry at times of increased pace of change, and collates a portrait of the worldwide scientific community at that time. In addition, the author tells us about the turns and twists of his own life, and how he ended up focusing his research on clay based chemistry, where clay minerals were turned in his lab to catalysis of key chemical transformations. Given its breath, the book offers a genuine information on the life and career of a chemist, and it will appeal not only to scientists and students, but also to historians of science and to the general reader. Trade Review“A Life and Career in Chemistry is filled with names of scientists and other more or less remarkable persons whom Laszlo has met and interacted with during his long and varied career. … Laszlo’s autobiography is in many respects of interest to historians of twentieth-century chemistry … . the portrait of Laszlo himself, his life, and his career that this autobiography offers is very much as its author wants to be remembered.” (Helghe Kragh, Ambix, Vol. 69 (4), November, 2022)Table of ContentsSee attachments
£20.99
Wiley VCH Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis
Book Synopsis
£101.56
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Characterization of Condensed Matter: An
Book SynopsisCharacterization of Condensed Matter A comprehensive and accessible introduction to the characterization of condensed materials The characterization of condensed materials is a crucial aspect of materials science. The science underlying this area of research and analysis is interdisciplinary, combining electromagnetic spectroscopy, surface and interface testing methods, physiochemical analysis methods, and more. All of this must be brought to bear in order to understand the relationship between microstructures and larger-scale properties of condensed matter. Characterization of Condensed Matter: An Introduction to Composition, Microstructure, and Surface Methods introduces the technologies involved in the characterization of condensed matter and their many applications. It incorporates more than a decades’ experience in teaching a successful undergraduate course in the subject and emphasizes accessibility and continuously reinforced learning. The result is a survey which promises to equip students with both underlying theory and real experimental instances of condensed matter characterization. Characterization of Condensed Matter readers will also find: Detailed treatment of techniques including electromagnetic spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, electron microscopy, surface and element analysis, and more Incorporation of concrete experimental examples for each technique Exercises at the end of each chapter to facilitate understanding Characterization of Condensed Matter is a useful reference for undergraduates and early-career graduate students seeking a foundation and reference for these essential techniques.Table of ContentsPart I Fundamental of Universe, Matter, Condensed Matter and Materials 1 1 Universe, Matter, Condensed Matter and Materials 3 1.1 Features of the Universe and Fundamental Constants 4 1.2 Structure and Composition of Matter 9 1.2.1 Classification and Characteristics of Matter (Radiation Coupling and Energy Conservation) 9 1.2.2 Fundamental Particles 9 1.2.3 Fundamental Forces 11 1.3 Fundamental Constants Describing the Universe and Matter 15 1.4 Experiments to Study Fundamental Particles and Forces 20 1.5 Introduction to Condensed Matter and Materials 27 1.5.1 Classification of Condensed Matter 28 1.5.2 Structures and Compositions of Condensed Matter or Materials 30 1.5.3 Intrinsic Properties of Condensed Matter and Materials 32 1.6 Main Research Areas in Condensed Matter Physics 33 Questions for Thinking 34 References 34 2 The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory 37 2.1 A Brief History of Gravitational and Gravitational-Wave Measurements 37 2.2 Fundamentals of LIGO and Related Facility Development 39 2.2.1 Detecting Gravitational Waves 41 2.2.2 Educational Analogy Experiments 44 2.2.2.1 Herriott Delay Line 45 2.3 Key Components of the LIGO Facility 47 2.3.1 Coherent Laser Source and Laser 47 2.3.2 The Laser Interferometer Detector 47 2.3.3 Fourier Transform and Signal Processing System 48 2.4 Application of LIGO 49 2.4.1 Detection of a Supernova Explosion 49 2.4.2 Detection of Black Hole Fusion 50 Questions for Thinking 51 List of Abbreviations 51 References 51 3 Fundamentals of Crystallography: Microstructures and Crystal Phases of Condensed Matter 55 3.1 The Microstructure of Condensed Matter and Materials 55 3.1.1 The Microscale 55 3.1.2 The Hard-Sphere Model 56 3.1.3 Energy and Packing 57 3.1.4 Crystals, Quasicrystals and Amorphous Structures 58 3.2 The Unit Cell 60 3.2.1 Lattice and Motif 60 3.2.2 Lattice and Crystal Structure 61 3.2.3 Unit Cell and Unit Vectors 61 3.2.4 Unit Cells, Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems 63 3.2.5 Unit Cells and Their Parameters 65 3.3 Crystal Structures (Phases) 65 3.3.1 Close Packing and Stacking 65 3.3.2 The Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Lattice and its Parameters 67 3.3.3 The Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Lattice and its Parameters 69 3.3.4 The Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Lattice and its Parameters 70 3.3.5 Point Coordinates and Crystallographic Directions 71 3.3.6 Crystallographic Families and Symmetry 72 3.3.7 Coordinate Transformations 72 3.3.8 Crystallographic Planes and Miller Indices 73 3.3.9 Linear Density, Planar Density and Crystal Density 74 3.4 Quasicrystals 77 3.4.1 A Brief History of Quasicrystals 77 3.4.2 Phase and Structure Characteristics of Quasicrystals 79 Questions for Thinking 79 References 80 Part II Electromagnetic Spectroscopy 81 4 Elements of X-Ray Diffraction 83 4.1 Diffraction of X-Rays 83 4.1.1 The Kinematical Theory of Diffraction 85 4.1.2 The Dynamical Diffraction Theory 85 4.1.3 The Mechanism of the Interaction between X-Rays and the Unit Cell 86 4.1.4 Scattering of X-Rays and the Structure Factor of the Unit Cell 86 4.2 Development of X-Ray Diffraction 88 4.3 Generation of X-Rays 91 4.3.1 X-Ray Tubes: Cathode Ray Tube Structure 91 4.3.2 The Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 92 4.3.2.1 Scattering of X-Rays 92 4.3.2.2 Absorption of X-Rays by Matter 93 4.4 Applications 94 4.4.1 Crystal Phase Analysis 94 4.4.2 Determination of Inner Stress of Condensed Samples 97 4.4.2.1 Measurement of Residual Stress in Polycrystalline Materials 98 4.4.2.2 Measurement of Residual Stress in Single-Crystalline Materials 100 Questions for Thinking 101 References 101 5 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) 103 5.1 Theoretical Foundations 103 5.2 General Setup of an XRF Spectrometer 104 5.3 Types of XRF Analyzers 107 5.4 History and Current Status of XRF 108 5.5 Applications 109 5.6 Appendix 112 5.6.1 Analysis of XRF Spectra 112 5.6.2 Total Reflection XRF, Proton-Excited XRF and Synchrotron Radiation XRF Spectrometry 113 Questions for Thinking 114 References 114 6 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) 115 6.1 Principles of XAS and XES 115 6.2 Classification of XES 118 6.3 History of XES and Common XES Spectrometers 119 6.4 Applications 119 Questions for Thinking 121 References 121 7 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 123 7.1 The Physics of XAS 123 7.1.1 The Principle of X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy 123 7.1.2 The Principle of Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) Spectroscopy 124 7.2 Generation of X-Ray Synchrotron Radiation 125 7.2.1 The Structure of Synchrotron Radiation Facilities 126 7.2.2 Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Around the World 127 7.3 Applications of XANES Spectroscopy 132 7.4 Applications of EXAFS Spectroscopy 133 7.5 Differences Between EXAFS and XANES 133 Questions for Thinking 134 References 134 8 X-Ray Raman Scattering (XRS) 137 8.1 Interaction of Light and Matter in XRS 137 8.2 A Brief History of XRS Spectrometers 139 8.3 Components of an XRS Spectrometer 141 8.3.1 X-Ray Scattering Crystal Detector 141 8.3.2 High-Resolution Crystal Detector 142 8.3.3 A Superlattice Thin-Film Mirror Surface as a Double Multilayer Monochromator 142 8.3.4 The Detection of Scattered Photons in XRS 143 8.4 Applications of XRS 143 8.4.1 Chemistry 143 8.4.2 Polymer Science 143 8.4.3 Materials Science 144 8.4.4 Biology 145 8.4.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine 146 8.4.6 Gem Research 146 8.4.7 Investigation of Cultural Relics 147 8.5 Summary and Outlook 147 Questions for Thinking 148 References 148 9 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 149 9.1 General Scope of FTIR Spectroscopy 149 9.2 A Brief History of IR Spectrometers 150 9.3 Basic Concepts 150 9.4 Setup of a Standard FTIR Instrument 153 9.5 Advantages of FTIR Spectroscopy 155 9.5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Linearity 155 9.5.2 Accuracy 155 9.5.3 Data Handling Facility 155 9.5.4 Mechanical Simplicity 155 9.6 Key Elements of an FTIR Spectrometer 156 9.6.1 IR Light Source and Laser 156 9.6.2 Michelson Interferometer and Beam Splitter 156 9.6.2.1 Michelson Interferometer 156 9.6.2.2 Measuring and Processing the Interferogram 158 9.6.2.3 Beamsplitter 160 9.6.3 Infrared Photodetector 160 9.6.4 Fourier Transform and Signal Processing System 161 9.7 Spectral Range 161 9.7.1 Far Infrared 161 9.7.2 Mid Infrared 161 9.7.3 Near Infrared 161 9.8 Application of FTIR Spectroscopy 162 9.8.1 Biological Materials 162 9.8.2 Microscopy and Imaging 162 9.8.3 Studies at the Nanoscale and Spectroscopy Below the Diffraction Limit 162 9.8.4 FTIR Systems as Detectors in Chromatography 162 9.8.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis 163 9.8.6 Emission Spectroscopy and IR Chemiluminescence 163 9.8.7 Kinetics of Chemical Reactions and Spectra of Transient Species 163 Questions for Thinking 164 References 164 10 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy of Elements 167 10.1 Principles of EDX Spectroscopy 167 10.1.1 Production of Characteristic X-Rays 167 10.2 A Brief History of EDX Spectrometer Development 169 10.3 Key Components of EDX Spectrometers 170 10.3.1 The X-Ray Generator 170 10.3.2 The Vacuum System 170 10.3.3 The X-Ray Detector 171 10.3.3.1 The Semiconductor Detectors 171 10.3.3.2 The Direct Detectors 172 10.3.3.3 The Indirect Detectors 172 10.3.4 The Signal Processing System 173 10.4 Applications of EDX Spectroscopy 173 10.4.1 Surface Penetration 173 10.4.2 Elemental Resolution, Reliability, and Errors 173 10.4.3 Characteristics of EDX Energy Spectrometers 174 Questions for Thinking 175 References 176 Part III Characterization Methods Based on the Particle (electron Or Electron Beam, Neutron)–matter Interaction 177 11 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 179 11.1 Interaction Between the Electron Beam and Matter 180 11.1.1 Elastic Scattering 180 11.1.2 Inelastic Scattering 181 11.2 Signal Detection 182 11.2.1 Primary and Secondary Electrons 183 11.2.2 Backscattered Electrons and Auger Electrons 183 11.2.3 The Relation Between Surface Topography and Secondary Electrons 184 11.2.4 The Relation Between Atomic Number z and Backscattered Electrons 184 11.3 History of SEM Development 185 11.4 Key Components of SEM Devices 186 11.4.1 Electron Beam Sources 186 11.4.1.1 Thermionic Electron Guns 186 11.4.1.2 Field-Emission Electron Guns 187 11.4.2 Electronic Detectors 187 11.4.3 Signal Processing and Imaging System 188 11.5 Application and Expansion of SEM 190 11.5.1 Analysis of Powder Particles 190 11.5.2 Fracture Analysis 190 11.5.3 Observation and Analysis Metallographic Structures 190 11.5.4 Dynamic Study of Fracture Processes 191 Questions for Thinking 191 References 191 12 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 193 12.1 The Interaction Between Electrons and Atoms 193 12.1.1 Transmitted Electrons and Bright-Field Image 195 12.2 Brief History of EM and TEM Development 195 12.3 Key Components of EM and TEM Instruments 198 12.3.1 The Basic Structure of a TEM 198 12.3.1.1 Illumination System 198 12.3.1.2 Electron Gun 199 12.3.1.3 Electromagnetic Lenses 199 12.3.1.4 Imaging System 201 12.3.1.5 Viewing and Recording System 202 12.4 Applications and Extensions of TEM 202 12.4.1 Analysis of Microstructure and Morphology 202 12.4.2 Element Distribution and Morphology Analysis Using EDX Combined with TEM 203 12.4.3 High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF) STEM 204 Questions for Thinking 205 References 206 13 Spherical-Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy (sac-tem) 207 13.1 The Principle of Spherical Aberration Correction 207 13.2 History of SAC-TEM and Spherical Aberration Correctors 207 13.2.1 The Development of SAC-TEM 207 13.2.2 Spherical Aberration Correctors 208 13.3 Applications of SAC-TEM or SAC-STEM 210 13.3.1 Atomic Structure Characterization 210 13.3.2 Surface and Interface Study 210 13.3.3 Differentiation of Light Elements 211 Questions for Thinking 213 References 213 14 Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) 215 14.1 Design of Environmental TEM Instruments 216 14.1.1 Windowed Cell 216 14.1.2 Differential Pumping 217 14.2 Applications of ETEM 219 14.2.1 In-Situ Observation of Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth in the Formation of Nanowires 219 14.2.2 In-Situ Reduction of Metal Oxides 220 14.2.3 Photocatalytic Splitting of Water 222 14.2.4 Particle Formation and Migration 223 14.2.5 Nucleation and Growth of Nanomaterials in Liquid Solution 224 Questions for Thinking 227 References 227 15 Holography 229 15.1 Principles and Foundations 229 15.1.1 The Holographic Principle 229 15.1.2 Electronic Holography 231 15.1.3 Characteristics of Electronic Holography 233 15.2 History 236 15.3 Applications of Electronic Holography 238 15.3.1 The Principle of Observing Electromagnetic Fields with Electronic Holography 238 15.3.2 Fine Structures of Domain Walls in Magnetic Films 239 15.3.3 Micro-Distribution of Magnetic Fields 240 15.3.4 Observing Recorded Magnetization Patterns 240 15.3.5 Quantitative Measurement of Magnetic Moments Using Electron Holography 241 Questions for Thinking 242 References 242 Part IV Characterization Methods for Hyperfine Structures Related to the Magnetic Properties of Electrons and Nuclei 245 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 247 16.1 Basic Theory and Principles 247 16.1.1 Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments 247 16.1.2 Relaxation of Nuclear Magnetic Moments 249 16.2 Pulsed Fourier-Transform (FT) NMR Spectrometry 251 16.2.1 Basic Setup of an NMR Spectrometer 251 16.2.2 Basic Operating Principle 252 16.2.3 Parameters and Performance of NMR Measurements 253 16.3 Acquisition of NMR Signals 255 16.3.1 Magnetic Field Gradients 255 16.3.2 Pulse Sequences in MRI 257 Questions for Thinking 259 References 260 17 Mössbauer Effect and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 261 17.1 Introduction 261 17.2 History and Development 262 17.3 Principles and Fundamentals 263 17.3.1 Mössbauer Effect 263 17.3.2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 264 17.4 Analysis of Mössbauer Spectra 265 17.4.1 Isomer Shift 265 17.4.2 Quadrupole Splitting 266 17.4.3 Magnetic Hyperfine Splitting or Nuclear Zeeman Effect 267 17.5 Instrumentation and Equipment 268 17.5.1 Actuating Device 268 17.5.2 γ-Ray Sources 269 17.5.3 γ-Ray Detectors 269 17.5.4 Amplifier and Pulse-Height Measuring System 271 17.5.5 Data Collector, Processor, and Analyzer 271 17.6 Applications of the Mössbauer Effect and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 272 17.6.1 Features of the Mössbauer Effect and of Mössbauer Spectroscopy 272 17.6.2 Specific Applications 273 Questions for Thinking 275 References 275 Part V Surface Analysis Method 277 18 Atomic Force Microscopy 279 18.1 Detection of Surface Morphology with AFM 279 18.2 History of AFM 281 18.3 Key Components of an AFM Instrument 281 18.3.1 Cantilever and Laser System 281 18.3.1.1 Laser 281 18.3.1.2 Cantilever 281 18.3.2 Piezoelectric Scanner 282 18.3.3 Operating Modes 283 18.3.3.1 Static or Contact Mode 283 18.3.3.2 Dynamic Mode 283 18.3.3.3 Tapping Mode 284 18.3.3.4 Noncontact Mode 285 18.4 Applications and Extensions of AFM 286 18.4.1 Surface Topography 286 18.4.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy 287 18.4.3 In-situ Observation of Biomolecular Processes 287 18.5 Recent Progress of AFM 288 18.5.1 Principles and Applications of Scanning Near-Field Ultrasonic Holography Under AFM Platform 288 18.5.2 Ultrasonic AFM for the Detection of Subsurface Morphology 288 18.5.3 Photoacoustic Microscopy 290 Questions for Thinking 291 References 291 19 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 293 19.1 Brief History of XPS Spectroscopy 293 19.2 Applications of XPS Spectroscopy 293 19.2.1 Surface Sensitivity 293 19.2.2 Element Resolution, Reliability, and Error 294 19.2.3 Typical Analysis of XPS Spectra 295 Questions for Thinking 296 References 296 Part VI Some Progress and Perspective 297 20 New and Recent Experimental Techniques 299 20.1 Methods Based on Interactions Between Electromagnetic Waves and Matter 299 20.1.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy 299 20.1.2 Two-Photon Microscopy 301 20.1.3 Optical-Mode Photoacoustic Microscopy 302 20.1.4 Multicolor 3D Fluorescence Microscopy 303 20.1.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 305 20.1.6 X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers 307 20.1.7 Femtosecond Lasers 308 20.1.7.1 Applications of Femtosecond Lasers 309 20.2 Methods Based on Interactions Between Electrons and Matter 310 20.2.1 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy 310 20.2.1.1 Main Features of ESEM 311 20.2.1.2 Representative Applications of ESEM 312 20.2.2 High-Resolution STEM 313 20.2.3 Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy 314 20.2.4 Scanning-Probe Microscopy 315 Questions for Thinking 316 References 316 Answers to “Questions for Thinking” 319 Index 349
£80.75
