Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisWork through practice questions on every topic of the National 5 Chemistry curriculum, then test your understanding with mixed exam question practice.Master even the trickiest of topics by practising tons of questionsCheck your understanding by reviewing the example answers which contain workings-outBuild your confidence with the Mixed Exam Question Practice section, to prepare for the type and level of questions you can expect in the SQA National 5 Chemistry examUnderstand how your exam will be marked with detailed answers to all of the questionsLearn how to approach different types of question with hints and tipsAll answers can be found online at https://collins.co.uk/pages/scottish-curriculum-free-resourcesCan be used at school or at home for revision, homework, independent study or exam practice.For more resources to help you do your very best, why not try Leckie's National 5 Chemistry Complete Revision & Practice (9780008435356).

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Book SynopsisWater Chemistry provides students with the tools needed to understand the processes that control the chemical species present in waters of both natural and engineered systems. After providing basic information about water and its chemical composition in environmental systems, the text covers theoretical concepts key to solving water chemistry problems. Water Chemistry emphasizes that both equilibrium and kinetic processes are important in aquatic systems. The content focuses not only on inorganic constituents but also on natural and anthropogenic organic chemicals in water. This new edition of Water Chemistry also features updated discussions of photochemistry, chlorine and disinfectants, geochemical controls on chemical composition, trace metals, nutrients, and oxygen. Quantitative equilibrium and kinetic problems related to acid-base chemistry, complexation, solubility, oxidation/reduction reactions, sorption, and the fate and reactions of organic chemicals are solved using mathematical, graphical, and computational tools. Examples show the application of theory and demonstrate how to solve problems using algebraic, graphical, and up-to-date computer-based techniques. Additional web material provides advanced content.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments Symbols and Acronyms Symbols Acronyms Units for physical quantities Important constants Conversion Factors Energy-related quantities Pressure Some useful relationships Part I. Prologue 1 Introductory matters 2 Aqueous geochemistry I: Inorganic chemical composition of natural waters Part II. Theory, Fundamentals, and Important Tools 3 The thermodynamic basis for equilibrium chemistry 4 Activity-concentration relationships 5 Fundamentals of chemical kinetics 6 Fundamentals of organic chemistry for environmental systems Part III. Chemical Equilibria and Kinetics 7 Principles of acid-base equilibria 8 Solving acid-base equilibria and the carbonate system 9 Complexation reactions and metal ion speciation 10 Solubility: Reactions of solid phases with water 11 Redox equilibria and kinetics 12 Surface chemistry and sorption 13 Partitioning and chemical transformations of organic contaminants Part IV. Chemistry of Natural Waters and Engineered Systems 14 Fundamentals of photochemistry and some applications in aquatic systems 15 Chemistry of chlorine and other oxidants/disinfectants 16 Aqueous geochemistry II: Provenance, weathering, and landscape models for natural waters 17 The minor elements: Fe, Mn, Al 18 Dissolved oxygen 19 Nutrient cycles and the chemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus 20 Natural organic matter Appendix: Free energies and enthalpies of formation of common chemical species Index

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Drug Synthesis explores the central role played by organic synthesis in the process of drug design and development.Written by an experienced and talented author to complement his existing An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, the book illustrates how organic synthesis makes important contributions throughout the drug design and discovery process - from the generation of novel drug structures to the improved efficiency of large scale synthesis.Avoiding excessively detailed descriptions of the underlying synthetic pathways, the book focuses on how synthesis can be used in a strategic way - how and why different synthetic approaches are adopted, and the pros and cons of each. With examples used extensively to illustrate the concepts presented, An Introduction to Drug Synthesis> is the ideal resource for any pharmaceutical or medicinal chemistry student who needs a thorough understanding of how the concepts of organic synthesis are applied to the development of therapeutic drugs.Online ResourcesAn Introduction to Drug Synthesis is supported by online resources featuring:For registered adopters:- Figures from the book in electronic format;For students:- A suite of multiple-choice questions to support the learning process;- Additional case studies- More detailed descriptions of key synthetic reactions, as a source of further reference.Trade ReviewThis is a well-written guide to many of the key concepts in the application of organic synthesis to drug discovery and development. * Doody's Notes *Table of ContentsPART A: Concepts ; 1. The drug discovery process ; 2. Drug synthesis ; 3. Retrosynthesis ; 4. Cyclic systems in drug synthesis ; 5. The synthesis of chiral drugs ; 6. Combinatorial and parallel synthesis ; PART B: Applications of drug synthesis in the drug development process ; 7. Synthesis of lead compounds ; 8. Analogue synthesis in drug design ; 9. Synthesis of natural products and their analogues ; 10. Chemical and process development ; 11. Synthesis of isotopically labelled compounds ; PART C: Design and synthesis of selected antibacterial agents ; 12. Design and synthesis of tetracyclines ; 13. Erythromycin and macrolide antibacterial agents ; 14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

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Book SynopsisBrings alchemy out of the shadows and restores it to its important place in human history and culture. By surveying what alchemy was and how it began, developed, and overlapped with a range of ideas and pursuits, this title illuminates the practice.Trade Review"The Secrets of Alchemy comes closer than any other single work to explaining the grounds-rational and empirical, as well as religious and wishful-for alchemy's longevity. Lawrence M. Principe's delightful writing style brings to life a depth of learning matched by few in the field." (Nature) "An elegant, readable book, packed with information and revelation." (Anthony Grafton, Science) "Lawrence M. Principe has long been at the vanguard of scholars who seek to show that alchemists were really early chemists, not blindly struggling to turn substances into gold but operating, like scientists today, within an intellectual framework that guided their practical work. In The Secrets of Alchemy, an elegantly written summary of two decades of his own research, Principe describes this framework." (Wall Street Journal)"

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Book SynopsisLearning chemistry is more than just memorizing facts and formulas. To be successful, you need to understand fundamental chemistry concepts and how to apply them to solve problems. CHEMISTRY, Eleventh Edition, will help you gain the tools you need to succeed in your chemistry course--and beyond. This trusted text has helped generations of students learn to think like chemists, developing critical-thinking and creative problem-solving skills to master even the most challenging problems. An engaging writing style, clear explanations and interactive examples help you build both skill and confidence, so you can study to understand rather than simply memorize. In addition, useful online resources and instant feedback in OWLv2 help bring the material to life and make learning even more effective.Table of Contents1. Chemical Foundations. 2. Atoms, Molecules and Ions. 3. Stoichiometry. 4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry. 5. Gases. 6. Thermochemistry. 7. Atomic Structure and Periodicity. 8. Bonding: General Concepts. 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals. 10. Liquids and Solids. 11. Properties of Solutions. 12. Chemical Kinetics. 13. Chemical Equilibrium. 14. Acids and Bases. 15. Acid-Base Equilibria. 16. Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria. 17. Spontaneity, Entropy and Free Energy. 18. Electrochemistry. 19. The Nucleus: A Chemist's View. 20. The Representative Elements. 21. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry. 22. Organic and Biological Molecules. Appendix 1: Mathematical Procedures. A1.1. Exponential Notation. A1.2. Logarithms. A1.3. Graphing Functions. A1.4. Solving Quadratic Equations. A1.5. Uncertainties in Measurements. Appendix 2: The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model. Appendix 3: Spectral Analysis. Appendix 4: Selected Thermodynamic Data. Appendix 5: Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials. A5.1. Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids. A5.2. Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids. A5.3. Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases. A5.4. Ksp Values at 25_C for Common Ionic Solids. A5.5. Standard Reduction Potentials at 25_C (298K) for Many Common Half-Reactions. Appendix 6: SI Units and Conversion Factors. Glossary. Answers to Selected Exercises.

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Book SynopsisEssentials of Computational Chemistry, Second Edition provides a balanced introduction to this dynamic subject. Suitable for both experimentalists and theorists, a wide range of examples and applications are included drawn from all key areas.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 What are Theory, Computation, and Modeling? 1 1.1 Definition of Terms 1 1.2 Quantum Mechanics 4 1.3 Computable Quantities 5 1.3.1 Structure 5 1.3.2 Potential Energy Surfaces 6 1.3.3 Chemical Properties 10 1.4 Cost and Efficiency 11 1.4.1 Intrinsic Value 11 1.4.2 Hardware and Software 12 1.4.3 Algorithms 14 1.5 Note on Units 15 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 15 References 16 2 Molecular Mechanics 17 2.1 History and Fundamental Assumptions 17 2.2 Potential Energy Functional Forms 19 2.2.1 Bond Stretching 19 2.2.2 Valence Angle Bending 21 2.2.3 Torsions 22 2.2.4 van der Waals Interactions 27 2.2.5 Electrostatic Interactions 30 2.2.6 Cross Terms and Additional Non-bonded Terms 34 2.2.7 Parameterization Strategies 36 2.3 Force-field Energies and Thermodynamics 39 2.4 Geometry Optimization 40 2.4.1 Optimization Algorithms 41 2.4.2 Optimization Aspects Specific to Force Fields 46 2.5 Menagerie of Modern Force Fields 50 2.5.1 Available Force Fields 50 2.5.2 Validation 59 2.6 Force Fields and Docking 62 2.7 Case Study: (2R∗,4S∗)-1-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhex-5-ene 64 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 66 References 67 3 Simulations of Molecular Ensembles 69 3.1 Relationship Between MM Optima and Real Systems 69 3.2 Phase Space and Trajectories 70 3.2.1 Properties as Ensemble Averages 70 3.2.2 Properties as Time Averages of Trajectories 71 3.3 Molecular Dynamics 72 3.3.1 Harmonic Oscillator Trajectories 72 3.3.2 Non-analytical Systems 74 3.3.3 Practical Issues in Propagation 77 3.3.4 Stochastic Dynamics 79 3.4 Monte Carlo 80 3.4.1 Manipulation of Phase-space Integrals 80 3.4.2 Metropolis Sampling 81 3.5 Ensemble and Dynamical Property Examples 82 3.6 Key Details in Formalism 88 3.6.1 Cutoffs and Boundary Conditions 88 3.6.2 Polarization 90 3.6.3 Control of System Variables 91 3.6.4 Simulation Convergence 93 3.6.5 The Multiple Minima Problem 96 3.7 Force Field Performance in Simulations 98 3.8 Case Study: Silica Sodalite 99 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 101 References 102 4 Foundations of Molecular Orbital Theory 105 4.1 Quantum Mechanics and the Wave Function 105 4.2 The Hamiltonian Operator 106 4.2.1 General Features 106 4.2.2 The Variational Principle 108 4.2.3 The Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 110 4.3 Construction of Trial Wave Functions 111 4.3.1 The LCAO Basis Set Approach 111 4.3.2 The Secular Equation 113 4.4 H¨uckel Theory 115 4.4.1 Fundamental Principles 115 4.4.2 Application to the Allyl System 116 4.5 Many-electron Wave Functions 119 4.5.1 Hartree-product Wave Functions 120 4.5.2 The Hartree Hamiltonian 121 4.5.3 Electron Spin and Antisymmetry 122 4.5.4 Slater Determinants 124 4.5.5 The Hartree-Fock Self-consistent Field Method 126 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 129 References 130 5 Semiempirical Implementations of Molecular Orbital Theory 131 5.1 Semiempirical Philosophy 131 5.1.1 Chemically Virtuous Approximations 131 5.1.2 Analytic Derivatives 133 5.2 Extended H¨uckel Theory 134 5.3 CNDO Formalism 136 5.4 INDO Formalism 139 5.4.1 INDO and INDO/S 139 5.4.2 MINDO/3 and SINDO1 141 5.5 Basic NDDO Formalism 143 5.5.1 MNDO 143 5.5.2 AM1 145 5.5.3 PM3 146 5.6 General Performance Overview of Basic NDDO Models 147 5.6.1 Energetics 147 5.6.2 Geometries 150 5.6.3 Charge Distributions 151 5.7 Ongoing Developments in Semiempirical MO Theory 152 5.7.1 Use of Semiempirical Properties in SAR 152 5.7.2 d Orbitals in NDDO Models 153 5.7.3 SRP Models 155 5.7.4 Linear Scaling 157 5.7.5 Other Changes in Functional Form 157 5.8 Case Study: Asymmetric Alkylation of Benzaldehyde 159 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 162 References 163 6 Ab Initio Implementations of Hartree–Fock Molecular Orbital Theory 165 6.1 Ab Initio Philosophy 165 6.2 Basis Sets 166 6.2.1 Functional Forms 167 6.2.2 Contracted Gaussian Functions 168 6.2.3 Single-ζ , Multiple-ζ , and Split-Valence 170 6.2.4 Polarization Functions 173 6.2.5 Diffuse Functions 176 6.2.6 The HF Limit 176 6.2.7 Effective Core Potentials 178 6.2.8 Sources 180 6.3 Key Technical and Practical Points of Hartree–Fock Theory 180 6.3.1 SCF Convergence 181 6.3.2 Symmetry 182 6.3.3 Open-shell Systems 188 6.3.4 Efficiency of Implementation and Use 190 6.4 General Performance Overview of Ab Initio HF Theory 192 6.4.1 Energetics 192 6.4.2 Geometries 196 6.4.3 Charge Distributions 198 6.5 Case Study: Polymerization of 4-Substituted Aromatic Enynes 199 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 201 References 201 7 Including Electron Correlation in Molecular Orbital Theory 203 7.1 Dynamical vs. Non-dynamical Electron Correlation 203 7.2 Multiconfiguration Self-Consistent Field Theory 205 7.2.1 Conceptual Basis 205 7.2.2 Active Space Specification 207 7.2.3 Full Configuration Interaction 211 7.3 Configuration Interaction 211 7.3.1 Single-determinant Reference 211 7.3.2 Multireference 216 7.4 Perturbation Theory 216 7.4.1 General Principles 216 7.4.2 Single-reference 219 7.4.3 Multireference 223 7.4.4 First-order Perturbation Theory for Some Relativistic Effects 223 7.5 Coupled-cluster Theory 224 7.6 Practical Issues in Application 227 7.6.1 Basis Set Convergence 227 7.6.2 Sensitivity to Reference Wave Function 230 7.6.3 Price/Performance Summary 235 7.7 Parameterized Methods 237 7.7.1 Scaling Correlation Energies 238 7.7.2 Extrapolation 239 7.7.3 Multilevel Methods 239 7.8 Case Study: Ethylenedione Radical Anion 244 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 246 References 247 8 Density Functional Theory 249 8.1 Theoretical Motivation 249 8.1.1 Philosophy 249 8.1.2 Early Approximations 250 8.2 Rigorous Foundation 252 8.2.1 The Hohenberg–Kohn Existence Theorem 252 8.2.2 The Hohenberg–Kohn Variational Theorem 254 8.3 Kohn–Sham Self-consistent Field Methodology 255 8.4 Exchange-correlation Functionals 257 8.4.1 Local Density Approximation 258 8.4.2 Density Gradient and Kinetic Energy Density Corrections 263 8.4.3 Adiabatic Connection Methods 264 8.4.4 Semiempirical DFT 268 8.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of DFT Compared to MO Theory 271 8.5.1 Densities vs. Wave Functions 271 8.5.2 Computational Efficiency 273 8.5.3 Limitations of the KS Formalism 274 8.5.4 Systematic Improvability 278 8.5.5 Worst-case Scenarios 278 8.6 General Performance Overview of DFT 280 8.6.1 Energetics 280 8.6.2 Geometries 291 8.6.3 Charge Distributions 294 8.7 Case Study: Transition-Metal Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol 299 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 300 References 301 9 Charge Distribution and Spectroscopic Properties 305 9.1 Properties Related to Charge Distribution 305 9.1.1 Electric Multipole Moments 305 9.1.2 Molecular Electrostatic Potential 308 9.1.3 Partial Atomic Charges 309 9.1.4 Total Spin 324 9.1.5 Polarizability and Hyperpolarizability 325 9.1.6 ESR Hyperfine Coupling Constants 327 9.2 Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities 330 9.3 Spectroscopy of Nuclear Motion 331 9.3.1 Rotational 332 9.3.2 Vibrational 334 9.4 NMR Spectral Properties 344 9.4.1 Technical Issues 344 9.4.2 Chemical Shifts and Spin–spin Coupling Constants 345 9.5 Case Study: Matrix Isolation of Perfluorinated p-Benzyne 349 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 351 References 351 10 Thermodynamic Properties 355 10.1 Microscopic–macroscopic Connection 355 10.2 Zero-point Vibrational Energy 356 10.3 Ensemble Properties and Basic Statistical Mechanics 357 10.3.1 Ideal Gas Assumption 358 10.3.2 Separability of Energy Components 359 10.3.3 Molecular Electronic Partition Function 360 10.3.4 Molecular Translational Partition Function 361 10.3.5 Molecular Rotational Partition Function 362 10.3.6 Molecular Vibrational Partition Function 364 10.4 Standard-state Heats and Free Energies of Formation and Reaction 366 10.4.1 Direct Computation 367 10.4.2 Parametric Improvement 370 10.4.3 Isodesmic Equations 372 10.5 Technical Caveats 375 10.5.1 Semiempirical Heats of Formation 375 10.5.2 Low-frequency Motions 375 10.5.3 Equilibrium Populations over Multiple Minima 377 10.5.4 Standard-state Conversions 378 10.5.5 Standard-state Free Energies, Equilibrium Constants, and Concentrations 379 10.6 Case Study: Heat of Formation of H2NOH 381 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 383 References 383 11 Implicit Models for Condensed Phases 385 11.1 Condensed-phase Effects on Structure and Reactivity 385 11.1.1 Free Energy of Transfer and Its Physical Components 386 11.1.2 Solvation as It Affects Potential Energy Surfaces 389 11.2 Electrostatic Interactions with a Continuum 393 11.2.1 The Poisson Equation 394 11.2.2 Generalized Born 402 11.2.3 Conductor-like Screening Model 404 11.3 Continuum Models for Non-electrostatic Interactions 406 11.3.1 Specific Component Models 406 11.3.2 Atomic Surface Tensions 407 11.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Continuum Solvation Models 410 11.4.1 General Performance for Solvation Free Energies 410 11.4.2 Partitioning 416 11.4.3 Non-isotropic Media 416 11.4.4 Potentials of Mean Force and Solvent Structure 419 11.4.5 Molecular Dynamics with Implicit Solvent 420 11.4.6 Equilibrium vs. Non-equilibrium Solvation 421 11.5 Case Study: Aqueous Reductive Dechlorination of Hexachloroethane 422 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 424 References 425 12 Explicit Models for Condensed Phases 429 12.1 Motivation 429 12.2 Computing Free-energy Differences 429 12.2.1 Raw Differences 430 12.2.2 Free-energy Perturbation 432 12.2.3 Slow Growth and Thermodynamic Integration 435 12.2.4 Free-energy Cycles 437 12.2.5 Potentials of Mean Force 439 12.2.6 Technical Issues and Error Analysis 443 12.3 Other Thermodynamic Properties 444 12.4 Solvent Models 445 12.4.1 Classical Models 445 12.4.2 Quantal Models 447 12.5 Relative Merits of Explicit and Implicit Solvent Models 448 12.5.1 Analysis of Solvation Shell Structure and Energetics 448 12.5.2 Speed/Efficiency 450 12.5.3 Non-equilibrium Solvation 450 12.5.4 Mixed Explicit/Implicit Models 451 12.6 Case Study: Binding of Biotin Analogs to Avidin 452 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 454 References 455 13 Hybrid Quantal/Classical Models 457 13.1 Motivation 457 13.2 Boundaries Through Space 458 13.2.1 Unpolarized Interactions 459 13.2.2 Polarized QM/Unpolarized MM 461 13.2.3 Fully Polarized Interactions 466 13.3 Boundaries Through Bonds 467 13.3.1 Linear Combinations of Model Compounds 467 13.3.2 Link Atoms 473 13.3.3 Frozen Orbitals 475 13.4 Empirical Valence Bond Methods 477 13.4.1 Potential Energy Surfaces 478 13.4.2 Following Reaction Paths 480 13.4.3 Generalization to QM/MM 481 13.5 Case Study: Catalytic Mechanism of Yeast Enolase 482 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 484 References 485 14 Excited Electronic States 487 14.1 Determinantal/Configurational Representation of Excited States 487 14.2 Singly Excited States 492 14.2.1 SCF Applicability 493 14.2.2 CI Singles 496 14.2.3 Rydberg States 498 14.3 General Excited State Methods 499 14.3.1 Higher Roots in MCSCF and CI Calculations 499 14.3.2 Propagator Methods and Time-dependent DFT 501 14.4 Sum and Projection Methods 504 14.5 Transition Probabilities 507 14.6 Solvatochromism 511 14.7 Case Study: Organic Light Emitting Diode Alq3 513 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 515 References 516 15 Adiabatic Reaction Dynamics 519 15.1 Reaction Kinetics and Rate Constants 519 15.1.1 Unimolecular Reactions 520 15.1.2 Bimolecular Reactions 521 15.2 Reaction Paths and Transition States 522 15.3 Transition-state Theory 524 15.3.1 Canonical Equation 524 15.3.2 Variational Transition-state Theory 531 15.3.3 Quantum Effects on the Rate Constant 533 15.4 Condensed-phase Dynamics 538 15.5 Non-adiabatic Dynamics 539 15.5.1 General Surface Crossings 539 15.5.2 Marcus Theory 541 15.6 Case Study: Isomerization of Propylene Oxide 544 Bibliography and Suggested Additional Reading 546 References 546 Appendix A Acronym Glossary 549 Appendix B Symmetry and Group Theory 557 B.1 Symmetry Elements 557 B.2 Molecular Point Groups and Irreducible Representations 559 B.3 Assigning Electronic State Symmetries 561 B.4 Symmetry in the Evaluation of Integrals and Partition Functions 562 Appendix C Spin Algebra 565 C.1 Spin Operators 565 C.2 Pure- and Mixed-spin Wave Functions 566 C.3 UHF Wave Functions 571 C.4 Spin Projection/Annihilation 571 Reference 574 Appendix D Orbital Localization 575 D.1 Orbitals as Empirical Constructs 575 D.2 Natural Bond Orbital Analysis 578 References 579 Index 581

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Book SynopsisExtensive revised and updated third edition of classic first-year text by Nobel Laureate. Atomic and molecular structure, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics correlated with descriptive chemistry. Problems. 75 pages of appendixes. Hailed by Choice as an excellent text, highly recommended.

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Book SynopsisThe laws governing the very small and the very swift defy common sense and stretch our minds to the limit. Drawing on a deep familiarity with the discoveries of the twentieth century, Ford gives an appealing account of quantum physics that will help the serious reader make sense of a science that, for all its successes, remains mysterious.Trade ReviewAn excellent book--one of the best popular accounts of quantum theory I have read. Ford has a deep understanding of his demanding subject and he leavens his account with color and anecdote -- Elizabeth Sourbut * New Scientist *Ford deals with topics as difficult as granularity, quantum numbers, superposition, entanglement, and the uncertainty principle, but he uses explanations and examples that make these concepts easy to understand and quantum weirdness far less daunting. * Science News *

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Book SynopsisFuturists are certain that humanlike AI is on the horizon, but in fact engineers have no idea how to program human reasoning. AI reasons from statistical correlations across data sets, while common sense is based heavily on conjecture. Erik Larson argues that hyping existing methods will only hold us back from developing truly humanlike AI.Trade ReviewIf you want to know about AI, read this book. For several reasons—most of all because it shows how a supposedly futuristic reverence for Artificial Intelligence retards progress when it denigrates our most irreplaceable resource for any future progress: our own human intelligence. -- Peter ThielLarson worries that we’re making two mistakes at once, defining human intelligence down while overestimating what AI is likely to achieve…Another concern is learned passivity: our tendency to assume that AI will solve problems and our failure, as a result, to cultivate human ingenuity. * Wall Street Journal *Thoughtful…makes a convincing case that artificial general intelligence—machine-based intelligence that matches our own—is beyond the capacity of algorithmic machine learning because there is a mismatch between how humans and machines know what they know…AI can’t account for the qualitative, nonmeasurable, idiosyncratic, messy stuff of life. -- Sue Halpern * New York Review of Books *Artificial intelligence has always inspired outlandish visions, but now Elon Musk and other authorities assure us that those sci-fi visions are about to become reality. Artificial intelligence is going to destroy us, save us, or at the very least radically transform us. In The Myth of Artificial Intelligence, Erik Larson exposes the vast gap between the actual science underlying AI and the dramatic claims being made for it. This is a timely, important, and even essential book. -- John Horgan, author of The End of ScienceErik Larson offers an expansive look at the field of AI, from its early history to recent prophecies about the advent of superintelligent machines. Engaging, clear, and highly informed, The Myth of Artificial Intelligence is a terrific book. -- Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for AIA fantastic tour of AI, at once deeply enlightening and eminently readable, that challenges the overwrought vision of a technology that revolutionizes everything and also threatens our existence. Larson, the thinking person’s tech entrepreneur, explores the philosophical and practical implications of AI as never before and reminds us that wishing for something is not the same as building it. -- Todd C. Hughes, technology executive and former DARPA officialThere are several books out there addressing the trending topic of AI, but Larson’s The Myth of Artificial Intelligence is arguably the best one of them so far…Should be taught in every undergraduate level engineering program. -- Gábor István Bíró * Metascience *A discussion of general human intelligence versus the current state of artificial intelligence, and how progress in a narrowly defined, specialized area (how to play chess) does not necessarily mean we are getting closer to human-like thinking machines. So, take a rain-check on the impending arrival of the robot overlords, that is going to have to wait a while. -- Elizabeth Obee * Towards Data Science *Far and away the best refutation of Kurzweil’s overpromises, but also of the hype pressed by those who have fallen in love with AI’s latest incarnation, which is the combination of big data with machine learning. Just to be clear, Larson is not a contrarian. He does not have a death wish for AI. He is not trying to sabotage research in the area (if anything, he is trying to extricate AI research from the fantasy land it currently inhabits)…Insightful and timely. -- William A. Dembski * Evolution News *Larson’s book is excellent, and tells the story of how successful narrow AI has been in comparison to the failures of strong AI. It also shows us why we have no reason to believe that these failures will turn into successes anytime soon. The Myth of Artificial Intelligence also serves as a warning to be skeptical of the predictions of experts and expresses the importance of having a sound theory to properly practice science. -- Brendan Patrick Purdy * Law & Liberty *Believing in the myth of AI has more serious consequences for our society beyond merely losing sleep over the prospects of a robot uprising. The myth, Larson argues, is negatively affecting research in many fields of science…Comes at an opportune moment—when AI has breached the peak of expectations and is now inching downwards, into the trough of disillusionment. It deflates the hype surrounding the subject and offers coherent arguments against the inevitability and imminence of true machine intelligence. -- Viraj Kulkarni * The Wire (India) *A detailed, wide-ranging excavation of AI’s history and culture, and the limitations of current machine learning, [Larson] argues that there’s basically ‘no good scientific reason’ to believe the [AI] myth…A clever, engaging book that looks closely at the machines we fear could one day destroy us all, and at how our current tools won’t create this future. -- Ellen Broad * Inside Story *Discusses how widely publicized misconceptions about intelligence and inference have led AI research down narrow paths that are limiting innovation and scientific discoveries…Sheds light on the challenges that the field faces today and helps readers to see through the overblown claims about progress toward AGI or singularity. -- Ben Dickson * TechTalks *Lays out a bird’s eye view of the origins and ideas behind current AI methods…Disentangles the hype of AI from what is actually possible with current technology. Even as he sheds light on the gap between the singularity prediction and what machine learning is truly capable of, he emphasizes the significance of the myth. * Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith *

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Book SynopsisThis lively account of the foundations of quantum mechanics is at once elementary and deeply challenging. It is an introduction accessible to anyone with high school mathematics and, at the same time, a rigorous discussion of the most important recent advances in our understanding of quantum physics, a number of them made by the author himself.Trade ReviewOver the past two decades, philosophers of physics have worked long and hard…to extract the philosophical pith from the theoretical physics. There are now a number of excellent books which explain the issues at a reasonably advanced level to non-physicists. Albert’s is among the best of the bunch. -- David Papineau * Times Literary Supplement *A lively, lucid, elementary, yet deeply challenging account. The layperson and seasoned philosopher and scientist alike could do no better in their attempts to get out of the quantum muddle than to read this book. -- Frank Arntzenius, University of Southern CaliforniaThis is a wholly original, engaging, and provocative work on the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics, written in David Albert’s inimitable style. -- Jeffrey Bub, University of MarylandTable of ContentsPreface 1. Superposition 2. The Mathematical Formalism and the Standard Way of Thinking about It 3. Nonlocality 4. The Measurement Problem 5. The Collapse of the Wave Function 6. The Dynamics by Itself 7. Bohm's Theory 8. Self-Measurement Appendix: The Kochen-Healy-Dieks Interpretations Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the correct logical approach to analysis of forensic scientific evidence. The focus is on general methods of analysis applicable to all forms of evidence. It starts by explaining the general principles and then applies them to issues in DNA and other important forms of scientific evidence as examples.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Three ‘principles’ 1 1.2 Dreyfus, Bertillon, and Poincaré 3 1.3 Requirements for Forensic Scientific Evidence 5 1.3.1 Reliability 6 1.4 What We Will Cover 6 2. Interpreting Scientific Evidence 9 2.1 Relevance and Probative Value 9 2.1.1 Ideal and Useless Evidence 10 2.1.2 Typical Evidence 11 2.1.3 An Aside on Probability and Odds 11 2.1.4 A Breath-Testing Device 13 2.2 The Likelihood Ratio and Bayes’ Theorem 14 2.2.1 The Likelihood Ratio 14 2.2.2 Bayes’ Theorem 15 2.2.3 The Effect of Prior Odds 16 2.2.4 An HIV Test 16 2.2.5 Transposing the Conditional 17 2.2.6 Giving Evidence 18 2.3 Admissibility and Relevance 19 2.3.1 Prejudging the Case? 20 2.4 Case Studies 21 2.4.1 A Useful Presentation of DNA Evidence 21 2.4.2 The Shoe Mark at the Murder Scene 22 2.4.3 The Probability of Paternity 23 2.4.4 Child Sexual Abuse 26 2.5 Summary 27 3. The Alternative Hypothesis 29 3.1 Some Symbols 29 3.1.1 Hypotheses 29 3.1.2 Evidence 30 3.1.3 Probability 30 3.2 Which Alternative Hypothesis? 30 3.2.1 Probative Value and the Alternative Hypothesis 30 3.2.2 Selecting the Appropriate Alternative Hypotheses 31 3.2.3 Example 32 3.3 Exclusive, Exhaustive, and Multiple Hypotheses 33 3.3.1 Exclusiveness 33 3.3.2 Exhaustiveness 34 3.3.3 Multiple Hypotheses 35 3.4 Immigration and Paternity Cases 35 3.4.1 No Alternative Father 36 3.4.2 A Named Alternative Father 36 3.4.3 An Older Example 37 3.5 ‘It Was My Brother’ 38 3.6 Traces at the Scene and Traces on the Suspect 39 3.6.1 Traces at the Scene 39 3.6.2 Traces on the Accused 39 3.6.3 The Accused’s Race 40 3.7 Hypothetical Questions 40 3.8 Pre-Trial Conferences and Defence Notice 42 3.9 Case Studies 43 3.9.1 Alternative Hypotheses in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse 43 3.9.2 The Shoe Mark Case Again 43 3.9.3 Sally Clark 44 3.10 Summary 45 4. What Questions Can the Expert Deal With? 47 4.1 The Hierarchy of Propositions 47 4.2 The Ultimate Issue Rule 50 4.2.1 Rationale 51 4.2.2 Experts Must Not Give Evidence on Legal Concepts 51 4.2.3 The Rule and Logical Inference 52 4.2.4 The Ultimate Issue Rule Is Correct 53 4.3 Summary 54 5. Explaining the Strength of Evidence 55 5.1 Explaining the Likelihood Ratio 56 5.1.1 Sensitivity Tables 57 5.2 The Weight of Evidence 57 5.3 Words Instead of Numbers? 58 5.3.1 Standardising Word Meanings 59 5.3.2 The Inconsistent Meanings of ‘Consistent’ 60 5.3.3 ‘Could Have’ and ‘Could Have Not’ 61 5.3.4 There’s Nothing Special about Being ‘Unique’ 61 5.3.5 ‘Reliability’ 62 5.3.6 Other Words to Avoid 63 5.4 Dealing with Wrongly Expressed Evidence 63 5.5 Case Studies 64 5.5.1 Shoe Marks 64 5.5.2 Stomach Contents 66 5.5.3 Hair Growth 66 5.6 Summary 67 6. The Case as a Whole 69 6.1 Combining Evidence 69 6.1.1 Dependent and Independent Evidence 70 6.1.2 Conditional Independence 71 6.1.3 Combining Dependent Evidence 72 6.2 Can Combined Weak Evidence Be Stronger Than Its Components? 72 6.3 The Standard of Proof and the Cost of Errors 74 6.3.1 Civil Cases 75 6.3.2 Criminal Cases 75 6.3.3 Child Sex-Abuse Cases 75 6.3.4 Is a Quantifiable Doubt a Reasonable Doubt? 75 6.3.5 What If the Scientific Evidence Is the Only Evidence? 76 6.4 Assessing Prior Odds 76 6.4.1 Prior Odds and the Presumption of Innocence 77 6.5 The Defence Hypothesis and the Prior Odds 78 6.6 Case Studies 78 6.6.1 A Bomb-Hoax Call 78 6.6.2 Loveridge V Adlam 81 6.7 Summary 82 7. Forensic Science Methodology 85 7.1 A General Methodology for Comparative Analysis 86 7.1.1 Choosing Features 86 7.1.2 Choosing How to Compare Features 87 7.1.3 Calculating Same-Source and Different-Source Comparison Scores 88 7.1.4 Generating Likelihood Ratios 90 7.2 Assessing the Performance of an Expert or a Comparison System 90 7.2.1 Discrimination 91 7.2.2 Calibration 91 7.2.3 Misleading Evidence 92 7.2.4 Discrimination versus Calibration 93 7.2.5 Improving Calibration 93 7.3 System Performance Characteristics 95 7.3.1 Tippett Plots 95 7.3.2 Measuring Discrimination and Calibration Separately 96 7.4 Case Assessment and Interpretation (CAI) 98 7.4.1 Defining the Customer Requirement 98 7.4.2 Assessing How Forensic Science Can Help 99 7.4.3 Agreeing on a Case Examination Strategy 99 7.4.4 Examination, Interpretation, and Communication 99 7.4.5 Case Example, Murder or Suicide? 100 7.5 Context Bias 102 7.5.1 Base Rate Information 102 7.5.2 Case Information 103 7.5.3 Reference Material 103 7.5.4 Questioned Material 103 7.6 Summary 104 8. Assigning Likelihood Ratios 107 8.1 DNA 108 8.1.1 A Single Comparison with a Match as a Result 109 8.1.2 A Database Search with a Single Match as a Result 109 8.1.3 A Database Search with Multiple Matches as a Result 110 8.1.4 Extremely Large LRs 111 8.2 Glass Refractive Index 111 8.3 Colour Comparison 113 8.3.1 Colour Feature Selection or Construction 113 8.3.2 Colour Comparison Algorithm 114 8.3.3 Colour Feature and Score Distribution for Collection 114 8.4 Fingerprints 116 8.4.1 Feature Selection or Construction 117 8.4.2 Comparison Algorithm, and Within- and Between-Source Scores 119 8.5 Signatures 121 8.6 Psychological Evidence 125 8.6.1 The Probative Value of Psychological Evidence 125 8.7 Summary 127 9. Errors of Thinking 129 9.1 A Brace of Lawyers’ Fallacies 129 9.1.1 The Prosecutor’s Fallacy 129 9.1.2 The Defence Attorney’s Fallacy 133 9.1.3 Balance 134 9.2 Double-Counting Evidence? 134 9.3 The Accuracy and Reliability of Scientific Evidence 135 9.3.1 Honest Reporting 136 9.3.2 Quality Control 136 9.3.3 Laboratory Error Rate 137 9.4 Case Studies 138 9.4.1 The mad Earl of Ferrers 138 9.4.2 The Blood on the Belt 139 9.4.3 Broken Glass 141 9.5 Summary 144 10. Frequentist Statistics and Database Matching 147 10.1 The Frequentist Statistical Approach 148 10.1.1 Problems of Significance Testing 148 10.1.2 What Is a Confidence Interval? 150 10.2 Databases 152 10.2.1 Using This Evidence 153 10.2.2 Traps with Databases 153 10.3 The Right Questions and the Wrong Questions 154 10.3.1 When the Wrong Questions Give the Right Answers 155 10.4 Summary 158 11. Implications for the Legal System 161 11.1 What Is Expert Evidence? 161 11.1.1 Is Expert Evidence Just Opinion Evidence? 162 11.1.2 Is ‘Expert Opinion’ Different from ‘Lay Opinion’? 163 11.1.3 Expert Evidence as a Subject in Itself 163 11.2 Who Is an Expert? 164 11.2.1 An Organised Body of Knowledge? 165 11.2.2 Forensic Scientists as Expert Witnesses 166 11.3 Insanity and the Ultimate Issue Rule 166 11.3.1 Is Forensic Science Different from Other Sciences? 168 11.4 Novel Forms of Scientific Evidence 168 11.4.1 Additional Requirements for Forensic Scientific Evidence? 168 11.4.2 The End of the Frye Test – Daubert 170 11.4.3 Testing of the Theory or Technique 171 11.4.4 Publication and Peer Review 172 11.4.5 Actual or Potential Error Rates 172 11.4.6 Wide Acceptance 173 11.4.7 Conclusions on Daubert 174 11.5 Knowledge of Context 174 11.5.1 The Importance of Context 174 11.5.2 Defence Disclosure 175 11.6 Court-Appointed Experts 176 11.7 Summary 177 12. Conclusion 179 12.1 Forensic Science as a Science 180 12.2 Conclusions 181 12.3 The Fundamental Questions 181 Appendix 183 A.1 Probability, Odds, Bayes’ Rule and the Weight of Evidence 183 A.1.1 Probability 183 A.1.2 Odds 184 A.1.3 Symbols 185 A.2 Laws of Probability 186 A.2.1 Complementarity 186 A.2.2 Product Rule 186 A.2.3 Sum Rule 187 A.2.4 The Likelihood Ratio, LR 188 A.2.5 Bayes’ Rule 188 A.2.6 Probability Form 188 A.2.7 Odds Form of Bayes’ Rule 189 A.2.8 Combining Evidence 189 A.3 The Weight of Evidence 190 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThe initial Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) book published in 2001 set the rules and approaches for using LOPA as an intermediate method between purely qualitative hazards evaluation/analysis and more quantitative analysis methods. Basic LOPA provides an order-of-magnitude risk estimate of risk with fairly reproducible results. LOPA results are considered critical in determining safety integrity level for design of safety instrumented systems. This guideline clarifies key concepts and reinforces the limitations and the requirements of LOPA. The main scope of the guideline is to provide examples of CMs and ECs and to provide concrete guidance on the protocols that must be followed to use these concepts. The bookpresents a brief overview of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and its variations, and summarizes terminology used for evaluating scenarios in the context of a typical incident sequence. It defines and illustrates the most common types of ECs and CMs and shows how they Table of ContentsList of Tables ix List of Figures xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii Glossary xv Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv 1 Context 1 1.1 LOPA Overview 1 1.2 Pertinent LOPA Variations 10 1.3 When to Use Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers 13 1.4 Risk Criteria Endpoints 16 2 LOPA Enabling Conditions 23 2.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 23 2.2 Interrelationship with Initiating Event 23 2.3 Time-At-Risk Enabling Conditions 23 2.4 Campaign Enabling Conditions 30 2.5 Other Possible Enabling Conditions 34 2.6 Documenting and Validating Enabling Conditions 34 3 LOPA Conditional Modifiers 37 3.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 37 3.2 Probability of a Hazardous Atmosphere 42 3.3 Probability of Ignition or Initiation 44 3.4 Probability of Explosion 49 3.5 Probability of Personnel Presence 55 3.6 Probability of Injury or Fatality 60 3.7 Probability of Equipment Damage or Other Financial Impact 65 3.8 Documenting, Managing and Validating Conditional Modifiers 69 4 Application to Other Methods 71 4.1 Quantitative Risk Analysis 71 4.2 Use of Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers with Scenario Identification Methods 75 4.3 Barrier Analysis and Diagrams 79 Appendices 81 A Simultaneous Failures and “Double Jeopardy” 83 B Peak Risk Concepts 91 C Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95 Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95 References 99 Index 103

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Book SynopsisProviding a practical and accessible guide, this book enables readers to quickly build up knowledge and understanding of toxicology applications taking the reader from basic theory to an advanced basics level dealing with specific issues like pesticides, alcohol, and cigarettes.Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgment xxv 1 Welcome to the World of Toxicology 1 1.1 Chemicals – They Are All Around Us 1 1.2 Synthetic or Naturally Occurring Chemicals – Which Are “Safer”? 1 1.3 Chemical Control Regulations 2 1.4 Perception of Chemical Risk 3 1.5 Why Is Toxicology Important? 4 1.6 Summary 4 2 Basic Toxicological Terminology 5 2.1 The Cell 5 2.1.1 Stem Cells, Somatic Cells, and Germ Cells 5 2.2 Homeostasis7 2.3 Adaptation and Cell Injury 7 2.4 Cellular Responses to Injury 7 2.5 Mode of Action and Mechanism of Action 9 2.6 Adverse Effects 9 2.7 Biological and Statistical Significance 10 2.8 Local and Systemic Effects 11 2.9 How Chemicals Cause Harm 11 2.10 Acute and Chronic Exposures 12 2.11 Chemical Interactions in Mixtures 14 2.12 Summary 15 3 The Dose Makes the Poison 19 3.1 Dose– Response and Dose–Effect Relationships 19 3.2 Internal and External/Exposure Dose 20 3.3 The Dose Makes the Poison: Dose–Response/Effect Curves 21 3.4 No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) 23 3.5 Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) 24 3.6 What Affects the NOAEL and LOAEL? 24 3.7 No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) 24 3.8 Summary 24 4 Toxicokinetics 27 4.1 Why Is Toxicokinetics So Useful? 28 4.2 ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion 29 4.3 Biotransformation (Metabolism) 36 4.4 Bioavailability and Area Under the Curve (AUC) 38 4.5 Assessment Approaches 39 4.6 Summary 40 5 Factors That Modify Toxicity 45 5.1 Lifestyle Factors – Alcohol and Tobacco 45 5.2 Influence of Age 46 5.3 Health Status 46 5.4 Nutritional Status – Diet 47 5.5 Sex 48 5.6 Adaptation 48 5.7 Genetic Variability 48 5.8 Summary 49 6 Local Effects 53 6.1 Irritants and Corrosives 53 6.2 Skin Structure 54 6.3 Irritant Contact Dermatitis 56 6.4 Chemical Corrosives 60 6.5 The Skin as a Target Organ – Severity of Effect 60 6.6 Chemical Irritants and Other Exposure Routes 61 6.7 Summary 62 7 Systemic Effects 65 7.1 Chemical Allergies 66 7.2 Genetic Toxicology 79 7.3 Carcinogenicity 91 7.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology 100 7.4.10 Maternal Mediated Toxicity 119 8 Target Organ Toxicity 123 8.1 The Liver 124 8.2 The Kidney 139 8.3 The Immune System 151 8.4 Hematopoietic System and Blood 167 8.5 The Nervous System 176 8.6 The Respiratory Tract 196 8.7 The Endocrine System 208 9 Assessment Methods 227 9.1 Assessment of Irritation and Corrosive Effects 228 9.2 Assessment of Acute Toxicity 239 9.3 Repeated 9.4 Assessment of Carcinogenicity 259 9.5 Assessment of Genetic Toxicity 267 9.6 Assessment of Reproductive and Developmental Effects 283 9.7 Assessment of Skin and Respiratory Sensitization 295 10 Alternative Methods to Animal Testing 307 10.1 The Drive for Alternative Methods 307 10.1.1 A Different Approach? 308 10.3 In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods 308 10.4 Twenty‐ First Century Toxicity Testing 310 10.5 Physicochemical Data and Their Use in Hazard Identification and Exposure Assessment 314 10.6 Summary 317 11 Human Health Risk Assessment 321 11.1 Human Health Risk Assessments – Prospective and Retrospective 321 11.2 Risk, Hazard, and Exposure 322 11.3 Chemical Risk Assessments 323 11.4 Linear Dose Response – Nonthresholded Effects 333 11.5 Exposure Assessment 336 11.6 Risk Characterization – Do We Have a Problem? 340 11.7 Summary 341 Glossary 345 Index 355

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Book SynopsisA practical guide to Quality by Design for pharmaceutical product development Pharmaceutical Quality by Design: A Practical Approach outlines a new and proven approach to pharmaceutical product development which is now being rolled out across the pharmaceutical industry internationally. Written by experts in the field, the text explores the QbD approach to product development. This innovative approach is based on the application of product and process understanding underpinned by a systematic methodology which can enable pharmaceutical companies to ensure that quality is built into the product. Familiarity with Quality by Design is essential for scientists working in the pharmaceutical industry. The authors take a practical approach and put the focus on the industrial aspects of the new QbD approach to pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing. The text covers quality risk management tools and analysis, applications of QbD to analytical methodsTable of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xix List of Contributers xxi Series Preface xxiii Preface xxv 1 Introduction to Quality by Design (QbD) 1Bruce Davis and Walkiria S. Schlindwein 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 2 1.3 Science] and Risk]Based Approaches 4 1.4 ICH Q8–Q12 5 1.5 QbD Terminology 6 1.6 QbD Framework 7 1.7 QbD Application and Benefits 7 1.8 Regulatory Aspects 8 1.9 Summary 9 1.10 References 9 2 Quality Risk Management (QRM) 11Noel Baker 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Overview of ICH Q9 13 2.2.1 Start QRM Process 15 2.2.2 Risk Assessment 15 2.2.3 Risk Control 16 2.2.4 Risk Review 16 2.3 Risk Management Tools 17 2.4 Practical Examples of Use for QbD 22 2.4.1 Case Study 26 2.4.2 Pre]work 26 2.4.3 Scoring Meeting 32 2.4.4 FMECA Tool 32 2.4.5 Risk Score 32 2.4.6 Detectability Score 34 2.4.7 Communication 35 2.5 Concluding Remarks 36 2.6 References 44 3 Quality Systems and Knowledge Management 47Siegfried Schmitt 3.1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Quality System 47 3.1.1 Knowledge Management – What Is It and Why Do We Need It? 47 3.2 The Regulatory Framework 48 3.2.1 Knowledge Management in the Context of Quality by Design (QbD) 48 3.2.2 Roles and Responsibilities for Quality System 49 3.2.3 Roles and Responsibilities for Knowledge Management 50 3.2.4 Implicit and Explicit Knowledge 50 3.3 The Documentation Challenge 51 3.4 From Data to Knowledge: An Example 56 3.5 Data Integrity 58 3.6 Quality Systems and Knowledge Management: Common Factors for Success 58 3.7 Summary 59 3.8 References 60 4 Quality by Design (QbD) and the Development and Manufacture of Drug Substance 61Gerry Steele 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 ICH Q11 and Drug Substance Quality 62 4.2.1 Enhanced Approach 63 4.2.2 Impurities 63 4.2.3 Physical Properties of Drug Substance 64 4.3 Linear and Convergent Synthetic Chemistry Routes 65 4.4 Registered Starting Materials (RSMs) 67 4.5 Definition of an Appropriate Manufacturing Process 68 4.5.1 Crystallization, Isolation and Drying of APIs 68 4.5.2 Types of Crystallization 69 4.5.3 Design of Robust Cooling Crystallization 70 4.6 In]Line Process Analytical Technology and Crystallization Processes 78 4.6.1 Other Unit Operations 80 4.7 Applying the QbD Process 82 4.7.1 Quality Risk Assessment (QRA) 83 4.8 Design of Experiments (DoE) 87 4.9 Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) 88 4.10 Design Space 88 4.11 Control Strategy 89 4.12 References 91 5 The Role of Excipients in Quality by Design (QbD) 97Brian Carlin 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Quality of Design (QbD) 98 5.3 Design of Experiments (DoE) 100 5.4 Excipient Complexity 102 5.5 Composition 105 5.6 Drivers of Functionality or Performance 105 5.7 Limited Utility of Pharmacopoeial Attributes 106 5.8 Other Unspecified Attributes 107 5.9 Variability 107 5.10 Criticalities or Latent Conditions in the Finished Product 108 5.11 Direct or Indirect Impact of Excipient Variability 110 5.12 Control Strategy 111 5.13 Communication with Suppliers 112 5.14 Build in Compensatory Flexibility 113 5.15 Risk Assessment 113 5.16 Contingencies 114 5.17 References 114 6 Development and Manufacture of Drug Product 117Mark Gibson, Alan Carmody, and Roger Weaver 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Applying QbD to Pharmaceutical Drug Product Development 119 6.3 Product Design Intent and the Target Product Profile (TPP) 120 6.4 The Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) 126 6.5 Identifying the Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) 128 6.6 Product Design and Identifying the Critical Material Attributes (CMAs) 133 6.7 Process Design and Identifying the Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) 136 6.8 Product and Process Optimisation 139 6.9 Design Space 145 6.10 Control Strategy 150 6.11 Continuous Improvement 153 6.11 Acknowledgements 154 6.12 References 154 7 Design of Experiments 157Martin Owen and Ian Cox 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Experimental Design in Action 158 7.3 The Curse of Variation 158 7.3.1 Signal]to]Noise Ratio 159 7.4 Fitting a Model 161 7.4.1 Summary of Fit 165 7.5 Parameter Estimates 165 7.6 Analysis of Variance 166 7.6.1 Reflection 168 7.7 ‘To Boldly Go’– An Introduction to Managing Resource Constraints using DoE 169 7.8 The Motivation for DoE 170 7.8.1 How Does the Workshop Exercise Work? 171 7.8.2 DoE Saves the Day! 172 7.9 Classical Designs 173 7.9.1 How Do Resource Constraints Impact the Design Choice? 173 7.9.2 Resource Implications in Practice 173 7.10 Practical Workshop Design 174 7.10.1 Choice of Factors and Measurements 175 7.10.2 Data Collection and Choice of Design 175 7.10.3 Some Simple Data Visualization 175 7.10.4 Analysis of the Half Fraction 177 7.10.5 How to Interpret Prediction Profiles 177 7.10.6 Half Fraction and Alternate Half Fraction 178 7.10.7 Interaction Effects 178 7.10.8 Full Factorial 181 7.10.9 Central Composite Design 181 7.10.10 How Robust Is This DoE to Unexplained Variation? 181 7.11 How Does This Work? The Underpinning of Statistical Models for Variation 184 7.12 DoE and Cycles of Learning 187 7.13 Sequential Classical Designs and Definitive Screening Designs 189 7.14 Building a Simulation 190 7.14.1 Sequential design, Part 1: Screening Design (10 Runs) 191 7.14.2 Sequential Design, Part II: Optimization Design (30 Runs) 191 7.14.3 Definitive Screening Design 194 7.14.4 Robustness Design 194 7.14.5 Additional Challenges 197 7.15 Conclusion 197 7.16 Acknowledgements 198 7.17 References 198 8 Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA) 201Claire Beckett, Lennart Eriksson, Erik Johansson, and Conny Wikstrom 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 202 8.3 PCA Case Study: Raw Material Characterization using Particle Size Distribution Curves 204 8.3.1 Dataset Description 204 8.3.2 Fitting a PCA Model to the 45 Training Set Batches 205 8.3.3 Classification of the 13 Test Set Batches 206 8.3.4 Added Value from DoE to Select Spanning Batches 208 8.4 Partial Least Squares Projections to Latent Structures (PLS) 208 8.5 PLS Case Study: A Process Optimization Model 210 8.5.1 Dataset Description 210 8.5.2 PLS Modeling of 85]Samples SOVRING Subset 211 8.5.3 Looking into Cause]and]Effect Relationships 212 8.5.4 Making a SweetSpot Plot to Summarize the PLS Results 213 8.5.5 Using the PLS]DoE Model as a Basis to Define a Design Space and PARs for the SOVRING Process 215 8.5.6 Summary of SOVRING Application 217 8.6 Orthogonal PLS (OPLS® Multivariate Software) 217 8.7 Orthogonal PLS (OPLS® Multivariate Software) Case Study – Batch Evolution Modeling of a Chemical Batch Reaction 218 8.7.1 Dataset Description 218 8.7.2 Batch Evolution Modeling 218 8.8 Discussion 220 8.8.1 The PAT Initiative 220 8.8.2 What Are the Benefits of Using DoE? 221 8.8.3 QbD and Design Space 222 8.8.4 MVDA/DoE Is Needed to Accomplish PAT/QbD in Pharma 223 8.8.5 MVDA: A Way to Power up the CPV Application 223 8.9 References 224 9 Process Analytical Technology (PAT) 227Line Lundsberg]Nielsen,Walkiria S. Schlindwein, and Andreas Berghaus 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 How PAT Enables Quality by Design (QbD) 229 9.3 The PAT Toolbox 229 9.4 Process Sensors and Process Analysers 229 9.4.1 Process Sensors – Univariate 233 9.4.2 Process Analysers – Multivariate 233 9.4.3 Infrared (IR) 233 9.4.4 Near Infrared (NIR) 238 9.4.5 Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) 239 9.4.6 Ultraviolet]Visible (UV]Vis) 239 9.4.7 Raman 239 9.4.8 Focused Beam Reflectance Measurements (FBRM) and Laser Diffraction 239 9.4.9 Particle Vision and Measurement (PVM) 239 9.4.10 X]Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 240 9.4.11 Imaging Technologies 240 9.5 Analyser Selection 240 9.6 Regulatory Requirements Related to PAT Applications 240 9.6.1 Europe 242 9.6.2 United States 242 9.7 PAT Used in Development 242 9.8 PAT Used in Manufacturing 243 9.9 PAT and Real Time Release Testing (RTRT) 245 9.10 PAT Implementation 245 9.11 Data Management 246 9.12 In]Line Process Monitoring with UV]Vis Spectroscopy: Case Study Example 247 9.13 References 253 10 Analytical Method Design, Development, and Lifecycle Management 257Joe de Sousa, David Holt, and Paul A. Butterworth 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Comparison of the Traditional Approach and the Enhanced QbD Approach 258 10.3 Details of the Enhanced QbD Approach 260 10.4 Defining Method Requirements 262 10.5 Designing and Developing the Method 264 10.6 Understanding the Impact of Method Parameters on Performance 266 10.7 Defining the Method Control Strategy and Validating the Method 267 10.8 Monitoring Routine Method Performance for Continual Improvement 268 10.9 Summary 269 10.10 Example Case Studies 270 10.10.1 Case Study 1 – Establishment of Robust Operating Ranges during Routine Method Use and Justifying the Method Control Strategy (Including SST Criteria) 270 10.10.2 Risk Assessment and Definition of Ranges 270 10.10.3 Experimental Design 271 10.10.4 Evaluate the DoE 272 10.10.5 Documenting Method Performance 274 10.10.6 Case Study 2 – Evaluation of the Ruggedness of a Dissolution Method for a Commercial Immediate Release Tablet Product 274 10.10.7 Case Study Acknowledgements 278 11 Manufacturing and Process Controls 281Mark Gibson 11.1 Introduction to Manufacturing and Facilities 281 11.2 Validation of Facilities and Equipment 282 11.2.1 The International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE) Baseline® Guide: Commissioning and Qualification 282 11.2.2 ASTM E2500]07: Standard Guide for Specification, Design, and Verification of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing Systems and Equipment 284 11.2.3 Science]Based Approach and Critical Aspects 285 11.2.4 Risk]Based Approach 286 11.2.5 System and Component Impact Assessments 288 11.2.6 URSs for Systems 290 11.2.7 Specification and Design 290 11.2.8 Verification 290 11.3 Drug Product Process Validation: A Lifecycle Approach 292 11.3.1 Stage 1: Process Design/Product Development 295 11.3.2 Stage 2: Process Qualification 298 11.3.3 Stage 3: Continued Process Verification 299 11.4 The Impact of QbD on Process Equipment Design and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes 300 11.5 Introduction to Process Control in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 302 11.6 Advanced Process Controls (APC) and Control Strategy 305 11.7 The Establishment of Continuous Manufacture 309 11.8 The Tablet Press as Part of a Continuous Tableting Line 312 11.9 Real]Time Release Testing and Continuous Quality Verification 316 11.10 Acknowledgments 317 11.11 References 317 12 Regulatory Guidance 321Siegfried Schmitt and Mustafa A. Zaman 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 The Common Technical Document (CTD) Format 322 12.2.1 Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) and Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) 324 12.2.2 Quality Risk Management (ICH Q9) 324 12.2.3 Product and Process Development (S.2.6 and P.2) 325 12.2.4 Control Strategy 326 12.2.5 Design Space (Optional) 327 12.3 Essential Reading 328 12.4 What Is Not Written, or Hidden, in the Guidance Documents? 329 12.5 Post]Approval Change 330 12.6 Summary 331 12.7 References 332 Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix List of Tables xiii List of Figures xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy 1 1.2 Chromophores 2 1.3 Degree of Unsaturation 3 1.4 Connectivity 4 1.5 Sensitivity 4 1.6 Practical Considerations 5 2 Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy 6 2.1 The Nature of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 6 2.2 Basic Instrumentation 6 2.3 Quantitative Aspects of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 8 2.4 Classification of UV Absorption Bands 8 2.5 Special Terms in Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 9 2.6 Important UV Chromophores 10 2.6.1 Dienes and Polyenes 10 2.6.2 Carbonyl Compounds 11 2.6.3 Benzene Derivatives 11 2.7 The Effect of Solvents 13 3 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 14 3.1 Absorption Range and the Nature of IR Absorption 14 3.2 Experimental Aspects of Infrared Spectroscopy 15 3.3 General Features of Infrared Spectra 16 3.4 Important IR Chromophores 18 3.4.1 –O–H and –N–H Stretching Vibrations 18 3.4.2 C–H Stretching Vibrations 18 3.4.3 –C≡N and –C≡C– Stretching Vibrations 19 3.4.4 Carbonyl Groups 19 3.4.5 Other Polar Functional Groups 21 3.4.6 The Fingerprint Region 21 4 Mass Spectrometry 23 4.1 Ionisation Processes 23 4.2 Instrumentation 25 4.3 Mass Spectral Data 26 4.3.1 High Resolution Mass Spectra 26 4.3.2 Molecular Fragmentation 28 4.3.3 Isotope Ratios 29 4.3.4 Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectrometry 31 4.3.5 Metastable Peaks 31 4.4 Representation of Fragmentation Processes 31 4.5 Factors Governing Fragmentation Processes 32 4.6 Examples of Common Types of Fragmentation 32 4.6.1 Cleavage at Branch Points 32 4.6.2 Β-Cleavage 33 4.6.3 Cleavage Α to Carbonyl Groups 33 4.6.4 Cleavage Α to Heteroatoms 34 4.6.5 Retro Diels–Alder Reaction 34 4.6.6 The Mclafferty Rearrangement 34 5 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 36 5.1 The Physics of Nuclear Spins and NMR Instruments 36 5.1.1 The Larmor Equation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 36 5.2 Basic NMR Instrumentation 39 5.2.1 CW and Pulsed NMR Spectrometers 39 5.2.2 Nuclear Relaxation 42 5.2.3 Magnets for NMR Spectroscopy 43 5.2.4 The NMR Spectrum 44 5.3 Chemical Shift in 1H NMR Spectroscopy 45 5.4 Spin–Spin Coupling in 1H NMR Spectroscopy 52 5.4.1 Signal Multiplicity – The N+1 Rule 54 5.5 Analysis of 1H NMR Spectra 55 5.5.1 Spin Systems 56 5.5.2 Strongly and Weakly Coupled Spin Systems 56 5.5.3 Magnetic Equivalence 58 5.5.4 Conventions for Naming Spin Systems 59 5.5.5 Spectral Analysis of First-Order NMR Spectra 60 5.5.6 Splitting Diagrams 61 5.5.7 Spin Decoupling 64 5.6 Correlation of 1H–1H Coupling With Structure 65 5.6.1 Non-Aromatic Spin Systems 65 5.6.2 Aromatic Spin Systems 66 5.7 The Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) 69 5.8 Labile and Exchangeable Protons 70 6 13c NMR Spectroscopy 72 6.1 Coupling and Decoupling in 13c NMR Spectra 72 6.2 The Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) in 13c NMR Spectroscopy 73 6.3 Determining 13c Signal Multiplicity Using Dept 73 6.4 Shielding and Characteristic Chemical Shifts in 13c NMR Spectra 76 7 2-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 82 7.1 Proton–Proton Interactions By 2D NMR 85 7.1.1 COSY (Correlation Spectroscopy) 85 7.1.2 TOCSY (Total Correlation Spectroscopy) 86 7.1.3 NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) 88 7.2 Proton–Carbon Interactions By 2D NMR 89 7.2.1 The HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation) or HSC (Heteronuclear Shift Correlation) Spectrum 89 7.2.2 HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation) 91 8 Miscellaneous Topics 96 8.1 Solvents for NMR Spectroscopy 96 8.2 Solvent-Induced Shifts 97 8.3 Dynamic Processes in NMR – The NMR Time-Scale 98 8.3.1 Conformational Exchange Processes 99 8.3.2 Intermolecular Exchange of Labile Protons 99 8.3.3 Rotation About Partial Double Bonds 100 8.4 The Effect of Chirality 100 8.5 The NMR Spectra of “Other Nuclei” 101 9 Determining the Structure of Organic Compounds From Spectra 102 9.1 Solving Problems 103 9.2 Worked Examples 104 10 Problems 115 Index 538

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Book SynopsisThe field's essential standard for more than three decades, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer offers a systematic introduction to transport phenomena and rate processes. Thorough coverage of central principles helps students build a foundational knowledge base while developing vital analysis and problem solving skills. Momentum, heat, and mass transfer are introduced sequentially for clarity of concept and logical organization of processes, while examples of modern applications illustrate real-world practices and strengthen student comprehension. Designed to keep the focus on concept over content, this text uses accessible language and efficient pedagogy to streamline student mastery and facilitate further exploration. Abundant examples, practice problems, and illustrations reinforce basic principles, while extensive tables simplify comparisons of the various states of matter. Detailed coverage of topics including dimensional analysis, viscous flow, con

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Acknowledgments xiii How to Use This Book xvi 1 Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, Electronic Structure 1 2 Atomic Weights 27 3 Periodic Properties and Chemical Bonding 47 4 Molecular and Formula Weights 79 5 Nomenclature 105 6 Chemical Equations 129 7 Mole Concept 155 8 Gases 167 9 Solids 203 10 Liquids 223 11 Solutions and Their Properties 245 12 Chemical Equilibrium 277 13 Acids and Bases 317 14 Organic Chemistry 355 Appendix Table of Atomic Weights 400 Periodic Table of the Elements 401 Table of Four-Place Logarithms 402 Index 405

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Book SynopsisEverything you need to crush chemistry with confidence Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies arms you with all the no-nonsense, how-to content you'll need to pass your chemistry class with flying colors. You'll find tons of practical examples and practice problems, and you'll get access to an online quiz for every chapter. Reinforce the concepts you learn in the classroom and beef up your understanding of all the chemistry topics covered in the standard curriculum. Prepping for the AP Chemistry exam? Dummies has your back, with plenty of review before test day. With clear definitions, concise explanations, and plenty of helpful information on everything from matter and molecules to moles and measurements, Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies is a one-stop resource for chem students of all valences. Review all the topics covered in a full-year high school chemistry course or one semester of college chemistryUnderstand atoms, molecules, and the periodic table of elementsMaster chemical equations, solutions, and states of matterComplete practice problems and end-of-chapter quizzes (online!)Chemistry All-In-One For Dummies is perfect for students who need help with coursework or want to cram extra hard to ace that chem test.Table of ContentsUnit 1: Getting Started with Chemistry 5 Chapter 1: Looking at Numbers Scientifically 7 Chapter 2: Using and Converting Units 29 Chapter 3: The Basic Properties of Matter 49 Chapter 4: Breaking Down Atoms into Their Subatomic Particles 59 Unit 2: The Periodic Table 77 Chapter 5: Surveying the Periodic Table of the Elements 79 Chapter 6: The Electron 91 Chapter 7: Periodic Trends 111 Chapter 8: Doing Chemistry with Atomic Nuclei 125 Unit 3: Making and Breaking Bonds 143 Chapter 9: Building Bonds 145 Chapter 10: The Shape of Molecules 165 Chapter 11: Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas 197 Unit 4: Working with Reactions 223 Chapter 12: Understanding the Many Uses of the Mole 225 Chapter 13: Getting a Grip on Chemical Equations 249 Chapter 14: Putting Stoichiometry to Work 277 Unit 5: Examining Changes in Energy 301 Chapter 15: Understanding States of Matter in Terms of Energy 303 Chapter 16: Warming Up to Thermochemistry 319 Chapter 17: Obeying Gas Laws 345 Unit 6: Studying Solutions 377 Chapter 18: Dissolving into Solutions 379 Chapter 19: Playing Hot and Cold: Colligative Properties 401 Chapter 20: Working with Acids and Bases 419 Chapter 21: Achieving Neutrality with Titrations and Buffers 445 Glossary 461 Index 471

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Book SynopsisThe eleventh edition of General, Organic, and Biochemistry offers a problem-solving approach and is designed to help undergraduate majors in health-related fields understand key concepts and appreciate significant connections among chemistry, health, and the treatment of disease. This new edition is available in ALEKS, featuring:  ALEKS Topics to assign as pre-requisite assignments to boost student confidence and help those lacking math skills.  End-of-Chapter Questions aligned to the text for homework, test, and quiz assignments.  Virtual Labs to be used as pre-lab prep assignments, or lab replacement.  Video Assignments that break down key concepts and show step-by-step solutions.  The ALEKS Drawing Tool, an easy-to-learn tool that mirrors the drawing action of pencil & paper and supports Fischer and Haworth Projections. Table of Contents1 Chemistry: Methods and Measurement2 The Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table3 Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds4 Calculations and the Chemical Equation5 States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 6 Solutions 7 Energy, Rate, and Equilibrium8 Acids and Bases and Oxidation-Reduction 9 The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine10 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry: The Saturated Hydrocarbons11 The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics12 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers13 Aldehydes and Ketones14 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives15 Amines and Amides16 Carbohydrates17 Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems18 Protein Structure and Function19 Enzymes20 Introduction to Molecular Genetics21 Carbohydrate Metabolism22 Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production 23 Fatty Acid Metabolism

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Book SynopsisThe tenth edition of Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change maintains its standard-setting position among general chemistry textbooks by evolving further to meet the needs of professor and student. The text still contains the most accurate molecular illustrations, consistent step-by-step worked problems, and an extensive collection of end-of-chapter problems. And changes throughout this edition make the text more readable and succinct, the artwork more teachable and modern, and the design more focused and inviting. The three hallmarks that have made this text a market leader are now demonstrated in its pages more clearly than ever.The text is strengthened by its offering in ALEKS, now featuring Custom Question Authoring, Video Assignments, Virtual Labs, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: Keys to the Study of Chemistry: Definitions, Units, and Problem SolvingChapter 2: The Components of MatterChapter 3: Stoichiometry of Formulas and EquationsChapter 4: Three Major Classes of Chemical ReactionsChapter 5: Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular TheoryChapter 6: Thermochemistry: Energy Flow and Chemical ChangeChapter 7: Quantum Theory and Atomic StructureChapter 8: Electron Configuration and Chemical PeriodicityChapter 9: Models of Chemical BondingChapter 10: The Shapes of MoleculesChapter 11: Theories of Covalent BondingChapter 12: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase ChangesChapter 13: The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and ColloidsChapter 14: Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group ElementsChapter 15: Organic Compounds and the Atomic Properties of CarbonChapter 16: Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical ReactionsChapter 17: Equilibrium: The Extent of Chemical ReactionsChapter 18: Acid-Base EquilibriaChapter 19: Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous SystemsChapter 20: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Reaction DirectionChapter 21: Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical WorkChapter 22: The Elements in Nature and IndustryChapter 23: Transition Elements and Their Coordination CompoundsChapter 24: Nuclear Reactions and Their Applications

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Book SynopsisStretch yourself to achieve the highest grades, with structured syllabus coverage, varied exam-style questions and annotated sample answers, to help you to build the essential skill set for exam success.- Benefit from expert advice and tips on skills and knowledge from experienced subject authors- Effectively manage your revision with a brand-new introduction that clearly outlines what is expected from you in the exam- Keep track of your own progress with a handy revision planner- Use the new glossary-index section to identify and address gaps in knowledge- Consolidate and apply your understanding of key content and skills with short ''Test yourself'' and exam-style questions

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Book SynopsisFrom the same author as the popular first edition, the second edition of this trusted, accessible textbook breaks down content into manageable chunks to help students with the transition from GCSE to A Level study. It has been fully revised and updated for the new A Level specifications for first teaching September 2015, and is suitable for AQA, OCR, WJEC and Edexcel. Additional sections in the textbook provide help with revision and exam technique, practical skills and maths skills.

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Book SynopsisThe only series for MYP 4 and 5 developed in cooperation with the International Baccalaureate (IB)Develop your skills to become an inquiring learner; ensure you navigate the MYP framework with confidence using a concept-driven and assessment-focused approach presented in global contexts.- Develop conceptual understanding with key MYP concepts and related concepts at the heart of each chapter.- Learn by asking questions with a statement of inquiry in each chapter. - Prepare for every aspect of assessment using support and tasks designed by experienced educators.- Understand how to extend your learning through research projects and interdisciplinary opportunities.This title is also available in two digital formats via Dynamic Learning. Find out more by clicking on the links at the top of the page.Trade ReviewExcellent Book -- Nicholas Brookes * Nick Brookes *

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Book SynopsisA companion to the bestselling book The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe, this beautiful photographic card deck features all 118 elements in the periodic table. One element per card appears as a full-size image on the front and fascinating information about the element on the back.The Photographic Card Deck of The Elements is the most detailed, lush, and beautiful set of cards ever produced on the subject of the periodic table. With 126, 5'X5' cards in all, it includes one card for every one of the 118 elements, plus additional cards that explain the arrangement of the periodic table, present the elements sorted by various properties, and suggest activities and uses for the cards. The front side of each card shows a full-size, photographic image of the element, while the back gives scientific information including atomic weight, density, melting and boiling point, valence, and the percent of the element found in the universe, in the Earth's crust, in oceans, and in humans. Graphics show melting/boiling points, density, electron configuration, and atomic radius. A fascinating fact about the element, as well as the date of its discovery, is also included.The cards are perfect for students but also make an excellent gift for a scientist or anyone who enjoys the beauty and diversity of the natural world.

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Book SynopsisWhich is the densest element? Which has the largest atoms? And why are some elements radioactive? From the little-known uses of gold in medicine to the development of the hydrogen bomb, this is a fresh new look at the Periodic Table. Combining cutting edge science with fascinating facts and stunning infographics, this book looks at the extraordinary stories of discovery, amazing properties and surprising uses of each elements, whether solid, liquid or gas - naturally occurring, synthesised or theoretical! From hydrogen to oganesson, this is a fact-filled visual guide to each element,each accompanied by technical date (category, atomic number, weight, boiling point) as well as fun facts and stories about their discovery and surprising uses. Table of ContentsContents 1 The Periodic Table 2 The Big Picture 3 Inside Chemistry 4 Directory of Elements Glossary Index Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisThis remarkable text by John R. Taylor has been a non-stop best-selling international hit since it was first published forty years ago. However, the two-plus decades since the second edition was released have seen two dramatic developments; the huge rise in popularity of Bayesian statistics, and the continued increase in the power and availability of computers and calculators. In response to the former, Taylor has added a full chapter dedicated to Bayesian thinking, introducing conditional probabilities and Bayes’ theorem. The several examples presented in the new third edition are intentionally very simple, designed to give readers a clear understanding of what Bayesian statistics is all about as their first step on a journey to become practicing Bayesians. In response to the second development, Taylor has added a number of chapter-ending problems that will encourage readers to learn how to solve problems using computers. While many of these can be solved using programs such as Matlab or Mathematica, almost all of them are stated to apply to commonly available spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel. These programs provide a convenient way to record and process data and to calculate quantities like standard deviations, correlation coefficients, and normal distributions; they also have the wonderful ability – if students construct their own spreadsheets and avoid the temptation to use built-in functions – to teach the meaning of these concepts.Trade ReviewThe new chapter on Bayesian statistics is extremely clear and well written, and is another one of John Taylor’s fabulous expositions. I enjoyed how Taylor develops the subject by using it to answer questions about the effectiveness of a vaccine. Before reading this chapter I wondered what assumptions are needed to derive a numerical value for a vaccine’s effectiveness, and I also wondered about the data needed and the methods used. Lo and behold, all my questions were answered in this chapter! I definitely will buy the new edition of Error Analysis and I look forward to delving into the Bayesian statistics. -- Mark Semon, Bates CollegeTable of ContentsPART I 1. Preliminary Description of Error Analysis 2. How to Report and Use Uncertainties 3. Propagation of Uncertainties 4. Statistical Analysis of Random Uncertainties 5. The Normal Distribution PART II 6. Rejection of Data 7. Weighted Averages 8. Least-Squares Fitting 9. Covariance and Correlation 10. The Binomial Distribution 11. The Poisson Distribution 12. The Chi-Squared Test for a Distribution 13. Bayesian Statistics APPENDICES A. Normal Error Integral, I B. Normal Error Integral, II C. Probabilities for Correlation Coefficients D. Probabilities for Chi Squared E. Two Proofs Concerning Sample Standard Deviations Answers to Quick Checks and Odd-Numbered Problems Index

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Book SynopsisThe only textbook that completely covers the OxfordAQA International AS & A Level Chemistry specification (9620), for first teaching in September 2016.Written by experienced authors, the engaging, international approach ensures a thorough understanding of complex concepts and provides exam-focused practice to build exam confidence. Help students develop the scientific, mathematical and practical skills and knowledge needed for Oxford AQA assessment success and the step up to university.Ensure students understand the bigger picture, supporting their progression to further study, with synoptic links and a focus on how scientists and engineers apply their knowledge in real life.

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Book SynopsisThe Winning Equation for Success in Chemistry is Practice, Practice, Practice!This book will help you apply concepts and see how chemistry topics are interconnected. Inside are numerous lessons to help you better understand the subject. These lessons are accompanied by dozens of exercises to practice what youâve learned, along with a complete answer key to check your work. Throughout this book you will learn the terms to help you understand chemistry, and you will expand your knowledge of the subject through hundreds of sample questions and their solutions. With the lessons in this book, you will find it easier than ever to grasp chemistry concepts. And with a variety of exercises for practice, you will gain confidence using your growing chemistry skills in your classwork and on exams.YOUâLL BE ON YOUR WAY TO MASTERING THESE TOPICS AND MOREâ

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Book SynopsisOrganic Chemistry has been designed to meet the needs of the two-semester, undergraduate organic chemistry course. This best-selling text gives students a solid understanding of organic chemistry by focusing on how fundamental reaction mechanisms function and reactions occur. The authors strive for students to have a deeper understanding of the physical concepts that underlie organic chemistry, and for them to have a broader knowledge of the role of organic chemistry in biological systems.The text is strengthened by its offering in ALEKS, now featuring Custom Question Authoring, Video Assignments, Virtual Labs, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: Structure Determines PropertiesChapter 2: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to HydrocarbonsChapter 3: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations and cis–trans StereoisomersChapter 4: ChiralityChapter 5: Alcohols and Alkyl Halides: Introduction to Reaction MechanismsChapter 6: Nucleophilic SubstitutionChapter 7: Structure and Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination ReactionsChapter 8: Addition Reactions of AlkenesChapter 9: AlkynesChapter 10: Introduction to Free RadicalsChapter 11: Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic SystemsChapter 12: Arenes and AromaticityChapter 13: Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Aromatic SubstitutionChapter 14: SpectroscopyChapter 15: Organometallic CompoundsChapter 16: Alcohols, Diols, and ThiolsChapter 17: Ethers, Epoxides, and SulfidesChapter 18: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl GroupChapter 19: Carboxylic AcidsChapter 20: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl SubstitutionChapter 21: Enols and EnolatesChapter 22: AminesChapter 23: CarbohydratesChapter 24: LipidsChapter 25: Amino Acids, Peptides, and ProteinsChapter 26: Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsChapter 27: Synthetic Polymers

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Book SynopsisThe goal of the American Chemical Society's Chemistry in Context is to establish chemical principles on a need-to-know basis for non-science majors, enabling them to learn chemistry in the context of their own lives and significant issues facing science and the world. The non-traditional approach of Chemistry in Context reflects today''s technological issues and the chemistry principles within them. Climate change, renewable energy, alternate fuels, nutrition, and genetic engineering are examples of issues that are covered in Chemistry in Context.

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Book SynopsisSucceed in chemistry with GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY'S clear explanations, engaging visual support, and easy usability. Ideal for allied health majors, this Seventh Edition emphasizes the applications of chemistry. Early chapters focus on fundamental chemical principles while later chapters build on the foundation of these principles, developing the concepts and applications central to organic and biological chemistry. Mathematics is introduced at point-of-use and only as needed.Table of ContentsPART I: GENERAL CHEMISTRY. 1. Basic Concepts About Matter. 2. Measurements in Chemistry. 3. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table. 4. Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model. 5. Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model. 6. Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations. 7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids. 8. Solutions. 9. Chemical Reactions. 10. Acids, Bases, and Salts. 11. Nuclear Chemistry. PART II: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 12. Saturated Hydrocarbons. 13. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. 14. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers. 15. Aldehydes and Ketones. 16. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives. 17. Amines and Amides. PART III: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 18. Carbohydrates. 19. Lipids. 20. Proteins. 21. Enzymes and Vitamins. 22. Nucleic Acids. 23. Biochemical Energy Production. 24. Carbohydrate Metabolism. 25. Lipid Metabolism. 26. Protein Metabolism. Answers to Selected Exercises Index Glossary

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Book SynopsisGENERAL CHEMISTRY is better than ever with this eleventh edition. It includes essential updatessuch as modern artwork, higher integration with OWLv2, revised end-of-chapter questions, added Capstone Problems, narrative revisions, and moreto help you succeed in your chemistry course.Table of Contents1. Chemistry and Measurement. 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. 3. Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. 4. Chemical Reactions. 5. The Gaseous State. 6. Thermochemistry. 7. Quantum Theory of the Atom. 8. Electron Configurations and Periodicity. 9. Ionic and Covalent Bonding. 10. Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory. 11. States of Matter; Liquids and Solids. 12. Solutions. 13. Rates of Reaction. 14. Chemical Equilibrium. 15. Acids and Bases. 16. Acid-Base Equilibria. 17. Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria. 18. Thermodynamics and Equilibrium. 19. Electrochemistry. 20. Nuclear Chemistry. 21. Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements. 22. The Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds. 23. Organic Chemistry. 24. Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological. APPENDIXES. Answers to Exercises. Answers to Concept Checks. Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems.

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