Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisPresently there is no single publication available which covers the topics related to photovoltaic (PV) or photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) technologies, thermal modelling, CO2 mitigation and carbon trading. This book disseminates the current knowledge in the fundamentals of solar energy, photovoltaic (PV) or photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) technologies, energy security and climate change and is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students and professionals. The main emphasis of the book is on the design, construction, performance and application of PV and PV/T from the electricity and thermal standpoint. Hot topics covered in the book include: energy security of a nation, climate change, CO2 mitigation and carbon credit earned by using PV or PV/T technologies (Carbon Trading). This information will prove helpful in filling the gap between the researchers and professionals working on the application of photovoltaic and global climate change. It also covers economic, cost effective and sustainable aspects of photovoltaic technologies. The book gives a detailed history of the new technological developments in PV/T systems worldwide with system photographs and references and elaborates on the fundamentals of hybrid systems and their performances with thermal modelling. Energy and exergy analysis, techno-economic analysis and carbon trading are key chapters for research professionals. The book also includes important case studies to aid understanding of the subject for all readers.Table of ContentsSolar Radiation; History of PV integrated systems; Solar cell materials and its characteristics; PV Array Analysis; Role of batteries and its uses; Case Studies of PV/T Systems; Thermal modeling of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems; Energy and Exergy Analysis; CO2 Mitigation and Carbon Trading; Economic Analysis; Appendices; Glossary; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisBased on the stunning Visual Elements images created by Murray Robertson, this data sheet is an eye-catching mine of information on the chemical elements.

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Book SynopsisThis book, unique in its field, is a comprehensive description of all the methodologies reported for carrying out conjugate addition reactions in a stereoselective way, using small chiral organic molecules as catalysts (organocatalysts). In the last 3-4 years, this has been a rapidly growing field in organic chemistry, and many papers have appeared reporting excellent protocols for carrying out these highly efficient transformations that compete well with other classical approaches using transition metal catalysts. A particularly attractive feature of this transformation relies upon the fact that the conjugate addition (Michael and Hetero-Michael reactions) is an extraordinarily effective means to initiate cascade processes which result in the formation of complex molecules from very small and simple starting blocks. The book, written by noted experts, covers all recent advances in this hot topic, and provides a good state-of-the-art review for organic chemists working in this field and all those who wish to start projects in this area.Trade Review"The book is focused on enantioselective organocatalysis in the context of conjugate addition reactions, a vast category of reactions that include some of the most versatile carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. The authors are themselves active contributors to the area, including the development of new methodologies"."The overall organisation of this book is excellent, and is based on an appropriate selection of representative protocols that illustrate how different types of chiral organocatalysts can promote conjugate additions and control the sterochemical outcome"."The book is written with clarity and is very well structured"."Each topic is highlighted by seminal contributors from the pioneers on the subject area" * Angew Chem. Claudio Palomo Niucolau *Table of ContentsIntroduction; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via iminium activation; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via enamine activation; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via hydrogen-bonding activation; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via chiral ammonium ion formation; Organocatalytic enantioselective cascade reactions

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Book SynopsisPetroleum-based fuels are well-established products that have served industry and consumers for more than one hundred years. However petroleum, once considered inexhaustible, is now being depleted at a rapid rate. As the amount of available petroleum decreases, the need for alternative technologies to produce liquid fuels that could potentially help prolong the liquid fuels culture and mitigate the forthcoming effects of the shortage of transportation fuels is being sought. The dynamics are now coming into place for the establishment of a synthetic fuels industry; the processes for recovery of raw materials and processing options have to change to increase the efficiency of oil production and it is up to various levels of government not only to promote the establishment of such an industry but to recognise the need for available and variable technology. This timely handbook is written to assist the reader in understanding the options that available for the production of synthetic fuel from biological sources. Each chapter contains tables of the chemical and physical properties of the fuels and fuel sources. It is essential that the properties of such materials be presented in order to assist the researcher to understand the nature of the feedstocks as well as the nature of the products. If a product cannot be employed for its hope-for-use, it is not a desirable product and must be changed accordingly. Such plans can only be made when the properties of the original product are understood. The fuels considered include conventional and unconventional fuel sources; the production and properties of fuels from biomass, crops, wood, domestic and industrial waste and landfill gas.Trade ReviewThis book serves as a good guide to biofuels for both specialists and those new to the field. I would certainly have this book on my library shelf * Avtar Matharu *Although the areas covered might provide a comprehensive overview on biofuels, there is no clear structure, and the various chapters do noteven adhere to the rudimentary structure that might have existed.It is a rather unsorted collection of chapters on various aspects, with varying depth and quality. * Mark Rusch gen. Klaas *To write a fairly comprehensive handbook about biofuels is a challenging undertaking, consideringthe importance of fuels in general.... nevertheless, the editor and authors clearly intended to present a comprehensive overview. The Biofuels Handbook is not the handbook on the subject that I would recommend. It is a rather an unsorted collection of chapterson various aspects, with varying depth and quality. * Mark Rush *Table of ContentsConventional Fuel Sources; Unconventional Fuels Sources; Fuels from Biomass - Overview; Biorefinery; Biofuels; Production of Fuels from Crops; Properties of Fuels from Crops; Production of Fuels from Wood Sources; Properties of Fuels from Wood Sources; Production of Fuels from Domestic and Industrial Waste; Properties of Fuels from Domestic and Industrial Waste; Production of Fuels from Landfill; Uses of Landfill Gas; Production of Fuels from the Fischer-Tropsch Reaction; References; Glossary; Index

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Book SynopsisThe last few years have seen the concept of bioenergy and biofuels come of age. Rising oil prices have lead to more food crops being grown for energy as well as food. This has created controversy by adding to the upward pressure on crop commodity prices that was already being created by the increasing demand for food from an expanding population. More attention has, therefore, focussed on meeting the rising demand for bioenergy and biofuels in more sustainable ways. A wider range of crops is being explored, including non-food crops, as well as the use of crop residues rather than grain or seed. Energy Crops is a comprehensive reference source which looks at this topic from the plant and agricultural science perspective. It covers energy crops that are already in use and those that are being developed or researched. Species that have been cultivated by humankind for millennia, and some that have never been considered as crops before, fall within its coverage. The introductory chapter defines energy crops before reviewing the development and current state of the technology. It also gives an historical perspective and introduces the ethical issues. Each of the subsequent chapters is dedicated to a single crop and describes the current usage of that crop for energy, its potential for future development, the economics of its use for energy production, and the research that is being undertaken to tailor it for use as an energy crop. Where appropriate, the implications for food and feed security are balanced against the benefits in terms of fuel security, the impending oil supply 'peak', the need to reduce CO2 emissions, and the implications for climate change mitigation. Each chapter is written by a specialist author or authors of international standing. The chapters by representatives of the plant breeding and biofuel industries give an industrial perspective on why energy crops have 'come of age'. They also describe how the sector is expected to develop with a wish list of crop improvements that industry would like to see realized. These include higher levels of fermentable starch, cellulose, fibres and oil quality through to the production of pure hydrocarbons. The book is suitable for undergraduates, postgraduates, academics, and those working in industry.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Cereals; Sugar crops; Oil crops; Non-food crops; Socio-economic considerations; Industry perspective

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews the state-of-the-art in fuel cells (low and high temperature) across all the types applied in the field today and assesses current trends in development. The main technology problems are discussed and current gaps to market success identified. The innovations covered in the book deliver new answers to pertinent problems and/or offer new opportunities, be it in operating conditions, application area, extension of lifetime, new fuels, exciting new diagnosis and analysis methods. The volume gives an insight not only to the key developments within the next few years, but also shows perspectives in the mid-term. Readers receive an overview of cutting edge, challenging research and development that can be used in future developments, both of personal careers, as well as in company technology planning.Table of ContentsPrinted Enzymatic Current Sources; Potential of Multilayer Ceramics for Micro Fuel Cells; Trends in High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells; Large Auxiliary Power Units for Vessels and Airplanes; Going Beyond Hydrogen: Non-hydrogen Fuels, Re-oxidation and Impurity Effects on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes; Direct Carbon Fuel Cells; Integrating Degradation into Fuel Cell Models and Lifetime Prediction; Accelerated Lifetime Testing for Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells; Electrolysis Using Fuel Cell Technology; Hydrogen Production by Internal Reforming Fuel Cells; Products, Not Technology: Some Thoughts on Market Introduction Processes

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Book SynopsisWorld demand for energy is rapidly increasing and finding sufficient supplies of clean energy for the future is one of the major scientific challenges of today. This book presents the latest knowledge and chemical prospects in developing hydrogen as a solar fuel. Using oxygenic photosynthesis and hydrogenase enzymes for bio-inspiration, it explores strategies for developing photocatalysts to produce a molecular solar fuel. The book begins with perspective of solar energy utilization and the role that synthetic photocatalysts can play in producing solar fuels. It then summarizes current knowledge with respect to light capture, photochemical conversion, and energy storage in chemical bonds. Following chapters on the natural systems, the book then summarizes the latest developments in synthetic chemistry of photo- and reductive catalysts. Finally, important future research goals for the practical utilization of solar energy are discussed. The book is written by experts from various fields working on the biological and synthetic chemical side of molecular solar fuels to facilitate advancement in this area of research.Table of ContentsPart I: Perspectives on Molecular Solar Fuels; Chapter 1: Solar Energy Utilization; Chapter 2: Engineering Low-Barrier Photocatalysts; Part II: The Capture of Solar Energy; Chapter 3: Bacteriorhodopsins - The Simplest Phototransducers; Chapter 4: Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes - The Most Efficient Light Gatherers; Chapter 5: Synthetic Light-Harvesting Pigment Arrays; Part III: Photochemical Conversion of Solar Energy; Chapter 6: Natural Photosynthetic Reaction Centers - Charge Separation with High Quantum Yields; Chapter 7: Wired Reaction Centers; Chapter 8: Bioelectrodes; Chapter 9: Charge Stabilization in Polymer Films; Part IV: Storage of Solar Energy; Chapter 10: The Photosynthetic Water-Splitting Complex; Chapter 11: Biomimics of the Water-Splitting Active Site; Chapter 12: Biological H2 Generation; Chapter 13: Biomimics of the hydrogenase active site; Part V: Future Goals; Chapter 14: Photocatalysts that Split Water and Produce H2 and O2 Within the Same Molecular Assembly; Chapter 15: Light-driven water oxidation and CO2 reduction; Chapter 16: Synthetic Biology

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Book SynopsisThere is increasing recognition that low-cost, high capacity processes for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals are essential for expanding the utilization of carbon neutral processes, reducing dependency on fossil fuel resources, and increasing rural income. While much attention has focused on the use of biomass to produce ethanol via fermentation, high capacity processes are also required for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. In this context, this book provides an up-to-date overview of the thermochemical methods available for biomass conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals. In addition to traditional conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis, new developments are considered, including catalytic routes for the production of liquid fuels from carbohydrates and the use of ionic liquids for lignocellulose utilization. The individual chapters, written by experts in the field, provide an introduction to each topic, as well as describing recent research developments.Trade ReviewThis book is an up-to-date overview of the thermochemical methods available for biomass conversion to liquid fuels an dchemicals.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Background; Feedstocks: Availability, Composition, and Impact on Catalysis; Biomass Pretreatment; Biochemical Catalysis; Chemical Catalysis; Thermochemical Catalysis; Hybrid Technologies; Summary and Future Directions

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Book SynopsisThe demands for green and sustainable synthetic methods in the fields of healthcare and fine chemicals, combined with the pressure to produce these substances expeditiously and in an environmentally benign fashion, pose significant challenges to the synthetic chemical community. Green chemistry can avoid pollution by utilizing techniques that are environmentally friendly by design and one of the best green techniques is the use of microwave (MW) assisted aqueous synthetic protocols. Fusing MW technique with water (as a benign reaction medium) can offer an extraordinary synergistic effect with greater potential than these two individual components in isolation. Selective microwave heating can be exploited to develop a high yield protocol and the use of water expedites the MW-protocol with more energy efficiency. This book provides an overview of the various processes developed using aqueous microwave chemistry and is written for chemists, chemical engineers and researchers in the early stages who want to develop sustainable and green processes. Written by well known microwave experts, the book is a comprehensive examination of the field and is the first book that deals strictly with aqueous microwave chemistry and represents a significant effort towards green chemistry. It covers all the microwave-assisted aqueous reactions in depth, including heterocycle synthesis, metal catalysis, enzyme catalysis, polymer synthesis, nanomaterials synthesis and nano-catalysis. Each chapter contains representative experimental procedures, helping the reader quickly replicate some of the experiments to gain hands-on experience.Trade Review""Both (editors) are known for their work in the area of micorwave-assisted synthesis, and Varma is considered a prominent elder statesman of the field.""For someone interested in getting into the field....this book may well prove to have value for the money." -- Nicholas E Leadbeater * JACS 2011, 133, 2011, Nicholas E Leadbeater *Table of ContentsBasics and Mechanism of Aqueous MW Chemistry MW-assisted heterocycles synthesis in aqueous medium MW-assisted coupling reactions in aqueous medium Metal-catalyzed reactions in water under MW-irradiation MW-assisted fine chemical synthesis in an aqueous medium MW-assisted nano-catalysis in an aqueous medium

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Book SynopsisEstablished ion chromatography techniques have changed little since the 1980s but a new technique, high performance chelation ion chromatography (HPCIC), has revolutionized the area. HPCIC enables a much greater range of complex samples to be analyzed and this is the first comprehensive description of its use in the trace determination of metals. Written by world leaders in the field, it is aimed at professionals, postgraduates, chromatographers, analytical chemists, and industrial chemists. The book describes the underlying principles which give rise to the special selectivities that can be chosen for separating specific groups of metals. It also covers the latest research and gives many examples of its application to real samples. The very latest developments in detection techniques are included showing that HPCIC can rival atomic spectroscopic techniques such as ICP-MS. The detailed description of the fundamental principles controlling the separation of trace metals using chelating substrates is unique to this book. It shows how HPCIC differs from the commonly used simple ion exchange techniques and how these chelation characteristics give rise to a much more useful and versatile metal separation system. Readers will also be interested in the analysis of extremely difficult matrices, such as saturated brines, easily achieved by HPCIC but requiring very complex multi column systems using other ion chromatography methods.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Separation Mechanism; Chelating stationary phases;Eluents for HPCI; Chition parameters and influence of chelation and ion exchange on the retention and separation of metal ions; Detection; Applicability of HPCIC to analysis; Conclusions

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Book SynopsisOver the last fifteen years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have mostly been used as ancillary ligands for the preparation of transition metal-based catalysts. Compared to phosphorus-containing ligands, NHCs tend to bind more strongly to metal centres, avoiding the necessity for the use of excess ligand in catalytic reactions. The corresponding complexes are often less sensitive to air and moisture, and have proven remarkably resistant to oxidation. Recent developments in catalysis applications have been facilitated by the availability of carbenes stable enough to be bottled, particularly for their use as organocatalysts. This book shows how N-heterocyclic carbenes can be useful in various fields of chemistry and not merely laboratory curiosities or simple phosphine mimics. NHCs are best known for their contribution to ruthenium and palladium-catalysed reactions but the scope of this book is much broader. The synthesis of NHC ligands and their corresponding metal complexes are covered in depth. Moreover, the biological activity of NHC-containing complexes, as well as an overview of their theoretical aspects are included. Such metal species are further examined, not only in terms of their catalytic applications, but also of their stereoelectronic parameters and reactivity/stability. Finally, special attention is given to the hot topic of organocatalysis. The book will be of interest to postgraduates, academic researchers and those working in industry.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction to N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Stereoelectronic Parameters; Chapter 2: Computational Studies on the Reactivity of Transition Metal Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands; Chapter 3: Synthesis, Activation and Decomposition of N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Containing Complexes; Chapter 4: Biologically Active N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Metal Complexes; Chapter 5: Non-Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes; Chapter 6: Early Transition and Rare Earth Metal Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes; Chapter 7: NHC-Iron, Ruthenium, AND Osmium Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 8: NHC-Cobalt, Rhodium, and Iridium Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 9: NHC-Palladium Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 10: NHC-Nickel and Platinum Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 11: NHC-Copper, Silver AND Gold Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 12: Oxidation Reaction with NHC Metal Complexes; Chapter 13: Reduction Reactions with NHC-Bearing Complexes; Chapter 14: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Organic Catalysts

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Book SynopsisCurrent world fossil oil production is struggling to meet demand and may even show a decline after 2010. It is therefore necessary to develop new energy efficient production pathways for transportation biofuels. This book offers an insight into three promising and innovative pathways for the biological production of biodiesel, ethanol and methane. These unconventional methods should provide higher product yields, less stringent feedstock specifications, lower chemical additive demand, reduced waste production and much better energy balances when compared to more traditional methods. The first pathway is the enzymatic production of a new kind of biodiesel where no glycerol waste is produced and a twenty percent higher product yield is obtained. The other two pathways are based on the biological conversion of syngas into ethanol or methane using various kinds of lignocellulosic biomass as the starting point. For each of the three pathways a comparison will be made with competing production methods. The contents reflect extended desktop research and show practical experimental results. Government scientists, academics and biofuel producers with an interest in novel transportation fuels will all find this book to be essential reading.Table of ContentsIntroduction Biological conversion of syngas into ethanol Biological conversion of syngas into other fuels Enzymatic glycerol-free biodiesel production Concluding remarks

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Book SynopsisBy-products of global biodiesel manufacturing are a modern day global fact responsible for igniting a number of year’s worldwide intense research activity into human chemical ingenuity. This fully updated and revised 2nd edition depicts how practical limitations posed by glycerol chemistry are solved based on the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of glycerol and by application of catalysis science and technology. The authors report and comment on employable, practical avenues applicable to convert glycerol into value added products of mass consumption. This book is the best-selling reference book in the field. The highly anticipated 2nd Edition is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding whether biodiesel and glycerol refineries are convenient and economically sound.Trade Review"...comprehensive review of the established and most recent developments in the chemistry of glycerol." "this book presents a short and nearly comprehensive overview of the established and more recent developments in the chemistry of glycerol."Table of ContentsGlycerol: Properties and Production; Reforming; Selective Reduction; Chlorination; Dehydration; Etherification; Esterification; Selective Oxidation; Bioglycerol in the Construction Industry; Sustainability of Bioglycerol.

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Book SynopsisThis unique book describes newly discovered proteolytic enzymes and their biological function. In many cases, these enzymes are targets for new drug discovery in order to provide new therapeutic approaches to control human diseases and/or metabolic conditions. The chapters in this book will help other investigators to pursue drug discovery by detailing methods of production and assay of the enzymes. In addition, the latest structural studies that are described in the book will permit rapid advances in drug design. The most important elements of this book are the state-of-the-art, detailed descriptions of the properties of the proteolytic enzymes. The chapters in the book, written by leading experts in the field, collect the best work on the topics with complete bibliographies for each target enzyme. The illustrations are highly informative to aid and facilitate a new design of inhibitors that can be developed as drug candidates. Key chapters include those by Mark Gorrell and Catherine Abbott, both describing dipeptidyl peptidases, which have been implicated in a number of metabolic conditions including diabetes. The chapters are written from two very different perspectives, thus enriching the literature in this area. In addition, the chapter by Sheena McGowan focuses on aminopeptidases from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the chapter by Ben Dunn deals with the aspartic peptidases from the same organism.Trade ReviewThe book thus certainly has the merit to broaden the perspective of readers and will be a good source of new information for those who are already to some degree familiar with research and drug discovery on proteinases and who want to dive deeper into the subject. The -- Dr. Richard Sedrani * ChemMedChem 2012, 7, 2040 – 2041 *Table of ContentsDipeptidyl peptidases: Substrates and therapeutic targeting in human health and disease; The Metalloproteases Meprin ? and ?: Pathophysiological roles in Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Fibrosis; Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II as a Therapeutic Target; The Role of Proteolytically Inactive Serine Proteases from Sarcoptes scabiei in Complement Evasion; Targeting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) for Diabetes and Cancer Therapy; Discovery of the Cysteine Protease Cathepsin B as a Drug Target for Alzheimer's Disease; Plasmodium falciparum Neutral Aminopeptidases: Development of novel anti-malarials by understanding enzyme structure; Blood-feeding human hookworm proteases; Structural Mechanisms of Inactivation in Proteolytically Inactive Serine Proteases from Sarcoptes scabiei; The Aspartic Proteinases from the Malaria Parasite: Structure and Function of the Plasmepsins

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Book SynopsisSince Alois Alzheimer described the results of his postmortem studies in 1906, significant strides have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Substantial evidence has accumulated indicating that diverse neurodegenerative disorders might share a common pathological mechanism: the misfolding, aggregation and accumulation of proteins (termed "amyloid") in the brain. Metal ions have long been thought to catalyze protein misfolding initiating a cascade of events resulting in oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. They have, consequently, been seen as a suitable pharmacological target. However, drugs aimed at simply removing excess metals or interfering in amyloid deposition were unsuccessful and scientists have been forced to review the classical hypothesis. The latest advances suggest that deficiencies in protein homeostasis may lead to cell dysfunction and disease. Furthermore, small molecules with the potential to control metal homeostasis, or metallostasis, are expected to provide the framework for the design of novel proteostasis regulators. This book provides an up-date on the latest developments in this fast moving field. Traditional views concerning the relationship between the physio-pathological cycles of copper, zinc, iron, aluminium and the evolution of life, are compared with emerging ideas in the neuroscience of metal ions. Topics covered emphasize the importance of metals and oxidation chemistry to neuroscientists as well as providing a wider, multidisciplinary background to chemists who are attracted by these fascinating subjects. The text starts with a chapter on chemical evolution, the brain and metallomics which describes the brain's natural defences to adverse conditions. It then goes on to cover the chemistry and biology of proteostasis, environmental factors, and the role played by membranes in protein misfolding. The remaining chapters cover the role of metals and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinsonism, ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. The book is suitable for academics, those working in industry, and postgraduate students.Table of ContentsChemical evolution, brain and metallomics; Chemistry and biology of proteostasis; Environmental factors affecting cellular proteostasis; Neurodegeneration and cell membranes; The role of Metals in the intracellular clearance of amyloids; Speciation, coordination sites and metal binding affinities of proteins related to neurodegeneration; Copper, Zinc and trophic factors in neurodegeneration; Metals as catalysts of ROS production in neurodegeneration; Metal hypothesis of Alzheimer disease; Copper supply and metal homeostasis in AD; The role of iron in neurodegeneration; Aluminium in neurodegenerative diseases; Zinc trafficking in the AD brain; The role of metal ions in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease; Metals in ALS pathology; Metals and prion diseases

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Book SynopsisModelling and simulation technologies have improved dramatically over the past decade and their applications in toxicity prediction and risk assessment are of great importance. Such approaches will become increasingly necessary as industrial chemicals advance and as new pharmaceuticals enter the market. In this comprehensive discussion of predictive toxicology and its applications, leading experts express their views on the technologies currently available and the potential for future developments. The book covers a wide range of topics including the in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches being used in the safety assessment of chemical substances. It reflects the growing and urgent need to strengthen our ability to predict the risks posed by industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals in humans. Extensive information on the use of current animal models used for various toxicities and target-mediated toxicities is included. Also discussed are the recently introduced regulatory initiatives.Table of ContentsIntroduction and overview; computational modeling approaches: in silico tools for toxicity prediction, development of an evaluation support system for estimating repeated dose toxicity of chemicals based on chemical structure, towards a common regulatory framework for computational toxicology: current status and future perspectives, information, informatics and modeling in predictive toxicology; in vitro approaches in predicting toxicity: cellular stress and in vitro predictive toxicology, in vitro genotoxicity, cardiac toxicity prediction: to simplify, or to integrate, that is the question, in vitro approaches for determining liver specific toxicity of new drug candidates, human-based in vitro experimental systems for the assessment of human-specific adverse drug effects: scientific concepts, current applications and promising approaches, models of organ injury,mitochondrial toxicity; in vivo approaches in predicting toxicity: nonclinical models for the evaluation of mechanisms of toxicity,in vivo genetic toxicology: application to cancer risk assessment, predicting hepatic toxicity in vivo, immunotoxicity testing,reproductive toxicity,toxicity biomarkers,renal toxicity, integrative approaches to toxicity prediction, metabolism-based toxicity prediction,impact of drug transporters in the pharmacological and adverse reactions of drugs,toxicokinetics, the role of computational systems biology models in toxicity testing in the 21st century: an example with predictive multi-scale models of the liver, animal models of idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury

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Book SynopsisThis book is the most comprehensive recent publication on MIPs, consisting of 13 chapters, primarily involving the fundamentals, the instrumentation, and the methodologies of MIP-OES. The physical and chemical characteristics of the various MIP sources and sample introduction techniques available are all discussed as well as how these characteristics affect the design of the parts of the MIP setup with inclusion of some very recent work with MIP sources. Considerable experimental and fundamental emphasis is placed on the plasma generation as well as the experimental aspects of sample introduction in MIP spectrometry. The book firstly outlines the generation and operation of MIP discharges, and presents briefly the principles of MIP-based techniques currently in use, along with their potential benefits and limitations. It then addresses the art and science of microwave plasma generation and highlights very recent advances in the field, presenting both the fundamental properties and the design details of new microwave plasma sources. Analytical characteristics and novel applications of MIP-OES for a wide variety of sample types are also reviewed. As the book documents the latest achievements in MIP spectrometry, it should stimulate their use on a wider scale in the analytical and research laboratories and will prove useful to manufacturers of analytical instruments. This book is also aimed at academics and postgraduates embarking on work in the field of MIP source spectrometry, ICP/MIP users, analysts and research groups who want to configure their own plasma spectrometry setup, and manufacturers of plasma spectrometers and MIP devices. It will also be a useful source of information for those seeking to interface various sample introduction techniques with plasmas and for all those who would like to know more about the technique.Table of ContentsChapter 1: An introduction to MIP spectrometries; Chapter 2: Instrumentation for Analytical MIP spectrometry; Chapter 3: Principles of operation and construction of microwave plasma cavities; Chapter 4: Introduction of gases and vapours into MIP; Chapter 5: Solution and slurry nebulization coupling with MIP; Chapter 6: Solid sampling techniques for MIP; Chapter 7: Optical emission spectrometry with MIP; Chapter 8: Optimization of the MIP-OES system; Chapter 9: Analytical method development; Chapter 10: Analytical performance of MIP-OES; Chapter 11: Analytical applications of MIP-OES; Chapter 12: Non-emission MIP spectroscopic techniques; Chapter 13: The future for MIP spectrometry

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to cover the very recent developments in asymmetric organocatalysis, focussing on those published since the beginning of 2008. The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis with an impressive amount of new catalysts, novel methodologies, and applications in numerous reaction types, such as nucleophilic substitutions, addition reactions, as well as cycloadditions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions, and miscellaneous reactions. This very diverse and intensely developing field is too wide to cover in a single review. The timeliness of the book together with the expected impact is excellent, since nowadays asymmetric organocatalysis is arguably the most intensively developed field in organic chemistry. The book is designed to meet the demands of a postgraduate textbook,containing case studies and Q&A sections, as well as a practical book filled with facts and data useful as a working tool for the practitioner. The book is divided into ten sections, dealing successively with nucleophilic additions to electron-deficient C=C double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=O double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=N double bonds, nucleophilic additions to unsaturated nitrogen, nucleophilic substitutions at aliphatic carbon, cycloaddition reactions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions and desymmetrisations, and miscellaneous reactions.Trade Review"A strength of the book lies in the extensive use of graphics. Virtually every entry in the book is provided a graphic summary of the best cases for a particular report.""This compilation can be regarded as a snapshot of progress for a field that requires treatment in any modern graduate program in organic chemistry.""...the author has produced a work that is commendable by the measures of the topics selected and their organization." * Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS),2011, 133, 2330 - 2330, Jeffrey N Johnston *"...this book was set out to update the audience on the application of asymmetric organocatalysis after several earlier review articles and this certainly meets the task with a plethora of detailed reports on important asymetric organic catalysed processes.""This book will appeal to those researchers engaged in catalysis at phD or post-doctoral level and provides a useful compendium on a wide number of organocatalytic transformations." * Chemistry World, February 2011, Benjamin Buckley *Table of ContentsIntroduction Nucleophilic additions to electron-deficient C=C double bonds Nucleophilic additions to C=O double bonds Nucleophilic additions to C=N double bonds Nucleophilic additions to unsaturated nitrogen Nucleophilic substitutions at aliphatic carbon Cycloaddition reactions Oxidations Reductions Kinetic resolutions and desymmetrisations Miscellaneous reactions General Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this meeting was to convene scientists from experimental and theoretical disciplines to discuss a number of highly topical and controversial issues related to wetting and dewetting at hydrophobic surfaces. The current interest in superhydrophobic surfaces has led to a conceptual widening of the term "hydrophobicity". Non-wetting of a surface may be achieved not only by minimising the surface free energy, but also via an appropriately tailored surface morphology. As a consequence, even low-energy liquids may dewet a surface and hydrophobicity becomes a more general "lyophobicity". Wetting dynamics at both smooth and structured surfaces is involved in a range of surface phenomena, including contact angle hysteresis, adhesion, surface forces, self-cleaning and the boundary conditions for fluid flow. This very active area of current research has major cross-disciplinary implications, and a number of theoretical, modelling and experimental results are in urgent need of clarification and resolution if we are to understand better the properties and behaviour of extended and structured hydrophobic and lyophobic surfaces. Physical chemists, biologists, materials scientists and nanotechnologists have benefited from attending this meeting, and its printed discussion.

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Book SynopsisResearch and literature on nanomaterials has exploded in volume in recent years. Nanotubes (both of carbon and inorganic materials) can be made in a variety of ways, and they demonstrate a wide range of interesting properties. Many of these properties, such as high mechanical strength and interesting electronic properties relate directly to potential applications. Nanowires have been made from a vast array of inorganic materials and provide great scope for further research into their properties and possible applications. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the research areas of carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes and nanowires including: synthesis; characterisation; properties; applications Nanotubes and Nanowires includes an extensive list of references and is ideal both for graduates needing an introduction to the field of nanomaterials as well as for professionals and researchers in academia and industry.Trade Review"The topic of nanotubes and nanowires is very current and there is nothing quite like this book, which is succinct, easy to read, and covers an amazing amount of material."Anybody who needs to know everything about nanotubes and nanowires will be happy with this book."This book should be useful to anyone in the field who needs to quickly sort through the vast amount of scientific literature dealing with nanowires and nanotubes.Given the large number of papers and the many methods now used to grow nanoscale materials, this book does a truly admirable job of summarizing the literature in this rapidly changing field."Table of Contents1: Carbon Nanotubes; 1.1: Introduction; 1.2: Synthesis; 1.3: Structure, Spectra and Characterization; 1.4: Chemically modified nanotubes; 1.5: Electronic Properties; 1.6: Carbon nanotube composites and their properties; 1.7: Applications, potential and otherwise; 2: Inorganic Nanotubes; 2.1: Introduction; 2.2: Synthetic methods; 2.3: Specific cases; 2.4: Properties; 3: Inorganic Nanowires; 3.1: Introduction; 3.2: Synthetic strategies; 3.3: Elemental nanowires; 3.4: Metal oxide nanowires; 3.5: Metal nitride nanowires; 3.5: Metal carbide nanowires; 3.6: Metal chalcogenide nanowires; 3.7: GaS, InP and other semiconductor nanowires; 3.8: Miscellaneous nanowires; 3.9: Useful properties and potential applications;

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Book SynopsisMetals play a vital role in the metabolism of plants and animals and, increasingly, in medicine. This book provides an introduction to the metals essential to life and ligands of biological importance. It considers the uptake of metals, their transport and ultimately their storage, illustrated in particular with the story of iron in the body. It also considers Na, K and Ca ion channels and biomineralisation and covers the key roles that metals and their complexes play in living systems, for example in respiration and photosynthesis. The last chapter (delivered online) considers metal toxicity and deficiency as well as the role that metals play in medicine, looking at both diagnostics and therapy, and in the forefront of inorganic research.Table of ContentsIntroduction Ligands and biological significance Metal uptake - increasing the solubility of iron Metal transport Metal storage Biomineralisation The role of metal-containing proteins in biological processes Some key biological processes Additional online material: Metals in medicine

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Book SynopsisThis undergraduate teaching text and accompanying Periodic Table DVD, provides an introduction to the transition metals. The first two chapters introduce the reader to the chemistry of the first-row transition elements in different oxidation states, in particular +2 and +3 and their relative stability, largely using interactive activities and video on the DVD. This is followed by a study of coordination chemistry and the stability of complexes. Later chapters look at theories of metal-ligand bonding, in particular the way models can be used to rationalise many of the properties of transition metals and their compounds, such as colour, magnetism and stereochemistry. Starting with the simple, yet powerful crystal field approach, the book finishes with a largely pictorial treatment of molecular orbital theory. The text also includes interactive activities on the accompanying Periodic Table DVD, in-text questions with answers, full colour diagrams and revision exercises on an associated website www.rsc.org/metalsandlifeTable of ContentsIntroduction to the transition metals; Thermodynamic stability; Coordination chemistry; The stability of coordination compounds; Crystal-field theory;Molecular orbital theory of transition-metal complexes; The Periodic Table DVD

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Book SynopsisA ready reference to the symbols most frequently used by authors, teachers and students in chemistry and related disciplines. The card is based on the more comprehensive second printing of the third edition of the IUPAC Green Book, Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Pack of 10 copies.Table of ContentsSide 1; Side 2

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Book SynopsisFischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has been used on a commercial scale for more than eighty years. It was initially developed for strategic reasons because it offered a source of transportation fuels that was independent from crude oil. Unlike crude, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude is rich in olefins and oxygenates, while being sulphur and nitrogen free. Consequently, the catalysis involved in refining it is significantly different and only a few catalysts have been developed for the purpose. Until now, an account of this topic has been missing from the literature, despite mounting interest in the technology. This is the first book to provide a review and analysis of the literature (journal and patent) on the catalysis needed to refine syncrude to transportation fuels. It specifically highlights the impact of oxygenates and how oxygenates affect selectivity and deactivation. This aspect is also related to the refining of biomass derived liquids. Topics covered include: dimerisation / oligomerisation, isomerisation / hydroisomerisation, catalytic cracking / hydrocracking and hydrogenation, catalytic reforming, aromatic alkylation, etherification, dehydration, and some oxygenate and wax specific conversions.Trade Review'This book provides an in-depth look at some of the technologies and processes used to upgrade synfuel stocks, including oligomerization, isomerisation, cracking/hydrocracking and hydrotreating.''This book provides an excellent and comprehensive evaluation of the catalytic processes for syncrude conversion to useful products such as fuel and oils.''The writing style is very clear and explains the processes concisely and simply'. * Stewart Brown *Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION; PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS; FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS; PROPERTIES OF PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM FT; UPGRADING OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID PRODUCTS; UPGRADING OF FTS WAX; REACTIONS OF OXYGENATES; COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS FROM FT HYDROCARBONS; CATALYSIS OF FISCHER-TROPSCH REFINERIES; PATENT LITERATURE; FUTURE PERSPECTIVES; REFERENCES

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Book SynopsisBiophysical Chemistry covers the physical chemistry of biological macromolecules and the experimental techniques used to study them. Topics covered include: an introduction to biological molecules; spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and hydrodynamics of macromolecules; a ""bluffer's guide"" to molecular thermodynamics; biomolecular kinetics; chromatography and electrophoresis; and single-molecule methods. The easily digestible, pragmatic approach captures the reader with the fascinating challenges the subject poses for theoretical and experimental scientists. This book will be ideal for early undergraduates studying chemical or physical sciences and will act as a basis for more advanced study. Students in other areas of biological sciences will appreciate the less intimidating approach to physical chemistry as demonstrated here. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.Trade ReviewIdeal for early undergraduates studying chemical or physical sciences and will act as a basis for more advanced study. Students in other areas of biological sciences will appreciate the less intimidating approach to physical chemistry as demonstrated here."Will be of great help to early undergraduates in first years of physical, chemical, and biological studies and specialised scientists in specific fields of the life sciences."Table of ContentsBiological Molecules; Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Hydrodynamics; Thermodynamics and Interactions; Kinetics; Chromatography and Electrophoresis; Single Molecules; Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisSolar photovoltaics is one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, producing electricity on site directly from the solar radiation without harming the environment and depletion of materials. The Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) system is a technology which merges PV and thermal systems, simultaneously providing both electric and thermal energy. Through this combination more energy is generated per unit surface area in comparison to the standalone photovoltaics system. Benefits of the BIPVT system include significantly increased electrical performance, faster payback than traditional systems, negligible impact on the environment and the product is easier and less expensive to install with low maintenance required. This book describes the recent developments in PV technologies, solar radiation available on the earth, various BIPVT systems and their applications, energy and exergy analysis, carbondioxide migration and credit earned, life cycle cost analysis and life cycle conversion efficiency. Presently there is no single book which covers all the basic and the advanced concepts related to the implementation of solar energy for the passive heating and cooling of the building. In addition to the basic concepts, the book includes the technology advances, modelling and analysis and ongoing research in the area of BIPVT. Key features of book include: -Solar heating and cooling concepts -Thermal comfort -Performance analysis of BIPVT system -Worldwide case studies -Energy payback period -Techno-economics and sustainability of the system The book, written by experts in the field with years of research and teaching, is intended for the specialists, scientists and people involved in research in the disciplines of renewable energy, energy studies, building energy or carbon credit. For the practicing professional, advanced senior or graduate student with work experience, the book should be used as part of an integrative program enabling them to make deep linkages and thus better decisions in the professional world.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Technology Development; Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Heat Transfer; Chapter 3: Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal Systems; Chapter 4: Thermal Comforts; Chapter 5: Case Study with BIPVT Systems Under Cold Climatic Conditions; Chapter 6: CO2 Migration and Credit Trading; Chapter 7: Economic Analysis; Chapter 8: Other Configuration of BIPVT Systems and its Applications

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Book SynopsisDesigned with the non-specialist teacher in mind, the emphasis of this book is to provide them with the confidence, flair and enthusiasm to teach chemistry at KS3 or KS4. Provision of 80 experiments to inspire and engage the students, practical help with the experiments and health and safety guidance means the teacher has all the tools they might require when improving the teaching of chemistry. Originally developed as course material for the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Chemistry for Non-Specialist course, organised in collaboration with the national network of Science Learning Centres (SLCs) and supported by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), the resources are tried and tested and known to be effective. The course book is accompanied by a CD-ROM and together they make a valuable addition to the educational resources and aids for non-specialist teachers teaching chemistry.Table of ContentsHealth and safety guidance; The CLEAPSS« science resources web site and CD-ROM 6;CLEAPSS« helpline;Experiments: 1 Diffusion of gases - ammonia and hydrogen chloride; 2 Handling liquid bromine and preparing bromine water; 3 Diffusion of gases - a safer alternative to bromine; 4 Diffusion in liquids; 5 Allotropes of sulphur; 6 Making glass; 7 Chocolate and structure; 8 Experiments with hydrogels - hair gel and disposable nappies; 9 Experiments with hydrogels - plant water storage crystals; 10 Cross-linking polymers - alginate worms; 11 Extracting limonene from oranges by steam distillation; 12 Generating, collecting, and testing gases; 13 An alternative to using compressed gas cylinders; 14 Making a reaction tube;15 Ammonia fountain; 16 Titrating sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid;17 Using indigestion tablets to neutralise an acid; 18 A thermometric titration; 19 Universal indicator 'rainbow'; 20 An effervescent universal indicator 'rainbow'; 21 Neutralisation circles; 22 Indicators and dry ice: demonstration; 23 Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate; 24 Reacting elements with oxygen; 25 Reacting elements with chlorine; 26 Identifying the products of combustion; 27 The 'Whoosh' bottle demonstration; 28 Fat-pan fire!; 29 Money to burn; 30 The methane rocket; 31 The thermal decomposition of nitrates - 'writing with fire'; 32 Iron and sulfur reaction; 33 The reaction between zinc powder and sulphur; 34 Reaction between aluminium and iodine; 35 Reaction of zinc with iodine; 36 The combustion of iron wool; 37 The change in mass when magnesium burns; 38 Competition for oxygen; 39 Displacement reactions between metals and their salts; 40 Extracting metals with charcoal; 41 Extraction of iron on a match head!; 42 The reaction between zinc and copper oxide; 43 The thermite reaction; 44 Making silicon and silanes from sand; 45 Reduction of copper(II) oxide with methane; 46 Finding the formula of copper oxide; 47 The reaction of magnesium with steam; 48 The 'blue bottle' experiment; 49 Turning copper coins into 'silver' and 'gold'; 50 Alkali metals; 51 Heating Group 1 metals in air and in chlorine; 52 Reactions of aqueous solutions of the halogens; 53 Halogen reactions with iron; 54 Colourful electrolysis; 55 Electrolysis of zinc chloride; 56 Identifying the products of electrolysis; 57 Electrolysis of potassium iodide solution; 58 Endothermic solid-solid reactions; 59 Exothermic or endothermic?; 60 Chemiluminescence - cold light; 61 Spontaneous exothermic reaction; 62 The effect of concentration on reaction rate; 63 Iodine clock reaction; 64 Rates and rhubarb; 65 Catalysts for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; 66 Controlled explosion of a hydrogen-air mixture; 67 Controlled explosion of a methane-air mixture; 68 Exploding balloons; 69 The howling/screaming jelly baby; 70 Hydrogen/oxygen explosion; 71 Exploding bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen; 72 An oscillating reaction; 73 The fractional distillation of crude oil; 74 Cracking hydrocarbons; 75 Making nylon - the 'nylon rope trick'; 76 PVA polymer slime; 77 Reactions of positive ions with sodium hydroxide (microscale version); 78 Testing for negative ions; 79 Flame tests (wooden splint method) 80 Flame colours - a demonstration; Self test questionnaire; RSC resources; Index

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Book SynopsisCan scientists and engineers replicate Nature and develop systems that operate in extreme environments? Bio-inspiration is an established concept which is developing to meet the needs of the many challenges we face particularly in defence and security. This book explores the potential of bio-inspired materials and sensing systems together with examples of how they are being implemented. It is not an exhaustive study of the subject but provides an overview of how bio-inspired or -derived approaches can be used to enhance components, systems and systems of systems for defence and security applications. Readers will gain an awareness of the complexity and versatility of bio-inspired components as well as an understanding of how these technologies can be applied in a variety of operational scenarios. Consideration is given to using a conceptual model that can be deployed in distributed or autonomous operations. Using this model, bio-inspiration with behavioural science plays a major role in identification, movement, searching strategies and pattern recognition for chemical and biological detection. Examples focus on both learning new things from nature that have application to the defence and security areas and adapting known discoveries for practical use by these communities. This graduate level monograph provides an increased awareness of the need for more sophisticated, networked sensors and systems in the defence and security communities and will be of interest to both specialists in this area and science and technology generalists.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Bio-inspiration; Chapter 2: Investment Approaches; Chapter 3: Conceptual Goal; Chapter 4: Structure; Chapter 5: Collection and Sampling; Chapter 6: Surfaces and Receptors; Chapter 7: Sensor Elements and Transduction; Chapter 8: Power; Chapter 9: Processing & Communication; Chapter 10: Applications

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Book SynopsisP-stereogenic ligands were among the first to be used in asymmetric catalysis but synthetic difficulties and prejudices have hampered their development. However, continuous screening for new chiral ligands means that they can no longer be ignored and this rigorous reference source reflects their renaissance. The book is filled with many examples from recent primary literature. The synthetic chemist will easily be able to follow the preparation methods which are accompanied by a description of the challenges and limitations. Those working in homogenous catalysis, and wanting to increase their repertoire of ligands, will be able to establish which have already been used in each reaction and their performance. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the application of P-stereogenic ligands in homogeneous catalysis. It begins with a brief chapter on generalities of P-stereogenic compounds: history, configurational stability, and interconversions among them.The book then goes on to describe the main preparative methods, from resolution of racemates to enantioselective catalysis, before focusing on the catalytic applications of P-stereogenic ligands. Chapter 7 describes the use of the ligands in catalytic hydrogenation and related reactions whereas chapter 8 deals with other reactions, mainly C-C bond forming reactions. The aim of these two final chapters is to give an outline of the usefulness of the ligands in homogeneous catalysis.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Resolution of Racemic and Diastereomeric Mixtures; P-Stereogenic Heterocycles; P-Stereogenic Compounds Derived from Enantiopure Heterocycles P-Stereogenic Phosphines Prepared by Enantioselective Deprotonation; Preparation by Enantioselective Catalysis; Hydrogenation and Related Reactions; Miscellaneous Reactions

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Book SynopsisCarbon-carbon bond formations and functional group transformations are the most fundamental reactions for the construction of molecular frameworks and are at the forefront of organic chemistry research. The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) type reactions possess the two most important requirements - atom economy and generation of multi-functional groups. The last decade has seen exponential growth of the MBH reaction and its applications. In fact, it is already one of the most powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming methods widely used in organic synthesis. Since the 1990s, more and more research groups have initiated work on different aspects of the MBH reaction. These have focused on the scope of the substrates, novel catalysts (especially chiral catalysts), reaction mechanisms, and synthetic applications. Consequently, there is now a need for a reference detailing the chemistry of this important reaction. This unique book summarizes the MBH reaction, aza-MBH reaction and asymmetric MBH/aza-MBH reaction including the latest research and mechanistic investigations. It provides a complete overview of MBH-type reactions aimed at synthetic organic chemists of all levels within academia and industry. The chapters cover the; origin and growth of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction; reactant classes and reaction conditions; catalytic mechanisms; achiral and chiral catalytic systems; transformations of functional groups; use of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts and derivatives as starting materials to construct compounds with carbocyclic or heterocyclic frameworks, and the applications of the MBH reaction in synthesizing natural products.Table of ContentsMorita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction; Catalytic System for the Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction; Transformations of Functional Groups in Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts; Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts or Derivatives for the Construction of Cyclic Frameworks; The application of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction for the Synthesis of Natural Products

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