Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisAntioxidants and Functional Components in Aquatic Foods compiles for the first time the past and present research done on pro and antioxidants in aquatic animals. The book addresses an area of extreme importance for aquatic foods, since lipid oxidation leads to such a large number of quality problems.Table of ContentsList of contributors ix Preface xi 1 Oxidation in aquatic foods and analysis methods 1 Magnea G. Karlsdottir, Holly T. Petty , and Hordur G. Kristinsson 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Analysis of lipid oxidation 2 1.3 Conclusions 16 References 16 2 Protein oxidation in aquatic foods 23 Caroline P. Baron 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Mechanisms involved in protein oxidation 24 2.3 Impact of protein oxidation on aquatic food 30 2.4 Case studies 33 2.5 Conclusions and perspectives 38 References 38 3 Influence of processing on lipids and lipid oxidation in aquatic foods 43 Sivakumar Raghavan and Hordur G. Kristinsson 3.1 Effect of freezing on lipid oxidation 43 3.2 Effect of salting and drying on lipid oxidation 49 3.3 Effect of fermentation on lipid oxidation 53 3.4 Effect of smoking on lipid oxidation 55 3.5 Effect of high-pressure processing on lipid oxidation 58 3.6 Effect of irradiation on lipid oxidation 61 3.7 Effect of microwave processing on lipid oxidation 63 3.8 Effect of modified atmosphere on lipid oxidation 65 3.9 Effect of pH shift extraction method on lipid oxidatio 67 3.10 Effect of canning on lipid oxidation 70 References 73 4 Strategies to minimize lipid oxidation of aquatic food products post harvest 95 Huynh Nguyen Duy Bao and Toshiaki Ohshima 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Lipid oxidation and quality deterioration in post-harvest aquatic food products 96 4.3 Post-harvest control of oxidative deterioration in aquatic food products 106 4.4 Conclusions and prospects 117 References 118 5 Antioxidative strategies to minimize oxidation in formulated food systems containing fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids 127 Charlotte Jacobsen, Anna Frisenfeldt Horn, Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen, K. H. Sabeena Farvin, and Nina Skall Nielsen 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 The lipid oxidation process 128 5.3 Factors affecting lipid oxidation in omega-3-enriched foods 129 5.4 Introduction to antioxidants 131 5.5 Antioxidant effects in different omega-3-enriched food products 132 5.6 Other strategies to protect omega-3 products against oxidation 145 5.7 Conclusions 145 References 146 6 Methods for assessing the antioxidative activity of aquatic food compounds 151 Holmfridur Sveinsdottir, Patricia Y. Hamaguchi, Hilma Eidsdottir Bakken, and Hordur G. Kristinsson 6.1 Background 151 6.2 Oxidation and antioxidants 153 6.3 Methods for determining antioxidant activity 157 References 169 7 Influence of fish consumption and some of its individual constituents on oxidative stress in cells, animals, and humans 175 Britt Gabrielsson, Niklas Andersson, and Ingrid Undeland 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 What is oxidative stress? 176 7.3 Why is oxidative stress of importance and how does it link to diet? 177 7.4 How is oxidative stress measured? 178 7.6 Effects of fish intake on biomarkers used to evaluate oxidative stress 195 7.7 Methodological considerations 200 7.8 Conclusion and need for future studies 202 References 204 8 Marine antioxidants: polyphenols and carotenoids from algae 219 Kazuo Miyashita 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Chain-breaking antioxidants 220 8.3 Antioxidants and their beneficial health effects 221 8.4 Seaweeds as a rich source of antioxidants 222 8.5 Algal polyphenols 222 8.6 Marine carotenoids 224 8.7 Antioxidant activity of carotenoids 225 8.8 Astaxanthin and fucoxanthin 226 8.9 Conclusions 228 References 229 9 Fish protein hydrolysates: production, bioactivities, and applications 237 Soottawat Benjakul, Suthasinee Yarnpakdee, Theeraphol Senphan, Sigrun M. Halldorsdottir, and Hordur G. Kristinsson 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Source of fish protein hydrolysates 238 9.3 Production of fish protein hydrolysate 241 9.4 Properties of hydrolysate 255 9.5 Applications of fish protein hydrolysates 263 References 266 10 Antioxidant properties of marine macroalgae 283 Tao Wang, Rosa Jonsdottir, Gudrun Olafsdottir, and Hordur G. Kristinsson 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 Antioxidant properties of algal polyphenols 284 10.3 Antioxidant activity of algal sulfated polysaccharides 298 10.4 Antioxidant activities of fucoxanthin 302 10.5 Antioxidant activities of sterols from marine algae 304 10.6 Antioxidant activities of peptides derived from marine algae 306 10.7 Antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids 307 10.8 Concluding remarks 310 References 311 Index 319

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing serves as a reference handbook containing latest developments and advances in this fast growing field. The book can be considered as a companion to Hui′s popular Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing (2006).Table of ContentsPrefacex. List of Contributors. Part 1. Biology, Biochemistry, Nutrition, Microbiology and Genetics. 1. Biology and Classification of Vegetables (Theodore J.K. Radovich). 2. Biochemistry of Vegetables: Major Classes of Primary (carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and organic acids) and Secondary Metabolites (terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids and sulphur containing compounds) in Vegetables (N. Hounsome and B. Hounsome). 3. Flavor and Sensory Characteristics of Vegetables (Peter K.C. Ong and Shao Quan Liu). 4. Genetic Engineering of Vegetable Crops (Jiwan S. Sidhu and Sudarshan Chellan). 5. Nutritional Profile of Vegetables and its significance to Human Health (Masood Sadiq Butt and Muhammad Tauseef Sultan). 6. Bioactive phytochemicals in vegetables (Fereidoon Shahidi, Anoma Chandrasekara and Ying Zhong). 7. Microbiology of Fresh and Processed Vegetables (Annemarie L. Buchholz, Gordon R. Davidson and Elliot T. Ryser). Part II. Postharvest technology and Storage Systems. 8. Postharvest handling systems and storage (PS Raju, OP Chauhan and AS Bawa). 9. Postharvest Physiology of Vegetables (Peter M.A. Toivonen). Part III. Processing and Packaging of Vegetables. 10. Fresh cut vegetables (W. Krasaekoopt and B. Bhandari). 11. Principles of Vegetable Canning (Dharmendra K. Mishra and Nirmal K. Sinha). 12. Refrigeration and Freezing Preservation of Vegetables (Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan and Brijesh Tiwari). 13. Drying of Vegetables: Principles and Dryer Design (Jasim Ahmed). 14. Drying Vegetables: new technology, equipment and examples (E. Özgül Evranuz). 15. Minimal Processing and Novel Technologies Applied to Vegetables (Jasim Ahmed and Tanweer Alam). 16. Processing of Vegetable Juice and Blends (James Wu and S–C Chen). 17. Vegetable fermentation and pickling (Nejib Guizani). 18. Vegetables: Parts, Herbs and Essential Oils (Sri Yuliani and Bhesh Bhandari). 19. Processing and Computer Technology (Gokhan Bingol and Y. Onur Devres). 20. Packaging for Fresh Vegetables and Vegetable Products (Melvin A. Pascall). 21. Waste Management and Utilization in Vegetable Processing (Dalbir S. Sogi and Muhammad Siddiq). Part IV. Product and Food Plant safety and HACCP. 22. Controlling Food Safety Hazards in the Vegetable Industry The HACCP Approach (Luke F. LaBorde). 23. Good Agricultural Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices for Vegetable Production (Elizabeth A. Bihn and Stephen Reiners). 24. Microbial Safety of Fresh and Processed Vegetables (Jaheon Koo). Part V. Commodity Processing. 25. Asparagus, Broccoli and Cauliflower: Production, quality and processing (Paramita Bhattacharjee and Rekha S.Singhal). 26. Avocado: Production, Quality and Major Processed Products (Tasleem Zafar and Jiwan S. Sidhu). 27. Dry Beans?Production, Processing, and Nutrition (Muhammad Siddiq, Masood Sadiq Butt, and Muhammad Tauseef Sultan). 28. Carrots (B.C. Sarkar and H. K. Sharma). 29. Chili, Peppers and Paprika (Lillian G. Po). 30. Peas, Sweet Corn, and Green Beans (Muhammad Siddiq and Melvin A. Pascall). 31. Garlic and Onion: Production, Biochemistry and Processing (Wieslaw Wiczkowski). 32. Edible Mushrooms: Production, Processing and Quality (Ramasamy Ravi and Muhammad Siddiq). 33. Table olives and Olive oil: Production, processing, composition and nutritional qualities (Kostas Kiritsakis, Apostolos (Paul) Kiritsakis, Elena Manousaki–Karacosta, and Fivos Genigeorgis). 34. Potatoes: Production and Major Processed Products (Edgar Po and Nirmal K Sinha). 35. Green Leafy Vegetables: Spinach and Lettuce (Gurbuz Gunes and Esra Dogu). 36. Sweetpotatoes (V. D. Truong, R. Y. Avula, K. Pecota and C. G. Yencho). 37. Tomato Processing, Quality, and Nutrition (Ali Motamedzadegan and Hoda Shahiri Tabarestani). Index.

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Book SynopsisMetabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids provides current research exploring the links among insulin, insulin receptors, polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain growth and disease. Specific interactions of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain development and several disease groups are described.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 History, Definition, and Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome 4 Historical Aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome 4 Definition and Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome Suggested by Various Groups and Associations 5 3 Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome 13 Is Insulin Resistance Responsible for the Metabolic Syndrome? 13 Exercise and Insulin Resistance 14 Anti-inflammatory Nature of Exercise 15 4 Is It Necessary to Redefine the Metabolic Syndrome? 22 Criteria 23 5 Is Insulin Resistance a Disorder of the Brain? 26 Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Tones and Insulin Resistance 26 Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal Pathway and Parasympathetic and Sympathetic System, and GLUT-4 and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y in Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome 27 Interaction(s) among NPY, Leptin, GLUT-4, Melanocortin, and Insulin and Its Relevance to Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome 29 Insulin and Brain 31 Insulin and Brain Monoamines 34 Obesity and Basal Energy Expenditure 39 6 Obesity 43 Definition of Obesity 44 Incidence and Prevalence of Obesity 44 Obesity Could Run in the Family 45 Growth of Fast Food Industry and Obesity 45 Why Is Obesity Harmful? 46 Genetics of Obesity 47 Gene Expression Profile in Obesity 49 Biochemical and Functional Differences between Adipose Cells of Different Regions 49 Intramyocellular Lipid Content and Insulin Resistance 51 Intramyocellular Lipid Droplets and Insulin Resistance 53 Intramyocellular Lipid Droplets, Insulin Resistance, Perilipins, and HSL 54 Perilipins in Humans 55 Factors Regulating the Expression and Action of Perilipin 56 Perilipins and Inflammation 59 Low-grade Systemic Inflammation Occurs in Obesity 59 What Causes Abdominal Obesity? 61 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD-1) Enzyme and Obesity 61 Glucocorticoids and Perilipins 63 Glucocorticoids, TNF-α, and Inflammation 64 Perilipins, 11β-HSD-1, and Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in High-Risk Groups Such as South Asians 65 7 Perinatal Nutrition and Obesity 74 Appetite Regulatory Centers Develop during the Perinatal Period 74 Ventromedial Hypothalamus Plays a Significant Role in the Development of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 76 Glucokinase in Hypothalamic Neurons and VMH Lesion in Goto-Kakizaki Rats and Their Relationship to Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 77 Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain and Their Role in the Pathobiology of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 78 NPY, Insulin, and Nitric Oxide in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 80 Insulin, Endothelial Nitric Oxide, and Metabolic Syndrome 81 Perinatal Programming of Adult Diseases 81 Fetal Nutrition Influences the Developing Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus 82 8 Essential Hypertension 86 Prevalence and Incidence of Hypertension 86 Free Radicals in the Pathobiology of Hypertension 88 Increase in Superoxide Anion Production in Hypertension: How and Why? 89 Mechanism(s) of Induction of Hypertension by Superoxide Anion 91 Role of NO in Hypertension 92 Salt, Cyclosporine, and Calcium Modulate O2−. and Endothelial NO Generation 94 L-Arginine, NO, and Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine in Hypertension and Pre-eclampsia 95 Antihypertensive Drugs Suppress Superoxide Anion and Enhance NO Generation 97 Transforming Growth Factor-β, NO, and Hypertension 97 9 Dietary Factors and Hypertension 105 Carbohydrate-rich and High-fat Diet and Hypertension 105 Fructose-induced Hypertension and Insulin Resistance and Its Modulation by Dietary Salt 106 Energy-dense Diet, Salt, and Hypertension 106 Diet-induced Hypertension, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and Nitric Oxide 107 High-sugar and High-fat-induced Hypertension and Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide 108 High-fructose and Salt-induced Hypertension and Insulin Resistance 109 High-fat and High-carbohydrate-induced Hypertension and Sympathetic Nervous Activity 111 10 Is Hypertension a Disorder of the Brain? 113 NO Synthase (NOS) Activity in the Brain, Kidney, and Endothelium and Its Relationship to Hypertension 114 Reduced Hypothalamic NOS Produces Hypertension without Altering Hypothalamic Blood Flow 115 Hypothalamic NO Regulates Sympathetic Outflow 116 Steroid-induced Hypertension and Hypothalamus 117 Exercise Enhances Hypothalamic NOS Activity 119 Both Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hence the Metabolic Syndrome Are Disorders of the Brain 119 11 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 122 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 122 Pathobiology of Type 1 Diabetes 123 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 125 Diagnostic Criteria for DM 126 Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose 127 Definition of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 127 Diagnostic Criteria for GDM 127 12 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Particular Reference to Hypothalamus 130 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Disorder of the Brain 130 Liver Communicates with the Brain through the Vagus 131 Liver and Pancreatic β Cells Communicate with Each Other through the Vagus 132 The Gut-brain-liver Axis Is Activated by Long-chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs or LCPUFAs) 132 BDNF and Obesity 136 BDNF and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Humans 137 Insulin, Melanocortin, and BDNF 138 Ghrelin, Leptin, and BDNF 138 Low-grade Systemic Inflammation Occurs in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 140 BDNF and Inflammation 141 13 Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 146 Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain 146 Glucose Transporters and Glucokinase in Hypothalamus 147 Neuron-specific Disruption of the Insulin Receptor Gene (NIRKO) 147 Insulin and Hypothalamic Neuropeptides 148 Leptin Receptors on Pancreatic β Cells 148 Glucagon-like Peptide, Insulin, and the Metabolic Syndrome 149 14 Insulin, Endothelial Nitric Oxide, and the Metabolic Syndrome 156 Insulin Resistance and Nitric Oxide 156 Ghrelin Improves Endothelial Function in the Metabolic Syndrome 159 Cross-talk between Insulin and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 159 Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Produce Insulin Resistance 161 15 Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the Metabolic Syndrome, and the Gut Microbiota 167 Gut Flora, Diet, Obesity, and Inflammation 167 Germ-free Mice Are Resistant to Obesity 168 Enteroendocrine Cell Expression of Gpr41 and Obesity 169 Low-grade Systemic Inflammation, Diet, and Obesity 171 Gastric Bypass Surgery for Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome 171 Diet, Gut, Liver, Adipose Tissue, and Hypothalamus in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome 173 16 Is It Possible That the Metabolic Syndrome Originates in the Perinatal Period? 177 Perinatal Programming of Appetite Regulatory Centers and Hypothalamic Centers 177 Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain 178 17 Essential Fatty Acids: Biochemistry and Physiology 181 Metabolism of EFAs 181 Dietary Sources of EFAs 183 Modulators of Metabolism of EFAs 183 PUFAs and SREBPs 184 Cholesterol, Saturated Fats, and Trans-fats Interfere with the Activity of ∆6 and ∆5 Desaturases 185 Actions of EFAs and Their Metabolites 188 Brief Description of Formation of Lipoxins, Resolvins, Neuroprotectin D1 (Protectins), and Maresins 193 Nitrolipids 194 18 Role of EFAs/PUFAs in Brain Growth and Development and Pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome 201 PUFAs in Brain Growth and Development 201 RAR-RXR Nuclear Receptors, PUFAs, and Neuronal Growth 202 Interaction among TNF-α, AA/EPA/DHA, and Insulin and Their Role in Neuronal Growth and Synapse Formation 202 PUFAs and Catenin, wnt, and Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Brain Growth and Development 203 β-Catenin-Wnt Signaling and PUFAs 205 Modulation of the Secretion and Function of NMDA, γ –Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), Serotonin, and Dopamine by PUFAs 205 Leptin Regulates NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART Neurons and Programs Hypothalamic “Body Weight/Appetite/Satiety Set Point” 209 PUFAs Regulate Leptin, NPY/AgRP, and POMC/CART Neurons and Participate in Programming Hypothalamic “Body Weight/ Appetite/Satiety Set Point” 212 PUFAs, Insulin, and Acetylcholine Not Only Interact among Themselves but Are Also Neuroprotective in Nature 215 PUFAs and Insulin Resistance 215 Maternal Diet Influences δ∆6 and δ∆5 Desaturases and Leptin Levels 216 Interaction(s) among Hypothalamic Neuropeptides, Gut, Adipose Tissue, Insulin, Cytokines, and Free Radicals and Its Relevance to the Pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome 217 Hypothalamic Gene Expression Profile in the RYGB Animal Model 218 Increased Phospholipase A2 Expression after RYGB Surgery and Its Relevance to Suppression of Low-grade Systemic Inflammation in the Obese and Formation of Anti-inflammatory Lipids 219 Expression of Gene for eNOS in RYGB 220 RYGB-induced Weight Loss Is Due to Changes in the Levels of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides and Monoamines 220 What Are the Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications of This Knowledge? 221 Therapeutic Implications 223 PUFAs and Endocannabinoids 224 PUFAs and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 224 Hypothalamic PUFAs Regulate Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis by Influencing ATP-sensitive K+ Channels 225 Vagus as the Communicator between Gut, Liver, and Hypothalamus 227 19 EFAs/PUFAs and Their Metabolites in Insulin Resistance 240 GLUT-4 in Insulin Resistance 240 Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces Insulin Resistance 242 Caloric Restriction Influences Insulin Signaling Pathway, Antioxidants, daf genes, PTEN, Sirtuins (Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homologue), and Longevity and Their Relationship to Insulin Resistance 242 PUFAs Can Reduce Insulin Resistance 244 PUFAs, GLUT-4, TNF-α, Anti-oxidants, daf Genes, SIRT1, and PPARs 245 Clinical Implications of the Interactions among PUFAs, daf Genes, PPARs, and Sirtuins 246 20 EFAs/PUFAs and Atherosclerosis 252 Atherosclerosis Is a Systemic Inflammatory Condition 252 Cross-talk among Platelets, Leukocytes, and Endothelial Cells 253 Leukocytes and Atherosclerosis 254 EFAs Modulate Uncoupling Protein-1 Expression 255 Interaction(s) among ω-3 and ω-6 Fatty Acids and Trans-fats and Saturated Fats 255 Atheroprotective Actions of ω-3 and ω-6 Fatty Acids: How and Why? 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisPart of the IFT (Institute of Food Technologists) series, this book discusses multiphysics modeling and its application in the development, optimization, and scale-up of emerging food processing technologies. The book covers recent research outcomes to demonstrate process efficiency and the impact on scalability, safety, and quality, and technologies including High Pressure Processing, High Pressure Thermal Sterilization, Radiofrequency, Ultrasound, Ultraviolet, and Pulsed Electric Fields Processing. Ideal for food and process engineers, food technologists, equipment designers, microbiologists, and research and development personnel, this book covers the importance and the methods for applying multiphysics modeling for the design, development, and application of these technologies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xiii 1. Introduction to Innovative Food Processing Technologies: Background, Advantages, Issues, and Need for Multiphysics Modeling 3Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas, Abdul Ghani Albaali, Pablo Juliano, and Kai Knoerzer 2. The Need for Thermophysical Properties in Simulating Emerging Food Processing Technologies 23Pablo Juliano, Francisco Javier Trujillo, Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas, and Kai Knoerzer 3. Neural Networks: Their Role in High-Pressure Processing 39José S. Torrecilla and Pedro D. Sanz 4. Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied in High-Pressure Processing Scale-Up 57Cornelia Rauh and Antonio Delgado 5. Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied in High-Pressure High-Temperature Processes: Spore Inactivation Distribution and Process Optimization 75Pablo Juliano, Kai Knoerzer, and Cornelis Versteeg 6. Computer Simulation for Microwave Heating 101Hao Chen and Juming Tang 7. Simulating and Measuring Transient Three-Dimensional Temperature Distributions in Microwave Processing 131Kai Knoerzer, Marc Regier, and Helmar Schubert 8. Multiphysics Modeling of Ohmic Heating 155Peter J. Fryer, Georgina Porras-Parral, and Serafim Bakalis 9. Basics for Modeling of Pulsed Electric Field Processing of Foods 171Nicolás Meneses, Henry Jaeger, and Dietrich Knorr 10. Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied in Pulsed Electric Field Preservation of Liquid Foods 193Nicolás Meneses, Henry Jaeger, and Dietrich Knorr 11. Novel, Multi-Objective Optimization of Pulsed Electric Field Processing for Liquid Food Treatment 209Jens Krauss, Özgür Ertunç, Cornelia Rauh, and Antonio Delgado 12. Modeling the Acoustic Field and Streaming Induced by an Ultrasonic Horn Reactor 233Francisco Javier Trujillo and Kai Knoerzer 13. Computational Study of Ultrasound-Assisted Drying of Food Materials 265Enrique Riera, José Vicente García-Pérez, Juan Andrés Cárcel, Victor M. Acosta, and Juan A. Gallego-Juárez 14. Characterization and Simulation of Ultraviolet Processing of Liquid Foods Using Computational Fluid Dynamics 303Larry Forney, Tatiana Koutchma, and Zhengcai Ye 15. Multiphysics Modeling of Ultraviolet Disinfection of Liquid Food—Performance Evaluation Using a Concept of Disinfection Efficiency 325Huachen Pan 16. Continuous Chromatographic Separation Technology—Modeling and Simulation 335Filip Janakievski 17. The Future of Multiphysics Modeling of Innovative Food Processing Technologies 353Peter J. Fryer, Kai Knoerzer, and Pablo Juliano Index 365

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Book SynopsisFeaturing authors from academia as well as industry, this book provides a broad view of carbohydrates influencing digestive health. Part 1 is a general overview of carbohydrates that function as prebiotics or fermentable carbohydrates. Part 2 is a more in depth examination of specific carbohydrates for digestive health and applications.Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Fiber and Nondigestible Carbohydrates: Definition, Health Aspects, and Perspectives 1Teri M. Paeschke and William R. Aimutis Chapter 2 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Microflora 15William R. Aimutis and Kayla Polzin Chapter 3 The Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics in the Gastrointestinal Tract 37Marie-Claire Arrieta, Jon Meddings, and Catherine J. Field Chapter 4 Lower Gut Hormones and Health Effects Associated with Consumption of Fermentable Fibers 79Michael J. Keenan, Jun Zhou, Reshani Senevirathene, Marlene Janes, and Roy J. Martin Chapter 5 Animal, In Vitro, and Cell Culture Models to Study the Role of Dietary Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Humans 97Trevor A. Faber and George C. Fahey, Jr. Chapter 6 Impact of Fiber on Gastrointestinal Microbiota 125Koen Venema Chapter 7 Fermentable Carbohydrates and Digestive Health 165Joanne Slavin Chapter 8 Overview of Dietary Fiber and its Influence on Gastrointestinal Health 185Devin J. Rose and Bruce R. Hamaker Chapter 9 Toward Second-Generation Carbohydrate Functional Food Ingredients 223Robert A. Rastall Chapter 10 Whole Grains and Digestive Health 245Isabel Bondia-Pons, Jenni Lappi, Emilia Selinheimo, Marjukka Kolehmainen, Hannu Mykkänen, and Kaisa Poutanen Chapter 11 Fermentability of Polydextrose, Resistant Maltodextrin, and Other Soluble Fibers: Prebiotic Potential 273Maria Stewart Chapter 12 Development and Evaluation Bimuno® a Novel Second-Generation PrebioticGalactooligosaccharide Mixture 295George Tzortzis Chapter 13 Concluding Remarks: Gastrointestinal Health and Nondigestible Carbohydrates 313William R. Aimutis and Teri M. Paeschke Appendix Nondigestible Carbohydrates: Structure and Sources 321 Index 331

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Book SynopsisFunctional foods are emerging as key drivers of the global food economy and dairy ingredients and technology are at the forefront in these developments. Advances in Dairy Ingredients provides an international perspective on recent developments in the area of dairy ingredients and dairy technology.Trade Review“This book provides an international perspective on recent developments in the area of dairy ingredients and dairy technology. It brings together experts from around the world to provide insights into the scientific basis for the success of dairy ingredients in modern food products and a glimpse into the future of new dairy ingredients and foods on the horizon.” (South African Food Science and Technology, 1 November 2015) “The book is generally an excellent addition to pertinent literature in dairy sciences; it is a necessary reference for students, researchers and dairy manufacturers interested in developing and expanding the markets of their products.” (Science Progress, 1 March 2014) Table of ContentsContributors xv Preface xvii 1 Dairy Protein Powders 3 P. Schuck 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Extraction of Milk Proteins 5 1.2.1 Milk proteins 5 1.2.2 Separation of proteins 5 1.2.3 Pretreatment of milk 6 1.3 Drying Principles 10 1.3.1 Roller drying 10 1.3.2 Spray drying and fl uid bed drying/cooling 11 1.4 Drying of Dairy Proteins 17 1.4.1 Heat treatment 17 1.4.2 Water transfer 18 1.4.3 Energy consumption 18 1.5 Powder Properties 20 1.5.1 Powder structure 20 1.5.2 Particle size distribution 20 1.5.3 Powder density 20 1.5.4 Flowability 21 1.5.5 Rehydration of dairy protein powders 22 1.6 Conclusion 25 2 Lactose: Chemistry, Processing, and Utilization 31 J.A. Hourigan, E.V. Lifran, L.T.T. Vu, Y. Listiohadi, and R.W. Sleigh 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Forms and Properties of Lactose 32 2.2.1 Types of lactose 33 2.2.2 Mutarotation 38 2.2.3 Solubility and supersaturation 38 2.2.4 Properties of lactose crystals 42 2.3 Manufacture of Lactose 43 2.3.1 Industrial processes for α-lactose monohydrate 44 2.3.2 Creation of amorphous lactose during the α-lactose monohydrate manufacturing process 47 2.3.3 Crystallization theory and research trends 48 2.3.4 Effect of impurities on lactose crystal growth 51 2.4 Effect of Moisture on Lactose in the Solid State 53 2.4.1 Moisture-induced crystallization of amorphous lactose 53 2.4.2 Effect of moisture on the crystalline forms of lactose 56 2.4.3 Effect of moisture and amorphous lactose content in lactose-rich dairy powders 57 2.5 Lactose Applications 58 2.6 Summary 60 3 Dairy Ingredients Containing Milk Fat Globule Membrane: Description, Composition, and Industrial Potential 71 X. Elías-Argote, A. Laubscher, and R. Jiménez-Flores 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Origin and Function of the MFGM 73 3.3 Composition and Structure of the MFGM 75 3.3.1 Lipids of the milk fat globule membrane 76 3.3.2 Milk fat globule membrane proteins 79 3.4 Health Benefi ts of the Milk Fat Globule Membrane 83 3.4.1 Anticancer properties of MFGM 83 3.4.2 Antimicrobial and antiviral properties of the MFGM 84 3.4.3 MFGM and lactic acid bacteria binding 84 3.5 Technical Aspects and Foods Based on MFGM 85 3.5.1 Emulsifying and stabilizing properties of MFGM 85 3.5.2 Potential delivery systems derived from MFGM 86 3.5.3 MFGM components as part of food systems 86 3.5.4 Isolation of the MFGM 87 3.6 MFGM: A Novel Product from Dairy Products 88 3.7 Methodology to Monitor the Biological Activity of the MFGM Before and After Processing 90 3.7.1 Atomic force microscopy 90 3.7.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 90 3.7.3 Laser tweezers and the MFGM 91 3.8 The Future of MFGM and Its Components 92 4 Biofunctional Dairy Protein Fractions 99 H. Roginski, L. Bennett, H. Korhonen, S.F. Gauthier, Y. Pouliot, and B.W. Woonton 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Physiologically Active Peptides from Milk 99 4.2.1 Antihypertensive peptides 100 4.2.2 Biological role of antithrombotic peptides 101 4.2.3 Biological role of immunomodulatory peptides 102 4.2.4 Biological role of opioid receptor-binding peptides 103 4.2.5 Biological role of metal-binding peptides 104 4.2.6 Conclusions 105 4.3 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effects of Milk Proteins and Peptides 105 4.3.1 Antimicrobial proteins 106 4.3.2 Antimicrobial peptides 110 4.3.3 Antiviral proteins and peptides from milk 114 4.3.4 Conclusions 116 4.4 Immunoglobulins 116 4.4.1 Structure 117 4.4.2 Recovery and purifi cation 117 4.4.3 Biological effects 118 4.5 Milk Growth Factors 118 4.5.1 Composition and characteristics 119 4.5.2 Methods for extracting growth factors 119 4.5.3 Health benefi ts of milk growth factors 122 4.5.4 Future developments 123 4.6 Glycomacropeptide 123 4.6.1 Structure 123 4.6.2 Physiological effects in humans and animals 125 4.6.3 Future developments 126 5 Modern Chromatographic Separation Technologies for Isolation of Dairy Ingredients 137 B.W. Woonton, U. Kulozik, K. De Silva, and G.W. Smithers 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Isolation of Dairy Components Using Resin-Based Chromatography 138 5.2.1 Chromatographic hardware 138 5.2.2 Chromatographic adsorbents 141 5.2.3 Commercial applications of resin chromatography in the dairy industry 145 5.3 Membrane Adsorption Chromatography (MAC) 148 5.3.1 Principles of MAC technology and technical description 148 5.3.2 Separation of aCMP and gCMP by means of MAC 151 5.3.3 Separation of aCMP and gCMP in a direct capture mode 154 5.3.4 Processing scheme for the separation of CMP 156 5.4 Conclusions 156 6 Nonthermal Technologies in Dairy Processing 161 H.C. Deeth, N. Datta, and C. Versteeg 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 High Pressure Processing 164 6.2.1 Principle 164 6.2.2 Equipment and operation 165 6.2.3 Effect on milk components 166 6.2.4 Applications 172 6.3 High Pressure Homogenization 177 6.3.1 Principle 177 6.3.2 Effect on milk components 178 6.3.3 Effect on products 183 6.3.4 Commercial developments 184 6.4 Ultrasonication 184 6.4.1 Principle 185 6.4.2 Setup 185 6.4.3 Effect on milk components 186 6.4.4 Applications 189 6.4.5 Commercial developments 192 6.5 Pulsed Electric Field Technology 192 6.5.1 Principle 193 6.5.2 Effect on milk components 194 6.5.3 Effects on products and processes 198 6.5.4 Commercial developments 199 6.6 Further Reading 200 7 Spray-Dried Dairy-Based Emulsions for the Delivery of Bioactives 217 M.A. Augustin and L. Sanguansri 7.1 Introduction 217 7.2 Considerations for Delivery of Bioactives 218 7.3 Spray-Dried Dairy-Based Emulsions 220 7.3.1 Formulation and preparation of emulsions 221 7.3.2 Spray drying of emulsions 222 7.4 Casein and Whey Protein-Based Spray-Dried Emulsions 223 7.4.1 Factors affecting physical stability 223 7.4.2 Emulsions for delivery of bioactives 224 7.5 Incorporation of Bioactive Ingredients into Functional Foods 226 7.6 Conclusion 227 8 Utilizing Dairy Protein Functionality in Food Microstructure Design 229 M. Golding 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Casein Functionality in Structured Foods 230 8.2.1 Acid coagulation 231 8.2.2 Enzymatic modifi cation 232 8.2.3 High pressure 236 8.2.4 Mixed biopolymer effects 241 8.3 Applications of Whey Protein Structuring in Foods 250 8.4 Milk Proteins as Emulsifi ers 252 8.5 Milk Proteins as Foaming Agents 258 8.6 Conclusions 260 9 Probiotics and Prebiotics 269 D.Y. Ying and C. Gantenbein-Demarchi 9.1 Introduction 269 9.2 Defi nitions 270 9.3 Probiotics 271 9.3.1 Historical aspects 271 9.3.2 Overview of important probiotic strains 272 9.3.3 Health benefi ts 274 9.3.4 Safety assessments of probiotics 275 9.3.5 Consumer acceptance and product overview 276 9.3.6 Probiotic dairy products and the world market 277 9.3.7 Other probiotic food products and recent developments 278 9.3.8 Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics for food use 278 9.4 Prebiotics 279 9.5 Challenges and Approaches for Probiotic Ingredients 281 9.5.1 Strain selection 282 9.5.2 Understanding the probiotic mechanism 283 9.5.3 Survival of probiotics 283 9.5.4 Microencapsulation of probiotics 285 10 Dairy Ingredient Safety: The No Compromise Area 291 D. Eddy and A. Astin 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Background 292 10.3 Dairy Developments 292 10.4 Processing Requirements 294 10.5 Hazards and Risks 294 10.6 Regulation 295 10.7 Microbiological Ecology 296 10.8 Food Safety Programs and Food Safety Objectives 297 10.9 Emerging Processing Technologies 298 10.10 Validation and Verifi cation 299 10.11 Conclusion 300 11 Market Acceptance of Dairy Ingredients: What Consumers Are Thinking and Demanding 303 B. Davis and B. Katz 11.1 Background: Recognition and Relevance Are Drivers of Consumer Acceptance 303 11.2 Shopper Interest in Select Functional Benefi ts 306 11.2.1 Cognitive performance 306 11.2.2 Weight management 307 11.2.3 Lifestyle concerns 309 11.2.4 Gastrointestinal health 310 11.3 Concluding Remarks 311 12 The Future of Dairy Ingredients: Critical Considerations That Will Underpin Future Success 313 P.S. Tong and G.W. Smithers 12.1 Introduction 313 12.2 Evolution of Dairy Ingredients 313 12.2.1 “First-generation” dairy ingredients 314 12.2.2 “Second-generation” dairy ingredients 315 12.2.3 “Third-generation” dairy ingredients 315 12.3 Next Generation of Dairy Ingredients 315 12.3.1 Verifi able dairy food quality and safety 316 12.3.2 Optimal nutritional and functional performance 316 12.3.3 Sustainability, environment, and animal welfare 316 12.4 Conclusions 316 Index 319

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Book Synopsis* Emphasizes the application of carbohydrate chemistry to understanding the chemistry, physical and functional properties of food carbohydrates. * Structure and nomenclature of sugars and sugar derivatives are covered, focusing on those derivatives that exist naturally in foods or are used as food additives.Table of ContentsContributors xv Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix 1 Classifying, Identifying, Naming, and Drawing Sugars and Sugar Derivatives 1 Structure and Nomenclature of Monosaccharides 2 Aldoses and Ketoses 2 Configurations of Aldose Sugars 3 D- vs. L-Sugars 3 Different Ways of Depicting Sugar Structures 5 Fischer, Haworth, Mills, and Conformational Structures 5 Classifying Sugars by Compound Class—Hemiacetals, Hemiketals, Acetals, and Ketals 7 Structure and Nomenclature of Disacchaarides 8 Structure and Optical Activity 10 A Systematic Procedure for Determining Conformation (C-1 or 1-C), Chiral Family (D or L), and Anomeric Form (or ) of Sugar Pyranoid Ring Structures 13 Structure and Nomenclature of Sugar Derivatives with Relevance to Food Chemistry 14 Glycols (Alditols) 14 Glyconic, Glycuronic, and Glycaric Acids 15 Deoxy Sugars 17 Amino Sugars and Glycosyl Amines 17 Glycosides 18 Sugar Ethers and Sugar Esters 19 Vocabulary 20 References 21 2 Sugar Composition of Foods 23 Introduction 23 Sugar Content of Foods 24 Composition of Sweeteners 24 Cane and Beet Sugar 24 Honey 26 Starch-Derived Sweeteners 27 Inulin Syrup 28 Sugar Composition of Fruits and Fruit Juices 28 Vocabulary 31 References 31 3 Reactions of Sugars 35 Introduction 35 Mutarotation 35 Oxidation of Sugars 39 Glycoside Formation 40 Acid Catalyzed Sugar Reactions 42 Alkaline-Catalyzed Sugar Reactions 43 Summary 45 Vocabulary 47 References 47 4 Browning Reactions 49 Introduction 50 Key Reactions in Maillard Browning 51 Introductory Comments 51 Sugar-Amino Condensation 51 The Amadori and Heyn’s Rearrangements 53 Dehydration, Enolization, and Rearrangement Reactions 54 The Strecker Degradation 55 Final Stages: Condensation and Polymerization 58 An Alternate Free-Radical Mechanism for Nonenzymatic Browning 58 Measurement of Maillard Browning 59 Control of Maillard Browning 60 Introductory Comments 60 Water Activity 60 The Importance of pH 61 Nature of Reactants 62 Temperature 65 Oxygen 68 Chemical Inhibitors 68 Other Browning Reactions 68 Caramelization 68 Ascorbic Acid Browning 69 Enzymatic Browning 69 Assessing Contributing Factors to Nonenzymatic Browning 70 Vocabulary 72 References 72 5 Functional Properties of Sugars 77 Introduction 77 Taste Properties of Sugars 78 The Shallenberger–Acree Theory for Sweetness Perception 80 Sugar Solubility 83 Crystallinity of Sugars 85 Hygroscopicity 86 Humectancy 87 Viscosity 87 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation 87 Osmotic Effects 88 Vocabulary 88 References 88 6 Analytical Methods 91 Introduction 91 Physical Methods 92 Refractometry 92 Density 94 Polarimetry 95 Colorimetric Methods 95 Total Sugars by Phenol-Sulfuric Acid 95 Reducing Sugar Methods 96 Chromatographic Methods 96 Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography 96 Gas–Liquid Chromatography 97 HPLC 100 Enzymic Methods 102 Carbon Stable-Isotopic Ratio Analysis (SIRA) 103 References 104 7 Starch in Foods 107 Introduction 108 Sources of Starch 108 Molecular Structure of Starch 109 Starch Granules 112 Gelatinization and Pasting: The Cooking of Starch 113 Retrogradation and Gelation: The Cooling of Cooked Starch 115 Monitoring Starch Transitions 118 Microscopy 118 Viscometric Methods 118 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 119 Starch Hydrolytic Enzymes 120 -Amylase 121 -Amylase 122 Modified Starches 122 Physical Modifications 123 Chemical Modifications 125 Resistant Starch 127 Concluding Remarks 129 Vocabulary 129 References 131 8 Plant CellWall Polysaccharides 135 Introduction: Why Plant Cell Walls are Important 135 Cellulose 137 Hemicelluloses 139 Xyloglucans 139 Heteroxylans 140 (1→3),(1→4)--D-Glucans 140 Mannans 141 Pectic Polysaccharides 141 Interactions Between Polysaccharides and Cellulose 143 The Plant Cell Wall Structure 144 Vocabulary 145 References 145 9 Nutritional Roles of Carbohydrates 147 Introduction 147 The Digestive Process: From the Bucchal Cavity through the Small Intestine 148 Absorption of Sugars 149 Sugar Metabolism 152 The Large Intestine and the Digestive Process 153 The Colon 153 Intestinal Microflora 153 Fate of Nonabsorbed Monosaccharides, Sugar Derivatives, and Oligosaccharides 155 Dietary Fiber 158 Carbohydrate Nutrition and Human Health 159 Vocabulary 162 References 163 Appendices 165 Unit 1. Laboratory/Homework Exercise—Building Molecular Models of Sugar Molecules 167 Unit 2. Homework Exercise—Recognizing Hemiacetal, Hemiketal, Acetal, and Ketal Functional Groups 171 Unit 3. Laboratory/Homework Exercise—Specification of Conformation (C-1 or 1-C), Chiral Family (D or L), and Anomeric Form (or ) of Sugar Pyranoid Ring Structures 175 Unit 4. Demonstration of the Existence of Plane-Polarized Light and the Ability of Sugar Solutions to Rotate Plane-Polarized Light 181 Unit 5. Laboratory Exercise—Sugar Polarimetry 183 Unit 6. Laboratory Exercise or Lecture Demonstration—The Fehling’s Test for Reducing Sugars 187 Unit 7. Laboratory Exercise—Student-Designed Maillard Browning Experiments 189 Unit 8. Laboratory Exercise or Lecture Demonstration—Microscopic Examination of Starch 193 Unit 9. Names and Structures of Oligosaccharides 197 Index 211

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Book SynopsisAiming to contribute to reliable and realistic predictions, this book focuses on sampling times from a few seconds to a few hours. Its objectives include: developing definitions of statistical terms; identifying areas where further information is required to define concentration variability statistics; formulating an operation model; and more.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Background and Objectives. 2. Sampling and Averaging Time Definitions. 3. Effect of Averaging Time on Mean Calculations. 4. Concentration Fluctuation Modeling. 5. Probability Distributions. 6. Release Height and Source Size Effects on Fluctuation Intensity. 7. Source Density Effects on Fluctuations. 8. Buildings and Obstacles. 9. Threshold Crossing and peak Levels. 10. Framework for an Operational Model. Appendix A. Averaging and Sampling Time Effects on Plume Spread Velocity and Concentration Fluctuations. Appendix B. Peak Values and Threshold Crossing Probability. Appendix C. Eulerian and Lagrangian Turbulence Scales. References. Nomenclature. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvances the science of vapor cloud dispersion by: describing how structures at an urban or industrial site affect dispersion; explaining surface roughness length (z0) and displacement length (d); and presenting criteria for when the structures should be considered broadly as roughness elements.

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Book SynopsisOrganic syntheses consists of protocols for the synthesis of useful chemical compounds. Organic Syntheses, Volume 87 provides carefully checked and edited experimental protocols that describe important synthetic methods, transformations, reagents, and synthetic building blocks or intermediates with demonstrated utility in organic synthesis. For each protocol, safety warnings are presented along with detailed experimental descriptions for the preparation, purification, and identification of the compound. Additionally, special reaction conditions are also detailed. This current volume continues the tradition of providing significant and interesting procedures for synthetic chemists working in increasingly diverse areas.Trade Review"Organic Syntheses, Volume 87 provides carefully checked and edited experimental protocols that describe important synthetic methods, transformations, reagents, and synthetic building blocks or intermediates with demonstrated uitlity in organic synthesis." (Book Circle, 1 September 2011) Table of ContentsMetal-Free One-Pot Oxidative Amination of Aromatic Aldehydes: Conversion of Benzaldehyde to N-Benzoyl Pyrrolidine 1 Kekeli Ekoue-Kovi and Christian Wolf A Practical and Scalable Synthesis of N-Halo Compounds: 2-Chloro-6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline 8 Yong-Li Zhong and Paul G. Bulger Regioselective C-4 Bromination of Oxazoles: 4-Bromo-5-(Thiophen-2-YL) Oxazole 16 Bryan Li, Richard A. Buzon, and Zhijun Zhang Synthesis of Spiroborate Esters from 1,2-Aminoalcohols, Ethylene Glycol and Triisopropyl Borate: Preparation of (S)-1-(1,3,2-Dioxaborolan-2-Yloxy)-3-Methyl-1,1-Diphenylbutan-2-Amine 26 Viatcheslav Stepanenko, Kun Huang and Margarita Ortiz-Marciales Catalytic Enantioselective Borane Reduction of Benzyl Oximes: Preparation of (S)-1-Pyridin-3-YL-Ethylamine BIS Hydrochloride 36 Kun Huang and Margarita Ortiz-Marciales Stereoselective Synthesis of 3-Arylacrylates by Copper-Catalyzed Syn Hydroarylation 53 Naohiro Kirai and Yoshihiko Yamamoto Preparation of (S)-3,3’-BIS-Morpholinomethyl-5,5’,6,6’,7,7’,8,8’-Octahydro-1,1’-BI-2-Naphthol 59 Mark Turlington and Lin Pu Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of an In-Situ Prepared Arylzinc to Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde: (R)-(+)-α-Cyclohexyl-3-Methoxy-Benzenemethanol 68 Albert M. DeBerardinis, Mark Turlington, and Lin Pu Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 1,3-Dimesitylimidazolinium Chloride 77 Morgan Hans and Lionel Delaude Synthesis of (3-Chlorobutyl)Benzene by the Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrochlorination of 4-Phenyl-1-Butene 88 Boris Gaspar, Jerome Waser, and Erick M. Carreira Synthesis of Substituted Indazoles via (3+2) Cycloaddition of Benzyne and Diazo Compounds 95 Feng Shi and Richard C. Larock Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Using an Air-Stable Trimethylaluminum Source. Preparation of Ethyl 4-Methylbenzoate 104 Andrej Vinogradov and Simon Woodward Synthesis of Dimethyl 2-Phenycyclopropane-1,1-Dicarboxylate Using an Iodonium Ylide Derived from Dimethyl Malonate 115 Sébastien R. Goudreau, David Marcoux and Andre B. Charette New, Convenient Route for Trifluoromethylation of Steroidal Molecules 126 Xiang-Shu Fei, Wei-Sheng Tian, Kai Ding, Yun Wang and Qing-Yun Chen Preparation of Ethyl 1-Benzyl-4-Fluoropiperidine-4-Carboxylate 137 Jianshe Kong, Tao Meng, Pauline Ting, and Jesse Wong Lithium Amides as Homochiral Ammonia Equivalents for Conjugate Additions to α,ß-Unsaturated Esters: Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)-ß-Leucine 143 Stephen G. Davies, Ai M. Fletcher, and Paul M. Roberts Cyclohexene Imine (7-Aza-Bicyclo[4.1.0]Heptane) 161 Iain D. G. Watson, Nicholas Afagh and Andrei K. Yudin Preparation of (E)-(2-Iodovinyl)Benzene From Benzyl Bromide and Diiodomethane 170 James A. Bull, James J. Mousseau and André B. Charette Synthesis of Tetraorganosilanes: (Chloromethyl)Dimethylphenylsilane 178 Submitted by Kei Murakami, Hideki Yorimitsu, and Koichiro Oshima A General Method for Copper-Catalyzed Arylation of Acidic Arene C-H Bonds. Preparation of 2-Chloro-5-(3-Methylphenyl)-Thiophene 184 Joseph Alvarado, Hien-Quang Do, and Olafs Daugulis 1,3,5-Triacetylbenzene 192 Peter J. Alaimo, Amanda-Lynn Marshall, David M. Andrews and Joseph M. Langenhan Organocatalytic α-Methylenation of Aldehydes: Preparation of 3,7-Dimethyl-2-Methylene-6-Octenal 201 Meryem Benohoud, Anniina Erkkilä, and Petri M. Pihko Ruthenium-Catalyzed Arylation of Ortho C-H Bond in an Aromatic with an Arylboronate: 8-Phenyl-1-Tetralone 209 Kentaroh Kitazawa, Takuya Kochi, and Fumitoshi Kakiuchi Amide Formation by Decarboxylative Condensation of Hydroxylamines and α-Ketoacids: N-[(1S)-1 Phenylethyl]-Benzeneacetamide 218 Lei Ju and Jeffrey W. Bode One-Pot Diazotization and Heck Reaction of Methyl Anthranilate: 2-(3-Oxopropyl) Benzoic Acid Methyl Ester 226 Florencio Zaragoza Synthesis of Ynamides by Copper-Mediated Coupling of 1,1-Dibromo-1-Alkenes with Nitrogen Nucleophiles. Preparation of 4-Methyl-N-(2-Phenylethynyl)-N-(Phenylmethyl)Benzenesulfonamide 231 Alexis Coste, François Couty and Gwilherm Evano Direct Fluorination of the Carbonyl Group of Benzophenones Using Deoxo-Fluor®: Preparation of BIS(4-Fluorophenyl) Difluoromethane 245 Ying Chang, Hyelee Lee, Chulsung Bae Preparation and [2+2] Cycloaddition of 1-Triisopropylsiloxy-1-Hexyne with Methyl Crotonate: 3-Butyl-4-Methyl-2-Triisopropylsiloxy-Cyclobut-2-Enecarboxylic Acid Methyl Ester 253 Valeriy Shubinets, Michael P. Schramm, and Sergey A. Kozmin Pd(0)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic and Homoallylic Diamination of 4-Phenyl-1-Butene with DI-Tert-Butyldiaziridinone 263 Baoguo Zhao, Haifeng Du, Renzhong Fu, and Yian Shi Synthesis of Enamides from Ketones: Preparation of N-(3,4-Dihydronaphthalene-1-YL)Acetamide 275 Hang Zhao, Charles P. Vandenbossche, Stefan G. Koenig, Surendra P. Singh, and Roger P. Bakale Safe and Scalable Preparation of Barluenga’s Reagent 288 Justin M. Chalker, Amber L. Thompson, and Benjamin G. Davis Palladium-Catalyzed Alkyl-Alkyl Suzuki Cross-Couplings of Primary Alkyl Bromides at Room Temperature: (13-Chlorotridecyloxy)Triethylsilane 299 Sha Lou and Gregory C. Fu Synthesis of Chiral Pyridine Bis(Oxazoline) Ligands for Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Negishi Cross-Couplings of Secondary allylic Chlorides with Alkylzincs:2,6-BIS[(4R)-4,5-Dihydro-4-(2-Phenylethyl)-2-Oxazolyl]-Pyridine 310 Sha Lou and Gregory C. Fu Nickel-Catalyzed Asymetric Negishi Cross-Couplings of Racemic Secondary Allylic Chlorides with Alkylzincs: (S,E)-Ethyl 6-(1,3-Dioxolan-2-YL)-4-Methylhex-2-Enoate 317 Sha Lou and Gregory C. Fu Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Negishi Cross-Couplings of Racemic Secondary a-Bromo Amides with Alkylzinc Reagents: (s)-N-Benzyl-7-Cyano-2-Ethyl-N-Phenylheptanamide 330 Sha Lou and Gregory C. Fu One-Pot Synthesis of 5H-Indazolo-[3,2-b] Benzo[d]-1,3-Oxazine: Two Efficient Preparative Methods 339 Danielle M. Solano, Jeffrey D. Butler, Makhluf J. Haddadin and Mark J. Kurth Preparation of Chiral and Achiral Triazolium Salts: Carbene Precursors with Demonstrated Synthesis Utility 350 Harit U. Vora, Stephen P. Lathrop, Nathan T. Reynolds, Mark S. kerr, Javier Read de Alaniz, and Tomislav Rovis Synthesis of A N-Mesityl Substituted Aminoindanol-Derived Triazolium Salt 362 Justin R. Struble and Jeffrey W. Bode Preparation of O-Allyl-N-(9-Anthracenyl-Methyl)-Cinchonidium Bromide as a Phase Transfer Catalyst 377 E. J. Corey and Mark C. Noe

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Book SynopsisThis book describes advances in synthesis, processing, and technology of environmentally friendly polymers generated from renewable resources.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 High Performance Polymers: An Overview 1 V. Mittal 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Poly (ether amide) and Poly(ether amide-imide) 3 1.3 Poly(arylene ether) 7 1.4 Benzoxazine Polymers 8 1.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 11 1.6 Polytriazole 14 1.7 Hyperbranched Conjugated Polymers 15 1.8 Alternating Copolymers 19 1.9 References 20 2 Synthesis and Properties of Polyoxadiazoles 21 Dominique de Figueiredo Gomes 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Synthesis of Polyoxadiazoles in Poly(phosphoric acid) 24 2.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyoxadiazoles 27 2.4 Application Fields 32 2.5 References 46 3 Conjugated Polymers Based on Benzo[l,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene for Organic Electronics 49 Huaxing Zhou and Wei You 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 General Synthetic Methods for BDT Monomers and Polymers 50 3.3 Application of BDT-Based Polymers in OFET and PSC 56 3.4 Outlook 76 3.5 References 76 Polysulfone-Based Ionomers 81 Cristina Iojoiu and Rakhi Sood 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Polysulfone Backbone and Selection of the Ionic Function 83 4.3 lonomer Synthesis and Characterization 85 4.4 Conclusion 107 4.5 References 107 5 High-Performance Processable Aromatic Polyamides 111 S Banerjee and S Maji 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Monomers 113 5.3 Polymerization 116 5.4 Major Problem with Aromatic Polyamides 121 5.5 Approaches to Processable Polyamides 121 5.6 Processable Linear Aromatic Polyamides 122 5.7 Processable Hyperbranched Aromatic Polyamides 134 5.8 Properties 143 5.9 Applications 149 5.10 Conclusion 162 5.11 References 162 6 Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfones 167 Oana Petreus and Tudor Petreus 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Synthesis of Phosphorus Containing Polysulfones 171 6.3 Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfones (P-PSF) 178 6.4 High Performance Applications of Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfones 188 6.5 References 198 7 Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polyimides 205 Atsushi Morikawa 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Synthesis of Polyimides 207 7.3 Properties of Aromatic Polyimides 211 7.4 Conclusions 238 7.5 References 240 8 The Effects of Structures on Properties of New Polytriazole Resins 243 Farong Huang, Liqiang Wan, Lei Du, YanhongHu, Yanpeng E and Yujing Li 8.1 Introduction 244 8.2 The Preparation of Polytriazole Resins 245 8.3 Reactivity of Crosslinkable Polytriazole Resins 251 8.4 Glass Transition Temperatures of Polytriazole Resins 253 8.5 Mechanical Properties of Polytriazole Resins 259 8.6 Dielectric Properties of Polytriazole Resins 260 8.7 Thermal Stabilities of Polytriazole Resins 261 8.8 Conclusions 263 8.9 Acknowledgement 265 8.10 References 265 9 High Performance Fibers 269 Mehdi Afshari, Richard Kotek, Peng Chen Introduction 269 9.1 PIPD or "M5" Rigid Rod 270 9.2 "Zylon" PBO Rigid Rod Polymer Fibers 279 9.3 Aromatic Polyamide-Rigid Rod "Kevlar" Poly(p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Fibers 296 9.4 Spectra, Dyneema UHMWPE Flexible Polymer Chain 307 9.5 Carbon Fibers 318 9.6 Advances in Improving Performance of Conventional Fibers 323 9.7 Conclusions 331 9.8 Acknowledgments 331 9.9 References 332 10 Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers 341 G Wang 10.1 Introduction 341 10.2 General Synthetic Methods of PAEK Copolymers 342 10.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Structural Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers 342 10.4 Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers 351 10.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers with Pendent Group 367 10.6 Synthesis and Characterization of poly (aryl ether ketone) copolymers with Containing 2,7 -Naphthalene Moieties 377 10.7 References 383 11 Liquid Crystalline Thermoset Epoxy Resins 387 P. Kannan and P. Sudhakara 11.1 Liquid Crystals 387 11.2 Liquid Crystalline Thermosets Based on Epoxy Resins 392 11.3 Synthesis and Physical Properties of LCERs 396 11.4 References 420 Index 423

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Book SynopsisProviding a modern update of the field, Mossbauer Spectroscopy focuses on applications across a broad range of fields, including analysis of inorganic elements, nanoparticles, metalloenzymyes, biomolecules (including proteins), glass, coal, and iron. Ideal for a broad range of scientists, this one-stop reference presents advances gained in the field over past two decades, including a detailed theoretical description of Mossbauer spectroscopy, an extensive treatment of Mossbauer spectroscopy in applied areas, and challenges and future opportunities for the further development of this technique.Table of ContentsPreface xix Contributors xxi Chapter 1 In-Situ Mössbauer Spectroscopy with Synchrotron Radiation on Thin Films 3 S Stankov, T Ślęzak, M Zając, M Ślęzak, M Sladecek, R Röhlsberger, B. Sepiol, G Vogl, N Spiridis, J Łażewski, K Parliński, and J Korecki 1 1 Introduction 3 1.2 Instrumentation 4 1.3 Synchrotron radiation-based Mössbauer techniques 10 References 39 Chapter 2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Studying Electronic Spin and Valence States of Ironin the Earth’s Lower Mantle 43 Jung-Fu Lin, Zhu Mao, and Ercan E Alp 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Synchrotron Mössbauer Spectroscopy at High Pressures and Temperatures 44 2.3 Crystal Field Theory on the 3d Electronic States 46 2.4 Conclusion 54 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 Chapter 3 In-beam Mössbauer Spectroscopy Using a Radioisotope Beam and a Neutron Capture Reaction 58 Yoshio Kobayashi 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 57Mn (→ 57Fe) Implantation Mössbauer Spectroscopy 61 3.3 Neutron in-beam Mössbauer Spectroscopy 66 3 .4 Summary 66 References 67 Part II Radionuclides 71 Chapter 4 Lanthanides(151Eu and 155Gd)-Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Defect-FluoriteOxides Coupled with New Defect-Crystal-Chemistry Model 73 Nakamura, N Igawa, Y Okamoto, Y Hinatsu, J, Wang, M Takahashi and M. Takeda 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Defect-crystal-Chemistry (DCC) Lattice-parameter Model 76 4.3 Lns Mössbauer and Lattice-parameter Data of DF Oxides 79 4.4 DCC-Model Lattice-parameter and Lns-Mössbauer Data Analysis 84 Conclusion 92 References 93 Chapter 5 Mössbauer and Magnetic Study of Neptunyl(+1) Complexes 95 T Nakamoto, A Nakamura and M Takeda 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 237Np Mössbauer Spectroscopy 96 5.3 Magnetic Property of Neptunyl Monocation (NpO2+) 97 5.4 Mössbauer and Magnetic Study of Neptunyl(+1) Complexes 98 5.5 Discussion 106 Conclusion 113 Acknowledgment 113 References 113 Chapter 6 Mössbauer Spectroscopy of 161Dy in Dysprosium Dicarboxylates 116 M Takahashi, C I Wynter, B R Hillery, Virender K Sharma, D Quarless, Leopold May, T Misu, S G Sobel, M Takeda, and E Brown 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Experimental Methods 117 6.3 Results and Discussion 117 Acknowledgment 122 References 122 Chapter 7 Study of Exotic Uranium Compounds using 238U Mössbauer Spectroscopy 123 Satoshi Tsutsui1,2and Masami Nakada2 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Determination of Nuclear g-factor in the Excited State of 238U Nuclei 125 7.3 Application of 238U Mössbauer Spectroscopy to Heavy Fermion 127 7.4 Application to Two-dimensional (2D) Fermi Surface System of Uranium Dipnictides 134 Summary 137 Acknowledgment 138 References 138 Part III Spin Dynamics 141 Chapter 8 Reversible Spin-state Switching Involving a Structural Change 143 Satoru Nakashima 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Three Assembled Structures of Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X=S, Se) and Their Structural Change by Desorption of Propanol Molecules 144 8.3 Occurrence of Spin-crossover Phenomenon in Assembled Complexes Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X=S, Se, BH3) by Enclathrating Guest Molecules 145 8.4 Reversible Structural Change of Host Framework of Fe(NCS)2(bpp)2•2(benzene) Triggered By Sorption of Benzene Molecules 147 8.5 Reversible Spin-state Switching Involving a Structural Change of Fe(NCX)2(bpp)2•2(benzene) (X=Se, BH3) Triggered By Sorption of Benzene Molecules 149 8.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 Chapter 9 Spin- Crossover and Related Phenomena Coupled with Spin, Photon and Charge 152 N Kokima and A Sugahara 9.1 Introduction 152 9.2 Photo-induced Spin-crossover Phenomena 153 9 3 Charge Transfer Phase Transition 161 9 4 Spin Equilibrium and Succeeding Phenomena 168 References 175 Chapter 10 Spin Crossover in Iron(III) Porphyrins Involving the Intermediate-Spin State 177 Mikio Nakamura and Masashi Takahashi 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Methodology to Obtain Pure Intermediate-Spin Complexes 178 10.3 Spin Crossover Involving the Intermediate-Spin State 189 10.4 Spin Crossover Triangle in Iron(III) Porphyrins 195 10.5 Conclusion 198 Acknowledgments 198 References 199 Chapter 11 Tin(II) Lone Pair Stereoactivity: Influence on Structures and Properties, and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Properties 202 Georges Dénès, M Cecilia Madamba, Hocine Merazigand Abdualhafed Muntasar 11.1 Introduction 202 11.2 Experimental 203 11.3 Crystal Structures 204 11.4 Tin Electronic Structure and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 208 11.5 Application to the Structural Determination of α−SnF2 213 11.6 Application to the Structural Determination of the Highly Layered Structures of α−PbSnF4 and BaSnF4 216 11.7 Application to the Structural Study of Disordered Phases 226 11.8 Lone Pair Stereoactivity and Material Properties 241 11.9 Conclusion 242 Acknowledgments 243 References 243 Part IV Biological Applications 247 Chapter 12 Synchrotron Radiation Based Nuclear Resonant Scattering: Applications to Bioinorganic Chemistry 249 Yisong Guo, Yoshitaka Yoda, Xiaowei Zhang, Yuming Xiao, Stephen P Cram 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Technical Background 250 12.3 Applications in Bioinorganic Chemistry 258 12.4 Summary and Prospects 269 Acknowledgment 269 References 269 Chapter 13 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Biological and Biomedical Research 272 Alexander A Kamnev1,*, Krisztina Kovács2, Irina V Alenkina3, and Michael I. Oshtrakh 13.1 Introduction 272 13.2 Microorganisms-related studies 273 13.3 Plants 276 13.4 Enzymes 280 13.5 Hemogoblin 281 13.6 Ferritin and Hemosiderin 283 13.7 Tissues 284 13.8 Pharmaceutical Products 286 13.9 Conclusions 286 Acknowledgments 287 References 287 Chapter 14 Controlled Spontaneous Decay of Mossbauer Nuclei (Theory and Experiments) 292 Vladimir I Vysotskii and Alla A Kornilova 14.1 Introduction to the Problem of Controlled Spontaneous Gamma-decay 292 14.2 General Consideration 293 14.3 Controlled Spontaneous Gamma-decay of Excited Nucleus in the System of Mutually Uncorrelated Modes of Electromagnetic Vacuum 295 14.4 Spontaneous Gamma-decay in the System of Synchronized Modes of Electromagnetic Vacuum 302 14.5 Experimental Study of the Phenomenon of Controlled Gamma-decay of Mossbauer Nuclei 303 14.6 Experimental Study of the Phenomenon of Controlled Gamma-decay by Investigation of Space Anisotropy and Self-focusing of Mossbauer Radiation 309 14.7 Direct Experimental Observation and Study of the Process of Controlled Radioactive and Excited Nuclei Radiative Gamma-decay by the Delayed Gamma-gamma Coincidence Method 311 14.8 Conclusion 314 References 314 Chapter 15 Natural's Strategy to Oxidize Tryptophan: EPR and Mossbauer Characterization of High-Valent Fe Intermediates 315 Kednerlin Dornevil and Aimin Liu 15.1 Two Oxidizing Equivalents Stored at a Ferric Heme 315 15.2 Oxidation of L-Tryptophan by Heme-Based Enzymes 316 15.3 The Chemical Reaction Catalyzed by MauG 318 15.4 A High-Valent bis-Fe(IV) Intermediate in MauG 319 15.5 High-Valent Fe Intermediate of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 319 15.6 Concluding Remarks 321 References 322 Chapter 16 Iron in Neurodegeneration 324 Jolanta Gałązka-Friedman, Erika R Bauminger, and Andrzej Friedman 16.1 Introduction 324 16.2 Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress 324 16.3 Mössbauer Studies of Healthy Brain Tissue 325 16.4 Properties of Ferritin and Hemosiderin Present in Healthy Brain Tissue 327 16.5 Concentration of Iron Present in Healthy and Diseased Brain Issue 328 16.6 Asymmetry of the Mössbauer Spectra of Healthy and Diseased Brain Tissue 330 16.7 Conclusion – the Possible Role of Iron in Neurodegeneration 331 References 331 Chapter 17 Emission (57Co) Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Biology-related Applications, Potentials and Prospects 333 Alexander A Kamnev 17.1 Introduction 333 17.2 Methodology 334 17.3 Microbiological Applications 336 17.4 Enzymological Applications 340 17.5 Conclusions and Outlook 345 Acknowledgments 345 References 346 Part V Iron Oxides 349 Chapter 18 Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Study of Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides from Thermal Processes 351 Jiří Tuček, Libor Machala, Jiří Frydrych, Jiří Pechoušek, and Radek Zbořil 18.1 Introduction 351 18.2 Polymorphs of Iron (III) Oxide, Their Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Polymorphous Phase Transformations 352 18.3 Use of 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Monitoring Solid State Reaction Mechanisms towards Iron Oxides 371 18.4 Various Mössbauer Spectroscopy Techniques in Study of Applications Related to Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides 378 18.5 Conclusion 389 Acknowledgment 389 References 389 Chapter 19 Transmission and Emission 57Fe Mössbauer Studies on Perovskites and Related Oxide Systems 393 Zoltán Homonnay and Zoltán Németh 19.1 Introduction 393 19.2 Study of high-Tc superconductors 394 19.3 Study of Strontium ferrate and its substituted analogues 401 19.4 Pursuing Colossal Magnetoresistance in Doped Lanthanum Cobaltates 407 References 413 Chapter 20 Enhancing the Possibilities of 57Fe Mössbauer Spectrometry to Study the Inherent Properties of Rust Layers 415 Karen E García, César A Barrero, Alvaro L Morales, and Jean-Marc Greneche 20.1 Introduction 415 20.2 Mössbauer Characterization of Some Iron Phases Presented in the Rust Layers 416 20.3 Determining Inherent Properties of Rust Layers by Mössbauer Spectrometry 421 20.4 Final Remarks 426 Acknowledgments 426 References 426 Chapter 21 Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Nanomagnetics 429 Lakshmi Nambakkat 21.1 Introduction 429 21.2 Spinel Ferrites 430 21.3 Nano Sized Fe-Al Alloys Synthesized by High Energy Ball Milling 441 21.4 Magnetic Thin Films/Multilayer Systems: 57Fe/Al MLS 446 Conclusion 452 Acknowledgment 453 References 453 Chapter 22 Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis 455 José F Marco, J Ramón Gancedo, Matteo Monti and Juan de la Figuera 22.1 Introduction 455 22.2 The Physical Basis: How and Why Electrons Appear in Mössbauer Spectroscopy 456 22.3 Increasing Surface Sensitivity in Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy 458 22.4 The Practical Way: Experimental Low Energy Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy 460 22.5 Mössbauer Surface Imaging Techniques 465 22.6 Recent Surface Mössbauer Studies in an "ancient" Material: Fe3O4 466 Acknowledgments 468 References 468 Chapter 23 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Investigation of the Precipitation of Iron Oxides 470 Svetozar Musić, Mira Ristić, and Stjepko Krehula 23.1 Introduction 470 23.2 Complexation of Iron Ions by Hydrolysis 470 23.3 Precipitation of Iron Oxides by Hydrolysis Reactions 472 23.4 Precipitation of Iron Oxides from Dense -FeOOH Suspensions 480 23.5 Precipitation and Properties of Some Other Iron Oxides 483 23.6 Influence of Cations on the Precipitation of Iron Oxides 490 Acknowledgment 496 References 497 Chapter 24 Ferrates (IV, V, and VI): Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization 505 Virender K Sharma, Yurii Perfiliev, Radek Zboril, Libor Machala, and Clive Wynter 24.1 Introduction 505 24.2 Spectroscopic Characterization 506 24.3 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization 508 Acknowledgments 517 References 517 Chapter 25 Characterization of Dilute Iron-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnets by Mössbauer Spectrometry 521 Kiyoshi Nomura and Zoltán Németh 25.1 Introduction 521 25.2 Sample Preparations by sol-gel Method 523 25.3 X-ray Diffraction and EXAFS Analysis 523 25.4 Magnetic Properties 525 25.5 Mössbauer Analysis of YAG Doped with Dilute Iron 526 25.6 Micro-discharge Treatment of Iron Doped YAG 528 Conclusion 531 Acknowledgment 532 References 532 Part VI Industrial Applications 533 Chapter 26 Some Mössbauer Studies of Fe-As Based High Temperature Superconductors 535 Amar Nath and Airat Khasanov 26.1 Introduction 535 26.2 Experimental 535 26.3 Where Do the Injected Electrons Go? 537 26.4 New Electron-rich Species in Ni-doped Single Crystals: Is it Superconducting? 538 26.5 Can O2 play an Important Role? 539 Acknowledgment 541 References 541 Chapter 27 Mossbauer Study of New Electrically Conductive Glass 542 Tetsuaki Nishida and Shiro Kubuki 27.1 Introduction 542 27.2 Structural Relaxation of Electrically Conductive Vanadate Glass 544 Acknowledgments 551 References 551 Chapter 28 Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Study of Lithium Battery Materials 552 Ricardo Alcántara, Pedro Lavela, Carlos Pérez Vicente, José L Tirado 28.1 Introduction 552 28.2 Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries 554 28.3 Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries 556 Conclusions 561 Acknowledgment 561 References 562 Chapter 29 Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigations of Novel Bimetal Catalysts for Preferential CO Oxidation in H2 564 Wansheng Zhang, Junhu Wang, Kuo Liu, Jie Jin, and Tao Zhang 29.1 Introduction 564 29.2 Experimental Section 564 29.3 Results and Discussion 565 Conclusion 574 Acknowledgments 574 References 575 Chapter 30 The use of Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Coal Research-Is it Relevant or Not? 576 F B Waanders 30.1 Introduction 576 30.2 Experimental Procedures 577 30.3 Results and Discussion 578 Conclusions 590 References 591 Part VII Environmental Applications 593 Chapter 31 Water Purification and Characterization of Recycled Iron-Silicate Glass 595 Shiro Kubuki and Tetsuaki Nishida 31.1 Introduction 595 31.2 Property and Structure of Recycled Silicate Glasses 596 31.3 Summary 605 Reference 606 Chapter 32 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Study of Laterite Mineral Processing 608 Eamonn Devlin, Michail Samouhos, Charalabos Zografidis 32.1 Introduction 608 32.2 Conventional Processing 609 32.3 Microwave Processing 612 Reference 619 Index 621

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of water soluble polymers. It covers a wide range of applications: food, cosmetic, medical, lithography and ink jet printing, agricultural, wastewater cleaning, and oilfield.Trade Review"The handbook provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and offers advanced students a textbook for use in courses on chemically biased plastics technology and polymer science." (Int. Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Poly(ethylene oxide). 1.1 Monomers. 1.2 Polymerization Fabrication. 1.3 Properties. 1.4 Special Additives. 1.5 Applications. 1.6 Supplier and Commercial Grades. 1.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 2. Poly(vinyl alcohol). 2.1 Monomers. 2.2 Polymerization Fabrication. 2.3 Properties. 2.4 Applications. 2.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 2.6 Safety. 2.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 3. Polysaccharides. 3.1 Polymers. 3.2 Starch. 3.3 Chitosan. 3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose. 3.5 Guar. 3.6 Carrageenan. 3.7 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 4. Poly((meth)acrylic acid). 4.1 Monomers. 4.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 4.3 Properties. 4.4 Applications. 4.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 5. Poly(acrylamide). 5.1 Monomers. 5.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 5.3 Properties. 5.4 Special Additives. 5.5 Applications. 5.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 5.7 Safety. 5.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 6. Poly(vinylamine). 6.1 Monomers. 6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 6.3 Applications. 6.4 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 6.5 Safety. 7. Poly(vinylpyridine). 7.1 Monomers. 7.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 7.3 Properties. 7.4 Applications. 7.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 7.6 Safety. 7.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 8. Poly(vinylimidazole). 8.1 Monomers. 8.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 8.3 Properties. 8.4 Applications. 8.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 8.6 Safety. 9. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone). 9.1 Monomers. 9.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 9.3 Properties. 9.4 Special Additives. 9.5 Applications. 9.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 9.7 Safety. 9.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 10. Other Cationic Polymers. 10.1 Manufacture. 10.2 Applications. 11. Other Anionic Polymers. 11.1 2-Acrylamido2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid. 11.2 Poly(sulfonicacid)s. 11.3 Sulfonated Asphalt. 11.4 Lignosulfonate. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative look at the application of chemical biology in drug discovery and development Based on the award-winning Wiley Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology published in 2008, this book explores the role of chemical biology in drug discovery and development. The first part of the book reviews key principles and techniques used in the design and evaluation of drug candidates. The second part elucidates biological mechanisms of certain diseases, illuminating approaches to investigate and target these diseases. Comprising carefully selected reprints from the Encyclopedia as well as new contributions from leading scholars in the field, this book provides researchers in academia and industry with important information to aid in the development of novel agents to treat disease. Self-contained articles cover a variety of essential topics, including: The design, development, and optimization of drug candidates The pharmacokTable of ContentsContributors xi PART I DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 1 1 The Role of Chemical Biology in Drug Discovery 3 Andrew J. Pope 2 Computational Approaches to Drug Discovery and Development 23 Honglin Li, Mingyue Zheng, Xiaomin Luo, Weiliang Zhu, and Hualiang Jiang 3 Design and Selection of Small Molecule Inhibitors 41 Jianwei Che, Yi Liu, and Nathanael S. Gray 4 Lead Optimization in Drug Discovery 65 Craig W. Lindsley, David Weaver, Thomas M. Bridges, and J. Phillip Kennedy 5 Pharmacokinetics of Drug Candidates 83 Ronald E. White 6 ADME Properties of Drugs 101 Li Di and Edward H. Kerns 7 Drug Transport in Living Systems 115 Yael Elbaz and Shimon Schuldiner 8 Blood-Brain Barrier: Considerations in Drug Development and Delivery 133 David S. Miller and Brian T. Hawkins 9 Pharmacokinetic Considerations: Methods and Systems of Controlled Drug Delivery 147 Zhong Zuo and Vincent H. L. Lee 10 Pharmaceuticals: Natural Products and Natural Product Models 165 Sheo B. Singh PART II CHEMICAL BIOLOGY TO UNDERSTAND AND TARGET DISEASE 203 11 The Role of Chemical Biology in Understanding and Treating Disease—Are Small Molecule “Correctors” the Way of the Future? 205 David Selwood 12 Anxiety Disorders 215 Miklos Toth 13 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 245 Peter J. Barnes 14 Depression 267 Glen B. Baker and Nicholas D. Mitchell 15 Osteoarthritis 293 Marjolaine Gosset, Jeremie Sellam, Claire Jacques, nd Francis Berenbaum 16 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 331 Joseph P. Vacca 17 Allergy and Asthma 341 Garry M. Walsh 18 Schizophrenia 357 Ferenc Martenyi 19 Protein Misfolding and Disease 379 Johanna C. Scheinost, Grant E. Boldt, and Paul Wentworth 20 Protein Trafficking Diseases 401 Heidi M. Sampson and David Y. Thomas 21 Metabolic Diseases 419 Cynthia M. Arbeeny 22 Mitochondrial Medicine 445 Richard J. T. Rodenburg and Jan A. M. Smeitink 23 Lysosomal Disorders 461 Doug A. Brooks and Maria Fuller Index 483

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Book SynopsisReviews and compares the major types of bioreactors, defines their pros and cons, and identifies research needs and figures of merit that have yet to be addressed Describes common modes of operation in bioreactors Covers the three common bioreactor types, including stirred-tank bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and airlift bioreactors Details less common bioreactors types, including fixed bed bioreactors and novel bioreactor designs Discusses advantages and disadvantages of each bioreactor and provides a procedure for optimal bioreactor selection based on current process needs Reviews the problems of bioreactor selection globally while considering all bioreactor options rather than concentrating on one specific bioreactor type Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 MODES OF OPERATION 3 2.1 Batch Bioreactors 3 2.2 Continuous Bioreactors 9 2.3 Summary 15 3 GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER MODELS 17 4 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 28 4.1 Measuring Bioreactor Hydrodynamic Characteristics 28 4.1.1 Flow regime measurements 29 4.1.2 Local pressure drop 30 4.1.3 Mixing or residence time 32 4.1.4 Axial diffusion coefficient 33 4.1.5 Gas-liquid interfacial area 34 4.1.6 Bubble size and velocity 35 4.1.7 Global and local liquid velocity 37 4.1.8 Gas holdup 40 4.1.8.1 Bed expansion 41 4.1.8.2 Pressure drop measurements 41 4.1.8.3 Dynamic gas disengagement (DGD) 46 4.1.8.4 Tomographic techniques 47 4.1.9 Liquid holdup 50 4.1.10 Power measurements 51 4.2 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer 53 4.2.1 Dissolved oxygen measurement techniques 54 4.2.1.1 Chemical method 54 4.2.1.2 Volumetric method 56 4.2.1.3 Tubing method 56 4.2.1.4 Optode method 57 4.2.1.5 Electrochemical electrode method 58 4.2.1.5.1 Polarographic electrodes 59 4.2.1.5.2 Galvanic probes 61 4.2.1.5.3 Electrochemical electrode time constant 61 4.2.1.5.4 Electrochemical electrode response time (τe) 64 4.2.1.5.5 Electrochemical electrode response models 66 4.2.1.5.6 Summary of electrochemical electrode response models 72 4.2.2 Dissolved carbon monoxide measurements 72 4.2.2.1 Bioassay overview 74 4.2.2.2 Needed materials 75 4.2.2.3 Liquid sample collection 76 4.2.2.4 Identifying the concentrated myoglobin solution concentration 77 4.2.2.5 Sample preparation for analysis 78 4.2.2.6 Determining the dissolved CO concentration 79 4.2.3 Determining volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient, kLa 80 4.2.3.1 Gas balance method 81 4.2.3.2 Dynamic method 82 4.2.3.2.1 Biological dynamic method 82 4.2.3.2.2 Non-biological dynamic method 85 4.2.3.2.3 Variations of the inlet step change 86 4.2.3.2.4 Dynamic method drawbacks 91 4.2.3.3 Chemical sorption methods 92 4.2.3.3.1 Sulfite oxidation method 92 4.2.3.3.2 The hydrazine method 94 4.2.3.3.3 Peroxide method 95 4.2.3.3.4 Carbon dioxide absorption method 95 4.3 Summary 95 5 MODELING BIOREACTORS 97 5.1 Multiphase Flow CFD Modeling 97 5.1.1 Governing equations for gas-liquid flows 100 5.1.2 Turbulence modeling 101 5.1.3 Interfacial momentum exchange 104 5.1.4 Bubble pressure model 105 5.1.5 Bubble-induced turbulence 106 5.1.6 Modeling bubble size distribution 107 5.2 Biological Process Modeling 109 5.2.1 Simple bioprocess models 111 5.3 Summary 113 6 STIRRED TANK BIOREACTORS 114 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Stirred Tank Reactor Flow Regimes 116 6.2.1 Radial Flow Impellers 117 6.2.2 Axial Flow Impellers 122 6.3 Effects of Impeller Design and Arrangement 127 6.3.1 Radial Flow Impellers 129 6.3.2 Axial flow impellers 134 6.3.3 Multiple Impeller Systems 139 6.3.4 Surface Aeration 148 6.3.5 Self-Inducing Impellers 150 6.4 Superficial Gas Velocity 152 6.5 Power Input 155 6.6 Baffle Design 158 6.7 Sparger Design 161 6.7.1 Axial Flow Impellers 162 6.7.2 Radial Flow Impellers 164 6.8 Microbial Cultures 165 6.9 Correlation Forms 172 6.10 Summary 184 7 BUBBLE COLUMN BIOREACTORS 191 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Flow Regimes 194 7.3 Column Geometry 202 7.3.1 Column Diameter 202 7.3.2 Unaerated Liquid Height 205 7.3.3 Aspect Ratio 206 7.4 Other Operating Conditions 207 7.4.1 Pressure 207 7.4.2 Temperature 210 7.4.3 Viscosity 212 7.4.4 Surface Tension and Additives 213 7.5 Gas Distributor Design 215 7.6 Correlations 221 7.7 Needed Bubble Column Research 226 7.8 Summary 227 8 AIRLIFT BIOREACTORS 243 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Circulation Regimes 247 8.3 Configuration 253 8.3.1 Bioreactor Height 255 8.3.2 Area Ratio 258 8.3.3 Gas Separator 261 8.3.4 Internal-Loop Airlift Bioreactor 266 8.3.5 External-Loop Airlift Bioreactor 268 8.4 Sparger Design 272 8.5 Correlations 277 8.6 Needed Research 280 8.7 Summary 284 9 FIXED BED BIOREACTORS 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 Column Geometry and Components 299 9.3 Flow Regime 307 9.4 Liquid Properties 314 9.5 Packing Material 316 9.5.1 Random Packing 319 9.5.2 Structured Packing 321 9.6 Biological Considerations 324 9.7 Correlations 325 9.8 Needed Research 327 9.9 Summary 328 10 NOVEL BIOREACTORS 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Novel Bubble-Induced Flow Designs 333 10.3 Miniaturized Bioreactors 341 10.3.1 Microreactors 343 10.3.2 Nanoreactors 348 10.4 Membrane Reactor 349 10.5 Summary 353 11 FIGURES OF MERIT 355 12 CONCLUDING REMARKS 363 13 NOMENCLATURE 367 Abbreviations 375 Greek Symbols 377 Dimensionless numbers 379 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 382

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Book SynopsisManufacturers can be green and highly profitable at the same time Profits do not have to be sacrificed to environmental responsibility, or vice versa. Following this book''s tested and proven approach, readers discover how to create and operate manufacturing facilities that are highly profitable while meeting or exceeding the environmental standards of their local community, state, and federal governments. The authors'' approach is broad in scope, setting forth the roles and responsibilities of organizational functions such as marketing, product design, manufacturing technology, management, and human resources. The book begins with an overview explaining why profitability and green manufacturing must be viewed as a single objective. Next, the book becomes a how to guide to creating and maintaining an environmentally compliant and profitable manufacturing operation, with chapters covering: Manufacturing, waste, and regeneration Trade Review“I highly recommend the holistic and knowledge building book Improving Profitability Through Green Manufacturing: Creating a Profitable and Environmentally Compliant Manufacturing Facility by David R. Hillis, Ph.D. and J. Barry DuVall, Ph.D., to any business leaders, manufacturers, design specialists, building and plant builders, public policy makers, environmental groups, practicing engineers, engineering and manufacturing students, elected officials, and anyone interested in green manufacturing who are seeking a clear and concise road map to establishing and maintaining a complete system that is profitable and environmentally sustainable. This book will change your mind forever about profit and the environment as green manufacturing works for both goals.” (Money Talks, 4 November 2012) “I highly recommend the holistic and knowledge building book Improving Profitability Through Green Manufacturing: Creating a Profitable and Environmentally Compliant Manufacturing Facility by David R. Hillis, Ph.D. and J. Barry DuVall, Ph.D., to any business leaders, manufacturers, design specialists, building and plant builders, public policy makers, environmental groups, practicing engineers, engineering and manufacturing students, elected officials, and anyone interested in green manufacturing who are seeking a clear and concise road map to establishing and maintaining a complete system that is profitable and environmentally sustainable. This book will change your mind forever about profit and the environment as green manufacturing works for both goals.” (Blog Business World, 4 November 2012) Table of ContentsPREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv 1 MANUFACTURING 1 Introduction 1 Manufacturing Sequence 2 Product Life Cycles—There’s More Than One 3 Life Cycle Analysis 4 Potential for Waste and Value Added in Manufacturing 9 Vertically versus Horizontally Integrated Manufacturing 11 Waste and Its Unexpected Sources 13 The First Source of Waste 14 The Second Source of Waste 17 The Third Source of Waste 19 A New Product—First Phase for Waste Reduction 20 Existing Products—Second Phase for Waste Reduction 22 Regeneration 24 Life Cycle of the Manufacturing Facility 25 Creating a Classifi cation System for a Compliant and Profitable Manufacturing System 27 Summary 29 Selected Bibliography 31 2 BUILDING A DECISION-MAKING MODEL 33 Introduction 33 Industrial Production and Manufacturing 34 Classifying Manufacturing Industries 38 Major Product Groups from NAICS 40 Material Stocks 51 Major Material Families 52 Basic Process Classifi cations 53 Forming Processes 55 Separating Processes 56 Joining Processes 57 Conditioning Processes 58 Finishing Processes 59 Design Template for Classifying Manufacturing Processes 60 It All Began in Sally’s Garden 60 The Analysis 62 Next Steps 67 Selected Bibliography 68 3 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, STANDARDS, AND PROFITABILITY 69 Introduction 69 Organizing to Comply—The Management Foundation 71 Formalizing the Management Approach—The ISO Standards 73 ISO 14000 Series of Standards 74 Overview of Major Environmental Regulations 75 Clean Air Act Overview 77 Clean Water Act Overview 79 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Overview 81 Summary—Compliance Can Mean Profits 82 Selected Bibliography 84 4 CASE STUDIES 85 Introduction 85 Case Study 1 88 Introduction 88 Waste Minimization Programs 91 Reuse and Recycling Activities in the Office 92 Reduction and Reuse of Packaging 92 Comment 93 Case Study 2 93 Introduction 93 The Study and Methods Used 94 Conclusion 97 Comment 97 Case Study 3 98 Introduction 98 Description of the Manufacturing Operation 98 Manufacturing Operations and Sequence 99 Steps Taken to Lessen the Environmental Impact of the Manufacturing Facility 102 Material Waste Reduction 102 Resource Reduction 103 Methods the Company Uses to Identify and Make Improvements 104 Summary 105 Comment 106 Case Study 4 106 Introduction 107 Manufacturing Operations and Sequence 109 Steps Taken to Lessen the Environmental Impact of the Facility 111 Methods Used to Make Improvements 112 Examples of Waste Reduction 114 Comment 115 Case Study 5 115 Introduction 115 Singapore Packaging Agreement 117 The “Three Rs” Approach to Solid Waste Minimization 118 Comment 120 Conclusion 120 Selected Bibliography 121 5 AN OVERVIEW OF TOOLS USED TO IMPROVE MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS 123 Introduction 123 Waste Reduction: The Profi table and Compliant Process Chart—A Collaborative Tool for Both Groups and All Functions 128 Training and Development 129 Operator Self-Control 129 Culture Change 130 Manufacturing Engineering and Operations 131 Lean Manufacturing 132 Kaizen 135 Pareto Principle 136 Process Control 136 Certifi ed Management Systems 137 Design of Experiments 137 Poka-Yoke 138 Finding the Root Cause of a Problem 139 Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram 139 Situational Awareness 140 Product Design 142 Design for Assembly 142 Human Resources 143 The Life Cycle 143 A Just-in-Time Workforce 144 Summary 147 Selected Bibliography 148 6 THE FACILITY 149 Introduction 149 Making a Building That Can Be Regenerated 152 Plant Location 152 Sustainable Design 154 A Sustainable Building 157 Construction Sequence 159 Life Cycle and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 160 Cost Analysis Software 163 The eQUEST® Program 164 The eVALUator Program 164 Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability 166 Energy Star 167 Energy Management Program 169 Steps to Establish an Energy Management Program 170 International Standards for an Energy Management System 173 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 174 Summary 177 Selected Bibliography 178 7 APPLYING THE PROFITABLE AND COMPLIANT PROCESS CHART 181 Introduction 181 PCPC Worksheets 182 Using the Data Collection Worksheets 189 Step 1: Material Selection 189 Step 2: Process Identifi cation 190 Step 3: Outsourcing Manufacturing Processes 195 Summary 195 Industrial Applications of the PCPC 197 Application 1: Avionic Systems, Incorporated 198 Comment 198 Application 2: American Automotive Corporation 200 Comment 200 Application 3: NAVAC Logistics Center 202 Comment 202 Application 4: Custom Machine Builders 204 Comment 207 Observations 209 Constructing the Virtual PCPC 209 Conclusion 211 Selected Bibliography 212 GLOSSARY 213 INDEX 223

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Book SynopsisA special issue tribute to the career and legacy of Tony EvansTwo years after the death Tony Evans, this special issue from the Journal of the American Ceramics Society was published. It honors the significant impact that Evans had on the field of ceramic science, in terms of his own work and the work of those he influenced and trained. The issue is entitled A Tribute to Anthony G. Evans: Materials Scientist and Engineer. His colleagues contributed more than twenty original articles. An additional eight articles are included as a tribute to his research contributions. They are coauthored by Evans (1942-2009).

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Book SynopsisWith contributions from leading international experts in the field, this book is dedicated to all facets of uremic toxins research, including low molecular weight solutes, protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. Moreover, it covers everything from basic mass spectrometry research to the latest clinical findings and practices.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xi SECTION 1: UREMIC TOXINS 1 1. Uremic Toxins: An Integrated Overview of Definition and Classification 3 Richard J. Glassock and Shaul G. Massry 2. Classification and a List of Uremic Toxins 13 Nathalie Neirynck, Rita De Smet, Eva Schepers, Raymond Vanholder, and Griet Glorieux 3. Analysis of Uremic Toxins with Mass Spectrometry 35 Toshimitsu Niwa SECTION 2: SELECTED UREMIC TOXINS 51 4. Indoxyl Sulfate 53 Toshimitsu Niwa 5. p-Cresyl Sulfate 77 Anneleen Pletinck, Raymond Vanholder, and Griet Glorieux 6. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic Acid 87 Toshimitsu Niwa 7. Phenylacetic Acid 99 Anna Schulz and Joachim Jankowski 8. Homocysteine and Hydrogen Sulfide, Two Opposing Aspects in the Pathobiology of Sulfur Compounds in Chronic Renal Failure 109 Alessandra F. Perna and Diego Ingrosso 9. Guanidino Compounds 125 Sunny Eloot, Griet Glorieux, Peter Paul De Deyn, and Raymond Vanholder 10. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine 143 Vladimýr Teplan and Jaroslav Racek 11. Nicotinamide Metabolites 163 Boleslaw Rutkowski and Przemyslaw Rutkowski 12. Dicarbonyls (Glyoxal, Methylglyoxal, and 3-Deoxyglucosone) 177 Naila Rabbani and Paul J. Thornalley 13. Glucose Degradation Products in Peritoneal Dialysis 193 Monika Pischetsrieder and Sabrina Gensberger 14. Dinucleoside Polyphosphates 209 Joachim Jankowski and Vera Jankowski 15. Parathyroid Hormone 227 Shaul G. Massry and Miroslaw Smogorzewski 16. b2-Microglobulin 249 Suguru Yamamoto, Junichiro James Kazama, Hiroki Maruyama, Ichiei Narita, and Fumitake Gejyo 17. Cytokines 259 Bj€orn Anderstam, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel 18. Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains 279 Gerald Cohen and Walter H. H€orl 19. Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) 293 Naila Rabbani and Paul J. Thornalley 20. Oxidized Albumin 305 Maurizio Bruschi, Giovanni Candiano, Laura Santucci, and Gian Marco Ghiggeri SECTION 3: THERAPEUTIC REMOVAL OF UREMIC TOXINS 315 21. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Hemodialysis 317 Tammy L. Sirich, Pavel Aronov, and Timothy W. Meyer 22. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Peritoneal Dialysis 331 Malgorzata Debowska, Elvia Garcýa-Lopez, Jacek Waniewski, and Bengt Lindholm 23. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Oral Sorbent 359 Toshimitsu Niwa INDEX 373

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Book SynopsisColumn Profile Maps (CPMs) provide one versatile tool that can be applied to wide range of separation synthesis problems. This book provides all the necessary guidance to create, optimize, design, and analyze distillation and related separation processes using novel, graphical techniques.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS xix ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Context and Significance 1 1.2 Important Distillation Concepts 4 1.3 Summary 12 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESIDUE CURVE MAPS 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Batch Boiling 16 2.3 The Mass Balance Triangle (MBT) 17 2.4 The Residue Curve Equation 19 2.5 Residue Curve Maps 21 2.6 Properties of Residue Curve Maps 25 2.7 Applicability of RCMs to Continuous Processes 30 2.8 Limitations of RCMs 39 2.9 Residue Curve Maps: The Bigger Picture 40 2.10 Summary 46 3 DERIVATION AND PROPERTIES OF COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 The Column Section (CS) 49 3.3 The Difference Point Equation (DPE) 51 3.4 Column Profile Maps 54 3.5 The Effect of CPM Parameters 61 3.6 Properties of Column Profile Maps 67 3.7 Pinch Point Loci 75 3.8 Some Mathematical Aspects of CPMs 80 3.9 Some Insights and Applications of CPMs 84 3.10 Summary 89 4 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF COLUMN PROFILES 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 The Rectifying Column Section 92 4.3 The Stripping Column Section 98 4.4 Validation of Thermodynamic Models 103 4.5 Continuous Column Sections 105 4.6 Summary 114 5 DESIGN OF SIMPLE COLUMNS USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Absorbers and Strippers 117 5.3 Simple Column Design 128 5.4 Azeotropic Systems 141 5.5 Constant Relative Volatility Systems 145 5.6 Summary 154 6 DESIGN OF COMPLEX COLUMNS USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Distributed Feed Addition 158 6.3 Sidestream Withdrawal 175 6.4 Thermally Coupled Columns: Side Rectifiers and Strippers 184 6.5 Summary 205 7 DESIGN OF FULLY THERMALLY COUPLED COMPLEX COLUMNS USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 206 7.1 Introduction 206 7.2 A Simplified Infinite Reflux Case 208 7.3 General Petlyuk Design 216 7.4 Sharp Split Petlyuk Design Using TTs 240 7.5 Insights into Kaibel Column Design 250 7.6 Summary 258 8 REACTIVE DISTILLATION DESIGN USING COLUMN PROFILE MAPS 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Simple Reactive Distillation 262 8.3 Reactive Column Sections 275 8.4 Summary 293 9 APPLICATION OF COLUMN PROFILE MAPS TO ALTERNATIVE SEPARATION PROCESSES: MEMBRANE PERMEATION 296 9.1 Introduction 296 9.2 Membrane Permeation 297 9.3 Generalized Membrane Column Sections 299 9.4 Theory 299 9.5 MCS Profiles: Total Reflux 304 9.6 Column Section Profiles: Finite Reflux 306 9.7 Conclusions 314 9.8 Example: Design of Hybrid Systems Using Distillation-Membrane Processes 315 10 CONCLUDING REMARKS 328 10.1 Overall Conclusions 328 10.2 Limitations 329 10.3 Extensions and the Way Forward 330 References 330 APPENDIX A: DODS SOFTWARE PACKAGE 331 APPENDIX B: NRTL PARAMETERS AND ANTOINE COEFFICIENTS 345 INDEX 349

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisAn accessible and engaging guide to the study of human behavior in the social environment, covering every major theoretical approach Providing an overview of the major human behavioral theories used to guide social work practice with individuals, families, small groups, and organizations, Human Behavior in the Social Environment examines a different theoretical approach in each chapter?from its historical and conceptual origins to its relevance to social work and clinical applications. Each chapter draws on a theoretical approach to foster understanding of normative individual human development and the etiology of dysfunctional behavior, as well as to provide guidance in the application of social work intervention. Edited by a team of scholars, Human Behavior in the Social Environment addresses the Council on Social Work Education''s required competencies for accreditation (EPAS) and explores: Respondent Learning theory Operant Learning theory Cognitive-Behavioral theory Attachment theory Psychosocial theory Person-Centered theory Genetic theory Ecosystems theory Small Group theory Family Systems theory Organizational theory Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xxix About the Editors xxxi Contributors xxxiii Chapter 1 Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Exploring Conceptual Foundations 1Susan I. Stone, Yolanda Anyon, Stephanie Berzin, Sarah Taylor, and Michael J. Austin Scholarly and Professional Dilemmas Related to Human Behavior and the Social Environment 2 Development of the Human Behavior and Social Environment Construct 7 A Selection of Frameworks That Address Linkages Between Human Behavior and the Social Environment 14 Life Course Approach: An Application 17 The Social Environment: Key Concepts 28 Frameworks for Linking Knowledge to Practice 36 Conclusion 38 Key Terms 39 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 39 Online Resources 40 References 41 Chapter 2 Respondent Learning Theory 47Bruce A. Thyer Respondent Learning Processes 49 Naturally Occurring Examples of Respondent Learning in Real Life 56 Experimental Examples of Respondent Learning 59 Examples of Respondent Learning of Psychosocial Problems 62 Using Respondent Learning in Social Work Practice 67 Creating Conditioned Reactions 69 Philosophical Foundations of Respondent Learning 71 Key Terms 74 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 75 Online Resources 75 References 75 Chapter 3 Operant Learning Theory 83Stephen E. Wong Historical and Conceptual Origins 83 Basic Theoretical Principles 85 Advanced Theoretical Principles 96 Recent Theoretical Developments 98 Relevance to Social Work Practice 103 Critiques of the Operant Learning Approach 111 Key Terms 112 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 112 Online Resources 113 References 114 Chapter 4 Cognitive-Behavioral Theory 125Paula S. Nurius and Rebecca J. Macy Relevance to Contemporary Practitioners 125 Overview of Cognitive-Behavioral Theory 126 Historical and Conceptual Origins 128 Basic Theoretical Principles 132 Advanced Theoretical Principles 140 Recent Theoretical Developments 144 Relevance to Social Work Practice 146 Evidence-Based Foundations 154 Critiques of This Approach 155 Key Terms 157 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 157 Online Resources 158 References 159 Chapter 5 Attachment Theory 165Michelle Mohr Carney and Phen M. Young Historical and Conceptual Origins 166 Basic Theoretical Principles 168 Advanced Theoretical Principles 169 Recent Theoretical Developments 171 Relevance to Social Work Practice 173 Critiques of This Approach 182 Key Terms 183 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 183 Online Resources 184 References 184 Chapter 6 Psychosocial Theory 193Roberta R. Greene Developmental Theory 193 Historical and Conceptual Origins 194 Basic Theoretical Principles 197 Advanced Theoretical Principles 207 Recent Theoretical Developments 210 Relevance to Social Work Practice 212 Evidence-Based Foundations: Erikson on Erikson 214 Critiques of This Approach 215 Key Terms 219 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 219 Online Resources 220 References 220 Chapter 7 Person-Centered Theory 225Michael J. Holosko, Jeffrey Skinner, and Catherine A. Patterson Historical and Conceptual Origins 226 Basic Theoretical Principles 233 Advanced Theoretical Principles 239 Recent Theoretical Developments 243 Relevance to Social Work 244 Assessment 246 Intervention 248 Evidence-Based Foundations 251 Critiques of This Approach 254 Key Terms 257 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 258 Online Resources 258 References 259 Chapter 8 Genetic Theory 263Laura J. Pankow The Eukaryotic Cell 266 Chromosomes 268 Reproduction 270 Mitosis 271 Mendelian Genetics 273 The Process of Meiosis 275 Pedigrees 277 DNA and RNA 278 The Genetics of Gender 281 The Human Genome Project 285 Conclusion 291 Key Terms 292 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 292 Online Resources 292 References 294 Chapter 9 Ecosystems Theory 297Mark A. Mattaini and Kristen Huffman-Gottschling The Ecosystems Perspective in Social Work 298 The Conceptual Roots of the Ecosystems Perspective 300 Evaluating the Ecosystems Perspective 311 Returning to the Science 314 Mapping Practice 316 Conclusion 318 Key Terms 319 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 319 Online Resources 320 References 320 Chapter 10 Small Group Theory 327Lorraine Moya Salas, Dominique Roe-Sepowitz, and Craig Winston LeCroy Definitions 329 History and Conceptual Origins 330 Basic Theoretical Principles 339 Advanced Theoretical Principles 344 Recent Theoretical Developments 350 Relevance to Social Work Practice 353 Evidence-Based Foundations 359 Critiques of This Approach 361 Key Terms 362 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 363 Online Resources 363 References 364 Chapter 11 Family Systems Theory 369Martha Morrison Dore Historical and Conceptual Origins 369 Basic Theoretical Principles 377 Advanced Theoretical Principles 379 Recent Theoretical Developments 383 Relevance to Social Work Practice 385 Evidence-Based Foundations 396 Critiques of This Theory 398 Key Terms 401 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 401 Online Resources 401 References 402 Chapter 12 Organizational Theory 411John E. Tropman and Emily J. Nicklett Organizational Behavior 411 Historical and Conceptual Origins 414 Basic Theoretical Principles 422 Advanced Theoretical Principles 426 Recent Theoretical Developments 432 Relevance to Social Work Practice 442 Overall Social Work Demographics 443 Evidence-Based Foundations 451 Critiques of This Approach 452 Conclusion 452 Key Terms 453 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 453 Online Resources 453 References 454 Chapter 13 The Potentially Harmful Effects of Theory in Social Work 459Bruce A. Thyer Some Harmful Effects of Bad Theory 461 Where Can We Go From Here? 476 Conclusion 481 Key Terms 482 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 482 Online Resources 483 References 484 Author Index 489 Subject Index 499

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Book SynopsisTaking a lifespan approach, this book gathers the top scholars in social work practice to create a resource that presents practice skills and interventions for working with individuals, children, and families.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Editors xv Contributors xvii Chapter 1 Assessment of Children 1Michael E. Woolley Defining Assessment 2 Historical Background 4 Evolving Ecological-Systems Perspective 6 Biopsychosocial Assessment Report 12 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Assessment of Children 15 Emerging Trends in Child Assessment 23 Implications for Social Work on Micro-, Mezzo-and Macrolevels 25 Conclusion 31 Key Terms 32 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 32 Online Resources 33 References 34 Chapter 2 Intervention with Children 41Mary C. Ruffolo and Paula Allen-Meares Development of EBPs for Children at Risk for Emotional or Behavioral Problems 42 Current EBPs with Children 45 Limitations of the Evidence 60 Conclusion 61 Key Terms 63 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 63 Online Resources 63 References 64 Chapter 3 Assessment of Adolescents 71David W. Springer and Tara M. Powell Evidence-Based Assessment with Adolescents 73 Limitations of Evidence-Based Assessment with Adolescents 86 Treatment Goals 88 Implications for Social Work 89 Conclusion 90 Key Terms 91 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 91 Online Resources 91 References 92 Chapter 4 Intervention with Adolescents 97Craig Winston LeCroy and Lela Rankin Williams Overview of Issues and Problems Facing Adolescents 98 Promising Programs of Prevention and Intervention 102 Promoting the Development of Competencies and the Prevention of Disorders 102 Substance-Abuse-Prevention Programs 103 Promising Treatment Programs 106 Ongoing Treatment and Case Management 111 Considerations in Service Delivery 113 Motivation for Treatment 114 Context and Focus of Treatment 115 Conclusion 116 Key Terms 117 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 117 Online Resources 118 References 118 Chapter 5 Assessment of Adults 125Elaine Congress Historical Background 127 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Assessment for Individuals 131 Evidence-Based Assessment 140 Implications for Social Work on Micro-, Mezzo- and Macrolevels 140 Conclusion 141 Key Terms 142 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 142 Online Resources 142 References 142 Chapter 6 Intervention with Adults 147Bruce A. Thyer Historical Background 148 Summary of Useful Resources 161 Limitations of the Evidence 166 Implications for Social Work at the Micro-, Mezzo-and Macrolevels 168 Conclusion 171 Key Terms 172 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 172 Online Resources 173 References 173 Chapter 7 Assessment of the Elderly 177Gregory J. Paveza Historical Background 178 Elements of the Comprehensive Assessment 179 Mental Status 180 Functional Assessment 181 Medical History and Nutritional and Health-Behaviors Assessment 182 Assessment of Emotional Well-Being 184 Assessment of Social, Economic, and Environmental Well-Being 185 The Care Plan 189 Conclusion 190 Key Terms 190 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 190 Online Resources 191 References 191 Chapter 8 Intervention with the Elderly 197Michael J. Holosko, Jeffrey F. Skinner,Catherine A. Patterson, and Kimberly Brisebois Historical Background 197 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Interventions with the Elderly 200 Limitations of the Evidence 221 Implications for Social Work at Micro-, Mezzo- and Macrolevels 221 Conclusion 226 Key Terms 228 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 228 Online Resources 229 References 229 Chapter 9 Assessment of Families 237Robyn Munford and Jackie Sanders Historical Background 237 Current Evidence on the Assessment of Families 239 Limitations to the Evidence on the Assessment of Families 242 The Assessment Process within Social Work Practice—Micro-, Mezzo-, and Macrolevels 245 Conclusion 260 Key Terms 260 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 260 Online Resources 261 References 261 Chapter 10 Intervention with Families 265Cynthia Franklin, Catheleen Jordan and Laura Hopson Historical Background 266 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Intervention with Families 268 Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Parent Component 280 Limitations of Evidence-Based Family Interventions 283 Implications for Social Work Practice 286 Conclusion 288 Key Terms 288 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 289 Online Resources 289 References 289 Author Index 295 Subject Index 305

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Book SynopsisAntioxidant Polymers is an exhaustive overview of the recent developments in the field of polymeric materials showing antioxidant properties. This research area has grown rapidly in the last decade because antioxidant polymers have wide industry applications ranging from materials science to biomedical, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.Table of ContentsPreface List of contributors 1. Antioxidants: Introduction 1 Chunhuan He, Yingming Pan, Xiaowen Ji and Hengshan Wang 1.1 The Meaning of Antioxidant 1 1.2 The Category of Antioxidants and Introduction of often Used Antioxidants 2 1.3 Antioxidant Evaluation Methods 8 1.4 Antioxidant and its Mechanisms 13 1.5 Adverse Effects of Antioxidants 15 References 16 2. Natural Polyphenol and Flavonoid Polymers 23 Kelly C. Heim 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Structural Classification of Polyphenols 24 2.3 Polyphenol Biosynthesis and Function in Plants 34 2.4 Tannins in Human Nutrition 36 2.5 Antioxidant Activity of Tannins 41 2.6 Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidins in Human Health 45 2.7 Conclusion 46 Acknowledgements 46 References 47 3. Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Flavonoids 55 Hiroshi Uyama and Young-Jin Kim 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Polycondensates of Catechin with Aldehydes 57 3.3 Enzymatically Polymerized Flavonoids 69 3.4 Biopolymer-. avonoid Conjugates 76 3.5 Conclusion 84 References 84 4. Antioxidant Polymers: Metal Chelating Agents 87 Hiba M. Zalloum and Mohammad S. Mubarak 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 91 4.3 Alginates 96 4.4 Chelation Studies 97 4.4.1 Chitosan Derivatives as Chelating Agents 101 4.5 Conclusions 106 References 107 5. Antioxidant Polymers by Chitosan Modi. cation 115 Jarmila Vinšová and Eva Vavr.íková 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Chitosan Characteristics 117 5.3 Reactive Oxygen Species and Chitosan as Antioxidant 117 5.4 Structure Modi. cations 120 5.5 Conclusion 129 References 129 6. Cellulose and Dextran Antioxidant Polymers for Biomedical Applications 133 Sonia Trombino, Roberta Cassano and Teresa Ferrarelli 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Antioxidant Polymers Cellulose-based 134 6.3 Antioxidant Polymers Dextran-based 142 References 149 7. Antioxidant Polymers by Free Radical Grafting on Natural Polymers 153 Manuela Curcio, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi, Francesco Puoci, Ilaria Altimari, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri and Nevio Picci 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Grafting of Antioxidant Molecules on Natural Polymers 156 7.3 Proteins-based Antioxidant Polymers 157 7.4 Polysaccharides-based Antioxidant Polymers 164 7.5 Conclusions 175 Acknowledgements 176 References 176 8. Natural Polymers with Antioxidant Properties: Poly-/oligosaccharides of Marine Origin 179 Guangling Jiao, Guangli Yu, Xiaoliang Zhao, Junzeng Zhang and H. Stephen Ewart 8.1 Introduction to Polysaccharides from Marine Sources 8.2 Antioxidant Activities of Marine Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 183 8.3 Applications of Marine Antioxidant Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 191 8.4 Structure-antioxidant Relationships of Marine Poly-/oligosaccharides 193 8.5 Conclusions 195 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 9. Antioxidant Peptides from Marine Origin: Sources, Properties and Potential Applications 203 Begoña Giménez, M. Elvira López-Caballero, M. Pilar Montero and M. Carmen Gómez-Guillén 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Whole Fish Hydrolysates 207 9.3 Marine Invertebrate Hydrolysates 223 9.4 Fish Frames Hydrolysates 227 9.5 Viscera Hydrolysates 228 9.6 Muscle Hydrolysates 232 9.7 Collagen and Gelatin Hydrolysates 240 9.8 Seaweeds Hydrolysates 243 9.9 Potential Applications 245 9.10 Conclusions 249 Acknowledgements 250 References 250 10. Synthetic Antioxidant Polymers: Enzyme Mimics 259 Cheng Wang, Gang-lin Yan and Gui-min Luo 10.1 Introduction 260 10.2 Organo-selenium/tellurium Compound Mimics 261 10.3 Metal Complex Mimics 281 10.4 Selenoprotein Mimics 295 10.5 Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics 312 10.6 Conclusion 325 References 325 11. Synthetic Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 333 Ashveen V. Nand and Paul A. Kilmartin 11.1 Introduction 334 11.2 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335 11.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 336 11.4 Synthesis of Antioxidant Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 337 11.5 Polymer Morphologies 340 11.6 Mechanism of Radical Scavenging 344 11.7 Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Capacity 346 11.8 Factors Affecting the Radical Scavenging Activity 348 11.9 Polymer Blends and Practical Applications 350 References 351 12. Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers Based on Sterically Hindered Phenols, a-Tocopherols, Phosphites and Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS) and their Copolymerization with Ethylene, Propylene or Styrene 355 Carl-Eric Wilén 12.1 Introduction 356 12.2 Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers to Enhance Physical Persistence and Performance of Stabilizers 361 12.3 Phenolic Antioxidant Monomers and their Copolymerization with Coordination Catalysts 369 12.4 Copolymerization of Antioxidant Monomers with Ethylene, Propylene, Styrene and Carbon Monoxide Using Single Site Catalysts 372 12.5 Conclusions 379 Acknowledgements 380 References 380 13. Novel Polymeric Antioxidants for Materials 385 Ashish Dhawan, Vijayendra Kumar, Virinder S. Parmarand Ashok L. Cholli 13.1 Industrial Antioxidants 386 13.2 Antioxidants Used in Plastics (Polymer) Industry 386 13.3 Antioxidants Used in Lubricant Industry 389 13.4 Antioxidants Used in Elastomer (Rubber) Industry 390 13.5 Antioxidants Used in Fuel Industry 392 13.6 Antioxidants Used in Food Industry 393 13.7 Limitations of Conventional Antioxidants 395 13.8 Trends towards High Molecular Weight Antioxidants 396 13.9 Motivation, Design and Methodology for Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Antioxidant Motivation 407 13.10 Biocatalytic Synthesis of Polymeric Antioxidants 409 13.11 General Procedure for Enzymatic Polymerization 410 13.12 Conclusions 421 Acknowledgement 422 References422 14. Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles Loaded with Polyphenolic Antioxidants 427 A.R. Patel and K.P. Velikov 14.1 Introduction 427 14.2 Polyphenols: Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits 428 14.3 Polyphenols: Formulation and Delivery Challenges 429 14.4 Polyphenols Loaded Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles 431 14.5 Conclusion 454 References 455 15. Antioxidant Polymers for Tuning Biomaterial Biocompatibility: From Drug Delivery to Tissue Engineering 459 David Cochran and Thomas D. Dziubla 15.1 Introduction 459 15.2 Oxidative Stress in Relation to Biocompatibility 460 15.3 Antioxidant Polymers in Drug Delivery 467 15.4 Antioxidant Polymers in Anti-cancer Therapies 470 15.5 Antioxidant Polymers in Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering 472 15.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 476 References 479 Index 485

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date, comprehensive volume on cathodic protection available The causes and results of corrosion in industrial settings are some of the most important and difficult problems that engineers and scientists face on a daily basis. Coming up with solutions, or not, is often the difference between success and failure, and can have severe economic and environmental consequences. This timely volume covers the state of the art in corrosion chemistry today, for use in industrial applications or as a textbook. Cathodic Protection: Covers the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the science of the process Provides practical, workable solutions to the everyday problems that engineers working in the field have with corrosion Is applicable in many different industries, literally anywhere there might be corrosion As a companion to his first book, Corrosion Chemistry, published by Wiley-ScrTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xv Preface xvii 1. Corrosion of Materials 1 2. Factors Influencing Corrosion 18 3. Corrosion Mechanisms 25 4. Corrosion Types 35 5. Thermodynamics of Corrosion 75 6. Corrosion Prevention and Protection 97 7. Cost of Corrosion 127 8. Cathodic Protection 131 9. Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 157 10. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 179 11. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 201 12. Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 223 13. Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 231 14. Corrosion in Pipeline Systems 247 15. Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 255 16. Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 269 17. Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater 279 18. Cathodic Protection of the Potable water Tanks 295 19. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boliers 297 20. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 305 References 309 Index 327

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Book SynopsisServing as the only systematic and comprehensive treatment on the topic of nanoparticle-based materials, this book covers synthesis, characterization, assembly, shaping and sintering of all types of nanoparticles including metals, ceramics, and semiconductors. A single-authored work, it is suitable as a graduate-level text in nanomaterials courses.Trade Review“The fact that this book on an important branch of nanotechnology is not an assemblage of chapters by individual authors but a comprehensive treatment by a single author gives it an excellent flow. A timely addition to a rapidly advancing subject. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPREFACE xv LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxv ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Materials 2 1.3 Unique Characteristics 3 1.4 Properties 7 1.5 Key Scientific and Technical Challenges 14 1.6 Applications 16 1.7 Processing Overview 18 1.8 Summary 21 Questions 21 References 21 2 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Theory 25 2.3 Gas-Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis 32 2.4 Liquid Nanoparticle Synthesis 53 2.5 Solid Nanoparticle Synthesis 102 2.6 Summary 109 Questions 115 References 116 3 NANOPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION 128 3.1 Introduction 128 3.2 Size, Shape, and Morphology 130 3.3 Energetics and Global Thermodynamics 144 3.4 Surface Area 146 3.5 Porosity and Pore Size 148 3.6 Structure 150 3.7 Composition 161 3.8 Needs in Nanoscale Characterization 183 3.9 Summary 184 Questions 189 References 189 4 NANOPARTICLE-BASED SUPERSTRUCTURES 195 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 Top-Down Processes 196 4.3 Bottom-Up Processes 217 4.4 Hybrid 236 4.5 Templating 242 4.6 Three-Dimensional Assembly 252 4.7 Summary 256 Questions 256 References 257 5 NANOPARTICLE-BASED MATERIAL SHAPING 263 5.1 Introduction 263 5.2 Dry Forming Techniques 264 5.3 Semidry Forming Techniques 272 5.4 Wet Forming Techniques 282 5.5 Digital Processing Techniques 304 5.6 Bio-Derived Processes 313 5.7 Summary 316 Questions 319 References 320 6 SINTERING 329 6.1 Introduction 329 6.2 Theories 330 6.3 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Sintering 334 6.4 Porous Nanoparticle Material Sintering 341 6.5 Dense Nanoparticle-Based Material Sintering 359 6.6 Summary 383 Questions 384 References 385 7 MANUFACTURING ISSUES AND EMERGING AREAS 394 7.1 Introduction 394 7.2 Defects and Measurement 396 7.3 Process and Quality Control 401 7.4 Modeling and Simulation 402 7.5 Environmental and Health Concerns 407 7.6 Summary 412 Questions 413 References 413 APPENDIX 1 EXPLANATION OF UNFAMILIAR NOMENCLATURES 415 APPENDIX 2 PREFIXES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS 425 INDEX 427

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels the book covers physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies Details the latest biomass characterization techniques Explains the biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes Discusses the development of integrated biorefineries, which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing Describes how to mitigate the environmental risks when using biomass as fuel Includes many problems, small projects, sample calculations and industrial application examplesTable of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1 1 Introduction: Socioeconomic Aspects of Biomass Conversion 3 Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen 1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environmental Considerations 4 1.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 16 1.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 20 1.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biomass 25 1.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biomass Conversion Techniques 29 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30 Key Concepts 30 Short-Answer Questions 30 Problems 32 Projects 32 Internet References 33 References 33 2 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization 36 Wiebren de Jong 2.1 Physicochemical Properties 37 2.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 42 2.3 Minor Organic Constituents 45 2.4 Inorganic Compounds 49 2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 52 2.6 Heating Values 57 2.7 Ash Characterization Techniques 59 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 61 Key Concepts 62 Short-Answer Questions 62 Problems 63 Projects 65 Internet References 65 References 65 PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING 69 3 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances 71 Wiebren de Jong 3.1 General Conservation Equation 73 3.2 Conservation of Mass 74 3.3 Conservation of Energy 80 3.4 Conservation of Momentum 90 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 92 Key Concepts 92 Short-Answer Questions 93 Problems 93 Projects 95 Internet Reference 96 References 96 4 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer 97 Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 100 4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 103 4.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 108 4.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change 110 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 124 Key Concepts 124 Short-Answer Questions 125 Problems 125 Projects 127 References 128 5 Reactions: Thermodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129 Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen 5.1 Reaction Kinetics 130 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium 138 5.3 Catalysis 148 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154 Key Concepts 155 Short-Answer Questions 155 Problems 155 Projects 156 References 158 6 Reactors: Idealized Chemical Reactors 159 Lilian de Martín and J. Ruud van Ommen 6.1 Preliminary Concepts 160 6.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 163 6.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 167 6.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 168 6.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 173 6.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180 Key Concepts 181 Short-Answer Questions 181 Problems 181 Project 182 References 183 7 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184 Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen 7.1 Scope 186 7.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 187 7.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 189 7.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 192 7.5 A Design Procedure for Biomass Conversion Processes 195 7.6 Interface with Supply Chain: Input–Output Diagram 201 7.7 Division in Subprocesses 206 7.8 Process Design: Functional Block Diagram 207 7.9 Example of Analysis and Evaluation in Process Design 212 7.10 Integrating Process Units into the Functional Network 222 7.11 Application Potential 224 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 224 Key Concepts 225 Short-Answer Questions 225 Problems 226 Projects 229 Internet References 229 References 229 PART III BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 231 8 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass 233 Wiebren de Jong 8.1 Introduction 235 8.2 Harvesting and Transport 236 8.3 Storage 241 8.4 Washing 242 8.5 Size Reduction 243 8.6 Particle Size Characterization 247 8.7 Screening and Classification 249 8.8 Methods of Moisture Reduction 249 8.9 Compaction Technologies 257 8.10 Sequencing the Pretreatment Steps 261 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 261 Key Concepts 261 Short-Answer Questions 262 Problems 263 Projects 264 Internet References 265 References 265 9 Thermochemical Conversion: Direct Combustion 268 Rob J.M. Bastiaans and Jeroen A. van Oijen 9.1 Introduction 270 9.2 Fundamental Conversion Processes 271 9.3 Particle Conversion Modes 273 9.4 Combustion Systems 283 9.5 Emissions 288 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 294 Key Concepts 295 Short-Answer Questions 295 Problems 295 Projects 296 Internet References 296 References 297 10 Thermochemical Conversion: (Co)gasification and Hydrothermal Gasification 298 Sascha R.A. Kersten and Wiebren de Jong 10.1 What is Gasification? A Chemical and Engineering Background 300 10.2 A Short History of Gasification 317 10.3 (Co)gasification Technologies for Dry Biomass 318 10.4 Gasification in an Aqueous Environment: Hydrothermal Biomass Conversion 329 10.5 Gas Cleaning for Biomass Gasification Processes 337 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 348 Key Concepts 348 Short-Answer Questions 349 Problems 350 Projects 353 Internet References 353 References 353 11 Thermochemical Conversion: An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis 359 Stijn R.G. Oudenhoven and Sascha R.A. Kersten 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 A First Look at a Liquefaction Process 362 11.3 A First Look at Fast Pyrolysis Oil 363 11.4 Chemistry and Kinetics of Pyrolysis 364 11.5 Processes at the Particle Level 368 11.6 A Closer Look at Pyrolysis Oil 371 11.7 Fast Pyrolysis Processes 374 11.8 Catalytic Pyrolysis 377 11.9 Oil Applications 378 11.10 Outlook 380 Appendix 11.1 Single-Particle Model (Based on the Model by Di Blasi, 1997) 380 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 383 Key Concepts 383 Short-Answer Questions 383 Problems 384 Projects 384 Internet References 385 References 385 12 Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction 388 Jaap H.A. Kiel, Arno H.H. Janssen, and Yash Joshi 12.1 Introduction 388 12.2 Fundamentals of Torrefaction 389 12.3 Advantages of Torrefaction 392 12.4 Torrefaction Technology 392 12.5 Torrefaction: An Enabling Technology 397 12.6 The Future of Torrefaction 398 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 399 Key Concepts 399 Short-Answer Questions 399 Problems 400 Projects 401 References 401 13 Biochemical Conversion: Biofuels by Industrial Fermentation 403 Maria C. Cuellar and Adrie J.J. Straathof 13.1 Introduction 404 13.2 First-Generation Bioethanol Processes 406 13.3 Second-Generation Bioethanol Processes 417 13.4 Butanol 428 13.5 Diesel-like Products 429 13.6 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Comparison of Fermentative Biofuels 432 13.7 Outlook 436 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 437 Key Concepts 438 Short-Answer Questions 438 Problems 438 Projects 439 References 439 14 Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion 441 Robbert Kleerebezem 14.1 Introduction 442 14.2 Biochemical Fundamentals 443 14.3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 453 14.4 Process Engineering 454 14.5 Outlook and Discussion 463 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 466 Key Concepts 466 Short-Answer Questions 466 Problems 467 Project 467 References 468 15 Biorefineries: Integration of Different Technologies 469 Wiebren de Jong 15.1 What is a Biorefinery and What is the Difference with an Oil Refinery? 470 15.2 Types of Biorefineries 474 15.3 Economic Considerations Evaluating Biorefinery Concepts: Basic Methods for Assessing Investments and Cost Prices 481 15.4 Outlook to the Future of Biorefineries 492 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 493 Key Concepts 493 Short-Answer Questions 493 Problems 494 Projects 497 Internet References 500 References 500 PART IV END USES 503 16 High-Efficiency Energy Systems with Biomass Gasifiers and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 505 P.V. Aravind and Ming Liu 16.1 Introduction 506 16.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 507 16.3 Biomass Gasifier–SOFC Combination 512 16.4 Concluding Remarks 520 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 520 Key Concepts 521 Short-Answer Questions 521 Problems 521 Projects 522 Internet References 522 References 523 17 Synthesis Gas Utilization for Transportation Fuel Production 525 J. Ruud van Ommen and Johan Grievink 17.1 Introduction 526 17.2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 527 17.3 Synthetic Natural Gas Synthesis 535 17.4 Methanol Synthesis 537 17.5 Comparison of the Different Options 538 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 540 Key Concepts 540 Short-Answer Questions 541 Problems 541 Projects 544 Internet References 545 References 545 18 Chemistry of Biofuels and Biofuel Additives from Biomass 547 Isabel W.C.E. Arends 18.1 Introduction 548 18.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel 548 18.3 Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbon Fuels 553 18.4 Greenness of the Conversion of Platform Molecules into Biobased Fuel Additives 557 18.5 Direct Aqueous Reforming of Sugars Leading to a Range of Alkanes 564 18.6 Future Generations of Biofuel 566 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 566 Key Concepts 567 Short-Answer Questions 567 Problems 568 Projects 568 Internet References 568 References 569 INDEX 571

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisOver the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called emerging or new unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and/or metabolites. This two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus: General Considerations Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies Analytical Strategies Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the EnTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors xv VOLUME 1 PART I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 1 Classifying the Transformation Products (TPs) of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) for Prioritizing Research into their Impact on the Environment and Human Health 3 Jacek Namiesnik, Lidia Wolska, Radosaw Czernych, Grazyna Gaeziowska and Monia Cieszynska 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Emerging Contaminants – Emerging Problem 5 1.3 Transformation Products of ECs 41 1.4 Minimizing Environmental Risk of ECs and their TPs 43 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 45 References 49 2 Transformation Products of Emerging Organic Compounds as Future Groundwater and Drinking Water Contaminants 65 Marianne E. Stuart and Dan J. Lapworth 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Sources and Pathways of Emerging Contaminants to Groundwater 66 2.3 Persistence in the Groundwater Environment 68 2.4 Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Groundwater 69 2.5 Toxicity and Risk Assessment 76 2.6 Conclusions 78 References 79 PART II TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES 87 3 Phototransformation Processes of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water 89 Davide Vione and Serge Chiron 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Direct Photolysis and Sensitised Reactions in the Transformation of Emerging Contaminants 90 3.3 The Case of Photonitration 104 3.4 Towards the Modelling of Phototransformation Kinetics in Surface Water 106 References 118 4 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants upon Reaction with Conventional Water Disinfection Oxidants 123 Jose Benito Quintana, Rosario Rodil and Isaac Rodr©¥guez 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Analytical Methodology for Transformation Products Identification 124 4.3 Factors Influencing the Kinetics of Chlorination 131 4.4 Overview of Typical Reaction Mechanisms During Free Chlorine Treatments 135 4.5 Review of Current Knowledge of Emerging Pollutant Reactions with Free Chlorine 138 4.6 Other Disinfection Agents 150 4.7 Conclusions and Outlook 155 References 155 5 Approaches to Water andWastewater Treatment for Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Ongoing Research and Recommendations for Future Work 161 Sixto Malato, P. Fernandez-Ibanez, I. Oller, L. Prieto-Rodriguez, S. Miralles-Cuevas and Alejandro Cabrera-Reina 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Ozonation 163 5.3 Membrane Processes 165 5.4 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) 167 5.5 AOPs Including Solar AOPs 169 References 175 6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants Formed during Advanced Oxidation Processes 179 Ioannis K. Konstantinou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Maria Antonopoulou 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Pesticides 180 6.3 Phthalate Esters 203 6.4 Pharmaceutical Compounds 204 6.5 Others 215 6.6 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgments 218 References 218 7 Enzymatic Reactors Applied for the Biotransformation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229 J.M. Lema, M.T. Moreira, G. Eibes, T. Lu-Chau, L. Lloret, R. Taboada, A. Arca-Ramos and G. Feijoo 7.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229 7.2 White-Rot Fungi and Their Lignin Modifying Enzymes 234 7.3 Enzymatic Reactors 238 7.4 Determination of Transformation Products from the Enzymatic Treatment of EDCs 248 References 255 8 Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion of Emerging Contaminants 261 Stuart J. Khan 8.1 Introduction 261 8.3 Changes in Enantiomeric Composition During Biological Transformation Processes 268 8.4 Evidence for Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion 271 8.5 Implications and Priorities for Future Research 274 References 274 PART III ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES 281 9 Quality Issues in Water Sampling, Sample Pre-Treatment and Monitoring 283 Sara Bogialli, Stefano Polesello and Sara Valsecchi 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Monitoring of Transformation Products in Water Bodies 284 9.3 Sample Representativeness and Stability Issues 287 9.4 Identification of Transformation Products and Legislative Requirements 292 9.5 Conclusions 297 References 298 10 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants: Analytical Challenges and Future Needs 303 B. Zonja, J. Acena, A. Jelic, M. Petrovic, S. Perez and D. Barcelo 10.1 Introduction 303 10.2 Generation, Detection and Identification of Transformation Products at Lab Scale: An Analytical Challenge 305 10.3 Quantitative Analysis of TPs in the Environment 311 10.4 Evaluation of the Toxicity of TPs 318 10.5 Conclusions and Future Needs 319 Acknowledgments 320 References 320 11 Advanced Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 325 Paola Calza and Fabbri Debora 11.1 Introduction 325 11.2 Potential and Differences Among the Different MS Systems for Determining Unknown Compounds 326 11.3 How to Proceed in the Structural Attribution 330 11.4 Accurate Mass Screening and Identification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples: Some Cases Studied 334 11.5 Conclusions 345 References 346 12 Applications of NMR Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Emerging Organic and Other Xenobiotic Organic Contaminants 351 Alfred Preiss and Markus Godejohann 12.1 Introduction 351 12.2 Basic Techniques 353 12.3 Applications 359 12.4 Conclusions 377 List of Abbreviations 377 References 378 Index 385 VOLUME 2 PART IV OCCURRENCE, FATE AND EFFECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR CLASSES 385 13 Transformation Products of Pesticides in the Environment: Analysis and Occurrence 387 Ana Aguera Lopez, Marya del Mar Gomez Ramos, and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba 13.1 Introduction 387 13.2 Transformation of Pesticides in the Environment 388 13.3 Analytical Techniques Used in the Identification and Analysis of TPs 408 13.4 Occurrence of Pesticide TPs in the Environment 418 13.5 Concluding Remarks 419 Acknowledgments 420 References 420 14 Metabolites and Transformation Products of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment as Contaminants of Emerging Concern 425 I. Michael, M.I. Vasquez, E. Hapeshi, T. Haddad, E. Baginska, K. Kummerer, and D. Fatta-Kassinos 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Human Metabolites in the Aquatic Environment 427 14.3 Biotransformation Products in the Aquatic Environment 430 14.4 Transformation of Pharmaceuticals During Photolysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes 437 14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 458 Acknowledgments 459 References 459 15 Transformation Products of Personal Care Products: UV Filters Case Studies 471 Kristina Pestotnik, Tina Kosjek, and Ester Heath 15.1 Introduction 471 15.2 Main Physico-Chemical Parameters of UV Filters and their Influence on Environmental Behaviour 473 15.3 Occurrence of UV Filter Residues 477 15.4 Fate of UV Filter Residues 479 15.5 Analytical Methods for Identification of Transformation Products 490 15.6 Effects and Toxicity of UV Filters and their Transformation Products in the Environment 495 15.7 Conclusions and Future Strategies 498 Acknowledgements 499 Abbreviations 499 References 501 16 Transformation Products of Illicit Drugs 505 Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou 16.1 Introduction 505 16.2 Fate and Treatment of IDs and Their Metabolites/TPs 507 16.3 Analytical Methods and Detection 515 16.4 Occurrence of IDs and their Metabolites/TPs in the Environment 519 16.5 Ecotoxicity of IDs and Their Metabolites/TPs 525 16.5.1 Sewage Epidemiology 526 16.6 Concluding Remarks 527 References 527 17 Transformation Products of Artificial Sweeteners 537 Marco Scheurer, Heinz-Jurgen Brauch, and Frank Thomas Lange 17.1 Introduction 537 17.2 Processes Leading to the Formation of Artificial Sweetener Transformation Products 539 17.3 Summary and Conclusions 551 References 552 18 Transformation Products of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) 557 Alin C. Dirtu, Alin C. Ionas, Govindan Malarvannan, and Adrian Covaci 18.1 Introduction 557 18.2 Transformation Products of PBDEs 558 18.3 Transformation Products of HBCDs 569 18.4 Transformation Products of TBBPA 573 18.5 Transformation Products of NBFRs 578 18.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 580 Acknowledgements 580 References 581 19 Transformation Products of Alkylphenols 589 Montserrat Cortina-Puig, Gabino Bolyvar-Subirats, Carlos Barata, and Silvia Lacorte 19.1 Alkylphenols: Types, Properties and Uses 589 19.2 Transformation of Alkylphenols and Identification of Transformation Products 592 19.3 Occurrence of Alkylphenol Transformation Products in the Environment 603 19.4 Risks and Effects of Alkylphenols and their Transformation Products in the Environment 610 19.5 Conclusions 615 Acknowledgments 616 References 616 20 Biotic and Abiotic Transformation Processes of Benzotriazoles: Possible Pathways and Products 625 Dimitra Voutsa 20.1 Introduction 625 20.2 Biotic Degradation Processes 627 20.3 Abiotic Transformation Processes 631 20.4 Future Research Needs 634 References 634 21 Identification (Quantitative Determination and Detection) and Fate of Transformation Products of Rocket Fuel 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 639 Bulat Kenessov, Lars Carlsen 21.1 Introduction/Background 639 21.2 Identification of Transformation Products of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 640 21.3 Distribution and Fate of Transformation Products of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine in Soil at Fall Sites 646 21.4 Analytical Methods Applied in the Monitoring 647 21.5 Conclusion 656 References 657 22 Assessment of the Occurrence and Fate of Transformation Products of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds EDCs in the Environment 661 Vasiliki Boti, Vasilios Sakkas, and Triantafyllos Albanis 22.1 Introduction 661 22.2 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) of Concern 662 22.3 Environmental Fate and Transformation of EDCs 664 22.4 Analytical Methodology 666 22.5 Occurrence and Endocrine Disruption Effects of the TPs of Selected EDCs 672 22.6 Future Needs –Recommendations 680 References 681 23 Transformation Products of Hazardous Cyanobacterial Metabolites in Water 687 Anastasia Hiskia, Theodoros M. Triantis, Maria G. Antoniou, Armah A. de la Cruz, Kevin O'Shea, Weihua Song, Theodora Fotiou, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Xuexiang He, Joel Andersen, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 23.1 Introduction 688 23.2 Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites 688 23.3 Transformation Products of Cyanobacterial Metabolites in Water 694 23.4 Research Gaps, Recent Trends and Future Needs 710 References 711 PART V GLOBAL SPACIALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 721 24 Occurrence of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in Water Resources 723 Carlos GonScalves, Maria A.D. de Sousa, and Maria de Fatima Alpendurada 24.1 Brief Introduction on the Sources of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 723 24.2 Transformation Products in Natural Waters: From Contamination Sources to Drinking Water Production 725 24.3 Wastewaters as a Major Source of Transformation Products 744 24.4 Origin and Presence of Transformation Products in Drinking Water 750 24.5 Ubiquity and Regio-Specificity of Transformation Products 752 24.6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants: Fate and Behavior 753 24.7 Conclusions 756 References 758 25 Occurrence of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in Water Resources of the United States 763 Imma Ferrer and E. Michael Thurman 25.1 Introduction: Emerging Contaminants 763 25.2 State-of-the-Art Techniques for the Identification of Emerging Contaminants and Their Transformation Products 764 25.3 Use of Accurate Mass Tools for the Identification of Emerging Contaminants 768 25.4 Occurrence of Transformation Products in Environmental Waters in the US 779 References 782 26 Spatial Modeling for Elucidation of Perfluorinated Compound Sources and Fate in a Watershed 787 Yasuyuki Zushi and Shigeki Masunaga 26.1 Introduction 787 26.2 Source Identification of PFCs Using GIS 792 26.3 Spatial Distribution of PFOS and PFOA Contributed by Nonpoint Sources 798 26.4 Conclusion 804 Acknowledgments 805 References 805 27 Global Distribution of Polyfluoroalkyl and Perfluoroalkyl Substances and their Transformation Products in Environmental Solids 809 Holly Lee and Scott A. Mabury 27.1 Introduction 809 27.2 Global Contamination of PFASs in Environmental Solid Matrices 813 27.3 Fate of PFASs in Environmental Solids 821 27.4 Uptake into Vegetation 827 27.5 Summary and Future Outlook 829 References 830 PART VI RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 839 28 Toxicity and Risk of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants for Aquatic Organisms: Pharmaceutical Case Studies 841 Marina DellaGreca, Marina Isidori, Fabio Temussi 28.1 Introduction 841 28.2 Photolysis in the Environment: Pharmaceutical Case Studies 844 28.3 Effect-Driven Approach 844 28.4 Exposure-Driven Approach 853 28.5 Conclusion 867 References 868 29 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship/Quantitative Structure– Toxicity Relationship (QSAR/QSTR) Modeling as Tools for Assessing Effects and Predicting Risks of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants 871 Lars Carlsen and Bulat Kenessov 29.1 Introduction 871 29.2 The Toolbox 873 29.3 Environmental Behavior 876 29.4 Ecotoxicological Effect 879 29.5 Effects on Humans 880 29.6 Conclusions 885 References 885 30 Steps Toward a Regulatory Framework for Transformation Products in Water 889 Maria D. Hernando Guil, Maria J. Martýnez-Bueno, Laura Duran, Jose M. Navas and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba 30.1 Introduction 889 30.2 Scientific Advances and Technical Knowledge of Transformation Products. Relevant Cases of Study 891 30.3 Toxicological Considerations in Assessing Mixtures of Chemicals and Significance of Transformation Products in EU Regulations. Interaction Between Regulatory Frameworks 906 References 908 31 NORMAN Association: A Network Approach to Scientific Collaboration on Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Europe 915 Jaroslav Slobodnik and Valeria Dulio 31.1 Introduction 915 31.2 The NORMAN Network as a Science-to-Policy Interface 917 31.3 Effect-Directed Analysis for Identification of Relevant Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Complex Environmental Samples 921 31.4 Quality Control Aspects 924 31.5 Conclusions 925 Acknowledgements 926 References 926 PART VII OUTLOOK 929 32 Outlook 931 32.1 General Remarks 931 32.2 Gaps, Recommendations and Future Needs 933 Index 937

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Book SynopsisHypervalent Iodine Chemistry is the first comprehensive text covering all of the main aspects of the chemistry of organic and inorganic polyvalent iodine compounds, including applications in chemical research, medicine, and industry.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction and General Overview of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Classification and Nomenclature of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 3 1.3 Hypervalent Bonding 4 1.4 General Structural Features 8 1.4.1 Experimental Structural Studies 9 1.4.2 Computational Studies 11 1.5 General Principles of Reactivity 12 1.5.1 Ligand Exchange and Reductive Elimination 13 1.5.2 Radical Reactions 14 1.5.3 Single-Electron Transfer (SET) Reactions 15 References 15 2 Preparation, Structure, and Properties of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 21 2.1 Iodine(III) Compounds 21 2.1.1 Inorganic Iodine(III) Derivatives 21 2.1.2 Organoiodine(III) Fluorides 23 2.1.3 Organoiodine(III) Chlorides 27 2.1.4 Organo-Iodosyl Compounds 31 2.1.5 Organoiodine(III) Carboxylates 35 2.1.6 [Hydroxy(Organosulfonyloxy)Iodo]Arenes 43 2.1.7 Organoiodine(III) Derivatives of Strong Acids 48 2.1.8 Iodine(III) Heterocycles 50 2.1.9 Iodonium Salts 76 2.1.10 Iodonium Ylides 99 2.1.11 Iodine(III) Species with Three Carbon Ligands 107 2.1.12 Iodine(III) Species with I–N Bonds 107 2.2 Iodine(V) Compounds 114 2.2.1 Inorganic Iodine(V) Derivatives 114 2.2.2 Noncyclic and Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes 115 2.2.3 Iodine(V) Heterocycles 120 2.2.4 Organoiodine(V) Fluorides 126 2.3 Iodine(VII) Compounds 127 References 128 3 Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Organic Synthesis 145 3.1 Reactions of Iodine(III) Compounds 145 3.1.1 Fluorinations 146 3.1.2 Chlorinations 152 3.1.3 Brominations 158 3.1.4 Iodinations 160 3.1.5 Oxidation of Alcohols 164 3.1.6 Oxidative Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds 168 3.1.7 Oxidative Functionalization of Silyl Enol Ethers 171 3.1.8 Oxidation of Alkenes and Alkynes 173 3.1.9 Oxidations at the Benzylic or Allylic Position 181 3.1.10 Oxidative Functionalization of Aromatic Compounds 182 3.1.11 Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols and Related Substrates 183 3.1.12 Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Substrates 196 3.1.13 Oxidative Cationic Cyclizations, Rearrangements, and Fragmentations 201 3.1.14 Oxidations at Nitrogen, Sulfur, and other Heteroatoms 216 3.1.15 Azidations 222 3.1.16 Aminations 230 3.1.17 Thiocyanations and Arylselenations 232 3.1.18 Radical Fragmentations, Rearrangements, and Cyclizations 236 3.1.19 Reactions via Alkyliodine(III) Intermediates 248 3.1.20 Transition Metal Catalyzed Oxidations 250 3.1.21 Transition Metal Catalyzed Aziridinations and Amidations 253 3.1.22 Reactions of Iodonium Salts and C-Substituted Benziodoxoles 260 3.1.23 Reactions of Iodonium Ylides 278 3.2 Synthetic Applications of Iodine(V) Compounds 282 3.2.1 Noncyclic and Pseudocyclic Iodylarenes 283 3.2.2 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid (IBX) 288 3.2.3 Dess–Martin Periodinane (DMP) 296 3.2.4 Inorganic Iodine(V) Reagents 302 3.3 Synthetic Applications of Iodine(VII) Compounds 303 References 307 4 Hypervalent Iodine Catalysis 337 4.1 Catalytic Cycles Based on Iodine(III) Species 337 4.1.1 Oxidative Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds 338 4.1.2 Oxidative Functionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes 342 4.1.3 Oxidative Bromination of Aromatic Compounds 346 4.1.4 Oxidative Amination of Aromatic Compounds 347 4.1.5 Oxidation of Phenolic Substrates to Quinones and Quinols 349 4.1.6 Oxidative Spirocyclization of Aromatic Substrates 350 4.1.7 Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions 354 4.1.8 Hofmann Rearrangement of Carboxamides 355 4.1.9 Oxidation of Anilines 357 4.2 Catalytic Cycles Based on Iodine(V) Species 358 4.3 Tandem Catalytic Systems Involving Hypervalent Iodine and other Co-catalysts 364 4.4 Catalytic Cycles Involving Iodide Anion or Elemental Iodine as Pre-catalysts 368 References 377 5 Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine Reagents 381 5.1 Polymer-Supported Iodine(III) Reagents 381 5.2 Polymer-Supported Iodine(V) Reagents 389 5.3 Recyclable Nonpolymeric Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents 391 5.3.1 Recyclable Iodine(III) Reagents with Insoluble Reduced Form 393 5.3.2 Recovery of the Reduced Form of a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent Using Ion-Exchange Resins 397 5.3.3 Ionic-Liquid-Supported Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents 400 5.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent 401 5.3.5 Fluorous Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents 402 5.4 Recyclable Nonpolymeric Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents 405 5.5 Recyclable Iodine Catalytic Systems 406 References 409 6 Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Green Solvents and under Solvent-Free Conditions 413 6.1 Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Water 413 6.2 Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Recyclable Organic Solvents 418 6.3 Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents under Solvent-Free Conditions 420 References 422 7 Practical Applications of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 425 7.1 Applications of Inorganic Polyvalent Iodine Derivatives 425 7.2 Applications of Hypervalent Iodine(III) Compounds as Polymerization Initiators 426 7.3 Application of Iodonium Salts for Fluoridation in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 431 7.4 Biological Activity of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds 440 References 443 Index

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Book SynopsisEnzyme biocatalysis is a fast-growing area in process biotechnology that has expanded from the traditional fields of foods, detergents, and leather applications to more sophisticated uses in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemicals sectors and environmental management.Table of ContentsPreface ix Nomenclature xi Epsilon Software Information xxi 1 Facts and Figures in Enzyme Biocatalysis 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Enzymes as Process Catalysts 3 1.3 Evolution of Enzyme Biocatalysis: From Hydrolysis to Synthesis 5 1.4 The Enzyme Market: Figures and Outlook 6 References 7 2 Enzyme Kinetics in a Homogeneous System 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Theory of Enzyme Kinetics 14 2.3 Single-Substrate Reactions 17 2.4 Multiple-Substrate Reactions 19 2.5 Multiple-Enzyme Reactions 21 2.6 Determination of Kinetic Parameters 22 2.7 Effects of Operational Variables on Enzyme Kinetics 24 Solved Problems 29 Supplementary Problems 72 References 84 3 Enzyme Kinetics in a Heterogeneous System 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 87 3.3 Mass-Transfer Limitations in Enzyme Catalysis 92 3.4 Determination of Intrinsic Kinetic and Mass-Transfer Parameters 102 Solved Problems 105 Supplementary Problems 127 References 138 4 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Ideal Conditions 141 4.1 Modes of Operation and Reactor Configurations 141 4.2 Definition of Ideal Conditions 142 4.3 Strategy for Reactor Design and Performance Evaluation 143 4.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Ideal Conditions 143 Solved Problems 157 Supplementary Problems 174 References 179 5 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Mass-Transfer Limitations 181 5.1 Sequential Batch and Continuously Operated Reactors with Immobilized Enzymes 182 5.2 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Mass-Transfer Limitations 183 Solved Problems 185 Supplementary Problems 198 6 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 203 6.1 Mechanistically Based Mathematical Models of Enzyme Inactivation 203 6.2 Effect of Catalytic Modulators on Enzyme Inactivation 205 6.3 Mathematical Models for Different Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Biocatalyst Inactivation 206 6.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Simultaneous Mass-Transfer Limitations and Enzyme Inactivation 212 6.5 Strategies for Reactor Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 213 Solved Problems 215 Supplementary Problems 233 References 240 7 Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Operation 243 7.1 Strategy for the Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Performance 244 7.2 Mathematical Programming for Static Optimization 247 7.3 Dynamic Programming 248 7.4 Statistical Optimization by Surface Response Methodology 249 Solved Problems 254 Supplementary Problems 272 References 275 Appendix A Mathematical Methods 277 A.1. Newton’s Method 277 A.2. Curve Fitting by Least Squares 280 A.3. Solving Ordinary Differential Equations 296 A.4. Numerical Methods for Solving Differential Equations 302 References 310 Index 311

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Book SynopsisThroughout history, human beings have sought ways to enhance the flavor of the foods they eat. In the 21st century, biotechnology plays an important role in the flavor improvement of many types of foods. This book covers many of the biotechnological approaches currently being applied to flavor enhancement.Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xv Chapter 1 The flavor of citrus fruit 1Ron Porat, Sophie Deterre, Pierre Giampaoli and Anne Plotto Introduction 1 Taste components of citrus fruit 3 Sugars 5 Acids 6 Bitter compounds 6 Aroma compounds of citrus fruit 8 Terpene hydrocarbons 9 Aldehydes 10 Alcohols 11 Esters 11 Ketones 11 Other volatiles 12 Citrus genes involved in flavor production 12 The unique flavor of different citrus species 13 The flavor of oranges 14 The flavor of mandarins 14 The flavor of grapefruit 15 The flavor of lemons 16 Accumulation of off-flavors in fresh citrus fruit during postharvest storage 17 Flavor of citrus essential oils 19 Acknowledgments 24 References 24 Chapter 2 Aroma as a factor in the breeding process of fresh herbs – the case of basil 32Nativ Dudai and Faith C. Belanger The importance of selecting for aroma in breeding of aromatic plants 32 The importance of genetic factors regarding the essential oil composition in aromatic plants 32 Sweet basil and the Ocimum genus 34 Uses of sweet basil 34 The chemistry of the aroma factors of plants: the essential oil 36 Essential oil profiles of common commercial basil varieties 36 Comparison of chemical analysis methods 41 Variation of the volatile compound composition within the plant 43 Variation of aroma compounds within cultivars and the potential for selection 45 Biosynthetic pathways of basil aroma components 47 Inheritance of aroma compounds in basil 50 Interspecific hybridization among Ocimum species 52 Applications of biotechnology-based approaches to modification of basil aroma 53 References 54 Chapter 3 Novel yeast strains as tools for adjusting the flavor of fermented beverages to market specifications 62Jan H. Swiegers, Sofie M.G. Saerens and Isak S. Pretorius Introduction 62 Wine 63 Beer 63 Saké 64 Wine, beer, and saké yeasts 64 Wine yeasts 65 Beer yeasts 67 Saké yeasts 67 Acids 69 Non-volatile acids 69 Volatile acids 72 Alcohols 74 Ethanol 74 Glycerol 76 Higher alcohols 78 Esters 83 Carbonyl compounds 91 Acetaldehyde 91 Diacetyl 93 Volatile phenols 95 Sulfur compounds 98 Sulfides 98 Mercaptans 102 Thiols 102 Monoterpenoids 106 Conclusion 109 References 109 Chapter 4 Biotechnology of flavor formation in fermented dairy products 133Balasubramanian Ganesan and Bart C. Weimer Introduction 133 Biochemistry of dairy fermentations 135 Biotechnology and flavor 138 Flavor production from bacteria 147 Comparative genomics of flavor production 149 Expression and metabolite analysis 154 Predictive bioinformatics 155 Non-culturable lactococci 156 Translation of omics to biotechnology 156 Conclusion 158 References 158 Chapter 5 Biotechnological production of vanillin 165Daphna Havkin-Frenkel and Faith C. Belanger Introduction 165 Biosynthesis of vanillin 168 Natural occurrence of vanillin 168 Site of vanillin production in vanilla beans 168 Vanillin biosynthetic pathway in Vanilla planifolia 170 Production of vanillin by biotechnology 171 Introduction 171 Use of microorganisms 172 Use of plant tissue culture 177 Use of enzymes 177 Use of physical and mild chemistry methods 181 Synthetic vanillin 182 Vanillin from vanilla beans 182 Regulations 183 Conclusions and future outlook 185 References 186 Chapter 6 Plant cell culture as a source of valuable chemicals 193Chee-Kok Chin Introduction 193 Establishment of callus culture 194 Initiation and maintenance of cell culture 197 Production of valuable chemicals by cultured plant cells 198 Metabolic engineering to improve chemical production 204 Concluding remarks 205 References 205 Chapter 7 Increasing the methional content in potato through biotechnology 211Rong Di Flavor compound methional in foods 211 Formation of methional 212 Synthesis of Met in plants 213 Biotechnology to enhance Met and methional 214 References 217 Chapter 8 Flavor development in rice 221Louis M.T. Bradbury, Robert J. Henry and Daniel L.E. Waters Introduction 221 Old flavors of rice 221 Rice texture 223 Fragrant rice 224 The chemistry of rice fragrance 227 The genetics of rice fragrance 228 BAD enzymes and 2AP synthesis 233 The future 237 References 237 Chapter 9 Tomato aroma: biochemistry and biotechnology 243Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati, Yaron Sitrit, Yaakov Tadmor, Eran Pichersky, Natalia Dudareva and Efraim Lewinsohn The major aroma impact volatiles in tomato and their biosynthetic pathways 243 Biosynthesis of tomato volatiles 244 Degradation of fatty acids 244 Volatiles derived from amino acids 246 Terpenes 248 Carotenoid pigmentation affects the flavor and volatile composition of tomato fruit 250 Genetic engineering of tomato aroma 253 Contribution of “omics” to improving our understanding of aroma biosynthesis and perception 256 Conclusion 258 Acknowledgment 258 References 258 Chapter 10 Breeding and biotechnology for flavor development in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) 264Susan K. Brown Quality 265 Apple volatiles 265 Ester compounds and ester biosynthesis 266 Measurement techniques 266 Varietal and developmental differences 267 Effect of storage 268 Effect of processing 269 Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment 270 Hypoxia 270 Gene isolation 271 Genetic studies, linkage maps, and marker-assisted selection 271 ESTs 272 Transgenic approaches 273 Ethylene production and softening (ACS–ACO) 274 Consumer perceptions and sensory testing 274 References 275 Chapter 11 Biosynthesis and perception of melon aroma 281Itay Gonda, Yosef Burger, Arthur A. Schaffer, Mwafaq Ibdah, Ya’akov Tadmor, Nurit Katzir, Aaron Fait and Efraim Lewinsohn Introduction 281 Volatile composition of melon fruit 283 Odor perception 288 Biosynthesis of melon aroma volatiles 292 Terpenoids 292 Fatty acid-derived volatile aldehydes 293 Amino acid-derived aroma compounds 294 Formation of volatile alcohols from volatile aldehydes 296 Formation of volatile esters from volatile alcohols 297 The interphase between volatile and non-volatile metabolites 298 Changes of volatile profiles in transgenic melons inhibited in ethylene production 299 Concluding remarks 299 References 300 Index 307

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive presentation of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) theory, substrate fabrication, applications of SERS to biosystems, chemical analysis, sensing and fundamental innovation through experimentation. Written by internationally recognized editors and contributors. Relevant to all those within the scientific community dealing with Raman Spectroscopy, i.e. physicists, chemists, biologists, material scientists, physicians and biomedical scientists. SERS applications are widely expanding and the technology is now used in the field of nanotechnologies, applications to biosystems, nonosensors, nanoimaging and nanoscience.Trade Review“I believe this book is worth reading by anyone in the field, and I found myself noting a few references throughout each chapter. The book would also be particularly useful for students trying to understand issues in the broader field of current SERS research.” (Anal Bioanal Chem, 22 August 2014)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv 1. Calculation of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra Including Orientational and Stokes Effects Using TDDFT/Mie Theory QM/ED Method 1 George C. Schatz and Nicholas A. Valley 1.1 Introduction: Combined Quantum Mechanics/Electrodynamics Methods 1 1.2 Computational Details 3 1.3 Summary of Model Systems 4 1.4 Azimuthal Averaging 5 1.5 SERS of Pyridine: Models G, A, B, S, and V 6 1.6 Orientation Effects in SERS of Phthalocyanines 11 1.7 Two Particle QM/ED Calculations 13 1.8 Summary 15 Acknowledgment 16 References 16 2. Non-resonant SERS Using the Hottest Hot Spots of Plasmonic Nanoaggregates 19 Katrin Kneipp and Harald Kneipp 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Aggregates of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Their Hot Spots 21 2.2.1 Evaluation of Plasmonic Nanoaggregates by Vibrational Pumping due to a Non-resonant SERS Process 21 2.2.2 Probing Plasmonic Nanoaggregates by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 24 2.2.3 Probing Local Fields in Hot Spots by SERS and SEHRS 25 2.3 SERS Using Hot Silver Nanoaggregates and Non-resonant NIR Excitation 26 2.3.1 SERS Signal vs. Concentration of the Target Molecule 26 2.3.2 Spectroscopic Potential of Non-resonant SERS Using the Hottest Hot Spots 30 2.4 Summary and Conclusions 31 References 32 3. Effect of Nanoparticle Symmetry on Plasmonic Fields: Implications for Single-Molecule Raman Scattering 37 Lev Chuntonov and Gilad Haran 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Methodology 38 3.3 Plasmon Mode Structure of Nanoparticle Clusters 39 3.3.1 Dimers 39 3.3.2 Trimers 40 3.4 Effect of Plasmon Modes on SMSERS 47 3.4.1 Effect of the Spectral Lineshape 47 3.4.2 Effect of Multiple Normal Modes 49 3.5 Conclusions 54 Acknowledgment 54 References 54 4. Experimental Demonstration of Electromagnetic Mechanism of SERS and Quantitative Analysis of SERS Fluctuation Based on the Mechanism 59 Tamitake Itoh 4.1 Experimental Demonstration of the EM Mechanism of SERS 59 4.1.1 Introduction 59 4.1.2 Observations of the EM Mechanism in SERS Spectral Variations 60 4.1.3 Observations of the EM Mechanism in the Refractive Index Dependence of SERS Spectra 62 4.1.4 Quantitative Evaluation of the EM Mechanism of SERS 64 4.1.5 Summary 72 4.2 Quantitative Analysis of SERS Fluctuation Based on the EM Mechanism 72 4.2.1 Introduction 72 4.2.2 Intensity and Spectral Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 73 4.2.3 Framework for Analysis of Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 73 4.2.4 Analysis of Intensity Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 76 4.2.5 Analysis of Spectral Fluctuation in SERS and SEF 78 4.2.6 Summary 82 4.3 Conclusion 82 Acknowledgments 83 References 83 5. Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering as a Probe for Adsorption Dynamics on Metal Surfaces 89 Mai Takase, Fumika Nagasawa, Hideki Nabika and Kei Murakoshi 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Simultaneous Measurements of Conductance and SERS of a Single-Molecule Junction 90 5.3 SERS Observation Using Heterometallic Nanodimers at the Single-Molecule Level 96 5.4 Conclusion 101 Acknowledgments 101 References 101 6. Analysis of Blinking SERS by a Power Law with an Exponential Function 107 Yasutaka Kitahama and Yukihiro Ozaki 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Materials and Methods 110 6.3 Power Law Analysis 110 6.4 Plasmon Resonance Wavelength Dependence 117 6.4.1 Power Law Exponents for the Bright and Dark Events 117 6.4.2 Truncation Time for the Dark Events 123 6.5 Energy Density Dependence 123 6.5.1 Power Law Exponents for the Bright and Dark Events 123 6.5.2 Truncation Time for the Dark Events 125 6.5.3 Comparison with Other Analysis 126 6.6 Temperature Dependence 129 6.6.1 Power Law Exponents for the Bright and Dark Events 129 6.6.2 Truncation Time for the Dark Events 129 6.6.3 Comparison with Other Analysis 130 6.7 Summary 132 Acknowledgments 132 References 133 7. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) for Nanoscale Imaging and Analysis 139 Taka-aki Yano and Satoshi Kawata 7.1 Crucial Difference between TERS and SERS 139 7.2 TERS-Specific Spectral Change as a Function of Tip–Sample Distance 141 7.3 Mechanical Effect in TERS 143 7.4 Application to Analytical Nano-Imaging 144 7.5 Metallic Probe Tip: Design and Fabrication 149 7.6 Spatial Resolution 154 7.7 Real-Time and 3D Imaging: Perspectives 155 References 156 8. Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) 163 Jian-Feng Li and Zhong-Qun Tian 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Synthesis of Various Shell-Isolated Nanoparticles (SHINs) 167 8.3 Characterizations of SHINs 169 8.3.1 Correlation of the SHINERS Intensity and Shell Thickness 169 8.3.2 Characterization of the Ultra-Thin Uniform Silica Shell 171 8.3.3 Influence of the SHINs on the Surface 172 8.4 Applications of SHINERS 173 8.4.1 Single-Crystal Electrode Surface 173 8.4.2 Non-Metallic Material Surfaces 175 8.4.3 Single Particle SHINERS 178 8.5 Different Strategies of SHINERS Compared to Previous SERS Works Using Core–Shell or Overlayer Structures 178 8.6 Advantages of Isolated Mode over Contact Mode 180 8.7 Concluding Discussion 184 8.8 Outlook 185 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 9. Applying Super-Resolution Imaging Techniques to Problems in Single-Molecule SERS 193 Eric J. Titus and Katherine A. Willets 9.1 Introduction 193 9.1.1 Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SM-SERS) 193 9.1.2 Super-Resolution Imaging 194 9.2 Experimental Considerations for Super-Resolution SM-SERS 195 9.2.1 Sample Preparation 195 9.2.2 Instrument Set-up 196 9.2.3 Camera Pixels and Theoretical Uncertainties 197 9.2.4 Correlated Imaging and Spectroscopy in Super-Resolution SM-SERS 198 9.2.5 Correlated Optical and Structural Data 199 9.3 Super-Resolution SM-SERS Analysis 200 9.3.1 Mechanical Drift Correction 201 9.3.2 Analysis of Background Nanoparticle Luminescence 202 9.3.3 Calculating the SM-SERS Centroid Position 202 9.4 Super-Resolution SM-SERS Examples 204 9.4.1 Mapping SM-SERS Hot Spots 204 9.4.2 The Role of Plasmon-Enhanced Electromagnetic Fields: Structure Correlation Studies 206 9.4.3 The Role of the Molecule: Isotope-Edited Studies 210 9.5 Conclusions 214 References 214 10. Lithographically-Fabricated SERS Substrates: Double Resonances, Nanogaps, and Beamed Emission 219 Kenneth B. Crozier, Wenqi Zhu, Yizhuo Chu, Dongxing Wang and Mohamad Banaee 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Double Resonance SERS Substrates 220 10.3 Lithographically-Fabricated Nanogap Dimers 226 10.4 Beamed Raman Scattering 229 10.5 Conclusions 238 References 239 11. Plasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Fluorescence Used for Ultrasensitive Detection in Langmuir–Blodgett Monolayers 243 Diogo Volpati, Aisha Alsaleh, Carlos J. L. Constantino and Ricardo F. Aroca 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering of Tagged Phospholipids 245 11.2.1 Experimental Details 245 11.2.2 Langmuir and LB films 246 11.2.3 Electronic Absorption 247 11.2.4 Characteristic Vibrational Modes of the Tagged Phospholipid 248 11.2.5 Single Molecule Detection 250 11.3 Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle Enhanced Fluorescence (SHINEF) 251 11.3.1 Tuning the Enhancement Factor in SHINEF 251 11.3.2 SHINEF of Fluorescein-DHPE 253 11.4 Conclusions 254 Acknowledgments 255 References 255 12. SERS Analysis of Bacteria, Human Blood, and Cancer Cells: a Metabolomic and Diagnostic Tool 257 W. Ranjith Premasiri, Paul Lemler, Ying Chen, Yoseph Gebregziabher and Lawrence D. Ziegler 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 SERS of Bacterial Cells: Methodology and Diagnostics 258 12.3 Characteristics of SERS Spectra of Bacteria 261 12.4 PCA Barcode Analysis 263 12.5 Biological Origins of Bacterial SERS Signatures 265 12.6 SERS Bacterial Identification in Human Body Fluids: Bacteremia and UTI Diagnostics 266 12.7 Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin: Blood Aging and Disease Detection 267 12.8 SERS of Whole Blood 269 12.9 SERS of RBCs 271 12.10 Malaria Detection 273 12.11 Cancer Cell Detection: Metabolic Profiling by SERS 273 12.12 Conclusions 276 Acknowledgment 277 References 277 13. SERS in Cells: from Concepts to Practical Applications 285 Janina Kneipp and Daniela Drescher 13.1 Introduction 285 13.2 SERS Labels and SERS Nanoprobes: Different Approaches to Obtain Different Information 286 13.2.1 Highlighting Cellular Substructures with SERS Labels 286 13.2.2 Probing Intrinsic Cellular Biochemistry with SERS Nanoprobes 288 13.3 Consequences of Endocytotic Uptake and Processing for Intrinsic SERS Probing in Cells 289 13.4 Quantification of Metal Nanoparticles in Cells 292 13.5 Toxicity Considerations 295 13.6 Applications 298 13.6.1 pH Nanosensors for Studies in Live Cells 298 13.6.2 Following Cell Division with SERS 299 Acknowledgment 301 References 301 Index 309

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Book SynopsisOrganic Reaction Mechanisms 2012, the 48th annual volume in this highly successful and unique series, surveys research on organic reaction mechanisms described in the available literature dated 2012.Table of Contents1. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones and their Derivatives by A. C. Knipe 1 2. Reactions of Carboxylic, Phosphoric, and Sulfonic Acids and their Derivatives by C. T. Bedford 51 3. Oxidation and Reduction by K. K. Banerji 91 4. Carbenes and Nitrenes by E. Gras and S. Chassaing 171 5. Aromatic Substitution by M. R. Crampton 209 6. Carbocations by R. A. McClelland 251 7. Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution by K. C. Westaway 267 8. Carbanions and Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution by M. L. Birsa 307 9. Elimination Reactions by M. L. Birsa 325 10. Addition Reactions: Polar Addition by P. Kocovsky 333 11. Addition Reactions: Cycloaddition by N. Dennis 433 12. Molecular Rearrangements by J. M. Coxon 469 Author Index 541 Subject Index 579

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Book SynopsisCovering the fundamentals of enzymatic fuel cells as well as their design, optimization, integration, and future trends, Enzymatic Fuel Cells provides practical applications of enzymatic fuel cells, including their use in biomedical applications and as power supplies for small portable power devices.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xvii 1 Introduction 1 Heather R. Luckarift, Plamen Atanassov, and Glenn R. Johnson List of Abbreviations, 3 2 Electrochemical Evaluation of Enzymatic Fuel Cells and Figures of Merit 4 Shelley D. Minteer, Heather R. Luckarift, and Plamen Atanassov 2.1 Introduction, 4 2.2 Electrochemical Characterization, 5 2.2.1 Open-Circuit Measurements, 5 2.2.2 Cyclic Voltammetry, 5 2.2.3 Electron Transfer, 6 2.2.4 Polarization Curves, 6 2.2.5 Power Curves, 8 2.2.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, 8 2.2.7 Multienzyme Cascades, 8 2.2.8 Rotating Disk Electrode Voltammetry, 9 2.3 Outlook, 9 Acknowledgment, 10 List of Abbreviations, 10 References, 10 3 Direct Bioelectrocatalysis: Oxygen Reduction for Biological Fuel Cells 12 Dmitri M. Ivnitski, Plamen Atanassov, and Heather R. Luckarift 3.1 Introduction, 12 3.2 Mechanistic Studies of Intramolecular Electron Transfer, 13 3.2.1 Determining the Redox Potential of MCO, 13 3.2.2 Effect ofpHand Inhibitors on the Electrochemistry ofMCO, 17 3.3 Achieving DET of MCO by Rational Design, 18 3.3.1 Surface Analysis of Enzyme-Modified Electrodes, 20 3.3.2 Design of MCO-Modified Biocathodes Based on Direct Bioelectrocatalysis, 21 3.3.3 Design of MCO-Modified “Air-Breathing” Biocathodes, 22 3.4 Outlook, 25 Acknowledgments, 26 List of Abbreviations, 26 References, 27 4 Anodic Catalysts for Oxidation of Carbon-Containing Fuels 33 Rosalba A. Rincón, Carolin Lau, Plamen Atanassov, and Heather R. Luckarift 4.1 Introduction, 33 4.2 Oxidases, 34 4.2.1 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Glucose Oxidase, 34 4.3 Dehydrogenases, 35 4.3.1 The NADH Reoxidation Issue, 35 4.3.2 Mediators for Electrochemical Oxidation of NADH, 37 4.3.3 Electropolymerization of Azines, 38 4.3.4 Alcohol Dehydrogenase as a Model System, 41 4.4 PQQ-Dependent Enzymes, 42 4.5 Outlook, 44 Acknowledgment, 45 List of Abbreviations, 45 References, 45 5 Anodic Bioelectrocatalysis: From Metabolic Pathways to Metabolons 53 Shuai Xu, Lindsey N. Pelster, Michelle Rasmussen, and Shelley D. Minteer 5.1 Introduction, 53 5.2 Biological Fuels, 53 5.3 Promiscuous Enzymes Versus Multienzyme Cascades Versus Metabolons, 55 5.3.1 Promiscuous Enzymes, 55 5.3.2 Multienzyme Cascades, 56 5.3.3 Metabolons, 56 5.4 Direct and Mediated Electron Transfer, 57 5.5 Fuels, 58 5.5.1 Hydrogen, 58 5.5.2 Ethanol, 58 5.5.3 Methanol, 60 5.5.4 Methane, 61 5.5.5 Glucose, 61 5.5.6 Sucrose, 65 5.5.7 Trehalose, 65 5.5.8 Fructose, 67 5.5.9 Lactose, 68 5.5.10 Lactate, 68 5.5.11 Pyruvate, 69 5.5.12 Glycerol, 70 5.5.13 Fatty Acids, 70 5.6 Outlook, 72 Acknowledgment, 72 List of Abbreviations, 73 References, 73 6 Bioelectrocatalysis of Hydrogen Oxidation/Reduction by Hydrogenases 80 Anne K. Jones, Arnab Dutta, Patrick Kwan, Chelsea L. McIntosh, Souvik Roy, and Sijie Yang 6.1 Introduction, 80 6.2 Hydrogenases, 81 6.3 Biological Fuel Cells Using Hydrogenases: Electrocatalysis, 85 6.4 Electrocatalysis by Functional Mimics of Hydrogenases, 92 6.4.1 [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Models, 92 6.4.2 [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Models, 95 6.4.3 Incorporation of Outer Coordination Sphere Features, 97 6.5 Outlook, 97 Acknowledgments, 98 List of Abbreviations, 98 References, 99 7 Protein Engineering for Enzymatic Fuel Cells 109 Elliot Campbell and Scott Banta 7.1 Engineering Enzymes for Catalysis, 109 7.2 Engineering Other Properties of Enzymes, 112 7.2.1 Stability, 112 7.2.2 Size, 113 7.2.3 Cofactor Specificity, 113 7.3 Enzyme Immobilization and Self-Assembly, 115 7.3.1 Engineering for Supermolecular Assembly, 116 7.4 Artificial Metabolons, 117 7.4.1 DNA-Templated Metabolons, 117 7.5 Outlook, 118 List of Abbreviations, 118 References, 118 8 Purification and Characterization of Multicopper Oxidases for Enzyme Electrodes 123 D. Matthew Eby and Glenn R. Johnson 8.1 Introduction, 123 8.2 General Considerations for MCO Expression and Purification, 124 8.3 MCO Production and Expression Systems, 125 8.4 MCO Purification, 128 8.5 Copper Stability and Specific Considerations for MCO Production, 133 8.6 Spectroscopic Monitoring and Characterization of Copper Centers, 136 8.7 Outlook, 139 Acknowledgment, 140 List of Abbreviations, 140 References, 140 9 Mediated Enzyme Electrodes 146 Joshua W. Gallaway 9.1 Introduction, 146 9.2 Fundamentals, 147 9.2.1 Electron Transfer Overpotentials, 147 9.2.2 Electron Transfer Rate, 151 9.2.3 Enzyme Kinetics, 151 9.3 Types of Mediation, 152 9.3.1 Freely Diffusing Mediator in Solution, 152 9.3.2 Mediation in Cross-Linked Redox Polymers, 154 9.3.3 Further Redox Polymer Mediation, 156 9.3.4 Mediation in Other Immobilized Layers, 160 9.4 Aspects of Mediator Design I: Mediator Overpotentials, 162 9.4.1 Considering Species Potentials in a Methanol–Oxygen BFC, 162 9.4.2 The Earliest Methanol-Oxidizing BFC Anodes, 162 9.4.3 A Four-Enzyme Methanol-Oxidizing Anode, 164 9.5 Aspects of Mediator Design II: Saturated Mediator Kinetics, 165 9.5.1 An Immobilized Laccase Cathode, 166 9.5.2 Potential of the Osmium Redox Polymer, 167 9.5.3 Concentration of Redox Sites in the Mediator Film, 170 9.6 Outlook, 172 List of Abbreviations, 172 References, 172 10 Hierarchical Materials Architectures for Enzymatic Fuel Cells 181 Guinevere Strack and Glenn R. Johnson 10.1 Introduction, 181 10.2 Carbon Nanomaterials and the Construction of the Bio–Nano Interface, 184 10.2.1 Carbon Black Nanomaterials, 184 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes, 185 10.2.3 Graphene, 187 10.2.4 CNT-Decorated Porous Carbon Architectures, 188 10.2.5 Buckypaper, 188 10.3 Biotemplating: The Assembly of Nanostructured Biological–Inorganic Materials, 191 10.3.1 Protein-Mediated 3D Biotemplating, 192 10.4 Fabrication of Hierarchically Ordered 3D Materials for Enzyme and Microbial Electrodes, 194 10.4.1 Chitosan–CNT Conductive Porous Scaffolds, 195 10.4.2 Polymer/Carbon Architectures Fabricated Using Solid Templates, 196 10.5 Incorporating Conductive Polymers into Bioelectrodes for Fuel Cell Applications, 198 10.5.1 Conductive Polymer-Facilitated DET Between Laccase and a Conductive Surface, 198 10.5.2 Materials Design for MFC, 200 10.6 Outlook, 201 Acknowledgment, 201 List of Abbreviations, 201 References, 202 11 Enzyme Immobilization for Biological Fuel Cell Applications 208 Lorena Betancor and Heather R. Luckarift 11.1 Introduction, 208 11.2 Immobilization by Physical Methods, 209 11.2.1 Adsorption, 209 11.3 Entrapment as a Pre- and Post-Immobilization Strategy, 211 11.3.1 Stabilization via Encapsulation, 212 11.3.2 Redox Hydrogels, 212 11.4 Enzyme Immobilization via Chemical Methods, 213 11.4.1 Covalent Immobilization, 213 11.4.2 Molecular Tethering, 213 11.4.3 Self-Assembly, 215 11.5 Orientation Matters, 216 11.6 Outlook, 218 Acknowledgment, 219 List of Abbreviations, 219 References, 219 12 Interrogating Immobilized Enzymes in Hierarchical Structures 225 Michael J. Cooney and Heather R. Luckarift 12.1 Introduction, 225 12.2 Estimating the Bound Active (Redox) Enzyme, 227 12.2.1 Modeling the Performance of Immobilized Redox Enzymes in Flow-Through Mode to Estimate the Concentration of Substrate at the Enzyme Surface, 229 12.3 Probing the Distribution of Immobilized Enzyme Within Hierarchical Structures, 232 12.4 Probing the Immediate Chemical Microenvironments of Enzymes in Hierarchical Structures, 235 12.5 Enzyme Aggregation in a Hierarchical Structure, 236 12.6 Outlook, 238 Acknowledgment, 239 List of Abbreviations, 239 References, 239 13 Imaging and Characterization of the Bio–Nano Interface 242 Karen E. Farrington, Heather R. Luckarift, D. Matthew Eby, and Kateryna Artyushkova 13.1 Introduction, 242 13.2 Imaging the Bio–Nano Interface, 243 13.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy, 243 13.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy, 248 13.3 Characterizing the Bio–Nano Interface, 248 13.3.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 248 13.3.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance, 256 13.4 Interrogating the Bio–Nano Interface, 256 13.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy, 256 13.5 Outlook, 267 Acknowledgment, 267 List of Abbreviations, 267 References, 268 14 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Fuel Cell Characterization 273 Ramaraja P. Ramasamy 14.1 Introduction, 273 14.2 Theory and Operation, 274 14.3 Ultramicroelectrodes, 275 14.3.1 Approach Curve Method of Analysis, 276 14.4 Modes of SECM Operation, 278 14.4.1 Negative Feedback Mode, 278 14.4.2 Positive Feedback Mode, 279 14.4.3 Generation–Collection Mode, 279 14.4.4 Induced Transfer Mode, 280 14.5 SECM for BFC Anodes, 281 14.5.1 Enzyme-Mediated Feedback Imaging, 281 14.5.2 Generation–Collection Mode Imaging, 284 14.6 SECM for BFC Cathodes, 285 14.6.1 Tip Generation–Substrate Collection Mode, 286 14.6.2 Redox Competition Mode, 289 14.7 Catalyst Screening Using SECM, 290 14.8 SECM for Membranes, 291 14.9 Probing Single Enzyme Molecules Using SECM, 293 14.10 Combining SECM with Other Techniques, 293 14.10.1 Atomic Force Microscopy, 294 14.10.2 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, 295 14.11 Outlook, 297 List of Abbreviations, 297 References, 298 15 In Situ X-Ray Spectroscopy of Enzymatic Catalysis: Laccase-Catalyzed Oxygen Reduction 304 Sanjeev Mukerjee, Joseph Ziegelbauer, Thomas M. Arruda, Kateryna Artyushkova, and Plamen Atanassov 15.1 Introduction, 304 15.2 Defining the Enzyme/Electrode Interface, 305 15.3 Direct Electron Transfer Versus Mediated Electron Transfer, 306 15.3.1 Mediated Electron Transfer, 307 15.4 The Blue Copper Oxidases, 308 15.4.1 Laccase, 309 15.5 In Situ XAS, 310 15.5.1 Os L3-Edge, 314 15.5.2 uMET, 317 15.5.3 Mediated Electron Transfer, 319 15.5.4 FEFF8.0 Analysis, 323 15.6 Proposed ORR Mechanism, 327 15.7 Outlook, 331 Acknowledgments, 331 List of Abbreviations, 331 References, 332 16 Enzymatic Fuel Cell Design, Operation, and Application 337 Vojtech Svoboda and Plamen Atanassov 16.1 Introduction, 337 16.2 Biobatteries and EFCs, 338 16.3 Components, 339 16.3.1 Anodes, 339 16.3.2 Cathodes, 340 16.3.3 Separator and Membrane, 341 16.3.4 Reference Electrode, 342 16.3.5 Fuel and Electrolyte, 342 16.4 Single-Cell Design, 345 16.4.1 Design of Single-Cell EFC Compartment, 345 16.5 Microfluidic EFC Design, 348 16.6 Stacked Cell Design, 348 16.6.1 Series-Connected EFC Stack, 348 16.6.2 Parallel-Connected EFC Stack, 349 16.7 Bipolar Electrodes, 350 16.8 Air/Oxygen Supply, 351 16.9 Fuel Supply, 351 16.9.1 Fuel Flow-Through, 352 16.9.2 Fuel Flow-Through System, 354 16.9.3 Fuel Flow-Through Operation and Fuel Waste Management, 355 16.10 Storage and Shelf Life, 356 16.11 EFC Operation, Control, and Integration with Other Power Sources, 356 16.11.1 Activation, 356 16.12 EFC Control, 357 16.13 Power Conditioning, 357 16.14 Outlook, 358 List of Abbreviations, 359 References, 359 17 Miniature Enzymatic Fuel Cells 361 Takeo Miyake and Matsuhiko Nishizawa 17.1 Introduction, 361 17.2 Insertion MEFC, 362 17.2.1 Insertion MEFC with Needle Anode and Gas Diffusion Cathode, 363 17.2.2 Windable, Replaceable Enzyme Electrode Films, 364 17.3 Microfluidic MEFC, 366 17.3.1 Effects of Structural Design on Cell Performances, 366 17.3.2 Automatic Air Valve System, 367 17.3.3 SPG System, 369 17.4 Flexible Sheet MEFC, 370 17.5 Outlook, 371 List of Abbreviations, 372 References, 372 18 Switchable Electrodes and Biological Fuel Cells 374 Evgeny Katz, Vera Bocharova, and Jan Halámek 18.1 Introduction, 374 18.2 Switchable Electrodes for Bioelectronic Applications, 375 18.3 Light-Switchable Modified Electrodes Based on Photoisomerizable Materials, 376 18.4 Magnetoswitchable Electrochemical Reactions Controlled by Magnetic Species Associated with Electrode Interfaces, 378 18.5 Modified Electrodes Switchable by Applied Potentials Resulting in Electrochemical Transformations at Functional Interfaces, 381 18.6 Chemically/Biochemically Switchable Electrodes, 383 18.7 Coupling of Switchable Electrodes with Biomolecular Computing Systems, 389 18.8 BFCs with Switchable/Tunable Power Output, 396 18.8.1 Switchable/Tunable BFCs Controlled by Electrical Signals, 397 18.8.2 Switchable/Tunable BFCs Controlled by Magnetic Signals, 399 18.8.3 BFCs Controlled by Logically Processed Biochemical Signals, 402 18.9 Outlook, 412 Acknowledgments, 413 List of Abbreviations, 413 References, 414 19 Biological Fuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 422 Magnus Falk, Sergey Shleev, Claudia W. Narváez Villarrubia, Sofia Babanova, and Plamen Atanassov 19.1 Introduction, 422 19.2 Definition and Classification of BFCs, 424 19.2.1 Cell- and Organelle-Based Fuel Cells, 425 19.2.2 Enzymatic Fuel Cells, 426 19.3 Design Aspects of EFCs, 427 19.3.1 Electron Transfer, 427 19.3.2 Enzymes, 428 19.3.3 Electrodes and Electrode Materials, 430 19.3.4 Biodevice Design, 431 19.4 In Vitro and In Vivo BFC Studies, 433 19.4.1 In Vitro BFCs, 433 19.4.2 In Vivo Operating BFCs, 435 19.5 Outlook, 440 List of Abbreviations, 442 References, 443 20 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 451 Glenn R. Johnson, Heather R. Luckarift, and Plamen Atanassov 20.1 Introduction, 451 20.2 Primary System Engineering: Design Determinants, 453 20.3 Fundamental Advances in Bioelectrocatalysis, 454 20.4 Design Opportunities from EFC Operation, 454 20.5 Fundamental Drivers for EFC Miniaturization, 455 20.6 Commercialization of EFCs: Strategies and Opportunities, 455 Acknowledgment, 457 List of Abbreviations, 457 References, 457 Index 459

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Book SynopsisProvides users with everything they need to know about testing and analysis of coal Includes new coverage on environmental issues and regulations as related to coal Provides the reader with the necessary information about testing and analyzing coal and relays the advantages and limitations in understanding the quality and performance of coal Explains the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use Includes a comprehensive Glossary which defines items in straightforward language that enable readers to better understand the terminology related to coal Treats issues related to sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi Preface xiii 1 History and Terminology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions and Terminology 2 1.3 Precursors of Coal 4 1.4 Coal-Forming Processes 7 1.5 Heteroatoms in Coal 8 1.5.1 Nitrogen 9 1.5.2 Oxygen 10 1.5.3 Sulfur 11 1.5.4 Other Elements 12 1.6 Physical Structure 13 1.7 Petrology and Petrography 14 1.7.1 Petrology 14 1.7.2 Petrography 15 1.7.3 Microlithotypes 17 1.7.4 Inorganic Constituents 17 1.7.5 Petrology, Petrography, and Behavior 18 1.8 Coal and Coal Analysis 21 References 23 2 Identification of Coal 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Analytical Techniques 31 2.3 Standard Test Methods 35 2.4 Coal Classification 37 2.5 Use of Coal 43 2.5.1 PreModern Use of Coal 44 2.5.2 Modern Use of Coal 47 2.6 The Future 49 References 50 3 Sampling and Sample Preparation 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Sampling 56 3.2.1 General Aspects 57 3.2.2 Manual Sampling 61 3.2.3 Mechanical Sampling 65 3.3 Sample Preparation 66 3.4 Washability 68 3.5 Accuracy and Precision 73 3.5.1 Accuracy 73 3.5.2 Precision 74 3.5.3 Repeatability 74 3.5.4 Bias 75 3.5.5 Method Validation 76 3.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 78 3.7 Interrelationships of the Data 80 References 81 4 Mineral Matter 84 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Origin and Occurrence 85 4.2.1 Origin 87 4.2.2 Occurrence 88 4.3 Mineral Types 90 4.3.1 Clay Minerals 91 4.3.2 Silicate Minerals 92 4.3.3 Carbonate Minerals 93 4.3.4 Sulfide and Sulfate Minerals 93 4.3.5 Other Minerals 94 4.3.6 Effect of Mineral Matter on Coal Use 94 4.4 Evaluation 95 4.4.1 Ashing Techniques 97 4.4.2 Ash Analysis and/or Direct Mineral Analysis 99 4.4.3 Non-Ashing Techniques 106 4.4.4 Data Handling and Interpretation 108 4.5 Chemistry of ASH Formation 110 References 112 5 Proximate Analysis 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Moisture Content 118 5.2.1 Test Methods 124 5.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 126 5.3 ASH 127 5.3.1 Test Methods 128 5.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 131 5.4 Volatile Matter 132 5.4.1 Test Methods 133 5.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 135 5.5 Fixed Carbon 136 5.6 Coal Assay 137 5.6.1 Gray–King Assay at 600 ∘C (1112 ∘F) 137 5.6.2 Gray–King Assay at 900 ∘C (1652 ∘F) 138 5.6.3 Other Carbonization Tests 138 5.7 Other Methods 140 References 140 6 Ultimate Analysis 144 6.1 Introduction 144 6.2 Carbon and Hydrogen 145 6.2.1 Test Methods 145 6.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 147 6.3 Nitrogen 148 6.3.1 Test Methods 148 6.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 150 6.4 Oxygen 150 6.4.1 Test Methods 151 6.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 153 6.5 Sulfur 155 6.5.1 Test Methods 156 6.5.2 Determination of the Forms of Sulfur 158 6.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 160 6.6 Chlorine 161 6.6.1 Test Methods 161 6.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 162 6.7 Mercury 163 6.7.1 Test Methods 163 6.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 164 6.8 Other Constituents 164 6.8.1 Carbon Dioxide 164 6.8.2 Arsenic and Selenium 166 References 166 7 Physical Properties 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Density and Specific Gravity 172 7.3 Porosity and Surface Area 180 7.4 Reflectance 186 7.5 Refractive Index 190 7.6 Electrical Conductivity 190 7.7 Dielectric Constant 193 7.8 Dielectric Strength 194 References 194 8 Thermal Properties 198 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 Calorific Value 198 8.2.1 Test Methods 203 8.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 205 8.3 Heat Capacity 206 8.3.1 Test Methods 206 8.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 206 8.4 Thermal Conductivity 209 8.4.1 Test Methods 209 8.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 209 8.5 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties 210 8.5.1 Test Methods 211 8.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 212 8.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 215 8.6 Free Swelling Index 216 8.6.1 Test Method 216 8.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 219 8.7 ASH Fusibility 220 8.7.1 Test Methods 221 8.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 222 8.8 Thermal Conductivity 223 8.8.1 Test Methods 223 8.8.2 Data handling and Interpretation 223 References 224 9 Mechanical Properties 226 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 Strength 228 9.2.1 Test Methods 229 9.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 231 9.3 Hardness 231 9.3.1 Test Methods 232 9.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 233 9.4 Friability 234 9.4.1 Test Methods 236 9.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 237 9.5 Grindability 238 9.5.1 Test Methods 238 9.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 239 9.6 Other Mechanical Properties 242 9.6.1 Cleat Structure 242 9.6.2 Deformation and Flow under Stress 244 References 245 10 Solvent Properties and Spectroscopic Properties 249 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 Solvent Properties 250 10.2.1 Action of Specific Solvents 253 10.2.2 Influence of Coal Rank 254 10.2.3 Influence of Petrographic Composition 255 10.2.4 Analysis of Coal Extracts 256 10.3 Spectroscopic Properties 257 10.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 257 10.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 261 10.3.3 Mass Spectrometry 263 10.3.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 264 10.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction 265 10.3.6 Electron Spin Resonance 265 10.3.7 Miscellaneous Methods 266 References 267 11 The Need for Coal Analysis 275 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Identification and Character of Coal 276 11.3 Physical Properties 278 11.4 Production 279 11.4.1 Dust 280 11.4.2 Fugitive Emissions 281 11.4.3 Mine Waste Disposal 281 11.4.4 Subsidence 282 11.5 Preparation, Transportation, and Storage 283 11.5.1 Preparation 283 11.5.2 Transportation 283 11.5.3 Storage 284 11.6 Utilization 285 11.6.1 Combustion 285 11.6.2 Carbonization 292 11.6.3 Liquefaction 293 11.6.4 Gasification 293 References 294 Glossary 298 Common Conversion Factors Used in Coal Technology 338 Index 341

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Book SynopsisFood biotechnology is the application of modern biotechnological techniques to the manufacture and processing of food, for example through fermentation of food (which is the oldest biotechnological process) and food additives, as well as plant and animal cell cultures.Table of ContentsPreface xi What Is Biotechnology? xiii What Is Food Biotechnology? xvii Part I New Trends and Tools of Food Biotechnology 1 1 Fundamentals and New Aspects 3 1.1 Biotechnological applications of animals, plants, and microbes 3 1.2 Cellular organization and membrane structure 6 1.3 Bacterial growth and fermentation tools 11 1.3.1 Classification and reproduction of biotechnologically important bacterial system 11 1.3.2 Bacterial growth 12 1.3.3 Environmental factors affecting bacterial growth 16 1.4 Fungal growth and fermentation tools 19 1.5 Classical strain improvement and tools 22 1.5.1 Natural selection and mutation 22 1.5.2 Recombination 27 Summary 30 1.6 Systems/synthetic biology and metabolic engineering 31 Summary 36 1.7 Bioengineering and scale-up process 36 1.7.1 Microbial and process engineering factors affecting performance and economics 38 1.7.2 Fermentor and bioreactor systems 39 1.7.3 Mass transfer concept 50 1.7.4 Heat transfer concept 53 1.7.5 Mass and heat transfer practice 57 1.7.6 Scale-up and scale-down of fermentations 71 1.7.7 Scale-up challenges 81 Summary 84 1.8 Molecular thermodynamics for biotechnology 85 1.8.1 Protein folding and stability 85 Summary 92 1.8.2 Downstream processes on crystallization and chromatography 93 Summary 96 1.9 Protein and enzyme engineering 96 Summary 100 1.10 Genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics 100 Summary 108 1.11 Biosensors and nanobiotechnology 109 1.11.1 Biosensor 109 1.11.2 Nanobiotechnology and nanobiosensor 113 Summary 116 1.12 Quorum sensing and quenching 116 Summary 120 1.13 Micro- and nano-encapsulations 120 1.13.1 Microencapsulation 122 1.13.2 Nanoencapsulation 129 Summary 138 Bibliography 140 2 Concepts and Tools for Recombinant DNA Technology 147 2.1 Concepts of macromolecules: function and synthesis 147 2.1.1 DNA replication 147 2.1.2 Roles of RNA 150 2.1.3 Detailed aspects of protein synthesis 153 2.2 Concepts of recombinant DNA technology 161 2.2.1 Restriction endonucleases 162 2.2.2 Plasmid vectors 164 2.2.3 Purpose of gene cloning 168 2.3 DNA sequencing 180 2.4 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 180 2.5 Manipulation techniques of DNA 183 2.5.1 Isolation and purification of nucleic acids 183 2.5.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis 184 2.5.3 Blotting and hybridization 185 2.6 Gene cloning and production of recombinant proteins 186 2.6.1 Cloning and expression of bacterial β-galactosidase in E. coli 186 2.6.2 Cloning, expression, and production of bovine chymosin (rennet) in yeast K. lactis 188 Summary 190 Bibliography 191 Part I Questions and Answers 193 Part II Applications of Biotechnology to Food Products 205 3 Yeast-Based Processes and Products 207 3.1 Food yeasts and derivatives 207 3.1.1 Introduction 207 3.1.2 Industrial processes 207 Summary 212 3.2 Alcoholic beverages 212 3.2.1 Introduction 212 3.2.2 Production and sales of major alcoholic beverages 212 3.2.3 Production processes 213 Summary 225 3.3 Industrial alcohols 225 3.3.1 Introduction 225 3.3.2 Raw materials and microorganisms 226 3.3.3 Production processes 230 3.3.4 Economics 231 Summary 232 3.4 Bread and related products 232 3.4.1 Introduction 232 3.4.2 Ingredients and formulations 233 3.4.3 Production processes 234 3.4.4 New developments 236 Summary 237 Bibliography 237 4 Bacteria-Based Processes and Products 241 4.1 Dairy products 241 4.1.1 Introduction 241 4.1.2 Basic knowledge of manufacture of dairy products 244 4.1.3 Metabolic systems in lactic acid bacteria 249 4.1.4 Genetic modification of lactic acid bacteria 252 4.1.5 Applications of genetic engineering 254 Summary 262 4.2 Meat and fish products 262 4.2.1 Introduction 262 4.2.2 Fermented meat products 263 4.2.3 New developments 267 4.2.4 Fermented fish products 267 Summary 270 4.3 Vegetable products 270 4.3.1 Introduction 270 4.3.2 Fermented vegetable products 271 4.3.3 Fermented soy products 275 4.3.4 New developments 280 Summary 280 4.4 Vinegar and other organic acids 281 4.4.1 Introduction 281 4.4.2 Acetic acid 281 4.4.3 Citric acid 283 4.4.4 Lactic acid 284 4.4.5 Malic acid 285 4.4.6 Fumaric acid 286 Summary 286 4.5 Bacterial biomass 287 4.5.1 Introduction 287 4.5.2 Microorganisms for the production of biomass 288 4.5.3 Raw materials for the production of biomass 289 4.5.4 Production process 292 4.5.5 Nutritional aspects 293 4.5.6 Economics and new developments 294 Summary 295 4.6 Polysaccharides 296 4.6.1 Introduction 296 4.6.2 Microbial polysaccharides 297 4.6.3 Fermentation process 298 4.6.4 Bacterial polysaccharides 299 4.6.5 Other polysaccharides 304 Summary 304 Bibliography 306 5 Other Organism-Based Processes and Products 313 5.1 Enzymes 313 5.1.1 Introduction 313 5.1.2 Production of enzymes 315 5.1.3 Applications 317 5.1.4 New developments and protein engineering 326 5.1.5 Economics 328 Summary 328 5.2 Sweeteners 329 5.2.1 Introduction 329 5.2.2 Nutritive sweeteners 329 5.2.3 High-intensity sweeteners 333 5.2.4 Low calorie sweeteners 337 5.2.5 New developments 338 Summary 339 5.3 Flavors and amino acids 339 5.3.1 Introduction 339 5.3.2 Microbial flavors 340 5.3.3 Enzymatic flavor generation 347 5.3.4 Amino acids 348 5.3.5 Economics 350 Summary 351 5.4 Vitamins and pigments 352 5.4.1 Introduction 352 5.4.2 Production of vitamins 352 5.4.3 Production of pigments 356 5.4.4 Economics 359 Summary 359 5.5 Mushrooms 360 5.5.1 Introduction 360 5.5.2 Cultivation 361 5.5.3 Culture preservation 363 Summary 363 5.6 Cocoa, tea, and coffee fermentation 364 5.6.1 Introduction 364 5.6.2 Cocoa fermentation 364 5.6.3 Coffee fermentation 367 5.6.4 Tea fermentation 369 Summary 372 5.7 Bacteriocins 372 5.7.1 Introduction 372 5.7.2 Classification 373 5.7.3 Mode of action 375 5.7.4 Bioengineering of bacteriocins 376 5.7.5 Applications of bacteriocins 379 5.7.6 Commercial production of bacteriocins 382 Summary 383 5.8 Functional foods and nutraceuticals 383 5.8.1 Probiotics and prebiotics 384 5.8.2 Health claim regulation 396 Summary 397 Bibliography 397 Part II Questions and Answers 411 Part III Other Potential Applications of the New Technology 431 6 Plant Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology, and Safety Assessment 433 6.1 Plant biotechnology 433 6.1.1 Introduction 433 6.1.2 Plant cell and tissue cultivation 435 6.1.3 Plant breeding 437 6.1.4 Application of plant cell and tissue culture 441 Summary 448 6.2 Animal biotechnology 449 6.2.1 Introduction 449 6.2.2 Transgenic animals 449 6.2.3 Animal cell culture 453 Summary 463 6.3 Food safety issues of new biotechnologies 464 6.3.1 Introduction 464 6.3.2 Safety evaluation of novel food products 465 6.3.3 Genetically modified microorganisms and their products 467 6.3.4 Genetically modified plants and their products 469 6.3.5 Genetically modified animals and their products 473 6.3.6 Detection methods of GM crops 475 6.3.7 Detection methods of transgenic animals and fish 480 6.3.8 Containment: physical and biological 481 6.3.9 Promises and limitations 481 Summary 482 Bibliography 483 Part III Questions and Answers 491 Index 497

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Book SynopsisAggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) is a novel photophysical phenomenon which offers a new platformfor researchers to look into the light-emitting processes from luminogen aggregates, from which useful information on structureproperty relationships may be collected and mechanistic insights may be gained. The discovery of the AIE effect opens a new avenue for the development of new luminogen materials in the aggregate or solid state. By enabling light emission in the practically useful solid state, AIE has the potential to expand significantly the technological applications of luminescent materials. Aggregation-Induced Emission: Fundamentals is the first book to explore the fundamental issues of AIE, including the design, synthesis, and photophysical behavior of AIE-active molecules and polymers. The control of the morphological structures of the aggregates of AIE-active materials, and the experimental investigation and theoretical understanding of the AIE mechanism, are also Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Synthesis of Siloles (and Germoles) that Exhibit the AIE Effect 1 Joyce Y. Corey 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 2 1.3 Synthesis of Siloles 4 1.4 Modification of Preformed Siloles 14 1.5 Related Germole Methodology 15 1.6 Metallaindenes and Metallafluorenes of Si and Ge 19 1.7 Oligomers and Polymers of Metalloles and Benzene-Annulated Metalloles 25 1.8 Summary and Future Directions 31 2 Aggregation-Induced Emission in Group 14 Metalloles (Siloles, Germoles, and Stannoles): Spectroscopic Considerations, Substituent Effects, and Applications 39 Jerome L. Mullin and Henry J. Tracy 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Characteristics of AIE in the Group 14 Metalloles 44 2.3 Origins of AIE in Group 14 Metalloles: Restricted Intramolecular Rotation 48 2.4 Polymer Films and Polymerized Siloles 51 2.5 Applications of AIE-Active Metalloles 53 3 Aggregation-Induced Emission of 9,10-Distyrylanthracene Derivatives and Their Applications 61 Bin Xu, Jibo Zhang and Wenjing Tian 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 AIE Molecules Based on 9,10-Distyrylanthracene 63 3.3 AIE Mechanism of 9,10-Distyrylanthracene Molecule Systems 65 3.4 Application of AIE Luminogens Based on 9,10-Distyrylanthracene 67 3.5 Conclusion 80 4 Diaminobenzene-Cored Fluorophores Exhibiting Highly Efficient Solid-State Luminescence 83 Masaki Shimizu 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 1,4-Bis(alkenyl)-2,5-dipiperidinobenzenes 86 4.3 1,4-Diamino-2,5-bis(arylethenyl)benzenes 89 4.4 2,5-Diaminoterephthalates 93 4.5 2,5-Bis(diarylamino)-1,4-diaroylbenzenes 95 4.6 Applications 99 4.7 Conclusion 102 5 Aggregation-Induced Emission in Organic Ion Pairs 105 Suzanne Fery-Forgues 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Historical Background 106 5.3 Preparation and Control of the Fluorophore Arrangement 107 5.4 AIE-Active Organic Ion Pairs in Nano- and Microparticles 111 5.5 Applications as Fluorescent Probes and Sensors for Analytical Purposes 115 5.6 Perspectives 122 6 Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials: the Art of Conjugation and Rotation 127 Jing Huang, Qianqian Li and Zhen Li 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Rotation and Conjugation in AIE Molecules 128 6.3 Design of Functional Materials by Tuning the Conjugation Effect and Restricting Rotations 134 6.4 Outlook 151 7 Red-Emitting AIE Materials 155 Xiao Yuan Shen, Anjun Qin and Jing Zhi Sun 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Basic Principles of Molecular Design for Red-Emitting Materials 156 7.3 Acquirement of Red-Emitting AIE Materials by Reconstruction of Traditional Red-Emitting Molecules 158 7.4 Preparation of Red-Emitting Materials by Introduction of Electron Donors/Acceptors into AIE-Active Molecules 162 7.5 Outlook 164 8 Properties of Triarylamine Derivatives with AIE and Large Two-Photon Absorbing Cross-Sections 169 Jianli Hua, He Tian and Hao Zhang 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Design and Synthesis of Triarylamine Derivatives with AIE and 2PA 170 8.3 AIE Properties of Triarylamine Derivatives 170 8.4 One-Photon and Two-Photon Absorption Properties of Triarylamine Derivatives with AIE 176 8.5 Application of Triarylamine Materials with AIE and 2PA 180 8.6 Conclusion 181 9 Photoisomerization and Light-Driven Fluorescence Enhancement of Azobenzene Derivatives 185 Mina Han and Yasuo Norikane 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Photoisomerization and Fluorescence of Azobenzene Derivatives 186 9.3 Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) 191 9.4 Fluorescence from Azobenzene-Based Aggregates 193 9.5 Conclusion 199 10 Supramolecular Structure and Aggregation-Induced Emission 205 Hongyu Zhang and Yue Wang 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Hydrogen Bonding-Based Molecular Dimer and AIE 206 10.3 Quinacridine Derivatives with 1D Aggregation-Induced Red Emission 210 10.4 Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescence Switching of AIE/AIEE Luminogens 217 10.5 Pt Pt Interaction-Induced Emissive and Conductive 1D Crystals 222 10.6 Conclusion 226 11 Aggregation-Induced Emission in Supramolecular p-Organogels 233 Pengchong Xue and Ran Lu 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Organogels Based on Discotic Molecules with AIE 234 11.3 Organogels Based on Rod-Like Molecules with AIE 238 11.4 Organogels Based on Banana-Shaped Molecules with AIE 242 11.5 Organogels Based on Dendritic Molecules with AIE 246 11.6 Conclusion 249 12 AIE-Active Polymers 253 Rongrong Hu, Jacky W.Y. Lam and Ben Zhong Tang 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Polyolefins 254 12.3 Polyacetylenes 258 12.4 Polydiynes 259 12.5 Polyarylenes 263 12.6 Polytriazoles 269 12.7 Polysilylenevinylenes 271 12.8 Poly(Vinylene Sulfide)s 272 12.9 Other Systems 277 12.10 Conclusion 280 13 Enhanced Emission by Restriction of Molecular Rotation 285 Jin-Long Hong 13.1 Background 285 13.2 Strategy to Restrict Molecular Rotation 286 13.3 Characterizations of Hindered Molecular Rotations 297 13.4 Conclusion 302 14 Restricted Intramolecular Rotations: a Mechanism for Aggregation-Induced Emission 307 Junwu Chen and Ben Zhong Tang 14.1 Introduction: 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylsilole, the Prototype Molecule of Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) 307 14.2 Crystal Structures of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylsiloles 310 14.3 Restricted Intramolecular Rotation (RIR) 312 14.4 Conclusion 320 15 Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement 323 Yongqiang Dong 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Traditional Luminogens 324 15.3 Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement (CIEE) 324 15.4 Conclusion 333 16 Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study of the Aggregation-Induced Emission Mechanism 337 Bing-rong Gao, Hai-yu Wang, Qi-dai Chen and Hong-bo Sun 16.1 Introduction 337 16.2 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 338 16.3 AIE Molecules Without Electron Donor–Acceptor Units 341 16.4 AIE Molecules with Electron Donor–Acceptor Units 344 16.5 Conclusion 353 17 Theoretical Understanding of AIE Phenomena Through Computational Chemistry 357 Qian Peng, Yingli Niu, Qunyan Wu, Xing Gao and Zhigang Shuai 17.1 Introduction 357 17.2 Fundamental Photophysics Relating to AIE Phenomena 358 17.3 Computational Approaches to Investigate AIE Molecules 360 17.4 Computational Results 370 17.5 Summary and Outlook 389 18 Recent Theoretical Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Aggregation-Induced Emission for Small Organic Molecules 399 Jun-Ling Jin, Yun Geng and Zhong-Min Su 18.1 Introduction 399 18.2 Theoretical Methods 400 18.3 Recent Theoretical Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Aggregation-Induced Emission 406 18.4 Prospects 413 Acknowledgments 414 References 414 Index 419

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Book SynopsisBeginning with the untimely death of a young mother, this book unfolds a fictitious case study that captures how unchecked human flaws during the development and launch of a new drug can lead to disastrous consequences.Table of ContentsPreface xi Part One The Event 1 1 Francesca 3 Part Two Drug Discovery: Five Years Earlier 9 2 Katlin Bioscience: Transgenic Mouse Study 11 3 Oxy-Fox Inhaler 21 3.1 Kinnen Laboratories 21 3.2 Kinnen Laboratories: Oxy-Fox Transfer 22 3.3 Due-Diligence Team and Katlin Data Acceptance 23 Part Three Kinnen Oxy-Fox Inhaler Market Launch Program 25 4 Agency IND and NDA Requirements, Six Sigma Charter, and Device Master Record 27 4.1 Launch Team Meeting Number 1 27 4.2 Meeting with Medical Affairs: Toxicity Studies 46 5 Meeting Minutes Guidelines 49 5.1 Launch Team Meeting Number 2 49 6 Project Timing, Marketing Plan, and Offshore Molding 55 6.1 Launch Team Meeting Number 3 55 6.2 Project Financial Review 61 6.3 Progress Meeting: Who Takes Credit for What? 64 6.4 Morning Meeting: Just-in-Time Manufacturing 65 7 cGMP Process Validation Requirements 69 7.1 Launch Team Meeting Number 4 69 8 Failure Mode Effects Analysis 81 8.1 Launch Team Meeting Number 5 81 9 Design for Manufacturability, Design for Six Sigma, Concurrent Design 93 9.1 Product Development Meeting Number 1 93 9.2 Update Meeting with Ed Chase and Gordon Taylor 102 10 Design Fishbone Diagram 105 10.1 Launch Team Meeting Number 6 105 11 Product Specifications 111 11.1 Product Development Meeting Number 2 111 12 Design Control 115 12.1 Design Team Meeting Number 7 115 12.2 Product Development Staff Meeting 118 12.3 Engineering One-on-One 119 12.4 Program Update 120 13 Design of Experiments (DOE) 123 13.1 Molding Team Meeting 123 14 Start-Up Issues 129 14.1 Oxy-Fox Inhaler Wrap-Up and Equipment Start-Up 129 14.2 The Final Management Review 135 Part Four Present Day: Funeral 139 15 Grief 141 16 The Autopsy Results 145 17 The Agency 151 Part Five Agency Medical Event Letter 155 18 Kinnen Notification 157 18.1 Another Agency Letter 157 18.2 Medical Event Review Meeting 158 19 Investigation Team Management 161 19.1. Morning Meeting with Gail Strom, Marcia Hines, and Dan Garvey 161 20 DMAIC Investigation Process 163 21 Internal Quality Review 171 21.1 Meeting with Gail Strom and Marcia Hines 171 21.2 Executive Management Review 174 22 The Agency Audit Letter 179 23 Agency Arrival 183 24 The Audit 187 24.1 Agency Meeting to Review Qualification Documents and the Quality Acceptance Records of First Lot to Stock 187 24.2 Agency Meeting to Review the Oxy-Fox Inhaler Lot Used in the NDA Clinical Studies 189 24.3 Agency Meeting to Review the Design and Program Team Meeting Minutes 190 24.4 Agency Meeting to Review the Due-Diligence Report Katlin Studies, and Oxy-Fox Design History File, 192 25 End-of-Day Agency Wrap-Up Meeting 197 26 Kinnen Management Review 201 Part Six Reckoning 207 27 Blame and Responsibility 209 27.1 The Investigation Is a Public Record 209 27.2 Kinnen Wrap-Up 210 28 Closure 213 Bibliography 215 Index 217

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Book SynopsisProviding insight into the trends and future directions of research in this rapidly developing new field, this book offers a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of developments in the role of Micrornas in disease and their use in toxicology.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv PART I microRNAs AND TOXICOLOGY 1 1 Introduction 3 Saura C. Sahu References 4 2 Environmental Toxicants and Perturbation of miRNA Signaling 5 Kathryn A. Bailey and Rebecca C. Fry 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 miRNAs: Description and Biological Significance 8 2.2.1 miRNA Biosynthesis and Processing 8 2.2.2 Interaction of miRNAs with mRNA Targets 9 2.3 Environmental Toxicant-Associated miRNA Perturbations 10 2.3.1 Toxicant Class 1: Carcinogenic Metals (Arsenic and Cadmium) 10 2.3.1.1 Arsenic 10 2.3.1.2 Cadmium 12 2.3.2 Toxicant Class 2: Air Toxicants (Formaldehyde, Diesel Exhaust Particles, Cigarette Smoke) 13 2.3.2.1 Formaldehyde 13 2.3.2.2 Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs) 14 2.3.2.3 Cigarette Smoke 14 2.3.3 Toxicant Class 3: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (B(a)P) 17 2.3.4 Toxicant Class 4: Endocrine Disruptors (BPA, DDT, Fludioxonil, Fenhexamid, and Nonylphenol) 19 2.3.4.1 BPA, DDT, Fludioxonil, Fenhexamid 19 2.3.4.2 Nonylphenol (NP) 20 2.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 22 Acknowledgments 22 References 22 3 microRNAs in Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 33 Si Chen, Jiekun Xuan and Lei Guo 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 miRNA Tissue Distribution and Abundance 34 3.2.1 miRNA in Solid Tissues 34 3.2.2 microRNA in Body Fluids 35 3.3 miRNA and Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 35 3.3.1 Acetaminophen 36 3.3.2 Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) 37 3.3.3 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) 37 3.3.4 Benzo[a]pyrene 37 3.3.5 Tamoxifen 38 3.3.6 Others 38 3.4 Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 38 3.4.1 Introduction of Circulating miRNAs 38 3.4.1.1 Exosomes 39 3.4.1.2 HDL 39 3.4.1.3 Ago2 39 3.4.2 Blood miRNAs in Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 39 3.4.3 Urine miRNAs in Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity 41 3.4.4 Technique Challenges 42 3.5 Mechanistic Studies and Perspectives 42 Disclaimer 44 References 44 4 Fishing for microRNAs in Toxicology 49 Jennifer L. Freeman, Gregory J. Weber and Maria S. Sepulveda 4.1 microRNAs in Toxicology 49 4.2 Fish Models in Toxicology 49 4.2.1 Small Fish Models in Toxicology 50 4.2.2 Large Fish Models in Toxicology 51 4.3 Fish as Models for Studying miRNA Function 51 4.3.1 miRNA Studies in Zebrafish 51 4.3.2 miRNA Studies in Other Fish Models 52 4.4 Application of Fish Models in Toxicity Studies of miRNA Alterations 52 4.4.1 Zebrafish in Toxicity Studies of miRNA Alterations 52 4.4.2 Other Fish Models in Toxicity Studies of miRNA Alterations 68 4.5 Summary 68 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 PART II microRNAs AND DISEASE STATES 77 5 microRNAs and Inflammation 79 Yan Huang, Samir N. Ghadiali and S. Patrick Nana-Sinkam 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 miRNA Biogenesis and Functions 80 5.3 miRNAs in Hematopoietic Systems 80 5.4 miRNA and Inflammatory Diseases 81 5.5 Regulation of the Immune System 86 5.5.1 Acquired Immunity 86 5.5.2 Innate Immunity 86 5.6 Regulation of miRNA Expression 87 5.6.1 Regulation of miRNA by Cytokines and Bacterial Toxins 87 5.6.2 Regulation of miRNA by Mechanical Stimuli 88 5.7 Select miRNA Regulation of Inflammation 89 5.7.1 miR-146a: Negative Regulator of Immune Response 89 5.7.2 Role of miR-155 in Mediating Inflammatory Responses 91 5.7.3 miR-125a/b 92 5.7.4 miR-181a 93 5.8 Conclusion 94 References 94 6 Regulatory Role of microRNAs in Mutagenesis 101 Fanxue Meng, Yang Luan, Jian Yan and Tao Chen 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 miRNA Roles in Xenobiotic Metabolism 102 6.3 miRNA Roles in the Cell Cycle 105 6.4 miRNA Roles in DNA Repair 106 6.5 Apoptosis 107 6.6 miRNA Regulation and Mutation Formation 108 6.7 Conclusions 109 Disclaimer 109 References 110 7 microRNAs and Cancer 113 Dongsheng Yan and Geir Skogerbø 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 miRNAs are Deregulated in Cancer 114 7.3 miRNAs Function as Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 116 7.4 miRNAs in Cancer Metastasis 117 7.5 miRNAs in Cancer Stem Cells 119 7.6 Mutations in miRNA Loci 119 7.7 Mutations in miRNA Target Genes 120 7.8 Prospective: miRNA as Biomarkers and Therapeutics 121 References 121 8 miRNAs in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis 133 Brock Humphries and Chengfeng Yang 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 miRNAs and Cancer Invasion and Metastasis 136 8.2.1 miRNAs Involved in Angiogenesis 136 8.2.2 miRNAs Involved in Cancer Cell Detachment, Migration, and Invasion 138 8.2.3 miRNAs Involved in Cancer Cell Intravasation 140 8.2.4 miRNAs Involved in Circulating Cancer Cell Survival 142 8.2.5 miRNAs Involved in Cancer Cell Extravasation 143 8.2.6 miRNAs Involved in Metastatic Colonization 144 8.3 miRNAs as Useful Cancer Prognostic Markers 146 8.4 Future Perspectives 147 References 148 9 The Role of microRNAs in Tumor Progression and Therapy 153 Azfur S. Ali, Aamir Ahmad, Shadan Ali, Philip A. Philip and Fazlul H. Sarkar 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Tumor Progression 154 9.3 Key Signaling Pathways 154 9.3.1 Angiogenesis 154 9.3.2 The Ras Pathway 155 9.3.3 The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway 155 9.3.4 The PI3K/Akt Pathway 156 9.4 The miRNAs as Regulators of Tumor Progression 156 9.4.1 Current Therapies to Control Tumor Progression 157 9.4.2 Tumor Promoter miRNAs 158 9.4.2.1 miR-21 158 9.4.2.2 miR-155 159 9.4.3 Tumor Suppressor miRNAs 159 9.4.3.1 The miR-200 Family 159 9.4.3.2 miR-146a 160 9.4.3.3 The let-7 Family 160 9.5 Regulation of miRNAs by Novel Anticancer Compounds 160 9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 161 References 162 10 Current Understanding of microRNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer 167 Marion Gayral, Jérome Torrisani and Pierre Cordelier 10.1 Introduction on the Rationale of Using miRNAs as Therapeutics in Cancer 167 10.2 Current Approaches to Target miRNAs 167 10.3 Evidence of Successful miRNA Targeting in Experimental Cancer Models 168 10.4 Open Question: Targeting miRNA Processing in Cancer Cells 170 10.5 Concluding Remarks 170 References 170 11 microRNAs, New Players in Cancer Chemoprevention 173 Bin Yi and Yaguang Xi 11.1 Introduction 173 11.2 miRNA and the Natural Products 175 11.2.1 Vitamin A 175 11.2.2 Vitamin B 176 11.2.3 Vitamin D 176 11.2.4 Vitamin E 176 11.2.5 Fatty Acids 176 11.2.6 Curcumin 177 11.2.7 Resveratrol 177 11.2.8 Ellagitannin 177 11.2.9 Genistein 177 11.2.10 Catechins 178 11.2.11 Indoles 178 11.3 miRNA and Pharmaceuticals 178 11.3.1 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 178 11.3.2 Estrogen Receptor Antagonist 181 11.4 Perspectives 182 Acknowledgments 183 References 183 12 microRNA and Neurodegenerative Diseases 189 Josephine Malmevik, Malin Ákerblom and Johan Jakobsson 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 miRNAs and Parkinson’s Disease 191 12.3 miRNAs and Alzheimer’s Disease 193 12.4 miRNAs and Huntington’s Disease 195 12.5 Outlook 195 Acknowledgements 196 References 196 13 Sleep and microRNAs (miRNAs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases 201 Daniel B. Kay and Christopher J. Davis 13.1 Sleep and microRNAs (miRNAs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases 201 13.2 miRNAs and Sleep 202 13.3 Aging 203 13.4 Alzheimer’s Disease 204 13.5 Parkinson’s Disease 205 13.6 Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease 206 13.7 Huntington’s Disease 207 13.8 Multiple Sclerosis 208 13.9 Fronto-Temporal Dementia 208 13.10 Summary 208 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 14 Role of microRNA in Autism Spectrum Disorder 215 Tewarit Sarachana and Valerie W. Hu 14.1 Introduction 215 14.2 Epidemiology of ASD 216 14.3 Etiology of ASD: Genetic Associations 216 14.4 ASD as Multigenic Systemic Disorders 217 14.5 Evidence for Epigenetic Contributions 218 14.6 The Role of microRNAs in Neurodevelopment 218 14.7 microRNAs in Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders: An Overview 219 14.8 microRNA Expression Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder 220 14.8.1 Evidence for Dysregulated miRNAs in Brain and Blood 220 14.8.2 Identification of Novel Gene Targets of Differentially Expressed miRNAs in ASD 220 14.8.3 Brain-Related miRNAs are Differentially Expressed in LCLs from Individuals with ASD 222 14.8.4 Functional Associations of Confirmed Differentially Expressed miRNAs 225 14.9 Conclusions 226 Acknowledgments 227 References 227 15 The Emerging Function of Natural Products as Regulators of miRNAs in Human Diseases 237 Keitaro Hagiwara, Luc Gailhouste, Nobuyoshi Kosaka and Takahiro Ochiya 15.1 Introduction 237 15.2 History of Natural Products as Drugs 238 15.3 Functions of miRNAs in Human Diseases 238 15.4 Regulation of miRNAs using Natural Products 239 15.5 Resveratrol and miRNAs 239 15.6 EGCG and miRNAs 241 15.7 Curcumin and miRNAs 242 15.8 Isoflavone and miRNAs 242 15.9 Metformin miRNA 242 15.10 Traditional Herbs and miRNAs 243 15.11 Polyphenol and miRNAs 243 15.12 Rice and miRNA 243 15.13 Human Breast Milk and miRNAs 244 15.14 Conclusion 245 Acknowledgments 245 References 245 PART III microRNAs AND STEM CELLS 249 16 Pluripotency and Early Cell Fate Decisions are Orchestrated by microRNAs 251 Matthias Jung and Insa S. Schroeder 16.1 Importance of microRNAs in ES and iPS Cells 251 16.2 Biogenesis and Function of microRNAs 252 16.3 microRNAs Mark ES Cell Identity 253 16.3.1 ES Cell Identity is Characterized by Distinct miRs 253 16.3.2 Mouse ES Cell-Specific miRs 254 16.3.3 Human ES Cell-Specific miRs 255 16.3.4 Self-Renewal of ES Cells is Regulated by Cell Cycle Regulating miRs 255 16.3.5 Differentiation Capacity of ES Cells is Maintained by miRs 256 16.3.6 Isoforms and 3 Variability in ES Cell-Specific miRs 256 16.4 microRNAs Guide Induced Pluripotency 257 16.4.1 Reprogramming Factors Regulate ES Cell-Associated miRs 257 16.4.2 Differentiation of ES and iPS Cells is Prevented by miRs 258 16.4.3 Reprogramming Requires ES Cell-Specific miRs 258 16.5 microRNAs Manipulate Cell Fate Decision 259 16.5.1 Induction of Early Differentiation is Regulated by miRs 259 16.5.2 Major Signaling Pathways in ES Cells Regulated by miRs 260 16.5.3 Differentiation of ES Cells Can be Manipulated by miRs 260 16.5.4 Cell Fate Decisions are Influenced by miRs and RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) 261 References 262 17 microRNAs in Cancer Stem Cells: Micromanagers of Malignancy 269 Arun Bhardwaj, Sumit Arora, Seema Singh, and Ajay P. Singh 17.1 Introduction 269 17.2 Cancer Stem Cells 270 17.2.1 Origin of Cancer Stem Cells 270 17.2.2 Characteristics and Pathological Significance of Cancer Stem Cells 271 17.3 microRNAs: Biology and Mechanism 273 17.4 Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of Genes and Signaling Pathways Associated with Cancer Stem Cells 273 17.4.1 HMGA2 275 17.4.2 Bcl-2 275 17.4.3 Bmi-1 276 17.4.4 Wnt/β-Catenin 276 17.4.5 Notch 277 17.4.6 Hedgehog 277 17.4.7 TGF-β 278 17.5 Translational Implications and Future Perspectives 279 References 279 PART IV microRNAs AND GENOMICS 285 18 microRNAs: Tiny Regulators of Great Potential for Gene Regulation 287 Nahid Akhtar and Tariq M. Haqqi 18.1 Introduction 287 18.2 microRNAs: Biogenesis and Expression Criteria 288 18.3 Mechanism of miRNA Mediated Regulation of Genes 288 18.4 Complexities of miRNA Regulation 290 18.5 microRNA and Epigenetics 291 18.6 Role of miRNAs in Biological Processes 295 18.7 microRNAs: Association with Disease Pathogenesis 296 18.8 microRNAs: Another Way to Unravel Disease Pathogenesis 297 18.9 microRNAs as Novel Therapeutic Targets 298 18.10 Concluding Remarks 299 Competing Interests 300 Conflict of interest statement 300 Acknowledgments 300 References 300 19 Exploration of microRNA Genomic Variation Associated with Common Human Diseases 309 Joel Fontanarosa and Yang Dai 19.1 Introduction 309 19.2 Methods 310 19.3 Results 311 19.4 Discussion 313 Acknowledgment 315 References 315 PART V microRNAs AND EPIGENOMICS 317 20 Crosstalk between microRNAs and Epigenetics: From the Nutritional Perspective 319 Zhenhua Liu, Stephanie A Tammen, Simonetta Friso and Sang-Woon Choi 20.1 Introduction 319 20.2 Epigenetic Regulation of microRNA Expression 321 20.2.1 microRNA Biogenesis and Epigenetic Regulation 321 20.2.2 Epigenetically-Regulated microRNAs 323 20.2.2.1 microRNAs Controlled by Promoter Methylation 323 20.2.2.2 microRNAs Controlled by Histone Modification 324 20.3 Regulation of Epigenetic Machinery by microRNAs 326 20.3.1 Epigenetic Machinery and its Regulation by microRNA 326 20.3.2 epi-miRNAs 327 20.4 microRNA and Epigenetics: Regulation by Nutrition 329 20.4.1 Nutrition and Epigenetics 329 20.4.1.1 One-Carbon Nutrients 329 20.4.1.2 Dietary Bioactive Components 329 20.4.2 Nutrition and microRNA 331 20.4.2.1 One-Carbon Nutrients 331 20.4.2.2 Dietary Bioactive Components 331 20.4.3 Nutritional Modulation of the Epigenetics-microRNA Inter-Regulatory Network 332 20.5 Summary 333 References 334 PART VI microRNAs AND BIOMARKERS 341 21 Body Fluid microRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 343 Zhishan Wang and Chengfeng Yang 21.1 microRNA History, Biogenesis and Functions 343 21.2 Differential Expression of miRNAs During Development and Diseases 344 21.3 Alterations of miRNA Expressions by Toxicant Exposures 345 21.4 Discovery of Body Fluid miRNAs 346 21.5 Body Fluid miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 347 21.5.1 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 347 21.5.1.1 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Liver Injuries 347 21.5.1.2 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Heart Injuries 349 21.5.1.3 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Kidney Injuries 350 21.5.1.4 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Radiation Exposure 351 21.5.1.5 Plasma or Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for Drug Abuse 353 21.5.2 Urinary miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 353 21.5.2.1 Urinary miRNAs as Biomarkers for Kidney Injuries 353 21.5.2.2 Urinary miRNAs as Biomarkers for Liver Injuries 354 21.5.3 Other Body Fluid miRNAs as Toxicological Biomarkers 355 21.6 Challenges and the Future of Body Fluid miRNAs as Biomarkers 356 References 358 22 Cell-free microRNAs as Biomarkers in Human Diseases 363 Xi Yang, William B. Mattes, Qiang Shi, Zuquan Weng and William F. Salminen 22.1 Introduction 363 22.2 Secretion and Transportation of Cell-Free miRNAs in Body Fluids 365 22.3 Technical Challenges in the Analysis of Cell-Free miRNAs 367 22.4 Cell-Free miRNAs as Novel Potential Biomarkers for Cancers and Tissue Injuries 369 22.4.1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia and B-Cell Lymphoma 370 22.4.2 Bladder Cancer 370 22.4.3 Breast Cancer 370 22.4.4 Colorectal Cancer 373 22.4.5 Gastric Cancer 373 22.4.6 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 374 22.4.7 Lung Cancer 374 22.4.8 Melanoma 375 22.4.9 Oral and Squamous Cell Carcinoma 375 22.4.10 Ovarian Cancer 376 22.4.11 Pancreatic Cancer 376 22.4.12 Prostate Cancer 377 22.4.13 Cardiovascular Diseases 377 22.4.14 Drug-Induced Liver Injury 379 22.4.15 Kidney Injury 380 22.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 380 Disclaimer 380 References 381 23 Plasma microRNAs as Biomarkers of Human Diseases 389 Katarina Cuk, Dharanija Madhavan, Andrey Turchinovich and Barbara Burwinkel 23.1 Introduction 389 23.2 Cancer 390 23.2.1 Breast Cancer 390 23.2.2 Prostate Cancer 391 23.2.3 Lung Cancer 406 23.2.4 Colorectal Cancer 407 23.3 Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders 408 23.3.1 Acute Myocardial Infarction 408 23.3.2 Other Cardiovascular Diseases 410 23.4 Neurological Diseases and Disorders 411 23.5 Diabetes Mellitus 412 23.6 Infectious Diseases 413 23.7 Standardization of Circulating miRNA Analysis 413 23.7.1 Sample Processing and Handling 413 23.7.2 Data Normalization 415 23.8 Discovery, Origins and Functions of Circulating miRNAs 416 References 418 24 Circulating microRNAs as Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Pancreatitis 425 Rodney Rouse, Barry A. Rosenzweig and Karol L. Thompson 24.1 Introduction 425 24.2 Pancreatic Injury and Serum Biomarkers 426 24.3 Amylase and Lipase: Sensitivity and Specificity as Biomarkers of Pancreatic Injury 427 24.4 Pancreas Selective microRNAs as Circulating Biomarkers 428 24.4.1 Pancreas Selective Expression of microRNAs in Tissue 428 24.4.2 Circulating microRNAs in Models of Pancreatitis 429 24.4.3 Mouse Model of Acute Pancreatic Injury 430 24.4.4 Time Course of Pancreas-Selective microRNAs in the Serum of Mice Treated with Caerulein 430 24.4.5 Dose Response of Pancreas-Selective microRNAs in the Serum of Mice Treated with Caerulein 432 24.4.6 Serum Lipase and Amylase in Mice Treated with Caerulein 433 24.4.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Analysis of Serum microRNAs, Lipase, and Amylase 433 24.5 Conclusions 433 24.6 Future Directions 434 Acknowledgments 434 Disclaimer 434 References 435 25 microRNA Profiling: Strategies and Challenges 437 Jiekun Xuan, Leming Shi and Lei Guo 25.1 miRNA Biogenesis 437 25.2 Challenges of miRNA Profiling 437 25.3 miRNA Profiling Methodologies 438 25.3.1 Northern Blotting 438 25.3.2 Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR 440 25.3.3 Microarray 441 25.3.4 Next Generation Sequencing 441 25.3.4.1 Roche/454 441 25.3.4.2 Illumina/Solexa 442 25.3.4.3 Life Technologies/SOLiD 442 25.3.4.4 cDNA Library Construction 443 25.3.4.5 Multiplexing 443 25.3.4.6 Bioinformatics Tools 444 25.4 Technical Challenges of Circulating miRNA Profiling 446 25.5 Quality Assessment and Data Normalization 446 Disclaimer 448 References 448 Index 455

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Book SynopsisEducating professionals and students about the chemistry, formulation technology, and related regulatory aspects of cosmetics and perfume Cosmetics and perfume comprise a multibillion-dollar global industry. Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics provides authoritative information on the substances and processes involved, including key product groups, ingredients, formulation technology, packaging, and regulatory topics in twenty-two articles. This resource makes sense of a vast group of consumer products designed to improve the health, cleanliness, and physical appearance of the human exterior. It identifies natural and synthetic ingredients and gives details on formulation of the product so that the cosmetic is safe, easy to use, and performs as described. Particular attention is paid to the technologies that have been developed to produce them, including emulsification, stick technology, powder blending, and aerosol technology. Packaging is also Table of ContentsPREFACE ixPART I PRODUCTS 11 Cosmetics 3Martin M. Rieger2 Soap 49Shiping Zhu, John G. Chambers, and Vijay Naik3 Hair Preparations 85Stanley Pohl, Joseph Varco, Paul Wallace, and Leszek J. Wolfram4 Perfumes 123William L. Schreiber5 Dentifrices 161Morton Pader6 Natural Cosmetics 171Darrin C. Duber-Smith, Yi Hsin Chang, Amy B. Olson, Azalea P. Rosholt, Anne Marie Api, Matthias Vey, Annie M. Ugurlayan, Viny Srinivasan, Eric Antignac, Esperanza Troyano, Donna Mcmillan, Katherine Sarlo, Lijuan Li, Rohan Wimalasena, James Flanagan, Mark Garrison, Nava Dayan, Brian E. Kilfoyle, Jenna L. Terebetski, Bozena B. Michniak-Kohn, Sonali Bose, Rajarajeswari Sivalenka, Mangathayaru Putrevu, Ina Schlenoff, Robin Choi, Stefan Gafner, Jacquelyn R. Villinski, Kan He, Marc Roller, and Jennifer K. SaxePART II INGREDIENTS 2057 Aroma Chemicals 207Michael Zviely8 Terpenoids 247Charles S. Sell9 Essential Oils 375K. Husnu Can BaSser and Fatih Demirci10 Citrus Oils and Essences 409Fereidoon Shahidi and Ying Zhong11 Lipids, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Use 427Ernesto Hernandez12 Fatty Acids and Derivatives from Coconut Oil 445Gregorio C. Gervajio13 Cosmeceutical Compounds from Marine Sources 483Thanh-Sang Vo, Dai-Hung Ngo, and Se-Kwon Kim14 Colorants for Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics 501Daniel MarmionPART III FORMULATION TECHNOLOGY 54915 Emulsions 551Edward Kostansek16 Microemulsions 575John Klier17 Hydrogels 597Wensheng Cai and Ram B. Gupta18 Foams 631Arnaud Saint-James, Douglas J. Durian, and David A. Weitz19 Aerosol Technology 661John J. Sciarra and Christopher J. Sciarra20 Surfactants 681Tharwat TadrosPART IV REGULATORY 72721 Packaging, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceuticals 729Jack L. Rosette, John Yablonski, Sharon Mancuso, and Gaurav Kale22 Regulatory Agencies, Pharmaceuticals, Food, and Cosmetics 743Gary L. Yingling and Suzan OnelINDEX 759

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWritten to record and report on recent research progresses in the field of molten salts, Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology focuses on molten salts and ionic liquids for sustainable supply and application of materials.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xxiii Foreword xxix Preface xxxi 1 ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYSIS 1 1.1 Formation of CO2 and CO on Carbon Anodes in Molten Salts 3 J. Thonstad and E. Sandnes 1.2 Interaction of Carbon with Molten Salts 9 Derek Fray 1.3 Anode Processes on Carbon in Chloride Melts with Dissolved Oxides 17 E. Sandnes, G. M. Haarberg, A. M. Martinez, K. S. Osen and R. Tunold 1.4 Aluminium Electrolysis with Inert Anodes and Wettable Cathodes and with Low Energy Consumption 27 Ioan Galasiu and Rodica Galasiu 1.5 Influence of the Sulfur Content in the Carbon Anodes in Aluminum Electrolysis – a Laboratory Study 39 S. Pietrzyk and J. Thonstad 1.6 Aluminum Electrolysis in an Inert Anode Cell 53 O. Tkacheva, J. Spangenberger, B. Davis, and J. Hryn 1.7 Effect of Phosphorus Impurities on the Current Efficiency for Aluminium Deposition from Cryolite-Alumina Melts in a Laboratory Cell 71 R. Meirbekova, G. Sævarsdottir, J. P. Armoo, and G. M. Haarberg 1.8 Influence of LOI on Alumina Dissolution in Molten Aluminum Electrolyte 77 Y. Yang, B. Gao, X. Hu, Z. Wang, and Z. Shi 1.9 The Electrolytic Production of Al-Cu-Li Master Alloy by Molten Salts Electrolysis 85 B. Gao, S. Wang, J. Qu, Z. Shi, X. Hu, and Z. Wang 1.10 Transference Numbers in Na(K) Cryolite-Based Systems 95 J. Hýveš, P. Fellner, and J. Thonstad 1.11 125 years of the Hall Héroult Process – What Made It a Success? 103 O.-A. Lorentsen 2 NEW PROCESSES FOR ELECTROWINNING 113 2.1 Ionic Conduction of Oxygen and Calciothermic Reduction in Molten CaO-CaCl2 115 R. O. Suzuki, D. Yamada, S. Osaki, R. F. Descallar-Arriesgado, and T. Kikuchi 2.2 Effects of Temperature and Boron Concentration of a Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrode on NF3 Current Efficiency, and Stability of BDD Electrode in Molten NH4F⋅2HF 123 A. Tasaka, Y. Iida, T. Shiono, M. Uno, Y. Nishiki, T. Furuta, M. Saito, and M. Inaba 2.3 Nanoparticle Size Control Using a Rotating Disk Anode for Plasma-Induced Cathodic Discharge Electrolysis 133 M. Tokushige, T. Nishikiori, and Y. Ito 2.4 Cathodic Phenomena in Li Electrolysis in LiCl-KCl Melt 143 T. Takenaka, T. Morishige, and M. Umehara 3 MODELING AND THERMODYNAMICS 149 3.1 Ionic Conductivity and Molecular Structure of a Molten xZnBr2-(1−x)ABr (A = Li, Na, K) System 151 T. Ohkubo, T. Tahara, K. Takahashi, and Y. Iwadate 3.2 Molten Salts: from First Principles to Material Properties 159 M. Salanne, P. A. Madden, and C. Simon 3.3 Different Phases of Fluorido-Tantalates 163 M. Boca, B. Kubýková, F. Šimko, M. Gembicky, J. Moncol, and K. Jomová 3.4 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of SiO2 and SiO2-CaO Mixtures 171 A. Jacob, A. Gray-Weale, and P. J. Masset 3.5 Thermodynamic Investigation of the BaF2-LiF-NdF3 System 181 M. Berkani and M. Gaune-Escard 3.6 The Stable Complex Species in Melts of Alkali Metal Halides: Quantum-Chemical Approach 193 V. G. Kremenetsky, O. V. Kremenetskaya, and S. A. Kuznetsov 3.7 Molecular and Ionic Species in Vapor over Molten Ytterbium Bromides 203 M. F. Butman, D. N. Sergeev, V. B. Motalov, L. S. Kudin, L. Rycerz,and M. Gaune-Escard 3.8 Lithium Hydride Solubility in Molten Chlorides 213 P. J. Masset 4 HIGH-TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 219 4.1 In Situ Experimental Approach of Speciation in Molten Fluorides: A Combination of NMR, EXAFS, and Molecular Dynamics 221 C. Bessada, O. Pauvert, L. Maksoud, D. Zanghi, V. Sarou-Kanian, M. Gobet, A. L. Rollet, A. Rakhmatullin, M. Salanne, C. Simon, D. Thiaudiere, and H. Matsuura 4.2 NMR Study of Melts in the System Na3AlF6-Al2O3-AlPO4 229 A. Rakhmatullin, M. Keppert, G. M. Haarberg, F. Šimko, and C. Bessada 4.3 Structure and Dynamics of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Molten Fluorides by High-Temperature NMR and Molecular Dynamics 235 G. Moussaed, V. Sarou-Kanian, M. Gobet, M. Salanne, C. Simon, A.-L. Rollet and C. Bessada 4.4 Speciation of Niobium in Chloride Melts: An Electronic Absorption Spectroscopic Study 243 I. B. Polovov, N. P. Brevnova, V. A. Volkovich, M. V. Chernyshov, B. D. Vasin, and O. I. Rebrin 4.5 Electrode Processes in Vanadium-Containing Chloride Melts 257 I. B. Polovov, M. E. Tray, M. V. Chernyshov, V. A. Volkovich, B. D. Vasin, and O. I. Rebrin 4.6 Electrodeposition of Lead from Chloride Melts 283 G. M. Haarberg, L.-E. Owe, B. Qin, J. Wang, and R. Tunold 4.7 Electrodeposition of Ti from K2TiF6 in NaCl-KCl-NaF Melts 287 C.A.C. Sequeira 4.8 Effect of Electrolysis Parameters on the Coating Composition and Properties during Electrodeposition of Tungsten Carbides and Zirconium Diborides 295 V. Malyshev, D. Shakhnin, A. Gab, and M. Gaune-Escard 4.9 Galvanic Coatings of Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbides from Oxide Melts: Electrodeposition and Initial Stages of Nucleation 303 V. Malyshev, D. Shakhnin, A. Gab, and M. Gaune-Escard 4.10 Electrolytic Production of Matrix Coated Fibres for Titanium Matrix Composites 319 J. G. Gussone and J. M. Hausmann 4.11 Electrochemical Synthesis of Double Molybdenum Carbides 329 V.S. Dolmatov, S.A. Kuznetsov, E.V. Rebrov, and J.C. Schouten 5 ELECTROCHEMISTRY IN IONIC LIQUIDS 339 5.1 Electrodeposition of Aluminium from Ionic Liquids 341 O.B. Babushkina, E.O. Lomako, J. Wehr, and O. Rohr 5.2 Electrolytic Synthesis of (CF3)3N from a Room Temperature Molten Salt of (CH3)3N⋅mHF with BDD Electrode 351 A. Tasaka, K. Ikeda, N. Osawa, M. Saito, M. Uno, Y. Nishki, T. Furuta, and M. Inaba 5.3 Electrodeposition of Reactive Elements from Ionic Liquids 359 A. Bund, A. Ispas, and S. Ivanov 5.4 Electrodeposition of Magnesium in Ionic Liquid at 150-200 C B. Gao, T. Nohira, R. Hagiwara, and Z. Wang 5.5 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid-Based SEM/EDX Techniques for Biological Specimens and in situ Electrode Reaction Observation 373 T. Tsuda, E. Mochizuki, S. Kishida, N. Nemoto, Y. Ishigaki, and S. Kuwabata 6 NUCLEAR ENERGY 1 6.1 New Routes for the Production of Reactor Grade Zirconium 391 Y. Xiao, A. van Sandwijk, Y. Yang, and V. Laging 6.2 NMR and EXAFS Investigations of Lanthanum Fluoride Solubility in Molten LiF-ZrF4-LaF3 Mixture: Application in Molten Salts Reactor 403 L. Maksoud, M. Gobet, D. Zanghi, H. Matsuura, M. Numakura, O. Pauvert, and C.Bessada 6.3 Actinides Oxidative Back-Extraction from Liquid Aluminium, in Molten Chloride Media 411 E. Mendes, O. Conocar, A. Laplace, N. Douyère, J. Lacquement, and M. Miguirditchian 6.4 Formation of Uranium Fluoride Complex by Addition of Fluoride Ion to Molten NaCl-CsCl Melts 421 A. Uehara, O. Shirai, T. Fujii, T. Nagai, N. Sato, and H. Yamana 6.5 Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Chloride Melts 427 A. V. Abramov, I. B. Polovov, V. A. Volkovich, and O. I. Rebrin 6.6 Pulsed Neutron Diffraction Study of Molten CsCl-NaCl-YCl3: Approaches from Fundamentals to Pyrochemical Reprocessing 449 Y. Iwadate, T. Ohkubo, T. Michii, H. Matsuura, A. Kajinami, K. Takase, N. Ohtori, N. Umesaki, R. Fujita, K. Mizuguchi, H. Kofuji, M. Myochin, M. Misawa, T. Fukunaga, and K. Itoh 6.7 Local Structural Analyses of Molten Thorium Fluoride in Mono- and Divalent Cationic Fluorides 459 M. Numakura, N. Sato, C. Bessada, A. Nezu, H. Akatsuka, and H. Matsuura 6.8 Electrodeposition of Uranium by Pulse Electrolysis in Molten Fluoride Salts 467 M. Straka , F. Lis´y, and L. Szatmáry 6.9 Quantitative Analysis of Lanthanides in Molten Chloride by Absorption Spectrophotometry 475 T. Uda, T. Fujii, K. Fukasawa, A. Uehara, K. Kinoshita, T. Koyama and H. Yamana 6.10 Formation of Rare Earth Phosphates in NaCl-2CsCl-Based Melts 481 V. A. Volkovich, A. B. Ivanov, S. M. Yakimov, I. B. Polovov, B. D. Vasin, A. V. Chukin, A. K. Shtolts, and T. R. Griffiths 6.11 A Novel Method for Trapping and Studying Volatile Molybdenum(V) in Alkali Chloride Melts: Implications for Treating Spent Nuclear Fuel 489 V. A. Volkovich, I. B. Polovov, R. V. Kamalov, B. D. Vasin, and T. R. Griffiths 6.12 Electrochemical Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient of U in Liquid Cd 499 T. Murakami, M. Kurata, Y. Sakamura, T. Koyama, N. Akiyama, S. Kitawaki, A. Nakayoshi, and M. Fukushima 6.13 Reduction of Uranyl(VI) Species in Alkali Chloride Melts 507 V. A. Volkovich, D. E. Aleksandrov, D. S. Maltsev, B. D. Vasin, I. B. Polovov, and T. R. Griffiths 7 ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 521 7.1 Molten Salt Electrochemical Processes Directed Toward a Low Carbon Society 523 Yasuhiko Ito 7.2 Theoretical and Experimental Approach to Improve the Li2CO3-K2CO3 Eutectic Properties in MCFC Devices 535 V. Lair, V. Albin, A. Ringuedé, and M. Cassir 7.3 Conductive Property of Molten Carbonate/Ceria-Based Oxide (Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95) for Hybrid Electrolyte 543 M. Mizuhata, T. Ohashi, and S. Deki 7.4 Recent Progress in Alkali Nitrate/Nitrite Developments for Solar Thermal Power Applications 551 T. Bauer, D. Laing, and R. Tamme 7.5 Rechargeable Alkaline Metal Batteries of Amide Salt Electrolytes Melting at Low to Middle Temperatures 563 R. Hagiwara, T. Nohira, K. Numata, T. Koketsu, T. Yamamoto, T. Fujimori, T. Ishibashi, A. Fukunaga, S. Sakai, K. Nitta, and S. Inazawa 7.6 Electrochemistry of Anodic Reaction in Molten Salt Containing LiOH for Lithium–Hydrogen Energy Cycle 571 Y. Sato, O. Takeda, M. Li, and M. Hoshi 7.7 Electrorefining of Silicon by the Three-Layer Principle in a CaF2-Based Electrolyte 577 E. Olsen, S. Rolseth, and J. Thonstad 7.8 Electrochemical Behaviour of Light Lanthanides in Molten Chlorides with Fluorides 585 Y. Shimohara, A. Nezu, M. Numakura, H. Akatsuka, and H. Matsuura 7.9 Using Molten Fluoride Melts for Silicon Electrorefining 597 P. Taxil, L. Massot, A.-L. Bieber, M. Gibilaro, L. Cassayre, and P. Chamelot Index 605

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Book SynopsisNovel Plant Bioresources: Applications in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics serves as the definitive source of information on under-utilized plant species, and fills a key niche in our understanding of the relationship of human beings with under-utilized plants.Table of ContentsList of contributors xiii Foreword xvii PART ONE NOVEL PLANT BIORESOURCES: APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE, COSMETICS, ETC. 1 1 Plant Diversity in Addressing Food, Nutrition and Medicinal Needs 3 M.E. Dulloo, D. Hunter and D. Leaman 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 7 1.3 Plant genetic diversity for nutrition 10 1.4 Plant diversity for medicines 14 2 World Health Organization Perspective for Traditional Medicine 23 Ossy M. J. Kasilo and Jean-Baptiste Nikiema 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Policies on traditional medicine 24 2.3 Tools and guidelines 24 2.4 Implementation of the regional strategy on traditional medicine 35 2.5 The way forward 40 2.6 Conclusion 41 3 Cultivation of Novel Medicinal Plant Products and Associated Challenges 43 Ulrich Feiter 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Basic principles of novel crop cultivation 43 3.3 Case study 1: Pelargonium sidoides 51 3.4 Case study 2: Sutherlandia frutescens 52 3.5 Case study 3: Euphorbia resinifera 54 3.6 Conclusion 55 4 Enabling Technologies to Facilitate Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery from African Biodiversity 57 Nyaradzo, T., L. Chigorimbo-Murefu, Grace Mugumbate and Kelly Chibale 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Enabling-technology platforms 59 4.3 Natural product diversification and drug metabolite generation platform 65 4.4 Conclusion 65 5 Assessing Biodiversity: A Molecular Approach Using DNA Sequencing 69 Yasmina Jaufeerally-Fakim 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Taxonomy and evolution 69 5.3 Assessing diversity 70 5.4 DNA sequencing and barcoding 73 5.5 Plant genomics 75 5.6 Analysis of marker data 79 6 Conservation of Endangered Wild Harvested Medicinal Plants: Use of DNA Barcoding 81 Sarina Veldman, Joseph Otieno, Barbara Gravendeel, Tinde van Andel and Hugo de Boer 6.1 Wild harvested medicinal plants: background and challenges 81 6.2 DNA barcoding general 82 6.3 DNA barcoding and species delimitation 82 6.4 DNA barcodes for plants 83 6.5 Examples of DNA barcoding of cryptic and prepared plant material 83 6.6 Plant DNA authentication, verification and certification 85 6.7 Future opportunities and challenges 85 7 Market Entry, Standards and Certification 89 Susan A. Wren 7.1 Sustainable utilization of indigenous plant products 89 7.2 Market entry 90 7.3 Certification 93 7.4 Developing indigenous plant-based enterprises as viable businesses with developing country communities 102 8 European Union Market Access Categories and Regulatory Requirements for Novel Natural Products 107 Thomas Brendler and L. Denzil Philipps 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Raw materials 107 8.3 Finished products 111 8.4 Summary 122 9 Nutrition, Health and Food Security: Evidence and Priority Actions 125 L. J. Ferrao and T. H. Fernandes 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Well-being and nutrition 125 9.3 Traditional food cultures 126 9.4 Nutrition in pregnancy and infancy 126 9.5 Health and nutrition education is central for development 127 9.6 Research and development 128 9.7 Role of agricultural growth on reducing poverty, hunger and malnutrition 128 9.8 Concluding remarks 129 PART TWO MEDICINE (PLANTS AS MEDICINE: HUMANS AND ANIMAL HEALTH) 131 10 Anticancer Potential of African Plants: The Experience of the United States National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health 133 John A. Beutler, Gordon M. Cragg, Maurice Iwu, David J. Newman and Christopher Okunji 10.1 Introduction 133 10.2 The United States National Cancer Institute programme 133 10.3 The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups programme 139 10.4 Conclusions 145 11 Biodiversity as a Source of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus Replication 151 Pieter Leyssen, Jacqueline Smadja, Philippe Rasoanaivo, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Bruno Canard, Jean-Claude Guillemot, Marc Litaudon and Francoise Gueritte 11.1 The epidemiology of chikungunya virus 151 11.2 The PHYTOCHIK programme for the discovery of natural compounds active against chikungunya virus 154 11.3 Euphorbiaceae, abundant source of anti-chikungunya virus compounds 157 11.4 Conclusion 159 12 Using African Plant Biodiversity to Combat Microbial Infections 163 J. N. Eloff and L. J. McGaw 12.1 Introduction and problem statement 163 12.2 Commercial use of African medicinal plants in the herbal medicine industry 164 12.3 Why is there such a difference in product development for antimicrobials versus other medicinal applications? 164 12.4 Methods used in developing useful products 164 12.5 Results of random screening of large number of species 167 12.6 Our approach to random screening 168 12.7 Activity of compounds isolated against Staphylococcus aureus 169 12.8 Discovering antifungal compounds from natural products 169 12.9 Review papers focusing on antimicrobial activity of plants from Africa 169 12.10 Promising new approaches 170 12.11 The potential of using African medicinal plants as extracts 170 12.12 Conclusions 171 13 Plant Medicines Used in the Treatment of Malaria 175 John R.S. Tabuti, Antonia Nyamukuru and Mohammed Lamorde 13.1 Introduction 175 13.2 Approach used in the review 175 13.3 Plant species commonly used to treat malaria in Uganda 176 13.4 Conclusions and recommendations 177 14 Multiple Anti-Infective Properties of Selected Plant Species from Zimbabwe 179 Rumbidzai Mangoyi, Tariro Chitemerere, Theresa Chimponda, Elaine Chirisa and Stanley Mukanganyama 14.1 Introduction 179 14.2 Preparation of plant extracts 181 14.3 Conclusions 188 15 Development of Phytodrugs from Indigenous Plants: The Mali Experience 191 Rokia Sanogo 15.1 Introduction 191 15.2 Development of new phytodrugs 198 15.3 Discussion 199 15.4 Conclusion 200 16 Healing Aloes from the Mascarenes Islands 205 Joyce Govinden-Soulange 16.1 Introduction 205 16.2 The Asphodelaceae 205 16.3 Prospects and research avenues 211 17 Pharmacological Activities of Some of the Neglected and Underutilized Tropical Plants in Malaysia 215 Z.A. Zakaria, F. Yahya, T. Balan, S.S. Mamat, R. Rodzi, F.H. Kamisan, C.A. Fatimah and A.L. Ibrahim 17.1 Introduction 215 17.2 Muntingia calabura 215 17.3 Dicranopteris linearis 218 17.4 Bauhinia purpurea 219 17.5 Melastoma malabathricum 222 17.6 Conclusion 224 18 Multiple Applications of Endophytic Colletotrichum Species Occurring in Medicinal Plants 227 Mahendra Rai, Gauravi Agarkar and Dnyaneshwar Rathod 18.1 Introduction 227 18.2 Diversity of endophytic Colletotrichum sp. in medicinal plants 228 18.3 Biomedical applications 228 18.4 Agriculture applications 231 18.5 Industrial applications 233 18.6 Perspectives 234 18.7 Conclusion 234 19 African Plants with Potential for Development into Ethnoveterinary Products 237 L.J. McGaw and J.N. Eloff 19.1 Introduction 237 19.2 What is ethnoveterinary medicine? 237 19.3 Ethnoveterinary medicine in Africa 238 19.4 African plants as sources of commercial remedies 255 19.5 Examples of African medicinal plants used for ethnoveterinary purposes with scope for commercialization 256 19.6 Toxicity 258 19.7 Conclusions 258 20 African Plant Biodiversity in Pest Management 263 S. N'Danikou, D.A. Tchokponhoue, C.A. Houdegbe and E.G. Achigan-Dako 20.1 Introduction 263 20.2 History of humans’ use of plant biodiversity in pest management 264 20.3 Methods and approaches in pest management 264 20.4 Research on plant use in pest management 266 20.5 Biodiversity of African plants used in pest management 267 20.6 Benefits of the use of plants in crop pest management 270 20.7 Limits of the study 270 20.8 Conclusion 270 21 Commercialization of Ethnoveterinary Botanical Products 285 David R. Katerere 21.1 Introduction 285 21.2 Therapeutic areas for ethnoveterinary applications 287 21.3 Conclusion 290 22 Plants Used for Pest Management in Malawi 295 Cecilia Maliwichi-Nyirenda, Lucy Lynn Maliwichi and John F. Kamanula 22.1 Introduction 295 22.2 Merits and demerits of pest management systems in Malawi 296 22.3 Plant species used in pest management 297 PART THREE FOOD (SPICES, FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, ETC.) 303 23 Aromatic Plants: Use and Nutraceutical Properties 305 Lucia Guidi and Marco Landi 23.1 Introduction 305 23.2 Mediterranean aromatic plants 307 23.3 Concluding remarks 325 24 'Let Your Food Be Your Medicine': Exotic Fruits and Vegetables as Therapeutic Components for Obesity and Other Metabolic Syndromes 347 Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally 24.1 Introduction 347 24.2 Obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndromes 347 24.3 Medicinal food plants against metabolic diseases 348 24.4 Conclusion 355 25 Strategic Repositioning African Indigenous Vegetables and Fruits with Nutrition, Economic and Climate Change Resilience Potential 361 M.O. Abukutsa-Onyango 25.1 Introduction 361 25.2 African indigenous vegetables and fruits 362 25.3 Strategic repositioning of indigenous vegetables and fruits in the horticulture 364 25.4 Concluding remarks 367 26 Hepatoprotective, Antiulcerogenic, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Musa acuminata Peel and Pulp 371 Fatimah Corazon Abdullah, Lida Rahimi, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria and Abdul Latif Ibrahim 26.1 Introduction 371 26.2 Hepatoprotective activity 373 26.3 Antiulcerogenic activity 377 26.4 Cytotoxic activity 379 26.5 Antioxidant activity 380 26.6 Conclusion 381 27 Plant Bioresources and their Nutrigenomic Implications on Health 383 Maznah Ismail and Mustapha Umar Imam 27.1 Introduction 383 27.2 Plant bioresources for health uses: beyond traditional uses 384 27.3 Bioactivity of plant bioresources: nutrigenomic implications 384 27.4 Potential implications of the rising trend in the use of plant bioresources for remedies 390 27.5 Conclusions 390 28 Safety of Botanical Ingredients in Personal Healthcare: Focus on Africa 395 R. Vihotogbe, C.N.A. Sossa-Vihotogbé and G.E. Achigan-Dako 28.1 Introduction 395 28.2 Safety in healthcare via food consumption 395 28.3 Medicinal plants in healthcare 396 PART FOUR COSMETICS (INCLUDING DYES, AROMAS) 409 29 Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in North Africa: Opportunities, Constraints and Prospects 411 Mohamed Ghanmi, Abderrahman Aafi, Badr Satrani, Mohamed Aberchane, Abderrahim Khia and Salah Eddine Bakkali Yakhlef 29.1 Introduction 411 29.2 Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: a snapshot on the countries of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) 411 29.3 Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: overview and prospects 413 29.4 Aromatic and medicinal plants in Morocco: opportunities, constraints and prospects 413 29.5 Development of the aromatic and medicinal plants sector in Morocco: the strategy adopted 415 29.6 Research conducted in the field of aromatic and medicinal plants: achievements and prospects 415 29.7 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Algeria 417 29.8 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Tunisia 418 29.9 Molecular techniques as tools for conservation and valorization of aromatic and medicinal plants 418 29.10 Sector of aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: prospects 421 30 Development of Natural Cosmeceuticals: Harnessing Asia's Biodiversity 425 Azila Abdul-Aziz, Mariani Abdul Hamid, Norhayati Mohammad Noor, Harisun Yaakob, Rosnani Hasham and Mohamad Roji Sarmidi 30.1 Introduction 425 30.2 Mangosteen: a 'fruity' depigmenting agent 425 30.3 Ficus deltoidea: the ‘golden’ treasure from nature 426 30.4 Labisia pumila: Malaysia’s queen of herbs 427 30.5 Andrographis paniculata: a ‘bitter’ therapy for the skin 428 30.6 Centella asiatica: herbs' jack of all trades 429 30.7 Future trends 429 31 Unique Bioresources from Ethiopia for Food, Medicine and Cosmetics 433 E. Dagne 31.1 Introduction 433 31.2 Boswellia species (Burseraceae), etan (Amharic) 433 31.3 Catha edulis (Celastraceae), khat 433 31.4 Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), buna (Amharic) 434 31.5 Commiphora myrrha (Burseraceae), kerbe (Amharic) 435 31.6 Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae), bissana (Amharic) 435 31.7 Echinops kebericho (Asteraceae), kebericho (Amharic) 435 31.8 Ensete ventricosum (Musaceae), enset (Amharic) 436 31.9 Eragrostis tef (Poaceae), tef (Amharic) 436 31.10 Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae), koso (Amharic) 438 31.11 Moringa stenopetala (Moringaceae), shiferaw (Amharic) 438 31.12 Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae), tikur azmud (Amharic) 439 31.13 Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae), endod (Amharic) 439 31.14 Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae), mashla (Amharic) 439 31.15 Taverniera abyssinica (Leguminosae), dingetegna (Amharic) 440 31.16 Civettictis civetta: source of civet zebad (Amharic) 440 31.17 Conclusion 440 32 Aromatic Plants from Reunion Island (France) 443 Anne Bialecki and Jacqueline Smadja 32.1 Introduction 443 32.2 Aromatic plant production: economic data 443 32.3 Extraction techniques used in Reunion Island 444 32.4 Analysis of essential oils and plant headspace in the Chemistry Laboratory of Natural Substances and Food Sciences 445 32.5 Identification of volatile compounds at the Chemistry Laboratory of Natural Substances and Food Sciences 446 32.6 Conclusion 451 33 Anti-Parasitic Activity of Essential Oils and their Active Constituents against Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania 455 Joanne Bero, Salomé Kpoviessi and Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq 33.1 Introduction 455 33.2 Essential oils 455 33.3 Compounds isolated from essential oils 460 33.4 Discussion and conclusion 460 34 Metabolomic Analysis of a Commercially Important Aromatic Plant from the Indian Ocean: Vanilla planifolia 471 Tony L. Palama 34.1 Introduction 471 34.2 Vanilla description 471 34.3 Vanilla metabolomics 473 34.4 Other future prospects 475 34.5 Conclusions 476 35 Natural Dyes for Photonics Applications 479 M. Maaza 35.1 Introduction 479 35.2 Nonlinear optical properties of natural dyes: X(3) and optical limiting applications 479 35.3 Linear optical properties of natural dyes: Gratzel dye solar cells 485 35.4 Conclusion 491 36 The Host Innate Immune Response to Propionibacterium acnes and the Potential of Natural Products as Cosmeceutical Agents 495 Marco Nuno de Canha, Smeetha Singh and Namrita Lall 36.1 The skin and its function 495 36.2 The impact of skin disorders with focus on acne 495 36.3 Propionibacterium acnes: is it the culprit? 495 36.4 Acne vulgaris (acne) 496 36.5 The activation of innate and adaptive immune system 497 36.6 The host immune response to infection by Propionibacterium acnes 498 36.7 Conventional treatments available for acne vulgaris 499 36.8 Potential of natural products to treat acne vulgaris 500 36.9 The importance of the emergence of plant life on Earth 501 36.10 A proposed stepwise approach from plant extract to cosmeceutical product 501 37 New Natural Aromatic Products: Search, Evaluation and the Development Issues 507 Murray Hunter 37.1 Introduction 507 37.2 The family of natural aromatic extracts 507 37.3 The search and screening process 508 37.4 Sources of potential plant opportunity identification 509 37.5 The characteristics and classification of natural aromatic materials 510 37.6 Evaluating the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of natural aromatic materials 512 37.7 The development issues 512 37.8 Conclusion 522 Index 525

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights analytical chemistry instrumentation and practices applied to the analysis of natural products and their complex mixtures, describing techniques for isolating and characterizing natural products. Applies analytical techniques to natural products research an area of critical importance to drug discovery Offers a one-stop shop for most analytical methods: x-ray diffraction, NMR analysis, mass spectrometry, and chemical genetics Includes coverage of natural products basics and highlights antibacterial research, particularly important as efforts to combat drug resistance gain prominence Covers instrumental techniques with enough detail for both current practitioners and beginning researchersTrade Review“Every chapter, even those that depart somewhat from the declared remit, is packed with information most of it, as I said at the beginning, representing the cutting edge of the subject. I cannot recommend it too highly.” (Chromatographia, 1 May 2015) Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi 1. Natural Products Analysis: Instrumentation, Methods, and Applications 1 Vladimír Havlíèek and Jaroslav Spí?ek 2. The Need for New Antifungal and Antimalarial Compounds 9 Jaroslav Spí?ek and Arnold L. Demain 3. Emerging Instrumental Methods for Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Testing 25 Plamen A. Demirev 4. Plant and Marine Sources: Biological Activity of Natural Products and Therapeutic Use 43 Amedeo Amedei and Elena Niccolai 5. Emerging Trends for Stimulating the Discovery of Natural Products 115 Navid Adnani, Gregory A. Ellis, Thomas P. Wyche, Tim S. Bugni, Jason C. Kwan, and Eric W. Schmidt 6. Advances and Challenges in Optical Molecular Spectroscopy Including Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Methods for Bioanalysis 163 Pavel Matìjka, Blanka Vlèková, Lucie Bednárová, and Petr Malon 7. Advanced Techniques for NMR Analysis of Complex Biological Mixtures—From Simple NMR to Hyphenated Techniques 239 Helena Pelantová, Simona Bártová, and Marek Kuzma 8. Advances in X-Ray Diffraction: Implications to the Pharmaceutical Industry 285 Alexandr Jegorov and Michal Hušák 9. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry as a Tool in Biological Sciences 313 Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Jan Havliš, and Viktor Kanický 10. Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Metabolism, and New Views of the Microbial World 349 B. Christopher Hoefler and Paul D. Straight 11. Structural Separations for Natural Product Characterization by Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry: Fundamental Theory to Emerging Applications 397 Sarah M. Stow, Nichole M. Lareau, Kelly M. Hines, C. Ruth McNees, Cody R. Goodwin, Brian O. Bachmann, and John A. McLean 12. High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Nonribosomal Peptide and Polyketide Analysis 433 Rebecca H. Wills, Manuela Tosin, and Peter B. O’Connor 13. Natural Product Drug Discovery and Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry and Affinity-Based Technologies 475 Evelyn H. Wang and Kevin A. Schug 14. Glycosylated Ribosomally Synthesized Peptide Toxins: Discovery, Characterization, and Applications 507 Gillian E. Norris and Mark L. Patchett 15. Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Unravel the Chemical Space of Complex Natural Product Mixtures 545 Constanze Müller, Mourad Harir, Norbert Hertkorn, Basem Kanawati, Dimitrios Tziotis, and Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin 16. Functional Amyloid Fibrils: Lessons from Microbes 571 Sally L. Gras and Dennis Claessen Index 601

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Book SynopsisAddresses the full gamut of questions in metalloprotein science Formatted as a question-and-answer guide, this book examines all major families of metal binding proteins, presenting our most current understanding of their structural, physicochemical, and functional properties. Moreover, it introduces new and emerging medical applications of metalloproteins. Readers will discover both the underlying chemistry and biology of this important area of research in bioinorganic chemistry. Chemistry of Metalloproteins features a building block approach that enables readers to master the basics and then advance to more sophisticated topics. The book begins with a general introduction to bioinorganic chemistry and metalloproteins. Next, it covers: Alkali and alkaline earth cations Metalloenzymes Copper proteins Iron proteins Vitamin B12 Chlorophyll Chapters are richly illustrated to hTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 Proteins: Formation, Structures, and Metalloproteins, 4 References, 28 2 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations 31 References, 67 3 Nonredox Metalloenzymes 71 Carboxypeptidases, 75 Carbonic Anhydrase, 84 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 88 References, 91 4 Copper Proteins 95 Introduction, 95 Electronic Spectra of Copper Ions, 96 ESR Spectra of Copper Ions, 105 Copper Proteins, 117 Plastocyanin, 119 Azurin and Stellacyanin, 127 Superoxide Dismutase, 131 Hemocyanin, 135 Ascorbic Oxidase, 139 References, 142 5 Iron Proteins 147 Introduction, 147 Electronic Spectra of Iron Ions, 148 Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Iron Ions, 155 ESR Spectra of Iron (III), 161 Iron Bioavailability, 166 Siderophores, 171 Iron Storage and Transfer Proteins, 184 Ferritin, 184 Transferrin, 187 Dioxygenase Iron Proteins, 195 Iron–Sulfur Proteins, 207 Rubredoxin, 207 Ferredoxins, 212 2Fe–2S Ferredoxins, 212 4Fe–4S Ferredoxins, 221 Aconitase, 226 Hydroxylases, 229 Hydrogenases, 232 Nitrogenases, 240 Binuclear Iron Proteins, 251 Hemerythrin, 253 Ribotide Reductase, Purple Acid Phosphate, and Methane Monooxygenase, 260 Hemoproteins: Classification and Behavior of Heme in Absence of Globins, 267 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin, 275 Myoglobin, 275 Hemoglobin, 280 Cytochrome C, 298 Electron Transfer in Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins, 301 Catalases, 311 Peroxidases, 315 Cytochrome P-450, 322 Electronic Spectra of Hemoproteins, 327 ESR Spectra of Hemoproteins, 362 References, 378 6 Vitamin B12 393 References, 405 7 Chlorophyll 407 References, 421 Index 423

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