Chemistry Books
John Wiley & Sons Solid Waste Management
£163.80
John Wiley & Sons Green Deep Eutectic Solvents
£163.80
Wiley-Blackwell Textile Microplastics in the Environment
£133.20
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nanotechnology in Therapeutics
Book SynopsisNanotechnology in Therapeutics Comprehensive reference delivering a framework to develop and assess nanosystems that provide unique advantages in biomedical applications Nanotechnology in Therapeutics explores the idea that by studying in depth the behavior of living organisms, especially the functionality of their cell membranes, we can develop and evaluate innovative bio-inspired nanosystems that are able to deliver small molecules, biomolecules like proteins, peptides, and other genetic material in terms of the production of new therapies and vaccines. The main concept promoted in this book is an integrated approach for producing new medicines following the nanotoxicity, biotoxicity, regulatory, and ethical guidelines, which are also covered in the book. The book is divided into three parts. Part A provides an introduction and a historical overview of nanotechnology. Part B delves deeper into issues relating to lipid and polymeric nanostructures in m
£103.50
Not Stated Wastewater to Resource Recovery
£142.20
Wiley-Blackwell Artificial IntelligenceDriven Models for
Book Synopsis
£130.50
John Wiley & Sons Microbial Colorants Sources Chemistry Productio n
Book Synopsis
£176.40
Wiley-Blackwell Optimizing Air Pollution Control Equipment
Book Synopsis
£107.10
Wiley-Blackwell Chemical Process Simulations using Aspen Hysys
Book Synopsis
£124.20
Not Stated Sustainable Water Systems
£121.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Safety Valves in Oil and Gas Plants
Book SynopsisComprehensive approach to designing safety valves used in oil and gas plants, featuring case studies throughout the text Safety Valves in Oil and Gas Plants delivers a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of safety valves in the oil and gas industries, including their design and accessories. To help reinforce learning, case studies included throughout the text and multiple-choice questions and answers are included at the end of each chapter. Written by an industry veteran with extensive publishing and speaking experience, this book includes information on: Design details such as sizing and reaction forces, inspection, maintenance, codes and standards, and packing and preservationDaily industrial challenges regarding the resizing of existing pressure safety valves (PSVs) or the proper sizing of new PSVsProcess safety standards for all new operative installations or existing ones in the chemical industryCatalysts that can increase the pressure of fluids, including human error an
£115.20
Wiley-Blackwell Water Treatment and Desalination
Book Synopsis
£148.20
John Wiley & Sons Inc Marine Biotechnology
£153.00
John Wiley & Sons Industrial Corrosion Fundamentals Failure Analy
Book Synopsis
£144.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Additively Manufactured Electrochemical Sensors
£162.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Porous Membranes
Book Synopsis
£162.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc MATLABbased Computations of Chemical Engineering
Book SynopsisExplore chemical engineering principles using MATLAB for data analysis, visualization, and solving intricate problems MATLAB-based Computations of Chemical Engineering Principles is an in-depth textbook that enables readers to transform classical chemical engineering principles and calculations into MATLAB-based calculations. Throughout the text, problems are solved through two methods: manually (i.e., classical) and via implementing MATLAB code (i.e., digital or software-assisted), with a focus on the latter when solving problems involving multiple steps or complex solutions, or when working with large databases, such as dealing with physical properties of compounds. Seven appendices contain large-size MATLAB codes. In general, small-size MATLAB code is kept within the relevant chapter section. All codes have been verified using the MATLAB platform. End-of-chapter problems reinforce learning by students. The textbook includes problems and solutions related to concepts including: Syste
£103.50
£135.00
£167.45
Wiley-Blackwell Optimization for Thermal Design of Shell and Tube
Book Synopsis
£120.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc International Tables for Crystallography 10
Book SynopsisInternational Tables for Crystallographyis the definitive resource and reference work for crystallography and structural science. Now in ten volumes, each of the volumes in the series contains articles and tables of data relevant to crystallographic research and to applications of crystallographic methods in all sciences concerned with the structure and properties of materials. Emphasis is given to symmetry, diffraction methods and techniques of crystal-structure determination, and the physical and chemical properties of crystals. The data are accompanied by discussions of theory, practical explanations and examples, all of which are useful for teaching. The contents can be browsed by volume, across the 10 volumes below: Volume A:Space-group symmetry,6eVolume A1:Symmetry relations between space groups, 2eVolume B:Reciprocal space, 3eVolume C:Mathematical, physical and chemical tables, 3eVolume D:Physical properties of crystals, 2eVolume E:Subperiodic groups, 2eVolume F:Crystallog
£2,205.00
John Wiley & Sons Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives Volume 9
Book Synopsis
£159.30
Wiley-Blackwell Hazards of Nitrogen and Other Inert Gases
Book Synopsis
£91.80
Wiley-Blackwell Organic Reactions Volume 117
£285.00
£105.30
John Wiley & Sons Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion
Book Synopsis
£209.00
John Wiley & Sons Fundamentals of Biochemistry International Adaptation
£62.69
Wiley-Blackwell Hydrogen Sulfide H2S Hazards
£94.50
£135.90
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Book SynopsisSince the first reported linking of an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) ion source with a mass spectrometer (MS) in 1983, the instrumentation and analytical techniques have been developed to a point where the technology can deliver detection limits of one part in 10^15.Trade Review"It is well worth the investment in that it will make a good reference book for newcomers and experienced users alike." (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2007) "This handbook is written for both experienced analysts and for those which are newcomers in the field of ICP MS. This book provides a thorough description of ICP MS instrumentation and techniques, giving the reader sufficient knowledge to approach the technique with confidence"..."[T]his book forms an excellent and very meticulous reference text."..."In conclusion, this book provides a detailed description of current instrumentation and its capabilities, and analytical considerations like interferences and key application of ICP MS. The information herein is very valuable to scientists using ICP MS, as well as those seeking further improvements in the performance. This book answers the actual needs, and therefore is a very valuable contribution." Chemical Analysis (Warsaw) Vol.51 Issue.327 (2006) "We believe that this monograph will be a valuable handbook for a wide circle of experts working with ICL MS instruments and those analysts who are going to learn more about the most powerful method of instrumental elemental analysis." Journal of Analytical Chemistry Vol. 62 No. 2 (2007)Table of ContentsChapter 1: Plasma generation, ion sampling and focusing. Chapter 2: Mass spectrometers. Chapter 3: Ion detection, Data Acquisition and Handling. Chapter 4: Calibration strategies and quality assurance. Chapter 5: Liquid sample introduction: Fundamentals and applications of flow injection and electrothermal vaporisation for ICP-MS. Chapter 6: Laser ablation. Chapter 7. Speciation Analysis. Chapter 8: Collision and reaction cells. Chapter 9: ICP-MS Applications.
£190.76
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Chemistry and Technology of Flavours and
Book SynopsisModern flavours and fragrances are complex formulated products, containing blends of aroma compounds with auxiliary materials, enabling desirable flavours or fragrances to be added to a huge range of products. From the identification and synthesis of materials such as cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in the 19th Century to the current application of advanced analytical techniques for identification of trace aroma compounds present in natural materials, the flavour and fragrance industry has developed as a key part of the worldwide specialty chemicals industry. With contributions mainly coming from industry based experts, Chemistry & Technology of Flavours and Fragrances provides a detailed overview of the synthesis, chemistry and application technology of the major classes aroma compounds. With separate chapters covering important technical aspects such as the stability of aroma compounds, structure odour relationships and identification of aroma compounds, Trade Review"An overview of the synthesis, chemistry and application technology of the major classes of aroma compounds is presented...This book is essential reading for both experienced and graduate level entrants to the flavour and fragrance industry. It also serves as an important introduction to the subject for chemists and technologists in those industries that use flavours and fragrances e.g. food, cosmetics and toiletries and household products." CAB Abstracts, January 2005 "This book will immediately be a bible. Excellent references and index - a winner." Dr. A. Parsons, Food and Beverage ReporterTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION. David J Rowe. History. The Classical World. The Mediaeval World. From the Renaissance to the Enlightment. The Industrial Age. The Post-War World. Technical factors:. Social factors. The Future. The Structure of the Flavour and Fragrance Industry. A Note on Regulations. A Note on Quality. IDENTIFICATION OF AROMA CHEMICALS. Neil C. Da Costa and Sanja Eri. Introduction. Isolation of Aroma Chemicals. Solvent Extraction. Extraction of liquid samples. Extraction of solid samples. Soxhlet Extraction. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Fractionation of solvent extracts. Concentration of solvent extracts. Solvent Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE). Steam Distillation Methods. Headspace Techniques. Static Headspace. Dynamic Headspace. Direct Thermal Desorption (DTD). Sorptive techniques. Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME). Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) (commercially available as TwisterTM). Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O). Techniques for identification of aroma compounds. A Case Study: Generessenceâ. Sample Preparation. Valencia Orange. Roast Chicken. Narcissus. Post-Analysis Work. References. FLAVOUR GENERATION IN FOOD. Liam O’Hare and John Grigor. Introduction. Taste and Aroma. Cooked Meat. Flavour Precursors. Lipid Oxidation and Degradation. Hydrolysis. Oxidation. Fatty Aldehydes as flavour compounds. Fatty Aldehydes (pentanal and hexanal) as flavour precursors. Other lipid derived flavour precursors. Fatty Aldehydes as "Flavour Moderators". Strecker Degradation. The Maillard Reaction. Caramelisation. Influence of Method of Cooking. Roasting Frying and Grilling. Pyrazines. Thiazoles. Thiophenes and Furans. Boiling. Reheating. Species Differences. Fermented Foods. Cheese. Lactose and citrate fermentation. Protein Degradation. Proteolysis. Metabolism of free amino acids. Cysteine and Methionine. Threonine. Arginine. Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine. Phenylalanine and Tyrosine. Tryptophan. Lipid Degradation. Oxidative degradation. Hydrolytic Degradation. Acids. Esters. Thioesters. Methyl Ketones and Secondary Alcohols. Lactones. Acknowledgments. References. AROMA CHEMICALS I: C,H,O COMPOUNDS. David J. Rowe. Introduction. Alcohols. Saturated Alkyl alcohols. Unsaturated alkyl alcohols. Complex Fragrance Alcohols. Aromatic and aralkyl alcohols. Phenolics. Acids. Saturated aliphatic acids. Unsaturated acids. Aromatic acids. Esters. Saturated. Unsaturated. Aromatic esters. Lactones – gamma and delta. Synthesis of esters. Aldehydes. Aliphatic. Unsaturated. Acetals. Aromatics. Nitriles. Ketones. “Carotenoids”; Ionones, Irones, Damascones and related compounds. Hydrocarbons. Acknowledgements. References. AROMA CHEMICALS II – HETEROCYCLES. Michael Zviely. Introduction. Introduction to Heterocyclic Compounds. Terminology of Heterocycles. Non-aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds. Oxygen Containing Heterocyclic Aroma Chemicals. Oxiranes. Furans and Hydrofurans. Pyrans. Oxepins. Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Nitrogen and/or Sulphur. Non-Aromatic Molecules. Aromatic Molecules. Thiophene Derivatives. Pyrrole and Indole Derivatives. Pyridine and Quinoline Derivatives. Pyrazine and Quinoxaline Derivatives. Thiazole Derivatives. The Formation of Heterocyclic Compounds in Food. References and Notes. AROMA CHEMICALS III: SULPHUR COMPOUNDS. Simon B. Jameson. Thiols and Thioesters. Acyclic Sulphides and Polysulphides. Saturated Heterocyclic Sulphur Compounds. Quality and Stability. Acknowledgement. References. AROMA CHEMICALS IV: MUSKS. Philip Kraft,. . Introduction. Natural Musks. Nitro Musks. Pcm – Polycyclic Aromatic Musks. Evolution Of The Industrial Synthesis Of Macrocycles. Modern Macrocyclic Musks. New Musk Structures. Acknowledgement. References. AROMA CHEMICALS V: NATURAL AROMA CHEMICALS. John Margetts. Introduction. The natural concept. Chirality. Isolation from natural sources such as essential oils. Biotechnology. Total Flavour Enhancement. Individual Flavour Chemicals. Alcohols. Carbonyls. Acids. Lactones. Esters. Green Notes. Pyrazines. Sulphur Compounds. Terpenoid and related Compounds. Vanillin. Precursors. Soft Chemistry. Conclusion. References. MOLECULES OF TASTE AND SENSATION. Mark L. Dewis,. Introduction. The Trigeminal Nerve System, Taste and Oral Receptors. The Trigeminal Nerve. Gustation. Oral Receptors. Chemesthesis. “Sensates”; Compounds which provide a sensory effect. Tingle compounds. Cooling compounds. Pungent, warming and hot irritants. Astringency. Synergies. Closing comments on Compounds which provide a sensory effect. Taste active compounds. Sweeteners. Salt and enhancers. Sour agents. Bitter agents. Umami ‘the fifth taste quality’. Conclusions. References. STABILITY OF AROMA CHEMICALS. Chris Winkel. Introduction. Flavour Stability. Flavour Precursors. Encapsulation. Analogues. Case Study 1: Citral And Vanillin Stability In Milk-Based Products. Case Study 2: Stability Of Thiols In An Aqueous Process Flavouring. Stability And Fragrance Applications. Conclusion. References. RATIONAL ODORANT DESIGN. Luca Turin. Introduction. Theories of olfaction. For Shape:. Plausibility. The nature of the receptors. Against Shape:. No predictive ability. Isosteric molecules smell different. "Strong" shape looks unlikely. "Weak" shape appears untestable. The chiral receptor problem. No odorant antagonists have been found. We smell functional groups. . For Vibration. Functional group recognition. isosteric molecules accounted for. Isotopes smell different (maybe). Enantiomers accounted for (differently). The Chiral Limit. Against vibration. Mechanism novel and unproven. Inability to account for odorant intensity. Rational design by shape. Rational design by vibration. Replacement molecules. Acitral ®. Lioral ®. 2 Prospects for the future. Acknowledgements. References:. APPLICATIONS I: FLAVOURS. David Baines & Jack Knights. Introduction. The Early Days of Flavour Analysis. The Role of the Flavourist. Liquid Flavourings. Water Soluble Liquid Flavourings. Solvents for Special Uses. Oil Soluble Liquid Flavourings. Emulsion Liquid Flavourings. Powder Flavours. Plating. Properties of plated flavours and spices. Spray Drying. Emulsification. Atomisation. Drying. Separation. Carriers and Encapsulating Agents. Spray Cooling. Yeast Encapsulation. Coacervation. Method of production. Properties of coacervated flavourings. Melt Extrusion. Method of production. Carriers. Properties of melt extruded flavourings. Molecular Encapsulation. Formulation Issues for the Flavourist. Flavour Creation. Influence of Foodstuff to be Flavoured. Influence of Legislation. Influence of Customer Requirements. . References. APPLICATIONS II: FRAGRANCE. Stephen J. Herman. Introduction. The basic structure of fragrances. The simplest case: Hydroalcoholics. Personal care applications: emulsions. Personal care applications: surfactants. Air fresheners. Candles. Reactive hair care. Depilatories. Dyes and Perms. Bleach. Malodor Counteractants. Stability testing. Conclusion. References. APPENDIX. David J Rowe
£181.76
John Wiley and Sons Ltd The Chemistry of Oils and Fats
Book SynopsisA comprehensive source of reference on the chemistry underlying oils and fats. Chapters are included on analytical procedures, nutritional aspects, food uses and non--food uses of oils and fats. The author is one of the world's most experienced oils and fats chemists, and a prolific author.Trade Review“This books provides a broad source of reference on oils and fats chemistry. It is aimed at graduates entering the foods and oleochemical industries, postgraduate researchers, and nutritionists.” Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Vol 37 (2) 2005 “The book is designed for students whose studies require an introduction to lipids; that us the oils, fats and products derived from them, found in living plants and animals, and to technologists working with these materials...This book would be a useful addition to the library of companies manufacturing foods or processing oils and fats from animal or plant sources and to educational institutions.” Food Australia, April 2005 "The book is well referenced and provides an excellent start for those wishing to explore the fascinating subject of lipid science.” Chemistry World, December 2004 "This book provides a broad source of reference on oils and fats chemistry for graduates entering the food and oleochemical industries, postgraduates entering the food and oleochemical industries, post-graduate researchers and nutritionists. It offers a point of entry to the detailed literature.” Food Trade Review, October 2004 "Its small size (keeping it to less than 300 pages is an accomplishment in its own right) and lower cost compared with extensive handbooks make it additionally actractive and convenient. It is a valuable addition to any library dealing with lipid science." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2005Table of Contents1. Oils and fats: sources and constituents. 2. Extraction, refining and processing. 3. Structure of fatty acids and lipids. 4. Chemical and biological synthesis of fatty acids and lipids. 5. Analytical procedures. 6. Physical properties. 7. Chemical properties related to unsaturated centres. 8. Chemical properties related to the carboxyl group. 9. Nutritional properties. 10. Edible uses of oils and fats. 11. Non-edible uses of oils and fats. ReferencesIndex
£168.26
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Organic Reactions in Water
Book SynopsisVolatile organic solvents are the normal media used in both research scale and industrial scale synthesis of organic chemicals. Their environmental impact is significant, however, and so the development of alternative reaction media has become of great interest.Trade Review"All chapters are referenced very well, and the literature is covered up to early 2006" SynthesisTable of Contents1. A Fifty Year Perspective on Chemistry in Water (R. Breslow). 1.1 Enzyme mimics and models. 1.1.1 Thiamine. 1.1.2 Cyclodextrins. 1.1.3 Cyclodextrins with bound metal ions. 1.1.4 Cyclodextrin dimers. 1.1.5 Ribonuclease mimics. 1.1.6 Transaminase mimics. 1.1.7 Cytochrome P-450 mimics. 1.2 Reactions in Water Promoted by Hydrophobic Binding of Small Molecules. 1.2.1 Diels-Alder reactions. 1.2.2 The benzoin condensation. 1.2.3 Atom transfer reactions. 1.3 Quantitative Antihydrophobic Effects in Water, and the Geometries of Transition States. 1.4 The Importance of Water as a Reaction Solvent. 2. Structure and Properties of Water (J. B. F. N. Engberts). 2.1 Water. The molecule and the liquid. 2.1.1 The single water molecule. 2.1.2 Liquid water. 2.2 Properties of water. 2.2.1 Solvent properties and parameters. 2.2.2 Thermodynamics of hydration. 2.2.3 Hydrophobic interactions. 2.3 Kinetic solvent effects in aqueous solutions. 3. Acid Catalysis in Water (C. Ogawa and S. Kobayashi). 3.1 Homogeneous catalysis. 3.1.1 Brønsted acid catalysis. 3.1.2 Lewis acid catalysis. 3.1.3 Asymmetric catalysis. 3.2 Heterogeneous catalysis. 3.2.1 Polymer-supported Brønsted catalysis. 3.2.2 Polymer-supported metal catalysis. 3.3 Micellar catalysis. 3.3.1 LASC (Lewis acid-surfactant combined catalyst). 3.3.2 BASC (Brønsted acid-surfactant combined-catalyst). 3.4 Conclusion. 4. Metal-Mediated C-C Bond Formations in Aqueous Media (C-J. Li). 4.1 Reactivity of organometallic compounds with water. 4.1.1 Carbon-metal bonding. 4.1.2 Carbon-metal hydrolysis. 4.1.3 Carbon-metal reactions. 4.1.4 C-C bond formations via carbon-metal reactions in water. 4.2 Allylation of carbonyls and imines. 4.2.1 Allylation of carbonyl compounds. 4.2.2 Allylation of imines and related compounds. 4.3 Propargylation/allenylation of carbonyls, imines and related compounds. 4.4 Metal-mediated benzylation of carbonyls and imines. 4.5 Arylation and vinylation of carbonyls and imines. 4.5.1 Arylation and vinylation of aldehydes. 4.5.2 Arylation and vinylation of imines. 4.6 Alkynylation of carbonyls, imines, and related compounds. 4.6.1 Alkynylation of aldehyde. 4.6.2 Alkynylation of imines and related compunds. 4.6.3 Asymmetric alkynylation. 4.7 Metal-mediated aldol and Reformatsky-type reactions. 4.8 Metal-mediated alkylation of carbonyls and imines. 4.8.1 Alkylation of carbonyls. 4.8.2 Alkylation of imines. 4.9 Metal-mediated conjugate addition reactions. 4.9.1 Addition of alkyl groups. 4.9.2 Addition of vinyl and aryl groups. 4.9.3 Addition of alkynes. 4.10 Metal-mediated coupling reactions. 4.10.1 Pinacol coupling. 4.10.2 Other reductive couplings. 4.10.3 Cross-Dehydrogenative-Coupling. 4.11 Conclusions. 4.12 Acknowledgements. 5. Pericyclic Reactions in Aqueous Media (F. Fringuelli, O. Piermatti, F. Pizzo, L. Vaccaro). 5.1 Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reactions. 5.1.1 Carbo Diels-Alder Reactions. 5.1.2 Biocatalyzed Carbo Diels-Alder Reactions. 5.1.3 Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions. 5.1.4 The Role of Water. 5.2 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. 5.2.1 Pyrrole and Pyrrolidine-Ring Formation. 5.2.2 Isoxazole and Hydroderivatives-Ring Formation. 5.2.3 Pyrazole and Pyrazoline-Ring Formation. 5.2.4 Triazole and Triazoline-Ring Formation. 5.2.5 Tetrazole-Ring Formation. 5.3 [2+2] Photo-Cycloaddition Reactions. 5.4 Claisen Rearrangement Reactions. 6. Catalyzed Reductions in Aqueous Media (T. V. RajanBabu and S. Shin). 6.1. Special features of hydrogenation in water mediated by organometallic catalysts. 6.2. Water-soluble complexes for aqueous hydrogenation. 6.2.1. Sulfonated phosphine and other ligands. 6.2.2. Nitrogen-containing phosphine ligands. 6.2.3. Hydroxyphosphines and other oxygen-containing ligands. 6.3. Hydrogenation of C=C bond. 6.3.1. Reductions of dehydroamino acid and acrylic acid derivatives. 6.4. Hydrogenation of C=O bond. 6.4.1. Chemoselectivity of C=C vs. C=O bonds. 6.5. Asymmetric reduction of C=O bond in water. 6.5.1. Asymmetric hydrogenation of C=O bond in water. 6.5.2. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of C=O bond in water. 6.5.3. Hydrogenation of C=N bond. 6.6. Miscellaneous reductions. Reduction of epoxides, halides and carbon dioxide. 6.7. Summary and outlook. . 7. Oxidations (Roger A. Sheldon). 7.1 Water-soluble ligands. 7.2 Oxidations catalyzed by metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines. 7.3 Epoxidation and dihydroxylation of olefins in aqueous media. 7.4 Alcohol oxidations in aqueous media. 7.5 Aldehyde and ketone oxidations in water. 7.6 Sulfoxidations in water. 7.7 Concluding remarks. . 8. Nucleophilic Additions and Substitutions in Water (D. Sinou). 8.1 Nucleophilic Additions. 8.1.1 The Aldol Reaction. 8.1.2 Michael Addition. 8.1.3 Mannich-Type Reaction. 8.2 Nucleophilic Substitution. 8.2.1 Ring-opening nucleophilic substitution. 8.2.2 Alkylation Reactions. 8.2.3 Other types of substitutions. 8.3 Conclusion. 9. Reactions in Nearcritical Water (C.L. Liotta, J.P. Hallett, P. Pollet, C.A. Eckert). 9.1 Characterization of Nearcritical Water. 9.1.1 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Nearcritical Water. 9.1.2 Solvatochromic Characterization of Nearcritical Water. 9.2 Reactions in Nearcritical Water. 9.2.1 Hydrolysis of Ester and Ether. 9.2.2 Hydrolysis of Nitriles. 9.2.3 Hydration of-pinene. 9.2.4 Elimination Reactions. 9.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions. 9.2.6 Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reactions. 9.2.7 Condensation Reactions. 9.2.8 Rearrangements. 9.2.9 Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange. 9.2.10 General Acid Base Reactions. 9.3 Reactions in High Temperature Water Enriched with CO2. 9.4 Limitations & Safety. 9.5 Conclusion. 10. Biocatalysis in Water (K. Nakamura, T. Matsuda). 10.1 Basic aspects of biocatalysis. 10.1.1 Reaction classification. 10.1.2 Kinetics of enzymatic reactions. 10.1.3 Reaction mechanism. 10.1.4 Selectivities. 10.1.5 Experimental conditions. 10.2 Reduction. 10.2.1 Stereochemistry of hydride transfer. 10.2.2 Baker’s yeast catalyzed reaction. 10.2.3 Overexpression of key reductases from baker’s yeast in E. coli. 10.2.4 Asymmetric reduction by Geotrichum candidum. 10.2.5 Hydrogen sources. 10.2.6 Reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds. 10.2.7 Reduction of hydroperoxides. 10.2.8 Reduction of sulfoxides. 10.3 Oxidation. 10.3.1 Oxidation of alcohols. 10.3.2 Hydroxylation. 10.3.3 Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. 10.3.4 Oxidation of sulfur compounds. 10.3.5 Oxidative polymerization. 10.4 Hydrolysis of esters. 10.4.1 E-value. 10.4.2 Synthesis of chiral compounds by enzymatic hydrolysis of esters. 10.4.3 Hydrolysis of sterically hindered esters. 10.4.4 Hydrolysis of esters with fluorine functionalities. 10.4.5 Methods of controlling reactivity and enantioselectivity. 10.4.6 Control of reactivity and enantioselectivity by genetic engineering. 10.4.7 Hollow-Fiber membrane reactor for lipase catalyzed hydrolysis: synthesis of Diltiazem. 10.4.8 Lipase catalyzed optical resolution coupled with in situ inversion: synthesis of Prallethrin (pyrethroid) etc. 10.4.9 Recognition of fluorinated functionalities from unfluorinated group: H vs. F. 10.4.10 P-chiral and S-chiral compounds. 10.5 Other types of hydrolysis, dehydration and halogenation. 10.5.1 Hydrolysis of expoxides. 10.5.2 Hydrolysis of amide and nitrile. 10.5.3 Dehydration in water for the synthesis of nitriles. 10.5.4 Desulfonation. 10.5.5 Direct glycosylation. 10.5.6 Dehalogenation. 10.5.7 Fluorination. 10.6 C-C bond formations. 10.6.1 Aldol reactions. 10.6.2 Cyanohydrin synthesis. 10.6.3 Carboxylations. 10.7 Dynamic kinetic resolution. 10.7.1 Dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic ketones through asymmetric reduction. 10.7.2 Dynamic kinetic resolution using hydrolytic enzymes. 10.7.3 Deracemization. 10.8 Conclusion. 11. Chemistry ‘On Water’ – Organic Synthesis in Aqueous Suspension (S. Narayan, V. V. Fokin, K. B. Sharpless). 11.1 Background. 11.2 The Unique Reactivity of Azodicarboxylates on Water. 11.3 Other Examples from Our Work. 11.4 Applications of the ‘On Water’ Method. 11.5 Perspective and Conclusion. 12. Water as a Reaction Solvent - an Industry Perspective (Ernst Wiebus, Boy Cornils). 12.1 Hydroformylation as the Master Development. 12.1.1 General. 12.1.2 Immobilization with the Help of Liquid Supports. 12.1.3 Principles. 12.2 Examples of Aqueous Phase Catalyses. 12.2.1 Hydroformylation (Ruhrchemie/Rhône-Poulenc[RCH/RP] process). 12.2.2 Other Industrially Used Aqueous-biphasic Processes. 12.2.3 Short Overview of other (Lab scale) Reactions. 12.3 The "Aqueous" Recycle and Recovery of Biphasic Catalysts. 12.3.1 Recycle. 12.3.2 Recovery. 12.4 Economics of the Process. 12.5 Environmental Aspects. 12.6 Concluding remarks.
£163.35
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols
Book SynopsisAtmospheric aerosols (fine particles suspended in the atmosphere) play a significant role in the chemistry of the atmosphere, and in particular in the physics and chemistry of pollution. Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols will describe the current state of knowledge of aerosol chemistry with each chapter written by a leader in field.Table of Contents1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols. 2. Nucleation. 3. Mass Transfer to Aerosols. 4. Organic Aerosols. 5. Metals in Aerosols. 6. Thermodynamics of aqueous systems. 7. Stratospheric Chemistry: aerosols and the ozone layer. 8. Aerosol Chemistry in Remote Locations.
£98.06
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Dairy Powders and Concentrated Products
Book SynopsisThe economic importance of dairy powders and concentrated products to dairy-producing countries is very significant, and there is a large demand for them in countries where milk production is low or non-existent. In these markets, dairy products are made locally to meet the demand of consumers from recombined powders, anhydrous milk fat and concentrated dairy ingredients (evaporated and sweetened condensed milk). This volume is the latest book in the Technical Series of The Society of Dairy Technology (SDT). Numerous scientific data have been available in journals and books in recent years, and the primary aim of this text is to detail in one publication the manufacturing methods, scientific aspects, and properties of milk powders (full-fat, skimmed and high protein powders made from milk retentates), whey powders (WP) including WP concentrates, lactose, caseinates, sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk and infant baby feed. The book also covers the international standards relatTrade Review"International contributors detail manufacturing methods, scientific aspects, and properties of milk powders and whey powders … .The book will be of interest to dairy scientists, students, researchers, and dairy operators." (Book News, December 2009)Table of Contents1: Chemistry of Milk – Role of Constituents in Evaporation and Drying. 2: Current Legislation on Concentrated and Dried Milk Products. 3: Technology of Evaporators, Membrane Processing and Dryers. 4: Production of Evaporated Milk, Sweetened Condensed Milk and ‘Dulce de leche’. 5: Dried Milk Products. 6: Casein and Related Products. 7: Dried Whey, Whey Proteins, Lactose and Lactose Derivative Products. 8: Specialist and Novel Powders. 9: Infant Formulae – Powders and Lliquids. 10: Process Control in Evaporation and Drying. 11: Hazards in Drying
£176.36
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Bulk Solids Handling
Book SynopsisBulk Solids Handling: Equipment Selection and Operation provides an overview of the major technologies involved in the storage and handling of particulate materials from large grains to fine cohesive materials.Table of Contents1 Bulk Powder Properties: Instrumentation and TechniquesDr Nayland Stanley-Wood 2 Hopper/Bin DesignDr John W Carson 3 Silo and Hopper Design for Strength 4 Pneumatic ConveyingDr David Mills and Professor Mark Jones 5 Screw ConveyorsMr Lyn Bates 6 Trough CoveyingDr Don McGlinchey 7 Small Scale Bulk Handling OperationsMr Andrew Cowell
£138.56
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials
Book SynopsisLignocellulosic materials are a natural, abundant and renewable resource essential to the functioning of industrial societies and critical to the development of a sustainable global economy. This timely title covers recent advances in the characterization of lignocellulosic materials such as wood, pulp fibres and paper.Table of ContentsPart 1. Novel or Improved Methods for the Characterization of Wood, Pulp Fibres & Paper. 1) 2D heteronuclear (1H-13C) single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR analysis of Norway spruce bark components. 2) Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Wood and Pulp Fibers. 3) Surface characterization of mechanical pulp fibres by contact angle measurement, polyelectrolyte adsorption, XPS and AFM. 4) Assessing Substrate Accessibility to Enzymatic Hydrolysis by Cellulases. 5) Characterization of alkyl ketene dimmer-sized papers by XPS and dynamic contact angle measurements. 6) Chemical Microscopy of Extractives on Fiber and Paper Surfaces. Part 2. Characterization of Cellulose, Lignin and Modified Cellulose Fibres. 7) Deformation processes in cellulosics using Raman microscopy. 8) Life-time prediction of cellulosics by thermal and mechanical analysis. 9) Recent advances in the isolation and analysis of lignins and lignin-carbohydrate complexes. 10) Chemical Composition and Lignin Structural Features of Banana Plant Leaf Sheath and Rachis. 11) Recent advances in the characterization of lignosulfonates. 12) Integrated size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis of cellulose and its derivatives. 13) 13C CPMAS NMR studies of wood, cellulose fibres and derivatives. Part 3. Characterization of Lignocelluloses-based Composites and Polymer Blends. 14) Advances in the characterization of interfaces and the fiber surfaces in lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced composites. 15) Thermal and mechanical analysis of lignocelluloses-based biocomposites. 16) New insights into the mechanisms of compatibilization in wood-plastic composites. 17) X-ray powder diffraction analyses of kraft lignin-based thermoplastic polymer blends. 18) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of chemically cross-linked ethylcelluloses and ethylcellulose-methylcellulose blends. 19) DSC and AFM studies on chemically cross-linked sodium cellulose sulfate hydrogels. 20) Microscopic examination of cellulose whiskers and their nanocomposites
£161.95
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Trace Elements in Soils
Book Synopsis* A comprehensive overview of the origin, regulation, analysis, chemistry, fate and management of trace metals in soils. * Presents the latest advances in the field, bringing together subject matter currently dispersed across a large variety of journals.Trade Review"This book is very suitable for soil scientists involved in soil contamination, but also for research chemists, geochemists, agronomists, environmental scientists, ecotoxicologists, and professionals who deal with contaminated soils." (Anal Bioanal Chem, February 2011) Table of Contents1. Introduction Peter S. Hooda 2.Trace Elements: General Soil Chemistry, Principles and Processes Filip M.G. Tack 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Distribution of trace elements in the soil 2.3 Chemical species 2.4 Sorption and desorption 2.5 Precipitation and dissolution 2.6 Mobilisation of trace elements 2.7 Transport 2.8 Plant uptake 2.9 Concluding remarks References 3. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation Anthony C. Edwards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil sampling 3.3 Errors associated with soil sampling and preparation 3.4. Overview of the current situation 3.5 Scale and variability 3.6 Conclusions References 4. Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils Gijis Du Laing 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Total Analysis 4.3. Fractionation of Trace Elements 4.4. Species-retaining and Species-selective Leaching Techniques 4.5. Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil 4.6. Conclusions References 5. Fractionation and Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil Solution Gijis Du Laing 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration 5.3. Particle Size Fractionation 5.4. Liquid-liquid Extraction 5.5. Ion Exchange Resins and Solid Phase Extraction 5.6. Derivatisation Techniques to Create Volatile Species 5.7. Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element Species 5.8. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 5.9. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) 5.10. Ion-selective Electrodes 5.11. Donnan Membrane Technique 5.12. Voltammetric Techniques 5.13. Microelectrodes and Microsensors 5.14. Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil Solution 5.15. Conclusions References 6. Long-Term Issues, Impacts And Predictive Modelling Weiping Chen, Andrew C. Chang, Laosheng Wu, Albert L. Page and Bonjun Koo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biosolids-borne Trace Elements in Soils 6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in Biosolids-amended Soils 6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through a Root Exudates-based Model 6.5 Conclusions References 7. Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils Samuel P. Stacey, Mike J. McLaughlin and Ganga Hettiarachchi 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Phosphatic Fertilisers 7.3. Micronutrient Fertilisers 7. 4. Long-term Accumulation of Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants 7.5. Trace Elemental Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals 7.6. Conclusions References 8. Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil Dwelling Species and their Communities David J. Spurgeon 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure 8.3. Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification 8.4. Conclusions References 9. Trace Element Deficient Soils Rainer Schulin, Annette Johnson, and Emmanuel Frossard 9.1 Introduction 9.2. The concept of trace element deficient soils 9.3. Methods to identify and map soil trace element deficiencies 9.4. Soil factors associated with trace element deficiencies 9.5. Treatment of soils deficient in trace elements References 10. Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils Les J. Evans, Sarah J. Barabash, David G. Lumsdon and Xueyuan Gu 10.1. Introduction 10.2. The structure of chemical speciation models 10.3. The species/component matrix 10.4. Aqueous Speciation Modeling 10.5. Surface Complexation Modeling to Mineral Surfaces 10.6. Surface Complexation Modelling to Soil Organic Matter 10.7. Discussion References Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and Remediation 11. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Peter S. Hooda 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Speciation, Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation – Definitions and Concepts 11.3. Bioavailability Assessment Approaches 11.4.Discussion and Conclusions References Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment 12. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Rupert L. Hough 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hazard Identification 12.3. Exposure Assessment 12.4. Dose-Response 12.5. Risk Characterisation 12.6 Assessment of mixtures and disparate risks 12.7 Conclusions References 13. Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils Graham Merrington, Sohel Saikat and Albania Grosso 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Derivation of regulatory limits for trace elements 13.3. National and international initiatives in setting limit values 13.4. Forward look 13.5. Conclusions 14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace ElementsRufus L. Chaney, C. Leigh Broadhurst and Tiziana Centofanti 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Nature of soil contamination where phytoextraction may be applied 14.3. Need for metal tolerant hyperaccumulators for practical phytoextraction 14.4. Phytoremediation strategies – applications and limitations 14.5. Phytostabilization of Zn-Pb, Cu, or Ni mine waste or smelter contaminated soils 14.6. Recovery of elements from phytoextraction biomass 14.7. Risks to wildlife during phytoextraction operations? 14.8 Conclusions References 15. Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments Jurate Kumpiene 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace Element Immobilization 15.3 Method Acceptance 15.4 Concluding remarks References Characteristics and Behaviour of Individual Elements 16. Arsenic and Antimony Yuji Arai 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Geogenic Occurrence 16.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 16.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 16.5 Arsenic retention in soils 16.6 Risks from As and Sb in Soils 16.7 Conclusions and Future Research Needs References 17. Cadmium and Zinc Rufus L. Chaney 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Geogenic occurrence and sources of soil contamination 17.3. Chemical behavior in soils 17.4. Plant accumulation of soil Cd and Zn 17.5. Risk implications for Cd in soil amendments 17.6. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in relation to food-chain Cd risk 17.7. Food-chain Zn issues References 18. Copper and Lead Rupert L. Hough 18.1 Introduction 18.2. Copper 18.3. Lead 18.4. Risks from copper and lead 18.5 Concluding remarks References 19. Chromium, Cobalt and Nickel Yibing Ma and Peter S. Hooda 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Geogenic Occurrences 19.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 19.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 19.5. Environmental and Human Heath Risks 19.6. Concluding Remarks References 20. Manganese and Selenium Zhenli L. He, Jiali Shentu, and Xiao E. Yang 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Mn and Se in soils 20.3. Chemical Behavior of Mn and Se in soils 20.4. Effects on Plant, Animal and human Health References 21. Tin and Mercury Martin J. Clifford, Gavin M. Hilson and Mark E. Hodson 20.1. Introduction 21.2. Geogenic Occurrence 21.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 21.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 21.5. Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils References 22. Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium,and Vanadium Les J. Evans and Sarah J. Barabash 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Molybdenum 22.3. Silver 22.4. Thallium 22.5. Vanadium 22.6. Environmental and Human Health Risks References 23. Gold and Uranium Ian D. Pulford 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Geogenic Occurrence 23.3. Soil Contamination 23.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 23.5. Risks from Gold and Uranium in Soils 23.6. Concluding Comments References 24. Platinum Group Elements in Soil F. Zereini and C.L.S. Wiseman 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Sources of PGE in soils 24.3. Emissions, Depositional Behavior and Concentrations in Soils 24.4. Geochemical Behaviour in Soils 24.5. Bioavailability 24.6. Conclusions References
£143.95
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Book SynopsisThe extraordinary potential of fluorine-containing biologically relevant molecules in biology, medicinal chemistry, and medical applications has been recognized by researchers who are not in the traditional fluorine chemistry field, and thus a new wave of fluorine chemistry is expanding its biomedical frontiers.Table of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1 “Unique Properties of Fluorine and Their Relevance to Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology” by Takashi Yamazaki, Takeo Taguchi and Iwao Ojima Medicinal Chemistry Chapter 2 “Fluorinated Prostanoids: Development of Tafluprost, a New Anti-glaucoma Agent” by Yasushi Matsumura Chapter 3 “Fluorinated conformationally restricted glutamate analogs for CNS drug discovery and development” by Atsuro Nakazato Chapter 4 “Fluorinated Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases” by Roberta Sinisi, Monika Jagodzinska, Gabriele Candiani, Florent Huguenot, Monica Sani, Alessandro Volonterio, Raffaella Maffezzoni and Matteo Zanda Chapter 5 “Fluoro-Taxoid Anticancer Agents” by Antonella Pepe, Larisa Kuznetsova, Liang Sun and Iwao Ojima Chapter 6 “Antimalarial Fluoroartemisinins: Increased Metabolic and Chemical Stability”by Jean-Pierre Bégué, Danièle Bonnet-Delpon Chapter 7 “Synthesis and Biological Activity of Fluorinated Nucleosides” by Tokumi Maruyama, Masahiro Ikejiri, Kunisuke Izawa and Tomoyuki Onishi Synthetic methods for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology Chapter 8 “Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylenated Nucleosides via gem-Difluoromethylene-Containing Building Blocks” by Wei-Dong Meng and Feng-Ling Qing Chapter 9 “Recent Advances in the Syntheses of Fluorinated Amino Acids” by Kenji Uneyama Chapter 10 “Fluorinated Moieties for Replacement of Amide and Peptide Bonds” by Takeo Taguchi and Hikaru Yanai Chapter 11 “Perfluorinated Heteroaromatic Systems as Scaffolds for Drug Discovery” by David Armstrong, Matthew W. Cartwright, Emma L. Parks, Graham Pattison, Graham Sandford, Rachel Slater, John A. Christopher, David D. Miller, Paul W. Smith and Antonio Vong Chapter 12 “gem-Difluorocyclopropanes as key building blocks for novel biologically active molecules” by Toshiyuki Itoh Chapter 13 “Fluorous Mixture Synthesis (FMS) of Drug-Like Molecules and Enantiomers, Stereoisomers, and Analogs of Natural Products” by Wei Zhang Chapter 14 “Fluorine-18 Radiopharmaceuticals” by Michael R. Kilbourn and Xia Shao Applications of fluorinated amino acids and peptides to chemical biology and pharmacology Chapter 15 “Application of Artificial Model Systems to Study the Interactions of Fluorinated Amino Acids within the Native Environment of Coiled Coil Proteins” by Mario Salwiczek, Toni Vagt and Beate Koksch Chapter 16 “Fluorinated Amino Acids and Biomolecules in Protein Design and Chemical Biology” by He Meng, Ginevra A. Clark, and Krishna Kumar Chapter 17 “Effects of Fluorination on the Bioorganic Properties of Methionine” by John F. Honek Chapter 18 “Structure analysis of membrane-active peptides using 19F-labeled amino acids and solid state NMR” by Parvesh Wadhwani and Erik Strandberg Chapter 19 “Metabolism of Fluorine-containing Drugs using in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy” by Erika Schneider Appendix “FDA-Approved Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Containing Fluorine” by Elizabeth Pollina-Cormier, Manisha Das, and Iwao Ojima
£167.36
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Metal Complex DNA Interactions
Book SynopsisMetal ions and metal complexes have long been recognized as critically important components of nucleic acid chemistry, both in regulation of gene expression and as promising therapeutic agents. Understanding how metal complexes interact with DNA has become an active research area at the interface between chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. Metal Complex - DNA Interactions provides a comprehensive overview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recent developments and the latest research with particular emphasis on metal-based drugs and metal ion toxicity. The text is divided into four parts: Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects: includes chapters on sequence-selective metal binding to DNA and thermodynamic models. Medical Applications: focuses on anticancer platinum drugs, including discussions on DNA repair in antitumor effects of platinum drugs and photo-dynamic therapy. DNA-RecoTrade Review"An impressive overview of the great diversity of current research." (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, February 2010) "An essential part of the library for laboratories involved in bioinorganic and medicinal inorganic chemistry." (Chemistry World, September 2009) Table of ContentsA Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects 1. Sequence-Selective Binding of Transition Metal Complexes to DNA 2. Thermodynamic Models of Metal Ion -DNA.Interactions 3. Metal Ion Coordination in G-quadruplexes 4. Supramolecular Chemistry of Metal-Nucleobase Complexes B Medical Applications 5. Platinum Drugs, Nucleotides, and DNA: the Role of Interligand Interactions, nucleotides and DNA 6. Role of DNA Repair in Antitumor Effects of Platinum Drugs 7. Telomeres and Telomerase: Potential Targets for Platinum Complexes 8. Toward Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer with Platinum Group Metal Polyazine Complexes 9. Platinated Oligonucleotides: Synthesis and Applications for the Control of Gene Expression 10. New Titanium and Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs and their Interaction with DNA C DNA-Recognition - Nucleases and Sensors 11. Groove-Binding Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Probes of DNA Recognition 12. DNA Recognition and Binding by Peptide-Metal Complex conjugate 13. Artificial Restriction Agents - Hydrolytic Agents for DNA Cleavage 14. New Metallo-DNAzymes: Fundamental Studies of Metal-DNA Interactions and Metal Sensing Applications 15. Two-metal Ion Dependent Catalysis in Nucleic Acid Enzymes D Toxicological aspects 16. Mercury- DNA Interactions. Structural Studies on MercuryII -Mediated T-T Base-Pair with NMR Spectroscopy 17. Chromium-Induced DNA Damage and Repair 18. Arsenic and nickel: Mechanisms Affecting DNA Integrity
£138.56
John Wiley and Sons Ltd In the Midst of Plenty
Book SynopsisForeword by Nan Roman, President and CEO of the National Alliance to End Homelessness This book explains how to end the U.S. homelessness crisis by bringing together the best scholarship on the subject and sharing solutions that both local communities and national policy-makers can apply now. In the Midst of Plenty shifts understanding of homelessness away from individual disability to larger contexts of poverty, income inequality, housing affordability, and social exclusion. Homelessness experts Shinn and Khadduri provide guidance on how to end homelessness for people who experience it and how to prevent so many people from reaching the point where they have no alternative to sleeping on the street or in emergency shelters. The authors show that we know how to end homelessnessif we devote the necessary resources to doing so. In the Midst of Plenty: Homelessness and What to Do About It is an excellent resource for policy-makers, profeTable of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Who Becomes Homeless? 5 2 What Causes Homelessness? 33 3 Ending Homelessness for People Who Experience It 71 4 Comprehensive Efforts to End Homelessness 91 5 Preventing Homelessness for People at Risk 121 6 Changing Societal Conditions that Generate Homelessness 149 References 179 Index 213
£19.90
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Catalysis in Asymmetric Synthesis
Book SynopsisAsymmetric synthesis has become a major aspect of modern organic chemistry. The stereochemical properties of an organic compound are often essential to its bioactivity, and the need for stereochemically pure pharmaceutical products is a key example of the importance of stereochemical control in organic synthesis. However, achieving high levels of stereoselectivity in the synthesis of complex natural products represents a considerable intellectual and practical challenge for chemists. Written from a synthetic organic chemistry perspective, this text provides a practical overview of the field, illustrating a wide range of transformations that can be achieved. The book captures the latest advances in asymmetric catalysis with emphasis placed on non-enzymatic methods. Topics covered include: Reduction of alkenes, ketones and imines Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds Catalytic carbon-carbon bond forming reactions Catalytic reactionTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Reactions Amenable to Asymmetric Catalysis. 1.2 Assignment of (R) and (S) Stereochemical Descriptors. Futher Reading. References. 2 Reduction of Alkenes. 2.1 Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Rhodium Complexes. 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Ruthenium Catalysts. 2.3 Alkene Hydrogenation with Titanium and Zirconium Catalysts. 2.4 Alkene Hydrogenation with Iridium Catalysts. 2.5 Alkene Hydrogenation with Organocatalysts. 2.6 Alkene Hydrosilylation. 2.7 Alkene Hydroboration. 2.8 Hydroamination. 2.9 Hydroformylation. 2.10 Hydroacylation of Alkenes. 2.11 Hydrocyanation of Alkenes. References. 3 Reduction of Ketones and Imines. 3.1 Hydrogenation of Ketones. 3.2 Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines and Related Compounds. 3.3 Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. 3.4 Heterogeneous Hydrogenation. 3.5 Reduction of Ketones Using Enantioselective Borohydride Reagents. 3.6 Hydrosilylation of Ketones. 3.7 Hydrosilylation of Imines and Nitrones. References. 4 Epoxidation. 4.1 Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols. 4.2 Epoxidation with Metal(salen) Complexes. 4.3 Epoxidation Using Metal–Porphyrin-Based Catalysts. 4.4 OtherMetal-Catalysed Epoxidations of Unfunctionalised Olefins. 4.5 Epoxidation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes. 4.6 Epoxidation with Iminium Salts. 4.7 Epoxidation with Ketone Catalysts. 4.8 Epoxidation of Aldehydes. 4.9 Aziridination of Alkenes. 4.10 Aziridination of Imines. References. 5 Further Oxidation Reactions. 5.1 Dihydroxylation. 5.2 Aminohydroxylation. 5.3 α-Heterofunctionalisation of Aldehydes and Ketones. 5.4 Oxidation of C–H. 5.5 Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation. 5.6 Oxidation of Sulfides. References. 6 Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Compounds. 6.1 Addition of Organozincs to Carbonyl Compounds. 6.2 Addition of Cyanide to Aldehydes and Ketones. 6.3 Allylation of Aldehydes. 6.4 Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes. 6.5 Nucleophilic Additions to Imines. References. 7 The Aldol and Related Reactions. 7.1 The Aldol Reaction. 7.2 Isocyanide and Related Aldol Reactions. 7.3 The Nitroaldol Reaction. 7.4 Addition of Enolates to Imines. 7.5 Darzens Condensation. 7.6 Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction. 7.7 Carbonyl-Ene Reactions. References. 8 Cycloadditions. 8.1 Diels–Alder Reactions. 8.2 Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reactions. 8.3 Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions. 8.4 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. 8.5 [2+2] Cycloadditions. 8.6 Pauson–Khand-Type Reactions. References. 9 Catalytic Reactions Involving Carbenes and Ylides. 9.1 Cyclopropanation. 9.2 Insertion Reactions. 9.3 Asymmetric Ylide Reactions. References. 10 Catalytic Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions. 10.1 Cross-Coupling Reactions. 10.2 Metal-Catalysed Allylic Substitution. 10.3 Heck Reactions. 10.4 Alkylmetalation of Alkenes. References. 11 Conjugate Addition Reactions. 11.1 Conjugate Addition of Enolates. 11.2 Conjugate Addition of Sulfur Nucleophiles. 11.3 Conjugate Addition of Nonstabilised Nucleophiles. 11.4 Conjugate Addition with Nitrogen-Based Nucleophiles and Electrophiles. References. 12 Further Catalytic Reactions. 12.1 Isomerisations and Rearrangements. 12.2 Deprotonation Reactions. 12.3 Protonation Reactions. 12.4 Alkylation and Allylation of Enolates. 12.5 Formation of Alkenes. 12.6 Oxyselenylation-Elimination Reactions. 12.7 The Benzoin Condensation. 12.8 Ester Formation and Hydrolysis. 12.9 Ring-Opening of Epoxides. References. Index.
£123.26
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Food Additives Data Book
Book SynopsisThe use of additives in food is a dynamic one, as consumers demand fewer additives in foods and as governments review the list of additives approved and their permitted levels. Scientists also refine the knowledge of the risk assessment process as well as improve analytical methods and the use of alternative additives, processes or ingredients. Since the first edition of the Food Additives Databook was published, there have been numerous changes due to these developments and some additives are no longer permitted, some have new permitted levels of use and new additives have been assessed and approved. The revised second edition of this major reference work covers all the must-have technical data on food additives. Compiled by food industry experts with a proven track record of producing high quality reference work, this volume is the definitive resource for technologists in small, medium and large companies, and for workers in research, government and academic institutions.<Trade Review"This reference provides practicing and student food technologists information about a wide range of food additives with articles arranged by function, such as antioxidants, flavor enhancers, preservatives, and sweeteners . . . The index is very detailed." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. How to Use This Book. Part 1 Acidulants. Acetic acid. Adipic acid. Caprylic acid. Citric acid. Dehydroacetic acid. Fumaric acid. Glucono-delta-lactone. Lactic acid. Malic acid. Phosphoric acid. Propionic acid. Sodium diacetate. Succinic acid. Tartaric acid. Part 2 Antioxidants. Ascorbic acid and isomers (L-ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid). Ascorbyl palmitate. Beta-carotene. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Calcium ascorbate. Citric acid and its salts. Ethoxyquin. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Propyl gallate (PG). Rosemary extract; natural spice extract. Sodium ascorbate. L-Tartaric acid. Tea extract. Tocopherols, mixed a (DL), g and d (synthetic). Tocopherol, mixed natural concentrate. Part 3 Colourings. Alkanet. Allura Red AC. Aluminium. Amaranth. Ammonia caramel. Annatto. Anthocyanin. Beetroot Red. Beta-apo-80-carotenal (C30). Black iron oxide. Brilliant Black BN. Brilliant Blue FCF. Brown FK. Brown HT. Calcium carbonate. Canthaxanthin. Carmine. Carminic acid. Carmoisine. Beta-carotene. Caustic sulphite caramel. Chlorophyll. Chlorophyllins. Copper chlorophylls. Copper chlorophyllins. Curcumin. Erythrosine. Ethyl ester of beta-apo-80-carotenoic acid (C30). Fast Green FCF. Gardenia Yellow. Gold. Green S. Indigotine. Litholrubine BK. Lutein. Lycopene. Mixed carotenes. Paprika extract. Patent Blue V. Plain caramel. Ponceau R. Ponceau SX. Quinoline Yellow. Red iron oxide. Riboflavin. Riboflavin-50-phosphate. Safflower. Santalin. Silver. Sulphite ammonia caramel. Sunset Yellow. Tartrazine. Titanium dioxide. Vegetable carbon. Yellow iron oxide. Part 4 Emulsifiers. Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Ammonium phosphatides. Calcium stearoyl lactylate. Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate. Ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Lecithins. Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – saturated. Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – unsaturated. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate. Polysorbates. Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids. Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids. Sodium stearoyl lactylate. Sorbitan esters of fatty acids. Stearyl tartrate. Succinic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Sucrose esters of fatty acids. Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Part 5 Enzymes. Alpha-amylase. Alpha-galactosidase. Amyloglucosidase . Anthocyanase. Asparaginase. Beta-amylase . Beta-galactosidase. Beta-glucanase. Beta-glucosidase. Bromelain. Catalase. Cellobiase (Aspergillus niger). Cellulase. Chymosin A . Chymotrypsin (pancreatic). Dextranase (Penicillium spp.). Diacetyl reductase (Aerobacter aerogenes). Ficin (Ficus spp.). Glucoamylase. Glucose isomerase. Glucose oxidase. Hemicellulase (Aspergillus spp.). Hexose oxidase. Inulinase. Invertase. Isoamylase. Laccase. Lipase. Lysozyme hydrochloride. Malt carbohydrase. Metallo-neutral proteases. Microbial rennet. Naringinase (Penicillium spp.). Papain (papaya species). Pectinase . Penicillin amidase. Pepsin (porcine mucosa). Peroxidase (horseradish). Protease. Pullulanase. Rennet (bovine abomasum). Subtilisin. Tannase . Trypsin (pancreatic). Xylanase . Part 6 Flavour Enhancers. Acetic acid. Algae, brown. Algae, red. Ammonium chloride. Ammonium glutamate . Ammonium glycyrrhizate. Aspartame. Calcium chloride. Disodium guanylate. Disodium inosinate. Disodium -ribonucleotides. Esterase-lipase. Ethyl maltol. L-Glutamic acid. Glycine. Lactic acid. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract. Licorice root extract. Magnesium sulphate anhydrous. Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate. Malic acid/N-Hydroxysuccinic acid. Monosodium glutamate. Potassium chloride. Potassium glutamate. Potassium lactate. Sodium alginate/Algin. Sodium lactate. Succinic acid. Sucralose. Tannic acid . L-Tartaric acid. Thaumatin. Part 7 Flour Additives. Acetone peroxide. Alpha-amylase. Ammonium chloride. Ammonium persulphate. Ammonium phosphate, monobasic. Ascorbic acid. Azodicarbonamide. Benzoyl peroxide. Calcium carbonate. Calcium phosphate, monobasic. Chlorine. Chlorine dioxide. L-Cysteine hydrochloride. Glucoamylase. Glucose oxidase. Lipase. Lipoxidase. Pentosanase. Potassium bromate. Protease. Pullulanase. Sodium acid pyrophosphate. Xylanase. Part 8 Gases. Argon. Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen. Nitrogen. Nitrous oxide. Ozone. Part 9 Nutritive Additives. L-Ascorbic acid. Ascorbyl palmitate. Beta-carotene. Biotin. Calcium ascorbate. Calcium carbonate. Calcium glycerophosphate. Calcium lactate pentahydrate. Calcium-D-pantothenate. Calcium phosphate dibasic. Calcium phosphate tribasic. Cholecalciferol. Cupric gluconate. Cyanocobalamin. Ergocalciferol. Ferric orthophosphate. Ferrous fumarate. Ferrous sulphate, anhydrous. Folic acid. Magnesium carbonate hydroxide. Magnesium oxide, heavy. Natural tocopherols (mixture of d-a, d-b, d-g, d-d tocopherol forms). Niacinamide. Nicotinic acid. Pantothenic acid. Phytonadione. Pyridoxine. Pyridoxine hydrochloride. Reduced elemental iron. Retinol . Retinyl acetate. Retinyl palmitate. Riboflavin. Riboflavin-50-phosphate sodium salt. Sodium ascorbate. Thiamin. Thiamin hydrochloride. Thiamin mononitrate. DL-a-Tocopherol. DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate. Zinc sulphate monohydrate. Part 10 Polysaccharides. Agar. Alginic acid. Ammonium alginate. Calcium alginate. Carboxymethylcellulose. Carrageenan. Iota-carrageenan. Kappa-carrageenan. Lambda-carrageenan. Cellulose. Chitosan. Dextran. Furcellaran. Gellan. Guar gum. Gum arabic. Gum ghatti. Hydroxy ethyl cellulose. Hydroxy propyl cellulose. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Karaya gum. Locust bean gum. Methyl cellulose . Methyl ethyl cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose. Pectin. Potassium alginate. Propyleneglycol alginate Tragacanth gum. Xanthan. Part 11 Preservatives. Acetic acid, glacial. Benzoic acid. Biphenyl. Calcium acetate. Calcium benzoate. Calcium bisulphite. Calcium propionate. Calcium sorbate. Calcium sulphite. Dimethyl dicarbonate. Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt. Formic acid. Heptyl paraben. Hexamethylenetetramine. 2-Hydroxybiphenyl. Lactic acid. Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate. Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt. Natamycin. Nisin . Potassium acetate. Potassium benzoate. Potassium metabisulphite. Potassium nitrate. Potassium nitrite. Potassium propionate. Potassium sorbate. Propionic acid. Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt. Sodium acetate. Sodium benzoate. Sodium bisulphite. Sodium diacetate. Sodium metabisulphite. Sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrite. Sodium o-phenylphenate. Sodium propionate. Sodium sorbate. Sodium sulphite. Sorbic acid. Sulphur dioxide. Thiabendazole. Part 12 Sequestrants. Calcium acetate. Calcium chloride. Calcium citrate. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Calcium gluconate. Calcium phosphate monobasic. Calcium phosphate tribasic. Calcium phytate. Calcium sulphate. Citric acid. Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (disodium EDTA). Disodium pyrophosphate. Glucono-delta-lactone. Glycine. Isopropyl citrate. Manganese citrate. Oxystearin. Phosphoric acid. Potassium dihydrogen citrate. Potassium phosphate dibasic. Potassium phosphate monobasic Potassium sodium tartrate. Sodium monohydrogen phosphate. Sodium polyphosphate. Sodium tartrate. Tartaric acid. Part 13 Solvents Acetic acid. Acetone. Acetylated monoglycerides. Amyl acetate. Benzyl alcohol. 1,3-Butanediol. Carbon dioxide. Castor oil. Diethyl tartrate. Ethanol . Ethyl acetate. Glycerin. Glyceryl diacetate . Glyceryl tributyrate. Hexane. Isopropanol. Lactic acid (D, DL or L). Methanol. Methyl ethyl ketone. Methylene chloride. Mono- and diglycerides. Monoglyceride citrate. 2-Nitropropane. Octyl alcohol. 1,2-Propanediol. Triacetyl glycerin. Triethyl citrate. Part 14 Sweeteners. Acesulfame-K. N-Acetylglucosamine. Alitame. Arabinose. Aspartame . Corn syrup. Cyclamate. Fructose. Glycine. Glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhizic acid. High fructose corn syrup. Isomalt. Lactitol. Lactose. Maltitol. Mannitol. Monellin. Saccharin. Sorbitol. Stevioside. Sucralose. Sucrose. Tagatose. Thaumatin. Trehalose. Xylitol . Xylose, D(+). Index.
£225.86
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based
Book Synopsis The safe storage in glass-based materials of both radioactive and non-radioactive hazardous wastes is covered in a single book, making it unique Provides a comprehensive and timely reference source at this critical time in waste management, including an extensive and up-to-date bibliography in all areas outlined to waste conversion and related technologies, both radioactive and non-radioactive Brings together all aspects of waste vitrification, draws comparisons between the different types of wastes and treatments, and outlines where lessons learnt in the radioactive waste field can be of benefit in the treatment of non-radioactive wastes Trade Review"The author's renowned expertise in immobilisation technology for wastes is clearly reflected in this book, which provides an exhaustive review of the subject. It would benefit readers involved in waste management of both nuclear and nonradioactive industries." (Materials World, 1 January 2012) "I am recommending to everyone interested to read the book of Prof Donald on glass and ceramic hosts: you will find a wealth of factual data on glasses and ceramics as well as bright ideas and hints for your activities." (Materials Views, 27 April 2011)Table of ContentsPreface page xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Categories of Waste and Waste Generation in the Modern World 1 1.1.1 Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Power and Defence Operations 2 1.1.2 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 7 1.1.3 Other Sources of Waste Material 9 1.2 General Disposal Options 11 1.3 Radiation Issues 19 1.4 Waste Disposal and the Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors 21 1.5 Nuclear Accidents and the Lessons Learnt 25 References 31 2. Materials Toxicity and Biological Effects 37 2.1 Metals 38 2.1.1 Beryllium, Barium and Radium 38 2.1.2 Vanadium 39 2.1.3 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten 40 2.1.4 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium 40 2.1.5 Platinum-Group Metals 41 2.1.6 Nickel 42 2.1.7 Copper, Silver and Gold 42 2.1.8 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury 43 2.1.9 Aluminium and Thallium 45 2.1.10 Tin and Lead 46 2.1.11 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth 48 2.1.12 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium 49 2.1.13 Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium 50 2.2 Compounds 51 2.3 Asbestos 51 References 55 3. Glass and Ceramic Based Systems and General Processing Methods 57 3.1 Glass Formation 58 3.1.1 Glass-Forming Ability 58 3.1.2 Thermal Stability 61 3.2 Types of Glass 61 3.2.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glasses 61 3.2.2 Phosphate Glasses 61 3.2.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 62 3.2.4 Alternative Glasses 62 3.3 Ceramics 62 3.4 Glass-Ceramics 63 3.5 Glass and Ceramic Based Composite Systems 68 3.6 Processing of Glass and Ceramic Materials 68 3.6.1 Melting and Vitrifi cation 69 3.6.2 Powder Processing and Sintering 69 3.6.3 Hot Pressing 69 3.6.4 Sol-Gel Processing 70 3.6.5 Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis 70 3.6.6 Microwave Processing 70 References 71 4. Materials Characterization 75 4.1 Chemical Analysis 75 4.2 Thermal Analysis 76 4.3 Structural Analysis 78 4.3.1 Optical and Electron Microscopy 78 4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 79 4.3.3 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction 79 4.3.4 Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy 80 4.3.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 80 4.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 80 4.4 Mechanical Properties 81 4.4.1 Fracture Mechanics 81 4.4.2 Flexural Strength of Materials 83 4.4.3 Lifetime Behaviour 83 4.5 Chemical Durability and Standardized Tests 87 4.6 Radiation Stability 92 4.7 Other Properties Relevant to Wasteforms 94 4.8 Use of Nonradioactive Surrogates 94 References 96 5. Radioactive Wastes 101 5.1 Sources and Waste Stream Compositions 101 5.1.1 Nuclear Reactor Spent Fuel Wastes 102 5.1.2 Defence Wastes 107 5.1.3 Surplus Materials 108 5.1.4 Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Waste 109 5.2 General Immobilization Options 111 References 115 6. Immobilization by Vitrification 121 6.1 Vitrification History and the Advancement of Melter Design 121 6.1.1 Pot Processes 122 6.1.2 Continuous Melting by Induction Furnace 124 6.1.3 Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters 128 6.1.4 Cold Crucible Induction Melters 131 6.1.5 Plasma Arc/Torch Melters 135 6.1.6 Microwave Processing 138 6.1.7 In situ Melting 138 6.1.8 Bulk Vitrification 138 6.1.9 Alternative Melting Techniques 138 6.1.10 Vitrification Incidents and the Lessons that have been Learnt 140 6.2 Difficult Waste Constituents 144 6.2.1 Molybdenum and Caesium 144 6.2.2 Platinum Group Metals 147 6.2.3 Technetium 149 6.2.4 Chromium, Nickel and Iron 150 6.2.5 Halides 150 6.2.6 Sulphates 150 6.2.7 Phosphates 151 6.3 Effect of Specific Batch Additives on Melting Performance 151 6.4 Types of Glass and Candidate Glass Requirements 151 6.4.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glass 151 6.4.2 Phosphate Glasses 163 6.4.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 165 6.4.4 Alternative Glasses 166 6.5 Glass-Forming Ability 168 6.6 Alternative Methods for Producing Glassy Wasteforms 169 6.6.1 Sintered and Porous Glass 169 6.6.2 Hot-Pressed Glass 171 6.6.3 Microwave Sintering 175 6.6.4 Self-Sustaining Vitrification 176 6.6.5 Plasma Torch Incineration and Vitrification 177 References 177 7. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Ceramic Wasteform 185 7.1 Titanate and Zirconate Ceramics 185 7.2 Phosphate Ceramics 203 7.3 Aluminosilicate Ceramics 207 7.4 Alternative Ceramics 209 7.5 Cement Based Systems 211 References 212 8. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Glass-Ceramic Wasteform 221 8.1 Barium Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.2 Barium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.3 Calcium Magnesium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.4 Calcium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 227 8.5 Basaltic Glass-Ceramics 228 8.6 Zirconolite Based Glass-Ceramics 230 8.7 Alternative Silicate Based Glass-Ceramics 234 8.8 Phosphate Based Glass-Ceramics 234 References 237 9. Novel Hosts for the Immobilization of Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Wastes 241 9.1 Silicate Glasses 241 9.2 Phosphate Glasses 246 9.3 Alternative Vitrification Routes 249 9.4 Ceramic-Based Hosts 251 9.5 Glass-Encapsulated Composite and Hybrid Systems 253 9.6 Oxynitride Glasses 259 9.7 Plutonium Disposition 260 References 266 10. Properties of Radioactive Wasteforms 275 10.1 Thermal Stability 275 10.2 Chemical Durability 276 10.2.1 General Principles of Glass Durability 277 10.2.2 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Water 282 10.2.3 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Groundwaters and Repository Environments 291 10.2.4 Durability of Phosphate Based Glasses 296 10.2.5 Lessons to be Learnt from Archaeological Glasses 297 10.2.6 Ceramic Durability 301 10.2.7 Glass-Ceramic Durability 308 10.2.8 Durability of Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Wasteforms 309 10.2.9 Influence of Colloids 310 10.3 Radiation Stability 311 10.3.1 Glass Stability 311 10.3.2 Ceramic Stability 316 10.3.3 Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Stability 323 10.4 Natural Analogues 324 10.5 Mechanical Properties 328 10.6 Alternative Properties 333 References 334 11. Structural and Modelling Studies 343 11.1 Structural Studies 343 11.1.1 Vitreous Wasteforms 343 11.1.2 Ceramic Wasteforms 349 11.2 Modelling Studies 350 11.2.1 Modelling Techniques 350 11.2.2 Vitreous Wasteforms 350 11.2.3 Ceramic Wasteforms 356 References 357 12. Sources and Compositions of Nonradioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes, and Common Disposal Routes 361 12.1 Incinerator Wastes 365 12.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges 368 12.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes 370 12.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts 370 12.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags 370 12.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes 371 12.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations 374 12.8 Cement Dust and Clay-Refining Wastes 379 12.9 Tannery Industry Wastes 379 12.10 Asbestos 380 12.11 Medical Wastes 380 12.12 Electrical and Electronic Wastes 383 12.13 Alternative Wastes 384 References 385 13. Vitrification of Nonradioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 389 13.1 Incinerator Wastes 392 13.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges 397 13.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes 398 13.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts 399 13.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags 401 13.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes 403 13.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations 404 13.8 Cement Dust, Clay-Refining and Tannery Industry Wastes 406 13.9 Asbestos 406 13.10 Medical Waste 407 13.11 Electrical and Electronic Wastes 408 13.12 Alternative Wastes 408 13.13 Mixed Nonradioactive Hazardous Wastes 409 13.14 Glass-Ceramics for Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization 410 13.15 Commercial Hazardous Waste Vitrification Facilities 418 References 420 14. Alternative Treatment Processes, and Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms 429 14.1 Alternatives to Vitrification 429 14.2 Use of Alternative Waste Sources to Prepare New Materials 435 14.3 Use of Waste Glass to Prepare New Materials 435 14.4 Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms 436 14.4.1 Mechanical Properties 436 14.4.2 Chemical Durability 440 14.4.3 Structural and Modelling Studies 441 14.4.4 Use of Less Hazardous or Nontoxic Surrogates 442 14.5 Applications 444 References 445 15. Influence of Organic, Micro-Organism and Microbial Activity on Wasteform Integrity 451 15.1 Micro-Organism Activity and Transport Mechanisms 452 15.2 Repository Environments 454 15.3 Repository Analogues 457 15.4 Wasteforms 458 References 462 16. Concluding Remarks, Comparisons between Radioactive and Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization, and Outlook for the Future 465 16.1 Mixed Radioactive and Nonradioactive Wastes 465 16.2 System and Wasteform Comparisons 467 16.2.1 Treatment Facilities 467 16.2.2 Wasteforms 469 16.3 Immediate and Short-Term Future Outlook 473 16.4 Medium and Longer Term Future Outlook 474 16.4.1 Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems 474 16.4.2 Element Partitioning and Transmutation 478 16.5 Choosing a Wasteform 479 16.5.1 Wasteforms Studied in the Past and Short-Term Future Direction 479 16.5.2 Alternative Wasteforms and Longer Term Future Direction 484 16.6 Wasteform Characterization 486 16.7 Standards, Regulatory Requirements, and Performance Assessments 487 16.8 Overall Conclusions 489 References 490 Index 493
£121.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemical Process Technology
Book SynopsisWith a focus on actual industrial processes, e.g. the production of light alkenes, synthesis gas, fine chemicals, polyethene, it encourages the reader to think out of the box and invent and develop novel unit operations and processes. Reflecting today's emphasis on sustainability, this edition contains new coverage of biomass as an alternative to fossil fuels, and process intensification. The second edition includes: New chapters on Process Intensification and Processes for the Conversion of Biomass Updated and expanded chapters throughout with 35% new material overall Text boxes containing case studies and examples from various different industries, e.g. synthesis loop designs, Sasol I Plant, Kaminsky catalysts, production of Ibuprofen, click chemistry, ammonia synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking Questions throughout to stimulate debate and keep students awake! Richly illustrated chapters with improved figures and flow Trade Review“In conclusion, this excellent textbook is highly recommended to those readers wishing to have up-to-date knowledge of the chemical industry and its processes. Organic chemists, in particular, will learn the chemical engineer’s approach to process design and process development and will appreciate the differences and hopefully understand how the methods used for bulk chemicals can be used for more complex molecules book.” (Organic Process Research & Development, 1 September 2014) “The book could serve as a valuable text for lower-level chemical engineering students, but it could also be useful to professionals in biotechnology and industrial chemistry. Summing Up: Recommended. All academic, two-year technical program, and professional engineering collections.” (Choice, 1 December 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 References 6 General Literature 6 2 The Chemical Industry 7 2.1 A Brief History 7 2.1.1 Inorganic Chemicals 7 2.1.2 Organic Chemicals 10 2.1.3 The Oil Era 11 2.1.4 The Age of Sustainability 12 2.2 Structure of the Chemical Industry 13 2.3 Raw Materials and Energy 16 2.3.1 Fossil Fuel Consumption and Reserves 16 2.3.2 Biomass as an Alternative for Fossil Fuels 19 2.3.3 Energy and the Chemical Industry 21 2.3.4 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Biomass 23 2.4 Base Chemicals 35 2.5 Global Trends in the Chemical Industry 37 References 39 General Literature 40 3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 41 3.1 The Oil Refinery − An Overview 41 3.2 Physical Processes 42 3.2.1 Desalting and Dehydration 42 3.2.2 Crude Distillation 43 3.2.3 Propane Deasphalting 45 3.3 Thermal Processes 46 3.3.1 Visbreaking 46 3.3.2 Delayed Coking 47 3.3.3 Flexicoking 48 3.4 Catalytic Processes 49 3.4.1 Octane and Cetane Numbers 49 3.4.2 Catalytic Cracking 51 3.4.3 Catalytic Reforming 63 3.4.4 Alkylation 69 3.4.5 Hydroprocessing 76 3.5 Current and Future Trends in Oil Refining 91 3.5.1 Stricter Environmental Regulations 92 3.5.2 Refinery Configurations 94 References 96 4 Production of Light Alkenes 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cracking Reactions 100 4.2.1 Thermodynamics 100 4.2.2 Mechanism 101 4.2.3 Kinetics 102 4.3 The Industrial Process 103 4.3.1 Influence of Feedstock on Steam Cracker Operation and Products 103 4.3.2 Cracking Furnace 106 4.3.3 Heat Exchanger 109 4.3.4 Coke Formation 110 4.4 Product Processing 111 4.5 Novel Developments 113 4.5.1 Selective Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes 114 4.5.2 Metathesis of Alkenes 116 4.5.3 Production of Light Alkenes from Synthesis Gas 118 4.5.4 Dehydration of Bioethanol 121 4.5.5 Direct Conversion of Methane 122 References 123 5 Production of Synthesis Gas 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas 129 5.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 129 5.2.2 Steam Reforming Process 131 5.2.3 Autothermal Reforming Process 137 5.2.4 Novel Developments 139 5.3 Coal Gasification 142 5.3.1 Gasification Reactions 142 5.3.2 Thermodynamics 143 5.3.3 Gasification Technologies 146 5.3.4 Recent Developments in Gasification Technology 151 5.3.5 Applications of Coal Gasification 154 5.3.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 156 5.3.7 Why Gasify, Not Burn for Electricity Generation? 158 5.3.8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 159 5.4 Cleaning and Conditioning of Synthesis Gas 161 5.4.1 Acid Gas Removal 161 5.4.2 Water–Gas Shift Reaction 163 5.4.3 Methanation 166 References 168 6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 171 6.1 Ammonia 171 6.1.1 Background Information 171 6.1.2 Thermodynamics 173 6.1.3 Commercial Ammonia Synthesis Reactors 175 6.1.4 Ammonia Synthesis Loop 178 6.1.5 Integrated Ammonia Plant 180 6.1.6 Hydrogen Recovery 182 6.1.7 Production of Urea 185 6.2 Methanol 191 6.2.1 Background Information 191 6.2.2 Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysts 192 6.2.3 Synthesis Gas for Methanol Production 195 6.2.4 Methanol Synthesis 196 6.2.5 Production of Formaldehyde 199 6.3 Synthetic Fuels and Fuel Additives 201 6.3.1 Fischer–Tropsch Process 202 6.3.2 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process 212 6.3.3 Recent Developments in the Production of Synthetic Fuels 214 6.3.4 Fuel Additives − Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 215 References 218 7 Processes for the Conversion of Biomass 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Production of Biofuels 223 7.2.1 Bioethanol and Biobutanol 224 7.2.2 Diesel-Type Biofuels 226 7.3 Production of Bio-based Chemicals 231 7.3.1 Ethanol 232 7.3.2 Glycerol 233 7.3.3 Succinic Acid 234 7.3.4 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 236 7.4 The Biorefinery 236 7.4.1 Biorefinery Design Criteria and Products 236 7.4.2 Biorefinery Concepts 238 7.4.3 Core Technologies of a Thermochemical Biorefinery 239 7.4.4 Existing and Projected Biorefineries 243 7.4.5 Possibility of Integrating a Biorefinery with Existing Plants 243 7.4.6 Biorefinery versus Oil Refinery 245 7.5 Conclusions 246 References 246 8 Inorganic Bulk Chemicals 249 8.1 The Inorganic Chemicals Industry 249 8.2 Sulfuric Acid 250 8.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 252 8.2.2 SO2 Conversion Reactor 252 8.2.3 Modern Sulfuric Acid Production Process 254 8.2.4 Catalyst Deactivation 256 8.3 Sulfur Production 256 8.4 Nitric Acid 260 8.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 260 8.4.2 Processes 262 8.4.3 NOx Abatement 266 8.5 Chlorine 268 8.5.1 Reactions for the Electrolysis of NaCl 269 8.5.2 Technologies for the Electrolysis of NaCl 270 References 274 9 Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis in the Production of Bulk Chemicals 275 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Acetic Acid Production 278 9.2.1 Background Information 278 9.2.2 Methanol Carbonylation – Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysis 281 9.2.3 Methanol Carbonylation – Processes 284 9.3 Hydroformylation 286 9.3.1 Background Information 286 9.3.2 Thermodynamics 288 9.3.3 Catalyst Development 289 9.3.4 Processes for the Hydroformylation of Propene 292 9.3.5 Processes for the Hydroformylation of Higher Alkenes 294 9.3.6 Comparison of Hydroformylation Processes 296 9.4 Ethene Oligomerization and More 297 9.4.1 Background Information 297 9.4.2 Reactions of the SHOP Process 298 9.4.3 The SHOP Process 299 9.5 Oxidation of p-Xylene: Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid Production 301 9.5.1 Background Information 301 9.5.2 Conversion of p-Toluic Acid Intermediate 302 9.5.3 Processes 303 9.5.4 Process Comparison 305 9.6 Review of Reactors Used in Homogeneous Catalysis 305 9.6.1 Choice of Reactor 306 9.6.2 Exchanging Heat 308 9.7 Approaches for Catalyst/Product Separation 308 9.7.1 Biphasic Catalyst Systems 309 9.7.2 Immobilized Catalyst Systems 309 References 311 10 Heterogeneous Catalysis – Concepts and Examples 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Catalyst Design 314 10.2.1 Catalyst Size and Shape 314 10.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Catalyst Particles 316 10.3 Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 316 10.3.1 Reactor Types 316 10.3.2 Exchanging Heat 319 10.3.3 Role of Catalyst Deactivation 321 10.3.4 Other Issues 322 10.4 Shape Selectivity − Zeolites 323 10.4.1 Production of Isobutene 325 10.4.2 Isomerization of Pentanes and Hexanes 328 10.4.3 Production of Ethylbenzene 330 10.5 Some Challenges and (Unconventional) Solutions 334 10.5.1 Adiabatic Reactor with Periodic Flow Reversal 334 10.5.2 Highly Exothermic Reactions with a Selectivity Challenge − Selective Oxidations 338 10.6 Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control 344 10.6.1 Exhaust Gas Composition 346 10.6.2 Reduction of Exhaust Gas Emissions 347 References 354 General Literature 355 11 Production of Polymers − Polyethene 357 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Polymerization Reactions 357 11.2.1 Step growth Polymerization 358 11.2.2 Chain growth Polymerization − Radical and Coordination Pathways 360 11.3 Polyethenes – Background Information 363 11.3.1 Catalyst Development 363 11.3.2 Classification and Properties 364 11.3.3 Applications 365 11.4 Processes for the Production of Polyethenes 366 11.4.1 Monomer Production and Purification 366 11.4.2 Polymerization – Exothermicity 367 11.4.3 Production of Polyethenes 367 References 375 12 Production of Fine Chemicals 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Role of Catalysis 380 12.2.1 Atom Economy 380 12.2.2 Alternative Reagents and Catalysts 381 12.2.3 Novel Reaction Routes 384 12.2.4 Selectivity 384 12.2.5 Biocatalysis 392 12.3 Solvents 394 12.3.1 Conventional Solvents 394 12.3.2 Alternative Solvents 395 12.4 Production Plants 398 12.4.1 Multiproduct and Multipurpose Plants (MMPs) 398 12.4.2 Dedicated Continuous Plants 406 12.5 Batch Reactor Selection 407 12.5.1 Reactors for Liquid and Gas–Liquid Systems 408 12.5.2 Reactors for Gas–Liquid–Solid Systems 409 12.6 Batch Reactor Scale-up Effects 411 12.6.1 Temperature Control 411 12.6.2 Heat Transfer 411 12.6.3 Example of the Scale-up of a Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 412 12.6.4 Summary of the Scale-up of Batch Reactors 416 12.7 Safety Aspects of Fine Chemicals 416 12.7.1 Thermal Risks 416 12.7.2 Safety and Process Development 417 References 419 13 Biotechnology 423 13.1 Introduction 423 13.2 Principles of Fermentation Technology 424 13.2.1 Mode of Operation 425 13.2.2 Reactor Types 426 13.2.3 Sterilization 432 13.3 Cell Biomass − Bakers’ Yeast Production 433 13.3.1 Process Layout 433 13.3.2 Cultivation Equipment 434 13.3.3 Downstream Processing 434 13.4 Metabolic Products − Biomass as Source of Renewable Energy 435 13.4.1 Bioethanol and Biobutanol 435 13.4.2 Biogas 438 13.5 Environmental Application – Wastewater Treatment 438 13.5.1 Introduction 438 13.5.2 Process Layout 438 13.5.3 Aerobic Treatment Processes 440 13.5.4 Anaerobic Treatment Processes 443 13.6 Enzyme Technology – Biocatalysts for Transformations 445 13.6.1 General Aspects 445 13.6.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 446 13.6.3 Production of L-Amino Acids 447 13.6.4 Production of Artificial Sweeteners 448 References 452 General Literature 453 14 Process Intensification 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.1.1 What is Process Intensification 455 14.1.2 How to Intensify Processes 457 14.2 Structured Catalytic Reactors 459 14.2.1 Types of Structured Catalysts and Reactors 460 14.2.2 Monoliths 462 14.2.3 Microreactors 468 14.3 Multifunctional Reactors/Reactive Separation 472 14.3.1 Reactive Distillation 473 14.3.2 Coupling Reaction and Membrane Separation 477 14.3.3 Coupling Reaction and Adsorption 481 References 482 15 Process Development 485 15.1 Dependence of Strategy on Product Type and Raw Materials 485 15.2 The Course of Process Development 487 15.3 Development of Individual Steps 489 15.3.1 Exploratory Phase 489 15.3.2 From Process Concept to Preliminary Flow Sheet 489 15.3.3 Pilot Plants/Miniplants 494 15.4 Scale-up 499 15.4.1 Reactors with a Single Fluid Phase 499 15.4.2 Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors with One or More Fluid Phases 501 15.5 Safety and Loss Prevention 505 15.5.1 Safety Issues 505 15.5.2 Reactivity Hazards 511 15.5.3 Design Approaches to Safety 513 15.6 Process Evaluation 514 15.6.1 Capital Cost Estimation 515 15.6.2 Operating Costs and Earnings 523 15.6.3 Profitability Measures 524 15.7 Current and Future Trends 526 References 528 General Literature 529 Magazines 529 Appendix A Chemical Industry − Figures 531 Appendix B Main Symbols Used in Flow Schemes 535 Index 539
£116.06
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Choice
Book SynopsisThis book analyzes the impact of choice on welfare states in Europe and asks whether the shift towards more choice will ultimately benefit the users and providers of the welfare state, and have a positive impact on society as a whole. Explores the recent focus on choice in many welfare states, which has created a more market-orientated approach, changed users to consumers, and increased emphasis on private providers Examines the impact of these recent reforms on equality, not only from an economic perspective, but also in relation to gender, education, age, and access to services Draws on examples from different European countries and sectors of the welfare state, including the UK, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and the Czech Republic Informed by theoretical and empirical approaches, and uses a variety of methodologies Table of ContentsEditorial Introduction (Bent Greve, University of Roskilde, Denmark). 1. Can Choice in Welfare States Be Equitable? (Bent Greve, University of Roskilde, Denmark). 2. The Other Le Grand? Evaluating the ‘Other Invisible Hand’in Welfare Services in England (Ian Greener, University of Durham, UK and Martin Powell, University of Birmingham, UK). 3. Exit, Voice and Quality in the English Education Sector (Deborah Wilson, University of Bristol, UK). 4. When ‘Choice’ and ‘Choice’ Are not the Same: Institutional Frameworks of Choice in the German Welfare System (Florian Blank, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany). 5. Choosing Welfare or Losing Social Citizenship? Citizens’ Free Choice in Recent Italian Welfare State Reforms (Paolo R. Graziano, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy). 6. The ‘Consumer Principle’ in the Care of Elderly People: Free Choice and Actual Choice in the German Welfare State (Melanie Eichler, University of Hamburg, Germany and Birgit Pfau-Effinger, University of Hamburg, Germany). 7. A Comparative Discussion of the Gendered Implications of Cash-for-Care Schemes: Markets, Independence and Social Citizenship in Crisis? (Kirstein Rummery, University of Stirling, Scotland). 8. Challenging Solidarity? An Analysis of Exit Options in Social Policies (Menno Fenger, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands). 9. Freedom of Choice through the Promotion of Gender Equality (Steven Saxonberg, Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic). Index.
£19.71
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit
Book SynopsisSoft drinks and fruit juices are produced in almost every country in the world and their availability is remarkable. From the largest cities to some of the remotest villages, soft drinks are available in a variety of flavours and packaging. Over the last decade, soft drinks and fruit juices have been the subject of criticism by the health community and there is considerable pressure on beverage manufacturers to reduce, or even remove, the sugar content of these products. Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices, Third Edition provides an overview of the chemistry and technology of soft drinks and fruit juices, covering ingredients, processing, microbiology, traceability and packaging as well as global market trends. This fully revised edition now includes chapters on topics that have become prominent in the industry since publication of the previous edition namely: water use and treatment, and microbiology technologies. The book is directed at graduatesTable of ContentsContributors xv Preface xvi 1 Introduction 1 P.R. Ashurst 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Soft drinks 1 1.2.1 Ready‐to‐drink products 2 1.2.2 Concentrated soft drinks 2 1.2.3 Legislation 3 1.2.4 Product types 4 1.2.5 Development trends 6 1.2.6 Nutrition 7 1.2.7 New product trends 8 1.3 Fruit juices 8 1.3.1 Processing technology 9 1.3.2 Adulteration 10 1.3.3 Other processes 12 1.3.4 Nutrition 12 1.4 Packaging 13 1.5 Summary 14 References and further reading 14 2 Trends in beverage markets 15 E.C. Renfrew 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Definitions 15 2.3 Beverage consumption trends 16 2.3.1 Bottled water 17 2.3.2 Carbonated soft drinks 17 2.3.3 100% juices nectars and fruit drinks 19 2.3.4 Energy drinks 19 2.3.5 Ready‐to‐drink (RTD) tea and ready‐to‐drink coffee 20 2.3.6 Coffee 20 2.3.7 Tea 21 2.3.8 Beer 21 2.3.9 Wine 22 2.3.10 Milk and flavoured milks 22 2.4 Consumption charts 23 2.5 Regions and markets 25 2.6 Market share charts 26 2.7 Main drivers in consumption 28 2.7.1 The search for ‘natural’ 28 2.7.2 Adult soft drinks 29 2.7.3 Protein drinks 29 2.8 Conclusion 29 3 Fruit and juice processing 31 B. Taylor 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Fruit types 32 3.2.1 Botanical aspects and classification of fruit types 32 3.2.2 Harvesting considerations for berry citrus pome stone and exotic fruits 35 3.3 Fruit types for processing 36 3.3.1 Pome fruits 36 3.3.2 Citrus fruits 38 3.4 General comments on fruit juice processing 39 3.4.1 Processing of ‘fleshy’ fruits 40 3.4.2 The use of enzymes in fruit juice processing 43 3.4.3 Extraction of citrus juices 46 3.5 Juice processing following extraction ‘cleaning’ and clarification 48 3.5.1 Juice concentration by evaporation 49 3.5.2 Freeze concentration 50 3.5.3 Hyper‐ and ultrafiltration 50 3.6 Volatile components 51 3.6.1 Spinning cone column 52 3.6.2 Composition of fruit juice volatiles 53 3.7 Legislative concerns 54 3.7.1 European fruit juice and nectars directive and associated regulations 54 3.7.2 AIJN Guidelines 56 3.7.3 Labelling regulations and authenticity 57 3.7.4 Juice in the diet – ‘five‐a‐day’ 58 3.8 Quality issues 58 3.8.1 Absolute requirements 58 3.9 In conclusion 62 References and further reading 64 4 Water and the soft drinks industry 65 T. Griffiths 4.1 Usage of water in the industry 65 4.2 Sources of water 66 4.2.1 Water cycle 66 4.2.2 Surface water 67 4.2.3 Ground water 67 4.3 Quality standards relating to water 68 4.3.1 UK legislative standards 68 4.3.2 Internal and customer standards 68 4.4 Processing water 69 4.4.1 Required quality 69 4.4.2 Starting quality 72 4.4.3 Processing options 75 4.5 Analytical and microbiological testing of water 83 4.5.1 Chemical tests 83 4.5.2 Microbiological tests 84 4.6 Effluents 84 4.6.1 Potential contaminants of water waste 84 4.6.2 Use of ‘grey’ water 85 4.6.3 Clean‐up and reuse of effluents 85 Further reading 87 References 87 5 Other beverage ingredients 88 B. Taylor 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Factors influencing development of the industry 88 5.3 The move towards standardisation 91 5.4 The constituents of a soft drink 94 5.5 Water 94 5.5.1 Requirements 94 5.5.2 Quality of fresh water 96 5.5.3 Water hardness 96 5.5.4 Water treatment 96 5.5.5 Water impurities and their effect 97 5.6 Acidulents 98 5.6.1 Citric acid 98 5.6.2 Tartaric acid 99 5.6.3 Phosphoric acid 100 5.6.4 Lactic acid 101 5.6.5 Acetic acid 101 5.6.6 Malic acid 101 5.6.7 Fumaric acid 101 5.6.8 Ascorbic acid 102 5.7 Flavourings 102 5.7.1 Flavourings and legislation 104 5.7.2 Flavourings in beverage application 106 5.7.3 Water‐miscible flavourings 106 5.7.4 Water‐dispersible flavourings 107 5.8 Colours 112 5.9 Preservatives 115 5.9.1 Microorganisms and beverages 116 5.9.2 Sulphur dioxide 117 5.9.3 Benzoic acid and benzoates 119 5.9.4 Sorbic acid and sorbates 119 5.10 Other functional ingredients 120 5.10.1 Stabilisers 120 5.10.2 Saponins 120 5.10.3 Antioxidants 121 5.10.4 Calcium disodium EDTA 121 5.11 Food safety 122 5.12 Future trends 123 Further reading and references 125 6 Non‐carbonated beverages 126 P.R. Ashurst 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 Dilutable beverages 127 6.2.1 Overview 127 6.2.2 Nomenclature 127 6.2.3 Ingredients 128 6.2.4 Manufacturing operations 137 6.2.5 Filling and packaging 139 6.2.6 Product range 140 6.3 Ready‐to‐drink non‐carbonated products 140 6.3.1 Overview 140 6.3.2 Formulations 140 6.3.3 Special problems 140 6.3.4 Manufacturing and packing 141 6.3.5 Packaging types 142 6.4 Fruit juices and nectars 142 6.4.1 Processing 142 6.4.2 Packaging 144 Further reading 145 7 Carbonated beverages 146 D. Steen 7.1 Introduction 146 7.2 Carbon dioxide 147 7.3 Carbon dioxide production 148 7.3.1 Fermentation 148 7.3.2 Direct combustion 148 7.3.3 Quality standards 149 7.3.4 Delivery to the customer 149 7.3.5 Precautions 150 7.4 Carbonation 152 7.4.1 Basic considerations 152 7.4.2 Carbonation measurement 154 7.5 Syrup preparation 156 7.6 De‐aeration 157 7.7 Carbonators 158 7.8 Filling principles 160 7.8.1 Gravity filler 161 7.8.2 Counter‐pressure filler 163 7.8.3 Other filler types 167 7.8.4 Clean‐in‐place systems 169 7.9 Process control 171 7.10 Future trends 172 Further reading 173 8 Processing and packaging 174 R.A.W. Lea 8.1 Introduction 174 8.2 Juice extraction 174 8.3 Blending 175 8.3.1 Batch blending 176 8.3.2 Flip‐flop blending 176 8.3.3 Continuous blending 176 8.4 Processing 177 8.4.1 Flash pasteurisation 177 8.4.2 Hot filling 178 8.4.3 In‐pack pasteurisation 179 8.4.4 Aseptic filling 179 8.4.5 Chilled distribution 181 8.4.6 Summary 181 8.5 Control of process plant 181 8.6 Factory layout and operation 182 8.7 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points 186 8.8 Good manufacturing practice 186 8.9 Cleaning in place 187 8.10 Packaging 188 8.11 Conclusion 191 9 Packaging materials 192 D. Rose 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Commercial and technical considerations 193 9.2.1 General considerations 193 9.2.2 Packaging materials 195 9.3 Processing 197 9.3.1 Cold‐filling 197 9.3.2 In‐pack pasteurising 197 9.3.3 Hot‐filling 198 9.3.4 Aseptic filling of bottles 198 9.3.5 Liquid nitrogen injection 202 9.4 Bottles 202 9.4.1 Glass 202 9.4.2 Polyethylene terephthalate 203 9.4.3 High‐density polyethylene 207 9.4.4 Polypropylene 207 9.4.5 Polyvinyl chloride 207 9.4.6 Plastic properties 208 9.5 Closures 209 9.5.1 Metal roll‐on or roll‐on pilfer‐proof closures 209 9.5.2 Vacuum seal closures 210 9.5.3 Plastic closures 211 9.5.4 Crown corks 213 9.6 Cans 213 9.6.1 Metal bottles 218 9.6.2 Plastic cans 218 9.7 Cartons 218 9.8 Flexible pouches 221 9.9 Multipacks 222 9.10 Secondary packaging 223 9.11 Pack decoration 224 9.12 Environmental considerations 225 9.13 Conclusions 228 Acknowledgements 230 10 Analysis of soft drinks and fruit juices 231 D.A. Hammond 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Laboratory accreditation 234 10.3 Sensory evaluation 236 10.4 Water 237 10.5 Sweeteners 239 10.5.1 Analysis of natural sweeteners 240 10.5.2 Analysis of high‐intensity sweeteners 245 10.6 Preservatives 249 10.6.1 Benzoic and sorbic acids 249 10.6.2 Sulphur dioxide 251 10.6.3 Dimethyldicarbonate 252 10.7 Acidulants 252 10.8 Carbonation 256 10.9 Miscellaneous additives 257 10.9.1 Caffeine 257 10.9.2 Quinine 258 10.9.3 Other additives 258 10.9.4 Fibre analysis 259 10.9.5 Herbal drinks 260 10.9.6 Osmolality 261 10.10 Analysis of colours used in soft drinks 261 10.10.1 Assessment of colour 263 10.10.2 Synthetic colours 265 10.10.3 Natural pigments 267 10.11 Vitamin analysis in soft drinks systems 272 10.11.1 Fat‐soluble vitamins 274 10.11.2 Vitamin B class 274 10.11.3 Vitamin C 275 10.11.4 Vitamin analysis using immunological procedures 275 10.12 Methods used to detect juice adulteration 276 10.13 Methods used to assess the juice or fruit content of soft drinks 280 10.14 Conclusions 282 References 283 11 Microbiology of soft drinks and fruit juices 290 P. Wareing 11.1 Introduction 290 11.2 Composition of soft drinks and fruit juices in relation to spoilage 291 11.3 Background microbiology – spoilage 293 11.3.1 Sources 293 11.3.2 Yeasts 294 11.3.3 Bacteria 295 11.3.4 Moulds 297 11.4 Microbiological safety problems 299 11.4.1 Escherichia coli 299 11.4.2 Salmonella 299 11.5 Preservation and control measures 299 11.6 Sampling for microbial problems 301 11.7 Identification schemes and interpretation 301 11.7.1 Sample isolation 301 11.7.2 Non‐molecular methods 302 11.7.3 Molecular identification 302 11.8 Brief spoilage case studies 303 11.9 Conclusions 304 References 306 Further reading 309 12 Functional drinks containing herbal extracts 310 E.F. Shaw and S. Charters 12.1 History 310 12.2 The extraction process 313 12.2.1 Extraction heritage 314 12.3 An extraction operation 320 12.3.1 Raw materials 321 12.3.2 Extraction 323 12.3.3 Organic extracts 329 12.3.4 Extract costs 329 12.4 Extract characteristics and their problems 331 12.4.1 Specifications 331 12.4.2 Stability 331 12.4.3 Hazing 332 12.4.4 Availability 333 12.5 Incorporation of extracts in beverages 333 12.5.1 Fruit juice‐based and fruit‐flavoured drinks 333 12.5.2 Mineral‐water based and flavoured water drinks 334 12.5.3 Carbonated and dilutable drinks 334 12.5.4 Energy and sports drinks 334 12.5.5 Regulatory issues 335 12.6 Some commonly used herbs 337 References 354 13 Miscellaneous topics 356 P.R. Ashurst and Q. Palmer 13.1 Introduction 356 13.2 Nutrition 356 13.2.1 Nutritional components 357 13.2.2 Calculation and declaration of nutrition information 360 13.3 Sports drinks 363 13.3.1 Definition and purpose 363 13.3.2 Physiological needs 363 13.3.3 The absorption of drinks 365 13.3.4 Formulation 366 13.4 Niche drinks 369 13.4.1 Alcoholic‐type drinks 369 13.4.2 Energy drinks 370 13.4.3 Functional drinks or nutraceuticals 371 13.4.4 Powder drinks 372 13.5 Dispensed soft drinks and juices 372 13.5.1 Introduction 372 13.5.2 Pre‐mix and post‐mix compared 373 13.5.3 Equipment 373 13.5.4 Outlets 375 13.5.5 Hygiene 375 13.5.6 Post‐mix syrup formulation 376 13.5.7 Post‐mix syrup packaging 377 13.6 Ingredient specifications 378 13.6.1 Why have specifications? 378 13.6.2 What a specification should include 378 13.6.3 Preparation of a specification 378 13.6.4 Supplier performance 379 13.7 Complaints and enquiries 380 13.7.1 Complaints 380 13.7.2 Enquiries 382 13.8 Health issues 383 13.8.1 Soft drinks and dental damage 383 13.8.2 Effect of colourings and preservatives 386 13.8.3 Obesity 387 13.9 Alternative processing methods 388 13.9.1 Microwave pasteurisation technology 388 13.9.2 High‐pressure processing 393 13.9.3 Irradiation 395 References 396 Index 398
£128.66
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Food Science
Book SynopsisNow in its fifth edition, Food Science remains the most popular and reliable text for introductory courses in food science and technology. This new edition retains the basic format and pedagogical features of previous editions and provides an up-to-date foundation upon which more advanced and specialized knowledge can be built. This essential volume introduces and surveys the broad and complex interrelationships among food ingredients, processing, packaging, distribution and storage, and explores how these factors influence food quality and safety. Reflecting recent advances and emerging technologies in the area, this new edition includes updated commodity and ingredient chapters to emphasize the growing importance of analogs, macro-substitutions, fat fiber and sugar substitutes and replacement products, especially as they affect new product development and iTable of ContentsIntroduction. Food Science as a Discipline. Characteristics of the Food Industry. Constituents of Foods. Properties and Significance. Nutritive Aspects of Food Constituents. Unit Operations in Food Processing. Quality Factors in Foods. Food Deterioration and Its Control. Heat Preservation and Processing. Cold Preservation and Processing. Food Dehydration and Concentration. Irradiation Microwave, and Ohmic Processing of Foods. Fermentation and Other Uses of Microorganisms. Milk and Milk Products. Meat, Poultry, and Eggs. Seafoods. Fats, Oils and Related Products. Cereal, Grains Legumes, and Oil Seeds. Vegetables and Fruits. Beverages. Confectionery and Chocolate Products. Principles of Food Packaging. Food Safety, Risks and Hazards. Governmental Regulation of Food and Nutrition Labeling. Hunger, Technology, and World Food Needs.
£47.49
