Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisShowing how ideas about race and reproduction were central to early sustainability thinking, Abby Goode unearths an alternative environmental archive that ranges from gothic novels to Black nationalist manifestos, from Waco, Texas, to the West Indies, from city tenements to White House kitchen gardens.

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Book SynopsisShowing how ideas about race and reproduction were central to early sustainability thinking, Abby Goode unearths an alternative environmental archive that ranges from gothic novels to Black nationalist manifestos, from Waco, Texas, to the West Indies, from city tenements to White House kitchen gardens.

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Book SynopsisAdvocated (and attacked) by commentators across the political spectrum, paying every citizen a basic income regardless of their circumstances sounds utopian. However, as our economies are transformed and welfare states feel the strain, it has become a hotly debated issue. In this compelling book, Louise Haagh, one of the world’s leading experts on basic income, argues that Universal Basic Income is essential to freedom, human development and democracy in the twenty-first century. She shows that, far from being a silver bullet that will transform or replace capitalism, or a sticking plaster that will extend it, it is a crucial element in a much broader task of constructing a democratic society that will promote social equality and humanist justice. She uses her unrivalled knowledge of the existing research to unearth key issues in design and implementation in a range of different contexts across the globe, highlighting the potential and pitfalls at a time of crisis in governing and public austerity. This book will be essential reading for anyone who wants to get beyond the hype and properly understand one of the most important issues facing politics, economics and social policy today.Trade Review‘An outstanding book which makes a major contribution to the debate on basic income, highlighting its potential to supplement rather than replace the welfare state and to make economic life more democratic.’Andrew Gamble, University of SheffieldTable of ContentsChapter 1 Basic Income in TimeChapter 2 Human Development FreedomChapter 3 Democratic DevelopmentConclusionFor full extended appendices, please click here: http://politybooks.com/haagh-ubi-appendices/

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Book SynopsisAdvocated (and attacked) by commentators across the political spectrum, paying every citizen a basic income regardless of their circumstances sounds utopian. However, as our economies are transformed and welfare states feel the strain, it has become a hotly debated issue. In this compelling book, Louise Haagh, one of the world’s leading experts on basic income, argues that Universal Basic Income is essential to freedom, human development and democracy in the twenty-first century. She shows that, far from being a silver bullet that will transform or replace capitalism, or a sticking plaster that will extend it, it is a crucial element in a much broader task of constructing a democratic society that will promote social equality and humanist justice. She uses her unrivalled knowledge of the existing research to unearth key issues in design and implementation in a range of different contexts across the globe, highlighting the potential and pitfalls at a time of crisis in governing and public austerity. This book will be essential reading for anyone who wants to get beyond the hype and properly understand one of the most important issues facing politics, economics and social policy today.Trade Review‘An outstanding book which makes a major contribution to the debate on basic income, highlighting its potential to supplement rather than replace the welfare state and to make economic life more democratic.’Andrew Gamble, University of SheffieldTable of ContentsChapter 1 Basic Income in TimeChapter 2 Human Development FreedomChapter 3 Democratic DevelopmentConclusionFor full extended appendices, please click here: http://politybooks.com/haagh-ubi-appendices/

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Book SynopsisWelfare states face profound challenges. Widening economic and social inequalities have been intensified by austerity politics, sharpened by the rise in ethno-nationalism and exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, recent decades have seen a resurgence of social justice activism at both the local and the transnational level. Yet the transformative power of feminist, anti-racist and postcolonial/decolonial thinking has become relatively marginal to core social policy theory, while other critical approaches – around disability, sexuality, migration, age and the environment – have found recognition only selectively. This book provides a much needed new analysis of this complex landscape, drawing together critical approaches in social policy with intersectionality and political economy. Fiona Williams contextualizes contemporary social policies not only in the global crisis of finance capitalism but also in the interconnected global crises of care, ecology and racialized borders. These shape and are shaped at national scale by the intersecting dynamics of family, nation, work and nature. Through critical assessment of these realities, the book probes the ethical, prefigurative and transformative possibilities for a future welfare commons. This significant intervention will animate social policy thinking, teaching and research. It will be essential reading for anyone wanting to understand the complexities of social policy for the years ahead.Trade ReviewJoint Winner of the 2023 Peter Townsend Prize of the British Academy‘Fiona Williams has been a vital force in developing critical approaches to social policy. This book brilliantly consolidates and advances our thinking about welfare and welfare states – and does so in a typically subtle and stimulating way. A must-read!’John Clarke, Emeritus Professor, The Open University ‘Breathtaking in its scope, Social Policy sets a challenging analytical and ethical agenda for social policy as a discipline and a praxis. And it contains important messages for all who seek to “build back better” from COVID-19.’Ruth Lister, Member of the House of Lords and Emeritus Professor of Social Policy, Loughborough University‘Social Policy successfully marries critical and intersectional approaches to reveal the multiplicity of socio-economic inequalities and the ways in which they interlock... The book is strongly committed to humanity, social justice and welfare and is driven by a call for a radical paradigm change in welfare principles, praxis and governance, leading to transformational improvements in people’s lives.’Judging Panel of the British Academy’s 2023 Peter Townsend PrizeTable of Contents1. Introduction PART I ORIENTATION 2. A Critical and Intersectional Approach to Social Policy 3. Intersecting Global Crises and Dynamics of Family, Nation, Work, and Nature: a framework for analysis PART II ANALYSIS 4. Un/Settling Family-Nation-Work-Nature: from austerity to pandemic 5. The Social Relations of Welfare: subjects, agents, activists 6. Intersections in the Transnational, Social and Political Economy of Care PART III PRAXIS 7. Towards an Eco-Welfare Commons: intersections of political ethics and prefigurative practices 8. Conclusion: multi-dimensional thinking for social policy Appendix I Elaborating Family-Nation-Work-Nature and Welfare Appendix II Situating the Author within Social Policy

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Book SynopsisColonial Trauma is a path-breaking account of the psychosocial effects of colonial domination. Following the work of Frantz Fanon, Lazali draws on historical materials as well as her own clinical experience as a psychoanalyst to shed new light on the ways in which the history of colonization leaves its traces on contemporary postcolonial selves. Lazali found that many of her patients experienced difficulties that can only be explained as the effects of “colonial trauma” dating from the French colonization of Algeria and the postcolonial period. Many French feel weighed down by a colonial history that they are aware of but which they have not experienced directly. Many Algerians are traumatized by the way that the French colonial state imposed new names on people and the land, thereby severing the links with community, history, and genealogy and contributing to feelings of loss, abandonment, and injustice. Only by reconstructing this history and uncovering its consequences can we understand the impact of colonization and give individuals the tools to come to terms with their past. By demonstrating the power of psychoanalysis to illuminate the subjective dimension of colonial domination, this book will be of great interest to anyone concerned with the long-term consequences of colonization and its aftermath.Trade Review"This book adds an important layer to the psychoanalytic understanding of colonial trauma and its afterlife. Beginning with her bilingual clinical practice in France and Algeria, Lazali addresses how patients differ in their response to the technologies of a 'whiting out' of an erased past. She takes up the mantle of Fanon to study intergenerational trauma and how it manifests itself in her patients, in Francophone literary texts, in the bellicose and violent struggles around religion, language, and politics, in concepts of the social, and in the relationship between individuated subjects and the group."—Ranjana Khanna, Professor of Literature at Duke University "With Colonial Trauma, there is no going back to how we thought about colonialism before, just as it is now unclear how we go forward from here—theoretically, clinically, or politically."—European Journal of PsychoanalysisTable of ContentsForeword – Mariana WikinskiIntroduction: The Trouble of Acknowledging Colonial TraumaThe History of French Colonization in Algeria: A Blank Space in Memory and PoliticsA Much-Needed Interdisciplinary Approach 1. Psychoanalysis and Algerian ParadoxesDisarray of the Private and Public SpheresGod’s Reinforcement of Failing Institutions The Power of Religion and the Religion of Power The Literary Text and the Invisible Staging of PowerThe Power of the “Language, Religion and Politics”(LRP) Bloc as Revealed by Clinical PsychoanalysisThe Duplicity of Subjects Confronting Censorship from the LRPAbandoned Citizenship and Speech Acts 2. Colonial RuptureThe Colony: The Rogue Child of the Enlightenment Colonialism’s Destruction of Social Cohesion A Colonial Republic Divided, or the “Duty to Civilize [the] Barbarians”1945: A Literature of Refusal is BornNedjma: An Esthetic of Colonial Destruction?Disrupting Genealogical Ties: The Effect of “Renaming” Algerians in the 1880sSubjective Catastrophes and the Disappearance of the Father as Symbolic ReferenceWriting against Anonymous FiliationJean El Mouhoub Amrouche: A Broken Voice 3. Colonialism Consumed by War1945-1954: The Necessity of WarThe Impossibility of Forgetting and Madness, a “Remedy” for DisappearanceSilencing the Unforgettable Mutilation of Bodies Toulouse, 2012: The Return of MurderConstructing the “Nation”The Writer’s Pressing Need: Transform Disappearance into Absence 4. Colonialism’s Devastating Effects on Post-Independence Algeria The Mutilated Body of the Colonized and the Hunger for ReparationColonial Hogra and a Frantic Quest for LegitimacyThe “Orphaning” Effect of Colonialism and its Impact Further Distortion of Patronyms Divested of a Name: A Form of Colonial MurderManufacturing Erasure and Denial under ColonialismFrom Colonial Trauma to Social Trauma 5. Fratricide: The Dark Side of the Political OrderThe Emergence of Algerian Nationalist Movements in the 1930sThe War of Liberation and an Impossible FraternityFrom Parricide to FratricideWhen the Murders between Brothers is Dismissed…Calling on the Father A Gap in Memory Sets Off an Endless Deadly Battle 6. The Internal War of the 90sReconsidering the LRP Bloc (language, religion and politics)The Tyranny and Pleasure of PowerThe Shift of 1988 and the Experience of Political PluralityAn Internal War of Unprecedented Violence The Curse of FratricideThe War Comes Home A Strange Reversal in NamingDo Freedom and Terror Go Hand in Hand? 7. State of Terror and State TerrorA Clinical Understanding of TerrorThe Terrified Subject’s Self-EliminationPsychological Terror is always Political Reconciliation: State Terror?When the State Tries to Make its Practice of Disappearance Disappear 8. Legitimacy, Fratricide and PowerJugurtha: A Fratricidal HeroUnpunished Crimes within the RepublicThe Legitimacy the French Conquest Claimed for ItselfThe Passion-filled Scene of ColonialityThe Specter of Discord: el Fitna 9. Getting Out of the Colonial PactAfter Liberation, the Indefatigable Reenactment of Coloniality within Subjectivities and the Political OrderTrauma as Shelter and AlibiThe Brutalization of the Living: the Disappearance of ChildrenThe “Bone Seekers”: from the Child to the Fathers Conclusion: Ending the Colonial Curse: Lessons from FanonThe “Colonial Pact”: Erasure of Memory, Disappearance of Bodies, Dispossession of ExistenceThe Mystical Quality of the Colonized For a Future Liberation Notes Index

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Book SynopsisPeople in poverty suffer daily under misconceptions about economic hardship and its causes. Providing the most comprehensive consideration to date of poverty in the United States, Elizabeth Seale tackles how we think about issues of culture, behavior, and poverty, cutting straight to the heart of debates about social class. The book addresses tough questions, including how being poor affects individual behavior, and how we can make sense of that in a larger social and political context. The central premise is that to understand the behavior and lives of people in poverty, one must consider their relational context, especially relations of vulnerability and the human need for dignity. Poverty is a social problem we should address as a society by changing social relations that, as a matter of course, cause unnecessary and immense suffering. To do so, we must directly confront our lack of regard for people in poverty by recognizing that they are in fact worthy of an effort to induce major social change. This critical introduction to poverty will be an important read for undergraduate students and above in sociology wanting to learn more about the growing social problems of poverty, inequality, and stratification.Table of Contents1. On Understanding Poverty in the U.S. My Research Experience How We Think and Talk about Poverty A Relational Approach What a Relational Approach Contributes Relations of Vulnerability and the Desire for Dignity Aims and Overview of the Book 2. Who Are the Poor? Defining and Measuring Poverty Mobility Diversity Similarity to and Difference from the Nonpoor Conclusion 3. Family and Parenting Single Mother Households Young Moms Child Maltreatment Conclusion 4. Culture Historical Context Culture of Poverty and Policy Problems with the Culture of Poverty Arguments Contemporary Research on Culture and Poverty A Culture of Dependency or a Culture of Blame? Conclusion 5. Structure and Social Relations How Structure Creates Poverty Social Policy: Punishing the Poor The Limits of Structuralism A Relational Approach 6. Opportunity and Personal Autonomy Going to College Finding (Better) Employment General Autonomy Conclusion 7. Vulnerability and Dignity The Relations of Poverty Changing Our Thinking about Poverty The Significance of a Relational Approach Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis volume explores the chemical basis of lithography, with the goal of deconstructing lithography into its essential chemical principles and to situate its various aspects in specific fields of chemistry. It is organized in five parts, comprising: lithographic process chemistry, lithographic materials chemistry, lithographic photo- and radiation chemistry, chemistry of lithographic imaging mechanisms, and lithographic process-induced chemistry.With the successful implementation of EUV lithography in manufacturing at the 10-nm and 7-nm technology nodes, patterning challenges have shifted from resolution to mostly noise and sensitivity. This is a regime where the resist suffers from increased stochastic variation and the attendant effects of shot noise—a consequence of the discrete nature of photons, which, at very low number per exposure pixel, show increased variability in the response of the resist relative to its mean. Noise in this instance is the natural variation in lithographic pattern placement, shape, and size. It causes line edge roughness, line width variation, and stochastic defects.Ultimately, these patterning issues have their origin in the materials used in lithography. Chemistry underpins the essence, functions, and properties of these materials. We therefore examine in the second volume of the present edition the role of stochastics in EUV lithography in far greater detail than we did in the first edition. Equally significant, the book develops a chemistry and lithography interaction matrix, which is used as a device to explore how various aspects and practices of photolithography (or optical lithography), electron-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, EUV lithography, imprint lithography, directed self-assembly lithography, and proximal probe lithography derive from established chemical principles and phenomena.Table of Contents Lithographic Process Chemistry Lithographic Materials Chemistry Lithographic Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Chemistry of Lithographic Imaging Mechanisms Lithographic-Process-Induced Chemistry

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Book SynopsisHow computer animation technologies became vital visualization tools in the life sciences Who would have thought that computer animation technologies developed in the second half of the twentieth century would become essential visualization tools in today’s biosciences? This book is the first to examine this phenomenon. Molecular Capture reveals how popular media consumption and biological knowledge production have converged in molecular animations—computer simulations of molecular and cellular processes that immerse viewers in the temporal unfolding of molecular worlds—to produce new regimes of seeing and knowing.Situating the development of this technology within an evolving field of historical, epistemological, and political negotiations, Adam Nocek argues that molecular animations not only represent a key transformation in the visual knowledge practices of life scientists but also bring into sharp focus fundamental mutations in power within neoliberal capitalism. In particular, he reveals how the convergence of the visual economies of science and entertainment in molecular animations extends neoliberal modes of governance to the perceptual practices of scientific subjects. Drawing on Alfred North Whitehead’s speculative metaphysics and Michel Foucault’s genealogy of governmentality, Nocek builds a media philosophy well equipped to examine the unique coordination of media cultures in this undertheorized form of scientific media. More specifically, he demonstrates how governmentality operates across visual practices in the biosciences and the popular mediasphere to shape a molecular animation apparatus that unites scientific knowledge and entertainment culture.Ultimately, Molecular Capture proposes that molecular animation is an achievement of governmental design. It weaves together speculative media philosophy, science and technology studies, and design theory to investigate how scientific knowledge practices are designed through media apparatuses.Trade Review"Thoughtful and deeply researched, Molecular Capture brings together history of science, media theory, and philosophy of representation, power, and governmentality to present a provocative argument about the relation of entertainment and science as crystallized in the form of molecular animation."—Kirsten Ostherr, director of the Medical Futures Lab and the Medical Humanities Program, Rice University"Putting aside traditional film history models, Molecular Capture theorizes the time-based molecular model’s emergence across the science-entertainment divide. Part history of animation and part speculative visual theory of science imaging, Molecular Capture shows us the extent to which our fascination with the molecular, and molecules themselves, move fluidly across the science-entertainment divide."—Lisa Cartwright, University of California, San DiegoTable of ContentsContentsIntroduction: On Speculative Media PhilosophyPart I1. Molecular Entertainment2. Visuality and Experimental Knowledge Practices3. A Feeling for Theoretical BiologyPart II4. Eco-social Media5. Governing the SocialPart III6. The Animation Apparatus7. Epistemic CapturePostscript: A Prolegomenon to Governmental DesignAcknowledgmentsNotesVideography BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisWelcome to Vegenaise, a game changer in the plant-based kitchen. This healthier, vegan alternative to mayonnaise is a cult favourite—even carnivores love the stuff. In addition to being a delicious spread, this versatile ingredient can be used to make salads, dips, sandwiches, breads, cakes and more. Gwyneth Paltrow “basically can’t live without Vegenaise”. Wait until she tries these recipes! The Vegenaise Cookbook features nostalgic, tuck-in food that is mouth wateringly delicious. The recipes are carefully curated and tested and they use readily available ingredients. Many are inspired by the offerings at Follow Your Heart, the natural foods restaurant that author Bob Goldberg and friends opened in 1970. This is a cookbook without pretence or judgment.

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Book SynopsisGlobal warming and population growth have resulted in an increase in the intensity of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Investigating the complex nature of environmental problems requires the integration of different environmental processes across major components of the environment, including water, climate, ecology, air, and land. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) not only includes analyzing and modeling environmental changes, but also supports planning alternatives that promote environmental monitoring and management.Disjointed and narrowly focused environmental management approaches have proved dissatisfactory. The adoption of integrated modelling approaches has sparked interests in the development of frameworks which may be used to investigate the processes of individual environmental component and the ways they interact with each other. Integrated modelling systems and frameworks are often the only way to take into account the important environmental processes and interactions, relevant spatial and temporal scales, and feedback mechanisms of complex systems for CEA.This book examines the ways in which interactions and relationships between environmental components are understood, paying special attention to climate, land, water quantity and quality, and both anthropogenic and natural stressors. It reviews modelling approaches for each component and reviews existing integrated modelling systems for CEA. Finally, it proposes an integrated modelling framework and provides perspectives on future research avenues for cumulative effects assessment.

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the major concepts associated with general chemistry. It gives an introduction of chemistry covering its importance and applications in daily lives. The book also describes periodic table and atomic properties. It then covers solutions and properties of solutions. The book then describes acids, bases and salts including its properties and its reactions. The book then covers the states of matter. It then describes in detail the concept of chemical bonding. The book then talks about the various concepts associated with electrochemistry. Finally, it describes the units of measurements used in chemistry.

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Book SynopsisThis is a comprehensive textbook that covers the basic principles and concepts of chemistry. It serves as a foundation for students who are just starting their journey in the field of chemistry. The book covers topics such as atoms, molecules, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and chemical bonding. It also includes practical applications of chemistry, such as environmental issues, energy production, and pharmaceuticals. This book is an essential resource for anyone seeking a thorough understanding of chemistry.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry Chapter 2 Matter and Energy Chapter 3 Chemical Bonding Chapter 4 Materials Chemistry Chapter 5 Neurochemistry and Neurochemical Systems Chapter 6 Acids and Bases Chapter 7 Hydrocarbons Chapter 8 Organic Chemistry

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Book SynopsisThe book is a source of fundamental knowledge about the structure of the periodic system of elements and consistently explains both the basic information about all chemical elements and the patterns of changes in their properties in it. Throughout history, attempts have been made repeatedly to systematize chemical elements in order to find certain regularities, but these attempts have not always been successful. Eventually, the form of the periodic table proposed by D.I. Mendeleev became the most common and accepted, which is still used today. It is known that chemical elements are located in the periodic system according to certain patterns, taking into account the charge of the atomic nucleus, atomic mass, electronegativity, ionization energy, the metallic nature of the element and the basicity of oxides. Understanding the trends in these characteristics in the periodic system allows you to predict the properties of a particular element and also provide for the course of certain chemical reactions. The special feature of the book is that it describes the astrophysics of elements, and also provides basic information about reactions that take place in stars or interstellar space. The book is not overloaded with chemical equations, so it is suitable for those who want to acquire fundamental knowledge about the elements, as well as for those who want to expand their horizons.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Periodic Table and Elements Chapter 2 Hydrogen and Alkali Metals Chapter 3 Alkaline Earth Metals Chapter 4 Transition Metals Chapter 5 Lanthanides Chapter 6 Actinides Chapter 7 Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Groups Chapter 8 Halogens and Noble Gases

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Book SynopsisThe peaceful use of atomic energy has given rise to a variety of nuclear accidents from the start. This concerns all forms of use, industrial and medical. For each accident, Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents details the contamination of the environment, flora and fauna, and quantifies the effects of ionizing radiation. The book also examines the adverse effects on the health, both physical and mental, of the human populations concerned. The monetary cost is also evaluated. The research presented in this book is based on scientifically recognized publications and on the reports of national and international organizations competent in this field (IAEA, WHO, UNSCEAR, IRSN, etc.). The book contains chapters devoted to the most recent accidents (Chernobyl and Fukushima), with a large body of institutional and academic literature. Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv List of Acronyms. xvii Chapter 1. Classification of Civil, Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents 1 1.1. Nuclear accident or radiological accident? 2 1.2. Classification of nuclear accidents. Incident or accident? 3 1.2.1. Application of the INES in France 5 1.2.2. Application of the INES at the international level 6 1.2.3. Other classifications of nuclear accidents 6 1.2.4. The NAMS classification 6 1.3. Classification of radiological accidents 7 1.4. The typology of accidents 9 1.4.1. Criticality accidents 10 1.4.2. Accidents in nuclear power reactors 11 1.4.3. Losses of radioactive sources 11 1.4.4. Radiotherapy accidents 12 1.4.5. Terrorist attacks 12 1.5. What are the main nuclear accidents? 12 1.6. Information on nuclear energy. 17 Chapter 2. Accidents Related to Nuclear Power Production 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Accidents in the nuclear fuel cycle 19 2.2.1. Uranium mines 20 2.2.2. Milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel manufacturing plants 22 2.2.3. Nuclear reactors 22 2.2.4. Spent fuel reprocessing plants 29 2.3. Accidents in laboratories 33 2.3.1. Chalk River laboratories 33 2.3.2. French study centers 34 2.4. Other accidents 35 2.4.1. Accidents in civil engineering 35 2.4.2. Accidents in nuclear propulsion 36 2.5. Waste management incidents 36 2.6. Incidents in the transport of radioactive packages 37 2.7. Environmental consequences 38 2.7.1. Uranium mines 38 2.7.2. Tokai-Mura 39 2.7.3. Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux 39 2.7.4. Three Mile Island 40 2.7.5. Church Rock 41 2.7.6. La Hague 41 2.7.7. Chalk River 41 2.7.8. Simi Valley 42 2.8. Health consequences 42 2.8.1. Uranium miners 42 2.8.2. Workers in the nuclear industry 44 2.8.3. Simi Valley 47 2.8.4. Tokai-Mura 48 2.8.5. Lucens 49 2.8.6. Three Mile Island 49 2.8.7. Church Rock 50 2.8.8. La Hague 50 2.8.9. Chalk River 51 2.8.10. Ruthenium 106 releases in Russia in September 2017 51 2.9. The cost of accidents 52 2.11. Conclusions 54 Chapter 3. The Extremely Serious Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl 57 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. The facts 58 3.2.1. The Chernobyl site and the nuclear power plant 58 3.2.2. The accident 58 3.2.3. The core and the sarcophage 59 3.2.4. Atmospheric emissions 59 3.2.5. The dispersion of radionuclides 60 3.2.6. Radioactive fallout 61 3.2.7. Accident management 64 3.2.8. Countermeasures carried out at Chernobyl 67 3.3. Spatial and environmental consequences 68 3.3.1. Atmospheric contamination 68 3.3.2. Soil contamination 69 3.3.3. Surface water contamination 69 3.3.4. Groundwater contamination 70 3.3.5. Forest contamination 71 3.3.6. Contamination of the aquatic environment 74 3.3.7. Contamination of the marine environment 76 3.4. Ecological consequences of the Chernobyl accident 76 3.4.1. The three phases 76 3.4.2. Effects at molecular level 78 3.4.3. Genetic effects 80 3.4.4. Morphological and physiological effects on individuals 86 3.4.5. Effects on individual reproduction (sex, sex-ratio, fertility) 88 3.4.6. Effects on populations (age, abundance, longevity) 89 3.4.7. Effects on ecosystem structure and functioning 92 3.4.8. Partial conclusion 93 3.5. Health consequences 94 3.5.1. Implications for large organisms 94 3.5.2. The main contributions to exposure 97 3.5.3. Population exposure 97 3.5.4. Cancer pathologies 100 3.5.5. Non-cancerous pathologies 106 3.5.6. Mortalities resulting from the Chernobyl accident 112 3.6. Social consequences 115 3.6.1. Psychological disorders among liquidators 115 3.6.2. Psychological disorders in evacuated populations 116 3.7. Consequences in Europe and France 119 3.7.1. The impact of Chernobyl in Europe 119 3.7.2. The impact of Chernobyl in France 123 3.7.3. Cases of thyroid cancer in France 128 3.8. Economic consequences 130 3.9. Long-term management of the Chernobyl accident 131 3.10. Conclusion 132 Chapter 4. Fukushima’s Serious Nuclear Accidents 135 4.1. Introduction 135 4.2. The course of the Fukushima accidents 136 4.2.1. The facts 136 4.2.2. Atmospheric emissions 139 4.2.3. Marine discharges 140 4.3. Actions taken by the Japanese authorities 141 4.3.1. Evacuation of the populations 141 4.3.2. Distribution of iodine tablets to children 144 4.3.3. Exposure limits for nuclear workers and the public 144 4.3.4. Regulatory values and food monitoring 145 4.3.5. Decontamination tests of crop production 147 4.3.6. Decontamination and waste management 147 4.3.7. The restructuring of the Japanese nuclear industry 149 4.3.8. Compensation of victims 149 4.4. Environmental contamination 150 4.4.1. Contamination of the atmosphere 150 4.4.2. Contamination of the terrestrial environment 152 4.4.3. Forest contamination 155 4.4.4. Bird contamination 158 4.4.5. Contamination of freshwater environments 158 4.4.6. Contamination of the marine environment 159 4.4.7. Contamination of agricultural products and foodstuffs 165 4.5. Exposure and effects on flora and fauna 170 4.5.1. Exposure and effects on forests 171 4.5.2. Exposure and effects on birds 172 4.5.3. Exposure and effects on other terrestrial organisms 174 4.5.4. Exposure and effects on freshwater organisms 175 4.5.5. Exposure and effects on marine organisms 175 4.6. Health consequences 177 4.6.1. Consequences for the local human population 177 4.6.2. The consequences for nuclear workers 184 4.6.3. Consequences on the world population (excluding Japan) 187 4.7. Economic consequences 188 4.8. The situation in 2016 and 2017 189 4.8.1. The current situation of the Fukushima nuclear facilities 189 4.8.2. The time course of freshwater contamination 190 4.8.3. The first returns and return intentions of the evacuated populations following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant 192 4.9. Conclusions 192 Chapter 5. Industrial and Medical Radiology Accidents 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2. Industrial and medical applications 196 5.2.1. Non-destructive industrial testing 196 5.2.2. Industrial synthesis reactions and mechanical and chemical transformations 197 5.2.3. Environmental remediation and waste treatment by irradiation 198 5.2.4. Agri-food applications 199 5.2.5. Medical applications 200 5.3. Radiological criticality accidents 202 5.4. Radiological accidents related to the loss of radioactive sources 203 5.4.1. Loss of radioactive sources and public exposure 205 5.4.2. The main causes of loss of radioactive sources 211 5.4.3. Nuclear accidents related to the loss of radioactive sources 212 5.5. Radiological accidents with radioactive sources and industrial accelerators 215 5.6. Medical radiological accidents 219 5.6.1. Historical accidents involving the use of radiotherapy 219 5.6.2. Radiological accidents with medicinal radioactive sources 220 5.6.3. Brachytherapy and brachytherapy accidents 225 5.6.4. Interventional radiology by fluoroscopy 226 5.6.5. Secondary cancers 227 5.7. Conclusions 227 Conclusion 229 Glossary 239 References 249 Index 309

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Book SynopsisThe introduction of digital manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing applied to concrete material, opens up new perspectives on the way in which buildings are designed. Research on this theme is thriving and there is a high rate of innovation related to concrete. At the same time, the first life-size constructions made from printed concrete are emerging from the ground. This book presents state-of-the-art knowledge on the different printing processes as well as on the concrete material that must adapt to these new manufacturing techniques, such as new hardware and new printers for concrete. The possibilities in terms of architectural design are discussed as well as the pathways that remain to be uncovered. The book also explores the challenges that researchers and companies expect to overcome as they get closer to democratizing this potential revolution that is the digital manufacturing of concrete. Table of ContentsIntroduction ixArnaud PERROT Chapter 1. 3D Printing in Concrete: General Considerations and Technologies 1Arnaud PERROT and Sofiane AMZIANE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. General considerations for 3D printing and additive fabrication 2 1.2.1. What is 3D printing? 2 1.2.2. Towards the 3D printing of cement-based materials 7 1.3. The digital and additive fabrication of cement materials 7 1.3.1. Introduction 7 1.3.2. Printed methods using extrusion and deposition 9 1.3.3. Methods of printing by injection into a particle bed 22 1.3.4. Alternative printing methods 25 1.4. A classification of 3D printing methods for concrete 29 1.4.1. Philosophy 29 1.4.2. Classification parameters 30 1.4.3. Example of classification 33 1.5. References 35 Chapter 2. 3D Printing in Concrete: Techniques for Extrusion/Casting 41Arnaud PERROT and Damien RANGEARD 2.1. Introduction 41 2.2. Breakdown of the process into stages 43 2.3. Behavior during the fresh state and the printing stage 46 2.3.1. Rheology of cement-based materials 46 2.3.2. Pumping 52 2.3.3. Extrusion 54 2.3.4. Stability of an elemental layer during deposition 56 2.3.5. Overall stability of the printed structure in a wet state 58 2.4. Other problems occurring during concrete extrusion printing 62 2.4.1. Elastic deformation and accuracy of the deposition 62 2.4.2. Shrinkage and cracking during drying 63 2.4.3. Bonding between layers – weakness at the interface between layers 65 2.4.4. Concept of time windows 66 2.5. Conclusion 67 2.6. References 68 Chapter 3. 3D Printing by Selective Binding in a Particle Bed: Principles and Challenges 73Alexandre PIERRE and Arnaud PERROT 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Classification of selective printing processes and strategies 75 3.2.1. Selective cement activation 77 3.2.2. Selective paste intrusion 80 3.2.3. Injection of the binder 82 3.3. State of the art of selective printing and major achievements 82 3.4. Scientific challenges 84 3.4.1. Selective cement activation and the effect of water penetration 84 3.4.2. Selective intrusion and penetration by cement paste 89 3.4.3. Towards modeling in 3D 94 3.5. Conclusion 96 3.6. References 96 Chapter 4. Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Cement Materials 101Mohammed SONEBI, Sofiane AMZIANE and Arnaud PERROT 4.1. Introduction 101 4.2. Mechanical performance of the cement materials printed using the extrusion/deposition method 102 4.2.1. Effect of extrusion on the mechanical characteristics of cement-based composites 103 4.2.2. Mechanical behavior of 3D printed cement materials 105 4.3 Effects of the additive fabrication method on the mechanical behavior of cement-based materials 116 4.3.1. Printed concrete = anisotropic stratified materials: possible causes 116 4.3.2. Effects of the printing process parameters on the mechanical properties 116 4.4. Mechanical behavior obtained with other methods of 3D printing of cement-based materials 119 4.4.1. Production using robotic sliding castings (“Smart Dynamic Casting”) 119 4.4.2. Printing using the method of injection into a particle bed 119 4.5. Conclusion 120 4.6. References 121 Chapter 5. 3D Printing with Concrete: Impact and Designs of Structures 125Arnaud PERROT and Damien RANGEARD 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Freedom of forms: architectural liberation and topological optimization 126 5.2.1. 3D printing with concrete: a boon for architects? 126 5.2.2. Towards the creation of structures with optimized shapes? 128 5.2.3. Could 3D concrete printers go through a transition similar to the transition from black and white to color? 130 5.3. Design of structures: reinforcement strategies and design codes 131 5.3.1. The use of fibers 132 5.3.2. External reinforcements 133 5.3.3. Steel wire placed within the extruded material 133 5.3.4. Dedicated spaces acting as lost formworks 134 5.3.5. Wrapping of reinforcement elements set in place beforehand 135 5.3.6. Towards a specific design code? 136 5.4. Impacts of 3D printing 136 5.4.1. Environmental impact 136 5.4.2. Societal impact 138 5.4.3. Economic impact 139 5.5. Conclusion 140 5.6. References 141 List of Authors 145 Index 147

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Book SynopsisInnovations of agri-food systems during the last 50 years have been guided by a globalized agro-industrial paradigm, which has contributed to climate change, degradation of natural resources, soil depletion, social inequalities, loss of biodiversity and various food-related health problems. Despite the increasing emphasis of food policies and research to address these issues with ecologically sustainable innovations, there are still no studies that explain how to utilize and integrate ecodesign practices in food products development in a world of finite resources. This book explains how to employ ecodesign in business models to address the economic, social, environmental, and nutritional problems that face the world�s food systems. The lessons of the ÉcoTrophélia project ? a unique program implemented by a group of European agricultural higher education institutions to involve students in designing and developing food ecoinnovation projects ? are explored. Through an analysis of these projects, the authors describe the tools, methods and standards that were developed to institute ecodesign into the business models of 11 ecologically-friendly food products. This book provides operational good practices that can be implemented in educational programs and agri-food industries, to orient learning and practices towards greater sustainability.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xv Part 1. Food and Sustainable Development Challenges 1 Chapter 1. Food: Issues and Challenges 3 1.1. History and roles of food 3 1.2. Environmental impacts related to food 7 1.3. Food systems 8 1.3.1. The emergence of food systems 9 1.3.2. Characterization of food systems 11 1.3.3. Historical evolution of food systems: models and functions 12 1.4. Evolution of food: disruptions in the practices and symbolism of foodstuffs 19 1.4.1. Disruptions in agricultural production modes 20 1.4.2. Disruptions in the way companies are organized 22 1.4.3. Disruptions in the ways in which space is occupied and developed 24 1.4.4. Disruptions in distribution systems 25 1.4.5. Disruptions in consumption patterns 27 1.4.6. Disruption in food values 28 1.5. Contribution of food systems to food supply 31 1.5.1. An intensive, specialized and concentrated agro-industrial system 31 1.5.2. A globalized agro-industrial food system 32 1.6. Trends, challenges and scenarios for a sustainable global food system 34 1.6.1. Three trends and challenges 34 1.6.2. Three scenarios or tools to explore the possible future of the global food system 35 1.7 Conclusion 38 Chapter 2. The Ecological Transition for Sustainable Food 41 2.1. Food and ecological transition 41 2.2. Ecological transition and corporate social responsibility 45 2.2.1. The different strategies observed 47 2.2.2. The origin of stakeholders and corporate social responsibility 47 2.3. Taking environmental issues into account 57 2.3.1. Taking environmental performance into account in product design 60 2.3.2. Qualitative or semi-qualitative environmental assessment tools and methods 62 2.3.3. Quantitative and monocriteria environmental assessment tools and methods 65 2.3.4. Quantitative and multi-criteria environmental assessment tools and methods: lifecycle assessment (LCA) 66 2.4. Taking nutritional issues into account 70 2.4.1. The framework for action 70 2.4.2. Tools and indicators for nutritional profiling of foodstuffs 72 2.5. Consideration of economic and social issues 74 2.5.1. Principle 74 2.5.2. Illustration of a Canadian dairy industry 75 2.6. Implementation of an ecodesign approach 76 2.7. Ecodesign practices for food chains 79 2.7.1. The principles of transforming business practices through standards 80 2.7.2. Management system standards: tools for managing sustainable development 82 2.7.3. The role of standards in fostering innovations related to sustainable development 89 2.7.4. Consumer behavior 91 2.7.5. Agricultural practices 93 2.7.6. More sustainable agri-food business practices 94 2.8. Conclusion 98 Part 2. Implementation of Ecodesign Practices in Food Innovation Projects 101 Chapter 3. Ecodesign of Food: The Cases of ÉcoTrophélia Projects 103 3.1. The ecological transition, a driver of innovation 103 3.2. Ecoinnovating by taking into account ecodesign practices 104 3.3. Know-how resulting from the ÉcoTrophélia competition 107 3.4. Framework for the analysis of ÉcoTrophélia projects 108 3.5. ÉcoTrophélia projects 113 3.5.1. VitaPlus: a range of dishes for pleasure, health and vitality for the elderly 115 3.5.2. Mixi’Mousse: rice-based mixes and mousses for hospitalized people suffering from dysphagia 122 3.5.3. Minigloo: a nutritious frozen dessert for children aged 1 to 3 129 3.5.4. Vertu: biscuits with plant extracts and essential oils to support quitting smoking 137 3.5.5. Lardons de la mer: high-quality fish offcuts used as bacon meat 145 3.5.6. PannIno: ecodesigned gnocchi with bakery by-products in three flavors 154 3.5.7. Prêt Par Moi: traditional creamy mixes, culinary aids for the preparation of hot dishes 163 3.5.8. Devatâ: a Cambodian lemongrass liqueur 172 3.5.9. Kokinéo des Incrépides: the balanced, tasty and complete crispy seafood, accessible to all budgets 180 3.5.10. So Sea’S: a vegetarian sausage available in snack form 189 3.5.11. Ici&Là: a vegetable burger made from lentils and other vegetables 196 3.6. Analysis of ÉcoTrophélia projects 202 3.6.1. Food ecodesign: an innovative design process that goes beyond new products 202 3.6.2. Detection of opportunities 204 3.6.3. Selection of the business model and product architecture 205 3.6.4. Determination of the innovation frontier 206 3.6.5. Learning and arbitration of ecodesign practices 207 3.6.6. Creating sustainable value 209 3.7. Conclusion 213 Chapter 4. Feedback for Ecodesign and Ecoinnovation 217 4.1. Feedback on the ÉcoTrophélia cases: definition of the ecodesign project phases 217 4.1.1. Entry point: a strong individual commitment 218 4.1.2. Creativity: ideation and conceptualization 218 4.1.3. Market analysis: definition of strategic positioning 219 4.1.4. Knowledge creation: the use of experimentation, experts and partners 221 4.1.5. Product development: taking sustainability into account 222 4.1.6. Communicating sustainability: towards new distribution systems 222 4.1.7. Towards the construction of sustainable business models 223 4.1.8. Overview 224 4.2. Resilience in the development of ecoinnovation within the framework of student projects 224 4.2.1. The importance of the starting point for innovation 227 4.2.2. New knowledge, new tools, complex decision-making and consistent choices 227 4.2.3. Overview 228 4.3. Transfer of experience to training and the company 229 4.3.1. Educational contributions 229 4.3.2. Managerial contributions 233 4.3.3. Overview 240 4.4. Conclusion 241 Conclusion 243 Appendix 247 References 271 Index 285

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Book SynopsisWhile very useful for studying syntheses of molecular diversity, multi-component reactions also offer rapid access to a variety of complex molecules that are relevant for biological applications. Multi-component Reactions in Molecular Diversity analyzes these reactions, whether they are realized by organometallic, ionic or even radical processes. It highlights popular methods based on monotype reactions (cascade, tandem, domino) and their efficiency and academic industrial domain are illustrated. This book also investigates the most efficient ways to prepare complex molecules. Multi-component reactions are in tune with the concepts of atom and steps economy, which are of prior importance in all the reported processes ? from the laboratory to the pilot scale. The essential criteria for green chemistry are also examined in the book in detail.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Organometallic Multicomponent Reactions 1Nuno MONTEIRO 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Multicomponent reactions: concept and applications 2 1.2.1. Concept and correlation with the principles of green chemistry 2 1.2.2. Origins and areas of application 5 1.3. Merging multicomponent and organometallic transformations 9 1.3.1. History: the predominant role of palladium 9 1.3.2. Contribution of catalysis in multicomponent reactions 12 1.3.3. Multicomponent catalytic reactions: design and applications 24 1.4. Conclusion 48 1.5. References 49 Chapter 2. Use of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Derivatives in Stereoselective Domino and Multicomponent Reactions 59Damien BONNE, Thierry CONSTANTIEUX, Yoann COQUEREL and Jean RODRIGUEZ 2.1. Introduction 59 2.2. Domino reactions 61 2.2.1. Diastereoselective domino reactions 61 2.2.2. Enantioselective domino-domino reactions 69 2.3. Multicomponent reactions 81 2.3.1. Diastereoselective multicomponent reactions 81 2.3.2. Enantioselective multicomponent reactions 92 2.4. Conclusion 104 2.5. References 105 Chapter 3. Multicomponent Radical Processes: Recent Developments 121Yannick LANDAIS 3.1. Polar effects: electrophilic and nucleophilic radical scales 122 3.2. Multicomponent radical reactions 123 3.2.1. Three-component radical reactions: radical additions to olefins 123 3.2.2. Three-component radical reactions: radical additions on imines 135 3.2.3. Four- and five-component radical reactions: carbonylation reactions 140 3.3. Multi-component radical-ionic reactions 145 3.3.1. Multi-component radical-anionic reactions 145 3.3.2. Multi-component radical-cationic reactions 157 3.4. Sequential multicomponent radical reactions 160 3.4.1. Organometallic-radical sequential reactions 160 3.4.2. Ugi reactions: radical reactions 161 3.4.3. Passerini reaction using radicals 163 3.5. Multicomponent reactions by photoredox catalysis 166 3.6. Conclusion 172 3.7. References 172 List of Authors 183 Index 185

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Book SynopsisProcess engineering emerged at the beginning of the 20th Century and has become an essential scientific discipline for the matter and energy processing industries. Its success is incontrovertible, with the exponential increase in techniques and innovations. Rapid advances in new technologies such as artificial intelligence, as well as current societal needs – sustainable development, climate change, renewable energy, the environment – are developments that must be taken into account in industrial renewal. Process Engineering Renewal 2 focuses on research in process engineering, which is partly overshadowed by the sciences that contribute to its development. The external constraints of this interface science must be seen in relation to conservation, sustainable development, global warming, etc., which are linked to current success and the difficulty of taking risks in research.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Introduction xxix Chapter 1. From “Autonomous” Research to Societal Solutions 1 1.1. Positioning of process engineering 3 1.2. A forced transition 9 Chapter 2. Highly “Autonomous” Research 21 2.1. Intensification 23 2.1.1. Reminders on microfluidics 24 2.1.2. Applications 28 2.2. Additive manufacturing 31 2.3. Nanotechnologies 39 Chapter 3. Externally Stimulated Research 43 3.1. Chemistry and process engineering 45 3.2. Biotechnologies – bioprocess engineering 46 3.3. Impacts of digital technology 48 3.4. Product engineering 54 3.5. Materials and process engineering 57 3.6. Biomimicry and process engineering 60 3.6.1. Emergence of biomimetic concepts in PE 63 3.6.2. Applicability of biomimicry 64 3.7. Complexity and process engineering 64 3.7.1. Between complication and complexity 65 3.7.2. Complexity “quite simply” 66 3.7.3. To start the debate 67 Chapter 4. Research in Response to Societal Questions 73 4.1. General framework 76 4.2. Some additional elements 86 4.2.1. Some additions and considerations 87 4.3. Energies 91 4.3.1. Biomass 96 4.3.2. Electrochemistry, photochemistry 99 4.3.3. Storage of electrical energy 100 4.3.4. Processes related to negative greenhouse gas emissions 104 4.3.5. Energy and raw materials 106 4.3.6. Consequences in terms of a low-carbon industry 106 4.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 108 4.4.1. Life Cycle Assessment limitations 109 4.4.2. Life Cycle Assessment methodology 109 4.4.3. Environmental mechanism: cause-and-effect chain (Becaert 2010) 111 Chapter 5. Non-Exhaustive List of Possible Actions in Process Engineering 115 5.1. Process engineering under constraints stimulating upstream research 117 5.2. Methodological development and paradigms 125 5.3. Challenges and innovations 126 5.4. Possible science behind the application 128 Chapter 6. Consequences and Attempting to Reach an Operative Conclusion 131 6.1. A provisional assessment 133 6.1.1. Consolidating knowledge 136 6.1.2. Developing a sense of belonging, creativity and innovation 137 6.2. A possible operational conclusion 140 6.2.1. A little reflection on PE research 144 Appendix 1. Process Engineering in the French National Strategy and in “Horizon Europe” 151 Appendix 2. Reminders on Artificial Intelligence 181 Appendix 3. Between Process and Environmental Engineering 205 References 223 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThis book analyzes stochastic evolutionary models under the impulse of diffusion, as well as Markov and semi-Markov switches. Models are investigated under the conditions of classical and non-classical (Levy and Poisson) approximations in addition to jumping stochastic approximations and continuous optimization procedures. Among other asymptotic properties, particular attention is given to weak convergence, dissipativity, stability and the control of processes and their generators. Weak convergence of stochastic processes is usually proved by verifying two conditions: the tightness of the distributions of the converging processes, which ensures the existence of a converging subsequence, and the uniqueness of the weak limit. Achieving the limit can be done on the semigroups that correspond to the converging process as well as on appropriate generators. While this provides the convergence of generators, a natural question arises concerning the uniqueness of a limit semigroup.Table of ContentsAcronyms vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. Average Scheme and Diffusion Approximation Scheme 1 1.1. Stability of stochastic systems in the average scheme 1 1.2. Stability of stochastic systems in the diffusion approximation scheme 13 Chapter 2. Levy Approximation Scheme 23 2.1. Differential equations with small stochastic additions in the Levy approximation scheme 23 2.2. Asymptotic dissipativity of stochastic processes with impulse perturbations in the Levy approximation scheme 31 2.3. Double merging of phase space for differential equations with small stochastic supplements under Levy approximation conditions 38 Chapter 3. Asymptotical Analysis of Random Evolutionary Systems Under Poisson Approximation Conditions 51 3.1. Differential equations with small stochastic additions under Poisson approximation conditions 51 3.2. Asymptotic dissipativity of stochastic processes with impulse perturbation in the Poisson approximation scheme 58 3.3. Double merging of the phase space for differential equations with small stochastic supplements under Poisson approximation conditions 65 Chapter 4. Stochastic Approximation Procedure 73 4.1. Markovenvironment 73 4.1.1. Jumping SAP in averaging scheme 73 4.1.2. Jumping SAP under diffusion approximating scheme 82 4.2. Semi-Markov environment 95 4.2.1. SAP under the averaging scheme 95 4.2.2. Jumping SAP in the diffusion approximation scheme 104 4.3. Asymptotic normality of fluctuations of the procedure of stochastic approximation with diffusive perturbation in a Markov environment 117 4.4. Asymptotic normality of SAP in a semi-Markov environment 124 Chapter 5. Stochastic Optimization Procedure 135 5.1. SOP in the average scheme 135 5.1.1. Convergence SOP 135 5.1.2. Asymptotical normality of Stochastic optimization procedure 141 5.1.3. SOP with impulse perturbation 147 5.2. SOP under the diffusion approximation scheme 155 5.2.1. Convergence SOP 155 5.2.2. Fluctuations of the stochastic optimization procedure with diffusion perturbations 162 5.2.3. Fluctuation of the SOP 172 Chapter 6. Combination of Approximations of Different Types 183 6.1. Asymptotic properties of a stochastic diffusion process with an equilibrium point of a quality criterion 183 6.2. Asymptotic properties of the impulse perturbation process with a control function under Levy approximation conditions 200 References 211 Index 217

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Book SynopsisProcess engineering emerged at the beginning of the 20th Century and has become an essential scientific discipline for the matter and energy processing industries. Its success is incontrovertible, with the exponential increase in techniques and innovations. Rapid advances in new technologies such as artificial intelligence, as well as current societal needs – sustainable development, climate change, renewable energy, the environment – are developments that must be taken into account in industrial renewal. Process Engineering Renewal 3 presents a prospective analysis that demonstrates the significant disruptions linked to sustainable development, global warming, etc. These constraints may trigger changes in the social regulation system, which in turn applies pressure on actors of process engineering to evolve and adapt to these developments.Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface xi Introduction xxxi Chapter 1. Between Innovation in Process Engineering and Creativity 1 1.1. Innovations and process engineering 5 1.2. Creativity 9 1.2.1. Creativity and pedagogy 18 1.3. Innovation and boundary objects 20 1.4. Teleological approach, convergence, and interdisciplinarity 29 1.5. A look back at the notion of convergence 39 1.6. A look back at interdisciplinarity 47 1.7. The models 51 1.8. A little complexity 53 1.8.1. Hyperobjects 59 1.9. Reaching a decision 60 1.10. Findings and proposals 61 1.10.1. Technology: serve and/or partner 64 1.10.2. How to do or not to do? 72 1.11. Activities initiated from the “base” 76 1.11.1. Framing elements 76 1.11.2. Main results 78 1.11.3. “Scientific excellence” 89 1.11.4. Funding and research orientation 90 1.11.5. Foresight, opportunities for the PE research unit. 91 1.11.6. Collective projects? Risky projects? 93 1.11.7. Difficulties in the functioning of research 97 1.11.8. Concluding elements 101 1.12. Conclusion 107 1.13. References 118 Chapter 2. Prospective Elements Applied to the Transformation of Matter and Energy 149 2.1. From a local to a more global approach 162 2.2. Some reminders 170 2.2.1. General framework 170 2.2.2. In reality… 175 2.3. Influential trends 177 2.3.1. Socio-economic context 178 2.3.2. Innovation and means/ways/needs to support it 192 2.3.3. Exhaustion of reserves 198 2.4. Scenarios for tomorrow 212 2.4.1. Background information 217 2.4.2. Introduction 218 2.4.3. The four scenarios 219 2.4.4. Blocking factors; probable scenario(s) 235 2.4.5. Potential effects on the development of process engineering 238 2.5. Conclusion 244 2.6. References 254 Conclusion 279 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThis book, Volume 4 in the series, is dedicated to the relationship between laboratory spectroscopy, recording ever-more-complex spectra using increasingly powerful instruments benefiting from the latest technology, and the development of observation using instruments that are embedded in mobile probes or nanosatellites.The theoretical models described in Volumes 1, 2 and 3 are used in this volume, applying the cumulant theorem in the mean-field theory framework to interpret the near and mid-infrared spectra of symmetric top molecules, such as ammonia (NH3) and spherical molecules, such as methane (CH4). These molecules can be isolated in their gaseous form or subjected to the environmental constraints of a nano-cage (a substitution site, clathrate, fullerene or zeolite) or surfaces.These methods are not only valuable in the fields of environmental sciences, planetology and astrophysics, but also fit into the framework of data processing and the concept of Big Data.Table of ContentsForeword ixPierre DROSSART Preface xi Chapter 1. IR Spectra in Space Observation 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Fourier transform spectroscopy 7 1.2.1. Principle of IR spectrum acquisition by interferometry 9 1.2.2. Design and operation of a long path difference interferometer 11 1.2.3. FTIR absorption spectroscopy in matrices 14 1.2.4. LIF and DR IR–IR spectroscopies in matrices 21 1.3. Resonant cavity laser absorption spectroscopy 26 1.3.1. Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) 30 1.3.2. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) 33 1.3.3. Frequency comb spectroscopy (FCS) 38 1.4. Spectroscopy for space observation 43 1.4.1. Spectroscopic ellipsometry for space observation 43 1.4.2. Space-borne spectroscopy 56 1.4.3. LIDAR spectroscopy for space observation 60 1.5. Conclusion 64 1.6. Appendices 64 1.6.1. Appendix 1: Measurement distortion and data processing 64 Chapter 2. Interactions Between a Molecule and Its Solid Environment 71 2.1. Introduction 72 2.2. Active molecule – solid environment system 74 2.2.1. Binary interaction energy 74 2.2.2. Dispersion–repulsion contribution 76 2.2.3. Electrostatic contribution 76 2.2.4. Induction contribution 78 2.3. Two-center expansion of the term 79 2.4. Conclusion 81 2.5. Appendices 82 2.5.1. Appendix 1: Multipole moments and dipole polarizability of a molecule with respect to its fixed reference frame 82 2.5.2. Appendix 2: Elements of the rotational matrix 82 2.5.3. Appendix 3: Clebsch–Gordan coefficients 84 Chapter 3. Nanocage of Rare Gas Matrix 87 3.1. Introduction 87 3.2. Rare gases in solid state 88 3.3. Molecule inclusion and deformation of the doped crystal 90 3.3.1. Molecule inclusion 90 3.3.2. Deformation of the doped crystal 92 3.3.3. NH3 in an argon matrix 95 3.3.4. Renormalization of the system’s Hamiltonian 96 3.4. Motions of NH3 trapped in an argon matrix 97 3.4.1. Vibration–inversion mode ν2 98 3.4.2. Orientational motion 100 3.4.3. Translational motion 106 3.4.4. Orientational motion–heat bath coupling 107 3.5. Infrared spectra 108 3.5.1. Infrared absorption coefficient 108 3.5.2. Bar spectrum 109 3.5.3. Spectral profile 112 3.6. Appendices 116 3.6.1. Appendix 1: Normal modes of vibrations of a Bravais lattice with face centered cubic (fcc) symmetry 116 3.6.2. Appendix 2: Adjustment of the weakly perturbed rotational potential energy on the basis of the rotation matrix elements 120 3.6.3. Appendix 3: Expansion coefficients of the coupling between the orientation of the molecule and lattice vibrations (phonons) 121 Chapter 4. Nanocages of Hydrate Clathrates 123 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. The extended substitution model 124 4.3. Clathrate structures 129 4.4. Inclusion of a CH4 or NH3 molecule in a clathrate nanocage 131 4.4.1. Inclusion model 131 4.4.2. Interaction potential energy – equilibrium configuration 133 4.5. System Hamiltonian and separation of movements 136 4.6. Translational motion 139 4.6.1. CH4 – nanocages of the sI structure 140 4.6.2. NH3 – nanocages of the sI structure 141 4.7. Vibrational motions 142 4.7.1. CH4 – nanocages of the sI structure 143 4.7.2. NH3 – nanocages of the sI structure 144 4.8. Orientational motion 145 4.8.1. CH4 – nanocages of the sI structure 145 4.8.2. NH3 – nanocages of the sI structure 149 4.9. Bar spectra 157 4.9.1. Far infrared 157 4.9.2. Near infrared 159 4.10. Appendices 162 4.10.1. Appendix 1: Expressions of the orientational transition elements in the harmonic librators approximation 162 4.10.2. Appendix 2: Dipole moment as a function of dimensionless normal coordinates 164 Chapter 5. Fullerene Nanocage 169 5.1. Introduction 170 5.2. Ammonia molecule trapped in a fullerene C60 nanocage 171 5.2.1. Structure of the fullerene C60 nanocage 171 5.2.2. Inclusion of NH3 in a fullerene C60 nanocage 172 5.2.3. Interaction potential energy – equilibrium configuration 174 5.3. Potential energy surfaces – inertial model 176 5.3.1. Orientation–translational motion 176 5.3.2. Translational motion 178 5.3.3. Vibration–inversion–translational motion 179 5.3.4. Kinetic Lagrangian 179 5.4. Quantum treatment 182 5.4.1. Vibrational modes – frequency shifts 182 5.4.2. Vibration–inversion mode 183 5.4.3. Orientational motions 185 5.5. Bar spectra 187 5.5.1. Far infrared and microwaves 188 5.5.2. Near infrared 188 5.6. Appendices 190 5.6.1. Appendix 1: FORTRAN program 190 5.6.2. Appendix 2: Expressions of the components of the dipole moment vector and its derivatives with respect to the normal vibrational coordinates 211 Chapter 6. Adsorption on a Graphite Substrate 213 6.1. Introduction 213 6.2. “NH3 molecule–substrate” system interaction energy 214 6.2.1. Description of the system 214 6.2.2. “NH3 molecule–graphite substrate” interaction energy 216 6.3. Equilibrium configuration and potential energy surfaces 218 6.3.1. Adsorption energy 221 6.4. Hamiltonian of the system 221 6.4.1. Separation of movements 223 6.4.2. Renormalized Hamiltonians 224 6.4.3. Translational motions 224 6.4.4. Vibrational motions 225 6.4.5. Orientational motion 230 6.4.6. Orientational motion – heat bath dynamic coupling 235 6.5. Infrared spectra of the NH3 molecule adsorbed on the graphite substrate 235 6.5.1. Far-infrared spectrum 237 6.5.2. Near-infrared spectrum 240 6.6. Conclusion 246 6.7. Appendices 246 6.7.1. Appendix 1: FORTRAN program 246 6.7.2. Appendix 2: Expressions of the molecule orientation – heat bath phonons coupling terms 259 6.7.3. Appendix 3: Expressions of the components of the dipole moment vector and its derivatives with respect to the normal vibration coordinates 259 References 261 Index 293

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Book SynopsisFollowing the acquisition of the atomic bomb by five states, the United Nations began drafting several treaties to limit nuclear proliferation. These efforts failed, as four more states also acquired nuclear weapons. In a similar vein, an attempt to limit atomic weapons - primarily within the two superpowers - was initiated.While the number of weapons has decreased, the new bombs now being manufactured are more powerful and more precise, negating any reduction in numbers. In the field of civil nuclear use, all nuclear facilities (reactors, factories, etc.) have a limited lifespan. Once a plant is permanently shut down, these facilities must be decommissioned and dismantled.These operations are difficult, time-consuming and costly. In addition, decommissioning generates large volumes of radioactive waste of various categories, including long-lived and high-activity waste. Risks to the environment and to health are not negligible during decommissioning. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have produced numerous publications with recommendations. Each state has its own decommissioning strategy (immediate or delayed) and final plan for the site - whether it be returning it to greenfield status or obtaining a nuclear site license with centuries-long monitoring.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The first countries to acquire the atomic bomb 2 1.3 The NPT 4 1.3.1 The functioning of the Treaty 5 1.3.2 Revision of the NPT 5 1.3.3 Successes of the NPT 6 1.3.4 Failures of the NPT 7 1.3.5 Future nuclear-weapon states 10 1.4 Other nuclear non-proliferation treaties 10 1.4.1 The CTBT Treaty 10 1.4.2 The TPNW 11 1.4.3 The Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT) 12 1.4.4 Regional disarmament treaties 14 1.5 Disarmament controls 15 1.5.1 Principle and practice of disarmament controls 15 1.5.2 NPT controls 17 1.6 Actions of NGOs 25 1.6.1 The main actions of NGOs for disarmament 26 1.6.2 NGOs and the Nobel Peace Prize 28 1.7 The military denuclearization of a state 29 1.7.1 South Africa: the example of the complete denuclearization of a country 29 1.7.2 Other states that have renounced nuclear weapons 31 1.8 Conclusions 32 Chapter 2 Disarmament of Atomic Weapons 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Limitations on the number of nuclear weapons 35 2.2.1 Bilateral disarmament agreements and treaties between the Americans and Soviets 36 2.2.2 Delivery of nuclear supplies 39 2.2.3 Controlling the delivery systems of atomic weapons 39 2.2.4 The Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC) 40 2.2.5 The disarmament of France 42 2.3 Nuclear deterrent forces 43 2.3.1 Land forces of nuclear deterrence 45 2.3.2 Air forces of nuclear deterrence 46 2.3.3 Oceanic nuclear deterrent forces 48 2.3.4 Nuclear weapon manufacturing sites 50 2.3.5 Nuclear weapon deployment and storage sites 53 2.3.6 The state of stocks of nuclear weapons and fissile materials 56 2.4 Disarmament controls 61 2.4.1 Controls of the CTBT 61 2.4.2 Bilateral controls 62 2.5 Conclusions 62 Chapter 3 International Recommendations and National Policies in Decommissioning 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.1.1 Definitions of terms for end-of-life operations of a BNI 65 3.1.2 Stages in the life of a BNI 66 3.2 General principles of decommissioning and dismantling 67 3.2.1 The necessity and goals of decommissioning 67 3.2.2 IAEA recommendations 68 3.2.3 NEA work and publications 70 3.2.4 Decommissioning and dismantling strategies 70 3.2.5 Decommissioning planning 74 3.2.6 Duration of decommissioning 77 3.3 Lessons from the past 78 3.3.1 Experience in decommissioning 79 3.3.2 Structuring and organization of companies 80 3.3.3 Ongoing decommissioning challenges 80 3.3.4 Management of the unexpected in dismantling 80 3.3.5 The transmission of information 80 3.4 The decommissioning and dismantling policies of the various states 81 3.4.1 US policy 82 3.4.2 Russia’s policy 83 3.4.3 Germany’s policy 85 3.4.4 UK policy 86 3.4.5 France’s policy 88 3.4.6 China 93 3.4.7 Sweden 93 3.4.8 Japan 95 3.4.9 Other states 95 3.5 Conclusions 99 Chapter 4 Procedures and Technologies Involved in Decommissioning 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 The cost of dismantling 101 4.2.1 International recommendations 102 4.2.2 The American example 105 4.2.3 The British example 106 4.2.4 The French example 108 4.2.5 The Russian example 109 4.3 The production of radioactive waste 109 4.3.1 The channels planned for the management of radioactive waste 110 4.3.2 Material release thresholds 112 4.4 The environmental and health risks of dismantling 114 4.4.1 Assessment of environmental and health risks during decommissioning 115 4.4.2 Environmental impact studies 117 4.4.3 Total remediation of the site 119 4.4.4 Health impacts of decommissioning 123 4.4.5 Social impacts of decommissioning 124 4.4.6 Regulatory provisions 126 4.5 Nuclear decommissioning techniques 127 4.5.1 Cutting techniques 127 4.5.2 Decontamination techniques 128 4.5.3 Automation or remote operation 129 4.5.4 Remediation processes for civil engineering structures 129 4.5.5 The main demolition techniques 130 4.6 Technical innovations in nuclear decommissioning 131 4.6.1 Research and development policies in the field of decommissioning 131 4.6.2 Industrial organization in the field of nuclear decommissioning 133 4.6.3 Management of radioactive contamination 134 4.6.4 Numerical simulations in the field of nuclear decommissioning 136 4.6.5 Cutting of large parts 139 4.6.6 Automation in the field of nuclear decommissioning 140 4.6.7 Estimating radiation doses 142 4.7 Conclusions 142 Chapter 5 The Dismantling of Military Nuclear Facilities 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 The decommissioning of military plants at the beginning of the nuclear fuel cycle 146 5.2.1 The decommissioning of military uranium enrichment plants 146 5.2.2 Decommissioning of plutonium-producing reactors 150 5.2.3 Decommissioning of tritium-producing reactors 157 5.2.4 Decommissioning of fissile fuel fabrication plants 158 5.3 The decommissioning of military spent fuel reprocessing plants 159 5.3.1 The dismantling of US reprocessing plants 160 5.3.2 The UP1 plant in Marcoule, France 160 5.3.3 The dismantling of other military reprocessing plants around the world 163 5.4 Decommissioning and decontamination of military sites 163 5.4.1 US military facilities 164 5.4.2 The dismantling of Soviet and Russian military nuclear facilities 174 5.4.3 The dismantling of French military nuclear facilities 176 5.4.4 The decontamination of the British site of Maralinga 178 5.5 The destruction of atomic weapons and their vectors 178 5.5.1 The deconstruction of atomic bombs 178 5.5.2 American disarmament 179 5.5.3 Russian disarmament: international collaboration 180 5.5.4 Disarmament of submarines and other military nuclear vessels 181 5.5.5 Denuclearization of rocket bases 190 5.6 Conclusions 191 Chapter 6 The Dismantling of Electronuclear Reactors 193 6.1 Introduction 193 6.1.1 The various types of electronuclear reactors 194 6.2 The dismantling of graphite-moderated reactors 195 6.2.1 Decommissioning of French nuclear power reactors (UNGG) 195 6.2.2 The dismantling of British reactors 200 6.2.3 The dismantling of the RMBK sector 202 6.3 The dismantling of the pressurized water system (PWR) 203 6.3.1 The dismantling of German reactors 204 6.3.2 The dismantling of American reactors 205 6.3.3 The dismantling of French reactors 206 6.3.4 Reactor decommissioning in other countries 207 6.3.5 The dismantling of WWER reactors 207 6.4 Dismantling the heavy water sector 210 6.5 Dismantling of the boiling water reactor sector 212 6.6 Dismantling following a nuclear accident 217 6.6.1 IAEA and NEA recommendations 220 6.6.2 The dismantling of Three Mile Island 221 6.6.3 The dismantling of Chernobyl 222 6.6.4 The decommissioning of Fukushima 223 6.6.5 Decommissioning of other damaged nuclear facilities 224 6.7 Future reactor shutdowns 225 6.8 Conclusions 227 Chapter 7 The Decommissioning of Research Reactors and Other Basic Nuclear Facilities 229 7.1 Introduction 229 7.2 The dismantling of experimental reactors around the world 230 7.2.1 The main roles of experimental reactors 230 7.2.2 The global overview of experimental reactors 231 7.2.3 The main types of experimental reactors 233 7.2.4 Major incidents and accidents involving research reactors 235 7.2.5 Cost 236 7.2.6 Some examples of the decommissioning of experimental reactors 236 7.2.7 Heavy water research reactors (HWRR) 238 7.2.8 Fast neutron reactors 240 7.2.9 Other research reactors 240 7.3 Decommissioning and dismantling of fourth-generation reactors 242 7.3.1 The dismantling of the fast neutron reactor (FNR) industry 243 7.3.2 High-temperature nuclear reactors 247 7.3.3 The other fourth-generation sectors 248 7.4 The dismantling of first-generation prototype reactors 249 7.4.1 PWR reactors 250 7.4.2 The dismantling of the boiling water reactor (BWR) process 252 7.4.3 The dismantling of the gas reactor sector (AGR) 252 7.4.4 Dismantling the heavy water industry 253 7.4.5 The dismantling of prototype reactors from various sectors 255 7.5 The dismantling of basic nuclear fuel cycle facilities 256 7.5.1 The dismantling of extraction mines 256 7.5.2 The dismantling of enrichment plants 257 7.5.3 The dismantling of conversion and manufacturing plants 259 7.5.4 The dismantling of reprocessing plants 260 7.6 Decommissioning of other basic nuclear facilities 263 7.6.1 The centers of nuclear studies 263 7.6.2 The centers of industrial operation 266 7.6.3 Service facilities 269 7.6.4 Interim nuclear waste storage centers 270 7.6.5 Other BNIs in the dismantling stage 271 7.7 Conclusions 273 General Conclusions 275 List of Acronyms 287 References 295 Index 333

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Book SynopsisThe risk of explosion is inseparable from industrial activity, as we are often reminded by the news. In order to avoid an explosion, it is necessary to understand the phenomena surrounding it, and take the necessary preventive measures to protect society if it comes to the worst-case scenario. This book will detail these phenomena. The Mechanisms of Explosions presents theoretical aspects from a physicochemical point of view and proposes various methods adapted to each type of explosion, including ATEX explosions. The author shares his knowledge of the mechanisms of explosions, acquired during numerous investigations. These 27 case studies – detailing circumstances, mechanisms and the nature and intensity of explosive effects – were selected to cover all of the possible physical or chemical phenomena, substances and mechanisms, without limiting themselves to the most common situations. This book, packed full of information, is designed to benefit those who analyze and investigate explosions, particularly insurance and judicial experts, prevention engineers, security managers and trainers.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Part 1 General Information and Approach 1 Chapter 1 The Explosion Phenomenon 3 1.1 Explosion of an ATEX 4 1.1.1 Definition of an ATEX 4 1.1.2 Case of an ATEX consisting of a combustible dust dispersed in air 23 1.1.3 Case of a hybrid ATEX 25 1.1.4 Evaluation of the released energy Elib 25 1.2 Chemical systems other than ATEX 39 1.2.1 Definition elements 39 1.2.2 Evaluation of E lib 40 1.2.3 Flame propagation regimes in explosive system 1 or 2 40 1.3 Hollow body rupture (or bursting) 44 1.3.1 Definition elements 44 1.3.2 Evaluation of Elib 45 1.4 Superheated liquid vaporization 46 1.4.1 Definition elements 46 1.4.2 Evaluation of Elib 46 1.5 Comparison of Elib with the energy E eff required to produce the explosion effects 47 Chapter 2 Method of Investigating an Explosion 49 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Establishment of the explosion mechanism 49 2.3 Search for answers to the questions of HOW MUCH and WHAT 50 2.4 Identification of the different types of damage produced by an explosion 51 2.4.1 Effects on structures 52 2.4.2 Effects on the human body 54 2.5 Estimation of the energy required to produce the mechanical effects 55 2.5.1 E eff estimation tools 56 2.5.2 Comparison between Eeff and Elib 64 2.5.3 Order of magnitude of the yield ρ for each type of explosive system 65 2.6 Hypothesis on the type of explosion involved 66 2.7 Estimation of the quantity of the explosive system involved 66 2.7.1 General case 66 2.7.2 Specific case of an ATEX explosion occurring in a confined environment 67 2.8 Evaluation of the hypothesis on the type of explosion involved 67 2.8.1 Compatibility of the hypothesis with the circumstances of the explosion 67 2.8.2 Cases of explosions which may a priori involve different systems 68 2.9 Search for answers to the question of HOW? 71 2.10 Representation of the mechanism of explosion by tree of events 71 Part 2 27 Case Studies of Domestic or Industrial Explosions 73 Introduction to Part 2 75 P2.1 Domestic explosions 78 P2.1.1 Determination of ATEX location and volume 79 P2.1.2 Thermal effects of an explosion on buildings and the human body 82 P2.1.3 Mechanical effects of an explosion in a housing 83 Case 1 Discrimination Between NG and Butane 87 C1.1 Different arguments tentatively used for discrimination 87 C1.2 Thermal effects of the flame 87 C1.3 Mechanical effects of the explosion 88 C1.4 Relevant arguments used for the elimination of a butane leak 88 C1.5 Identified mechanism 89 Case 2 Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and an Explosion 91 C2.1 Circumstances and effects of the explosion 91 C2.2 Occurrence of a fire prior to the explosion 91 Case 3 Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and Two Explosions 93 C3.1 Nature of the flammable gases or liquids involved in the first explosion 93 C3.2 Determination of the explosion mechanism 94 Case 4 Determination of the Mechanism of an Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate of NG 97 Case 5 Determination of the Mechanism of a Propane Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate 101 Case 6 Determination of the Explosion Mechanism, Based on the Location of the Ignition Source of ATEX 103 C6.1 Circumstances of the explosion 103 C6.2 Discrimination between the boiler leak and the cooker oven leak 104 Lessons learned from the investigation of domestic explosions 106 Case 7 Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in a Pulp Paper Tank 109 C7.1 Description of facilities, circumstances and effects of the explosion 109 C7.2 Objectives of the investigation 110 C7.3 Determination of the composition of the ATEX 110 C7.3.1 Experimental determination of the ATEX components 110 C7.3.2 Determination of the ATEX conditions, formation and ignition 112 C7.3.3 Consistency between the explosion effects and the estimated ATEX volume 112 C7.4 Conclusion 113 Lessons learned from the investigation of the explosion of a hydrogenated Atex 113 Case 8 Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in an Electrolyzer Cell 115 C8.1 Description of facilities and explosion circumstances 115 C8.2 Effects of the explosion 115 C8.3 Investigation objectives 115 C8.3.1 Formation and location of an ATEX in the electrolyzer 116 C8.3.2 Results of experimental study 116 C8.3.3 Consistency between the mechanical effects and the overpressure 116 Lessons learned from Cases 7 and 8 117 Case 9 Explosion of an Air–Propane ATEX 119 C9.1 Case presentation 119 C9.1.1 Description of the facilities 119 C9.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 120 C9.1.3 Explosion damage 120 C9.1.4 Establishment of the explosion mechanism 121 Lessons learned from the investigation 125 Case 10 Explosion in a Refinery 127 C10.1 Case presentation 127 C10.1.1 Description of facilities and circumstances of explosion 127 C10.1.2 Flame propagation regime 128 C10.1.3 Effects of explosion 128 Lessons from the investigation 130 Case 11 Explosions in Recovery Facilities for Cupola Gases 131 C11.1 Case presentation 131 C11.1.1 Description of the facilities 131 C11.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 132 C11.1.3 Explosion damage 132 C11.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 133 C11.1.5 Flammability of the CGs involved in the explosion 133 Lessons learned from investigation of explosion in cupola facilities 145 Case 12 Explosion of Acetone Vapor 147 C12.1 Case presentation 147 C12.1.1 Description of the facilities 147 C12.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 148 C12.1.3 Description of explosion damage 148 C12.1.4 Mechanism of the explosion 149 Lessons from investigation of an explosion of acetone vapor 154 Case 13 Explosion of Vapor of Toluene 155 C13.1 Case presentation 155 C13.1.1. Description of the facility and of the circumstances of the explosion 155 C13.1.2 Effects of the explosion 155 C13.1.3 Determination of the mechanism of the explosion 156 Lessons learned from the investigation of an explosion of toluene vapor 158 Case 14 Explosion of Vapor of Kerosene 159 C14.1 Case presentation 159 C14.1.1 Description of the facility 159 C14.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 159 C14.1.3 Description of explosion damage 160 C14.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 160 Lessons from the investigation of an explosion of kerosene vapor in contact with a hot surface 166 Case 15 Explosion of Volatile Hydrocarbons 167 C15.1 Case presentation 167 C15.1.1 Description of the facility and the circumstances of the explosion 167 C15.1.2 Description of explosion damage 167 C15.1.3 Mechanism of explosion 168 C15.1.4 Estimation of energy released by explosion 173 Lessons to be learned from the investigation of explosion of volatile hydrocarbons 175 Case 16 Explosion in a Spray Dryer of Powdered Milk 177 C16.1 Case presentation 177 C16.1.1 Description of the facility 177 C16.1.2 Circumstances and effects of the explosion 178 C16.1.3 Flammability and explosion characteristics of milk powder 179 C16.1.4 Mechanism of explosion 181 Lessons learned from the expertise of an explosion in a dryer 182 Case 17 Explosion in a Wood Waste Grinding Facility 185 C17.1 Case presentation 185 C17.1.1 Description of the facility 186 C17.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 187 C17.1.3 Effects of the explosion 187 C17.1.4 Flammability characteristics of the wood dust 188 C17.1.5 Determination of the mechanism of explosion 189 Lessons learned from the investigation 191 Case 18 Explosion of a Chloroduct 193 C18.1 Case presentation 193 C18.2 Circumstances of the explosion 193 C18.3 Effects of explosion 193 C18.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 195 C18.4.1 Explosive system identification 195 C18.4.2 Estimation of the rupture pressure Pr of the chloroduct 198 C18.4.3 Different arguments for a detonation of the hydrogen–chlorine mixture 198 Lessons learned from investigation of the explosion of a chloroduct 200 Case 19 Combustion of Steel in Oxygen 201 C19.1 Case presentation 201 C19.1.1 Description of the facility 201 C19.1.2 Circumstances of the accident 203 C19.1.3 Effects 203 C19.1.4 Mechanism of the accident 204 Lessons learned from investigation of combustion in oxygen 206 Case 20 Explosion in an Aluminum Foundry 207 C20.1 Case presentation 207 C20.1.1 Description of the facility 207 C20.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 208 C20.1.3 Explosion effects 208 C20.1.4 Determination of the mechanism of explosion 211 Lessons from investigation of an explosion in an aluminum foundry 215 Case 21 Explosion in a Laboratory Nitration Test 217 C21.1 Case presentation 217 C21.1.1 Nature of the explosive system 217 C21.1.2 Experimental validation of the conditions of the runaway reaction 218 C21.1.3 Results 218 C21.1.4 Conclusion of the tests 221 Lessons learned from investigation of a burst vessel 221 Case 22 Explosion in a Chemical Reactor 223 C22.1 Case presentation 223 C22.1.1 Description of the chemical synthesis process 223 C22.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 224 C22.1.3 Effects of the explosion 224 C22.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 225 C22.1.5 Description of the explosion process 227 Lessons learned from the investigation 228 Case 23 Explosion and Fire Resulting from an Oxidation by KMnO 4 229 C23.1 Case presentation 229 C23.1.1 Circumstances of the explosion 229 C23.1.2 Effects of the explosion 230 C23.1.3 Fire resulting from an ignition of formaldehyde by KMnO 4 233 Lessons learned from the investigation 233 Case 24 Explosion Involving Hydrazine 235 C24.1 Case presentation 235 C24.1.1 Description of the experimental conditions 236 C24.1.2 Results 237 C24.1.3 Origin of an overpressure in a UHH tank 241 Lessons learned from the investigation 241 Case 25 Burst of a Steel Gas Cylinder 243 C25.1 Case presentation 243 C25.1.1 Circumstances of the burst 243 C25.1.2 Effects of the burst 243 C25.1.3 Determination of the mechanism of the burst 247 C25.1.4 Conclusions of the investigation 259 Lessons learned from the investigation 260 Case 26 Explosion in a Foundry of Steel Waste 263 C26.1 Case presentation 263 C26.1.1 Description of the facility 263 C26.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 263 C26.1.3 Effects of explosion 263 C26.1.4 Estimation of E eff based on damage analysis 264 C26.1.5 Determination of the explosion mechanism 265 C26.1.6 Yield of the explosion 265 Lessons learned from the investigation 266 Case 27 Explosion in the Boiler of a Household Waste Incinerator 267 C27.1 Case presentation 267 C27.1.1 Facility description 267 C27.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 268 C27.1.3 Description of damage 268 C27.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 269 C27.1.5 Protection of the boiler against the effects of an explosion 273 Lessons learned from investigation 275 Conclusion 277 References 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThe use of pesticides is a subject of intense public debate. Whether in media, legal, terminological or political terms, the subject is migrating from a strictly agricultural universe to a global, social problem. Given the complexity of current and future issues, Pesticides provides a forum for multidisciplinary dialogue and debate on plant protection products within the humanities and social sciences. It presents reflections on the discursive and argumentative activity of the various players and arenas in the debate, and on the development and testing of consensus through controversy and counter-discourse. This book examines the scientific and communication practices of economic and industrial players (influence and lobbying), agricultural practices in terms of pesticide exposure, and the legal proceedings and initiatives of local authorities and associations. It also seeks to shed light on the media coverage of health and environmental issues surrounding pesticides.

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Book SynopsisBehind the neologism ribozymes lies a family of fascinating molecules, ribo-enzymes, which have been relatively little studied. These catalytically active RNAs are found in all strata of life, from viruses to the human genome. At the end of the 1970s, the discovery of a catalytic RNA nestled in an intron, followed by another involved in the maturation of transfer RNAs, led to the discovery of new ribozymes and the transition from a strictly proteocentric vision, inherited from the dogma of molecular biology, to a more nucleocentric one. Since then, a variety of ribozymes have been identified in genomes, where their functions often remain mysterious. Looking at Ribozymes traces the discovery of these molecules and presents a picture of their functional diversity, catalytic mechanisms and distribution within the tree of life.

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Book SynopsisThe crystallization of one or multiple salts in porous media (rocks, soils, building materials, etc.) is a subject of major interest in connection with numerous issues such as soil salinization, evaporation, CO2 injection into saline aquifers, the durability of building materials and the preservation of our cultural heritage. Salt Crystallization in Porous Media provides an interdisciplinary review of the key scientific knowledge required to understand this field of research, and illustrates the issues involved through a series of concrete examples. This book has been written for students completing their Master's level degree or higher in the field, as well as researchers and engineers interested in this research. It may also be of interest to a wider readership, as certain sections can be used to illustrate basic concepts, reaching beyond the subject of salt crystallization itself.

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Book SynopsisThe artificial Bragg structures (ABS) studied in this book have revolutionized X-ray optics. They are based on (quasi-) periodic stacks of nanoscale thin films with periods close to the wavelength of the radiation. X-ray Radiation and Artificial Bragg Structures presents the historical prolegomena relating to X-ray sources and the initial development of ABS. It analyzes the modeling of ABS characteristics and performance, and their optimization. It also presents matrix and recursive methods, coupled-wave theory and scattering theory. This book also examines ABSs as seats for special quantum and magneto-optic phenomena. It discusses the application of ABSs, as well as promising developments in EUV lithography and the realization of new X-ray sources. Finally, it presents the prospects offered by ABSs in the near future, particularly in the field of coherent sources and X-ray lasers.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii NOTATIONS xvii SYMBOLS xix CHAPTER 1. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLES 1 1.1. State variables and characteristic functions of a phase 2 1.1.1. Intensive and extensive conjugate variables 2 1.1.2. Variations in internal energy during a transformation 3 1.1.3 Characteristic function associated with a canonical set of variables 5 1.2. Partial molar parameters 7 1.2.1. Definition 7 1.2.2. Properties of partial molar variables 8 1.3. Chemical potential and generalized chemical potentials 8 1.3.1. Chemical potential and partial molar free enthalpy 8 1.3.2. Definition of generalized chemical potential 9 1.3.3. Variations in the chemical potential and generalized chemical potential with variables 10 1.3.4. Gibbs–Duhem relation 10 1.3.5. Generalized Helmholtz relations 11 1.3.6. Chemical system associated with the general system 12 1.4. The two modeling scales 14 CHAPTER 2. MACROSCOPIC MODELING OF A PHASE 15 2.1. Thermodynamic coefficients and characteristic matrices 15 2.1.1. Thermodynamic coefficients and characteristic matrix associated with the internal energy 15 2.1.2. Symmetry of the characteristic matrix 17 2.1.3. The thermodynamic coefficients needed and required to thermodynamically define the phase 17 2.1.4. Choosing other variables: thermodynamic coefficients and characteristic matrix associated with a characteristic function 19 2.1.5. Change in variable from one characteristic matrix to another 22 2.1.6. Relations between thermodynamic coefficients and secondary derivatives of the characteristic function 26 2.1.7. Examples of thermodynamic coefficients: calorimetric coefficients 27 2.2. Partial molar variables and thermodynamic coefficients 27 2.3. Common variables and thermodynamic coefficients 28 2.3.1. State equation 29 2.3.2. Expansion coefficients 30 2.3.3. Molar heat capacities 32 2.3.4. Young’s Modulus 34 2.3.5. Electric permittivity 34 2.3.6. Volumic and area densities of electric charge 34 2.4. Thermodynamic charts: justification of different types 35 2.4.1. Representation of a variable as a function of its conjugate 35 2.4.2. Representation of a characteristic function as a function of one of its natural variables 38 2.5. Stability of phases 39 2.5.1. Case of ensemble E0 of extensive variables 40 2.5.2. Coefficients associated with ensemble En 43 2.5.3. Case of other ensembles of variables 44 2.5.4. Conclusion: stability conditions of a phase in terms of thermodynamic coefficients 46 2.5.5. Example – applying stability conditions 46 2.6. Consistency of thermodynamic data 48 2.7. Conclusion on the macroscopic modeling of phases 49 CHAPTER 3. MULTI-COMPOUND PHASES – SOLUTIONS 51 3.1. Variables attached to solutions 51 3.1.1. Characterizing a solution 52 3.1.2. Composition of a solution 53 3.1.3. Peculiar variables and mixing variables 54 3.2. Recap of ideal solutions 57 3.2.1. Thermodynamic definition 57 3.2.2. Molar Gibbs energy of mixing of an ideal solution 57 3.2.3. Molar enthalpy of mixing of the ideal solution 57 3.2.4. Molar entropy of mixing of the ideal solution 58 3.2.5. Molar volume of mixing 58 3.2.6. Molar heat capacity of ideal solution: Kopp’s law 58 3.3. Characterization imperfection of a real solution 59 3.3.1. Lewis activity coefficients 60 3.3.2. Characterizing the imperfection of a real solution by the excess Gibbs energy 71 3.3.3. Other ways to measure the imperfection of a solution 74 3.4. Activity of a component in any solution: Raoult’s and Henry’s laws 76 3.5. Ionic solutions 77 3.5.1. Chemical potential of an ion 78 3.5.2. Relation between the activities of ions and the overall activity of solutes 80 3.5.3. Mean concentration and mean ionic activity coefficient 80 3.5.4. Obtaining the activity coefficient of an individual ion 82 3.5.5. Ionic strength 82 3.6. Curves of molar variables as a function of the composition in binary systems of a solution with two components 83 CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS OF OBJECT COLLECTIONS 87 4.1. The need to statistically process a system 87 4.1.1. Collections, system description – Stirling’s approximation 87 4.1.2. Statistical description hypothesis 88 4.1.3. The Boltzmann principle 89 4.2. Statistical effects of distinguishable non-quantum elements 89 4.2.1. Distribution law 90 4.2.2. Calculation of 91 4.2.3. Determining coefficient 92 4.2.4. Energy input to a system 95 4.2.5. The Boltzmann principle for entropy 96 4.3. The quantum description and space of phases 97 4.3.1. Wave functions and energy levels 97 4.3.2. Space of phases: discernibility of objects and states 98 4.3.3. Localization and non-localization of objects 98 4.4. Statistical effect of localized quantum objects 99 4.5. Collections of non-localized quantum objects 100 4.5.1. Eigen symmetrical and antisymmetric functions of non-localized objects 101 4.5.2. Statistics of non-localized elements with symmetrical wave functions 103 4.5.3. Statistics of non-localized elements with an asymmetric function 105 4.5.4. Classical limiting case 107 4.6. Systems composed of different particles without interactions 107 4.7. Unicity of coefficient 108 4.8. Determining coefficient in quantum statistics 110 CHAPTER 5. CANONICAL ENSEMBLES AND THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS 113 5.1. An ensemble 113 5.2. Canonical ensemble 114 5.2.1. Description of a canonical ensemble 114 5.2.2. Law of distribution in a canonical ensemble 115 5.2.3. Canonical partition function 116 5.3. Molecular partition functions and canonical partition functions 117 5.3.1. Canonical partition functions for ensembles of discernable molecules 117 5.3.2. Canonical partition functions of indiscernible molecules 118 5.4. Thermodynamic functions and the canonical partition function 120 5.4.1. Expression of internal energy 120 5.4.2. Entropy and canonical partition functions 121 5.4.3. Expressing other thermodynamic functions and thermodynamic coefficients in the canonical ensemble 123 5.5. Absolute activity of a constituent 125 5.6. Other ensembles of systems and associated characteristic functions 127 CHAPTER 6. MOLECULAR PARTITION FUNCTIONS 131 6.1. Definition of the molecular partition function 131 6.2. Decomposition of the molecular partition function into partial partition functions 131 6.3. Energy level and thermal agitation 133 6.4. Translational partition functions 134 6.4.1. Translational partition function with the only constraint being the recipient 135 6.4.2. Translational partition function with the constraint being a potential centered and the container walls 137 6.5. Maxwell distribution laws 139 6.5.1. Distribution of ideal gas molecules in volume 139 6.5.2. Distribution of ideal gas molecules in velocity 140 6.6. Internal partition functions 142 6.6.1. Vibrational partition function 142 6.6.2. Rotational partition function 144 6.6.3. Nuclear partition function and correction of symmetry due to nuclear spin 146 6.6.4. Electronic partition function 149 6.7. Partition function of an ideal gas 149 6.8. Average energy and equipartition of energy 150 6.8.1. Mean translational energy 151 6.8.2. Mean rotational energy 152 6.8.3. Mean vibrational energy 152 6.9. Translational partition function and quantum mechanics 153 6.10. Interactions between species 155 6.10.1. Interactions between charged particles 155 6.10.2. Interaction energy between two neutral molecules 156 6.11. Equilibrium constants and molecular partition functions 161 6.11.1. Gaseous phase homogeneous equilibria 162 6.11.2. Liquid phase homogeneous equilibria 164 6.11.3. Solid phase homogenous equilibria 166 6.12. Conclusion on the macroscopic modeling of phases 167 CHAPTER 7. PURE REAL GASES 169 7.1. The three states of the pure compound: critical point 169 7.2. Standard state of a molecular substance 170 7.3. Real gas – macroscopic description 171 7.3.1. Pure gas diagram (P-V) 171 7.3.2. “Cubic” state equations 172 7.3.3. Other state equations 177 7.3.4. The theorem of corresponding states and the generalized compressibility chart 180 7.3.5. Molar Gibbs energy or chemical potential of a real gas 182 7.3.6. Fugacity of a real gas 183 7.3.7. Heat capacities of gases 186 7.4. Microscopic description of a real gas 188 7.4.1. Canonical partition function of a fluid 188 7.4.2. Helmholtz energy and development of the virial 195 7.4.3. Forms of the second coefficient of the virial 197 7.4.4. Macroscopic state equations and microscopic description 202 7.4.5. Chemical potential and fugacity of a real gas 203 7.4.6. Conclusion on microscopic modeling of a real gas 204 7.5. Microscopic approach of the heat capacity of gases 206 7.5.1. Classical theorem from the equipartition of energy 207 7.5.2. Quantum theorem of heat capacity at constant volume 208 CHAPTER 8. GAS MIXTURES 213 8.1. Macroscopic modeling of gas mixtures 213 8.1.1. Perfect solutions of perfect gases 213 8.1.2. Mixture of real gases 215 8.2. Characterizing gas mixtures 217 8.2.1. Method of the state equations of gas mixtures 218 8.2.2. The Beattie–Bridgeman state equation 218 8.2.3. Calculating the compressibility coefficient of a mixture 222 8.2.4. Method using activity coefficients of solutions 225 8.3. Determining activity coefficients of a solution from an equation of state 225 8.3.1. Methodology 226 8.3.2. Studying solutions using the PSRK method 227 8.3.3. VTPR Model 230 8.3.4. VGTPR Model 233 APPENDICES 237 APPENDIX 1 239 APPENDIX 2 243 APPENDIX 3 245 APPENDIX 4 253 APPENDIX 5 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 261 INDEX 265

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Book SynopsisCarbohydrates offer a ready source of enantiomerically pure starting materials. They have been used for the imaginative synthesis of a wide range of compounds, and have been found to be effective chiral auxiliaries which enable the introduction of a range of functionalities in a highly enantioselective manner. In a subject dominated by volumes at research and professional level, this book provides a broad understanding of the use of carbohydrates in organic synthesis, at postgraduate student level. Emphasis is placed on retrosynthetic analysis, with discussion of why a particular synthetic route has been chosen, and mechanistic explanations are provided for key and novel reactions. Wherever possible, the authors highlight points of general significance to organic synthesis. Selected experimental conditions and reaction details are incorporated to ensure that information can be utilised in research. The book is extensively referenced and so provides a convenient point of entry to the primary literature.Table of ContentsPart A: Structure and Synthesis of Saccharides and Glycoproteins. 1 Mono- and oligosaccharides: structure, configuration and conformation. 2 Protecting groups. 3 Functionalised saccharides. 4 Oligosaccharide synthesis. 5 The chemistry of O- and N-linked glycopeptides. Part B: Natural Product Synthesis from Monosaccharides. 6 (-)-Echinosporin. 7 (+)Zaragozic acid C. 8 (+)-Neocarzinostatin. 9 (+)-Castanospermine. 10 (-)-Silphiperfolene. 11 (-)-Allosamizoline. 12 (-)-Reiswigin A. 13 (-)-Octalactin A. 14 (-)-ACRL toxin I. 15 (+)-Gasbosine E. 16 (-)-Augustamine and (-)-amabiline. 17 (-)-FK506. 18 (3S, 5S)-5-Hydroxypiperazic acid. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a large number of organic reactions performed under green conditions, which were earlier performed using anhydrous conditions and various volatile organic solvents. The conditions used involve green solvents like water, super critical carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, polymer-supported reagents, polyethylene glycol and perfluorous liquids. A number of reactions have been conducted in solid state without using any solvent. Most of the reactions have been conducted under microwave irradiations and sonication. In large number of reactions, catalysts like phase transfer catalysts, crown ethers and biocatalysts have been used. Providing the protocols that every laboratory should adopt, this book elaborates the principles of green chemistry and discusses the planning and preparations required to convert to green laboratory techniques. It includes applications relevant to practicing researchers, students and environmental chemists. This book is useful for students (graduate and postgraduate), researchers and industry professionals in the area of chemical engineering, chemistry and allied fields.Table of ContentsForward vPreface to the Third Edition viiPreface to the First Edition ix1. GREEN CHEMISTRY 2. GREEN REACTIONS 3. GREEN PREPARATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWERS SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSINDEX

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides broad coverage of energy supply and use. It discusses how energy is produced, transformed, delivered to end users, and consumed. The author discusses all of this at an undergraduate level, accessible to students of varying backgrounds. High-level and human-scale perspectives are included. As a high-level example, the book discusses the shares of global primary energy that are provided by oil, gas, coal, hydroelectricity, and renewables, as well as trends in energy consumption and supply over time. Human-scale examples will resonate with readers’ every day experiences. The link between economic development and energy consumption is presented, which facilitates understanding of how global energy consumption growth is inevitable as economic development occurs. Coverage includes separate chapters on the oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity sectors. Each of these provides high-level descriptions of the technology involved in the production of that type of energy as well as the processing and transportation that occurs to bring the energy to end users. The book discusses the technological implications of energy transitions such as increased use of renewables or changes in the use of nuclear energy using Germany and Japan as examples. It closes with a discussion of future energy use.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Fundamentals of Energy.- Energy Use.- Oil.- Natural Gas.- Coal.- Electricity.- Petrochemicals.- Energy Industries.- Technological Change.

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Book SynopsisThis book analyses the use of a pulsed gas flow to structure bubbling gas-solid fluidised beds and to induce a special fluidisation state, called "dynamically structured flow", as a promising approach to process intensification. It explores the properties of bubbles rising in staggered periodic arrays without direct interaction, assessing their size, separation, and velocity, and explains how a highly uniform, scalable flow offers tight control over the system hydrodynamics. These features are desirable, as they not only bypass engineering challenges occurring in traditional operations, such as maldistribution and non-uniform contact, but also allow to decouple conflicting design objectives, such as mixing and gas-solid contact. The thesis also presents computational simulations which reveal the periodic transitions of the particulate phase between fluid-like and solid-like behaviour. This book will be of interest to researchers, engineers, and graduate students alike, particularly those working in industrial drying, combustion, and chemical production. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Bubbling Properties in Pulsed Fluidised Beds.- A Dynamic Structured Fluidisation Regime to Control the Behaviour of Bubbling Beds.- Pattern Formation Applied as a Tool for Multiphase Flow Model Validation.- Modelling of Pattern Formation: A Periodic Transition Between Solid and Fluid.- The Role of Solid Mechanics in Stabilising Pattern Formation.- Conclusions and Future Work.

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Book SynopsisThis edited book provides an in-depth overview of carbon dioxide (CO2) transformations to sustainable power technologies. It also discusses the wide scope of issues in engineering avenues, key designs, device fabrication, characterizations, various types of conversions and related topics. It includes studies focusing on the applications in catalysis, energy conversion and conversion technologies, etc. This is a unique reference guide, and one of the detailed works is on this technology. The book is the result of commitments by leading researchers from various backgrounds and expertise. The book is well structured and is an essential resource for scientists, undergraduate, postgraduate students, faculty, R&D professionals, energy chemists and industrial experts.Table of ContentsTo be added

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Book SynopsisThis textbook lays out the fundamentals of electronic materials and devices on a level that is accessible to undergraduate engineering students with no prior coursework in electromagnetism and modern physics. The initial chapters present the basic concepts of waves and quantum mechanics, emphasizing the underlying physical concepts behind the properties of materials and the basic principles of device operation. Subsequent chapters focus on the fundamentals of electrons in materials, covering basic physical properties and conduction mechanisms in semiconductors and their use in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The book also deals with a broader range of modern topics, including magnetic, spintronic, and superconducting materials and devices, optoelectronic and photonic devices, as well as the light emitting diode, solar cells, and various types of lasers. The last chapter presents a variety of materials with specific novel applications, such as dielectric materials used in electronics and photonics, liquid crystals, and organic conductors used in video displays, and superconducting devices for quantum computing.Clearly written with compelling illustrations and chapter-end problems, Rezende’s Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices is the ideal accompaniment to any undergraduate program in electrical and computer engineering. Adjacent students specializing in physics or materials science will also benefit from the timely and extensive discussion of the advanced devices, materials, and applications that round out this engaging and approachable textbook.Table of ContentsMaterials for Electronics.- Waves and Particles in Matter.- Quantum Mechanics: Electron in the Atom.- Electrons in Crystals.- Semiconductor Materials.- Semiconductor Devices: Diodes.- Transistors and Other Semiconductor Devices .- Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.- Magnetic Materials and Devices.- Other Important Materials for Electronics.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook lays out the fundamentals of electronic materials and devices on a level that is accessible to undergraduate engineering students with no prior coursework in electromagnetism and modern physics. The initial chapters present the basic concepts of waves and quantum mechanics, emphasizing the underlying physical concepts behind the properties of materials and the basic principles of device operation. Subsequent chapters focus on the fundamentals of electrons in materials, covering basic physical properties and conduction mechanisms in semiconductors and their use in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The book also deals with a broader range of modern topics, including magnetic, spintronic, and superconducting materials and devices, optoelectronic and photonic devices, as well as the light emitting diode, solar cells, and various types of lasers. The last chapter presents a variety of materials with specific novel applications, such as dielectric materials used in electronics and photonics, liquid crystals, and organic conductors used in video displays, and superconducting devices for quantum computing.Clearly written with compelling illustrations and chapter-end problems, Rezende’s Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices is the ideal accompaniment to any undergraduate program in electrical and computer engineering. Adjacent students specializing in physics or materials science will also benefit from the timely and extensive discussion of the advanced devices, materials, and applications that round out this engaging and approachable textbook.Table of ContentsMaterials for Electronics.- Waves and Particles in Matter.- Quantum Mechanics: Electron in the Atom.- Electrons in Crystals.- Semiconductor Materials.- Semiconductor Devices: Diodes.- Transistors and Other Semiconductor Devices .- Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.- Magnetic Materials and Devices.- Other Important Materials for Electronics.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book is a collection of research papers on COVID-19 by Germán Velásquez from 2020 and early 2021 that help to answer the question: How can an agency like the World Health Organization (WHO) be given a stronger voice to exercise authority and leadership? The considerable health, economic and social challenges that the world faced at the beginning of 2020 with COVID-19 continued and worsened in many parts of the world in the second-half of 2020 and into 2021. Many of these countries and nations wanted to explore COVID-19 on their own, sometimes without listening to the main international health bodies such as WHO, an agency of the United Nations system with long-standing experience and vast knowledge at the global level and of which all countries in the world are members. In this single volume, the chapters present the progress of thinking and debate — particularly in relation to drugs and vaccines — that would enable a response to the COVID-19 pandemic or to subsequent crises that may arise. Among the topics covered: COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and Economics Medicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global Strategy Re-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-19 Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Shock Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines and Vaccines The World Health Organization Reforms in the Time of COVID-19 Vaccines, Medicines and COVID-19: How Can WHO Be Given a Stronger Voice? is essential reading for negotiators from the 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO); World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) staff participating in these negotiations; academics and students of public health, medicine, health sciences, law, sociology and political science; and intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations that follow the issue of access to treatments and vaccines for COVID-19.Table of ContentsChapter 1 COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and Economics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Development of the COVID-19 Vaccine 11.3 Two Key Issues: Immunity and Contagion 21.4 Vaccine Nationalism 21.5 The COVAX Mechanism 31.6 Compulsory Licensing 31.7 Access to Medicines and Vaccines: A New Player 3References…………………………………………………………………………………………….#Chapter 2 Medicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global Strategy 72.1 Introduction 72.2 The Background of the IGWG Negotiations 92.3 The IGWG Stakeholders 112.4 The IGWG Process 122.4.1 The First Meeting in Geneva: 4–8 December 2006 122.4.2 Regional Consultations 132.4.3 Second Meeting, 5–10 November 2007 152.4.4 Continuation of the Second Meeting of the IGWG: 28 April to 3 May 2008 152.4.5 Sixty-First World Health Assembly, 24 May 2008 152.5 The Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property 172.5.1 Main Elements of the 2008 Global Strategy 172.5.2 Additional Mandates of the 2008 Global Strategy 172.5.3 Progress in the Implementation of the GSPOA 182.5.4 The Collaboration of the WHO with other International Organisations 192.6 The WHO Consultative Expert Working Group 202.6.1 A Binding International Convention 202.6.2 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 212.7 The Evaluation of the GSPOA 222.8 The Report of the United Nations Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines 232.9 The Roadmap on Access to Medicines 252.9.1 Background 252.9.2 Regulatory Systems Strengthening 262.9.3 Health Research and Development 262.9.4 Intellectual Property 272.10 Resolution on “Improving the Transparency of Markets for Medicines, Vaccines and other Health-Related Technologies” 272.11 Access to Biotherapeutic Products Including Similar Biotherapeutic Products 292.12 Conclusions 30References 31Chapter 3 Re-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-19 333.1 Introduction 333.2 Background: The View of UN Agencies on Pharmaceutical Production in Developing Countries 343.3 COVID-19 “Vaccine Nationalism” 373.4 COVID-19 Global Vaccine Access Facility (COVAX Facility) 423.5 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board 443.6 A COVID-19 Technology Sharing Platform: A Recent UN Initiative 463.7 Concluding Remarks 46References 47Chapter 4 Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Shock 534.1 Introduction 534.2 Background of the Debate on the R&D Model 544.3 Problems of the R&D Model for Pharmaceutical Products 564.3.1 Lack of Transparency of R&D Costs 564.3.2 Pharmaceutical Innovation Has Significantly Decreased 574.3.3 High Prices Restrict Access 574.3.4 Fragmentation and Lack of Coordination 584.3.5 Waste and Overlap 594.4 A Binding International Convention 594.4.1 Objective and Scope 604.4.2 Possible Main Components 604.5 The Need to Act Fast 614.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 62References…………………………………………………………………………………………….#Chapter 5 Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines and Vaccines 675.1 Introduction 675.2 The WTO TRIPS Agreement 675.3 What Is a Patent? 675.3.1 There Is no Global or International Patent 685.3.2 The Patent Cooperation Treaty 685.3.3 Validity of Patents 695.3.4 Minimum Standards of Patent Protection 705.3.5 Patents on Pharmaceutical Products 715.3.6 Patents and Access to Essential Medicines 725.4 The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 735.5 What Are the TRIPS Flexibilities? 745.5.1 Criteria for Patentability 755.5.2 Compulsory Licences 755.5.3 Government Use 765.5.4 Parallel Imports 765.5.5 Exceptions to Patent Rights 765.5.6 Flexibility in Test Data Protection 775.5.7 Avoidance of TRIPS-plus Provisions and Policies, Including Extension of Patent Term, Data Exclusivity, Second-Use Patents, Border Measures 775.5.8 Mitigating Implementation or Effects of TRIPS-plus Provisions 775.5.9 Exemption for LDCs 775.5.10 Pre- and Post-Patent Grant Opposition 775.5.11 Use of Competition Law to Address the Misuse of Patents 785.5.12 Disclosure Requirement, Particularly for Biologics 785.5.13 Flexibilities in Enforcement of IP 785.6 The Paragraph 6 Problem and its Solution 785.7 Impact of "TRIPS-plus" and "TRIPS Extra" Provisions 795.7.1 Extension of Patent Protection Beyond the TRIPS Minimum 795.7.2 Restrictions on the Use of Compulsory Licences 805.7.3 Data Exclusivity 805.7.4 Marketing Approval and Patent Term Linkage 805.8 Conclusions 80References 81Chapter 6 The World Health Organization Reforms in the Time of COVID-19 836.1 Introduction 836.2 Background 846.3 COVID-19 and the WHO Reform 856.3.1 Problem 1: The Public-Private Sector Dilemma 866.3.2 Problem 2: The Dilemma Between Voluntary Recommendations and Binding Instruments in the Health Field 886.3.4 Problem 3: The Dilemma Between Regulations and Humanitarian Aid 906.4 The International Health Regulations (IHR) 916.4.1 Taking a Straightforward Approach: Modifying the IHR 916.5 Non-Paper Proposals of Action 926.6 The Special Meeting of the Executive Board on 5–6 October 2020 926.7 Concluding Remarks 93References…………………………………………………………………………………………….#Epilogue 97

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Book SynopsisShape Memory Composites Based on Polymers and Metals for 4D Printing is a thorough discussion of the physics and chemistry behind this developing area of materials science. It provides readers with a clear exposition of shape-memory-composite (SMC) preparation techniques for 3D and 4D printing processes and explains how intelligent manufacturing technology may be applied in fields such as robotics, construction, medical science, and smart sensors. The book covers fundamental background knowledge on the synthesis of shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory alloys (SMAs), and additive manufacturing techniques. Polymers and metals and their roles in 4D printing are dealt with separately, and applications of 4D printing are treated in their own chapter. The different alloy compositions and nanoparticle fillers in polymer composites are examined in detail, along with the key mechanisms involved in their processing. Hybrid nanofillers and synergistic composite mixtures, which are either in extensive current use or have shown promising outcomes in the field of 4D printing, are thoroughly discussed. Differences between these novel SMCs and traditional metal alloys, organic and inorganic composites are presented, and means by which they can improve mechanical properties that are triggered by external sources like magnetic field, temperature, and pH of solvent, are set out. This book provides practitioners, industrial researchers, and scholars with a state-of-the-art overview of SMP/SMA synthesis, additive manufacturing, modification in synthesis of SMCs for 4D printing, and their likely future applications.Table of ContentsAdvances in 4D Printing of Shape Memory Materials: Current Status and Developments.- Characterization Techniques for Shape Memory Alloys and Polymers.- Synthesis Techniques of Shape Memory Alloys.- Synthesis Techniques of Shape Memory Alloys Iron Based Shape Memory Alloy.- Nitinol Based Shape Memory Alloy.- Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Nanoscale Insight into the Phase Transformation and Deformation Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys.- Influences of Powder Size (SMAs) Distribution Fe-Mn/ Alloy 625 Systematic Studies of 4D Printing Conceivable Applications.- 4D Printing of Nitinol Based Shape Memory Alloy: Process Parameters Optimization, Microstructure, Phase Transformation and Thermomechanical Properties.- Status of Cu-Based Shape Memory Alloys: Trends in 4D Printing.- Synthesis Techniques of Shape Memory Polymer Composites.- Wet Synthesis Methods of Shape Memory Polymer Composites.- Recent Progress in Synthesis Methods of Shape Memory Polymers Composites.- Effect of Nano and Hybrid Fillers on Shape Memory Polymers Properties.- Meso, Micro and Nano Particulate Filled Shape Memory Polymers.- Fiber and Fabric Reinforced Shape Memory Polymers.- Organic Shape Memory Foams.- Combination of Shape Memory Polymers and Metal Alloys.- 4D Printing of Nanostructure Modified Shape Memory Polymer Composites.- Devices and Sensors Based on Additively Manufactured Shape Memory of Hybrid Nanocomposites.- Applications of 4D Printing.- Modern Approach Towards Additive Manufacturing and 4D Printing: Emerging Industries, Challenges and Future Scope.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first of three Books that together provide an integrated picture of the Aegean Sea, presenting the natural components of the system (Book I and Book II) as well as the human presence in the extended area (Book III).

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Book SynopsisIonic Liquid in Green Chemistry.- Green Synthesis Method.- Innovative Applications.- Emerging Trends and Opportunities.- Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1 Sustainable Practices in the Textile Industry.- Chapter 2 Eco-efficient Textile Finishing Treatments.- Chapter 3 Heat Transport in Textiles.- Chapter 4 Emerging Trends and Future Directions.

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