Chemistry Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nanocellulose
Book SynopsisNANOCELLULOSE This book provides the latest up-to-date information on the exciting applications of nanocellulose in human diseases by giving in-depth explanations of their synthesis, characterization, and real-world applications in the biomedical sectors. Nanocellulose is a promising nanomaterial with unique qualities including low cost, durability, non-toxicity, accessibility, etc. Cellulose can be classified into two types: nanocrystals and nanofibrils, depending on the way it is extracted from trees, plants, or other cellulose-containing species. Textiles, cosmetics, and food products are just a few of the commercial uses for nanocellulose. However, it also has strong potential for use in medicine. The book presents the most recent scientific research on nanocellulose as a biopolymer and its potential uses in medicine. The reader will discover: explains the synthesis of bacterial nanocellulose from different bacterial species and their characteristics;details processes and applica
£153.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Production of Biobutanol from Biomass
Book SynopsisPRODUCTION of BIOBUTANOL from BIOMASS The book covers all current technologies of lignocellulosic biobutanol production as well as the environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment. N-butanol is a bulk chemical that is used as an industrial solvent and as a component in paint, coatings, and adhesives, among other things. When compared to other biofuels, biobutanol has the advantages of being immiscible in water, having a higher energy content, and having a lower vapor pressure. There are various benefits to producing biobutanol from lignocellulosic biomass. However, there are challenges in producing butanol from lignocellulosic biomass, such as biomass's complex structure, low butanol yield, and high cost of production, etc. The 13 chapters comprising this book discuss the current technology and prospects of biobutanol production. The first four chapters provide an overview of the current technological status, while the next six chapters discuss different strategies for enhanced biTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Biobutanol: An Overview 1 Bidisha Saha, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 General Aspects of Butanol Fermentation 3 1.2.1 Microbes That Produce Butanol, Both in Their Wild Type and After Genetic Modification 3 1.3 Clostridium Species That Produce ABE and Their Respective Metabolic Characteristics 4 1.4 Traits of the Molecularly Developed Strain and the ABE-Producing Clostridia 8 1.5 Substrate for ABE Fermentation in Research 9 1.6 Problem and Limitation of ABE Fermentation 9 1.7 The Development of Butanol from Designed and Modifying Biomass 10 1.8 Butanol Production Enhancement Using Advanced Technology 12 1.8.1 Batch Fermentation 12 1.8.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation 16 1.8.3 Continuous Fermentation 17 1.8.4 ABE Fermentation with Butanol Elimination 27 1.9 Utilizing Pre-Treatment and Saccharification to Produce Butanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 29 1.10 Eliminating CCR to Produce Butanol 29 1.11 Butanol Production from Alternative Substrate to Sugar 30 1.12 Economics of Biobutanol 31 1.13 Future Prospects 33 1.14 Conclusion 36 References 37 2 Recent Trends in the Pre-Treatment Process of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Enhanced Biofuel Production 47 Nikita Bhati, Shreya and Arun Kumar Sharma 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 49 2.3 Insight on the Pre-Treatment of LCB 51 2.4 Physical Pre-Treatment Method 54 2.4.1 Extrusion Method 54 2.4.2 Milling Method 55 2.4.3 Ultrasound Method 55 2.4.4 Microwave Method 56 2.5 Chemical Pre-Treatment Methods 56 2.5.1 Alkali Method 56 2.5.2 Acid Method 57 2.5.3 Organosolv Method 58 2.5.4 Ionic Liquids 58 2.5.5 Supercritical Fluids 60 2.5.6 Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation 61 2.5.7 Low Temperature Steep Delignification 62 2.5.8 Ammonia Fiber Explosion 62 2.5.9 Deep Eutectic Solvents 63 2.6 Biological Pre-Treatment Methods 64 2.6.1 Combined Biological Pre-Treatment 66 2.7 Future Prospects 66 2.8 Conclusion 67 References 67 3 Current Status of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass 77 Ram Bhajan Sahu, Janki Pahlwani and Priyanka Singh 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Overview on Biofuels and Its Classification 79 3.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels 79 3.2.1.1 Advantage of First-Generation Biofuel 81 3.2.1.2 Limitation of First-Generation Biofuel 81 3.2.2 Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Biofuel 82 3.2.2.1 Different Types of Feedstocks for Second-Generation Biofuels 82 3.2.2.2 Advantages 84 3.2.2.3 Disadvantages 84 3.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 85 3.2.3.1 Advantages 85 3.2.3.2 Disadvantages 86 3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels 87 3.3 Pre-Treatment Methodologies for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 87 3.3.1 Overview 87 3.3.2 Structural Analysis for Cellulosic Hydrolysis 90 3.3.3 Chemical Process for Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulose 91 3.3.3.1 Dilute Acid Pre-Treatment Process 91 3.3.4 Ionic Liquid as Pre-Treatment Agent 93 3.3.5 Pre-Treatment Process with Alkali Agents 94 3.3.6 Pre-Treatment with Ultrasonic Wave 96 3.4 Conclusion 97 References 98 4 Present Status and Future Prospect of Butanol Fermentation 105 Rashmi Mishra, Aakansha Raj and Satyajit Saurabh 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Biobutanol Production 107 4.2.1 Microbes and Biobutanol Production 110 4.2.2 Substrate for Biobutanol Production 111 4.2.3 ABE Fermentation Process 112 4.2.4 Recovery of Biobutanol from Fermentation Broth 112 4.3 Perspectives 115 4.3.1 Substrate 116 4.3.2 Alleviate Carbon Catabolite Repression 117 4.3.3 Fermentation Improvement 118 4.3.4 Strain Development 119 4.3.5 Butanol Recovery 122 4.4 Conclusion 123 References 124 5 Strategies of Strain Improvement for Butanol Fermentation 133 Shreya, Nikita Bhati and Arun Kumar Sharma 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Background 136 5.3 Microorganism 136 5.4 ABE Fermentation 137 5.4.1 The Obstacle in ABE Fermentation from Clostridium sp. 138 5.5 Selection of Biomass for the Production of Butanol 138 5.6 Processes Improvement 140 5.7 Strain Improvement 141 5.7.1 Mutagenesis 142 5.7.1.1 Spontaneous Mutations 142 5.7.1.2 Induced Mutation 143 5.7.2 Strain Improvement Through Genetic Engineering 144 5.7.2.1 Recombinant DNA Technology 148 5.7.3 Genetic Engineering in Clostridial sp. for Improved Butanol Tolerance and Its Production 152 5.8 Production of Butanol From Bioethanol Through Chemical Processes 153 5.9 Advances in Genetically Engineered Microbes can Produce Biobutanol 154 5.10 Economics of Biobutanol Fermentation 155 5.11 Applications of Butanol 156 5.12 Butanol Advantages 157 5.13 Conclusion 157 References 157 6 Process Integration and Intensification of Biobutanol Production 167 Moumita Bishai 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Biobutanol 169 6.3 Biobutanol Production and Recovery 170 6.4 Process Intensification 172 6.4.1 PI Using Bioreactors 172 6.4.2 PI Using Membranes 173 6.4.3 PI Using Distillation 175 6.4.4 PI Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction 176 6.4.5 PI Using Adsorption 177 6.5 Process Integration 178 6.6 Conclusion 184 References 185 7 Bioprocess Development and Bioreactor Designs for Biobutanol Production 191 Vitor Paschoal Guanaes de Campos, Johnatt Oliveira, Eduardo Dellossso Penteado, Anthony Andrey Ramalho Diniz, Andrea Komesu and Yasmin Coelho Pio 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Steps in Biobutanol Production 193 7.3 Feedstock Selection 194 7.4 Microbial Strain Selection 196 7.5 Solvent Toxicity 196 7.6 Fermentation Technologies 197 7.7 Butanol Separation Techniques 200 7.8 Current Status and Economics 203 7.9 Concluding Remarks 204 References 204 8 Advances in Microbial Metabolic Engineering for Increased Biobutanol Production 209 Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 8.1 Introduction 210 8.2 Metabolic Engineering 212 8.2.1 n-Butanol 212 8.2.2 Isobutanol 214 8.3 Microorganisms for Butanol Production 215 8.3.1 The Clostridium Species 218 8.3.2 Escherichia coli Species 219 8.3.3 Other Bacteria 219 8.3.4 Biochemistry and Physiology 220 8.4 Metabolic Engineering of Clostridia 221 8.4.1 Genetic Tools for Clostridial Metabolic Engineering 222 8.4.2 Optimum Selectivity Techniques for Butanol Production 222 8.5 Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli 224 8.6 Microbial Strain 226 8.7 Butanol Tolerance Improvement Through Genetic Engineering 227 8.8 Economic Viability 228 8.9 Problems and Limitations of ABE Fermentation 228 8.10 Future Outlook 229 8.11 Conclusion 230 Acknowledgment 231 References 231 9 Advanced CRISPR/Cas-Based Genome Editing Tools for Biobutanol Production 239 Narendra Kumar Sharma, Mansi Srivastava and Yogesh Srivastava 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 Microorganisms as the Primary Producer of Biobutanol 241 9.3 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Producing Clostridia and Its Limitations 243 9.4 CRISPR–Cas System for Genome Editing 244 9.4.1 CRISPR–Cas Mediated Strategies for Genome Editing for Biobutanol Production in Microorganisms 245 9.4.1.1 Inhibition of Contentious Pathways 245 9.4.1.2 Redirection of the Flux of Metabolic Pathways for Better Solvent Production 247 9.4.1.3 Enhancement of Substrate Uptake 248 9.4.2 Improvement of the Biofuel Production 248 9.4.2.1 Off Targets in CRISPR–Cas System 248 9.4.2.2 Using sgRNA Design to Reduce Off Target Effects 249 9.4.2.3 Cas9 Modifications to Reduce Off-Target Effects 249 9.4.3 Efficient and Modified Biomass “Designed” for Biobutanol Production 250 9.5 Conclusion 251 References 252 10 Role of Nanotechnology in Biomass-Based Biobutanol Production 255 Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Nanoparticles for Producing of Biofuel 257 10.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 257 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 258 10.2.3 Graphene and Graphene-Derived Nanomaterial for Biofuel 260 10.2.4 Other Nanoparticles Applied in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biofuel Production 262 10.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Nanoparticles in Biofuel’s Manufacturing 263 10.3.1 Synthesis Temperature 263 10.3.2 Synthesis Pressure 263 10.3.3 Synthesis pH 263 10.3.4 Size of Nanoparticles 264 10.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Synthesis of Biofuels 264 10.5 Utilization of Nanomaterials in Biofuel Production 264 10.5.1 Production of Biodiesel Using Nanocatalysts 264 10.5.2 Application of Nanomaterials for the Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 268 10.5.3 Application of Nanomaterials in Synthesis of Cellulase and Stability 268 10.5.4 Application of Nanomaterials in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 269 10.5.5 Use of Nanotechnology in Bioethanol Production 269 10.5.6 Upgradation of Biofuel by Using Nanotechnology 272 10.5.7 Nanoparticle Use in Biorefineries 273 10.6 Nanotechnology in Bioethanol/Biobutanol Production 274 10.7 Future Perspective 277 10.8 Conclusion 278 Acknowledgment 279 References 279 11 Commercial Status and Future Scope of Biobutanol Production from Biomass 283 Arunima Biswas 11.1 Introduction 284 11.2 Biobutanol—Its Brief Background Story 286 11.3 Commercial Aspect of Biobutanol Production from Biomass: Strength Analysis 287 11.4 Commercial Aspect of Biobutanol Production from Biomass: Weakness Analysis 290 11.5 Commercial Aspect of Biobutanol Production from Biomass: Opportunities and Challenges 293 11.6 Discussion: Evaluating the Future Prospects of Biobutanol 296 Acknowledgment 298 References 298 12 Current Status and Challenges of Biobutanol Production from Biomass 301 Ram Bhajan Sahu and Priyanka Singh 12.1 Introduction 301 12.2 Overview of Biofuel 303 12.2.1 History for Biofuel 304 12.3 Classification of Bioethanol 306 12.3.1 First-Generation of Ethanol 306 12.3.2 Second-Generation Bioethanol 308 12.3.3 Third-Generation Bioethanol 309 12.3.4 Fourth-Generation Bioethanol 309 12.4 Production of Biobutanol 309 12.4.1 Pre-Treatment Stages 310 12.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Stage 312 12.4.3 Fermentation Stage 312 12.4.4 Separation Stage 312 12.4.5 Production of Butanol from Genetically Improved Strains 313 12.5 Conclusion 317 References 318 13 Biobutanol: A Promising Liquid Biofuel 323 Aakansha Raj, Tasnim Arfi and Satyajit Saurabh 13.1 Introduction 323 13.1.1 First-Generation Biofuels 324 13.1.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 326 13.1.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 326 13.1.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels 326 13.2 Biobutanol 327 13.3 Biorefinery and Biobutanol Production 329 13.3.1 Substrates and Their Pre-Treatment for Biobutanol Production 329 13.3.1.1 Substrate 329 13.3.1.2 Pre-Treatment of Substrates 333 13.3.2 Microorganisms 342 13.3.3 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation 343 13.4 Commercial Importance of Biobutanol 343 13.5 Conclusion 346 Abbreviations 346 References 347 Index 355
£153.00
John Wiley & Sons Lubricants from Renewable Feedstocks
Book SynopsisWritten and edited by a team of industry experts, this exciting new volume covers the field of renewable lubricants, their processing, optimization, end-use application, and their future potential. Biolubricants are a viable alternative to synthetic lubricants because they are produced from organic materials such as plant oils, waste oils and by-products. Renewable biolubricants are the subject of research because of their biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and favorable socioeconomic consequences to counteract imitations of synthetic lubricants. Biolubricants have thus emerged as an ideal substitute for mineral oil-based lubricants, as significant economic and environmental acceptability has been received over the last few decades and it has been estimated that there would be a further steady growth in its demand over the next few decades. Furthermore, biolubricants' high-quality lubricating properties, high load carrying ability, long service life, and fast biodegradability have exp
£180.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Hydrogen Energetics
Book SynopsisUnderstand the future of clean energy with this timely introduction Hydrogen is a clean fuel that can be used to power fuel cells whose only biproduct is water. It is a flexible energy carrier that can be produced from a range of natural processes and domestic energy resources, and it has potentially widespread applications. In an era defined by global climate change and the search for sustainable energy, hydrogen energetics is a field with transformative potential. Hydrogen Energetics provides a cutting-edge overview of current research and applications in this vital field. It offers an overview of hydrogen energy usage, including both positives and negatives, with a particular emphasis on the economic and infrastructural dimensions. Its up-to-date view of the state of the field and balance of theoretical and practical knowledge make it an essential resource. Hydrogen Energetics readers will also find: A one-stop resource for understanding the
£103.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nanotechnology Assisted Recycling of Textile
Book Synopsis
£153.00
Wiley Nanocarrier Vaccines
Book SynopsisNANOCARRIER VACCINES This book details the benefits, restrictions, and types of nanoparticles used in the creation of vaccines for the treatment and prevention of illnesses. In nanomedicine and nano-delivery systems, materials in the nanoscale range are used as diagnostic instruments or to administer therapeutic compounds to particular targeted regions in a controlled manner. By delivering precise medications to specified locations and targets, nanotechnology provides several advantages in treating chronic human illnesses. The use of nanomedicine (including chemotherapeutic medicines, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents, etc.) in the treatment of various diseases has recently seen many notable applications. This book aims to be a single source material for understanding all the current and novel advancements in the field of nanotechnology. In this groundbreaking book the reader will find: biodegradable and non-biodegradable formulations and prop
£153.00
Wiley-Blackwell Water Scarcity Management
Book Synopsis
£121.50
Wiley-Blackwell Electronic Structure and Properties of Transition
Book Synopsis
£153.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Airborne Biocontaminants and their Impact on Human Health
Book SynopsisExplore in-depth the relationships between biological contaminants and human health found in diverse settings such as homes, hospitals, businesses, and schools Indoor air quality has an immense impact on human health and well-being. Indoor air environments can contain a huge range of biological contaminants, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, and their various harmful byproducts. Indoor biocontamination has been under-studied as an aspect of public and occupational health, and there is an urgent need for an introduction to this vital subject. Airborne Biocontaminants and Their Impact on Human Health meets this need with a thorough, rigorous overview of major indoor airborne contaminants. Gathering and summarizing a huge range of data regarding biocontaminants in settings from homes to schools to workplaces, it investigates patterns of morbidity and their connections to major contaminants. The result is an essential tool in the broader fight for human h
£139.50
Wiley-Blackwell Understanding Organic Chemistry
£90.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Converting Power into Chemicals and Fuels
Book SynopsisCONVERTING POWER INTO CHEMICALS AND FUELS Understand the pivotal role that the petrochemical industry will play in the energy transition by integrating renewable or low-carbon alternatives Power into Chemicals and Fuels stresses the versatility of hydrogen as an enabler of the renewable energy system, an energy vector that can be transported and stored, and a fuel for the transportation sector, heating of buildings and providing heat and feedstock to industry. It can reduce both carbon and local emissions, increase energy security and strengthen the economy, as well as support the deployment of renewable power generation such as wind, solar, nuclear and hydro. With a focus on power-to-X technologies, this book discusses the production of basic petrochemicals in such a way as to minimize the carbon footprint and develop procedures that save energy or use energy from renewable sources. Various different power-to-X system configurations are introduced withTable of ContentsAbout the Book xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii General Literature xxv Nomenclature xxxi Abbreviations and Acronyms xxxiii 1 Power-to-Chemical Technology 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Power-to-Chemical Engineering 4 1.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Thermodynamics 4 1.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Aromatization Thermodynamics 12 1.2.3 Reaction Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide Methanation 14 1.2.4 Water Electrolysis Thermodynamics 18 1.2.5 Methane Pyrolysis Reaction Thermodynamic Consideration 20 1.2.5.1 The Carbon-Hydrogen System 20 1.2.6 Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 27 1.2.7 Thermal Mechanism of Methane Pyrolysis into a Sustainable Hydrogen 28 1.2.8 Catalytic Mechanism Splitting of Methane into a Sustainable Hydrogen 30 1.2.9 Conversion of Methane over Metal Catalysts into a Sustainable Hydrogen 35 1.2.9.1 Nickel Catalysts 35 1.2.9.2 Iron Catalysts 37 1.2.9.3 Regeneration of Metal Catalysts 39 1.2.10 Conversion of Methane over Carbon Catalysts into Clean Hydrogen 40 1.2.10.1 Activity of Carbon Catalysts 40 1.2.10.2 Stability and Deactivation of Carbon Catalysts 42 1.2.10.3 Regeneration of Carbon Catalysts 43 1.2.10.4 Co-Feeding to Extend the Lifetime of Carbon Catalysts 44 1.2.11 Reactors 44 1.2.11.1 Conversion, Selectivity and Yields 44 1.2.11.2 Modelling Approach of the Structured Catalytic Reactors 45 1.2.11.3 Reactor Concept for Catalytic Carbon Dioxide Methanation 46 1.2.11.4 Monolithic Reactors 48 1.2.11.5 Mass Transfer in the Honeycomb and Slurry Bubble Column Reactor 49 1.2.11.6 Heat Transfer in Honeycomb and Slurry Bubble Column Reactors 50 1.2.11.7 Process Design 51 1.2.11.8 Comparison and Outlook 52 1.3 Potential Steps Towards Sustainable Hydrocarbon Technology: Vision and Trends 53 1.3.1 Technology Readiness Levels 54 1.3.2 A Vision for the Oil Refinery of 2030 59 1.3.3 The Transition from Fuels to Chemicals 60 1.3.3.1 Crude Oil to Chemicals Investments 66 1.3.3.2 Available Crude-to-Chemicals Routes 67 1.3.4 Business Trends: Petrochemicals 2025 67 1.3.4.1 Asia-Pacific 69 1.3.4.2 Middle East 70 1.3.4.3 United States 70 1.4 Digital Transformation 71 1.4.1 Benefits of Digital Transformation 71 1.4.2 A New Workforce and Workplace 72 1.4.3 Technology Investment 73 1.4.4 The Greening of the Downstream Industry 74 1.4.4.1 Sustainable Alkylation Technology 75 1.4.4.2 Ecofriendly Catalyst 75 1.5 RAM Modelling 76 1.5.1 RAM1 Site Model 77 1.5.2 RAM2 Plant Models 77 1.5.3 RAM3 Models 78 1.5.4 RAM Modelling Benefit 78 1.6 Conclusions 78 Further Reading 80 2 The Green Shift in Power-to-Chemical Technology and Power-to-Chemical Engineering: A Framework for a Sustainable Future 85 2.1 Introduction 86 2.2 Eco-Friendly Catalyst 87 2.2.1 Development of Catalysts Supported on Carbons for Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation 88 2.2.2 Properties of Carbon Supports 89 2.3 Hydrogen 91 2.3.1 Different Colours and Costs of Hydrogen 92 2.3.1.1 Blue Hydrogen 92 2.3.1.2 Green Hydrogen 92 2.3.1.3 Grey Hydrogen 93 2.3.1.4 Pink Hydrogen 93 2.3.1.5 Yellow Hydrogen 93 2.3.1.6 Multi-Coloured Hydrogen 93 2.3.1.7 Hydrogen Cost 93 2.4 Alternative Feedstocks 95 2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide-Derived Chemicals 95 2.5 Alternative Power-to-X-Technology 97 2.5.1 Power-to-X-Technology to Produce Electrochemicals and Electrofuels 97 2.6 Partial Oxidation of Methane 99 2.7 Biorefining 99 2.8 Sustainable Production to Advance the Circular Economy 100 2.8.1 Introduction 100 2.8.2 Circular Economy 101 2.8.2.1 Sustainability 101 2.8.2.2 Scope 101 2.8.2.3 Background of the Circular Economy 102 2.8.2.3.1 Emergence of the Idea 102 2.8.2.3.2 Moving Away from the Linear Model 103 2.8.2.3.3 Towards the Circular Economy 103 2.8.3 Circular Business Models 103 2.8.4 Industries Adopting a Circular Economy 104 2.8.4.1 Minimizing Dependence on Fossil Fuels 104 2.8.4.2 Minimizing the Impact of Chemical Synthesis and Manufacturing 105 2.8.4.3 Future Research Needs in Developing a Circular Economy 106 2.9 New Chemical Technologies 106 2.9.1 Renewable Power 107 Further Reading 108 3 Storage Renewable Power-to-Chemicals 113 3.1 Introduction 113 3.2 Terminology 118 3.3 Energy Storage Systems 119 3.4 World Primary Energy Consumption 126 3.4.1 2019 Briefly 126 3.4.2 Energy in 2020 128 3.4.2.1 Not Just Green but Greening 128 3.4.2.2 For Energy, 2020 Was a Year Like No Other 129 3.4.2.3 Glasgow Climate Pact 129 3.4.2.4 Energy in 2020: What Happened and How Surprising Was It 131 3.4.2.5 How Should We Think About These Reductions 131 3.4.2.6 What Can We Learn from the COVID-induced Stress Test 133 3.4.2.7 Progress Since Paris – How Is the World Doing 134 3.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 135 3.5.1 Carbon Footprint 136 3.5.1.1 Climate-driven Warming 137 3.5.2 Carbon Emissions in 2020 138 3.6 Clean Fuels ‒ the Advancement to Zero Sulfur 139 3.7 Renewables in 2019 140 3.8 Hydroelectricity and Nuclear Energy 141 3.9 Conclusion 141 Further Reading 142 4 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technologies 145 4.1 Industrial Sources of Carbon Dioxide 145 4.2 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technologies 147 4.3 Carbon Dioxide Capture 147 4.4 Developing and Deploying CCUS Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry 155 4.5 Sustainable Steel/Chemicals Production: Capturing the Carbon in the Material Value Chain 158 4.5.1 Valorisation of Steel Mill Gases 158 4.5.2 Summary and Outlook 161 Further Reading 162 5 Integrated Refinery Petrochemical Complexes Including Power-to-X Technologies 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Synergies Between Refining and Petrochemical Assets 167 5.2.1 Reaching Maximum Added Value – Integrated Refining Schemes 168 5.2.1.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Alternates 168 5.2.1.2 Hydrocracking Alternates 170 5.2.2 Comparisons and Sensitivities to Product/Utility Pricing 172 5.2.3 Options for Further Increasing the Petrochemical Value Chain 174 5.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 175 5.3.1 Effect of a Carbon Dioxide Tax 176 5.3.2 Crude Oil Effects 179 5.4 Summary 180 5.5 Power- to-X Technology 181 5.6 The Role of Nuclear Power 185 5.6.1 Small Nuclear Power Reactors 187 5.6.2 Conclusion 187 Further Reading 188 6 Power-to-Hydrogen Technology 191 6.1 Introduction 192 6.2 Traditional and Developing Technologies for Hydrogen Production 193 6.3 Dry Reforming of Methane 195 6.4 Tri-reforming of Methane 197 6.5 Greenfield Technology Option → Low Carbon Emission Routes 198 6.5.1 Water Electrolysis 201 6.5.1.1 Alkaline Electrolysis 202 6.5.1.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis 203 6.5.1.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis 204 6.5.2 Methane Pyrolysis 207 6.5.2.1 Process Concepts for Industrial Application 208 6.5.2.2 Perspectives of the Carbon Coproduct 211 6.5.3 Thermochemical Processes 213 6.5.4 Photocatalytic Processes 213 6.5.5 Biomass Electro-Reforming 214 6.5.6 Microorganisms 215 6.5.7 Hydrogen from Other Industrial Processes 215 6.5.8 Hydrogen Production Cost 215 6.5.9 Electrolysers 215 6.5.10 Carbon Footprint 216 6.6 Advances in Chemical Carriers for Hydrogen 216 6.6.1 Demand Drivers 217 6.6.2 Options for Hydrogen Deployment 218 6.6.3 Advances in Hydrogen Storage/Transport Technology 218 6.6.4 Global Supply Chain 220 6.6.5 Power-to-Gas Demo 220 6.6.5.1 Hydrogen Fuelling Stations 221 6.6.5.2 Pathway to Commercialization 221 6.6.5.3 Transportation Studies in North America 221 6.6.6 Future Applications 222 6.7 Ammonia Fuel Cells 223 6.7.1 Proton-Conducting Fuel Cells 223 6.7.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 224 6.7.3 Proton-conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 224 6.7.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells 225 6.7.5 Direct Ammonia Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 226 6.7.6 Equilibrium Potential and Efficiency of the Ammonia-Fed SOFC 227 6.8 Conclusions 228 Further Reading 228 7 Power-to-Fuels 233 7.1 Introduction 234 7.2 Selection of Fuel Candidates 240 7.2.1 Fuel Production Processes 241 7.3 Power-to-Methane Technology 242 7.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Reduction 242 7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation 244 7.4 Power-to-Methanol 248 7.5 Power-to-Dimethyl Ether 249 7.6 Chemical Conversion Efficiency 250 7.6.1 Exergy 250 7.6.2 Exergy Efficiency 251 7.6.3 Economic and Environmental Evaluation 251 7.6.4 Fuel Assessment 252 7.6.5 Performance of Fuel Production Processes 253 7.6.6 Process Chain Evaluation 254 7.6.7 Fuel Cost 255 7.7 Well-to-Wheel Greenhouse Gas Emissions 257 7.7.1 Environmental Impact 258 7.7.2 Infrastructure 258 7.7.3 Efficiency 259 7.7.4 Energy/Power Density 259 7.7.5 Pollutant Emissions 260 7.8 Gasoline Electrofuels 260 7.9 Diesel Electrofuels 261 7.10 Electrofuels and/or Electrochemicals 263 7.10.1 Physico-Chemical Properties 264 7.10.1.1 Density 264 7.10.1.2 Tribological Properties 264 7.10.1.3 Combustion Characteristics 265 7.10.1.4 Combustion and Emissions 267 7.10.2 Diesel Engine Efficiency 269 7.10.3 Potential of Diesel Electrofuels 269 7.11 Maturity, TRL, Production and Electrolysis Costs 271 7.11.1 Summary 273 7.12 Power-to-Liquid Technology 274 7.12.1 Power-to-Jet Fuel 275 7.12.2 Power-to-Diesel 276 7.13 Conclusion and Outlook 276 Further Reading 278 8 Power-to-Light Alkenes 283 8.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation 283 8.1.1 Carbon Dioxide as a Soft Oxidant for Catalytic Dehydrogenation 283 8.1.2 Carbon Dioxide: Oxidative Coupling of Methane 285 8.1.3 From Carbon Dioxide to Lower Olefins 289 8.1.4 Low-Carbon Production of Ethylene and Propylene 291 8.1.4.1 Energy Demand per Unit of Ethylene/Propylene Production via Methanol 292 8.1.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Reduction per Unit of Ethylene/Propylene Production 292 8.1.4.3 Economics of Low-Carbon Ethylene and Propylene Production 293 8.2 Life Cycle Assessment 293 8.2.1 Small-Scale Production of Ethylene 293 8.3 Polymerization Reaction 294 8.3.1 Carbon Dioxide-Based Polymers 294 8.3.1.1 Perspective and Practical Applications 298 Further Reading 299 9 Power-to-BTX Aromatics 301 9.1 Low-Carbon Production of Aromatics 301 9.1.1 Methanol to Aromatics Process 303 9.1.1.1 ZSM-5 Catalyst 304 9.1.1.2 Process Variables 305 9.1.1.3 Kinetic Modelling 306 9.1.1.4 Aromatics via Hydrogen-Based Methanol (TRL7) 307 9.1.1.5 Energy Demand per Unit of Low-Carbon BTX Production 308 9.1.1.6 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 308 9.1.1.7 Economics of Low-Carbon BTX Production 308 9.2 Production of p-Xylene from 2,5-Dimethylfuran and Ethylene 308 9.3 Carbon Dioxide Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene 309 Further Reading 310 10 Power-to-C 1 Chemicals 313 10.1 Introduction 314 10.2 Carbon Dioxide Utilization into Chemical Technology 317 10.3 Mechanism of Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 318 10.4 Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide 319 10.4.1 Heterogeneous Hydrogenation 319 10.4.2 Homogeneous Hydrogenation 323 10.5 Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Valuable Chemicals 324 10.5.1 Technologies Available for Carbon Dioxide Reduction 325 10.6 Electrochemical Technologies 326 10.6.1 Roles of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Promotion 328 10.6.2 Ionic Liquids as Absorbent for Carbon Dioxide Capture 328 10.6.3 Classification of the Electrode Material 328 10.6.4 High Hydrogen Evolution Overvoltage Metal 329 10.6.5 Low Hydrogen Evolution Overvoltage Metals 329 10.6.6 Copper Electrodes 329 10.6.7 Other Electrodes for Carbon Dioxide Reduction 330 10.7 Power-to-Methanol Technology 331 10.7.1 Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Reduction 332 10.7.2 Direct Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation into Methanol 334 10.7.3 Low-Carbon Methanol Production 336 10.7.4 Energy Demand 337 10.8 Power-to-Formic Acid Technology 337 10.8.1 Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Reduction 338 10.8.2 Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation 339 10.9 Power-to-Formaldehyde Technology 341 10.9.1 Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Reduction 342 10.9.2 Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation 342 10.10 Selective Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Light Olefins 343 10.10.1 Introduction 343 10.10.2 Carbon Dioxide via FTS to Lower Olefins 345 10.10.3 Methane via FTS to Lower Olefins 347 10.10.4 Carbon Dioxide via FTS to Liquid iso-C 5 -C 13 -Alkanes 349 10.10.4.1 Power-to-Liquids 352 10.10.4.2 Energy Demand per Unit of Synthetic Fuel Production 352 10.10.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction per Unit of Synthetic Fuel Production 353 10.10.4.4 Economics 353 10.10.4.5 Comparison of the Hydrogen-Based Low-Carbon Synthesis Routes 353 10.11 Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Oxalic Acid 354 10.11.1 Process Design and Modelling 355 10.11.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Propylene Carbonate 356 Further Reading 356 11 Power-to-Green Chemicals 363 11.1 Introduction 364 11.2 Biomethanol Production 365 11.2.1 Biomethanol Production Process 365 11.2.2 Energy and Feedstock Demand per Unit of Biomethanol Production 366 11.2.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction per Unit of Biomethanol Production 367 11.2.4 Economics of Biomethanol Production 367 11.3 Bioethanol Production 367 11.3.1 Bioethanol Production Process 368 11.3.2 Energy and Feedstock Demand per Unit of Bioethanol Production 369 11.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction per Unit of Bioethanol Production 370 11.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Reduction for (Partially) Replacing Gasoline with Bioethanol 370 11.3.5 Economics of Bioethanol Production 370 11.4 Bioethylene Production 371 11.4.1 Bioethylene Production Process 371 11.4.2 Energy and Feedstock Demand per Unit of Bioethylene Production 371 11.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction per Unit of Bioethylene Production 371 11.4.4 Economics of Bioethylene Production 372 11.5 Biopropylene Production 372 11.5.1 Biopropylene Production Processes 372 11.5.2 Energy and Feedstock Demand per Unit of Biopropylene Production 372 11.5.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction per Unit of Biopropylene Production 373 11.6 BTX Production from Biomass 373 11.6.1 BTX Production Process 373 11.6.2 Energy and Feedstock Demand per Unit of BTX Production from Biomass 374 11.6.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions per Unit of BTX Production from Biomass 374 11.7 Comparison of the Biomass-Based Synthesis Routes 374 11.8 Biofuels 376 11.8.1 Biodiesel Production 377 11.8.2 Purification of Glycerol 379 11.8.3 Conversion of Glycerol into Valuable Products 380 11.8.3.1 Solketal Synthesis Process 382 11.8.3.2 Reaction Mechanism 383 11.8.3.3 Kinetics of Reaction 384 11.8.3.4 Catalyst Design 385 11.8.3.5 Batch Process 387 11.8.3.6 Continuous Process 388 11.8.4 Current Issues and Challenges 389 11.8.5 Future Recommendation 391 11.8.6 Conclusion 391 11.9 Higher Alcohols and Ether Biofuels 392 11.9.1 Fuel Production Routes and Sustainability 393 11.9.2 Lignin 394 11.9.3 Fuel Properties 394 11.9.4 Concluding Remarks 396 11.10 Biofuels in the World: Biogasoline and Biodiesel 396 Further Reading 399 12 Industrial Small Reactors 405 12.1 Introduction 405 12.2 Thermochemical Water Splitting 406 12.3 Small Modular Reactors 407 12.4 Nuclear Process Heat for Industry 410 12.4.1 High-temperature Reactors for Process Heat 410 12.4.2 Recovery of Oil from Tar Sands 413 12.4.3 Oil Refining 414 12.4.4 Coal and Its Liquefaction 414 12.4.5 Biomass-Based Ethanol Production 415 12.4.6 District Heating 416 12.5 Microchannel Reduction Cell 416 12.6 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Graphene 417 12.7 The Ammonia Synthesis Reactor-Development of Small-scale Plants 419 Further Reading 421 13 Recycling of Waste Plastics → Plastics Circularity 423 13.1 Introduction 424 13.2 Mechanism Aspects of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis 426 13.2.1 Polyethylene and Polypropylene 428 13.2.2 Polyethylene Terephthalate 429 13.2.3 Polyvinyl Chloride 430 13.2.4 Polystyrene 431 13.2.5 Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) 432 13.3 Kinetics 433 13.4 Catalysts 434 13.4.1 Zeolites 434 13.4.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts 434 13.5 Parameters Affecting Pyrolysis 436 13.5.1 Type of Plastic Feed 436 13.5.2 Temperature and Residence Time 437 13.5.3 Pressure 438 13.6 Type of Reactors 438 13.6.1 Rotary Kiln Reactor 438 13.6.2 Screw Feed (Auger) Reactor 439 13.6.3 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Reactor 440 13.6.4 Stirred-Tank Reactor 440 13.6.5 Plasma Pyrolysis Reactor 441 13.6.6 Batch Reactor 442 13.6.7 Fixed Bed Reactor 442 13.6.8 Fluidized Bed Reactor 443 13.6.9 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor 443 13.6.10 Microwave Reactor 444 13.6.11 Pyrolysis in Supercritical Water 445 13.7 Applications of Pyrolysis Products 446 13.7.1 Pyrolysis Gases → Hydrogen and Methane 446 13.7.2 Pyrolysis Oil → Aromatics and Diesel Fuels 446 13.7.3 Pyrolysis Char → Nanotubes 449 Further Reading 450 Index 455
£144.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Industrial Scale Inhibition
Book SynopsisLearn the synthesis, characterization, scaling mechanisms, and applications of green antiscalants to be utilized in modern industrial platforms Scale formation, or mineral accumulation on the interior surfaces of water lines and containers, is a serious and expensive hazard in numerous industries. The prevention and elimination of scales has long been a major project demanding the production of antiscalant materials; increasing awareness of the toxicity of traditional antiscalants, however, and rising environmental consciousness has increased demand for green antiscalants. It's an exciting time for new chemists and chemical engineers to get involved in this growing field. Industrial Scale Inhibition provides a comprehensive introduction to existing and ongoing developments in green antiscalants. With coverage of synthesis, characterization, and many more subjects, it promises to make a serious contribution to environmentally conscious industry. The range of environmentally alternatives
£176.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc How to Make Your PhD Work
Book SynopsisHow to Make Your PhD Work A modern guide for a challenging modern PhD market The job market for PhDs in science and engineering has become immensely more challenging in the last decade. As of 2022, less than 5% of PhDs attain permanent academic positions, yet books about navigating PhD programs continue to treat permanent academic employment as the assumed norm. Today's PhDs need tools not only for completing their programs successfully, but for positioning themselves in a varied and competitive job market. How to Make Your PhD Work meets this need, with concrete, empowering advice that takes account of modern job market challenges and opportunities. It cuts through widespread misconceptions about STEM careers and funding, offers tips for navigating difficult degree programs, and supplies current or prospective PhDs with the tools to radically transform their post-degree career prospects. How to Make Your PhD Work readers will also find: Table of ContentsPreface xv Part I You Are Here 1 1 The Twenty-First Century PhD 3 1.1 A Realistic Perspective 3 1.2 The Current PhD Landscape Has Changed 3 1.2.1 Factor #1: A Steady Rise in PhDs 4 1.2.2 Variable #2: The Funding Rates 5 1.2.3 Variable #3: An Unchanged Academic Job Market 7 1.3 The PhD Job Market is Vast 8 1.4 Conclusions 9 References 9 2 The Real PhD Career Landscape 11 2.1 Your Advisor Cannot Be Your Only Guide 11 2.2 PhDs in Nonacademic Careers 11 2.3 PhDs in Specific Careers 12 2.3.1 How Many PhDs are Going In to These Jobs? 12 2.3.2 A PhD, Unemployed? 13 2.4 Self-assessment and Research 14 2.5 Real PhD Career Transition Stories 14 2.5.1 PhDs With Widely Different Experiences 14 2.5.2 Diagnosis of Their PhD 15 2.5.3 Stories Span Many Career Endpoints 15 2.6 Conclusion 16 References 16 3 The PhD Career Feedback Loop 18 3.1 Deciding Your Own Story 18 3.2 An Iterative Process 18 3.3 PhD Career Feedback Loop 18 3.4 Sense and Respond 19 3.5 Commit 100% 20 3.6 Conclusion 20 Reference 21 4 An Objective Assessment of Your PhD or Postdoc 22 4.1 Same Three Letters With Very Different Experiences 22 4.2 Taking the First Step 22 4.3 The PhD and Postdoc House 23 4.4 Advisor, Environment, and Project, in That Order 23 4.5 Afraid of What You Might Find? 25 4.6 Checking How Things Are Going 25 4.6.1 What Do With the Results From the Test 25 4.7 Factor #1: Your Advisor 26 4.7.1 The Importance of Your Advisor 27 4.7.2 Hallmarks of a Good Advisor 27 4.7.3 Hallmarks of a Bad Advisor 27 4.7.4 Advisors Who Lose Tenure 28 4.8 Factor #2: Your Environment 28 4.8.1 Impact of Your Institution and Advisor on the Environment 29 4.8.2 Primary Research Institutions or Medical Institutions 29 4.8.3 Research and Teaching Institutions 29 4.8.4 Research Group Members 29 4.8.5 Nontenured Advisors 30 4.9 Factor #3: Your Project 31 4.9.1 Determinants of a Good Project 31 4.9.2 An Inherited Project 31 4.10 PhD and Postdoctoral Self-Assessment Diagnostic Tests 31 4.10.1 Interpreting Your Scores 33 4.10.2 What Does a Good Rating of 0–1 Mean? 33 4.10.3 What Does an Intermediate Rating of 2–3 Mean? 33 4.10.4 What Does a Poor Rating of 4–5 Mean? 33 4.10.5 What About a Terrible Rating of 6? 34 4.11 Conclusion 34 Reference 35 Transition Story: Vineeta Sharma, PhD 36 Transition Story: Sreemoyee Acharya, PhD 40 Transition Story: Jesminara Khatun, PhD 44 Part II Your Academic Path 47 5 Overcoming Academic Obstacles 49 5.1 Proactive Steps 49 5.2 Personal Leadership 49 5.3 The Importance of Your Advisor 50 5.3.1 Importance of a Good Relationship 50 5.3.2 Working With Aloof Advisors 50 5.3.3 Advisors Under Pressure Can Be Difficult 50 5.3.4 Managing Up With Your Advisor 51 5.3.5 Improving the Relationship With Your Advisor 53 5.4 Navigating Challenging Environments 53 5.4.1 Overcoming Toxic Environments 55 5.4.2 A Lack of Funding 55 5.5 Overcoming Challenging or Uninteresting Projects 56 5.5.1 Stagnant or Insipid Projects 56 5.5.2 Tools to Overcoming Uninteresting Projects 57 5.6 Conclusion 58 Reference 58 6 A Purposeful Postdoc 59 6.1 The Transitional Postdoctoral Fellowship 59 6.2 Postdoc Unions and National Associations 60 6.3 Know Before You Go 60 6.4 Obtaining a Postdoc 61 6.5 Postdoc Interviews: What To Expect 61 6.5.1 Postdoc Interview Process 62 6.5.2 Postdoc Interview Questions 62 6.5.3 Postdoc Talk 63 6.5.4 Thank You Follow-Ups 63 6.6 Conclusion 63 References 64 7 Creating an Academic Plan 65 7.1 My Academic Experience 65 7.2 Energy Does Not Always Equal Results 65 7.3 Types of Institutions That Hire Academic Faculty Positions 66 7.4 Types of Academic Faculty Positions 66 7.5 Professor Promotional Ladder 67 7.5.1 Assistant Professor 67 7.5.2 Associate Professor 67 7.5.3 Full Professor 67 7.6 Tenure Track 68 7.6.1 The Tenure Process 68 7.7 Deciding on a Research Focused Position 69 7.8 Deciding on a Teaching Focused Position 70 7.9 Comparing and Contrasting 70 7.10 Becoming Competitive for R1 Positions 72 7.11 Becoming Competitive for R1 Positions 72 7.12 Combined Research and Teaching 73 7.13 The Professor Application 73 7.13.1 The Cover Letter 73 7.13.2 A Curriculum Vitae (CV) 74 7.13.3 The List of References 74 7.13.4 The Research Statement 74 7.13.5 The Teaching Statement 76 7.13.6 Diversity Statement 76 7.13.7 Teaching Portfolio 77 7.14 Interview Process 77 7.14.1 Interview Process: Early Round 78 7.14.2 On-campus Interviews 78 7.15 Conclusions 79 References 81 Transition Story: Antonio Marzio, PhD 82 Transition Story: Ada Weinstock, PhD 85 Transition Story: John Ruppert, PhD 89 Part III Your Nonacademic Path 93 8 Nonacademic Careers 95 8.1 What Careers Are Available for PhDs? 95 8.2 Visualizing Jobs on the Path of Discovery to Implementation 96 8.3 Publications 97 8.3.1 Journal Editor or Senior Editor 97 8.4 Commercialization and Technology Transfer 97 8.4.1 Intellectual Property Liaison (Also Called: Licensing Manager or Technology Transfer Officer) 98 8.4.2 Innovation and Commercialization Manager 99 8.5 Startup Scaling 99 8.5.1 Pre-startup Stage 99 8.5.2 Startup Stage 100 8.5.3 Growth Stage 100 8.5.4 Startup Companies Offer Potential High Risk and High Reward 101 8.5.5 PhD Level Jobs in Startups 101 8.6 Venture Capital and Startup Growth 101 8.6.1 PhD Level Jobs in Venture Capital 102 8.7 Mergers and Acquisitions Are a Main Form of Acquiring New Innovations 103 8.7.1 Acquiring a Successful Startup 103 8.7.2 PhD Level Jobs in Mergers and Acquisitions 104 8.7.2.1 Business Development Manager 104 8.7.2.2 Management Consulting 104 8.8 Industry Companies 104 8.8.1 PhD Level Jobs in Large Companies 105 8.8.1.1 Medical Science Liaison 105 8.8.1.2 Product Sales Specialist 105 8.8.1.3 Principal Engineer 105 8.8.1.4 Scientist 106 8.8.1.5 Marketing Research Analyst 106 8.8.1.6 Business Development Manager 106 8.8.1.7 Regulatory Affairs Specialist 106 8.8.1.8 Technical, Scientific, or Medical Writer 106 8.9 Regulatory Agencies and Legal Services 107 8.9.1 PhD Level Jobs in Regulatory 107 8.9.1.1 Regulatory Affairs Associate/Manager 107 8.10 Sales, Marketing, and Communications 107 8.10.1 PhD Level Jobs in Sales, Marketing, and Communications 108 8.10.1.1 Product Sales Specialist 108 8.10.1.2 Agency Technical/Medical Writer 108 8.11 Investment Banking and Equity Research 108 8.11.1 PhD Level Jobs in Equity Research 109 8.11.1.1 Equity Research Analyst 109 8.12 Conclusion 109 References 110 9 The Industry Mindset 111 9.1 Industry is Not Academics 111 9.2 Industry Lesson #1: Expendable 111 9.3 The Role of a PhD in Industry 112 9.3.1 Trust is Key in Industry 112 9.4 Academics is Like a Business 113 9.5 The Main Difference Between Academics and Industry 114 9.6 Industry Lesson #2: Customer Relationships and Risk 115 9.7 Industry Lesson #3: Align Yourself With the Company 115 9.8 Conclusion 116 References 117 10 Choosing a Nonacademic Career 118 10.1 Dating Your Career 118 10.2 Getting to Know Yourself 118 10.2.1 How Do I Know What I Want To Do? 119 10.2.2 Foundational Questions 120 10.2.3 What Motivates You? 121 10.3 Dating Some Careers 121 10.3.1 Obtaining Informational Interviews 128 10.3.2 Informational Interview Questions 128 10.3.3 Utilizing Your Institution 129 10.3.4 Utilizing Networking Events 129 10.3.5 Having a Foundation 129 10.4 Putting Yourself Out There 129 10.5 Conclusion 130 References 130 11 Transitioning Out of Academics 132 11.1 How Do You Actually Convert Your PhD Into the Job You Want? 132 11.2 Ideal for Remote Work 132 11.3 Transferable Skills 133 11.3.1 Project Management and Organization 133 11.3.2 Research and Information Management 133 11.3.3 Self-Management and Work Habits 134 11.3.4 Written and Oral Communication 134 11.4 Favorite Skills 134 11.5 Matching the Skills 134 11.6 Conclusion 138 References 139 12 The PhD Resume 140 12.1 Prepare for the PhD Career Early 140 12.2 Differences Between a Resume and cv 140 12.3 Begin With the End in Mind 141 12.4 Six Seconds of Resume Time 141 12.4.1 Key Words and Clear Formatting 142 12.4.2 More White Space Is a Good Thing 142 12.4.3 A Resume Must Have the Key Words From a Job Posting 142 12.5 PhD Level Resume Template 142 12.6 Parts of the PhD Level Resume 143 12.6.1 Key Summary 144 12.6.2 Industry Experience 144 12.6.3 Academic Experience 144 12.6.4 Awards and Courses 144 12.6.5 Extracurriculars 144 12.6.6 Education 145 12.7 Writing Bullet Points for Your Resume 145 12.8 Applying to Jobs Through Your Network 145 12.8.1 Access To the Hidden Job Market 146 12.8.2 Insider Information 146 12.8.3 Referrals and Recommendations 146 12.8.4 Professional Development 146 12.9 Conclusion 146 Reference 147 Transition Story: Leon “Jun” Tang, PhD 148 Transition Story: Elizabeth Agadi, PhD 152 Transition Story: Laura Zheng, PhD 155 Transition Story: Amar Parvate, PhD 159 Transition Story: Henry Cham, PhD 162 Transition Story: Giannis Gidaris, PhD 168 Part IV Becoming the Proactive PhD 173 13 Leveraging Your PhD 175 13.1 Importance of Using Your Time Wisely 175 13.2 How To Optimize Your PhD Year-By-Year 175 13.3 PhD Defense 178 13.4 Worst Case Scenario 178 13.5 Layering Your Goals 178 13.6 Research Tips and Tricks 179 13.6.1 Start by Laying Out the Figures 180 13.6.2 Gain PhD Equivalence of Financial Independence By Applying for Grants 180 13.6.3 Turn Your PhD Exams Into Publications 180 13.7 Preparing Your Career Early 181 13.7.1 Update Your CV Regularly 181 13.7.2 Keep Track of Your Technical Skills 181 13.7.3 Take Aptitude Tests 182 13.7.4 Attend Career Training and Networking Events 182 13.7.5 Obtain Training Certifications 182 13.7.6 Find and Apply for Internships 183 13.7.7 Seek Out Mentorship and Guidance Beyond Your Building 183 13.7.8 Stay Up to Date With Technology and Industry Trends 183 13.8 Conclusion 184 References 184 14 The Future PhD 186 14.1 PhDs Are a Rare Breed 186 14.2 Increasing PhD Support 186 14.2.1 More Awareness of the Need for PhD Training 187 14.3 Increased Paid Resources for PhD Career Support 187 14.4 Impact of COVID-19 and Artificial Intelligence 188 14.5 PhDs Are Perfect for This New Work World 188 14.6 Conclusion 189 References 189 Appendix 190 Additional Resources 195 My Story 197 About the Author 201 Acknowledgments 202 Index 203
£21.80
Wiley-Blackwell Lowtemperature Activation and Catalytic Transform ation of Methane to NonCO2 Products
£117.00
Wiley-Blackwell Organic Reactions Volume 116
Book Synopsis
£644.40
Wiley-Blackwell Ecotoxicology A Casebased Approach
£87.96
John Wiley & Sons Synergy of BioChemical Processes for
Book SynopsisThe concept of photoelectrochemistry applied to microbial fuel cells could be the future of sustainable wastewater treatment and for hydrogen recovery as a valuable energy source. With the increase of recalcitrant organic pollutants in industrial wastewater, the need for a sustainable bio-electrochemical process has become pressing in order to ensure that treatment processes are coupled with some beneficiation advantages. Microbial fuel cells combine wastewater treatment and biological power generation. However, the resistance of these organic pollutants to biological degradation requires further adjustment of the system to improve sustainability through maximization of energy production. Solar energy conversion using photocatalysis has drawn huge attention for its potential to provide renewable and sustainable energy. Furthermore, it might be the solution to serious environmental and energy-related problems. It has been widely understood for several years that the top
£140.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc Organic Syntheses Volume 99
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1 Synthesis of [(R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS]NiCl2 for the Enantioselective Acetal Formation from N-Propanoyl-1,3-Thiazinane-2-thione and Trimethyl Orthoformate Chapter 2 Synthesis of Alkylboronic Esters from Alkyl Iodides Chapter 3 Preparation of N-Formylamides by Oxidative Cleavage of N-Acylaminoacids Chapter 4 Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of an Aryl Boronate Ester through Base-Mediated Boryl Substitution of an Aryl Halide with a Silylborane Chapter 5 A Convenient Method for the Removal of Tetrabutylammonium Salts from Desilylation Reactions Chapter 6 Discussion Addendum for: Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Aldehydes and Nitroalkenes Chapter 7 Preparation of a Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA): 5-((2Z,4E)-5-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dien-1-ylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione Chapter 8 Preparation of MIDA Anhydride and Reaction with Boronic Acids Chapter 9 Discussion Addendum for: Preparation of 1,1-Difluoroallenes by Difluorovinylidenation of Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 10 Ethoxypillar[6]arene Chapter 11 Organocatalytic Dimerization of Succinaldehyde Chapter 12 Synthesis of Phenanthridinones via the Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Benzyne Chapter 13 Synthesis of Triphenylene via the Palladium–Catalyzed Annulation of Benzyne Chapter 14 Synthesis of (((1R,3S,3′S)-3,3′-Diethyl-3H,3′H-1,1′-spirobi[isobenzofuran]-7,7′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(diphenylphosphane) Chapter 15 Discussion Addendum for: Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Alkyl Halides: Ethyl 4-(4-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)-phenyl)butanoate Chapter 16 Discussion Addendum for: Detrifluoroacetylative Diazo Group Transfer: (E)-1-Diazo-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one Chapter 17 Preparation of 9-Azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-N-oxyl (ABNO) Chapter 18 Discussion Addendum for: Synthesis of N-Boc-N-Hydroxymethyl-L-phenylalaninal and Methyl trans-Oxazolidine-5-carboxylate, Chiral Synthons for threo-β-Amino-α-hydroxy Acids Chapter 19 Large Scale Oxidative Cyclization of (E)-Hex-3-en-1-yl(4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfamate Chapter 20 Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids from Benzamide Precursors Using Nickel Catalysis Chapter 21 Stereoselective Synthesis of Dimethyl 4(S)-Allyl-N-Boc-L-glutamate and Related Congeners Chapter 22 Discussion Addendum for: Preparation of Diisopropylammonium Bis(catecholato)cyclohexylsilicate Chapter 23 Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-cyclohexylidene-D-mannitol and 2,3-Cyclohexylidene-D-glyceraldehyde Chapter 24 Transformation of a N,N-Dimethylaniline N-oxide into a Tetrahydroquinoline Scaffold via a Formal Polonovski-Povarov Reaction Index
£139.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nanodiamonds in Analytical and Biological
Book SynopsisNANODIAMONDS IN ANALYTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Comprehensive resource highlighting the significance and applications of fluorescent and non-fluorescent nanodiamonds in various domains Nanodiamonds in Analytical and Biological Sciences combines the disciplines of chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology to demonstrate the significance of nanodiamonds, offering precise analysis of the impacts and up-to-date applications of fluorescent and non-fluorescent nanodiamonds, including in COVID-19 and artificial intelligence, with illustrations, case studies, practical examples, and novel perspectives included throughout. Edited by two highly qualified scholars with significant experience in the field, topics covered include: Fundamental properties, synthesis, mechanisms, and functionalization of nanodiamonds, and toxicity assessment Fabrication and surface modification of fluorescent nanodTable of ContentsContributors xii Editor's Preface: Nanodiamonds -- A Rising Star in Nanotechnology xv 1 Nanodiamonds 1Tan-Thanh Huynh, Marvin Chen, Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, Xuan Mai Lam, Kartika Wardhani, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 1.1 Structure and Classification of Nanodiamonds 1 1.2 Preparation of Nanodiamonds 4 1.2.1 High-Pressure, High-Temperature 5 1.2.2 Detonation Technique 6 1.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 7 1.2.4 Alternative Methods of Producing Nanodiamonds 8 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Nanodiamonds 9 1.4 Colloidal Properties of Nanodiamonds 12 2 Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 19Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao, Hsuan-Yi Lin, Ming-Wei Jen, Tan-Thanh Huynh, Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, and Yan-Kai Tzeng 2.1 Introduction to Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 19 2.2 Optical Properties of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 21 2.2.1 Vacancy-Related Color Centers 22 2.2.2 Negative Nitrogen-Vacancy Center 23 2.2.3 Silicon-Vacancy Center 25 2.3 Introduction to Förster Resonance Energy Transfer 26 2.3.1 Theory 27 2.3.2 FRET Efficiency 28 3 Fabrication of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 35Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao, Jo-Yu Wang, Syun-Ying Wang, Stefanny Angela, and Yan-Kai Tzeng 3.1 Introduction to FND Fabrication 35 3.2 Theoretical Simulations 36 3.3 Production and Characterization of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 39 3.4 Latest Developments in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 41 3.5 Production of Ultrasmall Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 42 3.6 Synthesis of Highly Dispersible Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 45 3.7 Brightly Synthesized Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Using Solar Energy 46 4 Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds 52Stefanny Angela, Tzu-Chun You, Dinh Minh Pham, Trong-Nghia Le, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 4.1 Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds 52 4.2 Surface Functionalization of Nanodiamonds 53 4.3 Encapsulation of Nanodiamonds 55 4.4 Bioconjugation of Nanodiamonds 58 4.5 Application of Surface-Modified Nanodiamonds 60 4.5.1 Biotechnological Applications 60 4.5.2 Biomedical Applications 63 5 Toxicity Assessments of Nanodiamonds 73Duc-Thang Vo, Tzu-Syuan You, Yu-Teng Lin, Stefanny Angela, Trong-Nghia Le, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 5.1 Cellular Uptake of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 73 5.2 In vitro Assessments 75 5.3 In vivo Assessments 80 5.4 Nanodiamonds' Phytotoxic Effect 87 5.5 Role of Oxidative Stress in Nanodiamonds' Toxicity 88 6 In vitro Bioimaging of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 95Trong-Nghia Le, Yen-Tse Chiang, Yuen Yung Hui, Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, Yan-Kai Tzeng, Neha Sharma, Wei-Hung Chiang, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 6.1 Bioimaging Applications 95 6.2 Epifluorescence and Confocal Fluorescence Imaging 96 6.3 Single-Particle Tracking 98 6.4 Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging 102 6.5 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging 103 6.5.1 Introduction to Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 103 6.5.2 Principles of FLIM 104 6.5.3 Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting 105 6.5.4 FND for FLIM 105 6.6 Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging 108 6.6.1 Introduction to STED Microscopy 108 6.6.2 Principle of STED 109 6.6.3 FND-Enabled STED 111 6.6.4 Combining STED with other Techniques for Bioimaging 113 6.7 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance Imaging 115 6.8 Cathodoluminescence Imaging 117 6.9 Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy 120 7 In Vivo Bioimaging of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 128Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao, Yun-Yu Chen, Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, Yuen Yung Hui, Stefanny Angela, and Trong-Nghia Le 7.1 Wide-Field Fluorescence Imaging 128 7.2 Time-Gated Fluorescence Imaging 129 7.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 131 7.4 Tissue Imaging by Microwave Modulation 133 7.5 Magnetically Modulated Fluorescence Imaging 135 7.6 Tissue Imaging Combining Microwaves and Quadruple Coils 137 8 Quantum Sensing of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 141Yuen Yung Hui, Miranda Liu, Stefanny Angela, Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 8.1 Quantum Coherence 141 8.2 NV -- Centers for Quantum Sensing 143 8.3 Emerging Sensing Technologies Using FND 146 8.3.1 Magnetic Field Sensor 146 8.3.2 Orientation Tracker for NV Axis 150 8.3.3 Nanoscopic Spin Probe 151 9 Nanoscale Thermometry with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 156Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, Richard Hsin, Duc-Thang Vo, Yan-Kai Tzeng, Trong-Nghia Le, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 9.1 NV Thermometry in Biosystems 156 9.2 Ultrahigh Precision Temperature Measurement 157 9.3 Time-Resolved Nanothermometry 158 9.4 All-Optical Luminescence Nanothermometry 159 9.5 Scanning Thermal Imaging 161 9.6 Intracellular Temperature Sensing 161 10 Nanodiamond-Enabled Drug Delivery 171Stefanny Angela, Raymond Hsin, Steven Che-Wei Lu, Trong-Nghia Le, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 10.1 Introduction 172 10.2 Drug Delivery Through Nanodiamonds 173 10.2.1 Delivery of Small Molecules 173 10.2.2 Delivery of Peptides and Proteins 179 10.2.3 Gene Delivery 184 10.3 Fluorescent Nanodiamond-Based Theranostics Platform 189 11 Nanodiamond for Mass-Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Peptides, Proteins, and Proteomes 198Dinh Minh Pham, Ryu Endo, Chris Chen-Hua Chang, Thi-Hong-Hanh Le, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 11.1 Principles of Analyzing Macro Biomolecules with Mass Spectrometry 199 11.2 The Post-Era of Genomics 199 11.3 Bioinformatics for the Coming of Big-Data Biology 200 11.4 Nanodiamonds for the Mass-Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Peptides, Proteins, and Proteomics 201 11.5 Origin of Interactions Between Nanodiamonds and Proteins or Peptides 201 11.5.1 Surface Properties of Carboxylated/Oxidized Nanodiamonds 201 11.5.2 Interactions of Proteins and Peptides with Carboxylated/Oxidized Nanodiamonds 203 11.5.3 Other Surface-Functionalized Nanodiamonds 206 11.6 SPEED Platform for MS-Based Study of Cellular Cytoplasmic Proteins and Human Fluids 207 11.7 SPEED Platform for MS-Based Study of Membrane Proteins 211 11.8 Surface-Functionalized Nanodiamonds for MS-Based Study of Protein Posttranslational Modifications 215 11.8.1 Nanodiamonds for the Selective Enrichment and MS-based Analysis of Phosphopeptides 215 11.9 Nanodiamonds for Enrichment and MS-Based Analysis of Glycopeptides 216 12 Emerging Roles of Artificial Intelligence in Nanodiamond Sensing 223Shahzad Ahmad Qureshi, Haroon Aman, Yu--Chen Lin, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 12.1 Machine Learning Algorithms for Nanodiamond Sensing 225 12.1.1 Support Vector Machine 225 12.1.2 k-Nearest Neighbors 225 12.1.3 Random Forest 226 12.1.4 Artificial Neural Network 226 12.1.5 Convolutional Neural Networks 226 12.1.6 Principal Component Analysis 230 12.2 Machine Learning Revolutionizes Biosensing and Disease Diagnosis 230 12.3 Improving Speed and Accuracy with Magnetic Field 232 12.4 Fluorescent-Nanodiamond-Based Immunomagnetic Microscopy of Tumors 233 12.5 Scaling the Nanomedicine in Clinical Research 233 12.6 Convolutional Neural Network Enhances Fluorescence Imaging 234 12.7 Challenges and Conclusion 235 13 Perspective and Outlook on Nanodiamond Research 239Trong-Nghia Le, Shu-Wei Chang, Joshua Ko, Yu-Jou Lin, Wei-Hung Chiang, and Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao 13.1 Strengths of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 239 13.2 Nanodiamond's Surface Chemistry 241 13.3 Nanodiamond in Bioimaging 242 13.4 Nanodiamond in Quantum Sensing 242 13.5 Nanodiamond as Therapeutic Carrier 243 13.6 Nanodiamond for Biomedical Analysis 243 13.7 Challenges of Fluorescent Nanodiamond Research 244 References 245 Index 247
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