Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThe comprehensive guide to the current understanding of galectins and their promising potential in drug design This is the first book focusing on galectins. It was inspired by topics discussed at the symposium Galectins: Structures, Functions, and Therapeutic Targets that was a part of the 234th American Chemical Society meeting in 2007.Trade Review"The book is the first galectin book and contains a wealth of information … .The chapters provide researchers with a solid overview of the state of the art in the various subjects and will be useful to many galectin researchers." (ChemBioChem, January 2009) "A comprehensive guide to the current understanding of galectins, their promising potential in drug design." (Forbes, June 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Stumbling on Galectins (Samuel H. Barondes). 2. Galectins and their Functions in Plain Language (Anatole A. Klyosov). 3. Understanding Galectin Structure-Function Relationships to Design Effective Antagonists (Irina V. Nesmelova, Ruud P.M. Dings and Kevin H. Mayo). 4. Galectins as Regulators of Tumor Growth and Invasion by Targeting Distinct Cell Surface Glycans and Implications for Drug Design (Hans-J. Gabius and Albert M. Wu). 5. Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Localization of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 and their Roles in pre-mRNA Splicing (John L. Wang, Kevin C. Haudek, Patricia G. Voss and Ronald J. Patterson). 6. Galectins in Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity (Fu-Tong Liu, Daniel K. Hsu, Ri-Yao Yang, Huan-Yuan Chen and Jun Saegusa). 7. Galectins as Danger Signals in Host-Pathogen and Host-Tumor Interactions: New Members of the Growing Group of "Alarmins" (Sachiko Sato and Gabriel Rabinovich). 8. The Role of Galectins in Organ Fibrosis (Neil C. Henderson and Tariq Sethi). 9. Galectin-1, Cancer Cell Migration, Angiogenesis and Chemoresistance (Florence Lefranc, Marie Le Mercier, Véronique Mathieu and Robert Kiss). 10. Galectin-3 in the Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Neoplasia (James C. Byrd and Robert S. Bresalier). 11. Galectins in Malignant Gliomas: Expression, Functions and Possible Therapeutic Options (Herwig M. Strik and Anna Hoffman). 12. Food-Related Carbohydrate Ligands for Galectins (Valeri V. Mossine, Vladislav V. Glinsky and Thomas P. Mawhinney). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsPreface vii I. General Discussion 1 II. Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Thiophene and Its Derivatives 29By F. F. Blicke III. Synthesis and Physical Properties of Thiophene and Its Homologs 47 IV. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy of Thiophene and Its Derivatives 81By Frank P. Hochgesang V. Factors Affecting Substitution Reactions in the Thiophene Nucleus 143 VI. Alkylation, Polymerization, Hydrogenation and Miscellaneous Reac­tions of Thiophene 159 VII. Halothiophenes and Haloalkylthiophenes 173 VIII. The Nitro-and Aminothiophenes 219 IX. Thiophene Compounds Containing Nitrogen in the Side Chain 241 X. Hydroxythiophenes, Thienylalkanols, Alkoxythiophenes, and Thienyl-alkyl Ethers 287 XI. Aldo and Keto Derivatives of Thiophene 307 XII. Carboxy Derivatives of Thiophene 363 XIII. Sulfur Derivatives of Thiophene 417 XIV. Metal and Miscellaneous Metalloid Derivatives of Thiophene 439 XV. Synthesis and Properties of Di- and Polythienyls and Arylthiophenes 459 XVI. Selenophene, Tetrahydroselenophene, Tellurophene, and Tetrahydrotellurophene 479

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Book SynopsisThe combination of supramolecular chemistry, inorganic solids, and nanotechnology has already led to significant advances in many areas such as sensing, controlled motion, and delivery. By making possible an unprecedented tunability of the properties of nanomaterials, these techniques open up whole new areas of application for future supramolecular concepts. The Supramolecular Chemistry of OrganicInorganic Hybrid Materials gathers current knowledge on the subject and provides an overview of the present state and upcoming challenges in this rapidly growing, highly cross- or interdisciplinary research field. The book details how these designed materials can improve existing materials or generate novel functional features such as chemical amplification, cooperative binding and signal enhancement that are difficult or not at all achievable by classical organic supramolecular chemistry. It also discusses issues related to nanofabrication or nanotechnology such as the directed and controTrade Review"This book will find use for those generally interested in such hybrid systems. With some prior knowledge, one can browse through the topics and then proceed to the literature for more complete and in-depth coverage." (JACS, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Editors and Contributors. 1. Hybrid (Nano)Materials Meet Supramolecular Chemistry: A Brief Introduction To Basic Terms And Concepts (Knut Rurack and Ramón Martínez-Máñez). 2. Supramolecular Chemistry at the Mesoscale (Katsuhiko Ariga, Gary J. Richards, Jonathan P. Hill, Ajayan Vinu, and Toshiyuki Mori). Part One Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials. 3. Silica-Based Mesoporous Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials (Frank Hoffmann and Michael Fröba). 4. Modified Gold Nanoparticles and Surfaces (Paolo Pengo and Lucia Pasquato). 5. Organically Functionalized Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Properties and System Design for Optoelectronic Applications (Peter Reiss, Julia De Girolamo and Adam Pron). 6. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Bioapplications (Lingrong Gu, Fushen Lu, Pengju G. Luo, Haifang Wang, Mohammed J. Meziani, and Ya-Ping Sun). 7. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Coordination Polymers (Shin-Ichiro Noro and Susumu Kitagawa). Part Two Improvement of Signaling and Sensing by Organization on Surfaces. 8. Nanoparticle and Biomolecular-Nanoparticle Hybrid Supramolecular Complexes for Electrochemical Signaling (Ronen Polsky, Jason C. Harper and Susan M. Brozik). 9. Modified Nanoparticles as Nanoelectrocatalysts and Amplifying Sensors (Shaojun Guo, Erkang Wang and Xiurong Yang). 10. Signal Generation with Gold Nanoparticles: Photophysical Properties for Sensor and Imaging Applications (Qingshan Wei and Alexander Wei). 11. Optical Signaling with Silica Nanoparticles (Fabrizio Mancin, Paolo Tecilla, and Umberto Tonellato). 12. Organically Modified Quantum Dots in Chemical and Biochemical Analysis (María Teresa Fernández Argüelles, José M. Costa-Fernández, Rosario Pereiro and Alfredo Sanz-Medel). Part Three Control of Supramolecular Nanofabrication, Motion, and Morphology. 13. Chemically Directed Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Structures on Surfaces (Xing Yi Ling, David N. Reinhoudt and Jurriaan Huskens). 14. Immobilization and Patterning of Biomolecules on Surfaces (Dorota I. Rozkiewicz, Bart Jan Ravoo, and David N. Reinhoudt). 15. Switchable Host-Guest Chemistry on Surfaces (Jilie Kong, Chunming Jiang and Li Mu). 16. Nanogated Mesoporous Silica Materials (Igor I. Slowing, Brian G. Trewyn, and Victor S.-Y. Lin). 17. Building Molecular Machines on Surfaces (Alberto Credi, Serena Silvi, and Margherita Venturi). 18. Control of Morphology in Mesoporous and Mesostructured Hybrid Materials (Darren Dunphy, Bernd Smarsly, and C. Jeffrey Brinker). Part Four Biomimetic Chemistry. 19. Biomimetically Inspired Signaling (Knut Rurack, Ramón Martínez-Máñez, Félix Sancenón and Ana B. Descalzo). 20. Imprinted Functionalized Silica (Maryanne M. Collinson). 21. Bioinspired Block Copolymer-Based Hybrid Materials (Marleen Kamperman and Ulrich Wiesner). Part Five Interfacial Chemistry, Multifunctionality, and Interdisciplinarity. 22. Emerging Concepts in Interfacial Chemistry of Hybrid Materials: Nanocontainer-Based Self-Healing Coatings (Dmitry G. Shchukin, Daria V. Andreeva, Katja Skorb, and Helmuth Möhwald). 23. Molecular Schizophrenics: Switchable Materials with Multiple Functions (Robert Byrne and Dermot Diamond). 24. Hybrid Nanomaterials Research: Is It Really Interdisciplinary? (Ismael Rafols, Martin Meyer, and Jae-Hwan Park). 25. Supramolecular Chemistry Meets Hybrid (Nano) Materials: A Brief Look Ahead (Knut Rurack and Ramón Martínez-Máñez). Appendix 1. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first book to cover conceptual quantum chemistry, Atomic Charges, Bond Properties, and Molecular Energies deftly explores chemical bonds, their intrinsic energies, and the corresponding dissociation energies, which are relevant in reactivity problems.Trade Review"Chapters offer interesting discussions on a variety of topics such as zero-point and heat content energies, bond energy, intrinsic energy, and reorganizational energy. The author also provides a generous section of applications to organic molecules." (CHOICE, March 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. I. CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS. 1. Introduction. 1.1 The Bond Energy Model. 1.2 Scope. 2. Theoretical Background. 2.1 The Hartree -Fock Approximation. 2.2 Hartree -Fock -Roothaan Orbitals. 2.3 Configuration Interaction Calculations. 3. Core and Valence Electrons. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Atomic Core and Valence Regions. 3.3 The Valence Region Energy of Atoms. 3.4 Summary. 4. The Valence Region of Molecules. 4.1 Model. 4.2 The Core -Valence Separation in Real Space. 4.3 Formula for the Valence -Region Energy. 4.4 Interface with the Orbital Model. 4.5 Approximation for the Valence Energy. 4.6 Perturbation of the Valence Region. 4.7 Summary. 5. Inductive Effects; Atomic Charges. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Inductive Effects. 5.3 Meaningful Atomic Charges. 5.4 Selected Reference Net Atomic Charges. 6. Atomic Charges and NMR Shifts. 6.1 Scope. 6.2 Introduction. 6.3 Merits of Charge -Shift Relationships. 6.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 6.5 Relationships Involving sp3 Carbon Atoms. 6.6 Relationships Involving Olefinic Carbons. 6.7 Carbon Bonded to Nitrogen or Oxygen. 6.8 Correlations Involving N-15 NMR Shifts. 6.9 Correlations Involving O-17 Atoms. 6.10 Summary. 7. Charges and Ionization Potentials. 7.1 Conclusion. 8. Population Analysis. 8.1 The Standard Mulliken Formula. 8.2 Modified Population Analysis. 8.3 An Adequate Approximation. 8.4 Conclusions. II. CHEMICAL BONDS. ENERGY CALCULATIONS. 9. Thermochemical Formulas. 9.1 Basic Formulas. 9.2 Zero -Point and Heat -Content Energies. 9.3 Concluding Remarks. 10. The Chemical Bond: Theory (I). 10.1 Synopsis. 10.2 Nonbonded Interactions. 10.3 Reference Bonds. 10.4 Bond Energy: Working Formulas. 10.5 Basic Theoretical Parameters. 10.6 Saturated Molecules. 11. The Chemical Bond: Theory (II). 11.1 Valence Atomic Orbital Centroids. 11.2 Unsaturated Systems. 11.3 Recapitulation. 12. Bond Dissociation Energies. 12.1 Scope. 12.2 Theory. 12.3 Nonbonded Interactions. 12.4 Selected Reorganizational Energies. 12.5 Applications. 12.6 Conclusion. III. APPLICATIONS. 13. Saturated Hydrocarbons. 13.1 Acyclic Alkanes. 13.2 Cycloalkanes. 14. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. 14.1 Olefins. 14.2 Aromatic Molecules. 15. Nitrogen -Containing Molecules. 15.1 Amines: Charges of the Carbon Atoms. 15.2 Nitrogen Charges and Bond Energies. 15.3 Results. 16. Oxygen Containing Molecules. 16.1 Ethers. 16.2 Alcohols. 16.3 Carbonyl Compounds. 17. Perspectives.

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Book SynopsisPresents the latest research and applications for a new, promising approach to fighting infectious diseases Enzybiotics is a promising way of fighting bacterial or fungal infectious diseases by using viruses or viral-derived lysins. Drawing from the fields of medicinal chemistry, microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry, this book presents the state of the science in enzybiotics research, fully exploring its emerging therapeutic applications. The book begins with four chapters that review the potential applications, possible advantages, and phylogeny of enzybiotics. Next, the book explores: A new approach to controlling infections using Gram-negative bacteria Bacteriophage holins and their membrane-disrupting activity Anti-staphylococcal lytic enzymes Membrane-targeted enzybiotics Design of phage cocktails for therapy from a host-range point of view Novel methods Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. 1 ENZYBIOTICS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE (Jan Borysowski and Andrzej Górski). 2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS OR PHAGES AS THERAPEUTIC AGENTS (Patricia Veiga-Crespo and Tomas G. Villa). 3 ENZYBIOTICS AS SELECTIVE KILLERS OF TARGET BACTERIA (Juan C. Alonso and Marcelo E. Tolmasky). 4 PHYLOGENY OF ENZYBIOTICS (Patricia Veiga-Crespo and Tomas G. Villa). 5 BACTERIOPHAGE LYSINS: THE ULTIMATE ENZYBIOTIC (Vincent A. Fischetti). 6 BACTERIOPHAGE HOLINS AND THEIR MEMBRANEDISRUPTING ACTIVITY (María Gasset). 7 ANTI-STAPHYLOCOCCAL LYTIC ENZYMES (Jan Borysowski and Andrzej Górski). 8 MEMBRANE-TARGETED ENZYBIOTICS (María Gasset). 9 DESIGN OF PHAGE COCKTAILS FOR THERAPY FROM A HOST RANGE POINT OF VIEW (Lawrence D. Goodridge). 10 IDENTIFYING PHAGE LYTIC ENZYMES: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE (Jonathan E. Schmitz, Raymond Schuch, and Vincent A. Fischetti). 11 USE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED PHAGES TO DELIVER SUICIDAL GENES TO TARGET BACTERIA (Lawrence D. Goodridge). CONCLUDING REMARKS: THE FUTURE OF ENZYBIOTICS (Patricia Veiga-Crespo and Tomas G. Villa). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction 1By C. V. Wilson Mechanism of Ring Closure 7By G. A. Reynolds I. Azaanthracenes 14By C. V. Wilson 1. Monoazaanthracenes 14 A. 1-Azaanthracene 14 B. 2-Azaanthracene 55 2. Diazaanthracenes 72 A. 1,2-Diazaanthracene 73 B. 1,3-Diazaanthracene 74 C. 1,4-Diazaanthracene 79 D. 1,5-Diazaanthracene 81 E. 1,8-Diazaanthracene 85 F. 1,9-Diazaanthracene 91 G. 1,10-Diazaanthracene 98 H. 2,3-Diazaanthracene 101 I. 2,6-Diazaanthracene 103 J. 2,9-Diazaanthracene 103 K. 2,10-Diazaanthracene 104 3. Triazaanthracenes 118 Nomenclature 118 A. 1,2,3-Triazaanthracene 118 B. 1,2,4-Triazaanthracene 119 C. 1,3,9-Triazaanthracene 119 D. 1,8,9-Triazaanthracene 122 E. 1,9,10-Triazaanthracene 123 F. 2,3,9-Triazaanthracene 124 G. 2,9,10-Triazaanthracene 125 4. Tetrazaanthracenes 130 Nomenclature 130 A. 1,2,7,8-Tetrazaanthracene 130 B. 1,3,5,7-Tetrazaanthracene 131 C. 1,3,6,8-Tetrazaanthracene 133 D. 1,4,5,8-Tetrazaanthracene 135 E. 1,4,9,10-Tetrazaanthracene 136 F. 2,3,6,7-Tetrazaanthracene 139 G. 2,7,9,10-Tetrazaanthracenc 141 5. Pentazaanthracenes 147 A. 1,3,8,9,10-Pentazaanthracene 147 6. Hexazaanthracenes 151 A. 1,3,6,8 9,10-Hexazaanthracene 151 B. 1,3,5,7,9,10-Hexazaanthracene 157 C. 1,2,4,5,7,8-Hexazaanthracene 158 References 161 II. Azaphenanthrenes 165By John R. Thirtle 1. Monoazaphenanthrenes 165 A. I-Azaphenanthrene 165 B. 2-Azaphenanthrene 206 C. 3-Azaphenanthrene 209 References 211 III. 4-Azaphenanthrenes 216By J. A. Van Allan A. Nomenclature 216 B. Synthesis of the 4-Azaphenanthrene System 217 C. Derivatives 237 D. Reactions of the Ring 243 E. Properties 254 F. Uses 255 References 266 IV. 5-Azaphenanthrenes 271By J. A. Van Allan A. Nomenclature 271 B. Methods of Synthesis 272 C. Phenanthridinium Salts 287 D. Aminoalkylphenanthridines 292 E. Plant Alkaloids of the Phenanthridine Group 294 F. Reactions of Phenanthridine Derivatives 297 G. Oxidation 301 H. Direct Substitution 302 I. Properties 303 J. Tables 305 References 316 V. Diazaphenanthrenes (except Phenanthrolines) 320By John R.Thirtle A. 1,2-Diazaphenanthrene 320 B. 1,3-Diazaphenanthrene 322 C. 1,4-Diazaphenanthrene 328 D. 1,6-Diazaphenanthrene 356 E. 1,8-Diazaphenanthrene 358 F. 2,3-Diazaphenanthrene 359 G. 2,4-Diazaphenanthrene 360 H. 3,5-Diazaphcnanthrene 362 I. 3,6-Diazaphenanthrene 364 J. 3,8-Diazaphenanthrene 369 K. 4,5-Diazaphenanthrene 370 L. 5,6-Diazaphenanthrene 371 References 382 VI. 1,10-, 1,7-, and 4,7-Diazaphenanthrenes 386By Bruce Graham Introduction 386 A. 1,10-Diazaphenanthrene 387 B. 1,7-Diazaphenanthrene 409 C. 4,7-Diazaphenanthrene 435 References 454 VII. Other Polyazaphenanthrenes 457By John R. Thirtle A. 1,2,3-Triazaphenanthrene 457 B. 1,2,4-Triazaphenanthrene 458 C. 1,2,10-Triazaphenanthrene 464 D. 1,3,4-Triazaphenanthrene 465 E. 1,3,7-Triazaphenanthrene 470 F. 1,4,7-Triazaphenanthrene 472 G. 1,5,7-Triazaphenanthrene 474 H. 1,6,7-Triazaphenanthrene 474 I. 2,4,6-Triazaphenanthrene 475 J. 2,5,6-Triazaphenanthrene 476 K. 4,5,7-Triazaphenanthrene 477 L. 1,2,3,4-Tetrazaphenanthrene 478 M. 1,4,7,10-Tetrazaphenanthrene 479 N. 2,3,4,6-Tetrazaphenanthrene 480 O. 2,3,5,6-Tetrazaphenanthrene 481 P. 1,3,5,6,8,10-Hexazaphenanthrene 482 References 482 VIII. Azabenzonaphthenes 484By James H. Richmond 1. Historical 484 2. Nomenclature 485 3. Monoazabenzonaphthenes 485 4. Polyazabenzonaphthenes 517 References 546 IX. The Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Polycyclic Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds 551By G. M. Badger 1. Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Azahydrocarbons 551 2. The Color of Aromatic Azahydrocarbons 558 3. Absorption Spectra of Diazines and Related Compounds 559 4. The Effect of Substituents 561 References 566 Naphthalimides: Addendum 567By C. F. H. Allen Index 571

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 I. Cyanuric Acid and Derivatives 17 I. Introduction 17 II. Cyanunc Acid 20 III. Cyanuric Halides 48 IV. Cyanuric Acid Esters 67 V. Acyloxy-s-triazines 90 VI. Cyanuric Azides 100 VII. Thiocyanuric Acids 105 VIII. Triazinylthioglycolic Acids and Their Derivatives 114 IX. 2.4.6-Tri(acetonylthio).s.triazine 115 X. Triselenocyanuric Acid 116 XI. Esters of s-Triazine-2,4.6-triphosphonite 117 XII. Uses and Industrial Applications of Cyanuric Chloride and Derivatives 117 II. Alkyl(Ary1)-s-triazines 147 I. Introduction 147 II. General Synthetic Methods 149 III. Reactions 162 IV. Trialkyl-s-Triazines 165 V. Triaryl-s-triazines 171 VI. Alkyl-aryl-s-Triazines 179 VII. Alkyl-aryl-dihydro-s-triazines 179 VIII. Applications 182 III. Monohydroxy-, Hydroxyamino-, Dihydroxy-s-triazines and Related Compounds 185 I. Monohydroxy-s-triazines 185 II. Monochloro-s-triazines 185 III. Hydroxyamino-s-triazines 187 IV. Dihydroxy-s-triazines 202 V. Hydrogenated Derivatives 209 VI. Dihalo-s-triazines 214 lV. Monoamino- and Diamino-s-triazines 217 I. Monoamino-s-triazines 217 II. Diamino-s-triazines 222 III. Diamino dihydro-s-triazines 258 V. Ammelide. Ammeline. and Related Compounds 269 I. Ammelide 269 II. Ammelide Ethers 274 III. Aminodichloro-s-triazines 279 IV.Ammeline 281 V. Ammeline Ethers 285 VI. Diaminochloro-s-triazines 292 VII. Dithioammelide 297 VIII. Thioammeline 298 IX. Thioammeline Ethers 301 X. Related Compounds 305 VI. Melamine and Substituted Melamines 309 I. Introduction 309 II. Physical Properties 309 III. Synthesis of Melamine 309 IV. Reactions of Melamine 321 V. Structure 348 VI. Substituted "Normal" Melamines 349 VII. Applications of Melamine and Derivatives 373 VIII. IsomelaminES 379 VII. Isocyanuric Acid and Derivatives 389 I. Isocyanuric Acid 389 II. 1.3.5.Trihalo.2.4.6.trioxohexahydro-s-triazines 390 III. Esters ofIsocyanuric Acid 393 IV. Isothiocyanuric Acid 416 V. Other Isocyanuric Compounds 420 VIII. Condensed Ring s-Triazine Systems 423 I.Endo Compounds 423 II. Condensed Five-Membered Ring Compounds 426 III. Condensed-Six-Membered Ring Compounds 445 IX. Hexahydro-s-triazines 473 I. Introduction 473 II. Hexahydro-s-triazine and Nitrate 473 III. 1.3.5.Trialkylhexahydro-s-triazine 476 IV. Aryl and Arylalkylhexahydro-s-triazines 490 V. 2.4,6-Trialkyl- and Triarylhexahydro-s-triazines 505 VI. Halogen Derivatives of Hexahydro-s-triazine and Alkylhexahydro-s-triazines 506 VII. Nitro- and Nitrosohexahydro-s-triazines 509 VIII. Amino Derivatives of Hexahydro-s-triazines 526 IX. Sulfonyl Derivatives 528 X. Hydroxy Derivatives: 1.3.5-Trihydroxyhexahydro-s-triazines 1,3,5-Trinitrosohexahydros-s-triazines 531 XI. Carbonyl (Acyl) Derivatives 533 XII. Oxo and Thion Derivatives 536 XIII. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 539 XIV. 1-Sulfo-4-alkylhexahydro.2,4,6-triazines 540 X. Hexamethylenetetramine 545 I. Introduction 545 II. Structure 545 III. Formation 546 IV. Physical Properties 550 V. Preparation 551 VI. Reactions 552 VII. Detection and Analysis of Hexamethylenetetramie 588 VIII. Uses of Hexamethylenetetramine 588 XI. s-Triazaborane and Its Derivatives 597 I. Introduction 597 II. s-Triazaborane 597 III. Alkyl Derivatives of s-Triazaborane 607 IV. Halogen Derivatives of s-Triazaborane 619 V. Hydroxy-s-triazaboranes 624 VI. Methoxy-s-triazaboranes 624 VII. Other s-Triazaborane Derivatives 625

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsPart One I. Properties and Reactions of Pyridine and Its Hydrogenated DerivativesBy R. A. Barnes A. General Aspects 2 B. Physical Properties 7 D. The Effect of the Pyridine Ring on Substituent Groups 60 E. Partially Hydrogenated Pyridines 77 II. Synthetic and Natural Sources of the Pyridine Ring 99By Frederick Brody and Philip R. Ruby Part I. Pyridines from Natural Sources 102 A. Pyridines in Nature 103 B. Degradation of Natural Products 113 C. Chemical Reactivity 152 Part II. Pyridines from Synthetic Methods 152 A. From Other Ring Systems 152 B. From Acyclic Compounds 272 Subject Index 591 Part Two III. Quaternary Pyridinium Compounds. By Elliott N. Shaw IV. Pyridine N-Oxides. By Elliott N. Shaw V. Alkylpyridines and Arylpyridines. By Leon E. Tenenbaum VI.Halopyridines. By Holly E. Mertel VII. Organometallic Compounds of Pyridine. By Harry L. Yale VIII. Nitropyridines and Their Reduction Products. By Renat H. Mixzoni Subject Index Part Three IX. Aminopyridines. By Andrew S. Tomcufcik and Lee N. Starker X. Pyridinecarboxylic Acids. By Eugene P. Oliveto XI. Pyridine Side Chain Carboxylic Acids. By John C. Godfrey XII. Pyridinols and Pyridones. By Herbert Meislich Subject Index Part Four XIII. Pyridine Alcohols. By Ellis V. Brown XIV. Pyridine Aldehydes and Ketones. By Renat H. Mizzoni XV. Sulfur and Selenium Compounds of Pyridine. By Harry L. Yale XVI. Arsenic, Antimony, and Phosphorus Compounds of Pyridine. By Harry L. Yale Cumulative Author Index Cumulative Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsXIII. Pyridine Alcohols 1By Ellis V. Brown A. Preparation 2 B. Properties 10 C. Reactions 10 D. Dihydric and Polyhydric Alcohols Containing One Pyridine Nucleus 14 E. Dihydric AlcoholsContaining TwoPryridineNuclei 16 F. Side-Chain Hydroxyacid Derivatives 17 G. Derivatives Containing Both Nuclear and Side-Chain Hydroxyl 18 H. Tables 27 I. Bibliography 106 XIV. Pyridine Aldehydes and Ketones 123By Renat H. Mizzoni A. Pyridine Aldehydes 125 B. Pyridine Ketones 141 C. Tables 175 D. Bibliography 333 XV. Sulfur and Selenium Compounds of Pytidine 345By Harry L. Yale A. Pyridinethiols and Pyridinethiones 347 B. Pyridylalkythiols 356 C. Pyridyl Thioketones 358 D. Pyridyl Sulfides 358 E. Pyridylalkyl Sulfides 362 F. Pyridyl Disulfides 363 G. Pyridyl Sulfoxides 364 H. Pyridyl Sulfones 364 I. Pyridylalkyl Sulfones 366 J. Pyridinesulfinic Acids 366 K. Pyridinesulfonic Acids 367 L. Pyridyldithiocarbamic Acid and PyridylalkyldithiocarboxylAcid Derivatives 376 M. Thiocyanatopyridines 377 N. Biological Activity of Sulfur Compounds of Pyridine 378 0. Selenium Compounds of Pyridine 380 P. Tables 382 Q Bibliography 427 XVI. Arsenic, Antimony, and Phosphorus Compounds of Pyridine 439By Harry L. Yale A. Arsenic Compounds 439 B. Antimony Compounds 451 C. Phosphorus Compounds 452 D. Tables 454 E. Bibliography 463 Cumulative Author Index 467 Cumulative Subject Index 625

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Book SynopsisPolymeric crystals are more complex in nature than other materials' crystal structures due to significant structural disorder present.Trade Review“I believe that this book will stimulate further much deeper investigation and effective collaboration in this field.” (Materials Views, 3 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xv 1 Experimental Techniques 1 Benjamin S. Hsiao, Feng Zuo, and Yimin Mao, Christoph Schick 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Optical Microscopy, 2 1.2.1 Reflection and Transmission Microscopy, 2 1.2.2 Contrast Modes, 2 1.2.3 Selected Applications, 3 1.3 Electron Microscopy, 5 1.3.1 Imaging Principle, 5 1.3.2 Sample Preparation, 6 1.3.3 Relevant Experimental Techniques, 7 1.3.4 Selected Applications, 8 1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy, 9 1.4.1 Imaging Principle, 9 1.4.2 Scanning Modes, 9 1.4.3 Comparison between AFM and EM, 10 1.4.4 Recent Development: Video AFM, 10 1.4.5 Selected Applications, 10 1.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 12 1.5.1 Chemical Shift, 13 1.5.2 Relevant Techniques, 13 1.5.3 Recent Development: Multidimensional NMR, 14 1.5.4 Selected Applications, 14 1.6 Scattering Techniques: X-Ray, Light, and Neutron, 15 1.6.1 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction, 15 1.6.2 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering, 17 1.6.3 Small-Angle Light Scattering, 19 1.6.4 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, 21 1.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, 22 1.7.1 Modes of Operation, 22 1.7.2 Determination of Degree of Crystallinity, 25 1.8 Summary, 25 Acknowledgments, 26 References, 26 2 Crystal Structures of Polymers 31 Claudio De Rosa and Finizia Auriemma 2.1 Constitution and Confi guration of Polymer Chains, 31 2.2 Conformation of Polymer Chains in Crystals and Conformational Polymorphism, 33 2.3 Packing of Macromolecules in Polymer Crystals, 43 2.4 Symmetry Breaking, 49 2.5 Packing Effects on the Conformation of Polymer Chains in the Crystals: The Case of Aliphatic Polyamides, 50 2.6 Defects and Disorder in Polymer Crystals, 55 2.6.1 Substitutional Isomorphism of Different Chains, 56 2.6.2 Substitutional Isomorphism of Different Monomeric Units, 57 2.6.3 Conformational Isomorphism, 58 2.6.4 Disorder in the Stacking of Ordered Layers (Stacking Fault Disorder), 58 2.7 Crystal Habits, 60 2.7.1 Rounded Lateral Habits, 66 Acknowledgments, 67 References, 67 3 Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates 73 Buckley Crist 3.1 Introduction, 73 3.2 Crystals Grown from Solution, 75 3.2.1 Facetted Monolayer Crystals from Dilute Solution, 75 3.2.2 Dendritic Crystals from Dilute Solution, 81 3.2.3 Growth Spirals in Dilute Solution, 85 3.2.4 Concentrated Solutions, 92 3.3 Crystals and Aggregates Grown from Molten Films, 94 3.3.1 Structures in Thin Films, 94 3.3.2 Structures in Ultrathin Films, 98 3.3.3 Edge-On Lamellae in Molten Films, 102 3.4 Spherulitic Aggregates, 104 3.4.1 Optical Properties of Spherulites, 105 3.4.2 Occurrence of Spherulites, 108 3.4.3 Development of Spherulites, 110 3.4.4 Banded Spherulites and Lamellar Twist, 116 Acknowledgments, 121 References, 121 4 Polymer Nucleation 125 Kiyoka N. Okada and Masamichi Hikosaka 4.1 Introduction, 126 4.2 Classical Nucleation Theory, 126 4.2.1 Nucleation Rate (I), 126 4.2.2 Free Energy for Formation of a Nucleus ΔG(N), 127 4.2.3 Free Energy for Formation of a Critical Nucleus (ΔG*), 127 4.2.4 Shape of a Nucleus Is Related to Kinetic Parameters, 128 4.2.5 Diffusion, 128 4.3 Direct Observation of Nano-Nucleation by Synchrotron Radiation, 128 4.3.1 Introduction and Experimental Procedure, 128 4.3.2 Observation of Nano-Nucleation by SAXS, 128 4.3.3 Extended Guinier Plot Method and Iteration Method, 129 4.3.4 Kinetic Parameters and Size Distribution of the Nano-Nucleus, 130 4.3.5 Real Image of Nano-Nucleation, 131 4.3.6 Supercooling Dependence of Nano-nucleation, 133 4.3.7 Relationship between Nano-Nucleation and Macro-Crystallization, 133 4.4 Improvement of Nucleation Theory, 135 4.4.1 Introduction, 135 4.4.2 Nucleation Theory Based on Direct Observation of Nucleation, 135 4.4.3 Confirmation of the Theory by Overall Crystallinity, 137 4.5 Homogeneous Nucleation from the Bulk Melt under Elongational Flow, 139 4.5.1 Introduction and Case Study, 139 4.5.2 Formulation of Elongational Strain Rate e, 139 4.5.3 Nano-Oriented Crystals, 140 4.5.4 Evidence of Homogeneous Nucleation, 144 4.5.5 Nano-Nucleation Results in Ultrahigh Performance, 147 4.6 Heterogeneous Nucleation, 148 4.6.1 Introduction, 148 4.6.2 Experimental, 149 4.6.3 Role of Epitaxy in Heterogeneous Nucleation, 150 4.6.4 Acceleration Mechanism of Nucleation of Polymers by Nano-Sizing of Nucleating Agent, 153 4.7 Effect of Entanglement Density on the Nucleation Rate, 156 4.7.1 Introduction and Experimental, 156 4.7.2 Increase of νe Leads to a Decrease of I, 157 4.7.3 Change of νe with Δt, 158 4.7.4 Two-Step Entangling Model, 159 4.8 Conclusion, 160 Acknowledgments, 161 References, 161 5 Growth of Polymer Crystals 165 Kohji Tashiro 5.1 Introduction, 165 5.1.1 Complex Behavior of Polymers, 165 5.2 Growth of Polymer Crystals from Solutions, 167 5.2.1 Single Crystals, 167 5.2.2 Crystallization from Solution under Shear, 168 5.2.3 Solution Casting Method, 168 5.3 Growth of Polymer Crystals from Melt, 169 5.3.1 Positive and Negative Spherulites, 169 5.3.2 Spherulite Morphology and Crystalline Modification, 170 5.3.3 Spherulite Patterns of Blend Samples, 172 5.4 Crystallization Mechanism of Polymer, 173 5.4.1 Basic Theory of Crystallization of Polymer, 173 5.4.2 Growth Rate of Spherulites, 177 5.5 Microscopically Viewed Structural Evolution in the Growing Polymer Crystals, 178 5.5.1 Experimental Techniques, 178 5.5.2 Structural Evolution in Isothermal Crystallization, 179 5.5.3 Shear-Induced Crystallization of the Melt, 186 5.6 Crystallization upon Heating from the Glassy State, 189 5.6.1 Cold Crystallization, 189 5.6.2 Solvent-Induced Crystallization of Polymer Glass, 189 5.7 Crystallization Phenomenon Induced by Tensile Force, 191 5.8 Photoinduced Formation and Growth of Polymer Crystals, 191 5.9 Conclusion, 192 References, 193 6 Computer Modeling of Polymer Crystallization 197 Gregory C. Rutledge 6.1 Introduction, 197 6.2 Methods, 198 6.2.1 Molecular Dynamics, 199 6.2.2 Langevin Dynamics, 200 6.2.3 Monte Carlo, 200 6.2.4 Kinetic Monte Carlo, 201 6.3 Single-Chain Behavior in Crystallization, 202 6.3.1 Solid-on-Solid Models, 202 6.3.2 Molecular and Langevin Dynamics, 203 6.4 Crystallization from the Melt, 204 6.4.1 Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations, 205 6.4.2 Molecular Dynamics Using Coarse-Grained Models, 206 6.4.3 Molecular Dynamics Using Atomistic Models, 207 6.5 Crystallization under Deformation or Flow, 208 6.6 Concluding Remarks, 210 References, 211 7 Overall Crystallization Kinetics 215 Ewa Piorkowska and Andrzej Galeski 7.1 Introduction, 215 7.2 Measurements, 216 7.3 Simulation, 217 7.4 Theories: Isothermal and Nonisothermal Crystallization, 218 7.4.1 Introductory Remarks, 218 7.4.2 Extended Volume Approach, 218 7.4.3 Probabilistic Approaches, 220 7.4.4 Isokinetic Model, 223 7.4.5 Rate Equations, 223 7.5 Complex Crystallization Conditions: General Models, 224 7.6 Factors Influencing the Overall Crystallization Kinetics, 224 7.6.1 Crystallization in a Uniform Temperature Field, 224 7.6.2 Crystallization in a Temperature Gradient, 225 7.6.3 Crystallization in a Confi ned Space, 226 7.6.4 Flow-Induced Crystallization, 228 7.7 Analysis of Crystallization Data, 230 7.7.1 Isothermal Crystallization, 230 7.7.2 Nonisothermal Crystallization, 231 7.8 Conclusions, 233 References, 234 8 Epitaxial Crystallization of Polymers: Means and Issues 237 Annette Thierry and Bernard A. Lotz 8.1 Introduction and History, 237 8.2 Means of Investigation of Epitaxial Crystallization, 239 8.2.1 Global Techniques, 239 8.2.2 Thin Film Techniques, 239 8.2.3 Sample Preparation Techniques, 240 8.2.4 Other Samples and Investigation Procedures, 241 8.3 Epitaxial Crystallization of Polymers, 241 8.3.1 General Principles, 241 8.3.2 Epitaxial Crystallization of “Linear” Polymers, 243 8.3.3 Epitaxy of Helical Polymers, 245 8.3.4 Polymer/Polymer Epitaxy, 250 8.4 Epitaxial Crystallization: Further Issues and Examples, 252 8.4.1 Topographic versus Lattice Matching, 252 8.4.2 Epitaxy of Isotactic Polypropylene on Isotactic Polyvinylcyclohexane, 254 8.4.3 Epitaxy Involving Fold Surfaces of Polymer Crystals, 254 8.5 Epitaxial Crystallization: Some Issues and Applications, 256 8.5.1 Epitaxial Crystallization and the Design of New Nucleating Agents, 256 8.5.2 Epitaxial Crystallization and the Design of Composite Materials, 257 8.5.3 Conformational and Packing Energy Analysis of Polymer Epitaxy, 258 8.5.4 Epitaxy as a Means to Generate Oriented Opto- or Electroactive Materials, 259 8.6 Conclusions, 260 References, 262 9 Melting 265 Marek Pyda 9.1 Introduction to the Melting of Polymer Crystals, 265 9.2 Parameters of the Melting Process, 267 9.3 Change of Conformation, 268 9.4 Heat of Fusion and Degree of Crystallinity, 270 9.4.1 Heat of Fusion, 270 9.4.2 Degree of Crystallinity, 272 9.5 Equilibrium Melting, 274 9.5.1 The Equilibrium Melting Temperature, 274 9.5.2 The Equilibrium Thermodynamic Functions, 275 9.6 Other Factors Affecting the Melting Process of Polymer Crystals, 277 9.6.1 The Influence of the Polymer’s Chemical Structure on the Melting Process, 277 9.6.2 The Effect of Polymer Molar Mass on the Melting Behavior, 277 9.6.3 Influence of Heating Rate on the Melting, 278 9.6.4 Multiple Melting Peaks of Polymers, 279 9.6.5 Influence of Pressure on the Melting Process, 281 9.6.6 The Melting Process by Other Methods, 281 9.6.7 Diluents Effect: The Influence of Small Diluents on the Melting Process, 282 9.7 Irreversible and Reversible Melting, 282 9.8 Conclusions, 284 References, 285 10 Crystallization of Polymer Blends 287 Mariano Pracella 10.1 General Introduction, 287 10.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends, 288 10.2.1 General Principles, 288 10.3 Miscible Polymer Blends, 290 10.3.1 Introduction, 290 10.3.2 Phase Morphology, 291 10.3.3 Crystal Growth Rate, 292 10.3.4 Overall Crystallization Kinetics, 294 10.3.5 Melting Behavior, 295 10.3.6 Blends with Partial Miscibility, 296 10.3.7 Crystallization Behavior of Amorphous/Crystalline Blends, 297 10.3.8 Crystallization Behavior of Crystalline/Crystalline Blends, 298 10.4 Immiscible Polymer Blends, 303 10.4.1 Introduction, 303 10.4.2 Morphology and Crystal Nucleation, 303 10.4.3 Crystal Growth Rate, 304 10.4.4 Crystallization Behavior of Immiscible Blends, 305 10.5 Compatibilized Polymer Blends, 307 10.5.1 Compatibilization Methods, 307 10.5.2 Morphology and Phase Interactions, 308 10.5.3 Crystallization Behavior of Compatibilized Blends, 311 10.6 Polymer Blends with Liquid-Crystalline Components, 314 10.6.1 Introduction, 314 10.6.2 Mesomorphism and Phase Transition Behavior of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Polymers, 314 10.6.3 Crystallization Behavior of Polymer/LC Blends, 316 10.6.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polymer/LCP Blends, 317 10.7 Concluding Remarks, 320 Abbreviations, 321 References, 322 11 Crystallization in Copolymers 327 Sheng Li and Richard A. Register 11.1 Introduction, 327 11.2 Crystallization in Statistical Copolymers, 328 11.2.1 Flory’s Model, 328 11.2.2 Solid-State Morphology, 330 11.2.3 Mechanical Properties, 334 11.2.4 Crystallization Kinetics, 335 11.2.5 Statistical Copolymers with Two Crystallizable Units, 337 11.2.6 Crystallization Thermodynamics, 337 11.3 Crystallization of Block Copolymers from Homogeneous or Weakly Segregated Melts, 340 11.3.1 Solid-State Morphology, 340 11.3.2 Crystallization-Driven Structure Formation, 342 11.4 Summary, 343 References, 344 12 Crystallization in Nano-Confi ned Polymeric Systems 347 Alejandro J. Müller, Maria Luisa Arnal, and Arnaldo T. Lorenzo 12.1 Introduction, 347 12.2 Confined Crystallization in Block Copolymers, 348 12.2.1 Crystallization within Diblock Copolymers that are Strongly Segregated or Miscible and Contain only One Crystallizable Component, 351 12.2.2 Crystallization within Strongly Segregated Double-Crystalline Diblock Copolymers and Triblock Copolymers, 355 12.3 Crystallization of Droplet Dispersions and Polymer Layers, 361 12.4 Polymer Blends, 368 12.4.1 Immiscible Polymer Blends, 368 12.4.2 Melt Miscible Blends, 371 12.5 Modeling of Confi ned Crystallization of Macromolecules, 371 12.6 Conclusions, 372 References, 372 13 Crystallization in Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites 379 Ewa Piorkowska 13.1 Introduction, 379 13.2 Microcomposites with Particulate Fillers, 380 13.3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 382 13.4 Modeling of Crystallization in Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 385 13.5 Nanocomposites, 388 13.6 Conclusions, 393 Appendix, 393 References, 394 14 Flow-Induced Crystallization 399 Gerrit W.M. Peters, Luigi Balzano, and Rudi J.A. Steenbakkers 14.1 Introduction, 399 14.2 Shear-Induced Crystallization, 401 14.2.1 Nature of Crystallization Precursors, 405 14.3 Crystallization during Drawing, 407 14.3.1 Spinning, 408 14.3.2 Elongation-Induced Crystallization; Lab Conditions, 409 14.4 Models of Flow-Induced Crystallization, 410 14.4.1 Flow-Enhanced Nucleation, 411 14.4.2 Flow-Induced Shish Formation, 419 14.4.3 Application to Injection Molding, 421 14.5 Concluding Remarks, 426 References, 427 15 Crystallization in Processing Conditions 433 Jean-Marc Haudin 15.1 Introduction, 433 15.2 General Effects of Processing Conditions on Crystallization, 433 15.2.1 Effects of Flow, 433 15.2.2 Effects of Pressure, 435 15.2.3 Effects of Cooling Rate, 436 15.2.4 Effects of a Temperature Gradient, 437 15.2.5 Effects of Surfaces, 439 15.3 Modeling, 440 15.3.1 General Framework, 440 15.3.2 Simplifi ed Expressions, 441 15.3.3 General Systems of Differential Equations, 441 15.4 Crystallization in Some Selected Processes, 442 15.4.1 Cast Film Extrusion, 442 15.4.2 Fiber Spinning, 445 15.4.3 Film Blowing, 448 15.4.4 Injection Molding, 454 15.5 Conclusion, 458 References, 459 Index 463

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of a widely-read and highly-acclaimed book broadens the scope of its predecessors from a heavy focus on industrial chemicals as toxicants to include drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other types of compounds that people are exposed to daily. Also new to the 3rd edition are newer issues-of-the-day such as nanoparticulate toxicants, second hand smoke, food contamination, lead in toys, and others. As such, the book provides the basics of toxicology in easy-to-understand language as well as a fuller understanding of the daily insults to which our bodies are subjected.Trade Review"This is a refreshing, invigorating as well as eye-opening text, which is reading like an exciting novel - even to a seasoned toxicologist ... An appendix to clarify quantities of pollutants plus an index concludes this most valuable introduction into the science of toxicology for a broad readership." (Toxicology, 2011) "I recommend this book to anyone who has ever listened to the evening news and wondered how much of the "chemical scare du jour" is hype and how much of it is fact - and to those who might want to understand basic concepts in toxicology and the related areas of study without having to trudge through a gaggle of 1000-page textbooks." (International Journal of Toxicology, 2011) "Overall, this is a well-written work with wisely chosen and relevant topics. It will be a perfect addition to any science enthusiast's library. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-level undergraduates through professionals/practitioners; general readers." (Choice, 1 September 2011) "The Dose Makes the Poison is more than just an introduction to toxicology. It is an enjoyable read with lots of interesting stories and one I can thoroughly recommend." (Chemistry & Industry, 25 July 2011) "There is much to be applauded in this book from its straightforward layout and honesty to its accessibility . . . Many good, and contemporary, examples are provided to deliver greater context for the reader." (The British Toxicology Society Journal, 1 May 2011) Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Third Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xv 1 WHAT ARE CHEMICALS? 1 Atoms and Molecules 1 Natural Chemicals 2 Synthetic Chemicals 3 Chemical Categories 6 Chemicals: “Good” and “Bad” 8 Why the “Good-Bad” Dichotomy? 10 Man-made Chemicals Are Made by Humans 11 Man-made Chemicals May Not Be Biodegradable 12 Man-made Chemicals May Be Very Complex 16 2 WHAT HARM DO CHEMICALS CAUSE? 19 Harmful Properties of Chemicals 19 Explosiveness and Reactivity 19 Flammability and Combustibility 20 Radioactivity 21 Corrosiveness 23 Irritation 23 Sensitization and Photosensitization 24 Toxicity 26 Multiple Harmful Properties 27 Definition of Poison 28 Defi nition of Hazard 28 3 WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY? 31 Empirical Toxicology 31 Paracelsus and Ramazzini 32 A Brief History of Toxicology 34 Toxicology Today 40 What Do Toxicologists Do? 44 4 WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS? 47 Acute versus Chronic Toxicity 47 Significance of Divided Doses 53 Routes of Exposure 54 Dermal Exposure 54 Inhalation Exposure 55 Oral Exposure 58 Other Routes of Exposure 59 Combinations 60 Influence of Route on Toxicity 60 Metabolism 64 Routes of Elimination (Excretion) 65 Other Factors that Infl uence Toxicity 66 Species 66 Sex 70 Age 71 Nutrition 73 State of Health 73 Biochemical Individuality (Genetic Diversity) 74 Presence of Other Chemicals 75 Adaptation 77 Light 79 5 HOW IS TOXICOLOGY STUDIED? 81 Experimental Methods 82 Acute Toxicity 83 Irritant and Corrosive Effects 85 Sensitization and Photosensitization 86 Chronic Toxicity 87 Mutagenesis 90 Carcinogenesis 91 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity 94 Units of Trace Quantities 95 Analytical Methods 96 Animal Rights 99 6 GENERAL TOXICOLOGY 103 Acute Toxicity 103 LD50 and LC50 Values 103 Signifi cance of LDs for Humans 104 Poison Prevention 109 Antidotes 112 Chronic Toxicity 114 No-Effect Levels and Thresholds 116 Margins of Safety 117 Sufficient Challenge 119 Bioaccumulation 121 7 MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS 129 Mutagenesis 129 Genetic Code 129 Mutations 130 Significance of Mutations 132 Mutation and Cancer 135 Carcinogenesis 138 What Is Cancer? 138 Causes of Cancer 140 Role of Mutation 141 Incidence of Cancer 142 Categories and Characteristics of Carcinogens 143 Induction Periods 146 Thresholds 147 Practical Thresholds 149 The Real World 150 Benzo[a]pyrene 150 Cancerophobia 151 8 DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 153 Male and Female Reproductive Systems 154 Prepuberty Systems 154 Adult Systems 155 The Developing Individual 156 9 CASE STUDIES IN TOXICOLOGY 163 Environmental Contaminations 164 Dioxins: Seveso, Italy 164 PCBs and Dibenzofurans: Yusho Disease 169 Bophal, India 173 Minamata Disease 174 DDT 174 Consumer Products 177 Metals 177 Lead and Cadmium 178 Zinc 178 Plastics 179 Bisphenyl A 180 Indoor Air Pollution 181 Water Pollution 185 Pharmaceuticals 186 Fen-Phen 187 Vioxx 188 Thalidomide 189 10 EPIDEMIOLOGY 191 Origins of Modern Epidemiology 191 Epidemiology of Noninfectious Diseases 193 Koch’s Postulates 195 Study Design: Precepts and Pitfalls 197 Unreasonable Expectations 201 Proximate Event Approach in Assigning Cause 202 Distrust of Science and Scientists 204 11 THE STUDY OF RISK 211 Public Health Statistics 211 Inherent Risk 213 Risk Assessment 215 Perceived Risk 218 Acceptable Risk 220 Risk Benefit and Cost Benefit 222 Risk Communication 225 Risk Management 227 Bibliography 229 Abbreviations 233 Glossary 235 Appendix A 245 Index 247

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsChapter I. Introduction to the Pyrimidines 1 1. History 1 2. Nomenclature 3 3. The Unique Basis of Pyrimidine Chemistry 5 4. General Summary of Pyrimidine Chemistry 9 5. Physical Properties of Pyrimidines 26 Chapter II. The Principal Synthetic Method 31 1. General Scope 31 2. Use of β –Dialdehydes 32 3. Use of β-Aldehydo Ketones 34 4. Use of β Diketones 36 5. Use of β-Aldehydo Esters 38 6. Use of β-Keto Esters 48 7. Use of β-Diesters (Malonic Esters) 51 8. Use of β-Aldehydo Nitriles 59 9. Use of β -Keto Nitriles 65 10. Use of β -Ester Nitriles 11. Use of β -Dinitriles (Malononitriles) Chapter III. Other Methods of Primary Synthesis 82 1. General Remarks 82 2. Syntheses Involving Preformed Amino-methylene Groups 82 3. Syntheses Involving an Aminomethylene Group Formed In Situ 90 4. Syntheses from Malondiamides and Malondiamidine 97 5. Other Syntheses of Pyrimidines 101 6. Formation of Pyrimidine Rmg in Fused Heterocycles 107 Chapter IV. Pyrimidine and Its C-Alkyl and C-Aryl Derivatives 116 1. Pyrimidine (Unsubstituted) 116 2. C-Alkyl- and C-Aryl-pyrimidines 119 Chapter V. Nitro-, Nitroso-, and AryIazo-pyrimidines 138 1. The Nitropyrimidines 138 2. Nitrosopyrimidines 146 3. The Arylazopyrimidines 152 Chapter VI. Halogenopyrimidines 162 1. The Preparation of 2 4. and 6-Halogenopyrimidines 162 2. The Preparation of 5-Halogenopyrimidines 168 3. The Preparation of Extranuclear Halogenopyrimidines 176 4. Properties of Halogenopyrimidines 181 5. Reactions of 2-, 4-, and 6-Halogenopyrimidines 183 6. Reactions of 5-Halogenopyrimidines 210 7. Reactions of Extranuclear Halogenopyrimidines 214 Chapter VII. Hydroxy- and Alkoxy-pyrimidines 227 1. Preparation of 2 4 and 6-Hydroxypyrimidines 227 2. Preparation of 5-Hydroxypyrimidines 237 3. Preparation of Extranuclear Hydroxypyrimidines 241 4. Preparation of Alkoxy- and Aryloxy-pyrimidines 245 5. Properties and Structure of Hydroxy- and Alkoxy-pyrimidines 249 6. Reactions of Hydroxypyrimidines 250 7. Reactions of AIkoxy- and Aryloxy-pyrimidines 254 8. Some Naturally Occurring Hydroxypyrimidines 256 9. The Alloxan Group of Pyrimidines 260 Chapter VIII. Sulphur-containing Pyrimidines 272 I. The Mercaptopyrimidines 272 2. The Thioethers: Alkylthio- and Arylthio-pyrimidines 286 3. DipyrimidinyI Disulphides and Sulphides 291 4. Pyrimidine Sulphonic Acids and Related Compounds 295 5. Alkylsulphonylpyrimidines 298 6. Thiouracil and Homologues 300 Chapter IX. The Aminopyrimidines 306 1. Preparation of 2-, 4-, and 6-Aminopyrimidines 306 2. Reparation of 5-Aminopyrimidines 313 3. Preparation of Extranuclear Aminopyrimidines 316 4. Properties of Aminopyrimidines 320 5. Reactions of Aminopyrimidines 321 6. Urethanes (Alkoxycarbonylaminopyrimidines) 336 7. Ureidopyrimidines 339 8. Other Substituted-amino-pyrimidines 341 9. Some Naturally Occurring Aminopyrimidines 345 Chapter X. The N Alylated Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine-N-Oxides 356 1. The Oxopyrimidines 357 2. The Iminopyrimidines 377 3. The N-Methylated Thiopyrirnidines 381 4. The Pyrimidine-N-Oxides 382 Chapter XI. The Pyrimidine Carboxylic Acids and Related Derivatives 389 1. The Carboxypyrimidines 389 2. Alkoxycarbonylpyrimidines (Pyrimidine Esters) 395 3. Carbamoyipyrimidines (Amidesj and Related Compounds (Hydrazidesand Azides) 397 4. Pyrimidine Nitriles 401 5. Pyrimidine Aldehydes and Their Acetals 406 6. Pyrimidine Ketones and Derivatives 415 7. The Isocyanato-. Thiocyanato-. and Isothiocyanato-pyrimidine Family 418 8. Orotic Acid: Biosynthesis of Pyrimidines 422 Chapter XII. The Reduced Pyrimidines 430 1. Preparation of Dihydropyrimidines 431 2. Preparation of Tetrahydropyrimidines 445 3. Preparation of Hexahydropyrimidines 452 4. Reactions of Reduced Pyrimidines 454 Chapter XIII The Ionization and Absorption Spectra of Pyrimidines 464 1. Ionization of Pyrimidines 464 2. The Absorption Spectra of the Pyrimidines (By S. F.Mason) 474

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Book SynopsisReviews from previous editions: "Excel for Chemists should be part of any academic library offering courses and programs in Chemistry. " Choice "I highly recommend the book; treat yourself to it; assign it to a class; give it as a gift.Trade Review“Finally this new edition, provides chemists and students a detailed guide and examples how to apply the current versions of Excel to their needs. It should be added to the shelves of those using this program within their scientific work.” (Materials and Corrosion, 1 November 2012)Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xxv Before You Begin xxvii Part I The Basics Chapter 1 Working with Excel 2007 or Excel 2010 3 Chapter 2 Working with Excel 2003 79 Chapter 3 Excel Formulas and Functions 137 Chapter 4 Excel 2007/2010 Charts 177 Chapter 5 Excel 2003 Charts 209 Part II Advanced Spreadsheet Topics Chapter 6 Advanced Worksheet Formulas 233 Chapter 7 Array Formulas 267 Chapter 8 Advanced Charting Techniques 289 Chapter 9 Using Excel's Database Features 327 Chapter 10 Importing Data into Excel 349 Chapter 11 Adding Controls to a Spreadsheet 365 Chapter 12 Other Language Versions of Excel 385 Part III Spreadsheet Mathematics Chapter 13 Mathematical Methods for Spreadsheet Calculations 403 Chapter 14 Linear Regression and Curve Fitting 435 Chapter 15 Nonlinear Regression Using the Solver 463 Part IV Excel's Visual Basic for Applications Chapter 16 Visual Basic for Applications: An Introduction 491 Chapter 17 Programming with VBA 503 Chapter 18 Working with Arrays in VBA 543 Part V Some Applications of VBA Chapter 19 Command Macros 557 Chapter 20 Custom Functions 571 Chapter 21 Automatic Procedures 589 Chapter 22 Custom Menus 595 Chapter 23 Custom Toolbars and Toolbuttons 607 Part VI Appendices Appendix A What's Where in Excel 2007/2010 629 Appendix B Selected Worksheet Functions by Category 633 Appendix C Alphabetical List of Selected Worksheet Functions 639 Appendix D Renamed Functions in Excel 2010 661 Appendix E Selected Visual Basic Keywords by Category 663 Appendix F Alphabetical List of Selected Visual Basic Keywords 667 Appendix G Selected Excel 4 Macro Functions 689 Appendix H Shortcut Keys by Keystroke 693 Appendix I Selected Shortcut Keys by Category 703 Appendix J ASCII Codes 707 Appendix K Contents of the CD-ROM 709 Index 719

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsPart I: Isoxazoles and Related Compounds 1-4 Isoxazoles 5-94 Isoxazolines 95-115 Isoxazolone 117-151 Polynuclear Isoxazole Types 153-176 The Physio-Chemical Properties of Isoxazole and its Derivatives 177-222 Applications of Isoxazole Derivatives 223-228 Isoxamcordints 229-232 Part II: Oxadiazoles and Related Compounds 233 1,2,3-Oxadiazoles Ring Index 81 235-244 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles Ring Index 83 245-262 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Ring Index 85 263-282 Furazans: Ring Index 84 283-319 Dioxazoles Dioxadiazoles and Oxatriazoles: Ring Index 77, 78, 58 321-325 Part III : Oxazines And Related Compounds 327 The 1,2-Oxazines: Ring Index 234-36 329-340 1,3-Oxazines: Ring Index 237-38 341-375 The 1,4-Oxazines 377-441 Systems of two Oxygen Atoms and one Nitrogen Atom: The Dioxazines 443-444 Systems of Three Oxygen Atoms and One Nitrogen Atom 445 Systems of One Oxygen Atom and Two Nitrogen Atoms: The Oxadiazines 447-458 Systems of One Oxygen Atoms and Three Nitrogen Atom 459-460 Systems of Two Oxygen Atoms and Two Nitrogen Atom 461-462 Systems of More than Four Hetero Atoms: Nitrogen and Oxygen 463-465Subject Index 467-493 Subject Index 467-493Part I : Isoxazoles and Related Compounds 1-4 Isoxazoles 5-94 Isoxazolines 95-115 Isoxazolone 117-151 Polynuclear Isoxazole Tyoes 153-176 The Physio-Chemical Properties of Isoxazole and its Derivatives 177-222 Applications of Isoxazole Derivatices 223-228 Isoxamcordints 229-232 Part II : Oxadiazoles and Related Compounds 233 1,2,3-Oxadiazoles Ring Index 81 235-244 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles Ring Index 83 245-262 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Ring Index 85 263-282 Furazans: Ring Index 84 283-319 Dioxazoles Dioxadiazoles and Oxatriazoles: Ring Index 77, 78, 58 321-325 Part III : Oxazines And Related Compounds 327 The 1,2-Oxazines: Ring Index 234-36 329-340 1,3-Oxazines: Ring Index 237-38 341-375 The 1,4-Oxazines 377-441 Systems of two Oxygen Atoms and one Nitrogen Atom: the Dioxazines 443-444 Systems of Three Oxygen Atoms and One Nitrogen Atom 445 Systems of One Oxygen Atom and Two Nitrogen Atoms: the Oxadiazines 447-458 Systems of One Oxygen Atoms and Three Nitrogen Atom 459-460 Systems of Two Oxygen Atoms and Two Nitrogen Atom 461-462 Systems of More than Four Hetero Atoms: Nitrogen and Oxygen 463-465 Subject Index 467-493

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsI. Mainly Introductory 1 II. Methincyanines 32 III. Methincyanines with Substituents on the Chain 77 IV. Symmetrical Trimethincyanines 86 IV. Unsymmetrical Trimethincyanines 116 VI. Trimethincyanines with Substituents on the Chain 148 VII. Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Pentamethincyanines, Including those with Substituents on the Chain 200 VIII. Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Heptamethincyanines, Including those with Substituents on the Chain; Polymethincyanines 244 IX. Cyanines in which the Odd-Numbered Carbon Chain, which Links the Nuclei, or Part of it, is Cyclic 270 X. Variations in the Nuclei which Enter Into Cyanine Molecules 292 XI. Bases, Including Some with Substituents on the Chain, of which Cyanines are the Quaternary Salts 351 XII. Azacyanines, Including Dyes Substituted on the Chain, and Bases of which the Quaternary Salts are Azacyanines 375 XIII. Certain Classes of Dyes Related to Cyanines 398 XIV. Merocyanines 511

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the fundamentals, current assessment, and future directions of electrochemical remediation, a volume in high demand from researchers and practitioners alike. It provides an overview of available electrochemical remediation technologies, modeling, regulatory considerations, and field studies.Trade Review“This is a good book; with more editorial effort it could have been a great book.” (European Journal of Soil Science, 1 August 2010) "The book will serve as a valuable reference for anyone currently working in the field of electrokinetics technology, as well as anyone who is interested in the topic and desires a concise yet comprehensive coverage of the subject." (International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, December 2009) "The 66 authors have covered the most diverse aspects of this technology in the book, the editors' efforts should be praised, as they have managed to amalgamate the various contributions into a homogeneous, very readable and practical work. The descriptions are clear and understandable, and they are easy to translate into practical applications" ( Land Contamination & Reclamation, February 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. PART I Introduction and Basic Principles. 1 Overview of Electrochemical Remediation Technologies (Krishna R. Reddy and Claudio Cameselle). 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Electrochemical Technologies for Site Remediation. 1.3. Electrochemical Transport, Transfer, and Transformation Processes. 1.4. Electrochemical Removal of Inorganic Pollutants. 1.5. Electrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants. 1.6. Electrochemical Removal of Contaminant Mixtures. 1.7. Special Considerations in Remediating Polluted Sediments. 1.8. Electrokinetic Barriers for Pollution Containment. 1.9. Coupled (or Integrated) Electrochemical Remediation Technologies. 1.10. Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Remediation. 1.11. Economic and Regulatory Considerations. 1.12. Field Applications and Lessons Learned. 1.13. Future Directions. References. 2 Electrochemical Transport and Transformations (Sibel Pamukcu). 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Overview. 2.3. Electrochemical Transport in Bulk Fluid. 2.4. Electrochemical Transport in Clays in the Direction of Applied Electric Field. 2.5. Electrochemical Transformations. 2.6. Summary. References. 3 Geochemical Processes Affecting Electrochemical Remediation (Albert T. Yeung). 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Soil–Fluid–Chemical System as Active Electrochemical System. 3.3. Generation of pH Gradient. 3.4. Change of Zeta Potential of Soil Particle Surfaces. 3.5. Change in Direction of Electroosmotic Flow. 3.6. Sorption and Desorption of Contaminants onto/from Soil Particle Surfaces. 3.7. Buffer Capacity of Soil. 3.8. Complexation. 3.9. Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Reactions. 3.10. Interactions of Geochemical Processes. 3.11. Summary. References. PART II Remediation of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants. 4 Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals (Lisbeth M. Ottosen, Henrik K. Hansen, and Pernille E. Jensen). 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Principle of EK Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils. 4.3. Heavy Metal and Soil Type. 4.4. Enhancement Methods. 4.5. Remediation of Mine Tailings, Ashes, Sediments, and Sludge. 4.6. Summary. References. 5 Electrokinetic Removal of Radionuclides (Vladimir A. Korolev). 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Electrokinetic Localization of Radioactive Nuclide Pollution. 5.3. Electrokinetic Cleaning of Ground from Radioactive Nuclides. 5.4. Summary. References. 6 Electrokinetic Removal of Nitrate and Fluoride (Kitae Baek and Jung-Seok Yang). 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Pollution and Health Effects of Anionic Pollutants. 6.3. Removal of Anionic Pollutants by Electrokinetics. 6.4. Summary. References. 7 Electrokinetic Treatment of Contaminated Marine Sediments (Giorgia De Gioannis, Aldo Muntoni, Alessandra Polettini, and Raffaella Pomi). 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Contaminated Sediment Treatment Options. 7.3. Electrokinetic Treatment of Sediments. 7.4. Case Study: Tests on Electrokinetic Remediation of Sea Harbor Sediments. 7.5. Summary. References. 8 Electrokinetic Stabilization of Chromium (VI)-Contaminated Soils (Laurence Hopkinson, Andrew Cundy, David Faulkner, Anne Hansen, and Ross Pollock). 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Materials and Methods. 8.3. Experimental Results. 8.4. Discussion. 8.5. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. PART III Remediation of Organic Pollutants. 9 Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs (Ji-Won Yang and You-Jin Lee). 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Backgrounds. 9.3. Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs Using Facilitating Agents. 9.4. Summary. References. 10 Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds (Xiaohua Lu and Songhu Yuan). 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. 10.3. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorophenols. 10.4. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorobenzenes. 10.5. Summary. References. 11 Electrokinetic Transport of Chlorinated Organic Pesticides (Ahmet Karagunduz). 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides. 11.3. Surfactant-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides. 11.4. Cosolvent-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides. 11.5. Summary. References. 12 Electrokinetic Removal of Herbicides from Soils (Alexandra B. Ribeiro and Eduardo P. Mateus). 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Herbicides. 12.3. Case Study. 12.4. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 13 Electrokinetic Removal of Energetic Compounds (David A. Kessler, Charles P. Marsh and Sean Morefield). 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Chemistry of Clay–Energetic Compound Complexes. 13.3. Remediation Strategies. 13.4. Electrokinetics to Enhance Remediation Strategies. 13.5. Summary. References. PART IV Remediation of Mixed Contaminants. 14 Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metal Contaminants (Kyoung-Woong Kim, Keun-Young Lee and Soon-Oh Kim). 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. General Principle for Mixed Metal Contaminants. 14.3. Representative Studies on Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Heavy Metals. 14.4. Specific Insight for Removal of Mixed Heavy Metals, Including Cr, As, and Hg. 14.5. Summary. References. 15 Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metals and Organic Contaminants (Maria Elektorowicz). 15.1. Challenge in Remediation of Mixed Contaminated Soils. 15.2. Application of Electrokinetic Phenomena to the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants from Soils. 15.3. Summary. References. PART V Electrokinetic Barriers. 16 Electrokinetic Barriers for Preventing Groundwater Pollution (Rod Lynch). 16.1. Introduction. 16.2. History of Electrokinetic Barrier Development. 16.3. Recent Studies. 16.4. Use With Other Technologies. 16.5. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 17 Electrokinetic Biofences (Reinout Lageman and Wiebe Pool). 17.1. Introduction. 17.2. Application in the Field. 17.3. Case Study. 17.4. Summary. Reference. PART VI Integrated (Coupled) Technologies. 18 Coupling Electrokinetics to the Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants: Principles and Fundamental Interactions (Lukas Y. Wick). 18.1. Introduction. 18.2. Principles and Fundamental Interactions of Electrobioremediation. 18.3. Research Needs. Acknowledgments. References. 19 Coupled Electrokinetic–Bioremediation: Applied Aspects (Svenja T. Lohner, Andreas Tiehm, Simon A. Jackman, and Penny Carter). 19.1. Bioremediation of Soils. 19.2. Combination of Electrokinetics and Bioremediation. 19.3. Practical Considerations and Limitations for Coupled Bio-Electro. Processes. 19.4. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 20 Influence of Coupled Electrokinetic–Phytoremediation on Soil Remediation. M.C. Lobo Bedmar, A. Pérez-Sanz, M.J. Martínez-Iñigo, and A. Plaza Benito. 20.1. Soil Contamination: Legislation. 20.2. What is the Limit of the Remediation Soil Recovery. 20.3. Influence of the Electrokinetic Technology on Soil Properties. 20.4. Phytoremediation. 20.5. Use of the Electrokinetic Process to Improve Phytoremediation. 20.6. Phytoremediation after Electrokinetic Process. 20.7. Summary. References. 21 Electrokinetic–Chemical Oxidation/Reduction (Gordon C. C. Yang). 21.1. Introduction. 21.2. General Principles. 21.3. Representative Studies. 21.4. Electrokinetic Treatment Coupled with Injection of Nanomaterials. 21.5. Prospective. References. 22 Electrosynthesis of Oxidants and Their Electrokinetic Distribution (W. Wesner, Andrea Diamant, B. Schrammel, and M. Unterberger). 22.1. Oxidants for Soil Remediation. 22.2. Production of Oxidants. 22.3. Distribution of Oxidants. References. 23 Coupled Electrokinetic–Permeable Reactive Barriers (Chih-Huang Weng). 23.1. Introduction. 23.2. Design of Reactive Barrier in the EK–PRB Process. 23.3. Implementation of EK–PRB to Polluted Soil. 23.4. Perspectives. References. 24 Coupled Electrokinetic–Thermal Desorption (Gregory J. Smith). 24.1. Fundamental Principles. 24.2. Thermal Principles. 24.3. Physical and Chemical Principles. 24.4. Fluid and Energy Transport. 24.5. Hydraulic Principles. 24.6. Biological Processes at Elevated Temperatures. 24.7. Summary. References. PART VII Mathematical Modeling. 25 Electrokinetic Modeling of Heavy Metals (José Miguel Rodríguez-Maroto and Carlos Vereda-Alonso). 25.1. Introduction. 25.2. One-Dimensional EKR Simple Model. 25.3. Two-Dimensional Model. Notation. References. 26 Electrokinetic Barriers: Modeling and Validation (R. Sri Ranjan). 26.1. Introduction. 26.2. Electrokinetic Phenomena. 26.3. Direct and Coupled Flow and Transport of Ions. 26.4. Model Development. 26.5. Model Validation. 26.6. Field Application Scenarios. 26.7. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. PART VIII Economic and Regulatory Considerations. 27 Cost Estimates for Electrokinetic Remediation (Christopher J. Athmer). 27.1. Introduction. 27.2. Cost Factors. 27.3. Cost Breakdown. 27.4. Summary. References. 28 Regulatory Aspects of Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation (Randy A. Parker). 28.1. Introduction. 28.2. Overview of Environmental Regulation in the USA. 28.3. Regulatory Considerations for Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation. 28.4. Summary. References. PART IX Field Applications and Performance Assessment. 29 Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals (Anshy Oonnittan, Mika Sillanpaa, Claudio Cameselle, and Krishna R. Reddy). 29.1. Introduction. 29.2. Description of Processes Involved in Field Applications. 29.3. Electrokinetic Remediation Setup in Field Applications. 29.4. Outcome of Field-Scale Experiments. 29.5. Factors that Limit the Applicability of Electrokinetic Technology. 29.6. Prerequisites and Site Information Needed. 29.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Technology. 29.8. Summary. References. 30 Field Studies: Organic-Contaminated Soil Remediation with Lasagna Technology (Christopher J. Athmer and Sa V. Ho). 30.1. Introduction. 30.2. Field Implementation Considerations. 30.3. Case Studies. 30.4. Summary and Future Activities. References. 31 Coupled Electrokinetic PRB for Remediation of Metals in Groundwater (Ha Ik Chung and MyungHo Lee). 31.1. Introduction. 31.2. Electrokinetic (EK) Extraction System. 31.3. Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) System. 31.4. Combined System of Electrokinetics and Permeable Reactive Barrier. 31.5. Field Application. 31.6. Summary. References. 32 Field Studies on Sediment Remediation (J. Kenneth Wittle, Sibel Pamukcu, Dave Bowman, Lawrence M. Zanko and Falk Doering). 32.1. Introduction. 32.2. Background on the Need for Remediation and the Duluth Project. 32.3. What is ECGO Technology? 32.4. The Remediation of Minnesota Slip Sediments at the Erie Pier CDF in Duluth, Minnesota. 32.5. Summary. Reference. 33 Experiences With Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation (Reinout Lageman and Wiebe Pool). 33.1. Introduction. 33.2. ER. 33.3. Investigation and Design of ER. 33.4. Some Project Results. 33.5. Summary. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, practical approach to three powerful methods of polymer analysis and characterization This book serves as a complete compendium of three important methods widely used for the characterization of synthetic and natural polymerslight scattering, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (A4F). Featuring numerous up-to-date examples of experimental results obtained by light scattering, SEC, and A4F measurements, Light Scattering, Size Exclusion Chromatography and Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation takes an all-in-one approach to deliver a complete and thorough explanation of the principles, theories, and instrumentation needed to characterize polymers from the viewpoint of their molar mass distribution, size, branching, and aggregation. This comprehensive resource: Is the only book gathering light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation into a siTrade Review"The book is, essentially, quite readable and the abundance of figures will help the reader follow the discussions in the text. Most chapters, especially that on A4F, contain adequate references to the literature, including many to relatively recent publications." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 27 December 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Polymers. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Molecular Structure of Polymers. 1.2.1 Macromolecules in Dilute Solution. 1.3 Molar Mass Distribution. 1.3.1 Description of Molar Mass Distribution. 1.3.1.1 Distribution Functions. 1.3.1.2 Molar Mass Averages. 1.4 Methods for the Determination of Molar Mass. 1.4.1 Method of End Groups. 1.4.2 Osmometry. 1.4.2.1 Vapor Pressure Osmometry. 1.4.2.2 Membrane osmometry. 1.4.3 Dilute Solution Viscometry. 1.4.3.1 Properties of Mark-Houwink Exponent. 1.4.3.2 Molecular Size from Intrinsic Viscosity. 1.4.3.3 Dependence of Intrinsic Viscosity on Polymer Structure, Temperature and Solvent. 1.4.4 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. 1.4.5 Analytical Ultracentrifugation. 1.5 Keynotes. 1.6 References. 2 Light Scattering. 2.1 Theory and Basic Principles. 2.2 Types of Light Scattering. 2.2.1 Static Light Scattering. 2.2.1.1 Particle Scattering Functions. 2.2.1.2 Light Scattering Formalisms. 2.2.1.3 Processing the Experimental Data. 2.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering. 2.3 Light Scattering Instrumentation. 2.4 Specific Refractive Index Increment. 2.5 Light Scattering in Batch and Chromatography Mode. 2.6 Parameters Affecting Accuracy of Molar Mass Determined by Light Scattering. 2.7 Examples of Light Scattering Measurement in Batch Mode. 2.8 Keynotes. 2.9 References. 3 Size Exclusion Chromatography. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Separation Mechanisms. 3.2.1 Steric Exclusion. 3.2.2 Restricted Diffusion. 3.2.3 Separation by Flow. 3.2.4 Peak Broadening and Separation Efficiency. 3.2.5 Secondary Separation Mechanisms. 3.3 Instrumentation. 3.3.1 Solvents. 3.3.2 Columns and Column Packing. 3.3.3 Detectors. 3.3.3.1 UV Detector. 3.3.3.2 Refractive Index Detector. 3.3.3.3 Infrared Detector. 3.3.3.4 Evaporative Light Scattering Detector. 3.3.3.5 Viscosity Detector. 3.3.3.6 Light Scattering Detector. 3.3.3.7 Other Types of Detectors. 3.4 Column Calibration. 3.4.1 Universal Calibration. 3.4.2 Flow Marker. 3.5 SEC Measurements and Data Processing. 3.5.1 Sample Preparation. 3.5.1.1 Sample Derivatization. 3.5.2 Determination of Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution. 3.5.3 Reporting Results. 3.5.4 Characterization of Chemical Composition of Copolymers and Polymer Blends. 3.5.5 Characterization of Oligomers. 3.5.6 Influence of Separation Conditions. 3.5.7 Accuracy, Repeatability and Reproducibility of SEC Measurements. 3.6 Applications of SEC. 3.7 Keynotes. 3.8 References. 4 Combination of SEC and Light Scattering. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Data Collection and Processing. 4.2.1 Processing MALS Data. 4.2.1.1 Debye Fit Method. 4.2.1.2 Zimm Fit Method. 4.2.1.3 Berry fit Method. 4.2.1.4 Random Coil Fit Method. 4.2.1.5 Influence of Light Scattering Formalism on Molar Mass and RMS Radius. 4.2.2 Determination of Molar Mass and RMS Radius Averages and Distributions. 4.2.3 Chromatogram Processing. 4.2.4 Influence of Concentration and Second Virial Coefficient. 4.2.5 Repeatability and Reproducibility. 4.2.6 Accuracy of Results. 4.3 Applications of SEC-MALS. 4.3.1 Determination of Molar Mass Distribution. 4.3.2 Fast Determination of Molar Mass. 4.3.3 Characterization of Complex Polymers. 4.3.3.1 Branched Polymers. 4.3.3.2 Copolymers and Polymer Blends. 4.3.4 Conformation Plots. 4.3.5 Mark-Houwink Plots. 4.4 Keynotes. 4.5 References. 5 Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Theory and Basic Principles. 5.2.1 Separation Mechanisms. 5.2.2 Resolution and Band Broadening. 5.3 Instrumentation. 5.4 Measurements and Data Processing. 5.4.1 Influence of Separation Conditions. 5.4.1.1 Isocratic and Gradient Experiments. 5.4.1.2 Overloading. 5.4.2 Practical Measurements. 5.5 A4F Applications. 5.6 Keynotes. 5.7 References. 6 Characterization of Branched Polymers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Detection and Characterization of Branching. 6.2.1 SEC Elution Behavior of Branched Polymers. 6.2.2 Distribution of Branching. 6.2.3 Average Branching Ratios. 6.2.4 Other Methods for the Identification and Characterization of Branching. 6.3 Examples of Characterization of Branching. 6.4 Keynotes. 6.5 References. Symbols. Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants.Trade Review"It will be valuable for scientists working in industrial, academic, and healthcare-related fields who use mass spectrometry to investigate impurities and degradants." (Doody's, 16 September 2011) Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ACRONYMS. PART I METHODOLOGY. 1 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry (Scott A. Smith, Ruth Waddell Smith, Yu Xia, and Zheng Ouyang). 1.1 History. 1.2 Ionization Methods. 1.3 Mass Spectrometer Types. 1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 1.5 Separation Techniques Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry. References. 2 LC Method Development and Strategies (Gang Xue and Yining Zhao). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening. 2.3 Gradient and Temperature Optimization. 2.4 Orthogonal Screening. 2.5 High-Efficiency Separation. 2.6 Conclusions. References. 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug-Related Substances using Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Hao Chen and Jiwen Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance. 3.3 Drug Analysis in Biological Matrices using DESI and DART. 3.4 High-Throughput Analysis. 3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling. 3.6 Future Perspectives. References. 4 Orbitrap High-Resolution Applications (Robert J. Strife). 4.1 Historical Anecdote. 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap Operating Principles. 4.3 The Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device. 4.4 Performing Experiments in Trapping Devices. 4.5 Determining Elemental Compositions of "Unknowns" Using an Orbitrap. 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit in Mass Measurement. 4.7 HPLC Orbitrap MS: Accurate Mass Demonstration and Differentiation of Small Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge Ratio Space. 4.8 Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple Screening HPLC-MS and Infusion Orbitrap MS. 4.9 Determining Substructures: Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MSn). 4.10 Multianalyzer (Hybridized) System: The Linear Ion Trap/Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher-Order MSn, n>2. 4.11 Mass Mapping to Discover Impurities. 4.12 The Current Practice of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. 4.13 Conclusion. References. 5 Structural Characterization of Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals Using High-Resolution LC-MS and Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (Guodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Characterization of Impurities. 5.3 Characterization of Degradation Products. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of Impurities (Ming Gu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern Recognition. 6.3 The Importance of Lineshape Calibration. 6.4 Spectral Accuracy. 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS. 6.6 Formula Determination with High-Resolution MS. 6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions. References. PART II APPLICATION. 7 Practical Application of Very High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Across the Pharmaceutical Development-Manufacturing Continuum (Brent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC. 7.3 VHPLC Method Development. 7.4 Other Practical Considerations. 7.5 VHPLC Method Validation. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 Impurity Identification for Drug Substances (David W. Berberich, Tao Jiang, Joseph McClurg, Frank Moser, and R. Randy Wilhelm). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Case Studies. 8.3 Conclusions. References. 9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass Spectrometry (David Q. Liu, Mingjiang Sun, and Lianming Wu). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Experimentation. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 10 Structure Elucidation of Pharmaceutical Impurities and Degradants in Drug Formulation Development (Changkang Pan, Frances Liu, and Michael Motto). 10.1 Importance of Drug Degradation Studies in Drug Development. 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in Formulation Development. 10.3 Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug Development. 10.4 Strategy for Structure Elucidation of Unknowns. 10.5 Hyphenated Analytical Techniques Used in Drug Development. 10.6 Case Studies. Acknowledgment. References. 11 Investigation of Degradation Products and Extractables in Developing Topical OTC (Over the Counter) and NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare Medication Products (Fa Zhang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Oxidatively Induced Coupling of Miconazole Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a Topical Ointment. 11.3 Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Prefilled Semisolid Drug Applicator. 11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of Vitamin D and Its Analogs. 11.5 Reductive Degradation of a 1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative. 11.6 Conclusions. References. 12. Characterization of Impurities and Degradants in Protein Therapeutics by Mass Spectrometry (Li Tao, Michael Ackerman, Wei Wu, Peiran Liu, and Reb Russell). 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic Proteins. 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry. 12.3 Impurities. 12.4 Degradation Products. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 Identification and Quantification of Degradants and Impurities in Antibodies (David M. Hambly and Himanshu S. Gadgil). 13.1 Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs. 13.2 Overview of Degradations and Impurities in Protein Drugs and Antibodies. 13.3 Methods to Identify and Quantitate Degradations and Impurities. 13.4 Conclusions. Appendix. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first step-by-step guide on getting selected and approved for OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VPP). Approval into VPP is OSHA's official recognition of companies with exemplary occupational safety and health programs.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi 1 What are the Voluntary Protection Programs? 1 2 The Business Case for VPP 29 3 Preparing an OSHA VPP Application 47 4 Management Leadership and Employee Involvement 201 5 Work-Site Analysis 225 6 Hazard Prevention and Control 249 7 Safety and Health Training 295 8 The OSHA Onsite VPP Evaluation 313 9 Postevaluation Activities 363 10 VPP Reapproval 381 11 VPP Resources 399 Index 407

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Book SynopsisAerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications.Trade Review"Specialists provide a comprehensive reference on instrumentation and methods for measuring aerosol." (Book News, 1 August 2011)Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I PRINCIPLES 1 Introduction to Aerosol Characterization 3 Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke 2 Fundamentals of Single Particle Transport 15 Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke 3 Physical and Chemical Processes in Aerosol Systems 31 William C. Hinds 4 Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols 41 Walter John 5 An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements 55 Pramod Kulkarni and Paul A. Baron PART II TECHNIQUES 6 Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets 69 John E. Brockmann 7 Sampling and Analysis Using Filters 107 Peter C. Raynor, David Leith, K. W. Lee, and R. Mukund 8 Sampling and Measurement Using Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Techniques 129 Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson 9 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols 153 Paul A. Solomon, Matthew P. Fraser, and Pierre Herckes 10 Microscopy and Microanalysis of Individual Collected Particles 179 Robert A. Fletcher, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, Ian M. Anderson, and John A. Small 11 Real-Time Particle Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 233 Anthony S. Wexler and Murray V. Johnston 12 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 255 Ernest Weingartner, Heinz Burtscher, Christoph Hüglin, and Kensei Ehara 13 Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications 269 Christopher M. Sorensen, Josef Gebhart, Timothy J. O’Hern, and Daniel J. Rader 14 Real-Time Techniques for Aerodynamic Size Measurement 313 Paul A. Baron, Malay K. Mazumder, Yung-Sung Cheng, and Thomas M. Peters 15 Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization 339 Richard C. Flagan 16 Instruments and Samplers Based on Diffusional Separation 365 Yung-Sung Cheng 17 Condensation Particle Counters 381 Yung-Sung Cheng 18 Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols 393 Suresh Dhaniyala, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamäki 19 Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles 417 E. James Davis 20 Fundamentals of Cone-Jet Electrospray 435 Alessandro Gomez and Weiwei Deng 21 Calibration of Aerosol Instruments 449 Bean T. Chen, Robert A. Fletcher, and Yung-Sung Cheng 22 Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation 479 Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Douglas W. Cooper PART III APPLICATIONS 23 Nonspherical Particle Measurement: Shape Factor, Fractals, and Fibers 509 Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, Christopher M. Sorensen, and Martin Harper 24 Biological Particle Sampling 549 Tiina Reponen, Klaus Willeke, Sergey Grinshpun, and Aino Nevalainen 25 Workplace Aerosol Measurement 571 Jon C. Volkwein, Andrew D. Maynard, and Martin Harper 26 Ambient Aerosol Sampling 591 John G. Watson and Judith C. Chow 27 Indoor Aerosol Exposure Assessment 615 Charles E. Rodes 28 Radioactive Aerosols 635 Mark D. Hoover 29 Measurement of Cloud and Aerosol Particles from Aircraft 655 James C. Wilson and Haflidi Jonsson 30 Satellite-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols 667 Rudolf B. Husar 31 Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements 681 Peter H. McMurry, Chongai Kuang, James N. Smith, Jun Zhao, and Fred Eisele 32 Electrical Classification and Condensation Detection of Sub-3-nm Aerosols 697 Juan Fernandez de la Mora 33 High Temperature Aerosols: Measurement and Deposition of Nanoparticle Films 723 Pratim Biswas and Elijah Thimsen 34 Characterization and Measurement of Atmospheric Large Particles (PM > 10 mm) 739 Kenneth E. Noll and Dhesikan Venkatesan 35 Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes 751 George Skillas, Arkadi Maisels, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Toivo T. Kodas 36 Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms 771 David S. Ensor and Anne Marie Dixon 37 Sampling Techniques in Inhalation Toxicology 785 Owen R. Moss 38 Factors Governing Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Particulate Matter 793 Vincent Castranova 39 Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Inhalation Aerosols 805 Anthony J. Hickey and David Swift APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 821 APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS 831 APPENDIX C: COMMONLY USED CONSTANTS 833 APPENDIX D: SOME PROPERTIES OF AIR AND WATER 835 APPENDIX E: KEY DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS 837 APPENDIX F: PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES 839 APPENDIX G: GEOMETRIC FORMULAS 841 APPENDIX H: BULK DENSITY OF SOME COMMON AEROSOL MATERIALS 843 APPENDIX I: MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS 845 INDEX 865

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Book SynopsisProviding new students and practitioners with an easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and practice an often complicated subject, Introduction to Polymer Rheology incorporates worked problems and problems with appended answers to provide opportunities for review and further learning of more advanced concepts.Trade Review“The book is written in a relaxed style and targeted at students which do not yet have a background in transport phenomena, linear algebra, differential equations and numerical analysis, thus bridging a gap to mathematically much more demanding text books on rheology which e.g. use short hand tensor notation.” (Applied Rheology, 1 October 2013)Table of Contents1. INTRODUCTION A. Polymers and the importance of rheology B. Rheology in its simplest form Problems Suggested references, with commentary 2. STRESS A. Stress and pressure B. Organization of the stress components C. Coping with subscripts D. Typical stress tensors Appendix 2-1: Compilation of equations of motion (ssc) Appendix 2-2: Equations of motion—curvilinear quick list (ssc) Problems References 3. VELOCITY, VELOCITY GRADIENT AND RATE OF DEFORMATION A. Why velocity is simpler than location—Speedometers vs. GPS B. Velocity gradients C. Rate of deformation Appendix 3-1: Components of the rate-of-deformation tensor Appendix 3-2: Components of the continuity equation Appendix 3-3: Nomenclature and sign conventions used in popular rheology texts Problems References 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND RATE OF DEFORMATION: THE NEWTONIAN FLUID A Material idealizations in rheology B. The Newtonian fluid Problems References 5. GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN FLUIDS — A SMALL BUT IMPORTANT STEP TOWARD A DESCRIPTION OF REAL BEHAVIOR FOR POLYMERS A. Reasons for inventing generalized Newtonian fluids — behavior of polymer melts B. Generalizing the GNF to three dimensions C. Inventing relationships for viscosity vs. shear rate D. Short primer on finding GNF parameters from data E. Summary of GNF characteristics Appendix 5-1: Fitting data with Excel Problems References 6. NORMAL STRESSES—ORDINARY BEHAVIOR FOR POLYMERS A. Introduction B. What are normal stresses C. Origin of normal stresses in simple shear D. The second normal-stress difference E. Normal-stress coefficients and empirical findings F. Transient rheological functions D. Temperature effects and superposition of steady-flow data Problems References 7. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A. Measurement of viscosity B. Normal stresses from shearing flows C. Extensional rheology D. Specialized geometries E. Flow visualization and other rheo-optical methods F. Micro and nano rheology Appendix 7-1: Numerical derivatives Appendix 7-2: Velocity-profile correction for non-Newtonian fluids Appendix 7-3: Incorporation of slip into the velocity-profile correction— the Mooney correction Appendix 7-4: Normal stresses using the cone-and-plate geometry Appendix 7-5: Desktop rheo-optical experiment Problems References 8. STRAIN, SMALL AND LARGE A. Displacement B. Infinitesimal strain C. Hookean solids D. Finite strain E. The Lodge elastic fluid and variants F. The Cauchy strain measure G. Fixing up integral equations based on C and C-1 Appendix 8-1: The relaxation function Appendix 8-2: Constant-rate extension of the LEF Problems References 9. MOLECULAR ORIGINS OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR A. Description of polymer molecules B. The Rouse chain—a limited description of polymer behavior C. Other chain-like models D. Dealing with entanglements E. Summary of predictions of molecular theory Problems References 10. ELEMENTARY POLYMER PROCESSING CONCEPTS A. Simple laboratory processing methods B. Elementary extrusion concepts C. A downstream process—spinning D. Summary Appendix 10-1: Densities of melts at elevated temperatures Problems References 11. QUALITY-CONTROL RHEOLOGY A. Examples of methods used by various industries B. Test precision Appendix 11-1: ASTM tests methods for rheological characterization Problems References 12. FLOW OF MODIFIED POLYMERS AND POLYMERS WITH SUPERMOLECULAR STRUCTURE A. Polymers filled with particulates B. Liquid crystallinity and rheology C. Polymers with microphase separation in melts or solutions D. Covalent crosslinking of polymers Appendix 12-1: Van 't Hoff equation applied to gelation Problems References ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

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Book SynopsisCovers the most advanced computational and experimental methods for studying carbon-centered radical intermediates With its focus on the chemistry of carbon-centered radicals and radical cations, this book helps readers fully exploit the synthetic utility of these intermediates in order to prepare fine chemicals and pharmaceutical products. Moreover, it helps readers better understand their role in complex atmospheric reactions and biological systems. Thoroughly up to date, the book highlights the most advanced computational and experimental methods available for studying and using these critically important intermediates. Carbon-Centered Free Radicals and Radical Cations begins with a short history of the field of free radical chemistry, and then covers: A discussion of the relevant theory Mechanistic chemistry, with an emphasis on synthetic utility Molecular structure and mechanism, focusing on computational methodTrade Review"Overall this volume is relevant to both students and accomplished researchers alike and is highly recommended. The price is certainly affordable." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, November 2010) Table of ContentsAbout the Volume Editor. Preface to Series. Introduction. Contributors. 1. A Brief History of Carbon Radicals (Malcolm D. E. Forbes). 2. Intermolecular Radical Additions to Alkynes: Cascade-Type Radical Cyclizations (Uta Wille). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Cascade Reactions Involving Radicals of Second Row Elements. 2.3 Cascade Reactions Initiated by Addition of Higher Main Group (VI)-Centered Radicals to Alkynes. 2.4 Cascade Reactions Initiated by Addition of Higher Main Group (VI)-Centered Radicals to Alkynes. 2.5 Cascade Reactions Initiated by Addition of Higher Main Group (V)-Centered Radicals to Alkynes. 3. Radical Cation Fragmentation Reactions in Organic Synthesis (Alexander J. Poniatowski and Paul E. Floreancig). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electron Transfer-Initiated Cyclization Reactions. 3.3 Oxidative Acyliminium Ion Formation. 3.4 Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. 3.5 Summary and Outlook. 4. Selectivity in Radical Cation Cycloadditions (Christo S. Sevov and Olaf Wiest). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Mechanism and the Origin of the Rate Acceleration. 4.3 Selectivity in Radical Cation Cycloadditions. 4.4 Chemoselectivity. 4.5 Regioselectivity. 4.6 Periselectivity. 4.7 Endo/Exo Selectivity. 4.8 Conclusions. 5. The Stability of Carbon-Centered Radicals (Michelle L. Coote, Ching Yeh Lin, and Hendrik Zipse). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Theoretical Methods. 5.3 RSE Values for Carbon-Centered Radicals. 5.4 Use of RSE Values in Practical Applications. 5.5 Conclusions. 6. Interplay of Stereoelectronic Vibrational and Environmental Effects in Tuning Physicochemical Properties of Carbon-Centered Radicals (Vincenzo Barone, Malgorzata Biczysko, and Paola Cimino). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 EPR Spectroscopy. 6.3 Calculation of EPR Parameters. 6.4 Vibrational Properties Beyond the Harmonic Approximation. 6.5 Electronic Properties: Vertical Excitation Energies, Structure, and Frequencies in Excited Electronic States. 6.6 Vibronic Spectra. 6.7 Concluding Remarks. 7. Unusual Structures of Radical Ions in Carbon Skeletons: Nonstandard Chemical Bonding by Restricting Geometries (Georg Gescheidt). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Tools. 7.3 Pagodane and Its Derivatives. 7.4 Different Stages of Cycloaddition/Cycloreversion Reactions Within Confined Environments. 7.5 Extending the ‘‘Cage Concept’’. 7.6 Summary. 8. Magnetic Field Effects on Radical Pairs in Homogeneous Solution (Jonathan. R. Woodward). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Spin-Correlated Radical Pair. 8.3 Application of a Magnetic Field. 8.4 Spin-State Mixing. 8.5 The Magnetic Field Dependence of Radical Pair Reactions. 8.6 Theoretical Approaches. 8.7 Experimental Approaches. 8.8 The Life Cycle of Radical Pairs in Homogeneous Solution. 8.9 Summary. 9. Chemical Transformations Within the Paramagnetic World Investigated by Photo-CIDNP (Martin Goez). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 CIDNP Theory. 9.3 Experimental Methods. 9.4 Radical—Radical Transformations During Diffusive Excursions. 9.5 Radical—Radical Transformations at Reencounters. 9.6 Interconversions of Biradicals. 9.7 Conclusions. 10. Spin Relaxation in Ru-Chromophore-Linked Azine/Diquat Radical Pairs (Matthew T. Rawls, Ilya Kuprov, C. Michael Elliott, and Ulrich E. Steiner). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 EPR for the Isolated Ions. 10.3 Calculation Methods for EPR of the Isolated Ions. 10.4 Implications for Spin-Relaxation in Linked Radical Pairs. 11. Reaction Dynamics of Carbon-Centered Radicals in Extreme Environments Studied by the Crossed Molecular Beam Technique (Ralf I. Kaiser). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Crossed Molecular Beam Method. 11.3 Experimental Setup. 11.4 Crossed Beam Studies. 11.5 Conclusions. 12. Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoinitiators: ESR, Optical, and IR Spectroscopy Detection of Transients (Igor V. Khudyakov and Nicholas J. Turro). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Photodissociation of Initiators. 12.3 TR ESR Detection of Transients. 12.4 Optical Detection of Transients. 12.5 IR Detection of Free Radicals and Monitoring Their Reactions. 12.6 Concluding Remarks. 13. Dynamics of Radical Pair Processes in Bulk Polymers (Carlos A. Chesta and Richard G. Weiss). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Singlet-State Radical Pairs from Irradiation of Aryl Esters and Alkyl Aryl Ethers. 13.2.1 General Mechanistic Considerations From Solution and Gas-Phase Studies. 13.3 Photo-Reactions of Aryl Esters in Polymer Matrices. Kinetic Information from Constant Intensity Irradiations. 13.4 Rate Information from Constant Intensity Irradiation of Alkyl Aryl Ethers. 13.5 Comparison of Calculated Rates to Other Methods for Polyethylene Films. 13.6 Triplet-State Radical Pairs. 13.7 Concluding Remarks. 14. Acrylic Polymer Radicals: Structural Characterization and Dynamics (Malcolm D. E. Forbes and Natalia V. Lebedeva). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The Photodegradation Mechanism. 14.3 Polymer Structures. 14.4 The Time-Resolved EPR Experiment. 14.5 Tacticity and Temperature Dependence of Acrylate Radicals. 14.6 Structural Dependence. 14.7 Oxo-Acyl Radicals. 14.8 Spin Polarization Mechanisms. 14.9 Solvent Effects. 14.10 Dynamic Effects. 14.11 Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisFeaturing contributions respected leaders in the field, Nitrene and Nitrenium Ions is the first comprehensive book to explore the role of reactive intermediate nitrene and nitrenium ions in chemistry and biochemistry.Table of ContentsPreface to the Series vii Introduction ix Contributors xi 1 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Studies of the Photochemistry of Aryl Azides 1Jin Wang, Gotard Burdzinski, and Matthew S. Platz 2 Theory and Computation in the Study of Nitrenes and their Excited-State Photoprecursors 33Shubham Vyas, Arthur H. Winter, and Christopher M. Hadad 3 Nitrenium Ions and Related Species in Photoaffinity Labeling 77R. Marshall Wilson and Valentyna Voskresenska 4 Aryl Nitrenium Ions in Aqueous Solution 117Michael Novak and Yue-Ting Wang 5 Triplet Alkyl Nitrenes 167Sivaramakrishnan Muthukrishnan, Ranaweera A. A. U. Ranaweera, and Anna D. Gudmundsdottir 6 Electronic Properties of Nitrenium Ions 191Daniel E. Falvey 7 Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Aryl Nitrenium Ions and their Chemical Reactions 217David Lee Phillips 8 Matrix Studies on Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Nitrenes and their Rearrangements 273Curt Wentrup 9 Nitreno Radicals 317Dirk Grote and Wolfram Sander 10 Synthetic Applications of Nitrenium Ions 347Duncan J. Wardrop and Edward G. Bowen 11 Fluorinated Aryl Nitrene Precursors 451Elisa Leyva, Denisse de Loera, Socorro Leyva, and Rogelio Jimenez-Cata~no 12 Properties of Carbonyl Nitrenes and Related Acyl Nitrenes 481Nina P. Gritsan Index 549

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the various aspects of the porous polymer field into one volume. It not only presents a fundamental description of the field, but also describes the state of the art for such materials and provides a glimpse into the future.Trade Review“I strongly recommend this book and I got a lot from reading it—it is a “must have” for researchers working in this field, and for those who wish to learn more about it.” (Angewandte Chemie, 2012) "Nevertheless, this book is certainly a very appealing and recent summary of relevant aspects on porous polymers and must consequently be regarded a must for everyone working in that area. I therefore recommend this book to chemists, physicists and materials chemists as well as to any librarian." (Materials Views ,13 April 2011)Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Contributors xi Section I Synthesis 1 1. Polymers with Inherent Microporosity 3Neil B. McKeown and Peter M. Budd 2. Porous Polymers from Self-Assembled Structures 31Eric M. Todd and Marc A. Hillmyer 3. Porogen Incorporation and Phase Inversion 79Lei Qian and Haifei Zhang 4. Colloidal Templating 119Neil R. Cameron, Peter Krajnc, and Michael S. Silverstein Section II Characterization 173 5. Surface Area and Porosity Characterization of Porous Polymers 175Rolando M. A. Roque-Malherbe 6. Nondestructive Evaluation of Critical Properties of Thin Porous Films 205Mikhail R. Baklanov and Denis Shamiryan 7. Microscopy Characterization of Porous Polymer Materials 247Gregory Meyers, Anand Badami, Steve Rozeveld, Bob Cieslinski, Clifford Todd, Charlie Wood, Deborah Rothe, William Heeschen, and Gary Mitchell Section III Applications 275 8. Separation Membranes 277Mathias Ulbricht 9. Biomedical Devices 323Yvonne Reinwald, Kevin Shakesheff, and Steven Howdle 10. High-Performance Microelectronics 359Charles T. Black 11. Polymer-supported Reagents and Catalysts 387Jonathan Behrendt and Andrew Sutherland 12. Templates for Porous Inorganics 435Arne Thomas, Jens Weber, and Markus Antonietti Index 447

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Book SynopsisMass spectrometry (MS) is a crucial method in ensuring the production, quality, and safety of grape, wine, and grape-derivative products. This book concisely presents the applications of mass spectrometry in the analysis of wine, from traditional to more recent developments.Trade Review"This book is very suitable for any scientist working in the oenological field who uses MS for the development of analytical methods or who wants to determine which mass technology is the most appropriate for his/her analytical problem ." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010) "So in summary, an excellent book is edited very well by Riccardo Flamini and Pietro Traldi and written by real experts in the field of mass spectrometry and wine chemistry." (Chromatographia, 6 March 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. PART I: MASS SPECTROMETRY. 1 Ionization Methods. 1.1. Electrospray Ionization. 1.2. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. 1.3. Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. 1.4. Surface-Activated Chemical Ionization. 1.5. Matrix-Assisted Laser. References. 2 Mass Analyzers and Accurate Mass Measurements. 2.1. Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers. 2.2. Quadrupole Mass Filters. 2.3. Ion Traps. 2.4. Time of Flight. References. 3. MS/MS Methodologies. 3.1. Triple Quadrupole. 3.2. The Q-TOF. 3.3. The MALDI TOF-TOF. References. PART II: APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY IN GRAPE AND WINE CHEMSITRY. 4 Grape Aroma Compounds: Terpenes, C13-Norisopenoids, Benzene Compounds, and 3-Alkyl-2-Methoxypyrazines. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. The SPE-GC/MS of Terpenes, Norisoprenoids and Benzenoids. 4.3. The SPME-GC/MS of Methoxypyrazines in Juice and Wine. References. 5 Volatile and Aroma Compounds in Wines. 5.1. Higher Alcohols and Esters Formed from Yeasts. 5.2. Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Wines. 5.3. Carbonyl Compounds in Wines and Distillates. 5.4. Ethyl and Vinyl Phenols in Wines. 5.5. 2'-Aminoacetophenone in Wines. References. 6 Grape and Wine Polyphenols. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. The LC/MS of Non-Anthocyanic Polyphenols of Grape. 6.3. The LC/MS of Non-Anthocyanic Polyphenols of Wine. 6.4. Liquid-Phase MS of Grape Anthocyanins. 6.5. The LC/MS of Anthocynanis Derivatives in Wine. 6.6. The MALDI-TOF of Grape Procyanidins. References. 7 Compounds Released in Wine from Wood. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. The GC/MS of Wood Volatile Compounds. 7.3. The GC/PICI-MS/MS of Wood Volatile Phenols and Benzene Aldehydes in Wine. References. 8 Compounds Responsible for Wine Defects. 8.1. Ochratoxin A in Grape and Wine. 8.2. The SPME-GC/MS/MS Analysis of TCA and TBA in Wine. 8.3. Geosmin. 8.4. Analysis of 1-Octen-3-one. 8.5. Analysis of 2-Methoxy-3,5-dimethypyrazine in Wine. 8.6. Biogenic Amines in Grape and Wine. 8.7. Ethyl Carbamate in Wine. 8.8. Wine Geranium Taint. 8.9. Mousy Off-Flavor of Wines. References. 9 Pesticides in Grape and Wine. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Analytical Methods. 9.3. Isothiocyanates in Wine. References. 10 Peptides and Proteins of Grape and Wine. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Analytical Methods. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisBased on the author's 15 years of teaching water-rock interactions and tried and tested in the classroom, Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces covers everything from the theory of charged particle surfaces to how minerals grow and dissolve to new frontiers in W-R interactions, such as nanoparticles, geomicrobiology, and climate change.Table of ContentsPreface xv Constants and Units xvii Periodic Table of the Elements 1 Some Fundamental Chemical Thermodynamic and Kinetic Concepts 1 Concentration Units 1 Thermodyamic Versus Kinetic Approaches 2 Introductory Thermodynamics 3 Gibbs Energy 4 Chemical Potential and Activity 4 Equilibrium Constants 5 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant from Gibbs Energy Changes 6 Temperature Effects on Keq 8 Calculating Activities 9 Saturation Indices (SIs) 12 Carbonate Equilibria in Open or Closed Systems 13 Calcite Equilibria in a System Open to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 14 Redox Reactions 17 Metal Speciation Diagrams 19 A Brief Introduction to Kinetics 20 Overall Versus Elementary Reactions 20 Molecularity and Reaction Order 21 Transition State Theory and the Arrhenius Equation 24 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 25 The Elovich Equation for Chemisorption Kinetics 26 Simultaneous Versus Sequential Reaction Sequences 27 Transport Versus Surface Control of Mineral Growth and Dissolution Rates 28 Rate Laws for Surface-Controlled Mineral Growth and Dissolution 30 Equilibration Time in Porous Media 31 Questions for Further Thought 31 Further Reading 34 2 The Hydrologic Cycle as Context for Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces 35 The Structure and Fundamental Properties of Water 35 The Chemical Composition of the Earth 37 The Critical Zone 38 The Hydrologic Cycle 38 Oceans 39 Atmosphere 40 Underground water 43 Soils and Soil Water 44 Groundwater 45 Surface Waters: Focus on Rivers 52 Stream Load 52 Gibbs Plots 54 The Hyporheic Zone 56 The OTIS Model and Solute Transport in Streams 56 Particle Transport and Sedimentation 57 Water Budgets and Chemical Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems 59 Questions for Further Thought 62 Further Reading 66 3 Some Minerals of Special Interest to Environmental Surface Chemistry 67 Gibbsite 67 Quartz 68 Kaolinite 69 Smectite: Example Montmorillonite 71 Fe(hydr)oxides 73 Hematite 73 Goethite 73 Lepidocrocite 76 Maghemite 77 Ferrihydrite 77 Magnetite 77 Manganese Oxides 77 Calcite 78 Feldspars 79 Zeolites 79 Questions for Further Thought 81 Further Reading 81 4 Some Key Techniques for Investigating Surfaces and Interfaces 82 A Brief Overview of Some Commonly Used Techniques 82 In-Depth Descriptions of Some Key Techniques 86 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 86 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 87 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 90 Case Study: Imaging Parameters and High-Resolution Imaging of Hematite 91 AFM and Interfacial Forces 92 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 99 BET Surface Area Measurements 100 Some Synchrotron-Based Techniques 103 Microscopies for Biofilm Imaging 108 Questions for Further Thought 108 Further Reading 111 5 Surfaces and Interfaces 112 What is a Surface? What is an Interface? 112 The Challenges of Defining Surfaces and Interfaces 113 Surfaces are Complex 114 Relaxation and Reconstruction 114 Surface Sites 115 Surface Microtopography 116 Surface Free Energy 117 Water Near Surfaces 119 Dynamic Surfaces 120 Bacterial Substrates 120 Fractal Properties of Surfaces and Environmental Particles 120 Interdisciplinary Topic of Study 123 Surface Free Energy and Surface Excess 124 Surface Tension and Related Phenomena 126 Surfactants and Micelles 126 Contact Angle 127 The Young-Laplace Equation 128 Meniscus and Capillarity 128 The Gibbs Equation 130 Some Approaches to Surface and Interface Modeling 130 Case Study: Bacteria–Mineral–Gas Interactions in the Vadose Zone 132 Questions for Further Thought 133 Further Reading 135 6 The Charged Interface and Surface Complexation 136 Some Evidence for Surface Charge 136 Sources of Mineral Surface Charge 137 Points of Zero Charge 139 Case Study: The Surface Charge Properties of Kaolinitic Soils 140 Sorption Terminology 141 Cation Exchange Capacity 145 Sorption Isotherms 148 Adsorption Isotherm Equations 151 The Langmuir Isotherm Equation 151 The Freundlich Isotherm Equation 152 The Frumkin Isotherm Equation 153 The Double Layer, Gouy-Chapman Theory 153 Beyond Gouy-Chapman: Surface Complexation Models 155 Constant Capacitance Model (CCM) 161 The Diffuse Double Layer (DDL) Model 161 Triple Layer Model (TLM) 161 Charge Distribution CD/MUSIC Model 162 Model Verification and Validation 163 Case Study: Incorporating the Work Associated with Removal of Water During Adsorption into the TLM 164 DLVO Theory and Colloid Attachment in Porous Media 165 Questions for Further Thought 168 Further Reading 172 7 Sorption: Inorganic Cations and Anions 173 A Typical Sorption Experiment Design 174 Metal Cation Sorption 176 The Complexity of Cation Adsorption 179 Inorganic Anion Adsorption 183 Phosphate Adsorption 184 Nitrate Adsorption 186 Sulfate Adsorption 186 Carbonate Sorption 186 Importance of Redox State and Valence to Inorganic Ion Adsorption 187 Chromium 187 Neptunium 188 Uranium 188 Selenium 188 Case Study: Arsenic Speciation and Mobility 189 Questions for Further Thought 192 Further Reading 193 8 Sorption: Organic Compounds 194 A Brief Introduction to Organic Chemistry 195 Some Organic Compounds of Interest in Environmental Surface Chemistry 200 Polymers 200 Organic Surfactants, Including Fatty Acids 200 Humic Substances 201 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 202 Substituted Nitrobenzenes (SNBs) 204 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 205 Sorption of Simple Organic Ligands, Surfactants, and Natural Organic Matter 205 Adsorption of Simple Organic Ligands 205 Adsorption of Anionic Surfactants, Fatty Acids 207 Sorption of Cationic Surfactants 208 Sorption of Phospholipid Surfactants: Biomedical Implications 209 Adsorption of Humic And Fulvic Acids (NOM) 210 Metal–Ligand Coadsorption: Ternary Surface Complexes 214 Sorption of Some Organic Pollutants 215 Vapor Pressure, Solubility, and Density 215 The Octanol-Water Partition Constant, Kow 218 Organic Fuel and Solvent Leaks: Volatilization, Solubility, Density, and Kow 219 The Hammett Constant σ for Substituted Aromatic Acids Based on the Benzene Ring 220 Case Study: Sorption of SNBs 221 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Modeling of Atrazine Absorption 223 The K d Approach to Hydrophobic Organic Compound Transport in Porous Media 224 Activated Carbon and Sorption of VOCs 226 Questions for Further Thought 227 Further Reading 230 9 Mineral Nucleation and Growth 231 Saturation State and Mineral Nucleation: An Example of the Confluence of Thermodynamics and Kinetics 231 Hydroxypyromorphite Nucleation 233 Heterogeneous Nucleation and Epitaxial Growth 233 From Nucleation to Growth 236 Ostwald Ripening 236 Transport and Surface Controlled Growth 236 The Special Importance of Kink Sites 237 BCF Theory 238 Growth Mode and Driving Force 240 Case Study: Calcite Birth and Spread versus Spiral Growth: BCF Theory 241 Rates of Step Advancement 242 Impurities and Growth at Steps 245 Monte Carlo Simulations of Crystal Growth 246 Biomineralization 247 Carbonate Precipitation in the Marine Environment 249 Questions for Further Thought 251 Further Reading 252 10 Mineral Weathering and Dissolution 253 Chemical, Physical, and Biological Weathering 253 Thermodynamics of Mineral Weathering 256 Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution 260 Etch Pit Formation 261 Oxalate Promoted Dissolution of Hematite 263 Comparison of Laboratory- and Field-Based Dissolution Rates 264 Reactive Surface Area and Feldspar Dissolution 266 Rainfall and Weathering: An Example from the Hawaiian Islands 269 Case Study: Weathering in the Antarctic Dry Valleys 270 Reactors for Dissolution Experiments 273 The Use of Radiogenic Isotopes in Weathering Studies 276 Questions for Further Thought 276 Further Reading 279 11 Plants as Environmental Surfaces 280 Ecohydrology and Soil Moisture Balance 280 Some Notes on Angiosperm Physiology 282 The Nutrient Needs of Plants 282 Effects of Plants on Mineral Dissolution and Weathering 284 Modes of Plant Elemental Cycling 287 Plants and Biomineralization: Phytoliths 287 Plants and Formations in Limestone Caves 289 Phytoremediation as an Example of Plant-Mineral-Contaminant Interactions 291 Case Study: Phytoremediation of Atrazine 293 Questions for Further Thought 294 Further Reading 295 12 Microorganisms As Environmental Surfaces 296 How Microorganisms “make a Living” 298 Metabolic Pathways 298 Microbial Redox Reactions and Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 303 Microbial Temperature Ranges and Extremophiles 305 Microbial Growth Curves 306 Bacterial Groups 307 Bacterial Cell Walls 307 Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilms 309 Bacterial–Metal Interactions 312 Bacterial-Promoted Mineral Dissolution 313 Dissolution of Fe(III)(hydr)oxides by DIRB 313 Dissimilatory Metal-Reducing Bacteria 315 Microbial Effects on Carbonate Dissolution 315 The Importance of Field-Based Studies 317 Case Study: The In Situ Microcosm Approach 318 Coupling In Situ Microcosms with Community Analysis 318 Siderophores 320 Microbial Biomineralization 322 Carbonate Precipitation 322 Fe(III)(hydr)oxide Precipitaton: BIOS 323 Banded Iron Formations (BIF) 324 (Alumino)silicate Precipitation 326 Case Study: Bioremediation of U at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Site 327 Microbial Fuel Cells 329 Questions for Further Thought 332 Further Reading 333 13 Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 335 What is a Nanoparticle? 335 Nanoparticle Occurrence and Distribution 337 What Makes a Nanoparticle Different? 339 Nanoparticle Surface Area, Stability, and Reactivity 340 Nanoparticles Have a Different Electronic Structure 340 How Electronic Structure Influences Nanoparticle Behavior 342 Nanoparticle Disorder and Defect Structures 343 Ferrihydrite Size, Structure, and Stability 343 Effects of pH and Adsorbed Ions on Nanoparticle Stabilities 344 Case Study: Fe(hydr)oxide Size and Stability 345 Secondary Growth of Nanoparticles 346 Self-Assembly and Templating 348 Nanoparticle Transport in Porous Media 348 The Emergence of Nanotechnology 350 Potential Environmental Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles 351 Questions for Further Thought 353 Further Reading 354 14 The Big Picture: Interface Processes and the Environment 356 Reactive Transport Models for Metals and Radionuclides in Porous Media 356 The K d Approach Encounters Difficulties for Metals and Radionuclides 356 Comparison of the K d versus Surface Complexation Modeling Approaches 357 Acid Rain Effects on Chemical Weathering 358 What Makes Rainfall Acidic? 359 Effects of Acid Rain 360 Acid Rain and Chemical Weathering 360 The Small Watershed Approach 362 NETPATH and PHREEQC 362 The Clean Air Act and Acid Rain Over Time 363 Acid Mine Drainage 364 The Environmental Problem 365 Nanoparticles and AMD 365 Hydrobiogeochemical and Photoreductive Processes 365 Biofilms and AMD 367 Potential Remediation Strategies 369 Environmental Particles and Climate Change 369 Climate Forcing and Feedbacks 370 Volcanoes and Climate 373 CO2 and Weathering 374 Modeling the C Cycle Over Geologic Time 376 Scaling Phenomena: Integrating Observations from the Atomic to the Watershed to the Global Scale 378 The Concept of the Macroscope 378 Embedded Sensor Network Systems 379 Sensors for Surface and Interface Phenomena 380 New Opportunities: New Challenges 380 Questions for Further Thought 381 Further Readings 383 Glossary of Terms 385 References 405 Index 437

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the background, industrial context, process, analytical methodology, and technology of metabolite identification. It emphasizes the applications of metabolite identification in drug research. While primarily a textbook, the book also functions as a comprehensive reference to those in the industry. The authors have worked closely together and combine complementary backgrounds to bring technical and cultural awareness to this very important endeavor while serving to address needs within academia and industry It also contains a variety of problem sets following specific sections in the text.Trade Review"It is a state-of-the-art and mostly comprehensive overview of the field. It will be a valuable source of information for all those who want to start in the fields of drug metabolism and MS, e.g., PhD students, but also senior scientists, etc." (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 31 July 2012) "Overall, Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics is a valuable and interesting resource for a broad readership, including scientists starting to work in DMPK as well as undergraduate and graduate students getting involved in drug discovery and characterization by means of MS." (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2011) "Placing the imaging technology in the context of the principles and applications of drug design, the book can serve as a textbook for either field." (Book New, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsForeword (Tom Baillie). Preface (Mike Lee and Mingshe Zhu). Contributors. Part I. Basic Concepts of Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 1. Progression of Drug Metabolism (Ronald E. White). 2. Common Biotransformation Reactions (Bo Wen and Sidney D. Nelson). 3. Metabolic Activation of Organic Functional Groups Utilized in Medicinal Chemistry (Amit S. Kalgutkar). 4. Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, Transporters, and Drug-Drug Interactions (Steven W. Louie and Magang Shou). 5. Experimental Models of Drug Metabolism and Disposition (Gang Luo, Chuang Lu, Xinxin Ding, and Donglu Zhang). 6. Principles of Pharmacokinetics: Predicting Human Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery (Takehito Yamamoto, Akihiro Hisaka, and Hiroshi Suzuki). 7. Drug Metabolism Research as Integral Part of Drug Discovery and Development Processes (W. Griffith Humphereys). Part II. Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism: Principles and Common Practice. 8. Theory and Instrumentation of Mass Spectrometry (Gérard Hopfgartner). 9. Common Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Methodology for Metabolite Identification (Lin Xu, Lewis J. Klunk, and Chandra Prakash). 10. Mass Spectral Interpretation (Li-Kang Zhang and Birendra N. Pramanik). 11. Techniques to Facilitate the Performance of Mass Spectrometry: Sample Preparation, Liquid Chromatography, and Non-Mass-Spectrometric Detection (Mark Hayward, Maria D. Bacolod, Qing Ping Han, Manuel Cajina, and Zack Zou). Part III. Applications of New LC-MS Techniques in Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 12. Quantitative In Vitro ADME Assays Using LC-MS as a Part of Early Drug Metabolism Screening (Walter Korfmacher). 13. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Drug Metabolite Identification (Russell J. Mortishire-Smith, Haiying Zhang, and Kevin P. Bateman). 14. Distribution Studies of Drugs and Metabolites in Tissue by Mass Spectrometric Imaging (Richard F. Reich, Daniel P. Magparangalan, Timothy J. Garrett, and Richard A. Yost). 15. Use of Triple Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry as a Single LC-MS Platform in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Wenying Jian, Ming Yao, Bo Wen, Elliott B. Jones, and Mingshe Zhu). 16. Quantitative Drug Metabolism with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (John S. Vogel, Peter Lohstroh, Brad Keck, and Stephen R. Dueker). 17. Standard-Free Estimation of Metabolite Levels Using Nanospray Mass Spectrometry: Current Statutes and Future Directions (Jing-Tao Wu). 18. Profiling and Characterization of Herbal Medicine and Its Metabolites Using LC-MS (Zeper Abliz, Ruiping Zhang, Ping Geng, Dongmei Dai, Jiuming He, and Jian Liu). 19. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Bioanalysis of Protein Therapeutics and Biomarkers in Biological Matrices (Fumin Li and Qin C. Ji). 20. Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of DNA, Protein, Peptide, and Lipid Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress (Stacy L. Gelhaus and Ian A. Blair). 21. LC-MS in Endogenous Metabolite Profiling and Small-Molecule Biomarker Discovery (Michael D. Reily, Petia Shipkova, and Serhiy Hnatyshyn). Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisBecause it is grounded in math, chemical thermodynamics is often perceived as a difficult subject and many students are never fully comfortable with it.Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I INDUCTIVE FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Mathematical Preliminaries: Functions and Differentials. 1.1 Physical Conception of Mathematical Functions and Differentials. 1.2 Four Useful Identities. 1.3 Exact and Inexact Differentials. 1.4 Taylor Series. 2. Thermodynamic Description of Simple Fluids. 2.1 The Logic of Thermodynamics. 2.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Gases: Equations of State. 2.3 Thermometry and the Temperature Concept. 2.4 Real and Ideal Gases. 2.5 Condensation and the Gas–Liquid Critical Point. 2.6 Van der Waals Model of Condensation and Critical Behavior. 2.7 The Principle of Corresponding States. 2.8 Newtonian Dynamics in the Absence of Frictional Forces. 2.9 Mechanical Energy and the Conservation Principle. 2.10 Fundamental Definitions: System, Property, Macroscopic, State. 2.11 The Nature of the Equilibrium Limit. 3. General Energy Concept and the First Law. 3.1 Historical Background of the First Law. 3.2 Reversible and Irreversible Work. 3.3 General Forms of Work. 3.4 Characterization and Measurement of Heat. 3.5 General Statements of the First Law. 3.6 Thermochemical Consequences of the First Law. 4. Engine Efficiency, Entropy, and the Second Law. 4.1 Introduction: Heat Flow, Spontaneity, and Irreversibility. 4.2 Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat to Work. 4.3 Carnot’s Analysis of Optimal Heat-Engine Efficiency. 4.4 Theoretical Limits on Perpetual Motion: Kelvin’s and Clausius’ Principles. 4.5 Kelvin’s Temperature Scale. 4.6 Carnot’s Theorem and the Entropy of Clausius. 4.7 Clausius’ Formulation of the Second Law. 4.8 Summary of the Inductive Basis of Thermodynamics. PART II GIBBSIAN THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA. 5. Analytical Criteria for Thermodynamic Equilibrium. 5.1 The Gibbs Perspective. 5.2 Analytical Formulation of the Gibbs Criterion for a System in Equilibrium. 5.3 Alternative Expressions of the Gibbs Criterion. 5.4 Duality of Fundamental Equations: Entropy Maximization versus Energy Minimization. 5.5 Other Thermodynamic Potentials: Gibbs and Helmholtz Free Energy. 5.6 Maxwell Relations. 5.7 Gibbs Free Energy Changes in Laboratory Conditions. 5.8 Post-Gibbsian Developments. 6. Thermodynamics of Homogeneous Chemical Mixtures. 6.1 Chemical Potential in Multicomponent Systems. 6.2 Partial Molar Quantities. 6.3 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation. 6.4 Physical Nature of Chemical Potential in Ideal and Real Gas Mixtures. 7. Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria. 7.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule. 7.2 Single-Component Systems. 7.3 Binary Fluid Systems. 7.4 Binary Solid–Liquid Equilibria. 7.5 Ternary and Higher Systems. 8. Thermodynamics of Chemical Reaction Equilibria. 8.1 Analytical Formulation of Chemical Reactions in Terms of the Advancement Coordinate. 8.2 Criterion of Chemical Equilibrium: The Equilibrium Constant. 8.3 General Free Energy Changes: de Donder’s Affinity. 8.4 Standard Free Energy of Formation. 8.5 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant. 8.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle. 8.7 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells. 8.8 Ion Activities in Electrolyte Solutions. 8.9 Concluding Synopsis of Gibbs’ Theory. PART III METRIC GEOMETRY OF EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS. 9. Introduction to Vector Geometry and Metric Spaces. 9.1 Vector and Matrix Algebra. 9.2 Dirac Notation. 9.3 Metric Spaces. 10. Metric Geometry of Thermodynamic Responses. 10.1 The Space of Thermodynamic Response Vectors. 10.2 The Metric of Thermodynamic Response Space. 10.3 Linear Dependence, Dimensionality, and Gibbs–Duhem Equations. 11. Geometrical Representation of Equilibrium Thermodynamics. 11.1 Thermodynamic Vectors and Geometry. 11.2 Conjugate Variables and Conjugate Vectors. 11.3 Metric of a Homogeneous Fluid. 11.4 General Transformation Theory in Thermodynamic Metric Space. 11.5 Saturation Properties Along the Vapor-Pressure Curve. 11.6 Self-Conjugate and Normal Response Modes. 11.7 Geometrical Characterization of Common Fluids. 11.8 Stability Conditions and the “Third Law” for Homogeneous Phases. 11.9 The Critical Instability Limit. 11.10 Critical Divergence and Exponents. 11.11 Phase Heterogeneity and Criticality. 12. Geometrical Evaluation of Thermodynamic Derivatives. 12.1 Thermodynamic Vectors and Derivatives. 12.2 General Solution for Two Degrees of Freedom and Relationship to Jacobian Methods. 12.3 General Partial Derivatives in Higher-Dimensional Systems. 12.4 Phase-Boundary Derivatives in Multicomponent Systems. 12.5 Stationary Points of Phase Diagrams: Gibbs–Konowalow Laws. 12.6 Higher-Order Derivatives and State Changes. 13. Further Aspects of Thermodynamic Geometry. 13.1 Reversible Changes of State: Riemannian Geometry. 13.2 Near-Equilibrium Irreversible Thermodynamics: Diffusional Geometry. 13.3 Quantum Statistical Thermodynamic Origins of Chemical and Phase Thermodynamics. Appendix: Units and Conversion Factors. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.

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Book SynopsisA time-tested, systematic approach to the buying and selling of complex research instruments Searching for the best laboratory instruments and systems can be a daunting and expensive task. A poorly selected instrument can dramatically affect results produced and indirectly affect research papers, the quality of student training, and an investigator''s chances for advancement. Buying and Selling Laboratory Instruments offers the valuable insights of an analytical chemist and consultant with over four decades of experience in locating instruments based upon both need and price. It helps all decision makers find the best equipment, service, and support while avoiding the brand-loyalty bias of sales representatives so you can fully meet your laboratory''s requirements. The first section of the book guides buyers through the hurdles of funding, purchasing, and acquiring best-fit instruments at the least-expensive price. It explains how to find vendors that support tTrade Review"This is a very useful book, which I wish I had had available when I was engaged in buying instrumentation.It enables buyers to organize their thoughts about the process so less effort is required to achieve a moresuccessful outcome ." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART ONE PURCHASING LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS. 1 Selecting Laboratory Instruments. 1.1 Modular Systems. 1.2 Systems-in-a-Box. 1.3 Automation. 1.4 Data Archival and Recovery. 2 Step-By-Step Purchasing. 3 Analytical Instrument Specifications. 3.1 Dedicated Packages versus Component Systems. 3.2 Critical Features of Laboratory Instruments. 3.2.1 Universal Laboratory Equipment. 3.2.2 Spectroscopy and Analyzer Instruments. 3.2.3 Separation Systems. 3.2.4 Definitive Chromatography Systems. 3.2.5 Automation Accessories. 3.2.6 Mass Analyzer Selection. 3.3 Dedicated Analysis Facilities. 4 Finding The Best Price. 4.1 Price Quotations. 4.2 Government Service Administration (GSA) Pricing. 4.3 Instrument Selection. 4.3.1 Fitting Your Needs and Budget. 4.3.2 Consider Service and Support. 4.4 Demonstration Equipment Discounts. 4.5 Discounting in Kind. 4.6 The Modular Trap. 4.7 Buying Used Equipment. 4.8 New System Warranties. 5 Grants and Bidding. 5.1 Logical Bidding Specifications. 5.2 Dealing with Purchasing Agents. 5.3 Using GSA Pricing. 5.4 Quantity Discounting. 6 Instrument Vendor Support. 6.1 In-House Demonstrations and Seminars. 6.2 User Training Schools. 6.3 Vendor Application Development Laboratories. 6.4 Technically Trained Sales Representatives. 6.5 Vendor-Sponsored Technical Meetings. 6.6 Postsales Support. 6.7 Cost of Consumables. 7 Laboratory Instrument Service. 7.1 Quality Is Job 1, Quality Service Is Job 2. 7.2 Separating Instrument and Application Problems. 7.3 Reverse-Order Diagnosis. 7.4 Service Resources. 7.5 Spare Parts Inventory. 7.6 Diagnosing Grounding and Static Problems. 8 Recycling The System. 8.1 The Dedicated Recycled System. 8.2 Technician Training Instruments. 8.3 University Instrument Donation. 8.4 Used-Instrument Resale. 8.5 Metal Recycling. PART TWO A GUIDE TO THE SELLING PROCESS. 9 Buying Relationships. 9.1 Win/Lose Selling Relationships. 9.2 Win/Win Selling Relationships. 9.3 Buying Hardware, Service, and Support. 9.4 Advantages of A Profitable Vendor. 9.5 Getting What You Pay for and Need. 10 Sales Justification. 10.1 Emotional Decision Making. 10.2 Reasons for an Instrument Selection. 10.3 Purpose of the Decision. 10.4 Path to a Sales Decision. 10.5 The Qualifying Sales Interview (ADMANO). 11 Profiling the Sales Call. 11.1 Training Salespeople. 11.2 Hot Button Analysis (HBA). 11.2.1 Verbal/Visual Placement. 11.2.2 Handling Graded Placement. 11.2.3 Motivational Hot Buttons. 11.3 Selling to Each Hot Button Type. 12 Objections in the Sales Process. 12.1 Systematic Selling. 12.1.1 Establishing Trust. 12.1.2 Helping to Create Desire or Need. 12.1.3 Showing That Your Equipment Will Help. 12.1.4 Creating Sales Urgency. 12.2 Assistance of Sales Tools. 12.3 Use of Demonstration Equipment. 13 Step-by-Step Instrument Selling. 14 Closing the Sale. 14.1 Assumptive Closes. 14.2 Manipulative Closes. 14.3 Final Closing and the Lost Sale Close. 15 The Laws of Selling. 15.1 Salespeople Are Made, Not Born. 15.2 You Only Have One Chance to Make a Good First Impression. 15.3 Salespersons Ask Questions, Not Make Statements. 15.4 Fear of Loss Is More Important Than Desire for Gain. 15.5 If You do not ask, the Answer Is Automatically No. 15.6 Listen More Than You Talk. 15.7 Objections Are a Sign of Interest. 15.8 Do Not Argue, Ask for Clarification. 15.9 Body Language Can Defuse Sales Tension. 15.10 Emotional Buying and Logical Justification. 15.11 People Want to Be Fair. 15.12 Honesty Is Good Business. 15.13 Never Criticize an Opponent. 15.14 TANSTAAFL. 15.15 Explaining Quality or Apologizing for the Price. 15.16 The Word Sales Comes from Serving. 16 Handling Problems. 16.1 Warranties and Customer Expectations. 16.2 Dealing with a Lemon. 16.3 Instrument Success Goals. 16.4 Providing Application Support. 16.5 Territory Management. 16.6 Confidentiality. 16.7 Sales Integrity. Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions. A.1 Frequently Asked Purchasing Questions. A.2 Frequently Asked Questions About New Instruments. A.3 Frequently Asked Questions about the Selling Process. Appendix B Memory Aids, Figures, and Tables. Appendix C Glossary of Purchasing and Sales Terms. Appendix D Troubleshooting Quick Reference. D.1 Troubleshooting the Purchase. D.2 Troubleshooting the Sale. Appendix E Selected Reading List. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Water Treatment has been developed from the best selling reference work Water Treatment, 3rd edition by the same author team. It maintains the same quality writing, illustrations, and worked examples as the larger book, but in a smaller format which focuses on the treatment processes and not on the design of the facilities.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1-1 The Importance of Principles 2 1-2 The Importance of Sustainability 4 References 4 2 Water Quality and Public Health 5 2-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health 5 2-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems 9 2-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States 17 2-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment 21 2-5 Summary and Study Guide 23 References 24 3 Process Selection 25 3-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties 26 3-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection 30 3-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations 34 3-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains 39 3-5 Summary and Study Guide 42 Homework Problems 43 References 45 4 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering 47 4-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations 48 4-2 Chemical Equilibrium 51 4-3 Chemical Kinetics 60 4-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment 63 4-5 Mass Balance Analysis 66 4-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis 73 4-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors 77 4-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors 80 4-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors 84 4-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests 88 4-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors 95 4-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors 101 4-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer 103 4-14 Molecular Diffusion 104 4-15 Diffusion Coefficients 106 4-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface 115 4-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams 126 4-18 Summary and Study Guide 131 Homework Problems 133 References 138 5 Coagulation and Flocculation 139 5-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 140 5-2 Stability of Particles in Water 142 5-3 Principles of Coagulation 149 5-4 Coagulation Practice 150 5-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation 162 5-6 Rapid-Mix Practice 163 5-7 Principles of Flocculation 165 5-8 Flocculation Practice 170 5-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 186 5-10 Summary and Study Guide 187 Homework Problems 188 References 190 6 Sedimentation 193 6-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling 196 6-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins 201 6-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling 205 6-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling 206 6-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design 211 6-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes 220 6-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation 228 6-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 230 6-9 Summary and Study Guide 231 Homework Problems 232 References 234 7 Rapid Granular Filtration 235 7-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter 236 7-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration 242 7-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration 246 7-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed 255 7-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization 258 7-6 Backwash Hydraulics 266 7-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 273 7-8 Summary and Study Guide 274 Homework Problems 275 References 278 8 Membrane Filtration 281 8-1 Classification of Membrane Processes 282 8-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration 284 8-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment 286 8-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration 296 8-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration 301 8-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters 305 8-7 Membrane Fouling 309 8-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids 316 8-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 319 8-10 Summary and Study Guide 321 Homework Problems 322 References 325 9 Reverse Osmosis 327 9-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility 329 9-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis 335 9-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes 339 9-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure 343 9-5 Concentration Polarization 348 9-6 Fouling and Scaling 353 9-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design 359 9-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 361 9-9 Summary and Study Guide 364 Homework Problems 365 References 368 10 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 369 10-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process 370 10-2 Adsorption Equilibrium 377 10-3 Adsorption Kinetics 382 10-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process 386 10-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 395 10-6 Ion Exchange Kinetics 399 10-7 Fixed-Bed Contactors 400 10-8 Suspended-Media Reactors 423 10-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 429 10-10 Summary and Study Guide 430 Homework Problems 431 References 435 11 Air Stripping and Aeration 437 11-1 Types of Air Stripping and Aeration Contactors 438 11-2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 443 11-3 Fundamentals of Packed Tower Air Stripping 449 11-4 Design and Analysis of Packed-Tower Air Stripping 459 11-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 471 11-6 Summary and Study Guide 472 Homework Problems 473 References 475 12 Advanced Oxidation 477 12-1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation 479 12-2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process 486 12-3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process 494 12-4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process 505 12-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 518 12-6 Summary and Study Guide 519 Homework Problems 520 References 522 13 Disinfection 525 13-1 Disinfection Agents and Systems 526 13-2 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine 532 13-3 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide 538 13-4 Disinfection with Ozone 538 13-5 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light 543 13-6 Disinfection Kinetics 555 13-7 Disinfection Kinetics in Real Flow Reactors 565 13-8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion 567 13-9 Disinfection By-products 572 13-10 Residual Maintenance 575 13-11 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 576 13-12 Summary and Study Guide 578 Homework Problems 579 References 581 14 Residuals Management 585 14-1 Defining the Problem 586 14-2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals 591 14-3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludge 595 14-4 Liquid Wastes from Granular Media Filters 599 14-5 Management of Residual Liquid Streams 601 14-6 Management of Residual Sludge 604 14-7 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals 614 14-8 Summary and Study Guide 616 Homework Problems 617 References 618 Appendix A Conversion Factors 621 Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 627 B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures 629 B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 629 Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 631 Appendix D Periodic Table 633 Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook 635 Index 637

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to the role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in new and emerging therapies With high-density lipoproteins (HDL) playing an increasing role in cardiovascular disease prevention, there is a growing need for an in-depth look at HDL and its clinical value. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field, providing for the first time a comprehensive, systematic, stylistically coherent, and up-to-date review of the composition, structure, heterogeneity, metabolism, epidemiology, genetics, and function of HDL. Divided into three main parts, High-Density Lipoproteins first examines normal HDL particles, then describes defective HDL, and finally addresses the therapeutic normalization of subnormal levels and defective biological activities of this lipoprotein class. The book highlights the functional properties of HDL, which are relevant to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, and discusses the compositional and metabolic heTrade Review“In summary, the need for this book is immense: It is an encyclopedia where everyone working in or near the field can quickly find the fact or reference they need. It is a textbook one can give to a student on the first day in the lab. It is a novel that can be read when running out of controversies in your own field.” (ChemMedChem, 1 April 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii SECTION 1 NORMAL FUNCTIONAL HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN 1 1 COMPOSITION 3 1.1 Proteome / 9 Apolipoproteins / 9 Apolipoprotein A-I / 9 ApoA-II / 9 ApoA-IV / 9 ApoA-V / 10 ApoC-I, ApoC-II, ApoC-III, ApoC-IV / 12 ApoD / 12 ApoE / 13 ApoF / 14 ApoH / 14 ApoJ / 14 ApoL-I / 15 ApoM / 15 Other Apolipoproteins / 15 Enzymes / 16 LCAT / 16 PON1 and PON3 / 16 PAF-AH (LpPLA2) / 17 GSPx-3 / 18 Lipid Transfer Proteins / 18 PLTP / 18 CETP / 19 Acute-Phase Response Proteins / 19 Serum Amyloid A / 19 Other Proteins / 20 Complement Components / 21 Proteinase Inhibitors and Related Proteins / 23 Other Protein Components / 25 1.2 Lipidome / 27 Phospholipids / 27 Steroids / 28 Cholesteryl Esters / 28 Triglycerides / 28 Minor Lipids / 28 2 HETEROGENEITY 39 2.1 Heterogeneity in Physicochemical Properties / 42 Heterogeneity in Density / 42 Heterogeneity in Electrophoretic Mobility / 43 Heterogeneity in Size / 45 2.2 Heterogeneity in Chemical Composition / 47 Heterogeneity in Proteins / 47 Heterogeneity in Lipids / 49 2.3 Relationships Between HDL Subfractions Separated by Different Methods / 50 3 STRUCTURE 59 3.1 Lipid-Free ApoA-I / 59 3.2 Discoid HDL / 62 3.3 Spherical HDL / 66 4 METABOLISM 74 4.1 Formation and Intravascular Remodeling / 74 ABC Transporters / 77 ABCA1 / 77 ABCG1 / 85 Enzymes / 86 LCAT / 86 Lipases / 88 Lipid Transfer Proteins / 90 CETP / 90 PLTP / 92 Receptors / 93 SR-BI / 93 4.2 Catabolism / 96 5 EPIDEMIOLOGY 113 5.1 Epidemiology of HDL-C / 113 HDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk / 113 Relevance Across Multiple Populations and Disease States / 116 HDL-C and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors / 120 Prevalence of Low HDL-C / 122 HDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients Receiving Statins / 123 HDL-C and Other Major Diseases / 125 5.2 Epidemiology of HDL-Associated Proteins and Enzymes / 126 ApoA-I / 126 Other Apolipoproteins / 129 SAA / 130 PON1 / 130 PAF-AH / 131 Other Enzymes / 133 Lipid Transfer Proteins / 133 5.3 Epidemiology of HDL Particle Subpopulations / 134 Separated by Density / 134 Separated by Electrophoretic Mobility / 135 Separated by Composition / 135 Separated by Size / 135 6 GENETICS 161 6.1 ABC Transporters and Other Receptors / 165 ABCA1 / 165 SR-BI / 167 LDL Receptor / 167 6.2 Apolipoproteins / 167 ApoA-I / 167 ApoA-V / 168 ApoC-III / 168 ApoE / 168 6.3 Enzymes / 169 LCAT / 169 PON1 / 169 LPL / 170 Hepatic Lipase / 171 Endothelial Lipase / 171 6.4 Lipid Transfer Proteins / 172 CETP / 172 6.5 Other Genes / 174 6.6 Gene Interactions / 176 7 BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES 192 7.1 Cholesterol Efflux Capacity / 197 Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux / 199 ABCA1-Mediated Efflux / 199 ABCG1-Mediated Efflux / 203 SR-BI-Mediated Efflux / 204 Other Pathways / 205 Role of HDL Components / 206 Proteins / 206 Lipids / 208 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 210 7.2 Antioxidative Activity / 213 Mechanisms of Protection Against Oxidative Stress / 216 Role of HDL Components / 219 Apolipoproteins / 219 Enzymes / 220 Lipids / 223 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 224 7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity / 226 Mechanisms of Anti-Inflammatory Protection / 231 Role of HDL Components / 234 Proteome / 234 Lipidome / 235 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 236 7.4 Cytoprotective Activity / 236 Mechanisms of Cytoprotection / 238 Role of HDL Components / 241 Proteome / 241 Lipidome / 241 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 242 7.5 Anti-Infectious Activity / 243 Mechanisms of Protection from Infection / 245 Role of HDL Components / 246 Proteome / 246 Lipids / 248 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 248 7.6 Vasodilatory Activity / 249 Mechanisms of Vasodilatory Activity / 250 Role of HDL Components / 252 Proteins / 252 Lipids / 252 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 253 7.7 Antithrombotic Activity / 253 Mechanisms of Antithrombotic Effects / 256 Role of HDL Components / 257 Functional Heterogeneity of HDL / 258 7.8 Antidiabetic Activity / 259 SECTION 2 FUNCTIONALLY DEFECTIVE HDL 305 8 ALTERED COMPOSITION 307 8.1 Proteome / 307 8.2 Lipidome / 311 8.3 Enzymatic Activities / 313 9 ABNORMAL METABOLISM 329 9.1 Dyslipidemias / 329 9.2 Insulin-Resistant States / 337 9.3 Inflammatory States / 339 9.4 Infectious Diseases / 341 9.5 Cardiovascular Disease / 342 9.6 Post-Prandial State / 343 9.7 Smoking / 344 10 IMPAIRED BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES 360 10.1 Cholesterol Efflux Capacity / 361 Dyslipidemia / 361 Role of HDL Components / 364 Insulin Resistance / 365 Role of HDL Components / 367 Inflammation / 369 Cardiovascular Disease / 372 Pathophysiologic Relevance / 373 10.2 Antioxidative Activity / 373 Dyslipidemia / 373 Role of HDL Components / 374 Insulin Resistance / 376 Role of HDL Components / 376 Inflammation / 379 Infection / 380 Cardiovascular Disease / 380 Pathophysiologic Relevance / 381 10.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity / 382 Dyslipidemia / 382 Insulin Resistance / 385 Inflammation / 386 Cardiovascular Disease / 388 Pathophysiologic Relevance / 389 10.4 Cytoprotective Activity / 391 10.5 Vasodilatory Activity / 392 10.6 Anti-Infectious Activity / 394 10.7 Antithrombotic Activity / 395 SECTION 3 THERAPEUTIC NORMALIZATION OF SUBNORMAL LEVELS AND DEFECTIVE BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES OF HDL 417 11 ENHANCEMENT OF HDL FORMATION AND NORMALIZATION OF INTRAVASCULAR HDL REMODELING 423 11.1 Apolipoproteins / 423 11.2 Reconstituted HDL / 428 Effects on HDL Levels and Metabolism / 428 Effects on HDL Functionality / 430 Role of HDL Components / 432 11.3 Apolipoprotein-Mimetic Peptides / 434 Effects on HDL Levels and Metabolism / 434 Effects on HDL Functionality / 434 11.4 Statins / 440 Effects on HDL Levels and Metabolism / 440 Effects on HDL Functionality / 444 Clinical Trials / 446 11.5 PPAR Alpha Agonists / 447 Effects on HDL Levels / 447 Mechanisms of Action / 448 Effects on HDL Functionality / 451 Clinical Trials / 452 11.6 Nicotinic Acid / 454 Mechanisms of Action / 455 Clinical Trials / 458 Effects on HDL Functionality / 460 Adverse Effects / 461 11.7 CETP Inhibitors / 463 Torcetrapib / 464 Dalcetrapib / 467 Anacetrapib / 467 Effects on RCT / 469 Clinical Trials / 471 Effects on HDL Functionality / 474 11.8 Other Agents / 477 LXR Agonists / 477 PPAR Gamma Agonists / 478 Lipase Inhibitors / 479 sPLA2 Inhibitors / 480 Endothelial Lipase Inhibitors / 481 LpPLA2 Inhibitors / 481 SR-BI Inhibitors / 482 Others / 483 12 COMBINATION THERAPIES 524 12.1 Niacin and Statins / 524 12.2 Fibrates and Statins / 527 12.3 Other Combinations / 528 13 OTHER PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES 533 13.1 Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Antagonists / 533 13.2 Estrogens / 536 13.3 Others / 538 14 LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS 542 14.1 Exercise / 542 14.2 Alcohol / 546 14.3 Nutritional Factors / 548 Dietary Fats / 548 Cholesterol / 548 Phospholipids / 549 Saturated Fatty Acids / 549 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids / 550 PUFAs / 550 Carbohydrates / 552 Proteins / 553 Minor Dietary Components / 554 Polyphenols / 554 Vitamins / 556 Other Minor Components / 556 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 572 INDEX 577

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains papers presented at the Materials Innovations in an Emerging Hydrogen Economy Conference in Februrary 2008 in Cocoa Beach, Florida. It provides a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in the research and applications of materials innovations.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEWS Research Priorities and Progress in Hydrogen Energy Research in the EU 3Constantina Filiou, Pietro Moretto, and Joaquin Martin-Bermejo Global Perspectives Towards the Establishment of the Hydrogen Economy 17Jose lgnacio Galindo Materials Issues for Hydrogen R&D in Canada 27E.E. Andrukaitis and Rod McMillan Overview of U.S. Materials Development Activities for Hydrogen Technologies 39Ned Stetson and John Petrovic HYDROGEN STORAGE The Hydrogen Storage Behaviour of Pt and Pd Loaded Transition Metal Oxides 51A. Molendowska, P.J. Hall, and S. Donet Progress of Hydrogen Storage and Container Materials 61Y.Y. Li and Y.T. Zhang Synthesis of Activated Carbon Fibers for High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage 69M. Kunowsky, F. Suarez-Garcia, D. Cazorla-Amoros and A. Linares-Solano High Density Carbon Materials for Hydrogen Storage 77A. Linares-Solano, M. Jorda-Beneyto, D. Lozano-Castello, F. Suarez-Garcia, and D. Cazorla-Amoros A New Way for Storing Reactive Complex Hydrides on Board of Automobiles 91Rana Mohtadi, Kyoichi Tange, Tomoya Matsunaga, George Wicks, Kit Heung, and Ray Schumacher Synergistic Effect of LiBH4 + MgH, as a Potential Reversible High Capacity Hydrogen Storage Material 97T. E. C. Price, D. M. Grant, and G. S. Walker Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Hydrogen Storage Material: Nanoporous Silicon 105Peter J. Schubert and Alan D. Wilks Nanocrystalline Effects on the Reversible Hydrogen Storage Characteristics of Complex Hydrides 111Michael U. Niemann, Sesha S. Srinivasan, Kimberly McGrath, Ashok Kumar, D. Yogi Goswami, and Elias K. Stefanakos HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Recent Results on Splitting Water with Aluminum Alloys 121J. M. Woodall, Jeffrey T. Ziebarth, Charles R. Allen, Debra M. Sherman, J. Jeon, and G. Choi Materials Challenges in SYNGAS Production from Hydrocarbons 129C. M. Chun, F. Hershkowitz, and T. A. Ramanarayanan Encapsulation of Palladium in Porous Wall Hollow Glass Microsp heres 143L. K. Heung, G. G. Wicks and R. F. Schumacher Alternative Materials to Pd Membranes for Hydrogen Purification 149Thad M. Adams and Paul S. Korinko X-Ray Photoelectron Investigation of Phosphotungstic Acid as a Proton-Conducting Medium in Solid Polymer Electrolytes 159Clovis A. Linkous, Stephen L. Rhoden, and Kirk Scammon HYDROGEN DELIVERY Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Simulated Welds in HSLA-100 and HY-100 Steels to Hydrogen Induced Cracking 169R. E. Ricker, M. R. Stoudt, and D. J. Pitchure Friction and Wear Properties of Materials Used in Hydrogen Service 181R.A. Erck, G.R. Fenske, and O.L. Eryilmaz Effect of Remote Hydrogen Boundary Conditions on the Near Crack-Tip Hydrogen Concentration Profiles in a Cracked Pipeline: Fracture Toughness Assessment 187M. Dadfarnia, P. Sofronis, B. P. Sornerday, and I. M. Robertson Non-Destructive Hydrogen Content Sensors 201Angelique N. Lasseigne, David McColskey, Thomas A. Siewert, Kamalu Koenig, David L. Olson, and Brajendra Mishra Temperature Programed Desorption Using an Off-the-shelf Hybrid Microwave Oven 211R. Tom Walters, Paul Burket, and George G. Wicks LEAKAGE DETECTION/SAFETY Tritium Aging Effects on the Fracture Toughness Properties of Forged Stainless Steel 223Michael J. Morgan Explosive Nature of Hydrogen in Partial-Pressure Vacuum 237Trevor Jones Author Index 243

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Book SynopsisApplications of Microdialysis in Pharmaceutical Science focuses on the use of microdialysis in drug evaluation for different organs and tissues and pharmacokinetics.Trade Review"This book will serve as a valuable reference for pharmaceutical researchers and it will be a logical companion to the Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience series volume." (Doody's, 9 March 2012)Table of ContentsContributors xi 1. Introduction to Applications of Microdialysis in Pharmaceutical Science 1 Tung-Hu Tsai 2. Microdialysis in Drug Discovery 7 Christian Höcht 1. Introduction 7 2. Phases of Drug Development 8 3. Role of Biomarkers in Drug Development 11 4. Role of Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development 12 5. Role of Microdialysis in Drug Development 15 6. Microdialysis Sampling in the Drug Development of Specific Therapeutic Groups 20 7. Regulatory Aspects of Microdialysis Sampling in Drug Development 29 8. Conclusions 30 3. Analytical Considerations for Microdialysis Sampling 39 Pradyot Nandi, Courtney D. Kuhnline, and Susan M. Lunte 1. Introduction 39 2. Analytical Methodologies 49 3. Conclusions 75 4. Monitoring Dopamine in the Mesocorticolimbic and Nigrostriatal Systems by Microdialysis: Relevance for Mood Disorders and Parkinson’s Disease 93 Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Massimo Peirucci, and Vincenzo Di Matteo 1. Introduction 93 2. Pathophysiology of Serotonin-Dopamine Interaction: Implication for Mood Disorders 94 3. Dopamine Depletion in the Nigrostratal System: Parkinson’s Disease 109 4. Conclusions 120 5. Monitoring Neutrotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis: Pharmacodynamic Applications 151 Sandrine Parrot, Bernard Renaud, Luc Zimmer, and Luc Denoroy 1. Introduction 151 2. Monitoring Neurotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis 152 3. Basic Research on Receptors 162 4. Psychostimulants and Addictive Drugs 168 5. Analgesia 177 6. Ischemia-Anoxia 182 7. Conclusions and Perspectives 188 6. Microdialysis as a Tool to Unravel Neurobiological Mechanisms of Seizures and Antiepileptic Drug Action 207 Ilse Smolders, Ralph Clickers, and Yvette Michotte 1. Introduction 207 2. Microdialysis to Characterize Seizure-Related Neurobiological and Metabolic Changes in Animal Models and in Humans 209 3. Microdialysis as a Chemoconvulsant Delivery Tool in Animal Seizure Models 217 4. Microdialysis Used to Elucidate Mechanisms of Electrical Brain Stimulation and Neuronal Circuits Involved in Seizures 218 5. Microdialysis Used to Unravel the Mechanisms of Action of Established Antiepileptic Drugs and New Therapeutic Strategies 219 6. Microdialysis Studies in the Search for Mechanisms of Adverse Effects of Clinically Used Drugs, Drugs of Abuse, and Toxins 224 7. Combining Microdialysis with Other Complementary Neurotechniques to Unravel Mechanisms of Seizures and Epilepsy 226 8. The Advantage of Microdialysis Used to Sample Biophase Antiepileptic Drug Levels and to Monitor Neurotransmitters as Markers for Anticonvulsant Activity 228 9. Microdialysis Used to Study Relationships Between Epilepsy and Its Comorbidities 236 7. Microdialysis in Lung Tissue: Monitoring of Exogenous and Endogenous Compounds 255 Thomas Feurstein and Markus Zeitlinger 1. Introduction 255 2. Special Aspects Associated with Lung Microdialysis Compared to Microdialysis in Other Tissues 252 3. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into Lung Tissue 256 4. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into the Bronchial System 257 5. Types of Probes 258 6. Endogenous Compounds 258 7. Exogenous Drugs 259 8. Animal Data 260 9. Clinical Data 262 10. Comparison of Pharmacokinetic Data in Lung Obtained by Microdialysis and Other Techniques 264 11. Predictability of Lung Concentrations by Measurements on Other Tissues 265 8. Microdialysis in the Hepatobility System: Monitoring Drug Metabolism, Hepatebiliary Excretion, and Enterohepatic Circulation 275 Yu-Tse Wu and Tung-Hu Tsia 1. Introduction 275 2. Experimental Considerations of Pharmacokinetic Studies 279 3. Pharmacokinetic and Hepatobiliary Excretion Studies Emproving Microdialysis 284 4. Conclusions 287 9. Microdialysis Used to Measure the Metabolism of Glucose, Lactate, and Glycerol 295 Greg Nowak 1.Introduction 295 2. Glucose 299 3. Lactate 301 4. Lactate/Pyruvate Ratio 303 5. Glycerol 303 10. Clinical Microdialysis in Skin and Soft Tissues 313 Martina Sahre, Runa Naik, and Hartmut Derendorf 1. Introduction 313 2. Tissue Bioavailability 314 3. PK-PD Indices 323 4. Topical Bioequivalence 329 5. Endogenous Compounds 330 6. Conclusion 331 11. Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue: Monitoring Tissue Metabolism and Blood Flow in Humans 335 Gijs H. Goossens, Wim H. Saris, and Ellen E. Black 1. Introduction 335 2. Principles and Practical Considerations in the Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue 336 3. Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue in Humans 342 4. Summary and Conclusions 353 12. Microdialysis as a Monitoring System for Human Diabetes 359 Anna Ciechanowska, Jan M. Wojcick, Iwuna Maruniak-Chudek,Piotr Ladyzynski, and Janusz Kraybien 1. Introduction 359 2. Monitoring Acute Complications of Diabetes 362 13. Microdialysis Use in Tumors Drug Disposition and Tumor Response 403 Quigyu Zhou and James M. Gallo 1. Introduction 403 2. Microdialysis as a Sampling Technique in Oncology 404 3. Experimental Considerations 408 4. Examples of the Use of Microdualysis to Characterize Drug Disposition in Tumor 414 5. Use of Microdialysis in the Evaluation of Tumor Response to Therapy 423 6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 423 14. Microdialysis Versus Imaging Techniques for In Vivo Drug Distribution Measurements 431 Martin Brunner 1. Introduction 431 2. Microdialysis 432 3. Imaging Techniques 434 4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 434 5. Positron-Emission Tomography 435 6. Combination of Microdialysis and Imaging Techniques 436 7. Summary and Conclusions 438 15. In Vitro Applications of Microdialysis 445 Wen-Chuan Lee and Tung-Hu Tsai 1. Introduction 445 2. Microdialysis Used in Culture Systems 446 3. Microdialysis Used in Enzyme Kinetics 453 4. Microdialysis Used in Protein Binding 455 5. Conclusions 456 16. Microdialysis in Drug-Drug Interaction 465 Mitsuhito Wada, Rie Ikeda, and Kenichiro Nakashima 1. Introduction 465 2. Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction 472 3. Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction 487 4. Conclusions 501 17. Microdialysis in Environmental Monitoring 509 Manuel Miró and Wolfgang Frenzel 1. Introduction 509 2. In Vivo and In Situ Sampling: Similarities and Differences 510 3. Critical Parameters Influencing Relative Recoveries 513 4. Detection Techniques 516 5. Calibration Methods 519 6. Environmental Applications of Microdialysis 520 7. Conclusions and Future Trends 524 Index 531

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an important reference source about the most common classes of pesticides for researchers engaged in the area of neurotoxicology, metabolism, and epidemiology. The book presents details about thorough characterization of target and non-target enzymes and proteins involved in toxicity and metabolism; and epidemiology of poisonings and fatalities in people from short- and long- term exposures to these pesticides in different occupational settings on an individual country basis as well as on a global basis. The early portion of the book deals with metabolism, mechanisms and biomonitoring of anticholinesterase pesticides, while the later part deals with epidemiological studies, regulatory issues, and therapeutic intervention.Table of ContentsForeword (Donald J. Ecobichon). Section I. 1. Introduction (Tetsuo Satoh, Ramesh C. Gupta). Section II: Metabolism and Mechanisms. 2. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS: BRAIN REGIONAL HETEROGENEITY (Haruo Kobayashi, Tadahiko Suzuki, Fumiaki Akahori and Tetsuo Satoh). 3. GENOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE SENSITIVITIES (Jonathan E. Cohen, Gabrial Zimmermann, Alon Friedman and Hermona Soreq). 4. BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE: OVERVIEW, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (Oksana Lockridge, Ellen G. Duysen and Patrick Masson). 5.CARBOXYLESTERASES:OVERVIEW, STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISM (Masakiyo Hosokawa and Tetsuo Satoh). 6. CARBOXYLESTERASES IN THE METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES (Colin J. Jackson, Juan Sanchez-Hernandez, Craig E. Wheelock and John G. Oakeshott). 7. THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION AND DETOXICATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES (Janice E. Chambers, Edward C. Meek and Matthew Ross). 8. PARAOXONASE 1: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISMS (Lucio G. Costa, Clement E. Furlong). 9. LONG-TERM NEUROTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES AFTER EITHER ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE (Angelo Moretto, Manuela Tiramani and Claudio Colosio). 10. MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY OF NEUROPATHY TARGET ESTERASE (Yi-Jun Wu and Ping-An Chang). 11. DETOXICATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (Miguel A. Sogorb and Eugennio Vilanova). Section III: Toxicity and Biomonitoring. 12. INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES TOXICITY (Dejan Milatovic, Ramesh C. Gupta, Snjezana Zaja-Milanovic, Gregory Barners and Michael Aschner). 13.CENTRAL MECHANISMS OF SEIZURES AND LETHALITY FOLLOWING ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDE EXPOSURE (Andrzej Dekundy and Rafal M. Kaminski). 14. APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (Qing Li). 15. GENE EXPRESSION (Shirin Pournourmahammadi and Mohammad Abdollahi). 16. ORGANOPHOSPHATES AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS (Shigeyuki Kitamura, Kazumi Sugihara, Nariaki Fujimoto and Takeshi Yamazaki). 17. DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (John Flaskos and Magdalini Sachana). 18.TOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES IN NEONATES AND CHILDREN (Diane Rohlman and Linda McCauley). 19. NEUROTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES (Kiran Dip Gill, Govinder Flora and Swaran J.S. Flora). 20. BIOMONITORING OF PESTICIDES: PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES (Charles Timchalk). 21. NOVEL BIOMARKERS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE EXPOSURE (Tetsuo Satoh, Salmaan H. Inayat-Hussain, Michihiro Kamishima and Jun Ueyama). 22. BIOMARKERS OF CARCINOGENESIS IN RELATION TO PESTICIDES POISONING (Manashi Bagchi, Shirley Zafra-Stone, Francis C. Lau and Debasis Bagchi). 23. ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES INTERACTION (Ramesh C. Gupta and Dejan Milatovic). 24. INTERACTION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES WITH METALS (Jitendra K. Malik, Avinash G. Telang, Ashok Kumar and Ramesh C. Gupta). Section IV: Epidemiological studies. 25. GLOBAL IMPACT (Claudio Colosio, Francesca Vellere and Angelo Moretto). 26. CHILE (Floria Pancetti, Muriel Ramirez and Mauricio Castillo). 27. CHINA (Yueming Jiang). 28. EGYPT (Sameeh A. Mansour). 29. GREECE (Maria Stefanidou, S. Athanaselis, C. Spiliopoulou and C. Maravelias). 30. INDIA (Pawan K. Gupta). 31. IRAN (Mohammad Abdollahi). 32. ISRAEL (Yoram Finkelstein). 33. JAPAN (Takemi Yoshida and Yumiko Kuroki). 34. KOREA (Hyung-Keun RoBum Jin Oh, Mi-Jin Lee and Joo-Hyun Suh). 35. MEXICO (Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega, Norma Pérez-Herrera and Elizabeth Rojas-Garcia). 36. SERBIA (Milan Jokanović, Biljana Antonijević and Slavica Vučinić). 37. SPAIN (Antonio F. Hernández, Tesifón Parrón, José L. Serrano and Porfirio Marín, on behalf of the ESPAPP group). 38. TAIWAN (Tzeng Jih Lin,Dong-Zeng Hung, Jin-Lian Tsai, Sheng-Chuan Hu and Jou-Fang Deng). 39. THAILAND (Winai Wananukul). 40. TURKEY (Ismet COK). 41. U.S.A. (Anna M. Fan). Section V. 42. Regulatory Aspects (Kai Savolainen). Section VI. 43. Medical Treatment of Poisoning with Organophosphates and Carbamates (Milan Jokanović).

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Book SynopsisNew technologies are becoming available for managing glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds and reducing their spread. GR crop technology has revolutionized crop production in the developed world and the benefits are gradually spilling over to the developing world.Trade Review"The book provides a very useful review for researchers into GR crops and weeds, as well as to those involved in education and extension, and decision-making in the approval of GM crops. It exemplifies the complexities and consequences of resistance development in general." (The Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1 October 2011) "Features contributions from leading experts in the many disciplines needed to fully understand glyphosphate-resistant crops and weeds. The authors have reviewed and analyzed all the latest research findings as well as the latest technologies developed to manage GR crops and weeds." (Chemical & Engineering News, December 2010) "This book provides such an essential, up-to-date source of information on glyphosate resistance for researchers, extension workers, land managers, government personnel, and other decision makers and provides comprehensive coverage of the intensely studied topic of glyphosate resistant (GR) in crops". (Quote.com, 23 November 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. 1 Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and Properties (Gerald M. Dill, R. Douglas Sammons, Paull C. C. Feng, Frank Kohn, Keith Kretzmer, Akbar Mehrsheikh, Marion Bleeke, Joy L. Honegger, Donna Farmer, Dan Wright and Eric A. Haupfear). 2 Herbicide Resistance: Definitions and Concepts (Vijay K. Nandula). 3 Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: Developing the Next Generation Products (Paul C. C. Feng, Claire A. CaJacob, Susan J. Martino-Catt, R. Eric Cerny, Greg A. Elmore, Gregory R. Heck, Jintai Huang, Warren M. Kruger, Marianne Malven, John A. Miklos, and Stephen R. Padgette). 4 Transitioning from Single to Multiple Herbicide-Resistant Crops (Jerry M. Green and Linda A. Castle). 5 Testing Methods for Glyphosate Resistance (Dale L. Shaner). 6 Biochemical Mechanisms and Molecular Basis of Evolved Glyphosate Resistance in Weed Species (Alejandro Perez-Jones and Carol Mallory-Smith). 7 Glyphosate Resistance: Genetic Basis in Weeds (Michael J. Christoffers and Aruna V. Varanasi). 8 Genomics of Glyphosate Resistance (C. Neal Stewart, Jr., Yanhui Peng, Laura G. Abercrombie, Matthew D. Halfhill, Murali R. Rao, Priya Ranjan, Jun Hu, R. Douglas Sammons, Gregory R. Heck, Patrick J. Tranel, and Joshua S. Yuan). 9 Glyphosate-Resistant Crop Production Systems: Impact on Weed Species Shifts (Krishna N. Reddy and Jason K. Norsworthy). 10 Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed in the United States (Lawrence E. Steckel, Christopher L. Main, and Thomas C. Mueller). 11 Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in the United States (A. Stanley Culpepper, Theodore M. Webster, L. Sosnoskie, and Alan C. York). 12 Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Population Shifts in Midwestern U.S. Cropping Systems (Stephen C. Weller. Micheal D. K. Owen and William G. Johnson). 13 Glyphosate-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass in Australia (Christopher Preston). 14 Glyphosate Resistance in Latin America (Bernal E. Valverde). 15 Strategies for Managing Glyphosate Resistance—An Extension Perspective (Ken Smith). 16 Economic Impact of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds (Janet E. Carpenter and Leonard P. Gianessi). Index.

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Book Synopsis* Mass Spectrometry is a major tool to characterize, identify and detect hundreds of known and unknown drugs.Trade Review“Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing is an excellent textbook for anyone involved in the analytical characterization of illicit substances and abused drugs.” (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 History of Sports Drug Testing. 1.1 Historical Attempts of Artificial Performance Enhancement. 1.2 Background and Rationale of Doping Controls. 1.3 Early Detection Methods: Possibilities and Limitations of Assays Without Mass Spectrometry. 1.4 Introduction of Mass Spectrometry to Doping Control Analysis. References. 2. Mass Spectrometry and the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods of Doping. 2.1 Criteria for the Mass Spectrometric Identification of Prohibited Compounds. 2.2 Modern Mass Spectrometers in Doping Controls: Advantages and Disadvantages of Available Techniques. References. 3. Structure Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Target Analytes —Electron Ionization. 3.1 Stimulants. 3.2 Narcotics. 3.3 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids. 3.4 Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). 3.5 Diuretics. 3.6 β2-Agonists. 3.7 β-Receptor Blocking Agents. 3.8 Calcium-Channel Modulators (RYCALS). 3.9 Carbohydrate-Based Agents. References. 4. Structure Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Target Analytes: Electrospray Ionization. 4.1 Stimulants. 4.2 Narcotics. 4.3 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids. 4.4 Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). 4.5 Diuretics. 4.6 β2-Agonists. 4.7 Calcium-Channel Modulators (RYCALS). 4.8 Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor-δ (PPARδ) And Adenosine Monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Agonists. 4.9 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-Stabilizers And Sirtuin Activators. 4.10 β-Receptor Blocking Agents. 4.11 Glucuronic Acid and Sulfate Conjugates of Target Analytes. References. 5. Structure Characterization of High Molecular Weight Target Analytes: Electrospray Ionization. 5.1 Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG). 5.2 Erythropoietins (EPO). 5.3 Synacthen. 5.4 Insulins. 5.5 Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOCs). 5.6 Human Growth Hormone (hGH). 5.7 Sermorelin (Geref). 5.8 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). 5.9 Gonadorelin (LHRH). References. 6. Modern Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Assays. 6.1 GC-MS and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. 6.2 LC-MS/MS. References. 7. Limitations and Perspectives of Mass Spectrometry-Based Procedures in Doping Control Analysis. 7.1 Recombinant Biomolecules. 7.2 Unknown Compounds. 7.3 Profiling of Urine and/or Blood. 7.4 Alternative Specimens. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFew scientists have the knowledge to perform the studies that are necessary to discover and characterize enzyme inhibitors, despite the vested interest the pharmaceutical industry has in this field. Beginning with the most basic principles pertaining to simple, one-substrate enzyme reactions and their inhibitors, and progressing to a thorough treatment of two-substrate enzymes, Kinetics of Enzyme Action: Essential Principles for Drug Hunters provides biochemists, medicinal chemists, and pharmaceutical scientists with numerous case study examples to outline the tools and techniques necessary to perform, understand, and interpret detailed kinetic studies for drug discovery.Trade Review"Kinetics of Enzyme Action: Essential Principles for Drug Hunters provides a needed resource for pharmaceutical scientists whose job it is to discover and kinetically characterize enzyme inhibitors. This book starts with the most basic principles pertaining to simple, one-substrate enzyme reactions and their inhibitors, and progresses to a thorough treatment of two-substrate enzymes and their inhibitors." (News Blaze, 18 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief History of Enzymology 2 1.2 Goal of Enzymology: The Elucidation of Mechanism 11 1.3 The Emergence of Mechanism from Data 13 2 Kinetics of Single-substrate Enzymatic Reactions 19 2.1 The Dependence of Initial Velocity on Substrate Concentration and the Requirement for an E : S Complex 19 2.2 Derivation of the Rate Equation for a Single-Substrate Reaction with the Assumption of Rapid Equilibrium 21 2.3 Derivation of Rate Equations Using the Steady-State Assumption 24 2.4 Methods of Enzyme Assay 26 2.5 Enzyme Kinetics Practicum: Assay Development, Experimental Design, Data Collection, and Data Analysis 32 3 Kinetics of Single-substrate Enzymatic Reactions: Special Topics 41 3.1 Transition State Theory and Free Energy Diagrams 41 3.2 Kinetic Consequences of an Enzyme : Substrate Complex 46 3.3 Reactions with More Than One Intermediary Complex 51 3.4 Deviations from Michaelis–Menten Kinetics 53 3.5 Kinetics of Enzymatic Action on Substrates with Multiple Reactive Centers 65 4 Enzyme Inhibition: the Phenomenon and Mechanism-independent Analysis 73 4.1 Enzyme Inhibition: The Phenomenon 74 4.2 Enzyme Inhibition: The First Quantitative Steps 76 4.3 Enzyme-Inhibitor Systems Misbehaving 77 4.4 Case Studies 83 5 Kinetic Mechanism of Inhibition of One-substrate Enzymatic Reactions 89 5.1 Importance in Drug Discovery 89 5.2 Theoretical Considerations 90 5.3 Analysis of Initial Velocity Data for Enzyme Inhibition 96 5.4 Inhibition of One-Substrate, Two-Intermediate Reactions 108 5.5 Inhibition by Depletion of Substrate 111 6 Tight-binding, Slow-binding, and Irreversible Inhibition 115 6.1 Importance in Drug Discovery 115 6.2 Tight-Binding Inhibition 116 6.3 Slow-Binding Inhibition 122 6.4 Irreversible Inhibition 137 7 Kinetics of Two-substrate Enzymatic Reactions 141 7.1 Importance in Drug Discovery 141 7.2 Basic Mechanisms 142 7.3 Conceptual Understanding of Sequential Mechanisms 143 7.4 Derivation of Rate Equations for Sequential Mechanisms 147 7.5 Ping-Pong Mechanisms 153 7.6 Determining the Kinetic Mechanism for Two-Substrate Reactions 156 7.7 A Conceptual Understanding of the Shapes of Secondary Plots 163 7.8 Mistaken Identity: Rapid Equilibrium Random Versus Steady-State Ordered 168 8 Kinetic Mechanism of Inhibition of Two-substrate Enzymatic Reactions 169 8.1 Importance in Drug Discovery 170 8.2 Mechanisms of Inhibition of Two-Substrate Reactions 170 8.3 Inhibition by Substrate Analogs 185 8.4 Analysis of Sequential Reactions in which Inhibitor Binds to Enzyme : Product Complexes 191 8.5 Driving SAR Programs for Two-Substrate Enzymatic Reactions 196 9 Allosteric Modulation of Enzyme Activity 199 9.1 Mechanisms of Enzyme Modulation 201 9.2 Kinetics of Allosteric Modulation 202 9.3 Meaning of β and γ 208 9.4 Case Studies: Dependence of Allosteric Modulation on Structural Features of the Substrate 212 10 Kinetics-based Probes of Mechanism 219 10.1 pH Dependence of Enzymatic Reactions 220 10.2 Temperature Dependence of Enzymatic Reactions 229 10.3 Viscosity Dependence of Enzymatic Reactions 235 10.4 Kinetic Isotope Effects on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 239 Appendix A Basic Principles of Chemical Kinetics 251 A.1 One-Step, Irreversible, Unimolecular Reactions 252 A.2 One-Step, Irreversible, Bimolecular Reactions 253 A.3 One-Step, Reversible Reactions 254 A.4 Two-Step, Irreversible Reactions 257 A.5 Two-Step Reaction, with Reversible First Step 259 Appendix B Transition State Theory and Enzymology: Enzyme Catalytic Power and Inhibitor Design 263 B.1 Catalytic Power of Enzymes 263 B.2 Transition State Analog Inhibition 268 Appendix C Selecting Substrate Concentrations for High-throughput Screens 275 C.1 Balancing the Steady State for One-Substrate Reactions 276 C.2 Balancing the Steady State for Two-Substrate, Rapid Equilibrium-Ordered Enzymatic Reactions 276 C.3 Balancing the Steady State for Two-Substrate, Rapid Equilibrium Random Enzymatic Reactions 279 C.4 Balancing the Steady State for Nonequilibrium Enzymatic Reactions Involving a Second Steady-State Intermediate 282 C.5 Balancing the Steady State for Two-Substrate, Ping-Pong Enzymatic Reactions 283 Index 287

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Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series presents the cutting edge in every area of the discipline and provides the field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances. It provides an editorial framework that makes the book an excellent supplement to advanced graduate classes, with contributions from experts around the world and a handy glossary for easy reference on new terminology. This series is a wonderful guide for students and professionals in chemical physics and physical chemistry, from academia, government, and industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers.Trade Review“Even in these days of budgetary cutbacks, it should be high on the ‘essentials’ list of any modern research library that covers the physical sciences.” (JACS Book Reviews, June 2009)Table of ContentsNEW ADVANCES IN MID-IR PULSE SHAPING AND ITS APPLICATION TO 2D IR SPECTROSCOPY AND GROUND-STATE COHERENT CONTROL (David B. Strasfeld, Sang-Hee Shim, and Martin T. Zanni). LOCAL CONTROL THEORY: RECENT APPLICATIONS TO ENERGY AND PARTICLE TRANSFER PROCESSES IN MOLECULES (Volker Engel, Christoph Meier, and David J. Tannor). DYNAMICS OF DOUBLE PHOTOIONIZATION IN MOLECULES AND ATOMS (John H. D. Eland). THE ELECTRIFIED LIQUID–LIQUID INTERFACE (R. A. W. Dryfe). THE PHYSICS OF ULTRATHIN SOLID–FLUID–SOLID FILMS: FROM SURFACE INSTABILITIES TO ISOLATED POCKETS OF FLUID (Gavin A. Buxton and Nigel Clarke). DYNAMICS OF THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS ACROSS THE ISOTROPIC–NEMATIC TRANSITION AND THEIR SIMILARITY WITH GLASSY RELAXATION IN SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS (Dwaipayan Chakrabarti and Biman Bagchi). COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY OF ICE Ih AND OF LIQUID WATER IN FAR INFRARED: UNIFIED ANALYTICAL THEORY (Vladimir I. Gaiduk (deceased) and Derrick S. F. Crothers). AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.

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Book SynopsisTaking an exploratory approach to chemistry, this hands-on lab manual for preparatory chemistry encourages critical thinking and allows students to make discoveries as they experiment. The sequence of the experiments in the manual is designed to fit closely with the Eighth Edition of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, by Jack Malone and Ted Dolter. A set of exercises provides students with additional opportunities to test their understanding of key concepts in introductory and prep chemistry courses. Additional online exercises are available on the Web at www.wiley.com/college/murov.Table of ContentsExperiments Experiment 1 Introductory Concepts, Techniques, and Challenges Experiment 2 Measurements Experiment 3 Density Experiment 4 Mixtures: Separation and Purification Experiment 5 Melting Points Experiment 6 Lewis Structures and Molecular Models Experiment 7 Paper Chromatography Experiment 8 Classification of Chemical Reactions Experiment 9 Empirical Formula of Zinc Oxide Experiment 10 Empirical Formula of a Hydrate Experiment 11 Stoichiometry of a Reaction Experiment 12 Enthalpies in Physical and Chemical Changes Experiment 13 Chemical Properties of Oxygen and Hydrogen Experiment 14 Gas Laws Experiment 15 Distillation and Hardness of Water Experiment 16 Ionic Reactions and Conductivity Experiment 17 Analysis of Cations Experiment 18 Spectroscopy Experiment 19 Acidity and pH Experiment 20 Synthesis Experiment 21 Acid-Base Titrations Experiment 22 Oxidation-Reduction Experiment 23 Analysis of Bleach and Copper (II) Glycinate Experiment 24 The Rates of Chemical Reactions Experiment 25 Equilibrium Studies Experiment 26 Molecular Models of Organic Compounds Experiment 27 Carbohydrates Exercises Exercise 1 Measurements: Scientific Notation, Significant Figures, Accuracy and Precision Exercise 2 Unit Conversions, Density Exercise 3 Element Names and Symbols Exercise 4 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons and Isotopes Exercise 5 Polyatomic Ions Exercise 6 Formulas of Compounds Exercise 7 Nomenclature of Compounds Exercise 8 Electronic Structures and Lewis Structures of Atoms Exercise 9 Bonding, Molecular Geometry, and Polarity Exercise 10 Chemical Reactions: Balancing and Classification Exercise 11 Double Replacement Reactions, Net Ionic Equations Exercise 12 Formula Mass, Moles and Molecules Exercise 13 Percent Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulas Exercise 14 Stoichiometry Exercise 15 Gases and Gas Laws Exercise 16 Concentration Calculations and Solution Stoichiometry Exercise 17 Acids and Bases, pH Exercise 18 Oxidation States and Redox Reactions Exercise 19 Equilibirum Expressions, le Chatelier's Principle Exercise 20 Nuclear Reactions Exercise 21 Organic Chemistry Exercise 22 Laboratory Terminology Exercise 23 Laboratory Techniques Appendices Appendix A Solutions to Starred Prelaboratory Exercises Appendix B Common Ions by Charge Appendix C Solubility of Ionic Compounds Webercises (available online at www.wiley.com/college/murov) Webercise 1 Significant Figures Webercise 2 Properties of Elements Webercise 3 Chemical Toxicity, Safety, and Uses Webercise 4 Periodic Properties of the Elements Webercise 5 Atmospheric Gases Webercise 6 Chemists, Chemistry and Society

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Book SynopsisFor all volumes: the volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction or a definitive phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The authors have had experience with the processes surveyed. The subjects are presented from the preparative viewpoint and particular attention is given to limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. Each chapter includes several detailed procedures illustrating the significant modifications of the method. Each chapter contains tablets that include all the examples of the reaction under consideration that the author has been able to find.Table of ContentsCHAPTER PAGE. 1. ELECTROPHILIC AMINATION OF CARBANIONS, ENOLATES, AND THEIR SURROGATES (Engelbert Ciganek). 2. DESULFONYLATION REACTIONS (Diego A. Alonso and Carmen N´ajera). CUMULATIVE CHAPTER TITLES BY VOLUME. AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 1–72. CHAPTER AND TOPIC INDEX, VOLUMES 1–72.

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of the highly regarded laboratory manual for courses in food microbiology Analytical Food Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual develops the practical skills and knowledge required by students and trainees to assess the microbiological quality and safety of food. This user-friendly textbook covers laboratory safety, basic microbiological techniques, evaluation of food for various microbiological groups, detection and enumeration of foodborne pathogens, and control of undesirable foodborne microorganisms. Each well-defined experiment includes clear learning objectives and detailed explanations to help learners understand essential techniques and approaches in applied microbiology. The fully revised second edition presents improved conventional techniques, advanced analytical methodologies, updated content reflecting emerging food safety concerns, and new laboratory experiments incorporating commercially available microbiological media. ThroughoTable of ContentsPreface vii Part I. Basics of Food Microbiology Laboratory 1 1. Laboratory Safety 3 2. Sampling For Microbiological Analysis of Food and Processing Environment 13 3. Enumeration of Microorganisms In Food 28 4. Practicing Basic Techniques 46 Part II. Food Microbiota 63 5. Aerobic Mesophilic Plate Count 71 6. Mesophilic Sporeforming Bacteria 88 7. Pseudomonas Species and Other Spoilage Psychrotrophs 108 8. Detection and Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae In Food 121 9. Examination and Enumeration of Foodborne Fungi 138 Part III. Foodborne Pathogens 171 10. Staphylococcus Aureus 183 11. Listeria Monocytogenes 220 12. Salmonella Enterica 254 13. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli 278 Part IV. Control of Foodborne Microorganisms 303 14. Thermal Resistance of Microorganisms In Food 307 15. Production of Bacteriocins In Milk 328 Appendix I Laboratory Exercise Report 346 Appendix II Bacterial and Fungal Strains Recommended For Use As Control Organisms 351 Appendix III Microbiological Media 354 Appendix IV Supplies and Equipment Availability 372 Index 379

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Book SynopsisDesigned for pharmacy students Now updated for its Second Edition, Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems provides pharmacy students with a much-needed introduction to the mathematical intricacies of thermodynamics in relation to practical laboratory applications. Designed to meet the needs of the contemporary curriculum in pharmacy schools, the text makes these connections clear, emphasizing specific applications to pharmaceutical systems including dosage forms and newer drug delivery systems. Students and practitioners involved in drug discovery, drug delivery, and drug action will benefit from Connors'' and Mecozzi''s authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as well as their attention to drug molecules and experimental considerations. They will appreciate, as well, the significant revisions to the Second Edition. Expanding the book''s scope and usefulness, the new edition: Explores in greater depth topics most relevantTable of ContentsPREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 0. Review of Mathematics. 0.1. Introduction. 0.2. Dimensions and Units. 0.3. Logarithms and Exponents. 0.4. Algebraic and Graphical Analysis. 0.5. Dealing with Change. 0.6. Statistical Treatment of Data. Problems. I BASIC THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.1. Fundamental Concepts. 1.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.3. The Enthalpy. Problems. 2. The Entropy Concept. 2.1. The Entropy Defined. 2.2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2.3. Applications of the Entropy Concept. Problems. 3. The Free Energy. 3.1. Properties of the Free Energy. 3.2. The Chemical Potential. Problems. 4. Equilibrium. 4.1. Conditions for Equilibrium. 4.2. Physical Processes. 4.3. Chemical Equilibrium. Problems. II THERMODYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES. 5. Introduction to Physical Processes. 5.1. Scope. 5.2. Concentration Scales. 5.3. Standard States. Problems. 6. Phase Transformations. 6.1. Pure Substances. 6.2. Multicomponent Systems. Problems. 7. Solutions of Nonelectrolytes. 7.1. Ideal Solutions. 7.2. Nonideal Solutions. 7.3. Partitioning Between Liquid Phases. Problems. 8. Solutions of Electrolytes. 8.1. Coulombic Interaction and Ionic Dissociation. 8.2. Mean Ionic Activity and Activity Coefficient. 8.3. The Debye–Hückel Theory. Problems. 9. Colligative Properties. 9.1. Boiling Point Elevation. 9.2. Freezing Point Depression. 9.3. Osmotic Pressure. 9.4. Isotonicity Calculations. Problems. 10. Solubility. 10.1. Solubility as an Equilibrium Constant. 10.2. The Ideal Solubility. 10.3. Temperature Dependence of the Solubility. 10.4. Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts. 10.5. Solubilities of Nonelectrolytes: Further Issues. Problems. 11. Surfaces and Interfaces. 11.1. Thermodynamic Properties. 11.2. Adsorption. Problems. III THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES. 12. Acid–Base Equilibria. 12.1. Acid–Base Theory. 12.2. pH Dependence of Acid–Base Equilibria. 12.3. Calculation of Solution pH. 12.4. Acid–Base Titrations. 12.5. Aqueous Solubility of Weak Acids and Bases. 12.6. Nonaqueous Acid–Base Behavior. 12.7. Acid–Base Structure and Strength. Problems. 13. Electrical Work. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions. 13.3. Electrochemical Cells. 13.4. pH Measurement. 13.5. Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes. Problems. 14. Noncovalent Binding Equilibria. 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. The Noncovalent Interactions. 14.3. Binding Models. 14.4. Measurement of Binding Constants. 14.5. Applications. Problems. APPENDIXES. Appendix A Physical Constants. Appendix B Kinetic Theory of Gases. Appendix C Extrathermodynamic Relationships. ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisZebrafish: Methods for Assessing Drug Safety and Toxicity offers a practical guide for using zebrafish as a tool for toxicology studies. Consolidating key protocols and approaches to help researchers navigate the important and evolving field of zebrafish models for toxicity screening, this new title describes the methods for using the zebrafish as a model organism to assess compound-induced toxicity on all major organs. Individual chapters that concentrate on assays for each organ system are included and various analytical tools including microscopy, microplate readers, high content imaging systems, ECG, blood pressure monitors, high speed video and motion detectors are described.Trade Review“This book should prove a useful reference for students, researchers and biomedical science professionals working with this species as an evolving model for toxicity assessment.” (British Toxicology Society New, 1 November 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xi Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1. The Reproductive Biology and Spawning of Zebrafish in Laboratory Settings 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview of Zebrafish Reproductive Biology and Behavior 2 1.3 Spawning Techniques and Technology 5 1.4 Determining Factors for Reproduction in Laboratory Stocks of Zebrafish 8 1.5 Conclusions 11 References 11 2. Developmental Toxicity Assessment in Zebrafish 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Methods 16 2.3 Results 20 2.4 Discussion 23 References 25 3. Use of Emerging Models for Developmental Toxicity Testing 27 3.1 Importance of Assessing Developmental Toxicity 27 3.2 Current Methods for Assessing Developmental Toxicity 27 3.3 Use of Emerging Models for Developmental Toxicity Testing 28 3.4 New Guidelines for Chemical Testing Using Zebrafish 29 3.5 Conclusions 42 References 43 4. Assessment of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Zebrafish Heart 45 4.3 Summary of Cardiotoxicity Study Design and Results 47 4.4 Materials and Methods 47 4.5 Results 50 4.6 Conclusions 54 References 54 5. Cardiotoxicity Studies in Zebrafish 55 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Repolarization Toxicity 56 5.3 Initial Screening: Bradycardia 56 5.4 High-Resolution Assays of Repolarization 59 5.5 Future Directions 61 References 62 6. In Vivo Recording of the Adult Zebrafish Electrocardiogram 65 6.1 Introduction 65 6.2 Optimization of Zebrafish Electrocardiogram Recording 66 6.3 Basic Intervals 68 6.4 Drug Effects 69 6.5 Conclusions 71 References 72 7. Hematopoietic and Vascular System Toxicity 73 7.1 Introduction 73 7.2 Hematopoiesis and Vascular Development in the Zebrafish 73 7.3 Morphological and Functional Assays to Assess Toxicity 77 7.4 Summary 85 Acknowledgment 85 References 85 8. Hepatotoxicity Testing in Larval Zebrafish 89 8.1 Introduction: The Larval Zebrafish Model 89 8.2 Liver Development 89 8.3 Hepatic Gene Knockdown and Mutation 91 8.4 Hepatotoxicity Testing in Drug Discovery 92 8.5 Phenotypic-Based Larval Zebrafish Hepatotoxicity Screens 93 8.6 Secondary and Mechanistic Liver Assays 96 8.7 Conclusions 99 References 99 9. Whole Zebrafish Cytochrome P450 Assay for Assessing Drug Metabolism and Safety 103 9.1 Introduction 103 9.2 Background and Significance 104 9.3 Materials and Methods 105 9.4 Results 107 9.5 Conclusions 113 Acknowledgment 113 References 113 10. Methods for Assessing Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish 117 10.1 Introduction 117 10.2 Limitations of Current Neurotoxicity Testing 118 10.3 Assessing Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish 118 10.4 Summary 130 Acknowledgments 131 References 131 11. Zebrafish: A Predictive Model for Assessing Cancer Drug-Induced Organ Toxicity 135 11.1 Introduction 135 11.2 Materials and Methods 136 11.3 Results 139 11.4 Conclusions 149 Reference 149 12. Locomotion and Behavioral Toxicity in Larval Zebrafish: Background, Methods, and Data 151 12.1 Introduction 151 12.2 Background 152 12.3 Locomotion 153 12.4 Zebrafish Models 154 12.5 Analyzing Larval Locomotion 155 12.6 Chemical Effects on Larval Locomotion 158 12.7 Conclusions 161 Acknowledgments 162 References 162 13. Zebrafish: A Predictive Model for Assessing Seizure Liability 165 13.1 Introduction 165 13.2 Materials and Methods 167 13.3 Results 171 13.4 Conclusions 174 References 175 14. Zebrafish: A New In Vivo Model for Identifying P-Glycoprotein Efflux Modulators 177 14.1 Introduction 177 14.2 Materials and Methods 179 14.3 Results 182 14.4 Conclusions 188 Acknowledgment 188 References 189 15. Assessment of Effects on Visual Function in Larval Zebrafish 191 15.1 Introduction 191 15.2 Development of Visual System in Zebrafish 192 15.3 Methods for Assessing Visual Function in Larval Zebrafish 194 15.4 Conclusions 202 References 202 16. Development of a Hypoxia-Induced Zebrafish Choroidal Neovascularization Model 205 16.1 Introduction 205 16.2 Materials and Methods 207 16.3 Results 210 16.4 Discussion 215 Acknowledgments 217 References 217 17. Zebrafish Xenotransplant Cancer Model for Drug Screening 219 17.1 Introduction 219 17.2 Background and Significance 219 17.3 Materials and Methods 221 17.4 Results 226 17.5 Conclusions 230 References 231 18. Zebrafish Assays for Identifying Potential Muscular Dystrophy Drug Candidates 233 18.1 Introduction 233 18.2 Materials and Methods 238 18.3 Results 242 18.4 Discussion 251 Acknowledgment 252 References 252 19. Cytoprotective Activities of Water-Soluble Fullerenes in Zebrafish Models 257 19.1 Introduction 257 19.2 Materials and Methods 261 19.3 Results 265 19.4 Discussion 277 19.5 Conclusions 278 Acknowledgments 278 References 279 20. Fishing to Design Inherently Safer Nanoparticles 283 20.1 Introduction 283 20.2 Application of Embryonic Zebrafish 284 20.3 Tier 1: Rapid Toxicity Screening 286 20.4 Tier 2: Cellular Toxicity and Distribution 288 20.5 Tier 3: Molecular Expression 289 20.6 Embryonic Zebrafish Data to Design “Safer” Nanoparticles 291 20.7 Conclusions 292 References 292 21. Radiation-Induced Toxicity and Radiation Response Modifiers in Zebrafish 295 21.1 Introduction 295 21.2 Materials and Methods 296 21.3 Validation of Zebrafish Embryos as a Model System for Radiation Protectors/Sensitizers 298 21.4 Gross Morphological Alterations Associated with Radiation Exposure 299 21.5 Radiation-Associated Apoptosis Incidence 299 21.6 Radiation-Associated Gastrointestinal Toxicity 300 21.7 Radiation-Associated Nephrotoxicity 301 21.8 Ototoxicity in Irradiated Zebrafish 301 21.9 Radiation Protectors in Zebrafish 302 21.10 Summary 303 References 304 22. Caudal Fin Regeneration in Zebrafish 307 22.1 Introduction 307 22.2 Signaling and Epimorphic Regeneration 308 22.3 Caudal Fin Architecture 308 22.4 Stages of Epimorphic Regeneration 309 22.5 Methodology 311 22.6 Strategies Used to Manipulate Gene Function During Fin Regeneration 312 22.7 The Larval Fin Regeneration Model 316 22.8 Summary 317 Acknowledgments 317 References 317 Index 321

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Book SynopsisAlthough somewhat labor intensive, Drug Discrimination (DD) is of enormous applicability to the understanding of drug action.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xix Part I 1 Richard A. Glennon and Richard Young 1. An Introduction to Drug Discrimination 3 A. General Scope and Introductory Comments 3 B. Background and Utility of the Drug Discrimination Paradigm 7 C. Drug Discrimination: A Synopsis of the Approach 10 D. Drug Discrimination and Drugs of Abuse 11 E. Advantage of the Drug Discrimination Procedure 14 2. Methodological Considerations 19 A. Apparatus 19 B. Subjects 22 C. Operant Conditioning 23 3. Drug Discrimination: Practical Considerations 41 A. Drugs as Discriminative Stimuli 42 B. Choice of Dose and Pre-session Injection Interval 49 C. Discrimination Training Procedure 51 D. Discrimination Data 52 E. Testing 60 F. Data Analysis and Interpretations 78 G. Selected Topics 99 4. Role of Stereochemistry in Drug Discrimination Studies 129 A. Structural Isomers: Introduction 129 B. Constitutional Isomers 130 C. Stereoisomers 136 5. Drug Discrimination and in Vivo Structure-Activity Relationships 163 A. Structure-Activity Caveats 163 B. Phenylalkylamines Hallucinogens and Stimulants 165 C. Benzodiazepines 175 D. Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic receptor Agents 177 E. Aminotetralins 178 6. Drug Discrimination and Mechanisms of Drug Action 183 A. Early Considerations 184 B. Classical Hallucinogens 186 C. Amphetamine-Related Stimulants 192 D. MDA and MDMA 198 E. PMMA 204 F. a-Ethyltryptamine 205 G. Anxiolytic Agents 206 7. Drug Discrimination and Development of Novel Agents and Pharmacological Tools 217 A. Applicability and General Comments 217 B. Novel 5-HT2 Serotonin Receptor Antagonists 218 C. 5-HT2 Serotonin Receptor Agonists and Radioligands 222 D. Aminotetralins as 5-HT1A Serotonin Receptor Ligands 225 E. Arylpiperazine 5-HT1A Serotonin Receptor Antagonists 225 F. MD-354 (meta-Chlorophenylguanidine): A 5-HT3 Serotonin Receptor Agonist 227 G. Loperamide and Risperidone: Clinical Successes 230 Appendix 235 Part II 239 8. Perceptual Drug Discriminative Aspects of the Endocannabinoid Signaling System in Animals and Man 241 Torbjörn U. C. Järbe A. Introduction 242 B. Brief Synopsis of the Endocannabinoid Signaling System (ECS) 243 C. Cannabinoids/Cannabinergics and Drug Discrimination 244 D. Experimental Procedures and Species 244 E. Training Drugs 247 F. Procedural Considerations 253 G. Intended and Unintended “Bias” in Drug Discrimination 254 H. Origin of the Drug Stimulus and Sensory Mediation 254 I. Acquired Differences in Drug Sensitivity 255 J. Pharmacological Specificity 258 K. Phytocannabinoids and Metabolites 260 L. Endocannabinoid Ligands and the ECS 262 M. ECS Interactions with Other Signaling Systems 265 N. Conclusions/Summary 266 O. Addendum 268 9. Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Receptor Antagonists 287 Joseph H. Porter A. Introduction 288 B. Adrenoceptor Antagonists 289 C. Antihistamines 292 D. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs 294 E. Benzodiazepine Antagonists 299 F. Cannabinoid Antagonists 299 G. Cholinergic Antagonists 301 H. Dopamine Antagonists 302 I. GABAergic Antagonists 305 J. Opiate Antagonists 306 K. Serotonergic Anatagonists 310 L. Summary 312 10. The Discrimination of Drug Mixtures 323 Ian P. Stolerman A. Introduction 324 B. Functional Models for the Discriminative Effects of Drug Mixtures 326 C. Initial Studies: Mixtures of Nicotine plus Midazolam 328 D. Characteristics of Diverse Drug Discriminations 329 E. Role of Training Doses 334 F. Variations in Functional Relationships: The Role of Training Paradigm 336 G. Antagonism of Mixture Cues and Training with Agonists plus Antagonists 342 H. Associative Processes 345 I. Investigations on the Ethanol Cue as a Compound Stimulus 348 J. Discussion 351 11. Making the Right Choice: Lessons from Drug Discrimination for Research on Drug Reinforcement and Drug Self-Administration 361 S. Stevens Negus and Matthew L. Banks A. Operant Conditioning to Study the Stimulus Properties of Drugs 362 B. Choice Procedures in Studies of Drug Reinforcement: Lessons from Drug Discrimination 371 C. Summary 380 12. Inhalant Drug Discrimination Studies in Phesus Monkeys: Drug Dependence and Withdrawal 417 Jun-Xu Li, Lisa R. Gerak, and Charles P. France A. Introduction 417 B. Some Factors Impacting the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Drugs 418 C. Drug Interactions: Acute Dosing 420 D. Drug Interactions: Chronic Dosing 423 E. Summary and Conclusions 427 14. Human Drug Discrimination: Methodological Considerations and Application to Elucidating the Neuropharmacology of Amphetamines 431 Craig R. Rush, Andrea R. Vansickel, and William W. Stoops A. Introduction 432 B. Methodological Issues to Consider when Designing and Conducting a Human Drug Discrimination Experiment 433 C. Using Human Drug Discrimination to Elucidate the Neuropharmacology of Amphetamines 444 D. The Future of Human Drug Discrimination 449 15. Nicotine Discrimination in Humans 463 Kenneth A. Perkins A. Introduction 464 B. Basic Methods of Nicotine Discrimination Research in Humans 465 C. Basic Parameters of Nicotine Discrimination 468 D. Individual Differences and Moderators of Nicotine Discrimination 473 E. Conclusions 477 16. Drug Discrimination: A Perspective 483 The late Francis C. Colpaert A. State Dependence and Drug Discrimination 484 B. Drug Discrimination in Receptor Pharmacology 484 C. Drug Discrimination and Subjective Drug Effects 485 D. New Concepts of Opiate Tolerance, Signal Processing, Pain, and Analgesia 486 E. Drug Discrimination: An Elementary Particle of Behavior and More 488 F. When Dependent Variables Chose Their Pharmacology 491 G. Two Further Mysteries 491 H. Epilogue 492 Index 497

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Book SynopsisThis book assists scientists, toxicologists, clinicians, and public health regulators to understand the complex issues that determine the impact of air pollution on the cardiovascular system.Trade Review"It is timely and detailed in its account of complex issues attending air pollution related to the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems. . . This book could well be the most important occupational and environmental health book I have ever read." (Doody's, 16 September 2011) Table of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. THE EDITORS. CONTRIBUTORS. PART I. ISSUE FRAMING. CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW (Flemming R. Cassee and Morton Lippmann). CHAPTER 2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER ON THE RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (Krishnan Bhaskaran, Shakoor Hajat, and Liam Smeeth). CHAPTER 3 CHRONIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH (Ranjini M. Krishnan, Joel Kaufman, and Gerard Hoek). PART II. EXPOSURE. CHAPTER 4 PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION (Thomas A.J. Kuhlbusch and Christof Asbach). CHAPTER 5 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR AMBIENT ULTRAFINE PARTICLES (Timo Lanki, Josef Cyrys, H.-Erich Wichmann, and Jeroen de Hartog). CHAPTER 6 FROM EXPOSURE TO DOSE (Werner Hofmann and Bahman Asgharian). CHAPTER 7 TRANSLOCATION OF INHALED NANOPARTICLES (Wolfgang G. Kreyling, Winfried Möller, Otmar Schmid, Manuela Semmler-Behnke, and Günter Oberdörster). CHAPTER 8 ROLE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN DETERMINING THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF PARTICLES (Andrew J. Ghio and Yuh-Chin T. Huang). PART III. METHODOLOGY. CHAPTER 9 IN VITRO STUDIES (Per E. Schwarze and Gerrit M. Alink). CHAPTER 10 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN ANIMALS (Urmila P. Kodavanti, Lung-Chi Chen, and Daniel L. Costa). CHAPTER 11 HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES (Jeremy P. Langrish, Mark W. Frampton, and Anders Blomberg). CHAPTER 12 PANEL STUDIES (Joel Schwartz). PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS. A. ATHEROGENESIS. CHAPTER 13 PARTICULATES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS (Steffen Loft, Roel P.F. Schins, and Peter Møller). CHAPTER 14 ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE ATHEROGENIC EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER (Thomas Sandström and David Newby). CHAPTER 15 INHALED PARTICLES, POSTPRANDIAL LIPIDS, AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION TO ATHEROGENESIS: THE TROJAN HORSE HYPOTHESIS (Carlijne Hassing, Maarten J.M. Cramer, and Marcel Th.B. Twickler). CHAPTER 16 INHALED PARTICULATE MATTER AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN HUMANS (Barbara Hoffmann and Nino Künzli). CHAPTER 17 EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES ON THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE (Laurel E. Plummer, Kent E. Pinkerton, Amy K. Madl, and Dennis W. Wilson). CHAPTER 18 PARTICULATE MATTER, HYPERTENSION, AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME (Robert D. Brook and Sanjay Rajagopalan). CHAPTER 19 PARTICLES AND THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM (Nicholas L. Mills and Mark R. Miller). PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS. B. VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION. PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS. C. THROMBOSIS. CHAPTER 20 PARTICLES, COAGULATION, AND THROMBOSIS (Evren Kilinç, Goran Rudež, Henri M.H. Spronk, Abderrahim Nemmar, Moniek P.M. de Maat, Hugo ten Cate and Marc F. Hoylaerts). CHAPTER 21 PARTICLES AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROTHROMBOSIS (Qinghua Sun and Xiaohua Xu). PART IV. PARTICLES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: MECHANISMS. D. ARRHYTHMIA. CHAPTER 22 PARTICLES AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (Swapna Upadhyay, Alison Elder, Wayne E. Cascio, and Holger Schulz). CHAPTER 23 AIR POLLUTION AND ARRHYTHMIA (Helen C. Routledge and Jonathan N. Townend). PART V. ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY. CHAPTER 24 RISK ASSESSMENT (Robert L. Maynard and Jon G. Ayres). CHAPTER 25 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER (Richard Damberg, Klaas Krijgsheld, May Ajero, and Sophie Punte). CHAPTER 26 FROM AMBIENT ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTOXICOLOGY (Ken Donaldson and David B. Warheit). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis resource provides thorough coverage of pharmacogenetics and its impact on pharmaceuticals, therapeutics, and clinical practice. It opens with the basics of pharmacogenetics, including drug disposition and pharmacodynamics.Trade Review“This is a well-written book that I highly recommend to anyone interested in any aspect of personalized medicine.” (Doody’s, 24 August 2012)Table of ContentsPreface vii Contributors ix 1. Pharmacogenetics: A Historical Perspective 1Ann K. Daly Part I Pharmacogenetics: Relationship to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 2. Pharmacogenetics in Drug Metabolism: Role of Phase I Enzymes 15Vita Dolžan 3. Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Drug Metabolizing Enzymes 81Ingolf Cascorbi 4. Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters 101Henriette E. Meyer zu Schwabedissen, Markus Grube, and Heyo K. Kroemer 5. Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets 149Ann K. Daly and Maria Arranz Part II Pharmacogenetics: Therapeutic Areas 6. Cardiovascular Pharmacogenetics 185Bas J. M. Peters, Anthonius de Boer, Tom Schalekamp, Olaf H. Klungel, and Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee 7. Pharmacogenetics in Psychiatry 215Evangelia M. Tsapakis, Sarah Curran, Ruth I. Ohlsen, Nora S. Vyas, Katherine J. Aitchison, and Ann K. Daly 8. Pharmacogenetics in Cancer 251Sharon Marsh 9. Pharmacogenetics of Asthma and COPD 271Ellen S. Koster, Jan A. M. Raaijmakers, Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee, and Gerard H. Koppelman 10. Pharmacogenetics of Adverse Drug Reactions 295Ann K. Daly, Martin Armstrong, and Munir Pirmohamed 11. Pharmacogenomics of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 323Alexander Teml, Susanne Karner, Elke Schaeffeler, and Matthias Schwab 12. Pharmacogenetics of Pain Medication 353Jörn Lötsch Part III Pharmacogenetics: Implementation in Clinical Practice 13. Ethical and Social Issues in Pharmacogenomics Testing 377Susanne Vijverberg, Toine Pieters, and Martina Cornel Part IV Developments in Pharmacogenetic Research 14. High-Throughput Genotyping Technologies for Pharmacogenetics 403Beatriz Sobrino and Angel Carracedo 15. Developments in Analyses in Pharmacogenetic Datasets 415Alison A. Motsinger-Reif Part V Pharmacogenetics: Industry and Regulatory Affairs 16. Applications of Pharmacogenetics in Pharmaceutical Research and Development 439Daniel K. Burns and Scott S. Sundseth 17. Role of Pharmacogenetics in Registration Processes 461Myong-Jin Kim, Issam Zineh, Shiew-Mei Huang, and Lawrence J. Lesko Part VI Conclusions 18. Pharmacogenetics: Possibilities and Pitfalls 479Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee and Ann K. Daly Index 485

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