Catalysis Books

Book SynopsisThe UK Catalysis Hub is a consortium of universities working together on fundamental and applied research to find out how catalysts work and to improve their effectiveness. The contribution of catalysis to manufacturing contributes to almost 40% of global GDP, making development and innovation within the field integral to industry.Modern Developments in Catalysis, Volume 2 provides a review and update of current research and practice on catalysis. Topics range from the treatment of water using novel techniques for carbon neutrality, cutting-edge techniques using intense radiation including Operando Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy to innovation in homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis. Edited by leaders of the UK Hub, this book provides insight into one of the most important areas of modern chemistry — it represents a unique learning opportunity for students and professionals studying and working towards speeding up, improving and increasing the rate of catalytic reactions in science and industry.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial-scale ammonia synthesis, as accomplished by the Haber–Bosch process, was a landmark achievement of the 20th century. However, as currently practiced, including feedstock generation, the process accounts for 1–2% of global energy demand and contributes significant fossil-fuel-based CO2 emissions. Accordingly, there is much contemporary interest in developing more sustainable ammonia synthesis routes which could, for example, be operated on the local scale employing renewable energy. The five themes of this Faraday Discussion unite different research communities around a topic of mutual interest and great societal importance, with particular emphasis placed upon the transfer of learning between the different themes. The discussion focuses on the following themes: Heterogeneous catalytic and chemical looping routes to N2 activation Electrocatalytic and photocatalytic routes to N2 activation Enzymatic N2 activation Homogeneous N2 activation Alternative routes to NH3 and its applicationsTable of ContentsHeterogeneous catalytic and chemical looping routes to N2 activation;Electrocatalytic and photocatalytic routes to N2 activation;Enzymatic N2 activation;Homogeneous N2 activation; Alternative routes to NH3 and its applications

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Book SynopsisThe areas of synthesis and catalysis are largely driven by non-covalent interactions, and it is therefore essential to understand, control, and manipulate them. Doing so would allow for the optimisation of the properties and functions of new catalysts across the length scales. The current challenges in this area include structure determination of reactive intermediates, ascertaining structure-activity relationships, modelling transient states in catalytic cycles, and developing processes for reliable synthesis of non-covalent systems. The format of Faraday Discussions facilitates in-depth, dedicated discussions between researchers from across the area of synthesis and catalysis. This allows for a wide range of valuable insights and perspectives on the leading areas of the field. This volume brings together internationally leading researchers in synthesis, materials and catalysis, particularly involving systems where non-covalent interactions are crucial. In this volume the topics covered include: The importance of non-covalent interactions in synthesis Understanding the structural and electronic changes within these catalytic systems Modelling and computational analysis of reactive sites Controlling the activity and selectivity of a synthetic catalyst by manipulation of the surroundingsTable of ContentsThe importance of non-covalent interactions in synthesis;Understanding the structural and electronic changes within these catalytic systems;Modelling and computational analysis of reactive sites;Controlling the activity and selectivity of a synthetic catalyst by manipulation of the surroundings

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Book SynopsisGuiding readers through the fundamentals and applications of multi-functional electrocatalysts (bi, tri and tetra-functional electrocatalysts), their different types and various fabrication approaches. This book will serve as a valuable reference for those working in sustainable energy conversion and storage systems.

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Book SynopsisThis volume brings together a wide range of scientists, from both industry and academia, to discuss the opportunities and challenges of biocatalysis.

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Book SynopsisProviding a state-of-the-art account of the area of small molecule activation this book brings together the challenges and approaches to catalytic activation of methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

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Book SynopsisTwo-dimensional (2D) materials for photocatalytic applications have attracted attention in recent years due to their unique thickness-dependent physiochemical properties. 2D materials offer enhanced functionality over traditional three-dimensional (3D) photocatalysts due to modified chemical composition and electronic structures, as well as abundant surface active sites. This book reviews the applications of 2D-related nano-materials in solar-driven catalysis, providing an up-to-date introduction to the design and use of 2D-related photo(electro)catalysts. This includes not only application areas such as fine chemicals synthesis, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and N2 fixation, but also catalyst design and preparation. Some typical 2D and 2D-related materials (such as layered double hydroxides (LDHs), layered metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene, g-C3N4, etc.) are classified, and relationships between structure and property are demonstrated, with emphasis on how to improve 2D-related materials performance for practical applications. While the focus of this book will primarily be on experimental studies, computational results will serve as a necessary reference. With chapters written by expert researchers in their fields, Photocatalysis Using 2D Nanomaterials will provide advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and other researchers convenient introductions to these topics.Table of ContentsRecent Developments and Perspectives on Solar-driven Fine Chemicals Synthesis: From the Reaction System to 2D Photocatalysts; Opportunities for Ultrathin 2D Catalysts in Promoting CO2 Photoreduction; Photocatalysis by Graphenes; 2D Inorganic Nanosheet-based Hybrid Photocatalysts for Water Splitting; 2D Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental Applications

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Book SynopsisUltrathin metal oxide layers have emerged in recent years as a powerful approach for substantially enhancing the performance of photo, electro, or thermal catalytic systems for energy, in some cases even enabling the use of highly attractive materials previously found unsuitable. This development is due to the confluence of new synthetic preparation methods for ultrathin oxide layers and a more advanced understanding of interfacial phenomena on the nano and atomic scale. This book brings together the fundamentals and applications of ultrathin oxide layers while highlighting connections and future opportunities with the intent of accelerating the use of these materials and techniques for new and emerging applications of catalysis for energy. It comprehensively covers the state-of-the-art synthetic methods of ultrathin oxide layers, their structural and functional characterization, and the broad range of applications in the field of catalysis for energy. Edited by leaders in the field, and with contributions from global experts, this title will be of interest to graduate students and researchers across materials science and chemistry who are interested in ultrathin oxide layers and their applications in solar energy conversion, renewable energy, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and protective coatings.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Oxide Coatings for Semiconductor Light Absorbers: Advanced Synthesis and Applications; Ultrathin Oxides for Solar Cells; Blocking Layers for Controlling Directional Charge Transport in Dye-sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells; Performance Enhancement of TiO2-encapsulated Photoelectrodes Based on III–V Compound Semiconductors; Metal Oxide Co-catalyst Nanolayers on Photoelectrodes; Design Principles for Oxide-encapsulated Electrocatalysts; Synthesis Techniques for Ultrathin Oxide Layers of Heterogeneous Catalysts; Ultrathin Oxide Coatings Synthesized Via Wet Chemical Processes for Electrocatalytic Systems; Applications of Metal Oxide Layers on Particulate Photocatalysts for Water Splitting; Ultrathin Silica Layers as Separation Membranes for Artificial Photosynthesis; Outlook

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Book SynopsisThis volume looks at modern approaches to catalysis and reviews the extensive literature. Chapters highlight application of 2D materials in biomass conversion catalysis, plasmonic photocatalysis, catalytic demonstration of mesoporosity in the hierarchical zeolite and the effect of surface phase oxides on supported metals and catalysis. Looking to the future a chapter on ab initio machine learning for accelerating catalytic materials discovery is included. Appealing broadly to researchers in academia and industry, these illustrative chapters bridge the gap from academic studies in the laboratory to practical applications in industry not only for catalysis field but also for environmental protection. Other chapters with an industrial perspective include heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic routes for vinyl acetate synthesis, catalysis for production of jet fuel from renewable sources by HDO/HDC and microwave-assisted catalysis for fuel conversion. Chemical reactions in ball mills is also explored. The book will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.Table of ContentsMicrowave-Assisted Heterogeneous Catalysis; Plasmonic Photocatalysis; Catalytic Routes and Mechanisms for Vinyl Acetate Synthesis; Precise Composition/Kinetic Characterization of Solid Catalysts using Temporal Analysis of Products; The Effect of Surface Phase Oxides on the Properties of Supported Metals and Catalysis; Catalysis for Production of Jet Fuel from Renewable Sources by Hydrodeoxygenation and Hydrocracking; Comprehending the Application of 2D Materials in Biomass Conversion Catalysis; Catalytic Demonstration of Mesoporosity in the Hierarchical Zeolites; Titanate Nanotubes Produced by Hydrothermal Synthesis: Study of Catalytic and Adsorptive Properties; Catalytic Reactions in Ball Mills; Ab Initio Machine Learning for Accelerating Catalytic Materials Discovery; In-Situ Studies of Catalytic Reactions over Well-defined Model Catalysts; Electrocatalysts

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Book SynopsisWritten for senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well as those chemists unfamiliar with “frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs)”, this text serves as an introduction to the both the concept and application of FLPs in hydrogenation catalysis. The book begins by setting the stage as it was around the turn of the century. While the dramatic impacts of catalysis were undeniable, there was dependence of such technologies on transition metal chemistry. Contrastingly, the chemistry of main group elements was dominated by Lewis acid-base behavior. However, these perceptions were altered with the discovery of the ability of “frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs)” to activate dihydrogen. The basic features, and mechanisms of action of these unique main group systems are chronicled, while the evolution of the initial findings to applications in catalytic hydrogenation is discussed. A subsequent chapter focuses on the breadth of organic substrates for which borane based FLP hydrogenations are effective. This is furthered with a chapter on the metal-free enantioselective reductions. FLP chemistry is not limited to systems involving boranes and this book also catalogues a range of FLP hydrogenation catalysts involving elements from across the periodic table. The final chapter in the book describes other directions of interest where the application of the concept of FLPs hydrogenation are beginning to emerge. Ideal for course use and self study, this book provides synthetic chemists with a fresh, expert introduction to the field. The reader will be left recognizing that hydrogenation catalysts is a domain no longer limited to transition metals.Table of ContentsContext, Background and Discovery; The Nature of Frustrated Lewis Pairs; Borane-based FLP Hydrogenations; Borane-based Asymmetric Hydrogenations; Structural Variations of FLPs; Other Directions for FLP Hydrogenations

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Book SynopsisAsymmetric autocatalysis is a reaction in which chiral compound acts as a chiral catalyst for its own production. The process is a catalytic automultiplication of the chiral compound leading to an end product with a high enantiomeric excess. It has advantages over non-autocatalytic reactions because the amount of catalyst increases and no loss or deterioration of the catalyst is observed. Additionally, because the catalyst and product have the same structure, the separation of product from the catalyst is not necessary. Asymmetric Autocatalysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic of autocatalysis and an in-depth review of the current state of the research. Edited by a team including Professor Kenso Soai, who first described these types of reaction, and written by experts from around the world this book is a great resource for anyone with an interest in organic synthesis, catalysis and chirality.Table of ContentsAsymmetric Autocatalysis: The Soai Reaction, an Overview;Asymmetric Autocatalysis Initiated by Enantioenriched Chiral Organic Compounds: The Link Between Circularly Polarized Light and Nearly Enantiopure Organic Compounds;Asymmetric Autocatalysis Triggered by the Chirality of Minerals, Organic Crystals and Surfaces;Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis in the Soai Reaction;Isotope Chirality and Cosmochemistry;Reaction Mechanism in the Study of Amplifying Asymmetric Autocatalysis;Spontaneous Emergence of Chirality in Autocatalytic Cycle Models of the Soai Reaction;Mechanism of the Soai Reaction – DFT and Kinetic Computations of the Catalytic Cycle;Stochastic Modelling of Asymmetric Autocatalysis in the Soai Reaction;Demystifying the Soai Reaction;Elucidation of Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis;Structure Analysis of Asymmetric Autocatalysis by X-ray Crystallography and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy;Symmetry Breaking in a Heterogenous Phase: Intriguing Intermediates and Side-products During Asymmetric Amplification;Unusual Aspects of Asymmetric Induction and Amplification Observed in the Soai Reaction

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Book SynopsisIn an effort to reduce dependency on fossil fuel resources, biomass could essentially be converted into chemicals using high capacity processes. The Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) pathway has been chosen as the focus of this book as it is a mature area, and unlike other pathways such as pyrolysis, FTS is a potential way of producing fuel/hydrocarbons with no sulfur, no nitrogen, and no heavy metals contamination, making it a good choice. Integrating technological development and business development rationales to highlight the key technological developments that are necessary to industrialize biofuels on a global scale, this book focusses on the key challenges that still hinder the effective biomass use and the realization of zero fossil fuel use. Traditional biomass to hydrocarbons pathways are covered, showcasing how they are tailored to yield a specific group of chemicals with the aim of reducing downstream processes. New developments are considered, including process synthesis, catalysts, and reactors, etc. Providing an up-to-date overview of the production of specialty chemicals and fuels from biomass via the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis pathway, this title makes an excellent addition to the libraries of academics and practitioners working in catalysis and chemical engineering.Table of ContentsProcess Synthesis of BTL, LCA (Scale, Coproduction);A High-level Analysis of the Environmental Sustainability of Biomass-derived Fuels;Gasification of Biomass: An Overview;Gasification of Bio-oil and Torrefied Biomass: An Overview;Syngas Conditioning (Catalyst, Process: Sulfur and Tar Cl, F);Fischer–Tropsch Reactions and Product Distribution Suits for Downstream;Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Reactors;Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts;BTL-FT Products Refining Downstream Options and Processes;BTL-FT to Transportation Fuels;Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Biomass via Gasification and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis;Biomass to Liquid-syngas to Olefins;Application of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis and Hydroformylation in Syngas Conversion to Oxygenates;Biomass to Liquid Fuel via Fischer–Tropsch (BTL-FT) Synthesis: Process Description and Economic Analysis;Future Aspects of BTL-FTS Processes

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Book SynopsisThis volume looks at modern approaches to catalysis and reviews the extensive literature. Chapters highlight microkinetic modeling, encapsulated metals for confined catalysis, recent advances on the direct decomposition of NOx and heteropolyacid catalysts. There is also a chapter reviewing methods for estimating adsorption energies on catalytic surfaces, which will provide information from both fundamental and technological points of view. Appealing broadly to researchers in academia and industry, the detailed chapters bridge the gap from academic studies in the laboratory to practical applications in industry, not only for the catalysis field, but also for environmental protection. The book will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.Table of ContentsTheoretical Identification and Understanding of Catalytic Active Sites for Water Splitting Reactions; Linking Electronic Structure to Adsorption Energies: Metal Surfaces and Single-atom Catalysts; Microkinetic Modeling for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Methods and Illustrative Applications; Encapsulated Metals for Confined Catalysis; Noble Metals and Bimetallics Supported on Silica: An Approach Toward Creating Small Metal Particles; Cooperative Catalytic Enhancements of Reactions Catalyzed by Mesoporous Materials; Recent Advances on the Direct Decomposition of NOx; Keggin Heteropolyacid Catalysts: Synthesis, Heterogenization, and Application in Conversion of Biomass-derived Molecules

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Book SynopsisIn a classical kinetic resolution, two enantiomers of a racemate are transformed into chiral products at different rates with a maximum theoretical yield of 50%. However, the need to reduce costs and waste in synthesis have led to efforts to develop novel resolution procedures proceeding beyond this 50% limited yield. This has led to the evolution of classical kinetic resolution into dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR), allowing a quantitative yield of one of the enantiomers. DKR combines the resolution step of kinetic resolution with an in-situ racemization of the chirally-labile substrate. It is only in the last two decades that chiral green organocatalysts have been demonstrated to be capable of promoting DKRs considerably expanding the synthetic scope of the powerful concept of DKR. Collecting all the developments in the field of DKR, this book shows that a wide variety of organocatalysts allow excellent levels of stereocontrol and yields in many types of transformations. It is a great resource for academics and industrialists interested in green enantioselective catalytic reactions.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Cinchona Alkaloid Catalysts; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Amino Acid Catalysts and Derivatives; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Phosphoric Acid Catalysts; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Thiourea Catalysts; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Pyridine-based Lewis Base Catalysts; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Tetramizole Catalysts; Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Promoted by Other Organocatalysts; General Conclusion

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Book SynopsisHistorically the field of heterogeneous catalysis has focused on the design and optimisation of the catalytic materials. However, as these optimisations start to reach diminishing returns, attention has turned to non-conventional means for improving reaction conditions such as the use of ultrasound, plasma, electromagnetic heating and microwave heating. Microwave-assisted catalysis has been demonstrated to be useful in a wide range of applications including ammonia synthesis, desulfurization and production of chemicals from biomass. Advances in Microwave-assisted Heterogeneous Catalysis begins with the basics of microwave heating and the role of microwaves in heterogeneous catalysis. It goes on to cover the mechanisms of microwave specific reaction rate enhancement, microwave-assisted synthesis of porous, nonporous and supported metal catalysts, microwave augmented reactor technology and microwave-induced catalysis. The application of microwave-assisted heterogeneous catalysis in various fields of energy conversion, environmental remediation, and bulk and specialty chemicals synthesis are also discussed, making this a great reference for anyone involved in catalysis research.Table of ContentsBasics of Microwave Heating and Recent Advances;Role of Microwaves in Heterogeneous Catalysis;Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Nanostructured Oxide Catalysts;Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Porous Materials;Microwave-assisted Reactions with Solid Acid and Base Catalysts;Activation of Stable Molecules by Microwave Catalytic Processing;Microwave-assisted Depolymerization of Polymeric Materials;Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Wastes for Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals Production;Microwave-assisted Catalytic Biodiesel Production;Microwave-augmented Carbon Capture;Microwave-assisted Catalytic Transformation of Biomass to Platform Chemicals;Microwave-assisted Extraction of Lignin from Biomass;Microwave Catalysis in Energy and Environmental Applications;Application of Microwave Irradiation for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis and Fuel Cells;Microwave-assisted Glycerol Conversion into Valuable Chemicals;Non-uniform Microwave Heating of Heterogeneous Systems: How to Turn Problems into Opportunities;Scale-up of Microwave-assisted Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes

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Book SynopsisThere have been enormous recent advances in our ability to produce and trap samples of translationally cold molecules (below 1 K) and ultracold molecules (below 1 mK). Molecules such as NH3, OH and NH have been cooled from room temperature to the milliKelvin regime by a variety of methods including buffer-gas cooling and Stark deceleration. Bose-Einstein condensates have been produced for dimers of both bosonic and fermionic alkali metal atoms, and the first signatures of ultracold triatomic and tetraatomic molecules have been observed. This book will include both cooling of molecules from high temperatures and formation of molecules in ultracold atomic gases; molecules in cold ionic gases and in helium droplets will also be covered. .Table of ContentsMolecular Collisions, from Warm to Ultracold; Testing the Time-invariance of Fundamental Constants Using Microwave Spectroscopy on Cold Diatomic Radicals; Prospects for Measuring the Electric Dipole Moment of the Electron Using Electrically Trapped Polar Molecules; Buffer Gas Cooling of Polyatomic Ions in rf Multi-electrode Traps; Ion-molecule Chemistry at Very Low Temperatures: Cold Chemical Reactions Between Coulomb-crystallized Ions and Velocity-selected Neutral Molecules; Collision Experiments with Stark-decelerated Beams; Dynamics of Oh(2p)-He Collisions in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields; Production of Cold ND3 by Kinematic Cooling; Manipulating the Motion of Large Neutral Molecules; Sympathetic Cooling by Collisions with Ultracold Rare Gas Atoms, and Recent Progress in Optical Stark Deceleration; Prospects for Sympathetic Cooling of Polar Molecules: NH with Alkali-metal and Alkaline-earth Atoms - a New Hope; Continuous Guided Beams of Slow and Internally Cold Polar Molecules; Broadband Lasers to Detect and Cool the Vibration of Cold Molecules; Dark State Experiments with Ultracold, Deeply-bound Triplet Molecules; Precision Molecular Spectroscopy for Ground State Transfer of Molecular Quantum Gases; Rotational Spectroscopy of Single Carbonyl Sulfide Molecules Embedded in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets; Self-organisation and Cooling of a Large Ensemble of Particles in Optical Cavities; Formation of Ultracold Dipolar Molecules in the Lowest Vibrational Levels by Photoassociation; Ultracold Polar Molecules near Quantum Degeneracy; Ultracold Molecules from Ultracold Atoms: A Case Study with the KRb Molecule; Two-photon Coherent Control of Femtosecond Photoassociation; A Pump---probe Study of the Photoassociation of Cold Rubidium Molecules; Fano Profiles in Two-photon Photoassociation Spectra.

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Book SynopsisThe goal of this book is to show the high potential of chiral sulfur-containing ligands to promote numerous asymmetric catalytic transformations. The important number of reports appeared in the literature over the last 35 years often highlighted spectacular results in terms of efficiency and enantioselectivity, allowing access to many biologically important molecules, which clearly demonstrates that these ligands can now be recognised as real competitors to the more usual phosphorus- or nitrogen-containing ligands. A key point of reference for post-graduate students, researchers and academics.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Allylic Substitution; Chapter 2: Conjugate Addition; Chapter 3: Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Aldehydes; Chapter 4: Addition of Organozinc Reagents to Ketones; Chapter 5: Diels-Alder Reaction; Chapter 6: Cyclopropanation; Chapter 7: Heck-Type Reactions; Chapter 8: Hydrogenation; Chapter 9: Hydrogen Transfer; Chapter 10: Miscellaneous Reactions; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThere is an increasing need to find cost-effective and environmentally sound methods of converting natural resources into fuels, chemicals and energy; catalysts are pivotal to such processes. Catalysis highlights major developments in this area. Coverage of this Specialist Periodical Report includes all major areas of heterogeneous catalysis. In each volume, specific areas of current interest are reviewed. Examples of topics include experimental methods, acid/base catalysis, materials synthesis, environmental catalysis, and syngas conversion.Table of ContentsPreface; Bioethanol reforming for H2 production. A comparison with hydrocarbon reforming; Catalytica reforming of liquid hydrocarbons for on-board solid oxide fuel cell auxiliary power units; Couplign kinetic and spectroscopic methods for the investigation of environmentally important reactions; Oxidative conversion of lower alkanes to olefins; Asymmetric hydrogenation of activated ketones; Gold catalysis in organic synthesis and material science

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Book SynopsisThe book provides a comprehensive treatment of combinatorial development of heterogeneous catalysts. In particular, two computer-aided approaches that have played a key role in combinatorial catalysis and high-throughput experimentation during the last decade — evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks — are described. The book is unique in that it describes evolutionary optimization in a broader context of methods of searching for optimal catalytic materials, including statistical design of experiments, as well as presents neural networks in a broader context of data analysis. It is the first book that demystifies the attractiveness of artificial neural networks, explaining its rational fundamental — their universal approximation capability. At the same time, it shows the limitations of that capability and describes two methods for how it can be improved. The book is also the first that presents two other important topics pertaining to evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks: automatic generating of problem-tailored genetic algorithms, and tuning evolutionary algorithms with neural networks. Both are not only theoretically explained, but also well illustrated through detailed case studies.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Approaches in the Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts; Methods of Searching for Optimal Catalytic Materials; Analysis and Mining of Data Gathered in Catalytic Experiments; Artificial Neural Networks in the Study of Catalytic Performance.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems.Table of ContentsBasic Principles:Syngas Manufacture;Syngas Applications;; Steam Reforming Technology:Technology of Steam Reforming;Carbon and Sulphur;Catalysis of Steam Reforming;;

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Book SynopsisIn chemical processes, the progressive deactivation of solid catalysts is a major economic concern and mastering their stability has become as essential as controlling their activity and selectivity. For these reasons, there is a strong motivation to understand the mechanisms leading to any loss in activity and/or selectivity and to find out the efficient preventive measures and regenerative solutions that open the way towards cheaper and cleaner processes. This book covers the fundamental and applied aspects of solid catalyst deactivation in a comprehensive way and encompasses the state of the art in the field of reactions catalyzed by zeolites. This particular choice is justified by the widespread use of molecular sieves in refining, petrochemicals and organic chemicals synthesis processes, by the large variety in the nature of their active sites (acid, base, acid-base, redox, bifunctional) and especially by their peculiar features, in terms of crystallinity, structural order and textural properties, which make them ideal models for heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this book is to be a critical review in the field of zeolite deactivation and regeneration by collecting contributions from experts in the field which describe the factors, explain the techniques to study the causes and suggest methods to prevent (or limit) catalyst deactivation. At the same time, a selection of commercial processes and exemplar cases provides the reader with theoretical insights and practical hints on the deactivation mechanisms and draws attention to the key role played by the loss of activity on process design and industrial practice.Table of ContentsMethods of Characterization of Deactivating Species and Aged Catalysts; Deactivation Mechanisms: Poisoning, Fouling and Coking, Structural and Physical Degradations; Prevention of Deactivation and Optimal Regeneration; Industrial Examples: Catalytic Cracking (FCC), Methanol to Olefins (MTO), Aromatic Alkylation, Isomerization and Transalkylation, Organic Commodity and Fine Chemicals Synthesis.

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Book SynopsisWith contributions from experts in supported metal catalysis from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in characterization and application of supported metals in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as vehicle emission control, the book also includes emerging areas where supported metal catalysis will make significant contributions to future developments, such as fuel cells and fine chemicals synthesis.The second edition of Supported Metals in Catalysis comes complete with new and updated chapters containing important summaries of research in a rapidly evolving field. Very few other books deal with this highly pertinent subject matter and, as such, it is a must-have for anyone working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.Table of ContentsCatalyst Preparation; Characterization by Spectroscopic Techniques; Electron Microscopy; Determination of Dispersion; Progress in C1 Chemistry; Catalysis in Fuel Cell Application; Supported Metals for Hydrogen Production; Vehicle Emission Catalysts; Fine Chemicals.

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Book SynopsisCatalyst technologies account for over $1 trillion of revenue in the U.S. economy alone. The applications range from medicines and alternative energy fuel cell technologies to the development of new and innovative clothing fibers. In this book, a World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC) panel of eight experts in the field assesses the current state of research and development in catalysis by nanostructured materials, its sources of funding, and discusses the state of the field with respect to productivity and leadership in various nations around the world. In addition to showing the numerous and highly advantageous practical applications of the field, the panel concludes that Western Europe is currently the most productive region, followed closely by the United States. Still, the research and development output of the People's Republic of China has recently surpassed that of Japan and is now poised to surpass that of the U.S. as well.As such, this assessment is a timely review of the field's progress, taking into account the increasing contributions from Asia, and will be essential reading for professionals, whether they are seeking an in-depth summary of the state of the art or a broad view of trends affecting the discipline.Table of ContentsOverview of Catalysis by Nanostructured Materials (R J Davis); Synthesis of Nanostructured Catalysts (R F Lobo); Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanostructured Catalysts (J T Miller); Electron and Tunneling Microscopy of Nanostructured Catalysts (R Sharma); Theory and Simulation in Catalysis (M Neurock); Applications: Energy from Fossil Resources (L Thompson); Applications: Chemicals from Fossil Resources (V V Guliants); Applications: Renewable Fuels and Chemicals (G Huber).

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in both total oxidation and combustion and also in selective oxidation. For each topic, fundamental aspects are paralleled with industrial applications. The book covers oxidation catalysis, one of the major areas of industrial chemistry, outlining recent achievements, current challenges and future opportunities. One distinguishing feature of the book is the selection of arguments which are emblematic of current trends in the chemical industry, such as miniaturization, use of alternative, greener oxidants, and innovative systems for pollutant abatement. Topics outlined are described in terms of both catalyst and reaction chemistry, and also reactor and process technology.Table of ContentsVolatile Organic Compounds Abatments: Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Compounds, HAP, and Others; Diesel Oxidation Catalysts; New Processes in Total Oxidation; Plasma Catalysis; Electrocatalysis; Catalytic Selective Oxidation in the Gas and in the Liquid Phase: Principles and Applications; Innovative Aspects; Industrial Examples.

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Book SynopsisResearch on designing new catalytic systems has been one of the most important fields in modern organic chemistry. One reason for this is the predominant contribution of catalysis to the concepts of atom economy and green chemistry in the 21st century. Gold, considered catalytically inactive for a long time, is now a fascinating partner of modern chemistry, as scientists such as Bond, Teles, Haruta, Hutchings, Ito and Hayashi opened new perspectives for the whole synthetic chemist community. This book presents the major advances in homogeneous catalysis, emphasizing the methodologies that create carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, the applications that create diversity and synthesize natural products, and the recent advances and challenges in asymmetric catalysis and computational research.It provides readers with in-depth information about homogeneous gold-catalyzed reactions and presents several explanations for the scientific design of a catalyst. Readers will be able to understand the entire gold area and find solutions to problems in catalysis.Gold Catalysis — An Homogeneous Approach is part of the Catalytic Science Series and features prominent authors who are experts in their respective fields.Table of ContentsFrom Gold in Nature to Gold Catalysts (F Gagosz); Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (L Zhang); Gold-Catalyzed Addition of Carbon Nucleophile to C-C Multiple Bond (H C Shen); Gold-Catalyzed Addition of Heteroatom Nucleophile to C-C Multiple Bond (N Asao & Y Yamamoto); Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocycles (A Arcadi); Multi-Component Reactions (C J Li); Gold Catalyzed Tandem and Cascade Reactions (R-S Liu); Cycloisomerization Reactions of 1,n-Enynes (A Echavarren); Gold-Catalyzed Reaction of Propargylic Esters (L Fensterbank & M Malacria); Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions (S Blum); Gold-Catalyzed Reactions: A Computational Approach (E Soriano & J Marco-Contelles); Target-Oriented Synthesis using Homogeneous Gold Catalysis (F.D. Toste); Asymmetric Gold-Catalyzed Reactions (V Michelet).

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Book SynopsisFor far too long chemists and industrialists have relied on the use of aggressive reagents such as nitric and sulphuric acids, permanganates and dichromates to prepare the massive quantities of both bulk and fine chemicals that are needed for the maintenance of civilised life — materials such as fuels, fabrics, foodstuffs, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Such aggressive reagents generate vast quantities of environmentally harmful and often toxic by-products, including the oxides of nitrogen, of metal oxides and carbon dioxide.Now, owing to recent advances made in the synthesis of nanoporous solids, it is feasible to design new solid catalysts that enable benign, mild oxidants to be used, frequently without utilising solvents, to manufacture the products that the chemical, pharmaceutical, agro- and bio-chemical industries require. These new solid agents are designated single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). Their principal characteristics are that all the active sites present in the high-area solids are identical in their atomic environment and hence in their energy of interaction with reactants, just as in enzymes.Single-site heterogeneous catalysts now occupy a position of growing importance both academically and in their potential for commercial exploitation. This text, the only one devoted to such catalysts, dwells both on principles of design and on applications, such as the benign synthesis of nylon 6 and vitamin B3. It equips the reader with unifying insights required for future catalytic adventures in the quest for sustainability in the materials used by humankind.Anyone acquainted with the language of molecules, including undergraduates in the physical and biological sciences, as well as graduates in engineering and materials science, should be able to assimilate the principles and examples presented in this book. Inter alia, it describes how clean technology and ‘green’ processes may be carried out in an environmentally responsible manner.Table of ContentsBasics and Background: Introduction to the Salient Features of Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts; Lessons from the Biological World: The Kinship between Enzymes and Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts; Distinctions between Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts and Immobilized Homogeneous Catalysts; Microporous Open Structures: Microporous Open Structures for the Design of New Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts; Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Production of Pharmaceuticals, Agrochemicals, Fine and Bulk Chemicals; Mesoporous Open Structures: Epoxidations and Sustainable Utilization of Renewable Feedstocks, Production of Vitamin E Intermediates, Conversion of Ethene to Propene and Solvent-Free, One-Step Synthesis of Esters; Exploiting Nanospace for Asymmetric Conversions; Multinuclear, Bimetallic Nanocluster Catalysts.

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Book SynopsisFor far too long chemists and industrialists have relied on the use of aggressive reagents such as nitric and sulphuric acids, permanganates and dichromates to prepare the massive quantities of both bulk and fine chemicals that are needed for the maintenance of civilised life — materials such as fuels, fabrics, foodstuffs, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Such aggressive reagents generate vast quantities of environmentally harmful and often toxic by-products, including the oxides of nitrogen, of metal oxides and carbon dioxide.Now, owing to recent advances made in the synthesis of nanoporous solids, it is feasible to design new solid catalysts that enable benign, mild oxidants to be used, frequently without utilising solvents, to manufacture the products that the chemical, pharmaceutical, agro- and bio-chemical industries require. These new solid agents are designated single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). Their principal characteristics are that all the active sites present in the high-area solids are identical in their atomic environment and hence in their energy of interaction with reactants, just as in enzymes.Single-site heterogeneous catalysts now occupy a position of growing importance both academically and in their potential for commercial exploitation. This text, the only one devoted to such catalysts, dwells both on principles of design and on applications, such as the benign synthesis of nylon 6 and vitamin B3. It equips the reader with unifying insights required for future catalytic adventures in the quest for sustainability in the materials used by humankind.Anyone acquainted with the language of molecules, including undergraduates in the physical and biological sciences, as well as graduates in engineering and materials science, should be able to assimilate the principles and examples presented in this book. Inter alia, it describes how clean technology and ‘green’ processes may be carried out in an environmentally responsible manner.Table of ContentsBasics and Background: Introduction to the Salient Features of Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts; Lessons from the Biological World: The Kinship between Enzymes and Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts; Distinctions between Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts and Immobilized Homogeneous Catalysts; Microporous Open Structures: Microporous Open Structures for the Design of New Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts; Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Production of Pharmaceuticals, Agrochemicals, Fine and Bulk Chemicals; Mesoporous Open Structures: Epoxidations and Sustainable Utilization of Renewable Feedstocks, Production of Vitamin E Intermediates, Conversion of Ethene to Propene and Solvent-Free, One-Step Synthesis of Esters; Exploiting Nanospace for Asymmetric Conversions; Multinuclear, Bimetallic Nanocluster Catalysts.

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Book SynopsisThis book, unique in its field, is a comprehensive description of all the methodologies reported for carrying out conjugate addition reactions in a stereoselective way, using small chiral organic molecules as catalysts (organocatalysts). In the last 3-4 years, this has been a rapidly growing field in organic chemistry, and many papers have appeared reporting excellent protocols for carrying out these highly efficient transformations that compete well with other classical approaches using transition metal catalysts. A particularly attractive feature of this transformation relies upon the fact that the conjugate addition (Michael and Hetero-Michael reactions) is an extraordinarily effective means to initiate cascade processes which result in the formation of complex molecules from very small and simple starting blocks. The book, written by noted experts, covers all recent advances in this hot topic, and provides a good state-of-the-art review for organic chemists working in this field and all those who wish to start projects in this area.Trade Review"The book is focused on enantioselective organocatalysis in the context of conjugate addition reactions, a vast category of reactions that include some of the most versatile carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. The authors are themselves active contributors to the area, including the development of new methodologies"."The overall organisation of this book is excellent, and is based on an appropriate selection of representative protocols that illustrate how different types of chiral organocatalysts can promote conjugate additions and control the sterochemical outcome"."The book is written with clarity and is very well structured"."Each topic is highlighted by seminal contributors from the pioneers on the subject area" * Angew Chem. Claudio Palomo Niucolau *Table of ContentsIntroduction; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via iminium activation; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via enamine activation; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via hydrogen-bonding activation; Enantioselective conjugate reactions via chiral ammonium ion formation; Organocatalytic enantioselective cascade reactions

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Book SynopsisOver the last fifteen years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have mostly been used as ancillary ligands for the preparation of transition metal-based catalysts. Compared to phosphorus-containing ligands, NHCs tend to bind more strongly to metal centres, avoiding the necessity for the use of excess ligand in catalytic reactions. The corresponding complexes are often less sensitive to air and moisture, and have proven remarkably resistant to oxidation. Recent developments in catalysis applications have been facilitated by the availability of carbenes stable enough to be bottled, particularly for their use as organocatalysts. This book shows how N-heterocyclic carbenes can be useful in various fields of chemistry and not merely laboratory curiosities or simple phosphine mimics. NHCs are best known for their contribution to ruthenium and palladium-catalysed reactions but the scope of this book is much broader. The synthesis of NHC ligands and their corresponding metal complexes are covered in depth. Moreover, the biological activity of NHC-containing complexes, as well as an overview of their theoretical aspects are included. Such metal species are further examined, not only in terms of their catalytic applications, but also of their stereoelectronic parameters and reactivity/stability. Finally, special attention is given to the hot topic of organocatalysis. The book will be of interest to postgraduates, academic researchers and those working in industry.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction to N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Stereoelectronic Parameters; Chapter 2: Computational Studies on the Reactivity of Transition Metal Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands; Chapter 3: Synthesis, Activation and Decomposition of N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Containing Complexes; Chapter 4: Biologically Active N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Metal Complexes; Chapter 5: Non-Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes; Chapter 6: Early Transition and Rare Earth Metal Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes; Chapter 7: NHC-Iron, Ruthenium, AND Osmium Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 8: NHC-Cobalt, Rhodium, and Iridium Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 9: NHC-Palladium Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 10: NHC-Nickel and Platinum Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 11: NHC-Copper, Silver AND Gold Complexes in Catalysis; Chapter 12: Oxidation Reaction with NHC Metal Complexes; Chapter 13: Reduction Reactions with NHC-Bearing Complexes; Chapter 14: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Organic Catalysts

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to cover the very recent developments in asymmetric organocatalysis, focussing on those published since the beginning of 2008. The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis with an impressive amount of new catalysts, novel methodologies, and applications in numerous reaction types, such as nucleophilic substitutions, addition reactions, as well as cycloadditions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions, and miscellaneous reactions. This very diverse and intensely developing field is too wide to cover in a single review. The timeliness of the book together with the expected impact is excellent, since nowadays asymmetric organocatalysis is arguably the most intensively developed field in organic chemistry. The book is designed to meet the demands of a postgraduate textbook,containing case studies and Q&A sections, as well as a practical book filled with facts and data useful as a working tool for the practitioner. The book is divided into ten sections, dealing successively with nucleophilic additions to electron-deficient C=C double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=O double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=N double bonds, nucleophilic additions to unsaturated nitrogen, nucleophilic substitutions at aliphatic carbon, cycloaddition reactions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions and desymmetrisations, and miscellaneous reactions.Trade Review"A strength of the book lies in the extensive use of graphics. Virtually every entry in the book is provided a graphic summary of the best cases for a particular report.""This compilation can be regarded as a snapshot of progress for a field that requires treatment in any modern graduate program in organic chemistry.""...the author has produced a work that is commendable by the measures of the topics selected and their organization." * Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS),2011, 133, 2330 - 2330, Jeffrey N Johnston *"...this book was set out to update the audience on the application of asymmetric organocatalysis after several earlier review articles and this certainly meets the task with a plethora of detailed reports on important asymetric organic catalysed processes.""This book will appeal to those researchers engaged in catalysis at phD or post-doctoral level and provides a useful compendium on a wide number of organocatalytic transformations." * Chemistry World, February 2011, Benjamin Buckley *Table of ContentsIntroduction Nucleophilic additions to electron-deficient C=C double bonds Nucleophilic additions to C=O double bonds Nucleophilic additions to C=N double bonds Nucleophilic additions to unsaturated nitrogen Nucleophilic substitutions at aliphatic carbon Cycloaddition reactions Oxidations Reductions Kinetic resolutions and desymmetrisations Miscellaneous reactions General Conclusion

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Book SynopsisFischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has been used on a commercial scale for more than eighty years. It was initially developed for strategic reasons because it offered a source of transportation fuels that was independent from crude oil. Unlike crude, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude is rich in olefins and oxygenates, while being sulphur and nitrogen free. Consequently, the catalysis involved in refining it is significantly different and only a few catalysts have been developed for the purpose. Until now, an account of this topic has been missing from the literature, despite mounting interest in the technology. This is the first book to provide a review and analysis of the literature (journal and patent) on the catalysis needed to refine syncrude to transportation fuels. It specifically highlights the impact of oxygenates and how oxygenates affect selectivity and deactivation. This aspect is also related to the refining of biomass derived liquids. Topics covered include: dimerisation / oligomerisation, isomerisation / hydroisomerisation, catalytic cracking / hydrocracking and hydrogenation, catalytic reforming, aromatic alkylation, etherification, dehydration, and some oxygenate and wax specific conversions.Trade Review'This book provides an in-depth look at some of the technologies and processes used to upgrade synfuel stocks, including oligomerization, isomerisation, cracking/hydrocracking and hydrotreating.''This book provides an excellent and comprehensive evaluation of the catalytic processes for syncrude conversion to useful products such as fuel and oils.''The writing style is very clear and explains the processes concisely and simply'. * Stewart Brown *Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION; PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS; FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS; PROPERTIES OF PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM FT; UPGRADING OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID PRODUCTS; UPGRADING OF FTS WAX; REACTIONS OF OXYGENATES; COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS FROM FT HYDROCARBONS; CATALYSIS OF FISCHER-TROPSCH REFINERIES; PATENT LITERATURE; FUTURE PERSPECTIVES; REFERENCES

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Book SynopsisP-stereogenic ligands were among the first to be used in asymmetric catalysis but synthetic difficulties and prejudices have hampered their development. However, continuous screening for new chiral ligands means that they can no longer be ignored and this rigorous reference source reflects their renaissance. The book is filled with many examples from recent primary literature. The synthetic chemist will easily be able to follow the preparation methods which are accompanied by a description of the challenges and limitations. Those working in homogenous catalysis, and wanting to increase their repertoire of ligands, will be able to establish which have already been used in each reaction and their performance. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the application of P-stereogenic ligands in homogeneous catalysis. It begins with a brief chapter on generalities of P-stereogenic compounds: history, configurational stability, and interconversions among them.The book then goes on to describe the main preparative methods, from resolution of racemates to enantioselective catalysis, before focusing on the catalytic applications of P-stereogenic ligands. Chapter 7 describes the use of the ligands in catalytic hydrogenation and related reactions whereas chapter 8 deals with other reactions, mainly C-C bond forming reactions. The aim of these two final chapters is to give an outline of the usefulness of the ligands in homogeneous catalysis.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Resolution of Racemic and Diastereomeric Mixtures; P-Stereogenic Heterocycles; P-Stereogenic Compounds Derived from Enantiopure Heterocycles P-Stereogenic Phosphines Prepared by Enantioselective Deprotonation; Preparation by Enantioselective Catalysis; Hydrogenation and Related Reactions; Miscellaneous Reactions

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Book SynopsisCarbon-carbon bond formations and functional group transformations are the most fundamental reactions for the construction of molecular frameworks and are at the forefront of organic chemistry research. The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) type reactions possess the two most important requirements - atom economy and generation of multi-functional groups. The last decade has seen exponential growth of the MBH reaction and its applications. In fact, it is already one of the most powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming methods widely used in organic synthesis. Since the 1990s, more and more research groups have initiated work on different aspects of the MBH reaction. These have focused on the scope of the substrates, novel catalysts (especially chiral catalysts), reaction mechanisms, and synthetic applications. Consequently, there is now a need for a reference detailing the chemistry of this important reaction. This unique book summarizes the MBH reaction, aza-MBH reaction and asymmetric MBH/aza-MBH reaction including the latest research and mechanistic investigations. It provides a complete overview of MBH-type reactions aimed at synthetic organic chemists of all levels within academia and industry. The chapters cover the; origin and growth of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction; reactant classes and reaction conditions; catalytic mechanisms; achiral and chiral catalytic systems; transformations of functional groups; use of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts and derivatives as starting materials to construct compounds with carbocyclic or heterocyclic frameworks, and the applications of the MBH reaction in synthesizing natural products.Table of ContentsMorita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction; Catalytic System for the Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction; Transformations of Functional Groups in Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts; Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts or Derivatives for the Construction of Cyclic Frameworks; The application of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction for the Synthesis of Natural Products

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Book SynopsisThere is an increasing need to find cost-effective and environmentally sound methods of converting natural resources into fuels, chemicals and energy; catalysts are pivotal to such processes. Catalysis highlights major developments in this area. Coverage of this Specialist Periodical Report includes all major areas of heterogeneous catalysis. n each volume, specific areas of current interest are reviewed. Examples of topics include experimental methods, acid/base catalysis, materials synthesis, environmental catalysis, and syngas conversion.Table of ContentsPreface; Key catalyst types for the efficient refining of Fischer–Tropsch syncrude: alumina and phosphoric acid; Recent developments and achievements in partial oxidation of methane with and without addition of steam; Precious metal catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization; Catalytic reactions studied by angle-resolved product desorption; Quantification of cluster size effect (structure sensitivity) in heterogeneous catalysis; Photocatalysis in green chemistry and destruction of very toxic compounds; Hierarchical zeolites: materials with improved accessibility and enhanced catalytic activity; Catalysis involved in dimethylether production and as an intermediate in the generation of hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and MTG process; Selective oxidation catalysis on rhenium-oxide catalysts

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Book SynopsisImmobilization of chiral catalysts is an important tool for improving overall efficiency of catalytic processes. However, heterogeneous catalysts often suffer from decreased activities and supported but still homogeneous catalysts can help overcome this issue. This book covers the most important concepts of homogeneous supported catalysis with an emphasis on enantioselective processes. It describes the state-of-the-art and latest developments in each area whilst critically evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of this important method. The book encompasses ionically-tagged catalysts, supported organocatalysts, supported ionic liquid phases, catalysis using soluble polymers, catalytic dendrimers, fluorous catalysts, water soluble catalysts and non-covalent immobilization methods. Potential developments and ideas for the future are also highlighted. There is a growing demand for effective and recyclable catalysts so this book, covering all the important methods in the field of supported homogeneous catalysis, will appeal to many researchers in academia and industry.Trade Review"The editor of the present volume is Radovan Sebesta of Comenius University (Bratislava), an expert in organocatalysis and on the use of ionic liquids as catalyst supports." -- Miquel A. Perics, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Tarragona (Spain) * Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 8425 – 8426 *"...discusses the latest developments in the areas covered, critically evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of these methodologies" -- Miquel A. Perics, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Tarragona (Spain) * Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 8425 – 8426 *"...this volume will certainly be a useful tool for researchers working in catalysis and a useful addition to the libraries of academic chemists." -- Miquel A. Perics, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Tarragona (Spain) * Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 8425 – 8426 *Table of ContentsIonically-tagged transition-metal catalysts; Catalysis with supported organocatalysts; Supported ionic liquid phase catalysis; Metal-catalysts on soluble polymers; Catalytic dendrimers; Fluorous catalysts and chiral auxiliaries in biphasic and homogeneous systems; Aqueous-phase asymmetric catalysis; Non-covalent immobilization

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Book SynopsisThere is an increasing need to find cost-effective and environmentally sound methods of converting natural resources into fuels, chemicals and energy; catalysts are pivotal to such processes. Catalysis highlights major developments in this area. Coverage of this Specialist Periodical Report includes all major areas of heterogeneous catalysis. In each volume, specific areas of current interest are reviewed. Examples of topics include experimental methods, acid/base catalysis, materials synthesis, environmental catalysis, and syngas conversion.Table of ContentsPreface; Progress Towards Operando Raman Spectroscopy, Monitoring and Imaging; TBC; Coverage Dependent Adsorption Properties of Atomic Adsorbates on Late Transition Metal Surfaces; Green Catalysis with Metal Complexes: from Bulk to Nano Recyclable Hybrid Catalysts; TBC; TBC; Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reactions; Catalytic Applications of Mesoporous Materials; Polarization-Dependent Total Reflection Fluorescence

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Book SynopsisEnergy and environment issues are of paramount importance to achieve the sustainable development of our society. Alcohol-fuelled direct oxidation fuel cells (DOFCs), as a clean and highly-efficient energy harvesting engine, have attracted intensive research activity over recent decades. Electrocatalysts are the material at the very heart of the cell that determines the performance of DOFCs. The rapid advances in electrocatalysts, particularly nano-sized ones, have left current information only available in scattered journals. To be truly useful to both present and future researchers, a new book is needed to present an insightful review of the reaction nature of this research and to systematically summarize recent advances in nanocatalysts, and convey a more global perspective. Catalysts for Alcohol-fuelled Direct Oxidation Fuel Cells will present a state-of-the-art review on recent advances in nanocatalysts and electrocatalysis in DOFCs, including both proton and hydroxide ion exchange membrane fuel cells. The main topics covered include a molecular-level understanding of electrocatalysis, the design principles of electrocatalysts, recent advances in nanocatalysts and future perspectives for DOFCs. The book presents a cutting-edge collection on nanocatalysts for alcohol-fuelled direct oxidation fuel cells and brings together the most authoritative researchers in the field from both industry and academia, filling the gap between both sides. Finally, the book will provide an insightful review on electrocatalysis at the molecular- level, which will be useful for postgraduate students and junior researchers in this field. It will be an essential resource for postgraduates, researchers and policy-makers globally in academia, industry, and government institutions.Trade Review“Catalysts for Alcohol-Fuelled Direct Oxidation Fuel Cells” is aimed at a general audience with an interest in low power fuel cells, as well as experts in the area. The book is edited by Zhen-Xing Liang, Lecturer at the South China University of Technology, and Tim S. Zhao, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and director of the HKUST Energy Institute. The book contains seven chapters in 264 pages and reviews the catalysis of alcohol electrooxidation in low-temperature fuel cells. The reader will fi nd a general overview of the catalysis involved in the oxidation of alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. More unusually the oxidation of ethylene glycol and glycerol are also described in detail. Although the title for this book is specifi c to alcohol fuel cells it also contains individual chapters describing the oxidation of other fuels of interest such as formic acid, borohydride and sugars. The book concludes with a chapter on the challenges that alcohol fuel cells need to overcome. Role of the Platinum Group Metals Many of the book’s chapters are easy to read even for people with little experience in the area. Chapter 1, ‘Electrocatalysis of Alcohol Oxidation Reactions at Platinum Group Metals’, by Claude Lamy (University of Montpellier, France) and Christophe Coutanceau (Université de Poitiers, France), starts with a good if simplistic overview about what constitutes fuel cell effi ciency. This is an important subject and the authors’ general description can easily be followed by students in chemistry or related subjects. The authors highlight that the theoretical effi ciencies for methanol/air and ethanol/air fuel cells are actually higher than hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells. This is a great foundation for the book because it really justifi es the need for research in this area. The chapter continues with a very simplistic description of the methods used for the synthesis and characterisation of fuel cell catalysts, from well-known chemical and electrochemical approaches to more exotic methods such as plasmaenhanced techniques. The content fl ows in a logical order with this introduction followed by dedicated sections describing in detail the oxidation of different fuels. The oxidation of methanol or ethanol is described in acidic environments, mainly for the wellknown platinum-based binary catalysts PtM/C (M = ruthenium or tin), at different atomic ratios. The authors describe the differences in reactivity when using different atomic ratios such as Pt0.5Ru0.5, Pt0.8Ru0.2, Pt3Sn and Pt9Sn. These binaries are known to be active because of the effi cient removal of adsorbed carbon monoxide (via the bifunctional mechanism), a common intermediate in the oxidation of primary alcohols. In contrast, the oxidation of ethylene glycol and glycerol is described mainly in alkaline media with the authors focusing on the use of carbon supported platinum, platinum-palladium and platinum-palladium-bismuth for the oxidation of ethylene glycol and platinum, palladium and gold catalysts and their binaries and ternaries such as PtPd, PtBi, PdBi and PtPdBi for the oxidation of glycerol. The chapter offers a good introduction, although it lacks references to the use of commercial catalysts for methanol oxidation (1, 2). Catalyst Preparation Chapter 2, ‘Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Alcohol Oxidation Reactions’, by Jun Yin (Cornell University, New York, USA) et al. describes the use of PtAu catalysts for alcohol oxidation. The synthesis of PtAu catalysts is a very interesting topic with challenging nanoscale catalyst preparation. Nanoscale gold has been shown to produce surface oxygenated species such as gold(III) oxide, adsorbed gold hydroxide or gold(III) hydroxide which are highly active for the M1 M2 Precursors Capping agent Reduction or decomposition Wet chemical synthesis Assembly on support Thermal treatment Supported catalyst Assembly Activation (a) (b) 30 nm (c) 30 nm M1mM2100–m + Fig. 1. (a) A general scheme showing the molecularly engineered synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles capped with a monolayer shell of oleic acid/oleylamine and the preparation of bimetallic nanoparticles supported on carbon powders or carbon nanotubes by assembly and activation. Transmission electron microscopy images showing: (b) Au22Pt78 nanoparticles supported on carbon black; and (c) Au nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry) removal of adsorbed CO, especially in alkaline media. Traditional methods for PtAu catalyst preparation are mentioned such as co-precipitation, impregnation with subsequent reduction, and calcination. More interestingly, the synthesis of Au and PtAu supported nanoparticles via the molecular encapsulation synthesis is described (Figure 1). This approach involves three steps: (a) chemical synthesis of metal nanocrystal cores with molecular encapsulation; (b) assembly of the encapsulated nanoparticles on support materials; and (c) thermal treatment of the supported nanoparticles. A brief mention of core–shell type PtAu nanoparticles is also included although no characterisation data is shown. PtAu nanoparticles with different atomic compositions are presented for the oxidation of methanol in alkaline and acidic media. An iron(II,III) oxide Fe3O4@Au@Pt ternary is presented as a more active catalyst than Pt in acidic media. The chapter fi nishes with a section dedicated to the characterisation of PtAu particles and includes experimental data from different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which adds detailed information to help understand the catalysis. Quantum Mechanical Modelling Chapter 3, ‘Theoretical Studies of Formic Acid Oxidation’, by Wang Gao and Timo Jacob (Universität Ulm, Germany), is the only chapter dedicated to the use of quantum mechanical modelling for the understanding of chemical reactions at the molecular level. Although formic acid is not an alcohol, it is of interest in terms of fuel cell effi ciency for low power electronics. The authors cover the oxidation of formic acid in ultra-high vacuum conditions and also with increasing water coverage. Importantly, they pay attention to the effect of the electrochemical potential on the formic acid dehydrogenation and include a detailed discussion of the adsorbed products that are formed. A detailed and informative discussion of the different reaction pathways, direct and indirect, is presented. Readers with some experience in the fi eld will fi nd the content extremely interesting. It is slightly disappointing that the editors did not include more content towards the use of theoretical modelling for the oxidation of alcohols. Catalysis by Gold Chapter 4, ‘Gold Leaf Based Electrocatalysts’, by Rongyue Wang and Yi Ding (Shandong University, China) is dedicated to the use of nanoporous gold leaf (NPG-leaf) as an alternative catalyst for the oxidation of formic acid and alcohols in alkaline media. The chapter describes the formation of NPG by chemical dissolution also known as dealloying. This is a wellknown process and has been applied for many years in the manufacturing of high surface area catalysts. The authors present as an example the formation of NPG from a gold-silver alloy. Selective dissolution of Ag leads to the formation of a porous structure (Figure 2) (3). The authors describe the excellent research done by John Newman (University of California, Berkeley, USA) et al. (4) and Jonah Erlebacher (Johns Hopkins University, USA) et al. (5) and the reader is advised to follow up these references for further, detailed information. Overall NPG-Pt catalysts give very low benefi t compared to Pt/C. In fact, the area of dealloying is currently an ongoing research topic aimed at the design of highly active catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in H2/O2 fuel cells. Experts in the area such as Professor Doctor Peter Strasser, now at Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, have documented very interesting results with the study of dealloyed particles and their use as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (6, 7). However, the use of dealloyed catalysts has not been well documented for alcohol oxidation. (a) 120 nm (b) 500 nm Fig. 2. Scanning electron microscopy images of a nanoporous gold leaf (Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry and Alkali Metal Borohydrides Chapter 5, ‘Nanocatalysts for Direct Borohydride Oxidation in Alkaline Media’ by Christophe Coutanceau et al. considers the use of alkali metal borohydrides as fuels. Sodium borohydride is preferred because it offers a compromise between specifi c energy density and relative abundance. The authors clearly explain the anodic and cathodic reactions that occur in a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) and the theoretical effi ciency of a system capable of achieving the 8 electron reaction. Due to the alkaline environment used the catalysts considered are the usual binaries and ternaries, such as PdAu, PdNi and PdPtBi. The authors describe a very interesting study of the kinetics of the electrode reaction but most importantly they present a discussion of what makes a catalyst selective towards complete oxidation and also to the inhibition of hydrogen oxidation. The use of Pt0.9Bi0.1/C is presented as the most selective catalyst that leads to the 8e-- pathway without signifi cant hydrogen evolution. Although this anode catalyst led to lower performance compared to Pt/C, in terms of current density, it is of interest for a DBFC because of increased fuel effi ciency, a prime parameter for the use of the fuel. It is important to highlight that a system with high cell effi ciency is more attractive for many practical applications than a system with low effi ciency and high current density. The authors have written a very interesting chapter and this reader gained useful knowledge about the technology. The Use of Enzymes Chapter 6, ‘Bioelectrocatalysis in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells’, by Holly Reeve and Kylie Vincent (University of Oxford, UK), is dedicated to the use of enzymes for the oxidation of sugars such as fructose, lactose and glucose. The use of sugars for fuel cells is a very interesting area for research since it is based on the generation of electricity by the oxidation of natural products. Actually, the full oxidation of a primary alcohol to carbon dioxide is also possible when using a chain of enzymes via a sequence of chemical reactions. This is a key characteristic that differentiates enzymes from metal nanoparticles. For instance, there are very few metal catalysts capable of achieving the full oxidation of dilute ethanol to CO2 without the formation of incomplete products such as acetaldehyde and acetic acid (8). The authors give a fair and realistic view of the practical problems of enzymes as catalysts due to their relatively large size, which leads to low volumetric density and their limited stability when varying conditions such as pH, temperature, pressure and solvent type. The authors highlight that biofuel cells could have their main application as bioimplantable fuel cells for pacemakers and for the purifi cation of waste water. Although research in this area is in its infancy, the authors give an excellent overview of the use of biofuel cells and the reader with an interest in biocatalysis will fi nd this chapter extremely interesting. Problems in Alcohol Oxidation The book closes with Chapter 7, ‘Challenges and Perspectives of Nanocatalysts in Alcohol-Fuelled Direct Oxidation Fuel Cells’, by Eileen Hao Yu (Newcastle University, UK) et al. This chapter covers some of the main problems in alcohol oxidation focusing on the factors affecting activity and stability, including the need for more active catalysts capable of oxidising adsorbed CO. The authors report on the use of binary and ternary catalysts in alkaline and acid media, such as PtRu, PtSn and PtRuM (M = tungsten, molybdenum, nickel) and PtSnM (M = Ni or Ru), PtAu, PdNi and PdIrNi. The use of metal oxides such as cerium(IV) oxide, nickel(II) oxide, cobalt(II,III) oxide and manganese(II,III) oxide as promoters capable of introducing oxygenated species to remove adsorbed CO is also described. A brief mention of the benefi ts and disadvantages of the use of core–shell catalysts is presented with a special emphasis on PtAu core– shell catalysts. In terms of stability, some interesting approaches are mentioned such as the use of alternative carbon supports (graphene and N-doped carbon nanotubes) and supports such as titanium dioxide and tungsten carbide. The authors, however, do not mention the main problems of anode stability, such as base metal dissolution, membrane contamination and the impact on cathode performance or relate these issues to real fuel cell data. Conclusion The authors describe in a detailed manner the electrocatalytic oxidation of primary alcohols and other relevant fuels of interest for low power fuel cells in both acid and alkaline media. The reader gains a useful introduction to the catalysis involved in the oxidation of different fuels, such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, borohydride and sugars. While enzymes and gold catalysts have been introduced, platinum group metal catalysts, especially those based on Pt and Pd, are the state of the art for these technologies. The book only disappoints in some areas such as the lack of real fuel cell data and, for this reviewer’s taste, an overemphasis on alcohol oxidation in alkaline media. Overall, this book can be a good starting point for students and researchers with an interest in low power fuel cells. References 1 N. Cabello-Moreno, E. Crabb, J. Fisher, A. E. Russell and D. Thompsett, ECS Trans., 2008, 16, (2), 483 2 J. M. Fisher, N. Cabello-Moreno, E. Christian and D. Thompsett, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2009, 12, (5), B77 3 J. Erlebacher, M. J. Aziz, A. Karma, N. Dimitrov and K. Sieradzki, Nature, 2001, 410, (6827), 450 4 R. C. Newman and K. Sieradzki, Science, 1994, 263, (5 154), 1708 5 R. Zeis, A. Mathur, G. Fritz, J. Lee and J. Erlebacher, J. Power Sources, 2007, 165, (1), 65 6 P. Mani, R. Srivastava and P. Strasser, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2008, 112, (7), 2770 7 L. Gan, M. Heggen, R. O’Malley, B. Theobald and P. Strasser, Nano Lett., 2013, 13, (3), 1131 8 A. Kowal, M. Li, M. Shao, K. Sasaki, M. B. Vukmirovic, J. Zhang, N. S. Marinkovic, P. Lui, A. I. Fre -- Alex Martinez Bonastre * Platinum Metals Rev., 2013, 57, (4), 297–301• *This is an important subject and the authors’ general description can easily be followed by students in chemistry or related subjects. Readers with some experience in the field will find the content extremely interesting. -- Alex Martinez Bonastre * Platinum Metals Rev., 2013, 57, (4), 297–301• *Table of ContentsIntroduction; Preparation of Nanocatalysts for DOFCs; Nanocatalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction; Nanocatalysts for Alcohol Oxidation Reaction (AOR); Nanocatalysts for Liquid Borohydride Oxidation; Nanocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR); Core-Shell Nanostructured Catalysts; Gold-Leaf Based Nanocatalysts; Bio-Electrocatalysts for DOFCs; Challenges and Perspectives of Nanocatalyst in DOFCs; Index

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Book SynopsisThe field of computational catalysis has existed in one form or another for at least 30 years. Its ultimate goal - the design of a novel catalyst entirely from the computer. While this goal has not been reached yet, the 21st Century has already seen key advances in capturing the myriad complex phenomena that are critical to catalyst behaviour under reaction conditions. This book presents a comprehensive review of the methods and approaches being adopted to push forward the boundaries of computational catalysis. Each method is supported with applied examples selected by the author, proving to be a more substantial resource than the existing literature. Both existing a possible future high-impact techniques are presented. An essential reference to anyone working in the field, the book's editors share more than two decade's of experience in computational catalysis and have brought together an impressive array of contributors. The book is written to ensure postgraduates and professionals will benefit from this one-stop resource on the cutting-edge of the field.Table of ContentsCharge transfer or reactive potentials; Ab initio thermodynamics; First-principles based microkinetic modelling; Adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo; Computational catalyst screening; Enantioselective catalysis; Dynamics of Surface Reactions; Advances in DFT functionals for catalysis; Modelling highly correlated systems in heterogeneous catalysis

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the major developments in hydrogen-related catalytic and electrocatalytic reactions over gold-based materials over the last decade, including many of the advances made by academic and industrial researchers. Gold-based catalysts with potentially exciting new applications in hydrogen technology (e.g. purification of hydrogen, anode/cathode electrodes) are being investigated at a much higher rate than even before. A variety of techniques to synthesize, characterize and evaluate these materials is being employed. The book will be of interest to all those working in catalysis/green chemistry, in particular, to advanced level researchers in catalysis using gold-based materials. It is hoped that specialists in one reaction will read with interest the chapters on the neighbouring expertise. The book is also meant for PhD-students and advanced students interested in this area.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Water-Gas Shift activity of gold-based catalysts (comparative study); PROX activity/selectivity of gold catalysts (comparative study); Nature of the active sites and reaction mechanism]; Gold-based electrocatalytic materials (synthesis, physicochemical properties, applications); Effect of synthesis parameters on catalytic properties of gold-based materials; In-situ spectroscopic characterization of redox properties of gold catalysts; The role of gold nanoparticles size; The role of the oxidation state of gold.

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Book SynopsisCatalysis has always been part of the development of mankind; from the fermentation of alcoholic drinks, through the development of fertilisers in the agricultural revolution and production of bulk chemicals in the 20th Century. Today, society demands improved production routes with greater product output and energy efficiency; the ultimate goal to achieving this would be having all catalytic reactions in concert, effectively functioning like a biological cell. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a relatively new type of hybrid material. Their crystalline porous structure, built up from organic and inorganic building blocks, presents a vast array of composition, porosity and functionality offering enormous potential in catalytic systems. This book examines the latest research and discovery in the use of MOFs in catalysis, highlighting the extent to which these materials have been embraced by the community. Beyond presenting a digest of recent research by major players in the field, the book presents the strategies behind recent developments, providing a lasting reference for seasoned researchers and newcomers to the field.Table of Contents1. Introduction; PART A. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MOFs; 2. Synthesis of MOFs; 3. Post-synthetic Modification of MOFs; 4. Characterization of MOFs. 1. Combined Vibrational and Electronic Spectroscopies; 5. Characterization of MOFs. 2. Long and Local Range Order Structural Determination of MOFs by Combining EXAFS and Diffraction Techniques; 6. MOFs for Energy and Environmental Applications; 7. Computational Approach to Chemical Reactivity of MOFs; PART B. CATALYSIS BY MOFs; 8. Strategies for Creating Active Sites in MOFs; 9. Catalysis at the Metallic Nodes of MOFs; 10. Catalysis at the Organic Ligands; 11. MOFs as Nanoreactors. Species Encapsulated in the IntraMOF Space; 12. Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral MOFs; 13. Photocatalysis by MOFs; 14. Catalysis by Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs); 15. Conclusions and Future Developments

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Book SynopsisOver 7000 papers are published in the field of catalysis each year. While the majority appear within a handful publications, keeping up with the literature can be difficult. Now in its 25th volume, the Specialist Periodical Report on Catalysis presents critical and comprehensive reviews of the hottest literature published over the last twelve months. Industrial and academic scientists face increasing challenges to find cost-effective and environmentally sound methods for converting natural resources into fuels, chemicals and energy. This series is edited by two leading researchers in the field and provides a balanced and in-depth review of the modern approaches to these challenges, covering major areas of heterogeneous and homogenous catalysis, as well as specific applications of catalysis, such as NOx control, kinetics and experimental techniques, such as microcalorimetry. With chapters detailing specific areas within the field, this series is a comprehensive reference for anyone working in Catalysis and an essential resource for any Chemistry Library.Table of ContentsPreface; Gaining insight into the kinetics of partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons on Rh, though a multiscale methodology based on advanced experimental and modelling techniques; Theoretical tools for studying gold nanoparticles as catalysts for oxidation and hydrogenation reactions; PdZn based catalysts: connecting electronic and geometric structure with catalytic performance; Structural manipulation of the catalysts for ammonia decomposition; Applications of electron beam lithography in surface science and catalysis - model-nano-array catalysts; High throughput technology; approaches of research in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis; Core-shell catalysts and bimodel catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

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Book SynopsisAlthough ionic liquids have only been studied in depth during the last decades, the field is now maturing to such a degree that the focus is on larger scale applications for use in real processes such as catalysis. Current information is scattered across the literature and Catalysis in Ionic Liquids provides a critical analysis of the research published to date on ionic solvents in all areas of the catalytic science. The book covers both catalyst synthesis using ionic liquids as solvents and green syntheses using both ionic liquids as well as mixtures of ionic liquids and carbon dioxide (as a subcritical and supercritical liquid), including enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis and organocatalysis. As well as the catalysis community, the book will also be of interest to postgraduates, postdoctoral workers and researchers in academia and industry working in organic synthesis, new materials synthesis, renewable sources of energy and electrochemistry. Written by leading experts in the field, this is the reference source to find about catalysis in ionic liquids.Table of ContentsCatalytic Conversion of Biomass in Ionic Liquids; Biocatalysis in Ionic Liquids; Homogeneous Catalysis in Ionic Liquids; Catalysis in Ionic Liquid - Supercritical CO2 Systems; Heterogeneous Catalysis in Ionic Liquids; Modification of Supports and Heterogeneous Catalysts by Ionic Liquids: SILP and SCILL systems; SILP and SCILL catalysis; Electrocatalysis in Ionic Liquids; Photochemistry in Ionic Liquids; Ionothermal Synthesis; Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis in Ionic Liquids;

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the latest research in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis and homogeneous catalysis are important factors in increasing the development of green chemistry. Some of the challenges that we are responsible for are directing research efforts toward increasing the kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis to homogeneous catalysis levels, improving the recyclability of the catalysts, and developing new supports that can act as catalysts or cocatalysts. Following reaction kinetics and mechanisms on supported catalysts provides the degree of precision and accuracy already enjoyed by the homogeneous catalysis community. The editors present an easily-accessible digest for researchers and a reference aimed at offering guidance to new researchers in the field.Table of ContentsZeolites: Synthesis, properties, and industrial applications; Microwave assisted synthesis of solid catalytic materials; Supported metal catalysts for green reactions; Heterogeneous catalysts for asymmetric reactions; Clay-based catalyst supports; Mesoporous metals: synthesis and catalysis; Novel syntheses and catalytic reactions for periodic mesoporous organosilica; Porous carbon composites for catalytic reactions; Smart heterogeneous catalyst design on mesoporous nanomaterials

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the latest developments in asymmetric domino reactions, focussing on those published in the last 6 years. These fascinating reactions have rapidly become one of the most current fields in organic chemistry, since they allow reaching easily high molecular complexity in an economically favourable way with advantages of savings in solvent, time, energy, and costs. Unsurprisingly, the high levels of efficiency and enantioselectivity generally reached in these reactions have been exploited for the production of a wide number of complex chiral molecules with dense stereochemistry and functionality, which are motifs present in biologically active compounds and natural products. The book is divided into three principal sections, dealing successively with asymmetric domino reactions based on the use of chiral auxiliaries, asymmetric domino reactions based on the use of chiral metal catalysts, and asymmetric domino reactions based on the use of chiral organocatalysts, covering the literature since the beginning of 2006.Table of Contents1 Introduction; 2 Domino Reactions based on the use of Chiral Auxiliaries; 3 Domino Reactions based on the use of Chiral Metal Catalysts; 4 Domino Reactions based on the use of Chiral Organocatalysts; 5 Conclusions

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