Biotechnology Books

Book SynopsisPractical Multiscaling covers fundamental modelling techniques aimed at bridging diverse temporal and spatial scales ranging from the atomic level to a full-scale product level. It focuses on practical multiscale methods that account for fine-scale (material) details but do not require their precise resolution.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction to Multiscale Methods 1 1.1 The Rationale for Multiscale Computations 1 1.2 The Hype and the Reality 2 1.3 Examples and Qualification of Multiscale Methods 3 1.4 Nomenclature and definitions 5 1.5 Notation 6 1.5.1 Index and matrix notation 6 1.5.2 M ultiple Spatial Scale Coordinates 8 1.5.3 Domains and boundaries 9 1.5.4 Spatial and Temporal Derivatives 9 1.5.5 Special symbols 10 References 11 2 Upscaling/Downscaling of Continua 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Homogenizaton of Linear Heterogeneous Media 16 2.2.1 Two-Scale Formulation 16 2.2.2 Two-Scale Formulation – Variational Form 23 2.2.3 Hill–Mandel Macrohomogeneity Condition and Hill–Reuss–Voigt Bounds 25 2.2.4 N umerical Implementation 27 2.2.5 B oundary Layers 38 2.2.6 Convergence Estimates 41 2.3 Upscaling Based on Enhanced Kinematics 47 2.3.1 M ultiscale Finite Element Method 48 2.3.2 Variational Multiscale Method 48 2.3.3 M ultiscale Enrichment Based on Partition of Unity 49 2.4 Homogenization of Nonlinear Heterogeneous Media 50 2.4.1 Asymptotic Expansion for Nonlinear Problems 50 2.4.2 Formulation of the Coarse-Scale Problem 54 2.4.3 Formulation of the Unit Cell Problem 58 2.4.4 Example Problems 61 2.5 Higher Order Homogenization 64 2.5.1 Introduction 64 2.5.2 Formulation 65 2.6 Multiple-Scale Homogenization 69 2.7 Going Beyond Upscaling – Homogenization-Based Multigrid 71 2.7.1 Relaxation 73 2.7.2 Coarse-grid Correction 77 2.7.3 Two-grid Convergence for a Model Problem in a Periodic Heterogeneous Medium 79 2.7.4 Upscaling-Based Prolongation and Restriction Operators 81 2.7.5 Homogenization-based Multigrid and Multigrid Acceleration 83 2.7.6 N onlinear Multigrid 84 2.7.7 M ultigrid for Indefinite Systems 86 Problems 87 References 91 3 Upscaling/Downscaling of Atomistic/Continuum Media 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.2 Governing Equations 96 3.2.1 M olecular Dynamics Equation of Motion 96 3.2.2 M ultiple Spatial and Temporal Scales and Rescaling of the MD Equations 98 3.3 Generalized Mathematical Homogenization 100 3.3.1 M ultiple-Scale Asymptotic Analysis 100 3.3.2 The Dynamic Atomistic Unit Cell Problem 102 3.3.3 The Coarse-Scale Equations of Motion 103 3.3.4 Continuum Description of Equation of Motion 106 3.3.5 The Thermal Equation 107 3.3.6 Extension to Multi-Body Potentials 112 3.4 Finite Element Implementation and Numerical Verification 113 3.4.1 Weak Forms and Semidiscretization of Coarse-Scale Equations 113 3.4.2 The Fine-Scale (Atomistic) Problem 115 3.5 Statistical Ensemble 118 3.6 Verification 120 3.7 Going Beyond Upscaling 126 3.7.1 Spatial Multilevel Method Versus Space–Time Multilevel Method 127 3.7.2 The WR Scheme 129 3.7.3 Space–Time FAS 130 Problems 131 References 133 4 Reduced Order Homogenization 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Reduced Order Homogenization for Two-Scale Problems 139 4.2.1 Governing Equations 139 4.2.2 Residual-Free Fields and Model Reduction 141 4.2.3 Reduced Order System of Equations 148 4.2.4 One-Dimensional Model Problem 150 4.2.5 Computational Aspects 154 4.3 Lower Order Approximation of Eigenstrains 156 4.3.1 The Pitfalls of a Piecewise Constant One-Partition-Per-Phase Model 157 4.3.2 Impotent Eigenstrain 159 4.3.3 Hybrid Impotent-Incompatible Eigenstrain Mode Estimators 163 4.3.4 Chaboche Modification 164 4.3.5 Analytical Relations for Various Approximations of Eigenstrain Influence Functions 165 4.3.6 Eigenstrain Upwinding 172 4.3.7 Enhancing Constitutive Laws of Phases 175 4.3.8 Validation of the Hybrid Impotent-Incompatible Reduced Order Model with Eigenstrain Upwinding and Enhanced Constitutive Model of Phases 180 4.4 Extension to Nonlocal Heterogeneous Media 184 4.4.1 Staggered Nonlocal Model for Homogeneous Materials 186 4.4.2 Staggered Nonlocal Multiscale Model 188 4.4.3 Validation of the Nonlocal Model 189 4.4.4 Rescaling Constitutive Equations 193 4.5 Extension to Dispersive Heterogeneous Media 197 4.5.1 Dispersive Coarse-Scale Problem 199 4.5.2 The Quasi-Dynamic Unit Cell Problem 201 4.5.3 Linear Model Problem 204 4.5.4 N onlinear Model Problem 205 4.5.5 Implicit and Explicit Formulations 208 4.6 Extension to Multiple Spatial Scales 209 4.6.1 Residual-Free Governing Equations at Multiple Scales 210 4.6.2 M ultiple-Scale Reduced Order Model 211 4.7 Extension to Large Deformations 214 4.8 Extension to Multiple Temporal Scales with Application to Fatigue 219 4.8.1 Temporal Homogenization 220 4.8.2 M ultiple Temporal and Spatial Scales 224 4.8.3 Fatigue Constitutive Equation 225 4.8.4 Verfication of the Multiscale Fatigue Model 226 4.9 Extension to Multiphysics Problems 227 4.9.1 Reduced Order Coupled Vector-Scalar Field Model at Multiple Scales 228 4.9.2 Environmental Degradation of PMC 232 4.9.3 Validation of the Multiphysics Model 235 4.10 Multiscale Characterization 239 4.10.1 Formulation of the Inverse Problem 239 4.10.2 Characterization of Model Parameters in ROH 241 Problems 241 References 243 5 Scale-separation-free Upscaling/Downscaling of Continua 249 5.1 Introduction 249 5.2 Computational Continua (C2) 251 5.2.1 N onlocal Quadrature 251 5.2.2 Coarse-Scale Problem 254 5.2.3 Computational Unit Cell Problem 257 5.2.4 One-dimensional model problem 260 5.3 Reduced Order Computational Continua (RC2) 265 5.3.1 Residual-Free Computational Unit Cell Problem 266 5.3.2 The Coarse-Scale Weak Form 274 5.3.3 Coarse-Scale Consistent Tangent Stiffness Matrix 275 5.4 Nonlocal Quadrature in Multidimensions 278 5.4.1 Tetrahedral Elements 278 5.4.2 Triangular Elements 287 5.4.3 Quadrilateral and Hexahedral Elements 292 5.5 Model Verification 297 5.5.1 The Beam Problem 300 Problems 302 References 303 6 Multiscale Design Software 305 6.1 Introduction 305 6.2 Microanalysis with MDS-Lite 308 6.2.1 Familiarity with the GUI 309 6.2.2 Labeling Data Files 312 6.2.3 The First Walkthrough MDS-Micro Example 312 6.2.4 The Second Walkthrough MDS-Micro Example 318 6.2.5 Parametric Library of Unit Cell Models 331 6.3 Macroanalysis with MDS-Lite 340 6.3.1 First Walkthrough MDS-Macro Example 341 6.3.2 Second Walkthrough MDS-Macro Example 362 6.3.3 Third Walkthrough Example 373 6.3.4 Fourth Walkthrough Example 379 Problems 391 References 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisA full-colour undergraduate textbook, based on a two semester course, that presents the fundamentals of biological physics, introducing essential modern topics that include cells, polymers, polyelectrolytes, membranes, liquid crystals, phase transitions, self-assembly, photonics, fluid mechanics, motility, chemical kinetics, and enzyme kinetics.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xvii I Building Blocks 1 1 Molecules 3 1.1 Chemical Bonds and Molecular Interactions 3 1.2 Chirality 7 1.3 Proteins 7 1.4 Lipids 15 1.5 Nucleic Acids 16 1.6 Carbohydrates 21 1.7 Water 24 1.8 Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins 25 1.9 Viruses 26 1.10 Other Molecules 28 Suggested Reading 28 Tutorial Questions 1 29 2 Cells 31 2.1 The First Cell 32 2.2 Metabolism 33 2.3 Central Dogma of Biology 34 2.4 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 38 2.5 Mutations and Cancer 40 2.6 Prokaryotic Cells 41 2.7 Eukaryotic Cells 41 2.8 Chromosomes 44 2.9 Cell Cycle 45 2.10 Genetic Code 45 2.11 Genetic Networks 45 2.12 Human Genome Project 47 2.13 Genetic Fingerprinting 49 2.14 Genetic Engineering 50 2.15 Tissues 51 2.16 Cells as Experimental Models 51 2.17 Stem Cells 52 Suggested Reading 53 Tutorial Questions 2 54 II Soft Condensed-Matter Techniques in Biology 55 3 Introduction to Statistics in Biology 57 3.1 Statistics 57 3.2 Entropy 60 3.3 Information 61 3.4 Free Energy 62 3.5 Partition Function 63 3.6 Conditional Probability 65 3.7 Networks 66 Suggested Reading 67 Tutorial Questions 3 67 4 Mesoscopic Forces 69 4.1 Cohesive Forces 69 4.2 Hydrogen Bonding 71 4.3 Electrostatics 73 4.3.1 Unscreened Electrostatic Interactions 73 4.3.2 Screened Electrostatic Interactions 74 4.3.3 The Force Between Charged Aqueous Spheres 77 4.4 Steric and Fluctuation Forces 79 4.5 Depletion Forces 82 4.6 Hydrodynamic Interactions 84 4.7 Bell’s Equation 84 4.8 Direct Experimental Measurements 86 Suggested Reading 89 Tutorial Questions 4 89 5 Phase Transitions 91 5.1 The Basics 91 5.2 Helix–Coil Transition 94 5.3 Globule–Coil Transition 98 5.4 Crystallisation 101 5.5 Liquid–Liquid Demixing (Phase Separation) 104 Suggested Reading 108 Tutorial Questions 5 109 6 Liquid Crystallinity 111 6.1 The Basics 111 6.2 Liquid Nematic–Smectic Transitions 123 6.3 Defects 125 6.4 More Exotic Possibilities for Liquid-Crystalline Phases 130 Suggested Reading 132 Tutorial Questions 6 132 7 Motility 135 7.1 Diffusion 135 7.2 Low Reynolds Number Dynamics 142 7.3 Motility of Cells and Micro-Organisms 144 7.4 First-Passage Problem 148 7.5 Rate Theories of Chemical Reactions 152 7.6 Subdiffusion 153 Suggested Reading 155 Tutorial Questions 7 155 8 Aggregating Self-Assembly 157 8.1 Surface-Active Molecules (Surfactants) 160 8.2 Viruses 163 8.3 Self-Assembly of Proteins 167 8.4 Polymerisation of Cytoskeletal Filaments (Motility) 167 Suggested Reading 172 Tutorial Questions 8 172 9 Surface Phenomena 173 9.1 Surface Tension 173 9.2 Adhesion 175 9.3 Wetting 177 9.4 Capillarity 180 9.5 Experimental Techniques 183 9.6 Friction 184 9.7 Adsorption Kinetics 186 9.8 Other Physical Surface Phenomena 188 Suggested Reading 188 Tutorial Questions 9 188 10 Biomacromolecules 189 10.1 Flexibility of Macromolecules 189 10.2 Good/Bad Solvents and the Size of Flexible Polymers 198 10.3 Elasticity 203 10.4 Damped Motion of Soft Molecules 206 10.5 Dynamics of Polymer Chains 209 10.6 Topology of Polymer Chains – Supercoiling 214 Suggested Reading 216 Tutorial Questions 10 217 11 Charged Ions and Polymers 219 11.1 Electrostatics 222 11.2 Deybe–Huckel Theory 226 11.3 Ionic Radius 229 11.4 The Behaviour of Polyelectrolytes 232 11.5 Donnan Equilibria 234 11.6 Titration Curves 236 11.7 Poisson–Boltzmann Theory for Cylindrical Charge Distributions 238 11.8 Charge Condensation 239 11.9 Other Polyelectrolyte Phenomena 243 Suggested Reading 244 Tutorial Questions 11 245 12 Membranes 247 12.1 Undulations 248 12.2 Bending Resistance 250 12.3 Elasticity 253 12.4 Intermembrane Forces 258 12.5 Passive/Active Transport 260 12.6 Vesicles 267 Suggested Reading 268 Tutorial Questions 12 268 13 Continuum Mechanics 269 13.1 Structural Mechanics 270 13.2 Composites 273 13.3 Foams 275 13.4 Fracture 277 13.5 Morphology 278 Suggested Reading 278 Tutorial Questions 13 279 14 Fluid Mechanics 281 14.1 Newton’s Law of Viscosity 282 14.2 Navier–Stokes Equations 282 14.3 Pipe Flow 283 14.4 Vascular Networks 285 14.5 Haemodynamics 285 14.6 Circulatory Systems 289 14.7 Lungs 289 Suggested Reading 291 Tutorial Questions 14 291 15 Rheology 293 15.1 Storage and Loss Moduli 295 15.2 Rheological Functions 298 15.3 Examples from Biology: Neutral Polymer Solutions, Polyelectrolytes, Gels, Colloids, Liquid Crystalline Polymers, Glasses, Microfluidics 299 15.3.1 Neutral Polymer Solutions 299 15.3.2 Polyelectrolytes 303 15.3.3 Gels 305 15.3.4 Colloids 309 15.3.5 Liquid-Crystalline Polymers 310 15.3.6 Glassy Materials 310 15.3.7 Microfluidics in Channels 312 15.4 Viscoelasticity of the Cell 312 Suggested Reading 314 Tutorial Questions 15 314 16 Motors 315 16.1 Self-Assembling Motility – Polymerisation of Actin and Tubulin 317 16.2 Parallelised Linear Stepper Motors – Striated Muscle 320 16.3 Rotatory Motors 325 16.4 Ratchet Models 327 16.5 Other Systems 329 Suggested Reading 329 Tutorial Questions 16 330 17 Structural Biomaterials 331 17.1 Cartilage – Tough Shock Absorbers in Human Joints 331 17.2 Spider Silk 341 17.3 Elastin and Resilin 342 17.4 Bone 343 17.5 Adhesive Proteins 343 17.6 Nacre and Mineral Composites 345 Suggested Reading 346 Tutorial Questions 17 346 18 Phase Behaviour of DNA 347 18.1 Chromatin – Naturally Packaged DNA Chains 347 18.2 DNA Compaction – An Example of Polyelectrolyte Complexation 350 18.3 Facilitated Diffusion 351 Suggested Reading 354 III Experimental Techniques 355 19 Experimental Techniques 357 19.1 Mass Spectroscopy 357 19.2 Thermodynamics 359 19.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 360 19.2.2 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry 360 19.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Interferometry-Based Biosensors 360 19.3 Hydrodynamics 362 19.4 Optical Spectroscopy 363 19.4.1 Rayleigh Scattering 363 19.4.2 Brillouin Scattering 364 19.4.3 Terahertz/Microwave Spectroscopy 364 19.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 365 19.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy 366 19.4.6 Nonlinear Spectroscopy 367 19.4.7 Circular Dichroism and UV Spectroscopy 369 19.5 Optical Microscopy 369 19.5.1 Fluorescence Microscopy 376 19.5.2 Super-Resolution Microscopy 378 19.5.3 Nonlinear Microscopy 382 19.5.4 Polarisation Microscopy 382 19.5.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 382 19.5.6 Holographic Microscopy 383 19.5.7 Other Microscopy Techniques 383 19.6 Single-Molecule Detection 384 19.7 Single-Molecule Mechanics and Force Measurements 384 19.8 Electron Microscopy 395 19.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 396 19.10 Static Scattering Techniques 397 19.11 Dynamic Scattering Techniques 408 19.12 Osmotic Pressure 412 19.13 Chromatography 415 19.14 Electrophoresis 415 19.15 Sedimentation 420 19.16 Rheology 424 19.17 Tribology 431 19.18 Solid Mechanical Properties 432 Suggested Reading 432 Tutorial Questions 19 433 IV Systems Biology 437 20 Chemical Kinetics 439 20.1 Conservation Laws 440 20.2 Free Energy 440 20.3 Reaction Rates 441 20.4 Consecutive Reactions 449 20.5 Case I and II Reactions 450 20.6 Parallel Reactions 452 20.7 Approach to Chemical Equilibrium 453 20.8 Quasi-Steady-State Approximation 456 20.9 General Kinetic Equation Analysis 459 Suggested Reading 459 Tutorial Questions 20 460 21 Enzyme Kinetics 461 21.1 Michaelis–Menten Kinetics 461 21.2 Lineweaver–Burke Plot 465 21.3 Enzyme Inhibition 466 21.4 Competitive Inhibition 466 21.5 Allosteric Inhibition 467 21.6 Cooperativity 468 21.7 Hill Plot 470 21.8 Single Enzyme Molecules 470 Suggested Reading 472 Tutorial Questions 21 472 22 Introduction to Systems Biology 473 22.1 Integrative Model of the Cell 473 22.2 Transcription Networks 474 22.3 Gene Regulation 474 22.4 Lac Operon 477 22.5 Repressilator 479 22.6 Autoregulation 481 22.7 Network Motifs 483 22.8 Robustness 489 22.9 Morphogenesis 490 22.10 Kinetic Proofreading 492 22.11 Temporal Programs 493 22.12 Nonlinear Models 494 22.13 Population Dynamics 497 Suggested Reading 498 Tutorial Questions 22 499 V Spikes, Brains and the Senses 501 23 Spikes 503 23.1 Structure and Function of a Neuron 503 23.2 Membrane Potential 503 23.3 Ion Channels 506 23.4 Voltage Clamps and Patch Clamps 508 23.5 Nernst Equation 509 23.6 Electrical Circuit Model of a Cell Membrane 511 23.7 Cable Equation 513 23.8 Hodgkin–Huxley Model 515 23.9 Action Potential 518 23.10 Spikes – Travelling Electrical Waves 520 23.11 Cell Signalling 523 Suggested Reading 524 Tutorial Questions 23 525 24 Physiology of Cells and Organisms 527 24.1 Feedback Loops 528 24.2 Nonlinear Behaviour 533 24.3 Potential Outside an Axon 533 24.4 Electromechanical Properties of the Heart 535 24.5 Electrocardiogram 536 24.6 Electroencephalography 537 Suggested Reading 539 Tutorial Questions 24 540 25 The Senses 541 25.1 Biological Senses 541 25.2 Weber’s Law 542 25.3 Information Processing and Hyperacuity 543 25.4 Mechanoreceptors 543 25.5 Chemoreceptors 545 25.6 Photoreceptors 549 25.7 Thermoreceptors 551 25.8 Electroreceptors 552 25.9 Magnetoreceptors 552 Suggested Reading 553 Tutorial Questions 25 554 26 Brains 555 26.1 Neural Encoding Inverse Problem 558 26.2 Memory 560 26.3 Motor Processes 564 26.4 Connectome 565 26.5 Cohesive Properties 566 Suggested Reading 567 Tutorial Questions 26 568 Appendix A: Physical Constants 569 Appendix B: Answers to Tutorial Questions 571 Index 593

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the structure-property-process relationship of biomaterials from engineering and biomedical perspectives, and the potential of bio-inspired materials and their applications. A large variety of natural materials with outstanding physical and mechanical properties have appeared in the course of evolution.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Perspectives 1 1.2 Biomimetic Materials Science and Engineering 2 1.2.1 Biomimetic Materials from Biology to Engineering 2 1.2.2 Two Aspects of Biomimetic Materials Science and Engineering 3 1.2.3 Why Use Biomimetic Design of Advanced Engineering Materials? 4 1.2.4 Classification of Biomimetic Materials 7 1.3 Strategies, Methods, and Approaches for the Biomimetic Design of Engineering Materials 7 1.3.1 General Approaches for Biomimetic Engineering Materials 9 1.3.2 Special Approaches for Biomimetic Engineering Materials 10 References 11 Part I Biomimetic Structural Materials and Processing 13 2 Strong, Tough, and Lightweight Materials 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Strengthening and Toughening Principles in Soft Tissues 16 2.2.1 Overview of Spider Silk 16 2.2.2 Microstructure of Spider Silk 17 2.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Spider Silk 19 2.2.4 Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms of Spider Silk 20 2.3 Strong and Tough Engineering Materials and Processes Mimicking Spider Silk 23 2.3.1 Biomimetic Design Principles for Strong and Tough Materials 23 2.3.2 Bioinspired Carbon Nanotube Yarns Mimicking Spider Silk Structure 24 2.4 Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms in Hard Tissues 25 2.4.1 Nacre Microstructure 25 2.4.2 Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Nacre 27 2.4.3 Strengthening Mechanism in Nacre 29 2.4.4 Toughening Mechanisms in Nacre 31 2.4.5 Strengthening/Toughening Mechanisms in Other Hard Tissues 34 2.5 Biomimetic Design and Processes for Strong and Tough Ceramic Composites 37 2.5.1 Biomimetic Design Principles for Strong and Tough Materials 37 2.5.2 Layered Ceramic/Polymer Composites 39 2.5.3 Layered Ceramic/Metal Composites 43 2.5.4 Ceramic/Ceramic Laminate Composites 43 References 46 3 Wear-resistant and Impact-resistant Materials 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Hard Tissues with High Wear Resistance 50 3.2.1 Teeth: A Masterpiece of Biological Wear-resistance Materials 50 3.2.2 Microstructures of Enamel, Dentin, and Dentin-enamel Junction 51 3.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Dental Structures 54 3.2.4 Anti-wear Mechanisms of Enamel 56 3.2.5 Toughening Mechanisms of the DEJ 58 3.3 Biomimetic Designs and Processes of Materials for Wear-resistant Materials 59 3.3.1 Bioinspired Design Strategies for Wear-resistant Materials 59 3.3.2 Enamel-mimicking Wear-resistant Restorative Materials 61 3.3.3 Biomimetic Cutting Tools Based on the Sharpening Mechanism of Rat Teeth 62 3.3.4 DEJ-mimicking Functionally Graded Materials 64 3.4 Biological Composites with High Impact and Energy Absorbance 66 3.4.1 Mineral-based Biocomposites: Dactyl Club 67 3.4.2 Protein-based Biocomposites: Horns and Hooves 69 3.4.3 Bioinspired Design Strategies for Highly Impact-resistant Materials 72 3.5 Biomimetic Impact-resistant Materials and Processes 73 3.5.1 Dactyl Club-Biomimicking Highly Impact-resistant Composites 73 3.5.2 Damage-tolerant CNT-reinforced Nanocomposites Mimicking Hooves 74 References 76 4 Adaptive and Self-shaping Materials 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Biological Models for Adapting and Morphing Materials 80 4.2.1 Reversible Stiffness Change of Sea Cucumber via Switchable Fiber Interactions 80 4.2.2 Gradient Stiffness of Squid Beak via Gradient Fiber Interactions 82 4.2.3 Shape Change in Plant Growth via Controlled Reinforcement Redistribution 84 4.2.4 Self-shaping by Pre-programed Reinforcement Architectures 86 4.2.5 Biomimetic Design Strategies for Morphing and Adapting 88 4.3 Biomimetic Synthetic Adaptive Materials and Processes 90 4.3.1 Adaptive Nanocomposites with Reversible Stiffness Change Capability 90 4.3.2 Squid-beak-inspired Mechanical Gradient Nanocomposites and Fabrication 93 4.3.3 Biomimetic Helical Fibers and Fabrication 94 4.3.4 Water-activated Self-shaping Materials and Fabrication 95 References 99 5 Materials with Controllable Friction and Reversible Adhesion 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Dry Adhesion: Biological Reversible Adhesive Systems Based on Fibrillar Structures 102 5.2.1 Gecko and Insect Adhesive Systems 102 5.2.2 Hierarchical Fibrillar Structure of Gecko Toe Pads 103 5.2.3 Adhesive Properties of Gecko Toe Pads 104 5.2.4 Mechanics of Fibrillar Adhesion 107 5.2.5 Bioinspired Strategies for Reversible Dry Adhesion 112 5.3 Gecko-mimicking Design of Fibrillar Dry Adhesives and Processes 112 5.3.1 Biomimetic Design Based on Geometric Replications of the Gecko Adhesive System 115 5.3.2 Biomimetic Design of Hybrid/Smart Fibrillar Adhesives 118 5.4 Wet Adhesion: Biological Reversible Adhesive Systems Based on Soft Film 121 5.4.1 Tree Frog Adhesive System 121 5.4.2 Adhesive Mechanism of Tree Frog Toe Pads 122 5.5 Artificial Adhesive Systems Inspired by Tree Frogs 123 5.6 Slippery Surfaces and Friction/Drag Reduction 125 5.6.1 Pitcher Plant: A Biological Model of a Slippery Surface 125 5.6.2 Shark Skin: A Biological Model for Drag Reduction 126 5.7 Biomimetic Designs and Processes of Slippery Surfaces 128 5.7.1 Pitcher-inspired Design of a Slippery Surface 128 5.7.2 Shark Skin-inspired Design for Drag Reduction 130 References 132 6 Self-healing Materials 135 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Wound Healing in Biological Systems 136 6.2.1 Self-healing via Microvascular Networks 136 6.2.2 Self-healing with Microencapsulation/Micropipe Systems in Plants 138 6.2.3 Skeleton/Bone Healing Mechanism 140 6.2.4 Tree Bark Healing Mechanism 141 6.2.5 Bioinspired Self-healing Strategies 142 6.3 Bioinspired Self-healing Materials 144 6.3.1 Self-healing Materials with Vascular Networks 144 6.3.2 Biomimetic Self-healing with Microencapsulation Systems 146 6.3.3 Biomimetic Self-healing with Hollow Fiber Systems 148 6.3.4 Self-healing Brittle Materials Mimicking Bone and Tree Bark Healing 149 6.3.5 Bacteria-mediated Self-healing Concretes 151 References 152 Part II Biomimetic Functional Materials and Processing 155 7 Self-cleaning Materials and Surfaces 157 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Fundamentals of Wettability and Self-cleaning 158 7.3 Self-cleaning in Nature 160 7.3.1 Lotus Effect: Superhydrophobicity-induced Self-cleaning 160 7.3.2 Slippery Surfaces: Superhydrophilicity-induced Self-cleaning 162 7.3.3 Self-cleaning in Fibrillar Adhesive Systems 164 7.3.4 Self-cleaning in Soft Film Adhesive Systems 168 7.3.5 Underwater Organisms: Self-cleaning Surfaces 169 7.3.6 Biomimetic Strategies for Self-cleaning 171 7.4 Engineering Self-cleaning Materials and Processes via Bioinspiration 173 7.4.1 Lotus Effect–inspired Self-cleaning Surfaces and Fabrication 174 7.4.2 Superhydrophilically-based Self-cleaning Surfaces and Fabrication 178 7.4.3 Gecko-inspired Self-cleaning Dry Adhesives and Fabrication 180 7.4.4 Underwater Organisms–inspired Self-cleaning Surfaces and Fabrication 183 References 185 8 Stimuli-responsive Materials 188 8.1 Introduction 188 8.2 The Biological Models for Stimuli-responsive Materials 189 8.2.1 Actuation Mechanism in Muscles 189 8.2.2 Mechanically Stimulated Morphing Structures of Venus Flytraps 191 8.2.3 Sun Tracking: Heliotropic Plant Movements Induced by Photo Stimuli 194 8.2.4 Biomimetic Design Strategies for Stimuli-responsive Materials 196 8.3 Biomimetic Synthetic Stimuli-responsive Materials and Processes 198 8.3.1 Motor Molecules as Artificial Muscle: Bottom-up Approach 198 8.3.2 Electroactive Polymers as Artificial Muscle: Top-down Approach 199 8.3.3 Venus Flytrap Mimicking Nastic Materials 202 8.3.4 Biomimetic Light-tracking Materials 203 References 207 9 Photonic Materials 210 9.1 Introduction 210 9.2 Structural Colors in Nature 211 9.2.1 One-dimensional Diffraction Gratings 213 9.2.2 Multilayer Reflectors 214 9.2.3 Two-dimensional Photonic Materials 215 9.2.4 Three-dimensional Photonic Crystals 217 9.2.5 Tunable Structural Color in Organisms 218 9.3 Natural Antireflective Structures and Microlenses 220 9.3.1 Moth-eye Antireflective Structures 220 9.3.2 Brittlestar Microlens with Double-facet Lens 222 9.3.3 Biomimetic Strategies for Structural Colors and Antireflection 224 9.4 Bioinspired Structural Coloring Materials and Processes 224 9.4.1 Grating Nanostructures: Lamellar Ridge Arrays 227 9.4.2 Multilayer Photonic Nanostructures and Fabrication Approaches 229 9.4.3 Three-dimensional Photonic Crystals and Fabrication 230 9.4.4 Tunable Structural Colors of Bioinspired Photonic Materials 232 9.4.5 Electrically and Mechanically Tunable Opals 233 9.5 Bioinspired Antireflective Surfaces and Microlenses 233 References 236 10 Catalysts for Renewable Energy 240 10.1 Introduction 240 10.2 Catalysts for Energy Conversion in Biological Systems 242 10.2.1 Biological Catalysts in Biological “Fuel Cells” 242 10.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by Water-oxidizing Complex 242 10.2.3 Biological Hydrogen Production with Hydrogenase Enzymes 245 10.2.4 Natural Photosynthesis and Enzymes 245 10.2.5 Biomimetic Design Principles for Efficient Catalytic Materials 247 10.3 Bioinspired Catalytic Materials and Processes 248 10.3.1 Bioinspired Catalyst for Hydrogen Fuel Cells 249 10.3.2 WOC-biomimetic Catalysts for Oxygen Evalution Reactions in Water Splitting 255 10.3.3 Hydrogenase-biomimetic Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation 259 10.3.4 Artificial Photosynthesis 261 References 266 Part III Biomimetic Processing 271 11 Biomineralization and Biomimetic Materials Processing 273 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Materials Processing in Biological Systems 274 11.2.1 Biomineralization 274 11.2.2 Surface-directed Biomineralization 277 11.2.3 Enzymatic Biomineralization 278 11.2.4 Organic Matrix-templated Biomineralization 279 11.2.5 Homeostasis and Storage of Metallic Nanoparticles 282 11.2.6 Bioinspired Strategies for Synthesizing Processes 282 11.3 Biomimetic Materials Processes 284 11.3.1 Synthesis of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils with Macromolecular Templates 284 11.3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Films Catalyzed with Silicatein 286 11.3.3 Synthesis of Magnetite using Natural and Synthetic Proteins 288 11.3.4 Nanofabrication of Barium Titanate using Artificial Proteins 290 11.3.5 Protein-assisted Nanofabrication of Metal Nanoparticles 292 References 294 Index 298

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Book SynopsisAs its title suggests, this innovative book has been written for life scientists needing to analyse their data sets, and programmers, wanting a better understanding of the types of experimental images life scientists investigate on a regular basis. Each chapter presents one self-contained biomedical experiment to be analysed. Part I of the book presents its two basic ingredients: essential concepts of image analysis and Matlab. In Part II, algorithms and techniques are shown as series of recipes or solved examples that show how specific techniques are applied to a biomedical experiments like Western Blots, Histology, Scratch Wound Assays and Fluoresence. Each recipe begins with simple techniques that gradually advance in complexity. Part III presents some advanced techniques for the generation of publication quality figures. The book does not assume any computational or mathematical expertise. A practical, clearly-written introduction to biomedical image analysis that provides the tools for life scientists and engineers to use when solving problems in their own laboratories. Presents the basic concepts of MATLAB software and uses it throughout to show how it can execute flexible and powerful image analysis programs tailored to the specific needs of the problem. Within the context of four biomedical cases, it shows algorithms and techniques as series of recipes, or solved examples that show how a particular technique is applied in a specific experiment. Companion website containing example datasets, MATLAB files and figures from the book. Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix About the Companion Website xi 1 The Basic Ingredients 1 1.1 The Matlab Environment 1 1.2 Introduction to Matlab 3 1.3 Operations with Matrices 7 1.4 Combining Matrices 10 1.5 Addressing a Matrix 13 1.6 Mathematical Functions and Graphical Display 17 1.7 Random Numbers 23 1.8 Statistics in Matlab 26 1.9 Displaying Two-Dimensional Matrices 29 1.10 Scripts Functions and Shortcuts 37 1.11 Using Help 43 2 Introduction to Images 45 2.1 An Image as a Matrix 45 2.2 Reading Images 46 2.3 Displaying Images 49 2.4 Colormap 54 2.5 Thresholding and Manipulating Values of Images 59 2.6 Converting Images into Doubles 68 2.7 Save Your Code and Data 69 3 Introduction to Colour 71 3.1 Mixing and Displaying Colours 71 4 Western Blots 79 4.1 Recipe 1: Many Ways to Display a Western Blot 80 4.2 Recipe 2: Investigating the Numbers That Make a Western Blot 93 4.3 Recipe 3: Image Histograms 97 4.4 Recipe 4: Transforming an Image of a Western Blot 104 4.5 Recipe 5: Quantification of the Data 111 4.6 Recipe 6: Investigating Position of Bands 121 5 Scratch Wound Assays 135 5.1 Analysis of Scratch Wound Assays 135 5.2 Recipe 1: Low Pass Filtering ScratchWound Assays in the Spatial Domain 139 5.3 Recipe 2: High Pass Filtering ScratchWound Assays in the Spatial Domain 143 5.4 Recipe 3: Combining Filters and Morphological Operations 154 5.5 Recipe 4: Sensitivy to Thresholds and Hysteresis Thresholding 161 5.6 Recipe 5: Morphological Operators 167 5.7 Recipe 6: Measuring Distances Between Cellular Boundaries 178 5.8 Recipe 7: Introduction to Fourier Analysis 187 5.9 Recipe 8: Filtering Scratch Wound Assays in the Fourier Domain 201 References 213 6 Bright Field Microscopy 215 6.1 Recipe 1: Changing the Brightness and Contrast of an Image 215 6.2 Recipe 2: Shading Correction: Estimation of Shading Component as a Plane 224 6.3 Recipe 3: Estimation of Shading Component with Filters Morphological Operators and Envelopes 235 6.4 Recipe 4: Mosaicking and Stitching 247 6.5 Recipe 5: Pixel Intensity and Histograms in Immunohistochemistry 261 6.6 Recipe 6: Hue-Saturation-Value 271 6.7 Recipe 7: Multidimensional Histograms 278 Reference 289 7 Fluorescence Microscopy 291 7.1 Recipe 1: Separating and Combining Colour Channels 294 7.2 Recipe 2: Investigating the Scaling of Values 298 7.3 Recipe 3: Automatic Threshold Selection 301 7.4 Recipe 4: Measuring Absolute and Relative Areas 304 7.5 Recipe 5: Counting Nuclei 305 7.6 Recipe 6: Quantification of Region Properties Beyond the Area 308 7.7 Recipe 7: Dividing an Image into Regions 310 7.8 Recipe 8: Batch Processing and Montages 316 7.9 Recipe 9: A Myriad of Measurements 327 References 341 8 Creating Publication-Quality Figures from Matlab 343 8.1 Recipe 1: Modifying the Characteristics of the Figures 344 8.2 Recipe 2: Numerous Plots in One Figure 352 8.3 Recipe 3: Three-Dimensional Ribbons with Different Annotations 362 8.4 Recipe 4: Three-Dimensional Graphics 378 8.5 Recipe 5: Projections 388 8.6 Recipe 6: Four-Dimensional Data Set Explored 391 Index 401

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Book SynopsisEssentials of Machine Olfaction and Taste This book provides a valuable information source for olfaction and taste which includes a comprehensive and timely overview of the current state of knowledge of use for olfaction and taste machines Presents original, latest research in the field, with an emphasis on the recent development of human interfacingCovers the full range of artificial chemical senses including olfaction and taste, from basic through to advanced levelTimely project in that mobile robots, olfactory displays and odour recorders are currently under research, driven by commercial demandTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Contributors xiii 1 Introduction to Essentials of Machine Olfaction and Tastes 1Takamichi Nakamoto 2 Physiology of Chemical Sense and its Biosensor Application 3Ryohei Kanzaki, Kei Nakatani, Takeshi Sakurai, Nobuo Misawa and Hidefumi Mitsuno 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Olfaction and Taste of Insects 4 2.2.1 Olfaction 4 2.2.1.1 Anatomy of Olfaction 4 2.2.1.2 Signal Transduction of Odor Signals 6 2.2.1.3 Molecular Biology of Olfaction 7 2.2.2 Taste 8 2.2.2.1 Anatomy of Taste 8 2.2.2.2 Molecular Biology and Signal Transduction of Taste 9 2.3 Olfaction and Taste of Vertebrate 11 2.3.1 Olfaction 11 2.3.1.1 Anatomy of Olfaction 11 2.3.1.2 Transduction of Odor Signals 12 2.3.1.3 Molecular Biology of Olfaction 15 2.3.2 Taste 17 2.3.2.1 Anatomy of Taste 17 2.3.2.2 Transduction of Taste Signals 18 2.3.2.3 Molecular Biology of Taste 20 2.4 Cell‐Based Sensors and Receptor‐Based Sensors 21 2.4.1 Tissue‐Based Sensors 23 2.4.2 Cell‐Based Sensors 26 2.4.3 Receptor‐Based Sensors 30 2.4.3.1 Production of Odorant Receptors 34 2.4.3.2 Immobilization of Odorant Receptors 35 2.4.3.3 Measurement from Odorant Receptors 36 2.4.4 Summary of the Biosensors 41 2.5 Future Prospects 42 References 43 3 Large‐Scale Chemical Sensor Arrays for Machine Olfaction 49Mara Bernabei, Simone Pantalei and Krishna C. Persaud 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Overview of Artificial Olfactory Systems 50 3.3 Common Sensor Technologies Employed in Artificial Olfactory Systems 53 3.3.1 Metal‐Oxide Gas Sensors 53 3.3.2 Piezoelectric Sensors 54 3.3.3 Conducting Polymer Sensors 55 3.4 Typical Application of “Electronic Nose” Technologies 58 3.5 A Comparison between Artificial and the Biological Olfaction Systems 58 3.6 A Large‐Scale Sensor Array 59 3.6.1 Conducting Polymers 60 3.6.2 Sensor Interrogation Strategy 62 3.6.3 Sensor Substrate 64 3.7 Characterization of the Large‐Scale Sensor Array 68 3.7.1 Pure Analyte Study: Classification and Quantification Capability 69 3.7.2 Binary Mixture Study: Segmentation and Background Suppression Capability 75 3.7.3 Polymer Classes: Testing Broad and Overlapping Sensitivity, High Level of Redundancy 76 3.7.4 System Robustness and Long‐Term Stability 77 3.8 Conclusions 79 Acknowledgment80 References 80 4 Taste Sensor: Electronic Tongue with Global Selectivity 87Kiyoshi Toko, Yusuke Tahara, Masaaki Habara, Yoshikazu Kobayashi and Hidekazu Ikezaki 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Electronic Tongues 90 4.3 Taste Sensor 92 4.3.1 Introduction 92 4.3.2 Principle 93 4.3.3 Response Mechanism 93 4.3.4 Measurement Procedure 97 4.3.5 Sensor Design Techniques 98 4.3.6 Basic Characteristics 103 4.3.6.1 Threshold 106 4.3.6.2 Global Selectivity 106 4.3.6.3 High Correlation with Human Sensory Scores 108 4.3.6.4 Definition of Taste Information 109 4.3.6.5 Detection of Interactions between Taste Substances 110 4.3.7 Sample Preparation 111 4.3.8 Analysis 112 4.4 Taste Substances Adsorbed on the Membrane 116 4.5 Miniaturized Taste Sensor 117 4.6 Pungent Sensor 122 4.7 Application to Foods and Beverages 124 4.7.1 Introduction 124 4.7.2 Beer 124 4.7.3 Coffee 127 4.7.4 Meat 132 4.7.5 Combinatorial Optimization Technique for Ingredients and Qualities Using a GA 134 4.7.5.2 Ga 134 4.7.5.3 Constrained Nonlinear Optimization 137 4.7.6 For More Effective Use of “Taste Information” 137 4.7.6.1 Key Concept 138 4.7.6.2 Taste Attributes or Qualities become Understandable and Translatable When They Are Simplified 138 4.7.6.3 Simplification of Large Numbers of Molecules into a Couple of Taste Qualities Allows Mathematical Optimization 140 4.7.6.4 Summary 141 4.8 Application to Medicines 141 4.8.1 Introduction 141 4.8.2 Bitterness Evaluation of APIs and Suppression Effect of Formulations 141 4.8.3 Development of Bitterness Sensor for Pharmaceutical Formulations 143 4.8.3.1 Sensor Design 143 4.8.3.2 Prediction of Bitterness Intensity and Threshold 144 4.8.3.3 Applications to Orally Disintegrating Tablets 146 4.8.3.4 Response Mechanism to APIs 154 4.8.4 Evaluation of Poorly Water‐Soluble Drugs 156 4.9 Perspectives 160 References 163 5 Pattern Recognition 175Saverio De Vito, Matteo Falasconi and Matteo Pardo 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Application Frameworks and Their Challenges 176 5.2.1 Common Challenges 176 5.2.2 Static In‐Lab Applications 177 5.2.3 On‐Field Applications 178 5.3 Unsupervised Learning and Data Exploration 180 5.3.1 Feature Extraction: Static and Dynamic Characteristics 180 5.3.2 Exploratory Data Analysis 184 5.3.3 Cluster Analysis 189 5.4 Supervised Learning 190 5.4.1 Classification: Detection and Discrimination of Analytes and Mixtures of Volatiles 192 5.4.2 Regression: Machine Olfaction Quantification Problems and Solutions 196 5.4.3 Feature Selection 200 5.5 Advanced Topics 202 5.5.1 System Instability Compensation 202 5.5.2 Calibration Transfer 208 5.6 Conclusions 210 References 211 6 Using Chemical Sensors as “Noses” for Mobile Robots 219Hiroshi Ishida, Achim J. Lilienthal, Haruka Matsukura, Victor Hernandez Bennetts and Erik Schaffernicht 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Task Descriptions 220 6.2.1 Definitions of Tasks 220 6.2.2 Characteristics of Turbulent Chemical Plumes 222 6.3 Robots and Sensors 224 6.3.1 Sensors for Gas Detection 224 6.3.2 Airflow Sensing 225 6.3.3 Robot Platforms 226 6.4 Characterization of Environments 226 6.5 Case Studies 230 6.5.1 Chemical Trail Following 230 6.5.2 Chemotactic Search versus Anemotactic Approach 232 6.5.3 Attempts to Improve Gas Source Localization Robots 236 6.5.4 Flying, Swimming, and Burrowing Robots 238 6.5.5 Gas Distribution Mapping 239 6.6 Future Prospective 241 Acknowledgment242 References 242 7 Olfactory Display and Odor Recorder 247Takamichi Nakamoto 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Principle of Olfactory Display 247 7.2.1 Olfactory Display Device 248 7.2.2 Olfactory Display Related to Spatial Distribution of Odor 250 7.2.3 Temporal Intensity Change of Odor 251 7.2.3.1 Problem of Smell Persistence 251 7.2.3.2 Olfactory Display Using Inkjet Device 254 7.2.4 Multicomponent Olfactory Display 256 7.2.4.1 Mass Flow Controller 256 7.2.4.2 Automatic Sampler 256 7.2.4.3 Solenoid Valve 258 7.2.4.4 Micropumps and Surface Acoustic Wave Atomizer 260 7.2.5 Cross Modality Interaction 261 7.3 Application of Olfactory Display 263 7.3.1 Entertainment 263 7.3.2 Olfactory Art 265 7.3.3 Advertisement 266 7.3.4 Medical Field 266 7.4 Odor Recorder 267 7.4.1 Background of Odor Recorder 267 7.4.2 Principle of Odor Recorder 268 7.4.3 Mixture Quantification Method 271 7.5.1 Odor Approximation 274 7.5.2 MIMO Feedback Method 276 7.5.3 Method to Increase Number of Odor Components 278 7.5.3.1 SVD Method 278 7.5.3.2 Two‐Level Quantization Method 280 7.5.4 Dynamic Method 283 7.5.4.1 Real‐Time Reference Method 284 7.5.4.2 Concurrent Method 287 7.5.5 Mixture Quantification Using Huge Number of Odor Candidates 289 7.6 Exploration of Odor Components 292 7.6.1 Introduction of Odor Components 292 7.6.2 Procedure for Odor Approximation 293 7.6.3 Simulation of Odor Approximation 295 7.6.4 Experiment on Essential Oil Approximation 297 7.6.5 Comparison of Distance Measure 301 7.6.6 Improvement of Odor Approximation 303 7.7 Teleolfaction 305 7.7.1 Concept of Teleolfaction 305 7.7.2 Implementation of Teleolfaction System 306 7.7.3 Experiment on Teleolfaction 307 7.8 Summary 308 References 309 8 Summary and Future Perspectives 315Takamichi Nakamoto Index 317

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Book SynopsisIn vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a versatile and critical, if not gold standard', imaging tool with applications ranging from the physical sciences to the clinical -ology'. In addition, there is a vast amount of accumulated but unpublished inside knowledge on what is needed to perform a safe, in vivo MRI. The goal of this comprehensive text, written by an outstanding group of world experts, is to present information about the effect of the MRI environment on the human body, and tools and methods to quantify such effects. By presenting such information all in one place, the expectation is that this book will help everyone interested in the Safety and Biological Effects in MRI find relevant information relatively quickly and know where we stand as a community. The information is expected to improve patient safety in the MR scanners of today, and facilitate developing faster, more powerful, yet safer MR scanners of tomorrow. This book is arranged in three sections. The first, named Static and Gradient Fields' (Chapters 1-9), presents the effects of static magnetic field and the gradients of magnetic field, in time and space, on the human body. The second section, named Radiofrequency Fields' (Chapters 10-30), presents ways to quantify radiofrequency (RF) field induced heating in patients undergoing MRI. The effect of the three fields of MRI environment (i.e. Static Magnetic Field, Time-varying Gradient Magnetic Field, and RF Field) on medical devices, that may be carried into the environment with patients, is also included. Finally, the third section, named Engineering' (chapters 31-35), presents the basic background engineering information regarding the equipment (i.e. superconducting magnets, gradient coils, and RF coils) that produce the Static Magnetic Field, Time-varying Gradient Magnetic Field, and RF Field. The book is intended for undergraduate and post-graduate students, engineers, physicists, biologists, clinicians, MR technologists, other healthcare professionals, and everyone else who might be interested in looking into the role of MRI environment on patient safety, as well as those just wishing to update their knowledge of the state of MRI safety. Those, who are learning about MRI or training in magnetic resonance in medicine, will find the book a useful compendium of the current state of the art of the field.Table of ContentsContributors Series Preface Preface Acknowledgments Part A: Static and Gradient Fields 1 Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Their Effects in MRIs 3Zhenyu Zhang and Stuart Feltham 2 Magnetic-field-induced Vertigo in the MR Environment 23Paul Glover 3 Effects of Magnetic Fields and Field Gradients on Living Cells 33Jarek Wosik, Martha Villagran, Ahmed Uosef, Rafik M. Ghobrial, John H. Miller Jr., and Malgorzata Kloc 4 Effect of Strong Time-varying Magnetic Field Gradients on Humans 53John Nyenhuis and David Gross 5 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Modeling for MRI 67Mathias Davids, Bastien Guérin, Lothar R. Schad, and Lawrence L. Wald 6 Magnetically Induced Force and Torque on Medical Devices 87Terry O. Woods 7 A Review of MRI Acoustic Noise and its Potential Impact on Patient and Worker Health 95Michael C. Steckner 8 Modeling Blood Flow 119Michael Keith Sharp 9 Effect of Magnetic Field on Blood Flow 133G.C. Shit and Sreeparna Majee Part B: Radiofrequency Fields 10 Safety Standards for MRI 161Michael C. Steckner 11 On the Choice of RF Safety Metric in MRI: Temperature, SAR, or Thermal Dose 173Devashish Shrivastava 12 RF Coil and MR Safety 181J. Thomas Vaughan 13 Local SAR Assessment for Multitransmit Systems: A Study on the Peak Local SAR Value as a Function of Magnetic Field Strength 195Alexander J.E. Raaijmakers and Bart R. Steensma 14 Radio Frequency Safety Assessment for Open Source Pulse Sequence Programming 207Sairam Geethanath, Julie Kabil, and J. Thomas Vaughan 15 RF Heating Due to a 3T Birdcage Whole-body Transmit Coil in Anesthetized Sheep 219Samat Turdumamatov, Ça˘gda¸s Oto, Oktay Algın, Hamza Ergüder, and Tahir Malas 16 In Vivo Radiofrequency Heating due to 1.5, 3, and 7 T Whole-body Volume Coils 227Shuo Song, Ji Chen, Rongxing Zhang, Qiang He, J. Thomas Vaughan, and Devashish Shrivastava 17 Temperature Management and Radiofrequency Heating During Pediatric MRI Scans 239Stanley Thomas Fricke, Marjean H. Cefaratti, and Andrew Matisoff 18 Failure to Monitor and Maintain Thermal Comfort During an MRI Scan: A Perspective from a Thermal Physiologist Turned Patient 245Christopher J. Gordon 19 MR Thermometry to Assess Heating Induced by RF Coils Used in MRI 251Henrik Odéen, John Rock Hadley, Dylan Palomino, Katelynn Stroth, and Dennis L. Parker 20 Heating of RF coil 273Joseph Murphy-Boesch 21 RF-Induced Heating in Bare and Covered Stainless Steel Rods: Effect of Length, Covering, and Diameter 289Sunder Rajan, Peter Serano, Joshua Guag, Tayeb Zaidi, Kyoko Fujimoto, Maria Ida Iacono, and Leonardo M. Angelone 22 On the Development of a Novel Leg Phantom for RF Safety Assessment for Circular Ring External Fixation Devices in 1.5 T 295Xing Huang and Ji Chen 23 RF Safety of Active Implantable Medical Devices 311Berk Silemek, Volkan Açıkel, and Ergin Atalar 24 An Analysis of Factors Influencing MRI RF Safety for Patients with AIMDs 333Jingshen Liu, Jianfeng Zheng, Qingyan Wang, and Ji Chen 25 On Using Fluoroptic Thermometry to Measure Time-varying Temperatures in MRI 345Devashish Shrivastava, Mykhaylo Nosovskyy, and Charles A. Lemaire 26 On Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry to Measure ‘Strong’ Spatio-temporal Tissue Temperature Variations and Compute Thermal Dose 351Devashish Shrivastava 27 The Use and Safety of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles in MRI and MFH 361Hattie L. Ring, John C. Bischof, and Michael Garwood 28 Numerical Simulation for MRI RF Coils and Safety 379Julie M. Kabil and Anand Gopinath 29 Integral Equation Approach to Modeling RF Fields in Human Body in MRI Systems for Safety 399Anand Gopinath 30 Safety Practices and Protocols in the MR Research Center of the Columbia University in the City of New York 407Kathleen Durkin, Dania Elder, and David H. Gultekin Part C: Engineering 31 History, Physics, and Design of Superconducting Magnets for MRI 423Bruce Breneman 32 Fabrication of Superconducting Magnets for MRI 447Bruce Breneman 33 Magnet Field Shimming and External Ferromagnetic Influences on the Homogeneity and Site Shielding of Superconducting MRI Magnets 469Bruce Breneman 34 Gradient Coils 489Maxim Zaitsev, Philipp Amrein, Feng Jia, and Sebastian Littin 35 RF Coil Construction for MRI 504J. Thomas Vaughan and Russell Lagore Index 521

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Book SynopsisPlant pathogens and diseases are among the most significant challenges to survival that plants face. Disease outbreaks caused by microbial or viral pathogens can decimate crop yields and have severe effects on global food supply.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xix Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1 The Status and Prospects for Biotechnological Approaches for Attaining Sustainable Disease Resistance 1David B. Collinge, Ewen Mullins, Birgit Jensen and Hans J.L. Jørgensen 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Factors to consider when generating disease‐resistant crops 2 1.3 Opportunities to engineer novel cultivars for disease resistance 10 1.4 Technical barriers to engineering novel cultivars for disease resistance 13 1.5 Approaches for identification and selection of genes important for disease resistance 14 1.6 Promising strategies for engineering disease‐resistant crops 15 1.7 Future directions and issues 15 References 16 Part I: Biological Strategies Leading Towards Disease Resistance 21 Chapter 2 Engineering Barriers to Infection by Undermining Pathogen Effector Function or by Gaining Effector Recognition 23Ali Abdurehim Ahmed, Hazel McLellan, Geziel Barbosa Aguilar, Ingo Hein, Hans Thordal‐Christensen and Paul R.J. Birch 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Plant defence and effector function 24 2.3 Strategies for engineering resistance 33 2.4 Perspective 42 References 43 Chapter 3 Application of Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides in Developing Disease‐Resistant Plants 51Ashis Kumar Nandi 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Biological role of PR‐proteins 52 3.3 Antimicrobial peptides 56 3.4 Regulation of PR‐protein expression 57 3.5 Biotechnological application of PR‐protein genes in developing improved crop plants 60 3.6 Future directions 61 Acknowledgement 63 References 63 Chapter 4 Metabolic Engineering of Chemical Defence Pathways in Plant Disease Control 71Fred Rook 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Present status of metabolic engineering in the control of plant disease 73 4.3 Metabolic engineering: technical challenges and opportunities 78 4.4 The outlook for metabolically engineering of disease resistance in crops 83 References 85 Chapter 5 Arabinan: Biosynthesis and a Role in Host‐Pathogen Interactions 91Maria Stranne and Yumiko Sakuragi 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Biosynthesis and modification of arabinan 94 5.3 Distribution of arabinan in different tissues and during development 96 5.4 Role of arabinan in plant growth and development 98 5.5 Roles of arabinan degrading enzymes in virulence of phytopathogenic fungi 99 5.6 Roles of arabinan in pathogen interactions 101 5.7 Conclusion 103 References 103 Chapter 6 Transcription Factors that Regulate Defence Responses and Their Use in Increasing Disease Resistance 109Prateek Tripathi, Aravind Galla, Roel C. Rabara and Paul J. Rushton 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Transcription factors and plant defence 110 6.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors 111 6.4 bZIP transcription factors 113 6.5 WRKY transcription factors 114 6.6 MYB transcription factors 116 6.7 Other transcription factor families 117 6.8 Can the manipulation of specific transcription factors deliver sustainable disease resistance? 118 6.9 Have we chosen the right transgenes? 119 6.10 Have we chosen the right expression strategies? 120 6.11 What new ideas are there for the future of TF‐based crop improvement? 121 References 124 Chapter 7 Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses by Plant Hormones 131Dominik K. Großkinsky, Eric van der Graaff and Thomas Roitsch 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Regulation of biotic stress responses by plant hormones 132 7.3 Regulation of abiotic stress responses by plant hormones 140 7.4 Conclusions and further perspectives 145 References 147 Part II: Case Studies for Groups of Pathogens and Important Crops. Why is it Especially Advantageous to use Transgenic Strategies for these Pathogens or Crops? 155 Chapter 8 Engineered Resistance to Viruses: A Case of Plant Innate Immunity 157Paula Tennant and Marc Fuchs 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Mitigation of viruses 158 8.3 Biotechnology and virus resistance 158 8.4 Success stories 162 8.5 Challenges of engineering RNAi‐mediated resistance 163 8.6 Benefits of virus‐resistant transgenic crops 164 8.7 Conclusions 166 References 167 Chapter 9 Problematic Crops: 1. Potatoes: Towards Sustainable Potato Late Blight Resistance by Cisgenic R Gene Pyramiding 171Kwang‐Ryong Jo, Suxian Zhu, Yuling Bai, Ronald C.B. Hutten, G.J. Kessel, Vivianne G.A.A. Vleeshouwers, Evert Jacobsen, Richard G.F. Visser and Jack H. Vossen 9.1 Potato late blight resistance breeding advocates GM strategies 171 9.2 GM strategies for late blight resistance breeding 177 9.3 Late blight‐resistant GM varieties 186 References 187 Chapter 10 Problematic Crops: 1. Grape: To Long Life and Good Health: Untangling the Complexity of Grape Diseases to Develop Pathogen‐Resistant Varieties 193Dario Cantu, M. Caroline Roper, Ann L.T. Powell and John M. Labavitch 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Introduction to grapevine pathology 194 10.3 Approaches for the improvement of grapevine disease resistance 198 10.4 Pierce’s disease of grapevines: a case study 202 References 211 Chapter 11 Developing Sustainable Disease Resistance in Coffee: Breeding vs. Transgenic Approaches 217Avinash Kumar, Simmi P. Sreedharan, Nandini P. Shetty and Giridhar Parvatam 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Agronomic aspects of coffee 217 11.3 Major threats to coffee plantations 219 11.4 Breeding for disease resistance and pest management 225 11.5 Various traits targeted for transgenic coffee development 227 11.6 Bottlenecks in coffee transgenic development 229 11.7 GM or hybrid joe: what choices to make? 235 Acknowledgements 236 Endnote 236 References 236 Webliographies 243 Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for Crop Protection: Transgenes for Disease Resistance in Rice 245Blanca San Segundo, Belén Lopez‐García and María Coca 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Plant immunity 247 12.3 Transgenic approaches to engineer disease resistance in rice plants 250 12.4 Targeted genome engineering 260 12.5 Safety issues of genetically engineered rice 261 12.6 Conclusions and future prospects 263 Acknowledgement 265 References 265 Part III: Status of Transgenic Crops Around the World 273 Chapter 13 Status of Transgenic Crops in Argentina 275Fernando F. Bravo‐Almonacid and María Eugenia Segretin 13.1 Transgenic crops approved for commercialization in Argentina 275 13.2 Economic impact derived from transgenic crops cultivation 278 13.3 Local developments 278 13.4 Perspectives 282 References 282 Chapter 14 The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia 285Michael Gilbert 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Government policies 286 14.3 Field trials 287 14.4 Crops deregulated 287 14.5 Crops grown 287 14.6 Public sentiment toward GM crops 291 14.7 Value capture 291 14.8 What is in the pipeline 292 14.9 Summary 292 Endnotes 293 References 293 Chapter 15 Transgenic Crops in Spain 295María Coca, Belén Lopez‐García and Blanca San Segundo 15.1 Introduction 295 15.2 Transgenic crops in Europe 296 15.3 Transgenic crops in Spain 297 15.4 Future prospects 300 Acknowledgements 302 References 302 Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Crop Disease Resistance in South Africa 305Maryke Carstens and Dave K. Berger 16.1 Genetically modified crops in South Africa 305 16.2 Economic, social and health benefits of GM crops in South Africa 308 16.3 Biotechnology initiatives for crop disease control in South Africa 309 16.4 Future prospects 312 Acknowledgements 313 References 313 Part IV: Implications of Transgenic Technologies for Improved Disease Control 317 Chapter 17 Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection 319Michael R. Roberts and Jane E. Taylor 17.1 Introduction 319 17.2 Examples of elicitors of induced resistance 321 17.3 Priming of induced resistance 326 17.4 Drivers and barriers to the adoption of plant activators in agriculture and horticulture 330 17.5 Conclusions and future prospects 334 References 334 Chapter 18 Biological Control Using Microorganisms as an Alternative to Disease Resistance 341Dan Funck Jensen, Magnus Karlsson, Sabrina Sarrocco and Giovanni Vannacci 18.1 Introduction 341 18.2 Getting the right biocontrol organism 343 18.3 New approaches for studying the biology of BCAs and biocontrol interactions 351 18.4 Strategy for using biocontrol in IPM 354 References 357 Webliography 363 Chapter 19 TILLING in Plant Disease Control: Applications and Perspectives 365Francesca Desiderio, Anna Maria Torp, Giampiero Valè and Søren K. Rasmussen 19.1 Concepts of forward and reverse genetics 365 19.2 The TILLING procedure 366 19.3 Mutagenesis 366 19.4 DNA preparation and pooling of individuals 371 19.5 Mutation discovery 372 19.6 Identification and evaluation of the individual mutant 374 19.7 Bioinformatics tools 374 19.8 EcoTILLING 375 19.9 Modified TILLING approaches 375 19.10 Application of TILLING and TILLING‐related procedures in disease resistance 376 19.11 Perspectives 380 References 381 Chapter 20 Fitness Costs of Pathogen Recognition in Plants and Their Implications for Crop Improvement 385James K.M. Brown 20.1 The goal of durable resistance 385 20.2 New ways of using R‐genes 386 20.3 Costs of resistance in crop improvement 387 20.4 Fitness costs of R‐gene defences 388 20.5 Phenotypes of R‐gene over‐expression 390 20.6 Requirements for R‐protein function 391 20.7 Necrotic phenotypes of R‐gene mutants 394 20.8 Summary of fitness costs of R‐gene mutations 396 20.9 R‐genes in plant breeding 397 20.10 Biotech innovation and genetic diversity 400 20.11 Conclusion 400 Acknowledgement 400 References 400 Index 405

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Book SynopsisAdvanced, recent developments in biochips and medical imaging Biochips and Medical Imaging is designed as a professional resource, covering recent biochip and medical imaging developments. Within the text, the authors encourage uniting aspects of engineering, biology, and medicine to facilitate advancements in the field of molecular diagnostics and imaging. Biochips are microchips for efficiently screening biological analytes. This book aims at presenting information on the state-of-the-art and emerging biosensors, biochips, and imaging devices of the body's systems, including the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems. Medical diagnostics includes biochips (in-vitro diagnostics) and medical and molecular imaging (in-vivo imaging). Biochips and Medical Imaging explores the role of in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostics. It enables an instructor to share in-depth examples of the use of biochips in diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Provides real-life knowledge on biochipTable of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Cell Biology 1 1.1 Cell Biology Introduction 1 1.2 Cell Structure 1 1.3 Cell Membrane 2 1.4 Proteins 2 1.5 Cytoplasm and Organelles 3 1.6 Nucleus 6 1.7 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 8 1.8 Central Dogma and Recent Revisions 10 1.9 Mutations 14 1.10 Cell Cycle 14 1.11 Additional Information 17 2 Biological Lab Techniques 27 2.1 Overview 27 2.2 Beer Lambert's Law 27 2.3 DNA Lab Techniques 28 2.4 Additional Information 38 3 Human Physiology 47 3.1 Overview 47 3.2 Nervous System 47 3.3 Circulatory System 68 3.4 Endocrine System 74 3.5 Lymphatic System 83 3.6 Immune System 85 4 Cancer 103 4.1 Epidemiology (Statistics) 103 4.2 What Causes Cancer 104 4.3 Oncogenesis (Cancer Development) 106 4.4 The Six Hallmarks of Cancer 109 4.5 Conclusion 118 5 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 123 5.1 Epidemiology and Introduction 123 5.2 Types of CVD 125 5.3 Diagnosis of CVDs 130 5.4 Treatment of CVDs 135 5.5 Conclusion 138 6 DNA Chips and Sequencing 143 6.1 Introduction to DNA Chips and PCR 143 6.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 143 6.3 DNA and RNA Chip Technology 147 6.4 DNA Sequencing 155 6.5 Conclusion 156 6.6 Additional Information 156 7 Next-Generation Sequencing and FET-Based Biochips 161 7.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing 161 7.2 Optical-Based Methods 162 7.3 Electronic-Based Methods 165 7.4 Conclusion 172 8 Protein Assays and Chips 179 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 ELISA 179 8.3 Protein Arrays 183 8.4 Conclusion 190 8.5 Additional Information 190 9 Label-Free Affinity-Based Biosensors 197 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor 197 9.3 Nanowire Field-Effect (FET) Sensors 203 9.4 Cantilever Sensors 204 9.5 Electrochemical Sensors 205 9.6 Multiplex Detection of Polymicrobial UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 207 9.7 Conclusion 211 10 Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 215 10.1 Magnetism Overview 215 10.2 GMR Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 216 10.3 Point-of-Care Testing 223 10.4 Non-GMR Magnetic Nanobiosensors 228 10.5 Conclusion 231 11 Microfluidic Chips for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells 235 11.1 Circulating Tumor Cells 235 11.2 Identifying CTC and WBC by 3-Color Staining 235 11.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 236 11.4 Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) 237 11.5 Magnetic Separation Devices 238 11.6 CTC Enrichment By Size Filtering 243 11.7 CTC-CHIP (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) 243 11.8 Clinical Utility From CTCs 245 11.9 Conclusion 247 12 Molecular Diagnostics 251 12.1 Molecular Diagnostics (Dx) 251 12.2 Molecular Diagnostics for Cancer 251 12.3 Important Concepts in Diagnostics 254 12.4 Conclusion 261 12.5 Additional Information 261 13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 271 13.1 Medical Imaging -- Categorization 271 13.2 Overview For Imaging Section 271 13.3 MRI: Past, Present, and Future 273 13.4 Physics of MRI Overview 274 13.5 Physics of MRI 274 13.6 Image Acquisition in MRI 279 13.7 MRI Contrast Agents 282 13.8 Conclusion 287 14 Radionuclide Imaging 295 14.1 Radioactivity 295 14.2 Basics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 299 14.3 Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) 303 14.4 Contrast and Imaging Agents 306 14.5 Conclusion 312 15 Fluorescence and Raman Imaging 317 15.1 Introduction to Optical Imaging 317 15.2 Photon/Tissue Interaction 317 15.3 Fluorescence Imaging 320 15.4 Raman Imaging 328 15.5 Fluorescence Imaging vs. Raman Imaging 331 15.6 Conclusion 332 16 Optical Coherence Tomography 337 16.1 Introduction 337 16.2 Applications of OCT 346 16.3 Contrast Enhancement 351 16.4 Conclusion 359 17 Photoacoustic Imaging 363 17.1 Photoacoustic Effect 363 17.2 The Thermal and Stress Confinements 364 17.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 365 17.4 Contrast Agents 367 17.5 Conclusion 373 18 Imaging Controls and Concepts 377 18.1 Controls 377 18.2 Imaging Concepts 382 18.3 Clinical Translation 386 18.4 Conclusion 390 Problems 390 References 394 Further Reading 394 Index 395

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first of its kind to discuss error estimation with a model-based approach. From the basics of classifiers and error estimators to distributional and Bayesian theory, it covers important topics and essential issues pertaining to the scientific validity of pattern classification.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xix List of Symbols xxi 1 Classification 1 1.1 Classifiers 1 1.2 Population-Based Discriminants 3 1.3 Classification Rules 8 1.4 Sample-Based Discriminants 13 1.4.1 Quadratic Discriminants 14 1.4.2 Linear Discriminants 15 1.4.3 Kernel Discriminants 16 1.5 Histogram Rule 16 1.6 Other Classification Rules 20 1.6.1 k-Nearest-Neighbor Rules 20 1.6.2 Support Vector Machines 21 1.6.3 Neural Networks 22 1.6.4 Classification Trees 23 1.6.5 Rank-Based Rules 24 1.7 Feature Selection 25 Exercises 28 2 Error Estimation 35 2.1 Error Estimation Rules 35 2.2 Performance Metrics 38 2.2.1 Deviation Distribution 39 2.2.2 Consistency 41 2.2.3 Conditional Expectation 41 2.2.4 Linear Regression 42 2.2.5 Confidence Intervals 42 2.3 Test-Set Error Estimation 43 2.4 Resubstitution 46 2.5 Cross-Validation 48 2.6 Bootstrap 55 2.7 Convex Error Estimation 57 2.8 Smoothed Error Estimation 61 2.9 Bolstered Error Estimation 63 2.9.1 Gaussian-Bolstered Error Estimation 67 2.9.2 Choosing the Amount of Bolstering 68 2.9.3 Calibrating the Amount of Bolstering 71 Exercises 73 3 Performance Analysis 77 3.1 Empirical Deviation Distribution 77 3.2 Regression 79 3.3 Impact on Feature Selection 82 3.4 Multiple-Data-Set Reporting Bias 84 3.5 Multiple-Rule Bias 86 3.6 Performance Reproducibility 92 Exercises 94 4 Error Estimation for Discrete Classification 97 4.1 Error Estimators 98 4.1.1 Resubstitution Error 98 4.1.2 Leave-One-Out Error 98 4.1.3 Cross-Validation Error 99 4.1.4 Bootstrap Error 99 4.2 Small-Sample Performance 101 4.2.1 Bias 101 4.2.2 Variance 103 4.2.3 Deviation Variance, RMS, and Correlation 105 4.2.4 Numerical Example 106 4.2.5 Complete Enumeration Approach 108 4.3 Large-Sample Performance 110 Exercises 114 5 Distribution Theory 115 5.1 Mixture Sampling Versus Separate Sampling 115 5.2 Sample-Based Discriminants Revisited 119 5.3 True Error 120 5.4 Error Estimators 121 5.4.1 Resubstitution Error 121 5.4.2 Leave-One-Out Error 122 5.4.3 Cross-Validation Error 122 5.4.4 Bootstrap Error 124 5.5 Expected Error Rates 125 5.5.1 True Error 125 5.5.2 Resubstitution Error 128 5.5.3 Leave-One-Out Error 130 5.5.4 Cross-Validation Error 132 5.5.5 Bootstrap Error 133 5.6 Higher-Order Moments of Error Rates 136 5.6.1 True Error 136 5.6.2 Resubstitution Error 137 5.6.3 Leave-One-Out Error 139 5.7 Sampling Distribution of Error Rates 140 5.7.1 Resubstitution Error 140 5.7.2 Leave-One-Out Error 141 Exercises 142 6 Gaussian Distribution Theory: Univariate Case 145 6.1 Historical Remarks 146 6.2 Univariate Discriminant 147 6.3 Expected Error Rates 148 6.3.1 True Error 148 6.3.2 Resubstitution Error 151 6.3.3 Leave-One-Out Error 152 6.3.4 Bootstrap Error 152 6.4 Higher-Order Moments of Error Rates 154 6.4.1 True Error 154 6.4.2 Resubstitution Error 157 6.4.3 Leave-One-Out Error 160 6.4.4 Numerical Example 165 6.5 Sampling Distributions of Error Rates 166 6.5.1 Marginal Distribution of Resubstitution Error 166 6.5.2 Marginal Distribution of Leave-One-Out Error 169 6.5.3 Joint Distribution of Estimated and True Errors 174 Exercises 176 7 Gaussian Distribution Theory: Multivariate Case 179 7.1 Multivariate Discriminants 179 7.2 Small-Sample Methods 180 7.2.1 Statistical Representations 181 7.2.2 Computational Methods 194 7.3 Large-Sample Methods 199 7.3.1 Expected Error Rates 200 7.3.2 Second-Order Moments of Error Rates 207 Exercises 218 8 Bayesian MMSE Error Estimation 221 8.1 The Bayesian MMSE Error Estimator 222 8.2 Sample-Conditioned MSE 226 8.3 Discrete Classification 227 8.4 Linear Classification of Gaussian Distributions 238 8.5 Consistency 246 8.6 Calibration 253 8.7 Concluding Remarks 255 Exercises 257 A Basic Probability Review 259 A.1 Sample Spaces and Events 259 A.2 Definition of Probability 260 A.3 Borel-Cantelli Lemmas 261 A.4 Conditional Probability 262 A.5 Random Variables 263 A.6 Discrete Random Variables 265 A.7 Expectation 266 A.8 Conditional Expectation 268 A.9 Variance 269 A.10 Vector Random Variables 270 A.11 The Multivariate Gaussian 271 A.12 Convergence of Random Sequences 273 A.13 Limiting Theorems 275 B Vapnik–Chervonenkis Theory 277 B.1 Shatter Coefficients 277 B.2 The VC Dimension 278 B.3 VC Theory of Classification 279 B.3.1 Linear Classification Rules 279 B.3.2 kNN Classification Rule 280 B.3.3 Classification Trees 280 B.3.4 Nonlinear SVMs 281 B.3.5 Neural Networks 281 B.3.6 Histogram Rules 281 B.4 Vapnik–Chervonenkis Theorem 282 C Double Asymptotics 285 Bibliography 291 Author index 301 Subject index 305

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Book SynopsisA guide to common control principles and how they are used to characterize a variety of physiological mechanisms The second edition of Physiological Control Systems offers an updated and comprehensive resource that reviews the fundamental concepts of classical control theory and how engineering methodology can be applied to obtain a quantitative understanding of physiological systems. The revised text also contains more advanced topics that feature applications to physiology of nonlinear dynamics, parameter estimation methods, and adaptive estimation and control. The authora noted expert in the fieldincludes a wealth of worked examples that illustrate key concepts and methodology and offers in-depth analyses of selected physiological control models that highlight the topics presented. The author discusses the most noteworthy developments in system identification, optimal control, and nonlinear dynamical analysis and targets recent bioengineering advances.Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Companion Website xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Preliminary Considerations, 1 1.2 Historical Background, 2 1.3 Systems Analysis: Fundamental Concepts, 4 1.4 Physiological Control Systems Analysis: A Simple Example, 6 1.5 Differences Between Engineering and Physiological Control Systems, 8 1.6 The Science (and Art) of Modeling, 11 1.7 “Systems Physiology” Versus “Systems Biology”, 12 Problems, 13 Bibliography, 15 2 Mathematical Modeling 17 2.1 Generalized System Properties, 17 2.2 Models with Combinations of System Elements, 21 2.3 Linear Models of Physiological Systems: Two Examples, 24 2.4 Conversions Between Electrical and Mechanical Analogs, 27 2.5 Distributed-Parameter Versus Lumped-Parameter Models, 29 2.6 Linear Systems and the Superposition Principle, 31 2.7 Zero-Input and Zero-State Solutions of ODEs, 33 2.8 Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions, 34 2.8.1 Solving ODEs with Laplace Transforms, 36 2.9 The Impulse Response and Linear Convolution, 38 2.10 State-Space Analysis, 40 2.11 Computer Analysis and Simulation: MATLAB and SIMULINK, 43 Problems, 49 Bibliography, 53 3 Static Analysis of Physiological Systems 55 3.1 Introduction, 55 3.2 Open-Loop Versus Closed-Loop Systems, 56 3.3 Determination of the Steady-State Operating Point, 59 3.4 Steady-State Analysis Using SIMULINK, 63 3.5 Regulation of Cardiac Output, 66 3.5.1 The Cardiac Output Curve, 67 3.5.2 The Venous Return Curve, 69 3.5.3 Closed-Loop Analysis: Heart and Systemic Circulation Combined, 73 3.6 Regulation of Glucose Insulin, 74 3.7 Chemical Regulation of Ventilation, 78 3.7.1 The Gas Exchanger, 80 3.7.2 The Respiratory Controller, 82 3.7.3 Closed-Loop Analysis: Lungs and Controller Combined, 82 Problems, 86 Bibliography, 91 4 Time-Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems 93 4.1 Linearized Respiratory Mechanics: Open-Loop Versus Closed-Loop, 93 4.2 Open-Loop Versus Closed-Loop Transient Responses: First-Order Model, 96 4.2.1 Impulse Response, 96 4.2.2 Step Response, 97 4.3 Open-Loop Versus Closed-Loop Transient Responses: Second-Order Model, 98 4.3.1 Impulse Responses, 98 4.3.2 Step Responses, 103 4.4 Descriptors of Impulse and Step Responses, 107 4.4.1 Generalized Second-Order Dynamics, 107 4.4.2 Transient Response Descriptors, 111 4.5 Open-Loop Versus Closed-Loop Dynamics: Other Considerations, 114 4.5.1 Reduction of the Effects of External Disturbances, 114 4.5.2 Reduction of the Effects of Parameter Variations, 115 4.5.3 Integral Control, 116 4.5.4 Derivative Feedback, 118 4.5.5 Minimizing Effect of External Disturbances by Feedforward Gain, 119 4.6 Transient Response Analysis Using MATLAB, 121 4.7 SIMULINK Application 1: Dynamics of Neuromuscular Reflex Motion, 122 4.7.1 A Model of Neuromuscular Reflex Motion, 122 4.7.2 SIMULINK Implementation, 126 4.8 SIMULINK Application 2: Dynamics of Glucose–Insulin Regulation, 127 4.8.1 The Model, 127 4.8.2 Simulations with the Model, 131 Problems, 131 Bibliography, 135 5 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems 137 5.1 Steady-State Responses to Sinusoidal Inputs, 137 5.1.1 Open-Loop Frequency Response, 137 5.1.2 Closed-Loop Frequency Response, 141 5.1.3 Relationship between Transient and Frequency Responses, 143 5.2 Graphical Representations of Frequency Response, 145 5.2.1 Bode Plot Representation, 145 5.2.2 Nichols Charts, 147 5.2.3 Nyquist Plots, 148 5.3 Frequency-Domain Analysis Using MATLAB and SIMULINK, 152 5.3.1 Using MATLAB, 152 5.3.2 Using SIMULINK, 154 5.4 Estimation of Frequency Response from Input–Output Data, 156 5.4.1 Underlying Principles, 156 5.4.2 Physiological Application: Forced Oscillation Technique in Respiratory Mechanics, 157 5.5 Frequency Response of a Model of Circulatory Control, 159 5.5.1 The Model, 159 5.5.2 Simulations with the Model, 160 5.5.3 Frequency Response of the Model, 162 Problems, 164 Bibliography, 165 6 Stability Analysis: Linear Approaches 167 6.1 Stability and Transient Response, 167 6.2 Root Locus Plots, 170 6.3 Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion, 174 6.4 Nyquist Criterion for Stability, 176 6.5 Relative Stability, 181 6.6 Stability Analysis of the Pupillary Light Reflex, 184 6.6.1 Routh–Hurwitz Analysis, 186 6.6.2 Nyquist Analysis, 187 6.7 Model of Cheyne–Stokes Breathing, 190 6.7.1 CO2 Exchange in the Lungs, 190 6.7.2 Transport Delays, 192 6.7.3 Controller Responses, 193 6.7.4 Loop Transfer Functions, 193 6.7.5 Nyquist Stability Analysis Using MATLAB, 194 Problems, 196 Bibliography, 198 7 Digital Simulation of Continuous-Time Systems 199 7.1 Preliminary Considerations: Sampling and the Z-Transform, 199 7.2 Methods for Continuous-Time to Discrete-Time Conversion, 202 7.2.1 Impulse Invariance, 202 7.2.2 Forward Difference, 203 7.2.3 Backward Difference, 204 7.2.4 Bilinear Transformation, 205 7.3 Sampling, 207 7.4 Digital Simulation: Stability and Performance Considerations, 211 7.5 Physiological Application: The Integral Pulse Frequency Modulation Model, 216 Problems, 221 Bibliography, 224 8 Model Identification and Parameter Estimation 225 8.1 Basic Problems in Physiological System Analysis, 225 8.2 Nonparametric and Parametric Identification Methods, 228 8.2.1 Numerical Deconvolution, 228 8.2.2 Least-Squares Estimation, 230 8.2.3 Estimation Using Correlation Functions, 233 8.2.4 Estimation in the Frequency Domain, 235 8.2.5 Optimization Techniques, 237 8.3 Problems in Parameter Estimation: Identifiability and Input Design, 243 8.3.1 Structural Identifiability, 243 8.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis, 244 8.3.3 Input Design, 248 8.4 Identification of Closed-Loop Systems: “Opening the Loop”, 252 8.4.1 The Starling Heart–Lung Preparation, 253 8.4.2 Kao’s Cross-Circulation Experiments, 253 8.4.3 Artificial Brain Perfusion for Partitioning Central and Peripheral Chemoreflexes, 255 8.4.4 The Voltage Clamp, 256 8.4.5 Opening the Pupillary Reflex Loop, 257 8.4.6 Read Rebreathing Technique, 259 8.5 Identification Under Closed-Loop Conditions: Case Studies, 260 8.5.1 Minimal Model of Blood Glucose Regulation, 262 8.5.2 Closed-Loop Identification of the Respiratory Control System, 267 8.5.3 Closed-Loop Identification of Autonomic Control Using Multivariate ARX Models, 273 8.6 Identification of Physiological Systems Using Basis Functions, 276 8.6.1 Reducing Variance in the Parameter Estimates, 276 8.6.2 Use of Basis Functions, 277 8.6.3 Baroreflex and Respiratory Modulation of Heart Rate Variability, 279 Problems, 283 Bibliography, 285 9 Estimation and Control of Time-Varying Systems 289 9.1 Modeling Time-Varying Systems: Key Concepts, 289 9.2 Estimation of Models with Time-Varying Parameters, 293 9.2.1 Optimal Estimation: The Wiener Filter, 293 9.2.2 Adaptive Estimation: The LMS Algorithm, 294 9.2.3 Adaptive Estimation: The RLS Algorithm, 296 9.3 Estimation of Time-Varying Physiological Models, 300 9.3.1 Extending Adaptive Estimation Algorithms to Other Model Structures, 300 9.3.2 Adaptive Estimation of Pulmonary Gas Exchange, 300 9.3.3 Quantifying Transient Changes in Autonomic Cardiovascular Control, 304 9.4 Adaptive Control of Physiological Systems, 307 9.4.1 General Considerations, 307 9.4.2 Adaptive Buffering of Fluctuations in Arterial PCO2, 308 Problems, 313 Bibliography, 314 10 Nonlinear Analysis of Physiological Control Systems 317 10.1 Nonlinear Versus Linear Closed-Loop Systems, 317 10.2 Phase-Plane Analysis, 320 10.2.1 Local Stability: Singular Points, 322 10.2.2 Method of Isoclines, 325 10.3 Nonlinear Oscillators, 329 10.3.1 Limit Cycles, 329 10.3.2 The van der Pol Oscillator, 329 10.3.3 Modeling Cardiac Dysrhythmias, 336 10.4 The Describing Function Method, 342 10.4.1 Methodology, 342 10.4.2 Application: Periodic Breathing with Apnea, 345 10.5 Models of Neuronal Dynamics, 348 10.5.1 The Hodgkin–Huxley Model, 349 10.5.2 The Bonhoeffer–van der Pol Model, 352 10.6 Nonparametric Identification of Nonlinear Systems, 359 10.6.1 Volterra–Wiener Kernel Approach, 360 10.6.2 Nonlinear Model of Baroreflex and Respiratory Modulated Heart Rate, 364 10.6.3 Interpretations of Kernels, 367 10.6.4 Higher Order Nonlinearities and Block-Structured Models, 369 Problems, 370 Bibliography, 374 11 Complex Dynamics in Physiological Control Systems 377 11.1 Spontaneous Variability, 377 11.2 Nonlinear Control Systems with Delayed Feedback, 380 11.2.1 The Logistic Equation, 380 11.2.2 Regulation of Neutrophil Density, 384 11.2.3 Model of Cardiovascular Variability, 387 11.3 Coupled Nonlinear Oscillators: Model of Circadian Rhythms, 397 11.4 Time-Varying Physiological Closed-Loop Systems: Sleep Apnea Model, 401 11.5 Propagation of System Noise in Feedback Loops, 409 Problems, 415 Bibliography, 416 Appendix A Commonly Used Laplace Transform Pairs 419 Appendix B List of MATLAB and SIMULINK Programs 421 Index 425

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Book SynopsisThis volume incorporates 13 contributions from renowned experts from the relevant research fields that are related biodegradable and biobased polymers and their environmental and biomedical applications. Specifically, the book highlights: Developments in polyhydroxyalkanoates applications in agriculture, biodegradable packaging material and biomedical field like drug delivery systems, implants, tissue engineering and scaffolds The synthesis and elaboration of cellulose microfibrils from sisal fibres for high performance engineering applications in various sectors such as the automotive and aerospace industries, or for building and construction The different classes and chemical modifications of tannins Electro-activity and applications of Jatropha latex and seed The synthesis, properties and applications of poly(lactic acid) The synthesis, processing and properties of poly(butylene succinate), its copolymers, coTable of Contents Preface xvii 1 Biomedical Applications for Thermoplastic Starch 1 Antonio José Felix de Carvalho and Eliane Trovatti 1.1 Starch as Source of Material in the Polymer Industry 1 1.2 Starch in Plastic Material and Thermoplastic Starch 2 1.3 Uses of Starch and TPS in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields 5 1.3.1 Native Starch (Granule) as Pharmaceutical Excipient 6 1.3.2 Gelatinized and Thermoplastic Starch in Biomedical Application 6 1.3.3 Starch-based Scaffolds 10 1.3.4 Starch-based Biosorbable Materials - Degradation Inside Human Body 12 1.3.5 Cell Response to Starch and Its Degradation Products 15 1.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives for Starch-based Polymers 16 Acknowledgment 16 References 16 2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: The Application of Eco-Friendly Materials 25 G.V.N. Rathna, Bhagyashri S. Thorat Gadgil and Naresh Killi 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Natural Occurrence 26 2.3 Bio-Synthetic/ Semi-Synthetic Approach 29 2.4 Environmental Aspects 31 2.5 Applications 33 2.6 Biomedical Applications 33 2.6.1 Drug Delivery 34 2.6.2 Implants and Scaffolds 36 2.7 Biodegradable Packaging Material 38 2.8 Agriculture 44 2.9 Other Applications 45 2.10 Scope of PHAs 46 2.11 Conclusions 46 References 47 3 Cellulose Microfibrils from Natural Fiber Reinforced Biocomposites and its Applications 55 Atul P Johari, Smita Mohanty and Sanjay K Nayak 3.1 Introduction 55 3.1.1 Industrial Applications 57 3.2 Natural Fibers: Applications and Limitations 58 3.3 Plant-based Fibers 59 3.4 Chemical Composition, structure and Properties of Sisal Fiber 60 3.4.1 Cellulose Fibers 61 3.4.2 Hemicellulose 61 3.4.3 Lignin 62 3.4.4 Pectin 63 3.4.5 Bio-based and Biodegradable Polymers 63 3.5 Biocomposites 64 3.6 Classification of Biocomposites 65 3.6.1 Green Composites 65 3.6.2 Hybrid Composites 66 3.7 Biocomposites of CMF Reinforced of Poly (lactic acid) 67 3.7.1 Extraction of Cellulose Microfibrils from Sisal Fiber 67 3.7.2 CMF Extraction Process 69 3.7.3 Fabrication of PLA/CMF Biocomposite 72 3.8 Effect of CMF Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties of PLA 72 3.9 FT-IR Analysis of Untreated Sisal Fiber (UTS), Mercerized Sisal Fiber (MSF) and Cellulose Microfibrils (CMF) 73 3.10 Crystalline Structure of UTS, MSF and CMF 75 3.11 Particle Size Determination: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 76 3.12 Thermal Properties 77 3.12.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of CMF Reinforced PLA biocomposites 77 3.12.2 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis of CMF Reinforced PLA Biocomposites 79 3.12.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of CMF Reinforced PLA Biocomposites 82 3.13 Scanning Electron Microscopy 85 3.13.1 Surface Morphology of Sisal Fiber (USF, MSF and CMF) 85 3.13.2 Surface Morphology of CMF Reinforced PLA References 91 4 Tannins: A Resource to Elaborate Aromatic and Biobased Polymers 97 Alice Arbenz and Luc Avérous 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Tannin Chemistry 98 4.2.1 Historical Outline 98 4.2.2 Classification and Chemical Structure of Vascular Plant Tannins 99 4.2.3 Hydrolysable Tannins 99 4.3 Complex Tannins 101 4.4 Condensed Tannins 101 4.5 Non-vascular Plant Tannins 103 4.5.1 Phlorotannins with Ether Bonds 104 4.5.2 Phlorotannins with Phenyl bonds 104 4.5.3 Phlorotannins with Ether and Phenyl bonds 105 4.5.4 Phlorotannins with Ibenzo-p-dioxin Links 106 4.6 Extraction of Tannins 106 4.7 Chemical Modification 108 4.7.1 General Background 108 4.7.2 Heterocycle Reactivity 108 4.8 Heterocyclic Ring Opening with Acid 110 4.9 Sulfonation 112 4.9.1 Reactivity of Nucleophilic Sites 113 4.9.2 Bromination 114 4.9.3 Reactions with Aldehydes 116 4.9.4 Reaction with the Hexamine 117 4.10 Mannich Reaction 119 4.11 Coupling Reaction 119 4.11.1 Michael Reaction 119 4.11.2 Oxa-Pictet-Spengler Reaction 120 4.11.3 Functionalization of the Hydroxyl Groups 121 4.11.4 Acylation 121 4.12 Etherification 124 4.12.1 Substitution by Ammonia 127 4.12.2 Reactions Between Tannin and Epoxy Groups 128 4.13 Alkoxylation 129 4.13.1 Reaction with Isocyanates 130 4.14 Toward Biobased Polymers and Materials 130 4.14.1 Adhesives 130 4.14.2 Phenol-formaldehyde Foam Type 132 4.15 Materials Based on Polyurethane 133 4.15.1 Polyurethanes Foams 133 4.15.2 Non-porous Polyurethane Materials 133 4.16 Materials Based on Polyesters 134 4.16.1 Materials Based on Epoxy Resins 134 4.17 Conclusion 135 Acknowledgments 136 References 136 5 Electroactivity and Applications of Jatropha Latex and Seed 149 S. S. Pradhan and A. Sarkar 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Plant Latex 150 5.3 Jatropha Latex 151 5.3.1 Chemistry 151 5.4 Jatropha Seed 151 5.5 Material Preparation 151 5.6 Microscopic Observations 153 5.6.1 X-ray Diffraction 153 5.6.2 Electronic or Vibrational Properties 154 5.7 Electroactivity in Jatropha Latex 157 5.7.1 Ionic Liquid Property 157 5.8 Electroactivity in Jatropha Latex 158 5.8.1 DC Volt-ampere Characteristics 162 5.8.2 Temperature Variation of AC Conductivity 164 5.9 Applications 165 5.10 Conclusion 167 Acknowledgements 168 References 168 6 Characteristics and Applications of PLA 171 Sandra Domenek and Violette Ducruet 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Production of PLA 172 6.2.1 Production of Lactic Acid 172 6.2.2 Synthesis of PLA 174 6.3 Physical PLA properties 179 6.4 Microstructure and Thermal properties 181 6.4.1 Amorphous Phase of PLA 181 6.4.2 Crystalline Structure of PLA 183 6.4.3 Crystallization Kinetics of PLA 185 6.4.4 Melting of PLA 187 6.5 Mechanical Properties of PLA 188 6.6 Barrier Properties of PLA 190 6.6.1 Gas Barrier Properties of PLA 190 6.6.2 Water Vapour Permeability of PLA 193 6.6.3 Permeability of Organic Vapours through PLA 194 6.7 Degradation Behaviour of PLA 195 6.7.1 Thermal Degradation 195 6.7.2 Hydrolysis 196 6.7.3 Biodegradation 198 6.8 Processing 200 6.9 Nanocomposites 202 6.10 Applications 204 6.10.1 Biomedical Applications of PLA 204 6.10.2 Packaging Applications Commodity of PLA 205 6.10.3 Textile Applications 208 6.10.4 Automotive Applications of PLA 209 6.10.5 Building Applications 210 6.10.6 Other Applications of PLA 210 6.11 Conclusion 211 References 211 7 PBS Makes Its Entrance into the Family of Biobased Plastics 225 Laura Sisti, Grazia Totaro and Paola Marchese 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 PBS Market 227 7.3 PBS Production 229 7.3.1 Succinic Acid Production 230 7.3.2 1,4-Butanediol Production 233 7.3.3 Synthesis of PBS 234 7.4 Properties of PBS 237 7.5 Copolymers of PBS 240 7.5.1 Random Copolymers 240 7.5.2 Block Copolymers 247 7.5.3 Chain Branching 250 7.6 PBS Composites and Nanocomposites 253 7.6.1 Inorganic Fillers 253 7.6.2 Natural Fibers 258 7.7 Degradation and Recycling 262 7.7.1 Enzymatic Degradation 262 7.7.2 Non Enzymatic Degradation 266 7.7.3 Natural Weathering Degradation 266 7.7.4 Thermal Degradation 267 7.7.5 Recycling 267 7.8 Processing and Applications of PBS and its Copolymers 269 7.9 Conclusions 273 Abbreviations 273 References 274 8 Development of Biobased Polymers and Their Composites from Vegetable Oils 289 Patit P. Kundu and Rakesh Das 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Source and Functional Groups of Vegetable Oil 290 8.3 Direct Cross-Linking of Vegetable Oil for Polymer Synthesis 292 8.3.1 Cationic Polymerization 292 8.4 Free Radical Polymerization 295 8.5 Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils for Polymer Synthesis 297 8.5.1 Synthesis of Polymers after Epoxidation of Vegetable Oils 297 8.6 Polymer Synthesis after Esterification of Vegetable Oils 299 8.7 Polyol and Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils 302 8.8 Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites from Vegetable Oils 306 8.9 Conclusions 311 References 312 9 Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 323 Magdy W. Sabaa 9.1 Introduction 323 9.2 Types of Modified Drug Delivery Systems 324 9.3 Concept of Drug Delivery Matrix 325 9.4 Polymeric Materials as Carriers for Drug Delivery Systems 326 9.4.1 Polysaccharides and Modified Polysaccharides as Matrices for Drug Delivery Systems 326 9.4.2 pH-sensitive as Drug Delivery Systems 331 9.4.3 Thermo-sensitive as Drug Delivery Systems 335 9.4.4 Light-sensitive as Drug Delivery Systems 338 9.5 Conclusions 340 References 341 10 Nanocellulose as a Millennium Material with Enhancing Adsorption Capacities 351 Norhene Mahfoudhi and Sami Boufi 10.1 Introduction 351 10.2 From Cellulose to Nanocellulose 353 10.3 General Remarks about Adsorption Phenomena 355 10.4 Nanobibrillated Cellulose as a Novel Adsorbent 359 10.5 NFC in Heavy Metal Adsorption 363 10.6 NFC as an Adsorbent for Organic Pollutants 372 10.7 NFC in Oil Adsorption 373 10.8 NFC in Adsorption of Dyes 376 10.9 Nanofibrillar Cellulose as a Flocculent for Waste Water 379 10.10 NFC in CO2 Adsorption 380 10.11 Conclusion 381 References 381 11 Towards Biobased Aromatic Polymers from Lignins 387 Stephanie Laurichesse and Luc Avérous 387 11.1 Introduction 388 11.2 Lignin Chemistry 389 11.2.1 Historical Outline 389 11.2.2 Chemical Structure 390 11.2.3 Physical Properties 391 11.3 Isolation of Lignin from Wood 393 11.3.1 The Biorefinery Concept 393 11.3.2 Extraction Processes and their Resulting Technical Lignins 394 11.4 Chemical Modification 398 11.4.1 General Background 398 11.4.2 Fragmentation of Lignin 399 11.4.3 Pyrolysis 401 11.4.4 Gasification 403 11.4.5 Oxidation 403 11.4.6 Liquefaction 404 11.4.7 Enzymatic Oxidation 406 11.4.8 Outlook 407 11.5 Synthesis of New Chemical Active Sites 407 11.5.1 Alkylation/Dealkylation 407 11.5.2 Hydroxalkylation 409 11.5.3 Amination 410 11.5.4 Nitration 411 11.6 Functionalization of Hydroxyl Groups 412 11.6.1 Esterification 412 11.6.2 Phenolation 415 11.6.3 Etherification and Ring Opening Polymerisations 416 11.6.4 Urethanisation 418 11.7 Toward Lignin Based Polymers and Materials 420 11.7.1 Lignin as a Viable Route for Polymers Syntheses 420 11.7.2 ATRP - A Useful Method to Develop Lignin-Based Functional Material 422 11.7.3 High Performance Material Made with Lignin: Carbon Fibers 423 11.7.4 Toward Commercialized Lignin-based Polymers 424 11.8 Conclusion 424 Acknowledgments 425 References 425 12 Biopolymers – Proteins (Polypeptides) and Nucleic Acids 439 S. Georgiev, Z. Angelova and T. Dekova 12.1 Structure of Protein Molecules 440 12.1.1 Peptide Bonds 441 12.1.2 Secondary Structure of Protein Molecule 441 12.1.3 Tertiary Structure of Proteins 442 12.1.4 Quaternary Structure of Proteins 443 12.2 Abnormal Haemoglobin 444 12.3 Methods for Proteome Analysis 446 12.4 Advantages of the Method 446 12.5 Study of Proteins with Post-Translational Modifications 447 12.6 Biodegradable Polymers 448 12.6.1 DNA The Molecule of Heredity 451 12.6.2 Experiments Designate DNA as the Genetic Material 452 12.6.3 Bacterial Transformation Implicates DNA as the Substance of Genes 452 12.6.4 Identification of RNA as the Genetic Material 454 12.6.5 The Structures of DNA and RNA 455 12.6.6 Left Handed DNA Helices 456 12.6.7 Some DNA Molecules are Circular instead of Linear 456 12.6.8 RNA as the Genetic Material (Structure) 457 12.6.9 Hammerhead Ribozymes HHRs 458 12.7 Regulation Gene Function Through RNA Interfering and MicroRNA Pathways 460 12.7.1 How dsRNA can Switch off Expression of a Gene? 461 12.7.2 MicroRNAs Also Control the Expression of Some Genes 463 12.8 DNA Vaccines 464 12.9 Conclusion 467 References 467 13 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-based Multiple-unit Systems for Sustained Drug Release 471 Amit Kumar Nayak 471 13.1 Introduction 471 13.2 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide 473 13.2.1 Sources and Extraction 473 13.3 Composition 474 13.4 Properties 474 13.5 Use of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide in Drug Delivery 475 13.6 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-based Microparticle/Beads for Sustained Drug Delivery 476 13.7 Extrusion-Spheronization Method 476 13.7.1 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide Spheroids Containing Diclofenac Sodium 476 13.8 Ionotropic-Gelation Method 478 13.8.1 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-alginate Beads Containing Diclofenac Sodium 478 13.8.2 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-alginate Mucoadhesive Microspheres Containing Gliclazide 480 13.8.3 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-alginate Mucoadhesive Beads Containing Metformin HCl 481 13.7.4 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-pectinate Mucoadhesive Beads Containing Metformin HCl 481 13.8.5 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-gellan Mucoadhesive Beads Containing Metformin HCl 483 13.9 Covalent Crosslinking 485 13.9.1 Chitosan-Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide Interpenetrating Polymeric Network Microparticles Containing Aceclofenac 485 13.10 Combined Ionotropic-Gelation/Covalent Crosslinking 488 13.10.1 Interpenetrated Polymer Network Microbeads Containing Diltiazem-Indion 254® Complex made of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide and Sodium Alginate 488 13.11 By Ionotropic Emulsion-gelation 489 13.11.1 Oil-entrapped Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide- Alginate Blend Floating Beads Containing Diclofenac Sodium 489 13.12 Conclusion 490 References 490 Index 493

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Book SynopsisThis unique, self-contained resource is the first volume on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in the eMagRes Handbook series. The 27 chapters cover the theoretical principles, the common experimental techniques, and many important application areas of modern EPR spectroscopy. EPR Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Methods is presented in four major parts: A: Fundamental Theory, B: Basic Techniques and Instrumentation, C: High-Resolution Pulse Techniques, and D: Special Techniques. The first part of the book gives the reader an introduction to basic continuous-wave (CW) EPR and an overview of the different magnetic interactions that can be determined by EPR spectroscopy, their associated theoretical description, and their information content. The second provides the basics of the various EPR techniques, including pulse EPR, and EPR imaging, along with the associated instrumentation. Parts C and D builds on parts A and B and offer introductory accounts of aTable of ContentsContributors xi Series Preface xv Preface xvii Part A: Fundamental Theory 1 1 Continuous-Wave EPR 3 Art van der Est 2 EPR Interactions – g-Anisotropy 17 Peter Gast and Edgar J.J. Groenen 3 EPR Interactions – Zero-field Splittings 29 Joshua Telser 4 EPR Interactions – Coupled Spins 63 Eric J.L. McInnes and David Collison 5 EPR Interactions – Hyperfine Couplings 81 Marina Bennati 6 EPR Interactions – Nuclear Quadrupole Couplings 95 Stefan Stoll and Daniella Goldfarb 7 Quantum Chemistry and EPR Parameters 115 Frank Neese 8 Spin Dynamics 143 Akiva Feintuch and Shimon Vega 9 Relaxation Mechanisms 175 Sandra S. Eaton and Gareth R. Eaton Part B: Basic Techniques and Instrumentation 193 10 Transient EPR 195 Stefan Weber 11 Pulse EPR 215 Stefan Stoll 12 EPR Instrumentation 235 Edward Reijerse and Anton Savitsky 13 EPR Imaging 261 Boris Epel and Howard J. Halpern 14 EPR Spectroscopy of Nitroxide Spin Probes 277 Enrica Bordignon Part C: High-Resolution Pulse Techniques 303 15 FT-EPR 305 Michael K. Bowman, Hanjiao Chen, and Alexander G. Maryasov 16 Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ENDOR 331 Jeffrey R. Harmer 17 Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ELDOR-detected NMR 359 Daniella Goldfarb 18 Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ESEEM 377 Sabine Van Doorslaer 19 Dipolar Spectroscopy – Double-resonance Methods 401 Gunnar Jeschke 20 Dipolar Spectroscopy – Single-resonance Methods 425 Peter P. Borbat and Jack H. Freed 21 Shaped Pulses in EPR 463 Philipp E. Spindler, Philipp Schöps, Alice M. Bowen, Burkhard Endeward, and Thomas F. Prisner Part D: Special Techniques 483 22 Pulse Techniques for Quantum Information Processing 485 Gary Wolfowicz and John J.L. Morton 23 Rapid-scan EPR 503 Gareth R. Eaton and Sandra S. Eaton 24 EPR Microscopy 521 Aharon Blank 25 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) 537 Etienne Goovaerts 26 Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance (EDMR) Spectroscopy 559 Christoph Boehme and Hans Malissa 27 Very-high-frequency EPR 581 Alexander Schnegg Index 603

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Book SynopsisMost composites, particularly those made using thermoset resins, cannot be recycled or reused. As a result, most of them end up in landfills at the end of their useful life which is neither sustainable nor environment-friendly. Various laws enacted by Governments around the world and heightened global awareness about sustainability and global warming is changing this situation. Significant research is being conducted in developing and utilizing sustainable fibers and resins, mostly derived from plant, to fabricate 'Green' composites. The significant progress in the past 20 or so years in this field has led to the development of green composites with high strength or so called Advanced Green Composites. More interestingly, green composites have also acquired various different properties such as fire resistance, transparency, barrier to gases and others. The term 'advanced' which only included high strength and stiffness now includes all these special properties. The world is on the cuspTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1Anil N. Netravali 1.1 Introduction 2 2 Green Resins from Plant Sources and Strengthening Mechanisms 11Muhammad M. Rahman and Anil N. Netravali 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Green Resins from Agro-Resources 14 2.2.1 Plant Protein-Based Resins 14 2.2.2 Plant Starch-Based Resins 21 2.3 Green Resins from Microbial Fermentation 25 2.3.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 25 2.3.2 Pullulan 27 2.4 Green Resins Using Monomers from Agricultural Resources 29 2.4.1 Polylactic Acid 29 2.5 Strengthening of Green Resins using Nano-Fillers 32 2.5.1 Inorganic Nano-Fillers 33 2.5.2 Organic Nano-Fillers 38 2.6 Conclusions 43 References 44 3 High Strength Cellulosic Fibers from Liquid Crystalline Solutions 57Yuxiang Huang and Jonathan Y. Chen 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Fibers from Liquid Crystalline Solutions of Cellulose Derivatives 59 3.3 Fibers from Liquid Crystalline Solution of Nonderivatized Cellulose 60 3.4 Regenerated-Cellulose/CNT Composite Fibers with Ionic Liquids 61 3.5 Future Prospects 63 Summary 64 References 65 4 Cellulose Nanofibers: Electrospinning and Nanocellulose Self-Assemblies 67You-Lo Hsieh 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Electrospinning of Cellulose Solutions 70 4.3 Cellulose Nanofibers via Electrospinning and Hydrolysis of Cellulose Acetate 70 4.4 Bicomponent Hybrid and Porous Cellulose Nanofibers 72 4.5 Wholly Polysaccharide Cellulose/Chitin/Chitosan Hybrid Nanofibers 74 4.6 Surface-Active Cellulose Nanofibers 76 4.7 Nanocelluloses 77 4.8 Nanocelluloses from Agricultural By-Products 79 4.9 Source Effects – CNCs from Grape Skin, Tomato Peel, Rice Straw, Cotton Linter 80 4.10 Process Effect – Nanocelluloses from Single Source (Corn Cob, Rice Straw) 82 4.11 Ultra-Fine Cellulose Fibers from Electrospinning and Self-Assembled Nanocellulose 85 4.12 Further Notes on Nanocellulose Applications and Nanocomposites 87 Acknowledgement 88 References 88 5 Advanced Green Composites with High Strength and Toughness 97Anil N. Netravali 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 ‘Greener’ Composites 99 5.3 Fully ‘Green’ Composites 101 5.4 ‘Advanced Green Composites’ 102 5.5 Conclusions 106 References 108 6 All-Cellulose (Cellulose–Cellulose) Green Composites 111Shuji Fujisawa, Tsuguyuki Saito and Akira Isogai 6.1 Introduction 111 6.1.1 Cellulose 111 6.1.2 Nanocelluloses for Polymer Composite Materials 112 6.1.3 All-Cellulose Composites 114 6.2 Preparation of ACCs 114 6.2.1 Dissolution of Cellulose 114 6.2.1.1 Aqueous Solvents 114 6.2.1.2 Organic Solvents 115 6.2.1.3 Ionic Liquids 115 6.2.2 Preparation of ACCs 116 6.2.2.1 One-Phase Preparation 116 6.2.2.2 Two-Phase Preparation 116 6.3 Structures and Properties of ACCs 120 6.3.1 Optical Properties 120 6.3.2 Mechanical Properties 120 6.3.3 Thermal Expansion Behavior 124 6.3.4 Gas Barrier Properties 124 6.3.5 Biodegradability 125 6.4 Future Prospects 125 6.5 Summary 126 6.6 Acknowledgements 127 References 127 7 Self-Healing Green Polymers and Composites 135Joo Ran Kim and Anil N. Netravali 7.1 Introduction 136 7.1.1 Self-Healing Property in Materials: What is it and Why it is Needed? 136 7.2 Types of Self-Healing Approaches Used in Thermoset Polymers 137 7.2.1 Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing System 138 7.2.1.1 Microencapsulation Techniques 139 7.2.1.2 Microcapsule Systems for Self-Healing 148 7.2.2 Vascular Self-Healing System 158 7.2.2.1 One-, Two-, or Three-Dimensional Microvascular Systems 159 7.2.3 Intrinsic Self-Healing System 161 7.2.3.1 Test Methods to Characterize Self-Healing 162 7.2.3.2 Quasi-Static Fracture Methods 163 7.2.3.3 Fatigue Fracture Methods 165 7.2.3.4 Impact Fracture Methods 166 7.2.3.5 Other Techniques 166 7.3 Self-Healing Polymers from Green Sources 167 7.3.1 Self-Healing Polymers in Biomaterials 168 7.3.2 Self-Healing Green Resins and Green Composites 170 7.4 Summary and Prospects 173 Acknowledgements 175 References 175 8 Transparent Green Composites 187Antonio Norio Nakagaito, Yukiko Ishikura and Hitoshi Takagi 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Composites and Papers 189 8.2.1 Bacterial Cellulose-Based Composites 189 8.2.2 CNF-Based Composites 191 8.2.3 Transparent Nanopapers 194 8.2.4 All Cellulose Transparent Composites 195 8.3 Chitin-Based Transparent Composites 197 8.3.1 Chitin Nanofiber-Based Composites 197 8.3.2 Micro-Sized Chitin Composites 199 8.3.3 Chitin-Chitosan Transparent Green Composites 200 8.3.4 All Chitin Nanofiber Transparent Films 202 8.4 Electronic Devices Based on CNF Films and Composites 202 8.5 Future Prospects 205 8.6 Summary 206 References 206 9 Toughened Green Composites: Improving Impact Properties 211Koichi Goda 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Significance of Fiber Length in Toughened Fibrous Composites 212 9.3 Impact Properties of Green Composites 217 9.3.1 Relation Between Interfacial and Mechanical Properties in Green Composites 217 9.3.2 A Pattern of Increase in Tensile Strength and Decrease in Impact Strength 221 9.3.3 Effect of Toughened Resin 227 9.3.4 Approaches to Increase Both TS and IS 228 9.4 Role of Large Elongation at Break in Regenerated Cellulose Fibers 229 9.5 Toughened Cellulose Fibers and Green Composites 231 9.5.1 Toughening Mechanism of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers 231 9.5.2 Mercerization Effect 234 9.5.3 Other Beneficial Chemical Treatments 238 9.6 Conclusions 240 Appendix 241 References 243 10 Cellulose Reinforced Green Foams 247Jasmina Obradovic, Carl Lange, Jan Gustafsson and Pedro Fardim 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 Bio-Based Foams 249 10.2.1 Starch-Based Foams 250 10.2.2 Foams Based on Vegetable Oils 253 10.2.3 Foams Based on Poly(Lactic Acid) 255 10.3 Surface Engineering of Cellulose Fibres Used in Foams 256 10.3.1 Chemical Modifications of Cellulose Fibres 257 10.3.2 In Situ Synthesis of Hybrid Fibres 258 10.3.2.1 Topology and Particle Content on Hybrid Fibres 260 10.3.2.2 Foam Formation 262 10.3.2.3 Combustion Behavior of Foams 262 10.4 Prospects 265 10.5 Summary 266 Acknowledgements 267 References 267 11 Fire Retardants from Renewable Resources 275Zhiyu Xia, Weeradech Kiratitanavit, Shiran Yu, Jayant Kumar, Ravi Mosurkal and Ramaswamy Nagarajan 11.1 Introduction 276 11.2 Fire Retardant Additives Based on Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Renewable Resources 278 11.2.1 Nucleic Acids 279 11.2.2 Proteins Containing Phosphorus and Sulfur 286 11.2.3 Phosphorus/Nitrogen-Rich Carbohydrates 289 11.2.4 Carbohydrates 291 11.3 Natural Phenolic Compounds as Flame Retardant Additives 295 11.3.1 Lignin 296 11.3.2 Tannins 300 11.3.3 Cardanol and Polymers of Cardanol 306 11.3.4 Polydopamines 307 11.4 Other FR Materials from Renewable Sources 308 11.4.1 Chicken Eggshell 308 11.4.2 Banana Pseudostem Sap 308 11.5 Prospects 310 11.6 Summary 311 11.7 Acknowledgements 312 References 312 12 Green Composites with Excellent Barrier Properties 321Arvind Gupta, Akhilesh Kumar Pal, Rahul Patwa, Prodyut Dhar and Vimal Katiyar 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Biodegradable Polymers: Classifications and Challenges 323 12.2.1 Poly (lactic acid): Properties Evaluation, Modifications and its Applications 328 12.2.2 Cellulose Based Composites: Chemical Modifications, Property Evaluation, and Applications. 333 12.2.3 Chitosan Based Composites: Chemical Modifications, Properties Evaluation, and Applications 338 12.2.4 Natural Gum Based Composites: Chemical Modification, Property Evaluation and Applications 343 12.2.5 Silk Based Composites: Property Evaluation, Chemical Modifications and Applications 348 12.3 Summary 355 Acknowledgements 355 References 356 13 Nanocellulose-Based Composites in Biomedical Applications 369M. Osorio, A. Cañas, R. Zuluaga, P. Gañán, I. Ortiz and C. Castro 13.1 Introduction 370 13.2 Nanocellulose Sources and Properties 370 13.2.1 Nanocellulose Sources 370 13.2.2 Nanocellulose Characteristics as Green Material 373 13.2.3 Nanocellulose Properties for Biomedical Composites 374 13.2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 374 13.2.3.2 Morphology 375 13.2.3.3 Surface Charge 375 13.2.3.4 Conformability 378 13.2.3.5 Thermal Properties 378 13.2.3.6 Non-Toxic 379 13.2.3.7 Biocompatibility 379 13.3 Biomedical Applications of Nanocellulose-Based Composites 379 13.3.1 Nanocellulose-Based Composites with Various Polymers 380 13.3.1.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol 380 13.3.1.2 Chitosan (Ch) 381 13.3.1.3 Acrylic Acid (AA) 382 13.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 382 13.3.1.5 Silk Fibroin 383 13.3.1.6 Polyaniline and Polypyrrole 383 13.3.1.7 Alginate 384 13.3.1.8 Collagen 384 13.3.2 Nanocellulose-Based Composites with Bioactive Ceramics 385 13.3.2.1 Hydroxyapatite (HA) 385 13.3.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 385 13.3.2.3 Calcium Peroxide (CaO2) 386 13.3.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes 386 13.3.3 Nanocellulose-Based Composites with Metals 386 13.3.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag) 386 13.3.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles (Au) 387 13.4 Summary 387 13.5 Prospects 390 Acknowledgments 390 References 390 Index 403

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Book SynopsisSince the launch of Telemedicine Technologies (Wiley, 2010), the technologies surrounding telemedicine have changed immeasurably, particularly with the emerging trends of Internet-of-Things (IoT), digital/e-Health, and wearable, smart and assistive technologies. This second edition overhauls and expands on the original text to reflect the technical advances of the last decade. It covers applications from traditional healthcare services to remote patient monitoring and recovery, to alternative medicine and general health assessment for maintaining optimal health. This welcome update brings together a broad range of topics demonstrating how information and wireless technologies can be used in healthcare.Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Book xvii Book Overview xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Information Technology and Healthcare Professionals 1 1.2 Providing Healthcare to Patients 2 1.2.1 Technical Perspectives 4 1.2.2 Healthcare Providers 5 1.2.3 End Users 5 1.2.4 Authorities 6 1.3 Healthcare Informatics Developments 6 1.4 Different Definitions of Telemedicine 8 1.5 The Growth of E-health to M-health 11 1.5.1 Evolving from the Internet 11 1.5.2 Digital Health on the Move 12 1.5.3 Data is Sent as a Sequence of “Packets” 13 1.6 The Connected World Between Human and Devices 14 References 14 2 Communication Networks and Services 17 2.1 The Basics of Wireless Communications 17 2.1.1 Wired vs. Wireless 19 2.1.2 Conducting vs. Optical Cables 20 2.1.3 Data Transmission Speed 22 2.1.4 Electromagnetic Interference 23 2.1.5 Modulation 23 2.2 Types of Wireless Networks 24 2.2.1 Bluetooth 24 2.2.2 Infrared (IR) 25 2.2.3 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wi-Fi 25 2.2.4 ZigBee 26 2.2.5 Li-Fi 26 2.2.6 Cellular Networks 26 2.2.7 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 28 2.2.8 Satellite Networks 29 2.2.9 Licensed and Unlicensed Frequency Bands 29 2.3 M-health and Telemedicine Applications 29 2.4 The Outdoor Operating Environment 30 2.5 RFID in Telemedicine 35 References 38 3 Information and Communications Technology in Health Monitoring 41 3.1 Body Area Networks 42 3.2 Emergency Rescue 44 3.2.1 At the Scene 45 3.2.2 Smart Ambulance 47 3.2.3 Network Backbone 49 3.2.4 At the Hospital 50 3.2.5 The Authority 50 3.3 Remote Recovery 51 3.3.1 At Sea 51 3.3.2 Forests and Mountains 52 3.3.3 Buildings on Fire 53 3.4 Smart Hospital 55 3.4.1 Radiology Detects Cancer and Abnormality 56 3.4.2 Robot Assisted Telesurgery 58 3.4.3 Ward Management Using RFID 59 3.4.4 Electromagnetic Interference on Medical Instrument 61 3.4.5 Smart Wearable Integration 61 3.5 General Health Assessments 61 3.5.1 Case Study I: Fitness Monitoring for a Morning Jog 62 3.5.2 Case Study II: Gym Workout 63 3.5.3 Case Study III: Swimming 64 3.6 Multisensory Stimulation for Aging Care 66 References 68 4 Data Analytics and Medical Information Processing 71 4.1 Noninvasive Health Data Collection 72 4.1.1 Body Temperature 73 4.1.2 Heart Rate 75 4.1.3 Blood Pressure 78 4.1.4 Respiration Rate 80 4.1.5 Blood Oxygen Saturation 81 4.1.6 Blood Glucose Concentration 83 4.2 Biosignal Transmission and Processing 83 4.2.1 Medical Imaging 84 4.2.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 85 4.2.1.2 X-ray 85 4.2.1.3 Ultrasound 89 4.2.2 Medical Image Transmission and Analysis 90 4.2.3 Image Compression 93 4.2.4 Biopotential Electrode Sensing 94 4.3 Patient Records and Data Mining Applications 98 4.4 Knowledge Management for Clinical Applications 101 4.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Digital Health 104 4.5.1 Deep Learning 106 4.5.2 AI in Mobile Health 107 4.5.3 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) 109 4.5.4 Electronic Drug Store 110 References 111 5 Wireless Telemedicine System Deployment 115 5.1 Planning and Deployment Considerations 116 5.1.1 The OSI Model 117 5.1.2 Site Survey 119 5.1.3 Standalone Ad Hoc Versus Centrally Coordinated Networks 120 5.1.4 Link Budget Evaluation 121 5.1.5 Antenna Placement 122 5.2 Scalability to Support Future Growth 123 5.2.1 Modulation 124 5.2.2 Cellular Configuration 125 5.2.3 Multiple Access 127 5.2.4 Orthogonal Polarization 130 5.3 Integration with Existing IT Infrastructure 132 5.3.1 Middleware 133 5.3.2 Database 133 5.3.3 Involving Different People 134 5.4 Evaluating an IT Service and Solution Provider 135 5.4.1 Outsourcing 135 5.4.2 Preparing for the Future 136 5.4.3 Reliability and Liability 136 5.5 Quality Assurance 138 5.6 IoT and Cloud Integration 140 5.6.1 IoT in Telemedicine 140 5.6.2 Patient Location Tracking 142 5.6.3 Cloud for Patients and Practitioners 144 References 145 6 Safeguarding Medical Data and Privacy 147 6.1 Information Security Overview 147 6.1.1 What are the Risks? 148 6.1.2 Computer Viruses 151 6.1.3 Security Devices 152 6.1.4 Security Management 152 6.2 Cryptography 154 6.2.1 Certificate 155 6.2.2 Symmetric Cryptography 156 6.2.3 Asymmetric Cryptography 156 6.2.4 Digital Signature 158 6.3 Safeguarding Patient Medical History 159 6.3.1 National Electronic Patient Record 159 6.3.2 Personal Controlled Health Record (PCHR) 160 6.3.3 Patients’ Concerns 161 6.4 Anonymous Data Collection and Processing 161 6.4.1 Information Sharing Between Different Authorities and Agencies 162 6.4.2 Disease Control 164 6.4.3 Policy Planning 166 6.5 Biometric Security and Identification 169 6.5.1 Fingerprint Recognition 170 6.5.2 Palmprint Recognition 172 6.5.3 Iris and Retina Recognition 174 6.5.4 Facial Recognition 176 6.5.5 Voice Recognition 177 6.6 Conclusion 178 References 179 7 Information Technology in Alternative Medicine 183 7.1 Technology for Natural Healing and Preventive Care 184 7.1.1 Acupuncture and Acupressure 184 7.1.2 Body Contour and Acupoints 186 7.1.3 Temporary On-scene Relief Treatment Support 188 7.1.4 Herbal Medicine 190 7.2 Interactive Gaming for Healthcare 191 7.2.1 Games and Physical Exercise: eSport 191 7.2.2 Monitoring and Optimizing Children’s Health 191 7.2.3 Wireless Control Technology 193 7.3 Consumer Electronics in Healthcare 194 7.3.1 Assortment of Consumer Appliances 195 7.3.2 Safety and Design Considerations 196 7.3.3 Marketing Myths, What Something Claims to Achieve 197 7.4 Telehealth in General Healthcare and Fitness 197 7.4.1 Technology Assisted Exercise 198 7.4.2 In the Gym 199 7.4.3 Continual Health Assessment 200 References 201 8 Digital Health for Community Care 205 8.1 Telecare 205 8.1.1 Telehealth 206 8.1.2 Equipment 207 8.1.3 Sensory Therapy 209 8.1.4 Are we Ready? 209 8.1.5 Liability 210 8.2 Safeguarding Senior Citizens and the Aging Population 210 8.2.1 Telecare for Senior Citizens 212 8.2.2 The User Interface 217 8.2.3 Active Versus Responsive 219 8.2.4 Supporting Independent Living 220 8.3 Telemedicine in Physiotherapy 221 8.3.1 Movement Detection 221 8.3.2 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 224 8.3.3 Active Prevention 224 8.4 Healthcare Access for Rural Areas 226 8.5 Healthcare Technology and the Environment 228 8.5.1 A Long History 229 8.5.2 Energy Conservation and Safety 231 8.5.3 Medical Radiation: Risks, Myths, and Misperceptions 232 References 235 9 Wearable Healthcare 239 9.1 From Mobile to Wearable 239 9.1.1 Size Matters 239 9.1.2 Continuous Versus Continual Monitoring 242 9.1.3 Wearable Monitoring for Everyone 243 9.2 Medical Devices Versus Consumer Electronics Gadgets 245 9.2.1 Definition of Medical Devices 245 9.2.2 Device Classification 246 9.3 Connectivity 248 9.3.1 Deployment Options 248 9.3.2 Connectivity for Quality Monitoring 249 9.4 Enhancing Caring Efficiency 249 9.4.1 Mobility Assistance 250 9.4.2 Preparation for an Emergency Situation: A Case Study of a Nursing Home 251 9.5 Wearable Physiotherapy 252 References 253 10 Smart and Assistive Technologies 257 10.1 Affordability in Assistive Technologies 257 10.1.1 Assistive Technology Becomes Affordable 257 10.1.2 Connecting People and Machines 258 10.1.3 Emotional Intelligence: Remaining Happy and Healthy 258 10.2 Smart Home Integration 259 10.2.1 Consumer Electronics in the Home Setting 259 10.2.2 Integrating Healthcare and Lifestyle into the Home 260 10.3 Digital Health in Improving Treatment 261 10.3.1 Treatment Innovations 261 10.3.2 Smart Pills 263 10.4 Prognostics in Telemedicine 265 10.4.1 Smart Network Management in Telemedicine 265 10.4.2 Self-calibration 269 10.5 Clothing Technology in Telehealth 270 10.5.1 Self-powered Devices 271 10.5.2 Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring Wristband: A Case Study 272 References 273 11 Future Trends in Healthcare Technology 277 11.1 Haptic Sensing for Practitioners 277 11.2 Business Intelligence in Healthcare Prevention 278 11.2.1 Medical Tourism 279 11.2.2 Cyber Physical Systems 279 11.3 Cross-border Care: A Case Study of Syndromic Surveillance 282 11.4 5G-basedWireless Telemedicine 283 11.4.1 5G and IoT to Tackle DCD: A Case Study 285 11.4.2 Faster Wireless Communications for Supporting Virtual Reality (VR) in Telemedicine 285 11.5 The Future of Telemedicine and Information Technology for Everyone: From Newborn to Becoming a Medical Professional all the Way Through to Retirement 286 References 290 Index 293

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Book SynopsisMusculoskeletal Disorders Hands-on guidance and tools for the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in the workplace In Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Fatigue Failure Mechanism, a team of accomplished occupational health experts delivers an essential and incisive discussion of how musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) develop and progress, as well as how they can be prevented and controlled. Offering a novel, evidence-based approach to this costly problem, the book has broad implications for employers, insurers, and other stakeholders in workplace health and safety. The authors identify new risk assessment approaches based on the cumulative effects of exposure to highly variable loading conditions. These new approaches can also be applied to evaluate the efficacy of job rotation scenarios and to quantify exoskeleton efficacy. The complexities associated with fatigue failure in biological environments are also explored in addition to suggested models for underTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Author the Editors 1. Introduction 2. Common Musculoskeletal Disorders 3. Structure and Function of The Musculoskeletal System 4. Structure and Function of the Nervous System, and Its Relation to Pain 5. Fundamental Biomechanics Concepts 6. Material Properties of Musculoskeletal and Peripheral Nerve Tissues 7. Fatigue Failure of Musculoskeletal Tissues 8. MSDs as a fatigue failure process 9. Fundamentals of Fatigue Failure Analysis 10. Fatigue failure in a biological environment 11. Injury and Self-Repair of Musculoskeletal Tissues 12. Personal Characteristics and MSD Risk 13. Using Fatigue Failure Principles to Assess MSD Risk 14. Implications for MSD Prevention 15. Optimizing Musculoskeletal Health 16. Status of knowledge and unanswered questions Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is organized into 12 important chapters that focus on the progress made by metal-based drugs as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurodegenerative agents, as well as highlights the application areas of newly discovered metallodrugs. It can prove beneficial for researchers, investigators and scientists whose work involves inorganic and coordination chemistry, medical science, pharmacy, biotechnology and biomedical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Metallodrugs in Medicine: Present, Past, and Future Prospects 1Imtiyaz Yousuf and Masrat Bashir 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Therapeutic Metallodrugs 6 1.2.1 Anticancer Metallodrugs 6 1.2.1.1 Mechanism of Anticancer Action 7 1.2.2 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Metallodrugs 15 1.2.2.1 Antimicrobial Metallodrugs 15 1.2.2.2 Antiviral Metallodrugs 16 1.2.3 Radiopharmaceuticals and Radiodiagnostic Metallodrugs 17 1.2.4 Anti-Diabetic Metallodrugs 19 1.2.5 Catalytic Metallodrugs 22 1.3 Future Prospects 23 1.4 Conclusion 25 References 26 2 Chemotherapeutic Potential of Ruthenium Metal Complexes Incorporating Schiff Bases 41Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Parveez Gull, Ovas Ahmad Dar, Mohmmad Younus Wani, Md Ikbal Ahmed Talukdar and Athar Adil Hashmi 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Schiff Base Complexes of Ruthenium as Anticancer Agents 43 2.3 Conclusion 63 References 64 3 Role of Metallodrugs in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry 71Manish Kumar, Gyanendra Kumar, Arun Kant and Dhanraj T. Masram 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Platinum Anticancer Drugs 74 3.2.1 Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions in Complexes of Platinum 80 3.2.2 Mode of the Interaction of Cisplatin Species With Nitrogen Donors of DNA Strand 80 3.2.3 Systemic Toxicity of Cisplatin 82 3.3 Copper-Based Anticancer Complexes 82 3.3.1 Copper is Essential for Health and Nutrition 82 3.3.2 Healthcare Applications of Copper 83 3.3.3 Copper and Human Health Disorders 83 3.3.3.1 Wilson’s Disease (WD) 84 3.3.3.2 Menkes’ Disease 85 3.3.4 Role of Copper Complexes as Potential Therapeutic Agents 85 3.3.4.1 Thiosemicarbazones-Based Complexes 86 3.3.4.2 Quinolones-Based Copper Complexes 88 3.3.4.3 Naphthoquinones 88 3.4 Zinc Anticancer Complexes 89 3.4.1 Biologically Importance of Zinc 90 3.4.2 Schiff Base Chemistry 92 3.4.2.1 Schiff Base and Their Metal Complexes 92 3.4.3 Zinc-Based Complexes 93 3.4.4 Top Food Sources of Zinc 94 3.4.5 Role of Zinc in Human Body 97 3.4.6 Zinc as a Health Benefit 98 3.4.7 Zinc in Alloy and Composites 100 3.4.8 Zinc Supplementation as a Treatment 100 3.4.8.1 Zinc Deficiency 101 3.4.8.2 Zinc Toxicity 102 3.4.8.3 Zinc and Viral Infections 102 3.4.9 Gastrointestinal Effects 103 3.5 Future Prospects of Metallodrugs 103 References 104 4 Ferrocene-Based Metallodrugs 115Hamza Shoukat, Ataf Ali Altaf and Amin Badshah 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Ferrocene-Based Antimalarial Agents 117 4.2.1 Mechanism of Action 118 4.3 Ferrocene-Based Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs 118 4.3.1 Schiff Base Derived Ferrocene Conjugates as Antibacterial Agents 119 4.3.2 Ferrocenyl Guanidines as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents 121 4.3.3 Sedaxicene as Antifungal Agents 122 4.4 Ferrocene-Based Anti-Tumor and Anti-Cancerous Drugs 123 4.4.1 Ferricenium Salts as Anti-Tumor Agents 124 4.4.2 Ferrocenylalkylazoles Active Anti-Tumor Drugs 124 4.4.3 Ferrocene Conjugated to Peptides for Lung Cancer 125 4.4.4 Ferrocenylalkyl Nucleobases Potential Anti-Cancerous Drugs 126 4.4.5 Ferrocenyl Sub-Ordinates of Illudin-M 126 4.4.6 Ferrocenyl Derivatives of Retinoids Potential Anti-Tumor Drug 127 4.4.7 Targeting Breast Cancer With Selective Ferrocene-Based Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM) 128 4.5 Conclusion 131 4.6 Future of Ferrocene-Based Drugs 131 References 132 5 Recent Advances in Cobalt Derived Complexes as Potential Therapeutic Agents 137Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Ovas Ahmad Dar and Athar Adil Hashmi 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Cobalt Complexes as Potential Therapeutic Agents 138 5.3 Conclusion 153 References 154 6 NO-, CO-, and H2S-Based Metallopharmaceuticals 157R. C. Maurya and J. M. Mir 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Signaling Molecules: Concept of “Gasotransmitter” 160 6.2.1 Therapeutic Applications of NO, CO, and H2S 162 6.2.1.1 Exogenous NO Donating Molecules 163 6.3 NO Donors Incorporated in Polymeric Matrices 167 6.3.1 Metal Nitrosyl Complexes 168 6.3.1.1 Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) 168 6.4 Dinitrosyl Iron Thiol Complexes (DNICs) 170 6.5 Photoactive Transition Metal Nitrosyls as NO Donors 170 6.6 Exogenous CO Donating Molecules 173 6.7 H2S Donating Compounds 176 6.7.1 H2S Gas: A Fast Delivering Compound 176 6.7.2 Sulfide Salts: Fast Delivering H2S Compounds 177 6.7.3 Synthetic Moieties 178 6.7.3.1 Slow-Delivering H2S Compounds 178 6.7.3.2 H2S-Releasing Composite Compounds 179 6.7.4 Naturally Occurring Plant Derived Compounds 182 6.7.4.1 Garlic 182 6.7.4.2 Broccoli and Other Cruciferous Vegetables 184 6.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 185 References 186 7 Platinum Complexes in Medicine and in the Treatment of Cancer 203Rakesh Kumar Ameta and Parth Malik 7.1 What is Cancer? 203 7.1.1 Characteristic Features of Cancer Cells 205 7.1.2 Definition of Anticancer Compound 206 7.1.3 Anticancer Attributes of Pt Complexes 207 7.1.4 Native State Behavior of Pt Complexes 208 7.2 Compatibility of Pt Compounds in Cancer Treatment 209 7.2.1 Significance of DNA as Primary Target 209 7.2.2 Kinetics of DNA Binding Activities 210 7.2.3 Structural and Regioselectivity of DNA Adducts 210 7.2.4 Studies on Action Mechanism 211 7.3 Pt Complexes as Anticancer Drugs 214 7.3.1 DNA-Coordinating Pt(II) Complexes 214 7.3.2 DNA-Covalently Binding Pt(II) Complexes 219 7.3.3 Targeted Pt(II) Complexes 222 7.3.4 Pt(IV) Prodrugs 224 7.3.5 Multiple Action of Pt(IV) Prodrugs 225 7.3.6 Targeted Pt(IV) Prodrugs 228 7.3.7 Photodynamic Killing of Cancer Cell by Pt Complexes 231 7.4 Conclusion 231 Acknowledgments 232 References 232 8 Recent Advances in Gold Complexes as Anticancer Agents 247Mohammad Nadeem Lone, Zubaid-ul-khazir, Ghulam Nabi Yatoo, Javid A. Banday and Irshad A. Wani 8.1 Introduction 248 8.2 Evolution of Metal Complexes as Anticancer Agents 250 8.3 Gold Complexes 251 8.3.1 Complexes with Nitrogen Donar Ligands 252 8.3.2 Complexes with Sulphur Donar Ligands 254 8.3.3 Complexes with Phosphorus Donar Ligands 255 8.3.4 Complexes with Sulphur-Phosphorus Donar Ligands 256 8.3.5 Organometallic Gold Complexes 259 8.3.6 Miscellaneous 260 8.4 Nano-Formulations of Gold Complexes 262 8.5 Future Challenges and Perspectives 263 8.6 Conclusion 265 Acknowledgements 266 References 266 9 Recent Developments in Small Molecular HIV-1 and Hepatitis B Virus RNase H Inhibitors 273Fenju Wei, Dongwei Kang, Luis Menéndez-Arias, Xinyong Liu and Peng Zhan 9.1 Introduction 273 9.1.1 Activity and Function of HIV and HBV RNases H 274 9.1.2 The Metal-Chelating RNase H Active Site 274 9.2 RNase H Inhibitors and Strategies in the Discovery of Active Compounds 276 9.2.1 High-Throughput Screening 276 9.2.2 Design Based on Pharmacophore Models 278 9.2.3 Novel Inhibitors Obtained by Using “Click Chemistry” 279 9.2.4 Dual-Target Inhibitors Against HIV-1 Integrase (IN) and RNase H 280 9.2.5 Inhibitors Obtained by Using Privileged Fragment-Based Libraries 282 9.2.6 RNase H Inhibitors in Natural Products 283 9.2.7 Drug Repurposing Based on Privileged Structures 284 9.3 Conclusion 286 References 287 10 The Role of Metals and Metallodrugs in the Modulation of Angiogenesis 293Mehmet Varol and Tuğba Ören Varol 10.1 Introduction 294 10.2 Metallodrugs in Anticancer Therapy 297 10.3 Angiogenesis as a Substantial Target of Tumorigenesis 300 10.4 Metals and Metallodrugs in Angiogenesis 302 10.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 306 References 306 11 Metal-Based Cellulose: An Attractive Approach Towards Biomedicine Applications 319Kulsoom Koser and Athar Adil Hashmi 11.1 Introduction 320 11.2 History of Cellulose 320 11.3 The Properties and Structure of Cellulose 321 11.4 Modification of Cellulose 322 11.4.1 Acid Hydrolysis 322 11.4.2 Oxidation 324 11.4.3 Esterification 326 11.4.4 Amidation 331 11.4.5 Carbamiation 333 11.4.6 Etherification 336 11.4.7 Nucleophilic Substitution 339 11.4.8 Further Modification 341 11.5 Present and Future Medical Applications of Cellulose as Well as Its Components 344 11.5.1 Cellulose Used as Wound Dressing 344 11.5.2 Dental Applications 345 11.5.3 Engineering 346 11.5.4 Controllable Drug Delivery System 348 11.5.5 Blood Purification 348 11.5.6 Wrapping Purpose 350 11.5.7 Renal Failure 351 11.6 Conclusion 351 References 352 12 Multifunctional Nanomedicine 363Nobel Tomar, Maroof A. Hashmi and Athar Adil Hashmi 12.1 Introduction 364 12.2 Diagnostics and Imaging 366 12.3 Drug Delivery and Therapy 369 12.3.1 Drug Delivery by Organic Nanomaterials 369 12.3.1.1 Liposomal Drug Delivery 369 12.3.1.2 Polymeric Drug Delivery 371 12.3.1.3 Proteins and Peptides for Drug Delivery 373 2.3.2 Drug Delivery by Inorganic Nanomaterials 374 12.3.2.1 Metal and Metal Oxides 374 12.3.2.2 Au NPs 375 12.3.2.3 Carbon-Based NPs 375 12.3.2.4 Silicon-Based Nanostructures for Drug Delivery 378 12.3.3 Photo Therapy 379 12.3.3.1 Photodynamic Therapy 380 12.3.3.2 Photothermal Therapy 381 12.3.4 Radiation Therapy 383 12.3.5 Neutron Capture Therapy 384 12.4 Regenerative Medicine 385 12.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion 386 References 387 Index 403

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Book SynopsisIn the fast-developing world of Industry 4.0, which combines Extended Reality (XR) technologies, such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), creating location aware applications to interact with smart objects and smart processes via Cloud Computing strategies enabled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), factories and processes can be automated and machines can be enabled with self-monitoring capabilities. Smart objects are given the ability to analyze and communicate with each other and their human co-workers, delivering the opportunity for much smoother processes, and freeing up workers for other tasks. Industry 4.0 enabled smart objects can be monitored, designed, tested and controlled via their digital twins, and these processes and controls are visualized in VR/AR. The Industry 4.0 technologies provide powerful, largely unexplored application areas that will revolutionize the way we work, collaborate and live our lives. It is importantTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xv Foreword xvii Introduction xix Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii Part I Extended Reality Education 1 Mixed Reality Use in Higher Education: Results from an International Survey 3J. Riman, N. Winters, J. Zelenak, I. Yucel, J. G. Tromp 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Organizational Framework 4 1.3 Online Survey About MR Usage 5 1.4 Results 6 1.4.1 Use in Classrooms 8 1.4.2 Challenges 9 1.4.3 Examples of Research in Action 10 1.4.4 Hardware and Software for Use in Classrooms and Research 10 1.4.5 Challenges Described by Researcher Respondents 12 1.4.6 Anecdotal Responses about Challenges 12 1.5 Conclusion 13 References 15 2 Applying 3D VR Technology for Human Body Simulation to Teaching, Learning and Studying 17Le Van Chung, Gia Nhu Nguyen, Tung Sanh Nguyen, Tri Huu Nguyen, Dac-Nhuong Le 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Related Works 18 2.3 3D Human Body Simulation System 19 2.3.1 The Simulated Human Anatomy Systems 19 2.3.2 Simulated Activities and Movements 20 2.3.3 Evaluation of the System 23 2.4 Discussion of Future Work 25 2.5 Conclusion 26 References 26 Part II Internet of Things 3 A Safety Tracking and Sensor System for School Buses in Saudi Arabia 31Samah Abbas, Hajar Mohammed, Laila Almalki Maryam Hassan, Maram Meccawy 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Related Work 32 3.3 Data Gathering Phase 33 3.3.1 Questionnaire 34 3.3.2 Driver Interviews 35 3.4 The Proposed Safety Tracking and Sensor School Bus System 36 3.4.1 System Analysis and Design 37 3.4.2 User Interface Design 38 3.5 Testing and Results 41 3.6 Discussion and Limitation 42 3.7 Conclusions and Future Work 42 References 42 4 A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm Applied to a Quantized Speech Image for Secure IoT 45Mourad Talbi 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2 Applications of IoT 46 4.3 Security Challenges in IoT 47 4.4 Cryptographic Algorithms for IoT 47 4.5 The Proposed Algorithm 48 4.6 Experimental Setup 50 4.7 Results and Discussion 52 4.8 Conclusion 57 References 58 Part III Mobile Technology 5 The Impact of Social Media Adoption on Entrepreneurial Ecosystem 63Bodor Almotairy, Manal Abdullah, Rabeeh Abbasi 5.1 Introduction 64 5.2 Background 65 5.2.1 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) 65 5.2.2 Social Media 65 5.2.3 Social Networks and Entrepreneurial Activities 66 5.3 Analysis Methodology 66 5.4 Understanding the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem 67 5.5 Social Media and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem 69 5.5.1 Social Media Platforms and Entrepreneurship 71 5.5.2 The Drivers of Social Media Adoption 71 5.5.3 The Motivations and Benefits for Entrepreneurs to Use Social Media 71 5.5.4 Entrepreneurship Activities Analysis Techniques in Social Media Networks 71 5.6 Research Gap and Recommended Solution 73 5.6.1 Research Gap 73 5.6.2 Recommended Solution 74 5.7 Conclusion 74 References 75 6 Human Factors for E-Health Training System: UX Testing for XR Anatomy Training App 81Zhushun Timothy Cai, Oliver Medonza, Kristen Ray, Chung Van Le, Damian Schofield, Jolanda Tromp 6.1 Introduction 82 6.2 Mobile Learning Applications 82 6.3 Ease of Use and Usability 82 6.3.1 Effectiveness 83 6.3.2 Efficiency 83 6.3.3 Satisfaction 83 6.4 Methods and Materials 86 6.5 Results 89 6.5.1 Task Completion Rate (TCR) 89 6.5.2 Time-on-Task (TOT) 90 6.5.3 After-Scenario Questionnaire (ASQ) 91 6.5.4 Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) 93 6.6 Conclusion 93 References 94 Part IV Towards Digital Twins and Robotics 7 Augmented Reality at Heritage Sites: Technological Advances and Embodied Spatially Minded Interactions 101Lesley Johnston, Romy Galloway, Jordan John Trench, Matthieu Poyade, Jolanda Tromp, Hoang Thi My 7.1 Introduction 102 7.2 Augmented Reality Devices 103 7.3 Detection and Tracking 105 7.4 Environmental Variation 106 7.5 Experiential and Embodied Interactions 109 7.6 User Experience and Presence in AR 114 7.7 Conclusion 115 References 116 8 TELECI Architecture for Machine Learning Algorithms Integration in an Existing LMS 121V. Zagorskis, A. Gorbunovs, A. Kapenieks 8.1 Introduction 122 8.2 TELECI Architecture 123 8.2.1 TELECI Interface to a Real LMS 123 8.2.2 First RS Steps in the TELECI System 124 8.2.3 Real Student Data for VS Model 125 8.2.4 TELECI Interface to VS Subsystem 126 8.2.5 TELECI Interface to AI Component 128 8.3 Implementing ML Technique 128 8.3.1 Organizational Activities 128 8.3.2 Data Processing 129 8.3.3 Computing and Networking Resources 130 8.3.4 Introduction to Algorithm 130 8.3.5 Calibration Experiment 132 8.4 Learners’ Activity Issues 133 8.5 Conclusion 136 References 137 Part V Big Data Analytics 9 Enterprise Innovation Management in Industry 4.0: Modeling Aspects 141V. Babenko 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Conceptual Model of Enterprise Innovation Process Management 144 9.3 Formation of Restrictions for Enterprise Innovation Management Processes 147 9.4 Formation of Quality Criteria for Assessing Implementation of Enterprise Innovation Management Processes 148 9.5 Statement of Optimization Task of Implementation of Enterprise Innovation Management Processes 148 9.6 Structural and Functional Model for Solving the Task of Dynamic 150 9.7 Formulation of the Task of Minimax Program Management of Innovation Processes at Enterprises 152 9.8 General Scheme for Solving the Task of Minimax Program Management of Innovation Processes at the Enterprises 154 9.9 Model of Multicriteria Optimization of Program Management of Innovation Processes 156 9.10 Conclusion 161 References 162 10 Using Simulation for Development of Automobile Gas Diesel Engine Systems and their Operational Control 165Mikhail G. Shatrov, Vladimir V. Sinyavski, Andrey Yu. Dunin, Ivan G. Shishlov, Sergei D. Skorodelov, Andrey L. Yakovenko 10.1 Introduction 166 10.2 Computer Modeling 167 10.3 Gas Diesel Engine Systems Developed 168 10.3.1 Electronic Engine Control System 168 10.3.2 Modular Gas Feed System 169 10.3.3 Common Rail Fuel System for Supply of the Ignition Portion of Diesel Fuel 169 10.4 Results and Discussion 172 10.4.1 Results of Diesel Fuel Supply System Simulation 172 10.4.2 Results of Engine Bed Tests 181 10.5 Conclusion 183 References 184 Part VI Towards Cognitive Computing 11 Classification of Concept Drift in Evolving Data Stream 189Mashail Althabiti and Manal Abdullah 11.1 Introduction 190 11.2 Data Mining 190 11.3 Data Stream Mining 191 11.3.1 Data Stream Challenges 191 11.3.2 Features of Data Stream Methods 193 11.4 Data Stream Sources 193 11.5 Data Stream Mining Components 193 11.5.1 Input 194 11.5.2 Estimators 194 11.6 Data Stream Classification and Concept Drift 194 11.6.1 Data Stream Classification 194 11.6.2 Concept Drift 194 11.6.3 Data Stream Classification Algorithms with Concept Drift 196 11.6.4 Single Classifier 196 11.6.5 Ensemble Classifiers 197 11.6.6 Output 200 11.7 Datasets 200 11.8 Evaluation Measures 200 11.9 Data Stream Mining Tools 201 11.10 Data Stream Mining Applications 202 11.11 Conclusion 202 References 202 12 Dynamical Mass Transfer Systems in Buslaev Contour Networks with Conflicts 207Marina Yashina, Alexander Tatashev, Ivan Kuteynikov 12.1 Introduction 208 12.2 Construction of Buslaev Contour Networks 210 12.3 Concept of Spectrum 211 12.4 One-Dimensional Contour Network Binary Chain of Contours 212 12.5 Two-Dimensional Contour Network-Chainmail 214 12.6 Random Process with Restrictions on the Contour with the Possibility of Particle Movement in Both Directions 218 12.7 Conclusion 218 References 219 13 Parallel Simulation and Visualization of Traffic Flows Using Cellular Automata Theory and QuasigasDynamic Approach 223Antonina Chechina, Natalia Churbanova, Pavel Sokolov, Marina Trapeznikova, Mikhail German, Alexey Ermakov, Obidzhon Bozorov 13.1 Introduction 224 13.2 The Original CA Model 224 13.3 The Slow-to-Start Version of the CA Model 225 13.4 Numerical Realization 225 13.5 Test Predictions for the CA Model 229 13.6 The QGD Approach to Traffic Flow Modeling 230 13.7 Parallel Implementation of the QGD Traffic Model 232 13.8 Test Predictions for the QGD Traffic Model 232 13.9 Conclusion 235 References 236

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Book SynopsisBioactive Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Fundamentals and Applications A Comprehensive and Critical Overview of Bioactive Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics are a versatile class of biocompatible materials that have an astonishing impact in biomedicine. Bioactive Glasses and Glass-Ceramics: Fundamentals and Applications presents topics on the functional properties, processing, and applications of bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics. The primary use of bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics is to repair bone and dental defects; however, their full potential is yet to be fulfilled. Many of today's achievements in regenerative medicine and soft tissue healing were unthinkable when research began. As a result, the research involving bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics is highly stimulating and continuously progresses across many different disciplines including chemistry, materials science, bioengineering, biology, and medicine. TopicsTable of ContentsPreface List of Contributors Chapter 1 Glass crystallisation and glass-ceramics – an overviewAraceli de Pablos Martín, Delia S. Brauer Chapter 2 Crystallisation of glasses and its impact on bioactivity and other propertiesAraceli de Pablos Martín, Delia S. Brauer Chapter 3 Bioactive glass S53P4 – from a statistically suggested composition to clinical successLeena Hupa and Nina C. Lindfors Chapter 4 Melt-Derived Bioactive Glasses: Beyond Silicate GlassesJonathan Massera Chapter 5 Borate bioactive glassSeiji Yamaguchi Chapter 6 Fabrication of bioactive structures from Sol-gel derived bioactive glass.D. Durgalakshmi and Anuj Kumar Chapter 7 Processing of Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for Bone Tissue EngineeringElisa Fiume, Carla Migneco, Saeid Kargozar, Enrica Verné, Francesco Baino Chapter 8 Strong, tough bioactive glasses and composite scaffoldsQiang Fu Chapter 9 Nano-Bioactive Glass: Advances and ApplicationsAhmed El-Fiqi Chapter 10 Tailoring the osteogenic properties of bioactive glasses by incorporation of therapeutic ions for orthopedic applicationsSebastian Wilkesmann, Fabian Westhauser Chapter 11 Bioactive glasses as carriers for the controlled release of therapeutic speciesMin Zhu, Yufang Zhu Chapter 12 Enhancing the biological performance of bioactive glasses by combination with phytotherapeutic compoundsKanwal Ilyas, Aldo R. Boccaccini Chapter 13 Bioactive Glass Based Coatings: Concepts for Improving the Biocompatibility of Implantable MaterialsJ. Fletcher, W. Alles, T.J. Keenan, A.W. Wren Chapter 14 Laser cladding and laser direct glass deposition of bioactive glass and glass-ceramicsR. Comesaña, J. del Val, F. Quintero, A. Riveiro, F. Arias-González, M. Boutinguiza, F. Lusquiños, J. Pou Chapter 15 Laser-assisted processing of CaSiO3‒Ca3(PO4)2 bioactive eutectic glasses and glass-ceramics for functional applicationsDaniel J. Sola Chapter 16 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations of Bioactive Glasses and Glass-ceramicsMaziar Montazerian, Collin Wilkinson, John C. Mauro Chapter 17 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Bioactive GlassesSadaf Batool, Zakir Hussain, Usman Liaqat Chapter 18 Production of bioactive glass-ceramics for dental application through devitrification of glasses in the Na2O/K2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 systemKonstantinos Dimitriadis, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Simeon Agathopoulos Chapter 19 Applications of bioactive glasses for implants in the earMario Milazzo, Glauco Cristofaro, Stefano Berrettini, and Serena Danti Chapter 20 Bioactive glass: soft tissue reparative and regenerative applicationsShreyasi Majumdar, Smriti Gupta, Sairam Krishnamurthy Chapter 21 Bioactive Glasses as Biologically Active Materials for Healing of Skin WoundsTina Mehrabi, Abdorreza S. Mesgar, Zahra Mohammadi Chapter 22 Biocompatible Glasses Applied in Cancer Treatment: Magnetic Hyperthermia and BrachytherapyRoger Borges, Ana Carolina S. Souza, Luis Antonio Genova, Joel Machado Jr., Giselle Zenker Justo, Juliana Marchi Chapter 23 Bioactive glasses with antibacterial properties: mechanisms, compositions, and applicationsMostafa Awaid and Ilaria Cacciotti Index

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to the current research, major challenges, and future prospects of controlled drug delivery systems Controlled drug delivery has the potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcomes, increase clinical benefits, and enhance the safety of drugs in a wide range of diseases and health conditions. Fundamentals of Drug Delivery provides comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the essential principles and processes of modern controlled drug delivery systems. Featuring contributions by respected researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical industry professionals, this edited volume reviews the latest research in the field and addresses the many issues central to the development of effective, controlled drug delivery. Divided in three parts, the book begins by introducing the concept of drug delivery and discussing both challenges and opportunities within the rapidly evolving field. The second section presents an in-depth critique of the common administration routeTable of ContentsPreface xvii List of Contributors xix Part I Product Design, the Essence of Effective Therapeutics 1 1 Challenges and Innovations of Controlled Drug Delivery 3 Heather A.E. Benson and Michael S. Roberts 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Parenteral Dosage Forms 3 1.2.1 Intravenous Route (IV) 4 1.2.2 Intramuscular Route (IM) 5 1.2.3 Subcutaneous Route (SC) 5 1.2.4 Other Parenteral Routes 5 1.3 Oral Route and Delivery Systems 6 1.4 Nasal Drug Delivery 6 1.5 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 7 1.6 Transdermal Drug Delivery 7 1.7 Ocular Drug Delivery 9 1.8 Drug Delivery System Development Process 11 1.9 Conclusion 12 References 12 2 Challenges in Design of Drug Delivery Systems 15 S. Narasimha Murthy, Shivakumar H.N, and Sarasija Suresh 2.1 Drug Properties to be Considered in Design of Controlled Release Products 19 2.2 Physicochemical Factors that Need to be Considered in Design of CRDDS 19 2.2.1 Dose Size 19 2.2.2 MolecularWeight/Size 19 2.2.3 Aqueous Solubility 21 2.2.4 Lipid Solubility and Partition Coefficient 25 2.2.5 Physicochemical Stability 26 2.3 Biopharmaceutical Properties that Deserve Consideration in Design of Controlled Release Products 26 2.3.1 Biological Half-life 26 2.3.2 Absorption 27 2.3.3 Metabolism 30 2.3.4 Presystemic Clearance 32 2.3.5 Margin of Safety 32 2.3.6 Adverse Effects 33 2.3.7 Therapeutic Need 33 2.3.8 Role of Circadian Rhythm 34 2.4 Conclusion 35 References 35 3 Drug Delivery of the Future (?) 39 Adrian Williams 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Therapeutic Indicators 40 3.3 Drugs of the Future 43 3.4 Delivering the Drugs of the Future 45 3.5 A View to the Longer Term? 47 3.6 Conclusion 50 References 50 4 The Pharmaceutical Drug Development Process: Selecting a Suitable Drug Candidate 37 Lionel Trottet 4.1 The Oral Drug Candidate: How to Get There and Questions to Answer 53 4.2 Challenges for Selecting a Topical Drug Candidate 55 4.3 Percutaneous Flux as a Surrogate Measurement of Skin Tissue Concentration 57 4.4 Learnings from Past Topical Drug Development of Factors Affecting Efficacy 58 4.5 Dermal Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics 62 4.6 Assessment of Systemic Exposure 63 4.7 Screening Cascade Approach to Select a Dermal Drug Candidate 64 4.7.1 Efficacy (Lack of Target Engagement) 64 4.7.2 Developability 65 4.7.3 Local Safety 65 4.7.4 Systemic Safety 65 4.8 Opportunities for Repurposing Molecules into Dermally Active Treatments for Cosmeceutical or Pharmaceutical Approaches 66 4.9 Conclusion 66 References 67 5 Preformulation and Physicochemical Characterization Underpinning the Development of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 73 Ronak Savla and Julien Meissonnier 5.1 When Is a Controlled Drug Delivery System Needed? 73 5.2 Optimizing Drug Characteristics 74 5.3 Defining the Product Profile 75 5.4 Preformulation and Physicochemical Characterization Underpinning Development of CDD 77 5.4.1 Feasibility and Risk Assessment 78 5.4.2 Solubility and Dissolution Rate 79 5.4.3 Permeability 82 5.4.4 Drug and Drug Product Particle Sizes 83 5.4.5 Solid-State Chemistry 84 5.4.6 Stability 85 5.4.7 Excipient Compatibility 86 5.4.8 Bulk Powder Properties 87 5.4.9 Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Modeling 88 5.5 Conclusion 89 References 89 6 Mathematical Models Describing Kinetics Associated with Controlled Drug Delivery Across Membranes 95 Annette L. Bunge 6.1 Introduction 95 6.1.1 General Description 95 6.1.2 Governing Equations 98 6.1.3 Other Derived Quantities 100 6.1.4 Dimensionless Variables and Groups 102 6.2 Model Solutions 104 6.2.1 Type A Models –Well-Stirred Vehicle on One Membrane 104 6.2.2 Type B Models – Unstirred Semi-infinite Vehicle on One Membrane 140 6.2.3 Type C –Well Stirred Vehicle on Two Membranes in Series 145 6.3 Solution Methods 149 6.3.1 Separation of Variables Solutions 150 6.3.2 Laplace Transform Solutions 159 6.3.3 Useful Identities 169 References 169 7 Understanding Drug Delivery Outcomes: Progress in Microscopic Modeling of Skin Barrier Property, Permeation Pathway, Dermatopharmacokinetics, and Bioavailability 171 Guoping Lian, Tao Chen, Panayiotis Kattou, Senpei Yang, Lingyi Li, and Lujia Han 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Governing Equation 172 7.2.1 Homogenized Model 172 7.2.2 Microscopic Model 174 7.2.3 Numerical Methods 175 7.3 Input Parameters 176 7.3.1 SC Microstructure 176 7.3.2 SC Lipid–Water Partition 177 7.3.3 Diffusivity in SC Lipids 177 7.3.4 Binding to Keratin 179 7.3.5 Diffusivity in Corneocytes 181 7.3.6 Solute Diffusivity and Partition in Sebum 181 7.4 Application 183 7.4.1 Steady-State 183 7.4.2 Dermatopharmacokinetics 184 7.4.3 Systemic Pharmacokinetics 184 7.4.4 Shunt Pathway 185 7.5 Perspective 186 References 188 8 Role of Membrane Transporters in Drug Disposition 193 Hong Yang and Yan Shu 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Distribution of Major Drug Transporters in Human Tissues 194 8.2.1 Major Drug Transporters in the Intestine 194 8.2.1.3 Expression of Drug Transporters in Different Intestinal Regions 197 8.2.2 Major Drug Transporters in the Liver 197 8.2.3 Major Drug Transporters in the Kidney 199 8.2.4 Major Drug Transporters in the Central Nervous System (CNS) 201 8.2.5 Major Drug Transporters in Other Tissues 202 8.3 Role of Drug Transporters in Drug Disposition 205 8.3.1 Role of P-gp in Drug Disposition 206 8.3.2 Role of BCRP in Drug Disposition 207 8.3.3 Role of BSEP in Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury 214 8.3.4 Role of MRPs (MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4) in Drug Disposition 214 8.3.5 Role of OATPs (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1) in Drug Disposition 215 8.3.6 Role of OATs (OAT1 and OAT3) in Drug Disposition 216 8.3.7 Role of OCTs (OCT1 and OCT2)/MATEs (MATE1 and MATE2-K) in Drug Disposition 217 8.4 Closing Remarks 218 References 219 Part II Challenges in Controlled Drug Delivery and Advanced Delivery Technologies 231 9 Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Biologics 233 May Wenche Jøraholmen, Selenia Ternullo, Ann Mari Holsæter, Gøril Eide Flaten, and Nataša Škalko-Basnet 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Considerations in Biologics Product Development 234 9.2.1 Challenges Specific to the Route of Administration 234 9.2.2 Challenges Related to Parenteral Administration 234 9.2.3 Optimization of Dosage Regimens 234 9.3 Administration Routes for Biologics Delivery 235 9.3.1 Parenteral Route 235 9.3.2 Oral Route 236 9.3.3 Buccal Route 237 9.3.4 Sublingual Route 238 9.3.5 Pulmonary Route 238 9.3.6 Intranasal Route 239 9.3.7 Trans(dermal) Delivery 240 9.3.8 Dermal Delivery of Growth Hormones 243 9.3.9 Vaginal Route 247 9.4 Conclusion 251 References 251 10 Recent Advances in Cell-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Nanomedicine and Imaging 263 Li Li and Zhi Qi 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Cell Types and Modification for Therapeutic Agent Delivery 264 10.2.1 Cell Types 264 10.2.2 Cargo Loading Methods 269 10.3 Imaging and Tracking of Cell-Based Delivery Systems 270 10.3.1 MRI 271 10.3.2 PET 272 10.3.3 X-Ray Imaging 272 10.3.4 Multimodal Imaging Techniques 272 10.4 Cell-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Disease Treatment 272 10.4.1 Cancer Therapy 272 10.4.2 Immunotherapy 272 10.4.3 Brain-Related Diseases 274 10.4.4 Inflammatory Diseases 274 10.4.5 Theranostic Application 275 10.4.6 Others 275 10.5 The Mechanism of Cell-Mediated Delivery Systems for the Cell Therapies 275 10.5.1 Detoxification 276 10.5.2 Adhesive Mechanism 277 10.5.3 Homing Mechanism 278 10.6 The Administration Approach of Cell-Assist Drug Delivery System 278 10.7 Clinical Application of Cell-Based Delivery Systems 279 10.8 Conclusion and Outlook 279 References 280 11 Overcoming the Translational Gap – Nanotechnology in Dermal Drug Delivery 285 Christian Zoschke and Monika Schäfer-Korting 11.1 Nanotechnology – Failure or Future in Drug Delivery? 285 11.2 Identification of the Clinical Need 286 11.3 Nanoparticle Design and Physicochemical Characterization 289 11.4 Biomedical Studies 294 11.4.1 Atopic Dermatitis 294 11.4.2 Psoriasis 295 11.4.3 Ichthyosis 296 11.4.4 Wound Healing 297 11.4.5 Infections 297 11.4.6 Skin Cancer 298 11.4.7 Alopecia Areata 299 11.5 Approaches to Fill the Translational Gaps in Nanotechnology 299 References 303 12 Theranostic Nanoparticles for Imaging and Targeted Drug Delivery to the Liver 311 Haolu Wang, Haotian Yang, Qi Ruan, Michael S. Roberts, and Xiaowen Liang 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 The Types of Theranostic NPs 312 12.2.1 Lipid- and Polymer-Based NPs 312 12.2.2 Mesoporous Silica NPs 312 12.2.3 Bio-nanocapsules 313 12.2.4 Iron Oxide NPs 313 12.3 Mechanisms of NPs Targeting the Liver 313 12.3.1 Passive Targeting to the Liver 313 12.3.2 Active Targeting to the Liver 314 12.3.3 Strategies for Combining Passive and Active Targeting 315 12.4 NPs in Liver Target Imaging 315 12.4.1 NP-Based Contrast Agents in Liver MRI 315 12.4.2 NP-Based Contrast Agents in Liver CT Imaging 316 12.4.3 NPs for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in Liver 316 12.5 NPs for Therapeutic and Drug Delivery in Liver Disease 316 12.5.1 NP Delivery System in HCC 316 12.5.2 NP Delivery System in Non-tumoral Liver Disease 318 12.6 Theranostic NPs in Liver Diseases 318 12.7 Conclusions 322 References 323 13 Toxicology and Safety of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System 329 Klintean Wunnapuk 13.1 Introduction 329 13.2 Lipid-Based Nanocarrier: Liposomes 329 13.3 Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Liposomes 330 13.4 Biodistribution, Clearance and Toxicity of Liposomes 331 13.4.1 Effect of Lipid Compositions on Liposome Distribution and Blood Circulation 331 13.4.2 Effect of Surface Charge on Liposome Distribution and Blood Circulation 333 13.4.3 Effect of Size on Liposome Distribution and Blood Circulation 333 13.5 Application of Liposomes in Drug Delivery 334 13.6 Inorganic Nanocarrier: Carbon Nanotubes 336 13.7 Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes 337 13.8 Biodistribution, Clearance, and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 337 13.9 Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery 342 13.10 Conclusion 342 References 342 Part III Administrative Routes for Controlled Drug Delivery 349 14 Controlled Drug Delivery via the Ocular Route 351 Peter W.J. Morrison and Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy 14.1 Introduction 351 14.2 Physiology of the Eye 352 14.2.1 Ocular Membranes; Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Sclera 353 14.2.2 Internal Ocular Structures 354 14.2.3 Anterior Chamber, Lens, and Vitreous Body 355 14.3 Ocular Disorders 355 14.3.1 Periocular Disorders 355 14.3.2 Intraocular Disorders 356 14.4 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 357 14.4.1 Formulation Strategies 358 14.4.2 Mucoadhesive Systems 358 14.4.3 Solution to Gel In Situ Gelling Systems 359 14.4.4 Penetration Enhancers 361 14.4.5 Contact Lenses and Ocular Inserts 364 14.4.6 Intraocular Systems (Implants, Injectables, and Degradable Microparticles) 366 14.4.7 Phonophoresis and Ionophoresis 367 14.4.8 Topical Prodrugs 368 14.4.9 Microneedle Systems 368 14.5 Conclusions 369 References 370 15 Controlled Drug Delivery via the Otic Route 377 Jinsong Hao and S. Kevin Li 15.1 Introduction 377 15.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Otic Route 377 15.2.1 Anatomy of the Otic Route 377 15.2.2 Barriers Relevant to Inner Ear Drug Delivery 378 15.3 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 381 15.3.1 Intratympanic Administration 381 15.3.2 Trans-OvalWindow Administration 384 15.3.3 Intracochlear Administration 385 15.4 Conclusions 388 References 388 16 Controlled Drug Delivery via the Nasal Route 393 Barbara R. Conway and Muhammad U. Ghori 16.1 Introduction 393 16.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose 393 16.3 Absorption from the Nasal Cavity 395 16.3.1 The Epithelial Barrier 395 16.3.2 Absorption 395 16.4 Mucus and Mucociliary Clearance 398 16.5 Drug Delivery Systems 399 16.5.1 Solutions and Suspensions 400 16.5.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers 401 16.5.3 The Nasal Route and the Blood–Brain Barrier 415 16.5.4 The Nasal Route for Vaccinations 419 16.5.5 In Vitro/in Vivo Models for Nasal Absorption 421 16.6 Conclusion 423 References 423 17 Controlled Drug Delivery via the Buccal and Sublingual Routes 433 Javier O. Morales, Parameswara R. Vuddanda, and Sitaram Velaga 17.1 Introduction 433 17.2 Buccal and Sublingual Physiology and Barriers to Drug Delivery 434 17.2.1 Saliva and Mucus 434 17.2.2 Buccal and Sublingual Epithelium and Permeation Barrier 434 17.3 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 436 17.3.1 Tablets 436 17.3.2 Films 437 17.3.3 Gels, Ointments, and Liquid Formulations 438 17.3.4 Spray 438 17.3.5 Wafers 439 17.3.6 Lozenges 439 17.3.7 Advanced and Novel Drug Delivery Systems 439 17.4 Functional Excipients Used in Controlled Release Systems to Enhance Buccal and Sublingual Drug Bioavailability 440 17.4.1 Permeation Enhancers 440 17.4.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers 441 17.5 Conclusions 442 Acknowledgments 443 References 443 18 Controlled Drug Delivery via the Lung 449 María V. Ramírez-Rigo, Nazareth E. Ceschan, and Hugh D. C. Smyth 18.1 Introduction 449 18.2 The Relevant Physiology of the Route Including the Barriers to Drug Delivery 449 18.3 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 451 18.3.1 Formulations 451 18.3.2 Devices 459 18.4 Conclusions 464 Acknowledgments 464 References 464 19 Controlled Drug Delivery via the Vaginal and Rectal Routes 471 José das Neves and Bruno Sarmento 19.1 Introduction 471 19.2 Biological Features of the Vagina and Colorectum 472 19.2.1 Vagina 472 19.2.2 Colorectum 473 19.3 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 474 19.3.1 Vaginal Route 476 19.3.2 Rectal Route 489 19.4 Conclusions 494 Acknowledgments 494 References 494 20 Controlled Drug Delivery into and Through Skin 507 Adrian Williams 20.1 Introduction 507 20.1.1 Human Skin Structure and Function 507 20.1.2 Drug Transport Through Skin 512 20.2 Controlled Drug Delivery into and Through Skin 513 20.2.1 Skin Barrier Modulation 513 20.2.2 Controlled Release Transdermal and Topical Systems 515 20.2.2.5 Particles 520 20.2.3 Device-Based Controlled Delivery 522 20.3 Combination Approaches 528 20.4 Conclusions 528 References 529 Index 535

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Book SynopsisINTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR REHABILITATION ENGINEERING Encapsulates different case studies where technology can be used as assistive technology for the physically challenged, visually and hearing impaired. Rehabilitation engineering includes the development of technological solutions and devices to assist individuals with disabilities, while also supporting the recovery of the disabled who have lost their physical and cognitive functions. These systems can be designed and built to meet a wide range of needs that can help individuals with mobility, communication, vision, hearing, and cognition. The growing technological developments in machine learning, deep learning, robotics, virtual intelligence, etc., play an important role in rehabilitation engineering. Intelligent Systems for Rehabilitation Engineering focuses on trending research of intelligent systems in rehabilitation engineering which involves the design and development of innovative technologies and techniques including rehabili

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvi Foreword by Prof. Willis J. Tompkins xviii Foreword by Prof. Alan V. Oppenheim xix Preface xxii Acknowledgments xxviii Symbols and Abbreviations xxxi About the Companion Website xxxix 1 Introduction to Biomedical Signals 1 1.1 The Nature of Biomedical Signals 1 1.2 Examples of Biomedical Signals 4 1.2.1 The action potential of a cardiac myocyte 5 1.2.2 The action potential of a neuron 9 1.2.3 The electroneurogram (ENG) 10 1.2.4 The electromyogram (EMG) 12 1.2.5 The electrocardiogram (ECG) 20 1.2.6 The electroencephalogram (EEG) 29 1.2.7 Event-related potentials (ERPs) 35 1.2.8 The electrogastrogram (EGG) 36 1.2.9 The phonocardiogram (PCG) 37 1.2.10 The carotid pulse 40 1.2.11 The photoplethysmogram (PPG) 41 1.2.12 Signals from catheter-tip sensors 43 1.2.13 The speech signal 44 1.2.14 The vibroarthrogram (VAG) 48 1.2.15 The vibromyogram (VMG) 52 1.2.16 Otoacoustic emission (OAE) signals 52 1.2.17 Bioacoustic signals 52 1.3 Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis 52 1.4 Challenges in Biomedical Signal Analysis 55 1.5 Why Use Computer-aided Monitoring and Diagnosis? 58 1.6 Remarks 60 1.7 Study Questions and Problems 60 1.8 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 62 References 63 2 Analysis of Concurrent, Coupled, and Correlated Processes 71 2.1 Problem Statement 71 2.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 72 2.2.1 The ECG and the PCG 72 2.2.2 The PCG and the carotid pulse 73 2.2.3 The ECG and the atrial electrogram 73 2.2.4 Cardiorespiratory interaction 75 2.2.5 Heart-rate variability 75 2.2.6 The EMG and VMG 77 2.2.7 The knee-joint and muscle-vibration signals 77 2.3 Application: Segmentation of the PCG 78 2.4 Application: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Sleep Apnea 79 2.4.1 Monitoring of sleep apnea by polysomnography 80 2.4.2 Home monitoring of sleep apnea 80 2.4.3 Multivariate and multiorgan analysis 82 2.5 Remarks 85 2.6 Study Questions and Problems 85 2.7 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 86 References 86 3 Filtering for Removal of Artifacts 91 3.1 Problem Statement 91 3.2 Random, Structured, and Physiological Noise 92 3.2.1 Random noise 92 3.2.2 Structured noise 98 3.2.3 Physiological interference 98 3.2.4 Stationary, nonstationary, and cyclostationary processes 99 3.3 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 101 3.3.1 Noise in event-related potentials 102 3.3.2 High-frequency noise in the ECG 102 3.3.3 Motion artifact in the ECG 102 3.3.4 Power-line interference in ECG signals 103 3.3.5 Maternal ECG interference in fetal ECG 105 3.3.6 Muscle-contraction interference in VAG signals 105 3.3.7 Potential solutions to the problem 106 3.4 Fundamental Concepts of Filtering 106 3.4.1 Linear shift-invariant filters and convolution 107 3.4.2 Transform-domain analysis of signals and systems 117 3.4.3 The pole–zero plot 123 3.4.4 The Fourier transform 125 3.4.5 The discrete Fourier transform 126 3.4.6 Convolution using the DFT 131 3.4.7 Properties of the Fourier transform 133 3.5 Synchronized Averaging 135 3.6 Time-domain Filters 139 3.6.1 Moving-average filters 139 3.6.2 Derivative-based operators to remove low-frequency artifacts 145 3.6.3 Various specifications of a filter 152 3.7 Frequency-domain Filters 153 3.7.1 Removal of high-frequency noise: Butterworth lowpass filters 154 3.7.2 Removal of low-frequency noise: Butterworth highpass filters 161 3.7.3 Removal of periodic artifacts: Notch and comb filters 162 3.8 Order-statistic Filters 169 3.9 The Wiener Filter 171 3.10 Adaptive Filters for Removal of Interference 180 3.10.1 The adaptive noise canceler 181 3.10.2 The least-mean-squares adaptive filter 184 3.10.3 The RLS adaptive filter 185 3.11 Selecting an Appropriate Filter 190 3.12 Application: Removal of Artifacts in ERP Signals 193 3.13 Application: Removal of Artifacts in the ECG 196 3.14 Application: Maternal–Fetal ECG 197 3.15 Application: Muscle-contraction Interference 199 3.16 Remarks 202 3.17 Study Questions and Problems 202 3.18 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 208 References 209 4 Detection of Events 213 4.1 Problem Statement 213 4.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 214 4.2.1 The P, QRS, and T waves in the ECG 214 4.2.2 The first and second heart sounds 215 4.2.3 The dicrotic notch in the carotid pulse 215 4.2.4 EEG rhythms, waves, and transients 215 4.3 Detection of Events and Waves 218 4.3.1 Derivative-based methods for QRS detection 218 4.3.2 The Pan–Tompkins algorithm for QRS detection 220 4.3.3 Detection of the P wave in the ECG 224 4.3.4 Detection of the T wave in the ECG 226 4.3.5 Detection of the dicrotic notch 228 4.4 Correlation Analysis of EEG Rhythms 228 4.4.1 Detection of EEG rhythms 228 4.4.2 Template matching for EEG spike-and-wave detection 231 4.4.3 Detection of EEG rhythms related to seizure 234 4.5 Cross-spectral Techniques 235 4.5.1 Coherence analysis of EEG channels 235 4.6 The Matched Filter 237 4.6.1 Derivation of the transfer function of the matched filter 237 4.6.2 Detection of EEG spike-and-wave complexes 241 4.7 Homomorphic Filtering 242 4.7.1 Generalized linear filtering 244 4.7.2 Homomorphic deconvolution 244 4.7.3 Extraction of the vocal-tract response 245 4.8 Application: ECG Rhythm Analysis 253 4.9 Application: Identification of Heart Sounds 254 4.10 Application: Detection of the Aortic Component of S 2 256 4.11 Remarks 259 4.12 Study Questions and Problems 259 4.13 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 261 References 262 5 Analysis of Waveshape and Waveform Complexity 267 5.1 Problem Statement 267 5.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 268 5.2.1 The QRS complex in the case of bundle-branch block 268 5.2.2 The effect of myocardial ischemia on QRS waveshape 268 5.2.3 Ectopic beats 268 5.2.4 Complexity of the EMG interference pattern 268 5.2.5 PCG intensity patterns 269 5.3 Analysis of ERPs 269 5.4 Morphological Analysis of ECG Waves 269 5.4.1 Correlation coefficient 270 5.4.2 The minimum-phase correspondent and signal length 270 5.4.3 ECG waveform analysis 274 5.5 Envelope Extraction and Analysis 277 5.5.1 Amplitude demodulation 278 5.5.2 Synchronized averaging of PCG envelopes 280 5.5.3 The envelogram 281 5.6 Analysis of Activity 283 5.6.1 The RMS value 283 5.6.2 Zero-crossing rate 285 5.6.3 Turns count 285 5.6.4 Form factor 286 5.7 Application: Normal and Ectopic ECG Beats 287 5.8 Application: Analysis of Exercise ECG 288 5.9 Application: Analysis of the EMG in Relation to Force 290 5.10 Application: Analysis of Respiration 292 5.11 Application: Correlates of Muscular Contraction 294 5.12 Application: Statistical Analysis of VAG Signals 295 5.12.1 Acquisition of knee-joint VAG signals 297 5.12.2 Estimation of the PDFs of VAG signals 297 5.12.3 Screening of VAG signals using statistical parameters 299 5.13 Application: Fractal Analysis of the EMG in Relation to Force 302 5.13.1 Fractals in nature 302 5.13.2 Fractal dimension 303 5.13.3 Fractal analysis of physiological signals 304 5.13.4 Fractal analysis of EMG signals 305 5.14 Remarks 306 5.15 Study Questions and Problems 307 5.16 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 309 References 310 6 Frequency-domain Characterization of Signals and Systems 317 6.1 Problem Statement 318 6.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 318 6.2.1 The effect of myocardial elasticity on heart sound spectra 318 6.2.2 Frequency analysis of murmurs to diagnose valvular defects 319 6.3 Estimation of the PSD 321 6.3.1 Considerations in the computation of the ACF 321 6.3.2 The periodogram 323 6.3.3 The need for averaging PSDs 325 6.3.4 The use of windows: spectral resolution and leakage 326 6.3.5 Estimation of the ACF from the PSD 330 6.3.6 Synchronized averaging of PCG spectra 331 6.4 Measures Derived from PSDs 333 6.4.1 Moments of PSD functions 334 6.4.2 Spectral power ratios 337 6.5 Application: Evaluation of Prosthetic Heart Valves 337 6.6 Application: Fractal Analysis of VAG Signals 339 6.6.1 Fractals and the 1/f model 339 6.6.2 F D via power spectral analysis 341 6.6.3 Examples of synthesized fractal signals 341 6.6.4 Fractal analysis of segments of VAG signals 342 6.7 Application: Spectral Analysis of EEG Signals 345 6.8 Remarks 349 6.9 Study Questions and Problems 350 6.10 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 351 References 353 7 Modeling of Biomedical Signal-generating Processes and Systems 357 7.1 Problem Statement 357 7.2 Illustration of the Problem 358 7.2.1 Motor-unit firing patterns 358 7.2.2 Cardiac rhythm 358 7.2.3 Formants and pitch in speech 359 7.2.4 Patellofemoral crepitus 360 7.3 Point Processes 360 7.4 Parametric System Modeling 365 7.5 Autoregressive or All-pole Modeling 369 7.5.1 Spectral matching and parameterization 374 7.5.2 Optimal model order 377 7.5.3 AR and cepstral coefficients 384 7.6 Pole–Zero Modeling 384 7.6.1 Sequential estimation of poles and zeros 387 7.6.2 Iterative system identification 389 7.6.3 Homomorphic prediction and modeling 393 7.7 Electromechanical Models of Signal Generation 395 7.7.1 Modeling of respiratory sounds 396 7.7.2 Modeling sound generation in coronary arteries 400 7.7.3 Modeling sound generation in knee joints 402 7.8 Electrophysiological Models of the Heart 404 7.8.1 Electrophysiological modeling at the cellular level 405 7.8.2 Electrophysiological modeling at the tissue and organ levels 410 7.8.3 Extensions to the models of the heart 412 7.8.4 Challenges and future considerations in modeling the heart 414 7.9 Application: Heart-rate Variability 416 7.10 Application: Spectral Modeling and Analysis of PCG Signals 418 7.11 Application: Coronary Artery Disease 421 7.12 Remarks 423 7.13 Study Questions and Problems 424 7.14 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 425 References 426 8 Adaptive Analysis of Nonstationary Signals 431 8.1 Problem Statement 432 8.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 432 8.2.1 Heart sounds and murmurs 432 8.2.2 EEG rhythms and waves 433 8.2.3 Articular cartilage damage and knee-joint vibration 433 8.3 Time-variant Systems 435 8.3.1 Characterization of nonstationary signals and dynamic systems 436 8.4 Fixed Segmentation 438 8.4.1 The short-time Fourier transform 438 8.4.2 Considerations in short-time analysis 441 8.5 Adaptive Segmentation 445 8.5.1 Spectral error measure 445 8.5.2 ACF distance 450 8.5.3 The generalized likelihood ratio 450 8.5.4 Comparative analysis of the ACF, SEM, and GLR methods 452 8.6 Use of Adaptive Filters for Segmentation 452 8.6.1 Monitoring the RLS filter 453 8.6.2 The RLS lattice filter 456 8.7 The Kalman Filter 463 8.8 Wavelet Analysis 474 8.8.1 Approximation of a signal using wavelets 474 8.9 Bilinear TFDs 479 8.10 Application: Adaptive Segmentation of EEG Signals 485 8.11 Application: Adaptive Segmentation of PCG Signals 489 8.12 Application: Time-varying Analysis of HRV 490 8.13 Application: Analysis of Crying Sounds of Infants 493 8.14 Application: Wavelet Denoising of PPG Signals 493 8.15 Application: Wavelet Analysis for CPR Studies 494 8.16 Application: Detection of Ventricular Fibrillation in ECG Signals 499 8.17 Application: Detection of Epileptic Seizures in EEG Signals 503 8.18 Application: Neural Decoding for Control of Prostheses 505 8.19 Remarks 506 8.20 Study Questions and Problems 507 8.21 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 507 References 508 9 Signal Analysis via Adaptive Decomposition 515 9.1 Problem Statement 517 9.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 517 9.2.1 Separation of the fetal ECG from a single-channel abdominal Ecg 517 9.2.2 Patient-specific EEG channel selection for BCI applications 518 9.2.3 Detection of microvolt T-wave alternans in long-term ECG recordings 518 9.3 Matching Pursuit 518 9.4 Empirical Mode Decomposition 520 9.4.1 Variants of empirical mode decomposition 521 9.5 Dictionary Learning 523 9.6 Decomposition-based Adaptive TFD 525 9.7 Separation of Mixtures of Signals 531 9.7.1 Principal component analysis 533 9.7.2 Independent component analysis 539 9.7.3 Nonnegative matrix factorization 542 9.7.4 Comparison of PCA, ICA, and NMF 546 9.8 Application: Detection of Epileptic Seizures Using Dictionary Learning Methods 553 9.9 Application: Adaptive Time–Frequency Analysis of VAG Signals 560 9.10 Application: Detection of T-wave Alternans in ECG Signals 568 9.11 Application: Extraction of the Fetal ECG from Single-channel Maternal ECG 572 9.12 Application: EEG Analysis for Brain–Computer Interfaces 577 9.12.1 NMF-based channel selection 579 9.12.2 Feature extraction 579 9.13 Remarks 586 9.14 Study Questions and Problems 586 9.15 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 586 References 587 10 Computer-aided Diagnosis and Healthcare 595 10.1 Problem Statement 596 10.2 Illustration of the Problem with Case Studies 596 10.2.1 Diagnosis of bundle-branch block 596 10.2.2 Normal or ectopic ECG beat? 597 10.2.3 Is there an alpha rhythm? 598 10.2.4 Is a murmur present? 598 10.2.5 Detection of sleep apnea using multimodal biomedical signals 598 10.3 Pattern Classification 599 10.4 Supervised Pattern Classification 600 10.4.1 Discriminant and decision functions 600 10.4.2 Fisher linear discriminant analysis 601 10.4.3 Distance functions 605 10.4.4 The nearest-neighbor rule 605 10.4.5 The support vector machine 606 10.5 Unsupervised Pattern Classification 607 10.5.1 Cluster-seeking methods 607 10.6 Probabilistic Models and Statistical Decision 611 10.6.1 Likelihood functions and statistical decision 611 10.6.2 Bayes classifier for normal patterns 613 10.7 Logistic Regression Analysis 614 10.8 Neural Networks 615 10.8.1 ANNs with radial basis functions 617 10.8.2 Deep learning 620 10.9 Measures of Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost 620 10.9.1 Receiver operating characteristics 623 10.9.2 McNemar’s test of symmetry 625 10.10 Reliability of Features, Classifiers, and Decisions 627 10.10.1 Separability of features 628 10.10.2 Feature selection 630 10.10.3 The training and test steps 631 10.11 Application: Normal versus Ectopic ECG Beats 633 10.11.1 Classification with a linear discriminant function 633 10.11.2 Application of the Bayes classifier 637 10.11.3 Classification using the K-means method 637 10.12 Application: Detection of Knee-joint Cartilage Pathology 637 10.13 Application: Detection of Sleep Apnea 644 10.14 Application: Monitoring Parkinson’s Disease Using Multimodal Signal Analysis 647 10.15 Strengths and Limitations of CAD 650 10.16 Remarks 656 10.17 Study Questions and Problems 657 10.18 Laboratory Exercises and Projects 658 References 659 Index 665

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Machine Learning–Assisted Remote Patient Monitoring with Data Analytics 1Vinutha D. C., Kavyashree and G. T. Raju 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Traditional Patient Monitoring System 2 1.1.2 Remote Monitoring System 3 1.1.3 Challenges in RPM 4 1.2 Literature Survey 5 1.2.1 Machine Learning Approaches in Patient Monitoring 7 1.3 Machine Learning in RPM 8 1.3.1 Support Vector Machine 9 1.3.2 Decision Tree 10 1.3.3 Random Forest 11 1.3.4 Logistic Regression 11 1.3.5 Genetic Algorithm 12 1.3.6 Simple Linear Regression 12 1.3.7 KNN Algorithm 13 1.3.8 Naive Bayes Algorithm 14 1.4 System Architecture 15 1.4.1 Data Collection 16 1.4.2 Data Pre-Processing 17 1.4.3 Apply Machine Learning Algorithm and Prediction 18 1.5 Results 21 1.6 Future Enhancement 23 1.7 Conclusion 24 References 24 2 A Survey on Recent Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy 27Priyadharsini C., Jagadeesh Kannan R. and Farookh Khadeer Hussain 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Diabetic Retinopathy 28 2.2.1 Features of DR 28 2.2.2 Stages of DR 29 2.3 Overview of DL Models 31 2.3.1 Convolution Neural Network 31 2.3.2 Autoencoders 32 2.3.3 Boltzmann Machine and Deep Belief Network 32 2.4 Data Set 33 2.5 Performance Metrics 34 2.6 Literature Survey 36 2.6.1 Segmentation of Blood Vessels 36 2.6.2 Optic Disc Feature 49 2.6.3 Lesion Detections 50 2.6.3.1 Exudate Detection 50 2.6.3.2 MA and HM 51 2.6.4 DR Classification 51 2.7 Discussion and Future Directions 52 2.8 Conclusion 53 References 53 3 A New Improved Cryptography Method-Based e-Health Application in Cloud Computing Environment 59Dipesh Kumar, Nirupama Mandal and Yugal Kumar 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Contribution 61 3.2 Motivation 62 3.3 Related Works 62 3.4 Challenges 64 3.5 Proposed Work 64 3.6 Proposed Algorithm for Encryption 66 3.6.1 Demonstration of Encryption Algorithm 66 3.6.1.1 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Even 66 3.6.1.2 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Odd 69 3.6.2 Flowchart for Encryption 72 3.7 Algorithm for Decryption 73 3.7.1 Demonstration of Decryption Algorithm 73 3.7.1.1 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Even 73 3.7.1.2 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Odd 75 3.7.2 Flowchart of Decryption Algorithm 78 3.8 Experiment and Result 78 3.9 Conclusion 80 References 80 4 Cutaneous Disease Optimization Using Teledermatology Underresourced Clinics 85Supriya M., Murugan K., Shanmugaraja T. and Venkatesh T. 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Materials and Methods 87 4.2.1 Clinical Setting and Teledermatology Workflow 87 4.2.2 Study Design, Data Collection, and Analysis 87 4.3 Proposed System 88 4.3.1 Teledermatology in an Underresourced Clinic 88 4.3.2 Teledermatology Consultations from Uninsured Patients 89 4.3.3 Teledermatology for Patients Lacking Access to Dermatologists 90 4.3.4 Teledermatologist Management from Nonspecialists 92 4.3.5 Segment Factors of Referring PCPs and Their Patients 93 4.3.6 Teledermatology Operational Considerations 94 4.3.7 Instruction of PCPs 94 4.4 Challenges 95 4.5 Results and Discussion 95 4.5.1 Challenges of Referring to Teledermatology Services 96 References 98 5 Cognitive Assessment Based on Eye Tracking Using Device-Embedded Cameras via Tele-Neuropsychology 101Shanmugaraja T., Venkatesh T., Supriya M. and Murugan K. 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Materials and Methods 102 5.3 Framework Elements 102 5.3.1 Eye Tracker Camera 102 5.3.2 Test Construction 103 5.3.3 Web Camera 106 5.3.4 Camera for Eye Tracking 106 5.4 Proposed System 106 5.4.1 Camera for Tracking Eye 106 5.4.2 Web Camera 108 5.4.3 Scoring 108 5.4.4 Eye Tracking Camera 108 5.4.5 Web Camera Human-Coded Scoring 108 5.5 Subjects 109 5.5.1 Characteristics of Subject 109 5.6 Methodology 110 5.6.1 Analysis of Data 110 5.7 Results 110 5.8 Discussion 112 5.9 Conclusion 114 References 115 6 Fuzzy-Based Patient Health Monitoring System 117Venkatesh T., Murugan K., Supriya M., Shanmugaraja T. and Rekha Chakravarthi 6.1 Introduction 118 6.1.1 General Problem 119 6.1.2 Existing Patient Monitoring and Diagnosis Systems 119 6.1.3 Fuzzy Logic Systems 120 6.2 System Design 122 6.2.1 Hardware Requirements 122 6.2.1.1 Functional Requirements 123 6.2.1.2 Nonfunctional Specifications 125 6.3 Software Architecture 125 6.3.1 The Data Acquisition Unit (DAQ) Application Programmable Interface (API) 126 6.3.2 Flowchart—API 128 6.3.3 Foreign Tag IDs 129 6.3.4 Database Manager 130 6.3.5 Database Designing 130 6.3.6 The Fuzzy Logic System 131 6.3.6.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic 131 6.3.6.2 The Modified Prior Alerting Score (MPAS) 132 6.3.6.3 Structure of the Fuzzy Logic System 134 6.3.7 Designing a System in Fuzzy 135 6.3.7.1 Input Variables 135 6.3.7.2 The Output Variable 138 6.4 Results and Discussion 140 6.4.1 Hardware Sensors Validation 140 6.4.2 Implementations, Testing, and Evaluation of the Fuzzy Logic Engine 141 6.4.3 Normal Group (NRM) 146 6.4.4 Low Risk Group 146 6.4.5 High Risk Group (HRG) 153 6.5 Conclusions and Future Work 155 6.5.1 Summary and Concluding Remarks 155 6.5.2 Future Directions 155 References 155 7 Artificial Intelligence: A Key for Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest Radiography 159C. Vinothini, P. Anitha, Priya J., Abirami A. and Akash S. 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Related Work 162 7.2.1 Traditional Approach 162 7.2.2 Deep Learning–Based Approach 163 7.3 Materials and Methods 163 7.3.1 Data Set and Data Pre-Processing 163 7.3.2 Proposed Model 165 7.4 Experiment and Result 171 7.4.1 Experiment Setup 171 7.4.2 Comparison with Other Models 173 7.5 Results 174 7.6 Conclusion 175 References 176 8 An Efficient IoT Framework for Patient Monitoring and Predicting Heart Disease Based on Machine Learning Algorithms 179Shanthi S., Nidhya R., Uma Perumal and Manish Kumar 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Literature Survey 182 8.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 183 8.4 Problem Statement 184 8.5 Proposed Work 185 8.5.1 Data Set Description 185 8.5.2 Collection of Values Through Sensor Nodes 186 8.5.3 Storage of Data in Cloud 187 8.5.4 Prediction with Machine Learning Algorithms 188 8.5.4.1 Data Cleaning and Preparation 188 8.5.4.2 Data Splitting 189 8.5.4.3 Training and Testing 189 8.5.5 Machine Learning Algorithms 189 8.5.5.1 Naive Bayes Algorithm 189 8.5.5.2 Decision Tree Algorithm 190 8.5.5.3 K-Neighbors Classifier 191 8.5.5.4 Logistic Regression 192 8.6 Performance Analysis and Evaluation 192 8.7 Conclusion 197 References 197 9 BABW: Biometric-Based Authentication Using DWT and FFNN 201R. Kingsy Grace, M.S. Geetha Devasena and R. Manimegalai 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 Literature Survey 203 9.3 BABW: Biometric Authentication Using Brain Waves 208 9.4 Results and Discussion 211 9.5 Conclusion 215 References 216 10 Autism Screening Tools With Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods: A Review 221Pavithra D., Jayanthi A. N., Nidhya R. and Balamurugan S. 10.1 Introduction 222 10.2 Autism Screening Methods 223 10.2.1 Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning—3rd Version 224 10.2.2 Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers 224 10.2.3 Autism Behavior Checklist 224 10.2.4 Developmental Behavior Checklist-Early Screen 225 10.2.5 Childhood Autism Rating Scale Version 2 225 10.2.6 Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) 226 10.2.7 Early Screening for Autistic Traits 226 10.2.8 Autism Spectrum Quotient 226 10.2.9 Social Communication Questionnaire 227 10.2.10 Child Behavior Check List 227 10.2.11 Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism 227 10.3 Machine Learning in ASD Screening and Diagnosis 228 10.4 DL in ASD Diagnosis 238 10.5 Conclusion 242 References 242 11 Drug Target Module Mining Using Biological Multifunctional Score-Based Coclustering 249R. Gowri and R. Rathipriya 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Literature Study 250 11.3 Materials and Methods 253 11.3.1 Biological Terminologies 253 11.3.2 Functional Coherence 256 11.3.3 Biological Significances 257 11.3.4 Existing Approach: MR-CoC 257 11.4 Proposed Approach: MR-CoCmulti 258 11.4.1 Biological Score Measures for DTM 259 11.4.2 Multifunctional Score-Based Co-Clustering Approach 259 11.5 Experimental Analysis 264 11.5.1 Experimental Results 265 11.6 Discussion 280 11.7 Conclusion 280 Acknowledgment 281 References 281 12 The Ascendant Role of Machine Learning Algorithms in the Prediction of Breast Cancer and Treatment Using Telehealth 285Jothi K.R., Oswalt Manoj S., Ananya Singhal and Suruchi Parashar 12.1 Introduction 286 12.1.1 Objective 287 12.1.2 Description and Goals 287 12.1.2.1 Data Exploration 288 12.1.2.2 Data Pre-Processing 288 12.1.2.3 Feature Scaling 288 12.1.2.4 Model Selection and Evaluation 288 12.2 Literature Review 289 12.3 Architecture Design and Implementation 304 12.4 Results and Discussion 310 12.5 Conclusion 312 12.6 Future Work 313 References 314 13 Remote Patient Monitoring: Data Sharing and Prediction Using Machine Learning 317Mohammed Hameed Alhameed, S. Shanthi, Uma Perumal and Fathe Jeribi 13.1 Introduction 318 13.1.1 Patient Monitoring in Healthcare System 318 13.2 Literature Survey 321 13.3 Problem Statement 322 13.4 Machine Learning 322 13.4.1 Introduction 322 13.4.2 Cloud Computing 324 13.4.3 Design and Architecture 325 13.5 Proposed System 326 13.6 Results and Discussions 331 13.7 Privacy and Security Challenges 333 13.8 Conclusions and Future Enhancement 334 References 335 14 Investigations on Machine Learning Models to Envisage Coronavirus in Patients 339R. Sabitha, J. Shanthini, R.M. Bhavadharini and S. Karthik 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 Categories of ML Algorithms in Healthcare 341 14.3 Why ML to Fight COVID-19? Tools and Techniques 343 14.4 Highlights of ML Algorithms Under Consideration 344 14.5 Experimentation and Investigation 349 14.6 Comparative Analysis of the Algorithms 353 14.7 Scope of Enhancement for Better Investigation 354 References 356 15 Healthcare Informatics: Emerging Trends, Challenges, and Analysis of Medical Imaging 359G. Karthick and N.S. Nithya 15.1 Emerging Trends and Challenges in Healthcare Informatics 360 15.1.1 Advanced Technologies in Healthcare Informatics 360 15.1.2 Intelligent Smart Healthcare Devices Using IoT With DL 361 15.1.3 Cyber Security in Healthcare Informatics 362 15.1.4 Trends, Challenges, and Issues in Healthcare IT Analytics 363 15.2 Performance Analysis of Medical Image Compression Using Wavelet Functions 364 15.2.1 Introduction 364 15.2.2 Materials and Methods 366 15.2.3 Wavelet Basis Functions 367 15.2.3.1 Haar Wavelet 367 15.2.3.2 db Wavelet 368 15.2.3.3 bior Wavelet 368 15.2.3.4 rbio Wavelet 368 15.2.3.5 Symlets Wavelet 369 15.2.3.6 coif Wavelet 369 15.2.3.7 dmey Wavelet 369 15.2.3.8 fk Wavelet 369 15.2.4 Compression Methods 370 15.2.4.1 Embedded Zero-Trees of Wavelet Transform 370 15.2.4.2 Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees 370 15.2.4.3 Adaptively Scanned Wavelet Difference Reduction 370 15.2.4.4 Coefficient Thresholding 371 15.3 Results and Discussion 371 15.3.1 Mean Square Error 371 15.3.2 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio 371 15.4 Conclusion 380 15.4.1 Summary 380 References 380 Index 383

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Book SynopsisNANOMATERIALS IN CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS In this rapidly developing field, the book focuses on the practical elements of nanomaterial creation, characterization, and development, as well as their usage in clinical research. Nanotechnology-based applications is a rapidly growing field encompassing a diverse range of disciplines that impact our daily lives. Nanotechnology is being used to carry out large-scale reactions in practically every field of biotechnology and healthcare. The incredible progress being made in these applications is particularly true for the healthcare sector, where they are used in cancer detection and treatment, medical implants, tissue engineering, and so forth. Expansions in this discipline are expected to continue in the future, resulting in the creation of a variety of life-saving medical technology and treatment procedures. The primary goal of this book is to disseminate information on nanotechnology's applications in the biological scieTable of ContentsPreface xix Part 1: History and Basic Principles of Nanotechnology 1 1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 3 Rekha Sharma, Kritika S. Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Nanoscale Materials: Importance 5 1.3 Nanotechnology: Historical Advances 8 1.4 Nanofabrication Methods in Nanotechnology 9 1.4.1 Top-Down Method 10 1.4.2 Bottom-Up Method 11 1.5 Carbon Nanoallotropes 13 1.5.1 Fullerene 13 1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 14 1.5.3 Graphene 15 1.6 Classification of the Nanomaterials 16 1.6.1 Based on Dimensions 16 1.6.2 Based on the Structural Configuration 17 1.7 Applications of Nanotechnology 18 1.7.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors 18 1.7.2 Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensors 20 1.7.3 Colloidal Nanoparticle-Based Plasmonic Sensors 21 1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 23 Acknowledgment 23 References 24 2 Functional Principal of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 33 Kalyanee Bera, Biva Ghosh and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Nanoparticles 36 2.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 37 2.4 Metal Nanoparticles 37 2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 38 2.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 39 2.4.3 Zinc Nanoparticles 39 2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles 40 2.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles 41 2.7 Lipid Nanoparticles 41 2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nanoparticles Made of Polymers) 42 2.8.1 Synthetic 43 2.8.2 Natural 43 2.9 Hydrogel 44 2.10 Nanofibers 45 2.11 Nanocomposites 45 2.12 Nanotechnologies for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis 46 2.12.1 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 46 2.12.2 Protein Microarrays/Chips 47 2.12.3 Nanobiosensors 48 2.12.4 PEBBLE Nanosensors (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding) 48 2.12.5 Quantum Dots 48 2.12.6 Fluorescence Microscopy for Chromosomal Changes 49 2.12.7 Nanobarcodes 49 2.12.8 Protein Biobarcode Assay 50 2.12.9 Cantilever Arrays 50 2.12.10 DNA-Protein and Nanoparticles Conjugates 51 2.12.11 Resonance Light Scattering Technology 52 2.12.12 Method of Colorimetric DNA Detection 52 2.12.13 Upcoming Phosphor Technology Based on Nanoparticles 53 2.13 Clinical Uses of Nanotechnology 53 2.13.1 Application of Nanocrystals in Immunohistochemistry 54 2.13.2 Detection of Illness Biomarkers 54 2.13.3 Disease Gene Detection 54 2.13.4 Detection of Microorganisms 55 2.13.5 Dental Nanotechnology 55 2.14 Nanofilm Applications 56 2.15 Nanomedicine Implementation 57 2.16 Future Prospects 58 2.17 Conclusion 58 References 59 3 Application of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research: Present and Future Prospects 75 Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 77 3.3 Classification 78 3.3.1 Nanomaterials 78 3.3.1.1 Nanocrystal 80 3.3.1.2 Nanostructures 81 3.3.2 Nanodevices 89 3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology 91 3.4.1 Drug Delivery 93 3.4.2 Cancer Treatment 93 3.4.3 Gene Therapy 95 3.4.4 Tissue Engineering 95 3.4.5 Wound Treatment 96 3.4.6 Visualization 96 3.4.7 Tuberculosis Treatment 97 3.4.8 In Ophthalmology 97 3.4.9 Neurodegenerative Treatment 97 3.4.10 Diabetes Treatment 98 3.4.11 Protein Detection 98 3.4.12 In Surgery 99 3.4.13 Antibiotic Resistance 99 3.4.14 Immune Response 99 3.4.15 Operative Dentistry 101 3.4.16 Diagnostic Techniques 102 3.5 Conclusion 103 Acknowledgment 103 References 104 Part 2: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials 115 4 Fermentation Process Versus Nanotechnology 117 Nabya Nehal, Anushka Mathur, Modhumita Ganguli and Priyanka Singh 4.1 Overview of Microbial Technology 118 4.1.1 Biological Methodologies for Extraction and Purification of Biomolecules 118 4.1.2 Recent Advancements in Bioprocess Technology 119 4.1.2.1 Genetic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis 120 4.1.2.2 Immobilization Techniques 120 4.2 Nanotechnology 123 4.2.1 Classification of Nanostructures 125 4.2.1.1 Organic Nanocarriers 126 4.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers 127 4.2.2 Self-Assembly 128 4.2.3 Methodology for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 129 4.3 Biogenic Sources 131 4.3.1 From Bacteria 131 4.3.2 Filamentous Fungi 133 4.3.3 Plants 135 4.3.4 Microalgae 135 4.4 The Extent of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Industrial Sectors 139 4.4.1 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sectors 143 4.4.2 Environmental Remediation 146 4.4.3 Food Sectors 148 References 158 5 Application of Geno-Sensors and Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for Gene Delivery 177 Sharmili Roy, Monalisha Ghosh Dastidar, Vivek Sharma, Beom Soo Kim and Rajiv Chandra Rajak 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Their Application in Gene Delivery 179 5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 180 5.2.2 Quantum Dots 181 5.2.3 Gold, Silver, and Platinum Nanoparticles 182 5.2.4 Graphene-Based Nanoparticles 186 5.3 Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 187 5.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 188 5.5 Protein, Lipid, and Peptide-Based Nanomaterials and Their Advantages for Gene Delivery 192 5.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Outlook 194 References 196 6 Flexuous Plant Viruses as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 205 De Swarnalok 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Plant Virus Particle Structures 207 6.2.1 Viruses With Icosahedral Symmetry 207 6.2.2 Viruses with Helical Symmetry 208 6.2.2.1 Rigid Rod-Like Viruses 208 6.2.2.2 Flexuous Filament-Like Viruses 209 6.3 Virus Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles 209 6.3.1 VNPs 209 6.3.2 VLPs 210 6.4 Production Platforms for VNPs and VLPs 210 6.4.1 VNPs/VLPs in Plants 211 6.4.2 VLPs via In Vitro Assembly 212 6.5 Functionalization of Viruses 212 6.5.1 Genetic Engineering 213 6.5.2 Chemical Conjugation 213 6.5.3 Other Functionalization Strategies 214 6.6 Uses of Flexuous Plant Viruses in Medicine 214 6.6.1 Vaccination and Immunotherapy 214 6.6.2 3D Tissue Engineering 215 6.6.3 Drug Delivery and Targeting 215 6.6.4 Bioimaging 216 6.6.5 Biosensing 217 6.7 Conclusions 217 References 218 7 Role of Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis 225 Tanya Kapoor, Md Azizur Rahman, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 227 7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles 227 7.4 Biochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles 228 7.5 Green Synthesis Approach for NPs 232 7.6 Plants’ Role in the Green Synthesis of NPs 232 7.7 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes 234 7.8 Nanoparticles Role in Photosynthesis 235 7.9 Applications of Green Synthesis NPs 235 7.10 Conclusion 237 References 237 8 Static DNA Nanostructures and Their Applications 245 Debalina Bhattacharya 8.1 Introduction 245 8.1.1 DNA Structure 245 8.1.2 Types of DNA Structures 247 8.2 Static DNA Nanostructures 247 8.2.1 DNA Tile Assembly 248 8.2.2 DNA Origami and Brick Assembly 251 8.3 DNA Origami Nanostructure 251 8.4 DNA Polyhedra 252 8.5 DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles 253 8.6 Stability in Biological Fluid and Cellular Uptake of DNA-NSs and DNA-NPs 254 8.7 Application 255 8.7.1 DNA Nanostructures as Biosensors 255 8.7.2 DNA in Therapeutics 257 8.7.3 Photo Thermal Therapy and Photo Dynamic Therapy 258 8.7.4 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors 259 8.7.5 DNA-Based Gene Delivery 260 8.7.6 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics 261 8.7.7 Conclusion 261 References 262 9 Protein-Based Nanostructures 269 Ditipriya Hazra and Amlan Roychowdhury 9.1 Introduction 269 9.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticle 270 9.3 Protein-Based Nanostructure 271 9.3.1 Oligomerization of Protein 272 9.3.2 Repeat Domain Proteins 273 9.3.3 Protein-Based 2D and 3D Lattice Assembly of Nanoparticles 274 9.3.4 Covalently Assembled Single Chain-Based Nanostructure 274 9.4 Application of Protein-Based Nanostructures in Therapeutics 275 9.4.1 Protein Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery 275 9.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines 275 9.4.3 Hydrogel 277 References 278 10 Nanocomposites-Based Biodegradable Polymers 285 Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Nanocomposite 287 10.3 Biodegradable Polymer 288 10.4 Biopolymer 289 10.5 Nanofillers 289 10.6 Cellulose and Its Sources 289 10.7 Nanocellulose 291 10.8 Nanocellulose Composite Processing 292 10.8.1 Melt Mixing Method 293 10.8.1.1 Injection Molding Method 294 10.8.1.2 Resin Transfer Molding Method 295 10.8.1.3 Extrusion Method 296 10.8.2 Solution Casting Method 297 10.8.3 Particle Suspensions Method 299 10.8.4 In-Situ Polymerization Method 300 10.8.5 Layer-by-Layer Lamination Method 303 10.9 Nanocomposites Used as Packaging Materials 305 10.10 Future Perspective and Application 306 10.11 Conclusions 307 References 308 11 Instrumentation for the Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials 317 Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Débora Kono Taketa Moreira, Yvan Jesus Olortiga Asencios, João Moreira Neto and Luiza Helena da Silva Martins 11.1 Introduction 318 11.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM] 319 11.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis [EDX] 320 11.4 Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM] 322 11.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM] 323 11.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [STM] 325 11.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 327 11.8 Raman Spectroscopy 329 11.9 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 330 11.10 X-Ray Diffraction [XRD] 332 11.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [XPS] 333 11.12 Zeta Potential 335 11.13 Conclusions 336 References 337 12 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 343 Monika Yadav, Sneha Upreti and Priyanka Singh 12.1 Introduction 344 12.2 Categorization of Nanoparticles 346 12.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 346 12.2.1.1 Polymeric Micelles 346 12.2.1.2 Nanosphere 347 12.2.1.3 Nanocapsules 347 12.2.1.4 Polymerosome 347 12.2.1.5 Nanogels 348 12.2.1.6 Dendrimers 348 12.2.1.7 Nanocomplex 349 12.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 349 12.2.2.1 Liposomes 349 12.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 349 12.2.2.3 Lipoplexes 349 12.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles 351 12.2.3.4 Quantum Dots 351 12.2.3.5 Nanocarbons 351 12.2.4 Bioinspired Nanoparticles 352 12.2.4.1 Exosomes 352 12.2.4.2 Protein Nanoparticles 352 12.2.4.3 DNA Nanostructures 352 12.2.5 Hybrid Nanoparticles 353 12.2.5.1 Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles 353 12.2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites 353 12.2.5.3 Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles (LPNs) 354 12.3 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications 354 12.3.1 Bacteria 355 12.3.2 Molds and Yeast 356 12.3.3 Microalgae 357 12.4 Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology 358 12.4.1 Food Nanotechnology 359 12.4.1.1 Food Processing 359 12.4.1.2 Food Packaging 359 12.4.2 Agriculture Nanotechnology 360 12.4.3 Enzyme Nanotechnology 360 12.5 Role of Nanoparticles in the Medical Field 361 12.5.1 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications 362 12.5.1.1 Drug Loading 362 12.5.1.2 Covalent Bonding (Prodrug) 362 12.5.1.3 Noncovalent Encapsulation 363 12.6 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 363 12.6.1 Application of NPs in Food Industry 364 12.6.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceuticals Industry 368 12.6.2.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Detection, Diagnosis and Imaging 369 12.6.2.2 In Drug Liberation 370 12.6.2.3 In Magnetic Partition and Recognition 372 12.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetic Sector 373 12.6.4 Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 375 12.6.4.1 Dendrimers in the Process of Bioremediation 376 12.6.4.2 Carbon Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 377 12.6.4.3 Biogenic Uraninite NMs in Bioremediation 378 12.7 Conclusion 378 References 379 13 Bio-Nanostructures: Applications and Perspectives 393 Tanya Kapoor, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash 13.1 Introduction 393 13.2 Classification of Nanostructures 394 13.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures 394 13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanostructures 394 13.2.3 Nanocellulose Nanostructures 395 13.2.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures 395 13.2.5 Silica-Based Nanostructures 396 13.3 Characterization Method of Nanostructures 396 13.4 Applications of Bio-Nanoparticles 401 13.5 Conclusion 404 References 405 Part 3: Application of Nanomaterials in Clinical Research 411 14 Nanomaterials for Tissue Grafting 413 Paramjeet Singh, Atanu Kotal and Avik Acharya Chowdhury 14.1 Introduction 414 14.2 Tissue Engineering 415 14.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 416 14.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 418 14.2.3 Tissue Grafting 420 14.3 What is Nanotechnology? 422 14.4 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles 423 14.4.1 Nanomaterials 423 14.4.1.1 Organic Nanomaterials 423 14.4.1.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 424 14.4.1.3 Composite Nanomaterials 424 14.4.2 Nanoparticles 425 14.4.2.1 Nanoparticles as Bioactive Agents 431 14.4.2.2 Scaffolds and Nanoparticles 431 14.5 Future Prospects 433 14.6 Conclusion 435 References 436 15 Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 441 Kaliyaperumal Rekha, Nalok Dutta, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Usman, Mihir Bhatta, Kunal Ghosh, Shaheer Arif and Muhammad Naeem 15.1 Introduction 442 15.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 442 15.3 Drug Nanocarriers Classification 444 15.4 Organic Nanocarriers 444 15.4.1 Liposomes 444 15.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 445 15.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles 446 15.4.4 Polymer Micelles 446 15.4.5 Dendrimers 446 15.4.6 Polymersomes 447 15.4.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 447 15.4.8 Mineral Nanoparticles 448 15.5 Tumor Targeting by Nanoparticles 448 15.6 Utilization of Nanoparticles in Imaging and Treatment for Cancer 449 15.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer 450 15.8 The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer 451 15.9 Conclusion 452 References 452 16 Nanoantibiotics 459 Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 16.1 Introduction 460 16.2 Nanoantibiotics—A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics? 461 16.3 Developmental Strategy of Nanoantibiotics Over Antibiotics 462 16.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoantibiotics 463 16.5 Common Functions of Nanoantibiotics 463 16.6 Nanomaterials—A Suitable Source of Nanoantibiotics 464 16.7 Types of Nanoantibiotics 465 16.7.1 Through Direct Formulations 465 16.7.1.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles 465 16.7.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 466 16.7.1.3 Nanoemulsions 466 16.7.1.4 Nanocomposites 466 16.7.2 Through Indirect Formulations 467 16.7.2.1 Polymers 467 16.7.2.2 Dendrimers 467 16.7.2.3 Hydrogels 468 16.7.2.4 Liposomes 468 16.8 Advantages of Nanoantibiotics 468 16.9 Disadvantages of Nanoantibiotics 469 16.10 Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Nanoantibiotics 469 16.11 Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Nanoantibiotics 470 16.12 Development of Targeted Therapy Using Nanoantibiotics 470 16.13 Future Prospects of Nanoantibiotics 471 16.14 Conclusion 471 References 472 17 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Its Use in Biomedicine 479 Arka Mukhopadhyay 17.1 Introduction 480 17.2 Biomedical Payloads 482 17.2.1 Imaging 482 17.2.1.1 Optical Imaging 482 17.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 486 17.2.1.3 Computed Tomography 486 17.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography 486 17.2.1.5 Photo Acoustic Tomography 486 17.2.1.6 Ultrasound 488 17.2.1.7 Multimodal Image Therapy 488 17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy 488 17.2.3 Targeted Gene Therapy 489 17.2.4 Photothermal Therapy 489 17.3 Carrier 490 17.3.1 Polymers 491 17.3.2 Lipids 491 17.3.3 Dendrimers 491 17.3.4 Inorganic Nanocarriers 492 17.4 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Applications 492 17.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 492 17.4.2 Quantum Dots 493 17.4.3 Anisotropic Nanoparticles 494 17.4.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles 494 17.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 495 17.4.6 Dendrimers 496 17.4.7 Other Nanomaterials 496 17.4.7.1 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles (GNPs) 496 17.4.7.2 Conjugated Polymers 498 17.5 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 499 17.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Future Perspectives 501 References 503 Appendix 509 Index 511

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Book SynopsisFUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS The book highlights established research and technology on current and emerging trends and biomedical applications of functionalized carbon nanotubes by providing academic researchers and scientists in industry, as well as high-tech start-ups, with knowledge of the modern practices that will revolutionize using functionalized carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology suggests fascinating opportunities for a variety of applications in biomedical fields, including bioimaging and targeted delivery of biomacromolecules into cells. Numerous strategies have been recommended to functionalize carbon nanotubes with raised solubility for efficient use in biomedical applications. Functionalized carbon nanotubes have unique arrangements and extravagant mechanical, thermal, magnetic, optical, electrical, surface, and chemical properties, and the combination of these features gives them widespread biomedical applications. Functionalized carbon nanotTable of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Overview of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 1 1 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 3 Sheerin Masroor 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Carbon Nanotube’s Classification 6 1.3 Structural and Morphological Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes 7 1.4 Synthetic Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes 8 1.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 9 1.6 Commercial Scale Use of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 12 1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 14 References 15 2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization 21 Neelam Sharma, Shubhra Pareek, Rahul Shrivastava and Debasis Behera 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Synthesis Methods 24 2.2.1 Arc Discharge 24 2.2.2 Laser Ablation 25 2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 26 2.3 Characterization 27 2.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 27 2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 28 2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 29 2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 29 2.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 30 2.3.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 31 2.3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 32 2.4 Functionalized Routes of CNTs 33 2.4.1 Surface Oxidation 33 2.4.2 Doping Heteroatoms 33 2.4.3 Alkali Activation 33 2.4.4 Sulfonation 34 2.4.5 Halogenation 34 2.4.6 Grafting 34 2.4.6.1 Grafting via Oxygen-Containing Groups 35 2.4.6.2 Grafting via Diazonium Compounds 36 2.4.6.3 Other Grafting Methods 37 2.4.7 Non-Covalent Functionalization of CNTs 37 2.4.8 Deposition on Functionalized CNTs 37 2.4.9 Physiochemical Approaches 38 2.4.10 Electrochemical Deposition 38 2.4.11 Electroless Deposition 39 2.5 Conclusion 39 References 40 3 Carbon Nanotubes: Types of Functionalization 49 Manilal Murmu, Debanjan Dey, Naresh Chandra Murmu and Priyabrata Banerjee 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 50 3.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 52 3.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 52 3.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 58 3.3.2.1 Reversibility in Non-Covalent Functionalization 63 3.3.2.2 Solvent Variation in Non-Covalent Functionalization 64 3.3.3.3 pH of the System in Non-Covalent Functionalization 64 3.3.3.4 Temperature Responsive System in Non-Covalent Functionalization 65 3.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 65 Acknowledgements 65 Web Links 66 References 66 4 Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes Innovate on Medical Technology 75 Afroz Aslam, Jeenat Aslam, Hilal Ahmad Parray and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Functionalization CNTs for Biomedical Applications 78 4.3 Potential Applications of CNTs in Cancer Therapy 79 4.3.1 Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy 80 4.3.2 Anti-Tumor Hyperthermia Therapy 80 4.3.3 Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy 81 4.3.4 Other Cancer Treatment Strategies 82 4.4 Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders 82 4.5 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 84 4.6 CNTs-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery 85 4.7 f-CNTs for Vaccination 86 4.8 Application of f-CNTs in Tissue Engineering 86 4.9 Conclusion 88 Important Websites 89 References 89 Part 2: Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Current and Emerging Biomedical Applications 95 5 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Biosensing 97 N. Palaniappan, Nidhi Vashistha and Ruby Aslam 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 CNTs-Based Biosensors 99 5.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 100 5.2.1.1 Electrochemical Enzyme Sensors 100 5.2.1.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors 101 5.2.1.3 Electrochemical DNA Sensors 102 5.2.1.4 Non-Biomolecule Based Electrochemical Sensors 104 5.2.2 Optical CNT Sensors 105 5.2.3 Field-Effect CNTs Sensors 106 5.2.4 CNT Human Strain Sensor 107 5.3 Conclusion 108 References 108 6 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery Systems 117 N. Palaniappan, Małgorzata Kujawska and Kader Poturcu 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Nanoparticles-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 121 6.3 Brain-Targeted Delivery 123 6.4 The Organic Molecules Functionalized CNTs as Drug Delivery Vehicles 125 6.5 Functionalized CNTs with Nanoparticles for Drug Active Molecular Mechanism 126 6.5.1 Future of Scope of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Application 126 6.6 Conclusion 127 References 127 7 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Therapy 139 Tejas Agnihotri, Tanuja Shinde, Manoj Gitte, Pankaj Kumar Paradia, Rakesh Kumar Tekade and Aakanchha Jain 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 Functionalized CNTs and Gene Therapy 141 7.3 Cellular Uptake of CNT 146 7.4 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Cancer 147 7.5 Miscellaneous Diseases and Gene Delivery Through Functionalized CNT 150 7.6 Toxicology and Environmental Aspects of Functionalized CNT 158 7.6.1 Cellular Toxicity 159 7.6.2 Liver Toxicity 159 7.6.3 Central Nervous System Toxicity 160 7.6.4 Cardiovascular Toxicity 161 7.7 Regulatory Concerns Over Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 162 7.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 164 Important Website 165 References 165 8 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis 171 Irshad Ahmad, Talat Parween, Lina Khandare, Aafaq Tantray and Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi 8.1 Introduction 172 8.2 Characteristic Properties of CNTs and Their Performance 175 8.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of CNTs 176 8.3 The Techniques of CNTs Functionalization 177 8.4 Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic 180 8.4.1 The Use of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Treatment 180 8.4.2 Intracellular Targeting Using Carbon Nanotubes 180 8.4.2.1 Nucleus Targeting 181 8.4.2.2 Cytoplasm Targeting 181 8.4.2.3 Mitochondria Targeting 181 8.4.3 CNTs for Immunotherapy 182 8.4.4 Cancer Stem Cell Inhibition 183 8.5 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Diagnosis 183 8.5.1 CNTs in Cancer Imaging 184 8.5.1.1 Raman Imaging 184 8.5.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 184 8.5.1.3 Ultrasonography 184 8.5.1.4 Photoacoustic Imaging 185 8.5.1.5 Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging 185 8.6 Future Prospects 186 8.7 Conclusion 186 Important Websites 187 References 188 9 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Imaging: The Recent Advances 197 Alina Abbas, Saman Zehra, Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin and Shahidul Islam bhat 9.1 Introduction 198 9.2 CNT-Based Imaging Methods 199 9.2.1 Fluorescence Imaging 200 9.2.2 Raman Imaging 204 9.2.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 207 9.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 209 9.2.5 Nuclear Imaging 212 9.3 Prospects and Challenges 212 9.4 Conclusion 214 References 214 10 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Artificial Bone Tissue Engineering 225 Sougata Ghosh and Ebrahim Mostafavi 10.1 Introduction 226 10.2 CNT-Based Scaffolds and Implants 230 10.2.1 Hydroxyapatite 231 10.2.2 Polymers 234 10.2.2.1 Poly(ε-Caprolactone) 235 10.2.2.2 Polymethyl-Methacrylate 237 10.2.2.3 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 238 10.2.2.4 Poly-L-Lactic Acid 240 10.2.2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol 241 10.2.2.6 Others 242 10.2.3 Biopolymers 242 10.2.3.1 Chitosan 244 10.2.3.2 Collagen 244 10.2.3.3 Others 247 10.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Commercialization Aspects 248 10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 251 References 252 11 Application of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Biomimetic/Bioinspired Systems 257 Mohammad Mobin, Ruby Aslam, Saman Zehra, Jeenat Aslam and Shahidul Islam bhat 11.1 Introduction 258 11.2 Naturally Occurring Materials 259 11.2.1 Nacre and Bone 259 11.2.2 Petal Effect and Gecko Feet 259 11.2.3 Lotus Effect 260 11.2.4 Structural Colors, Antireflection, and Light Collection 261 11.3 Bioinspired Functionalized CNTs Material 261 11.4 Challenges and Solutions in Using CNTs 272 11.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 272 References 274 12 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Tissue Engineering 281 Ajahar Khan, Khalid A. Alamry and Raed H. Althomali 12.1 Introduction 282 12.2 Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties 284 12.3 Interactions and Biodegradation of CNTs with Biomolecule 287 12.4 Bio-Security of CNT-Based Scaffolds Toward In Vivo Analyses 288 12.5 CNTs Towards the Bone Compatibility 293 12.6 Applications of Functionalized CNTs in Tissue Engineering 294 12.6.1 Functionalized CNTs for Cardiac Tissue Engineering 294 12.6.2 Functionalized CNTs for Neuronal Tissue Regeneration 297 12.6.3 Functionalized CNT for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 298 12.6.4 CNT for Bone Tissue Regeneration 300 12.7 Future Perspectives and Challenges 303 12.8 Conclusion 304 Important Websites 305 References 305 13 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Cell Tracking 319 Sagar Salave, Dhwani Rana, Jyotsna Vitore and Aakanchha Jain Abbreviations 319 13.1 Introduction 320 13.2 Carbon Nanotubes 321 13.2.1 Cellular Interaction of CNTs 325 13.3 Cellular Tracking via CNT 325 13.3.1 Effect of the Surface Coating of CNTs in Single-Particle Tracking 328 13.4 3D Tracking Using CNTs 328 13.4.1 Detection of Single Protein Molecules Through CNTs 329 13.4.2 Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking Through CNTs 330 13.4.3 Labelling and Tracking of Human Pancreatic Cells Through CNTs 330 13.4.4 CNT as Macrophage Carrying Microdevices 331 13.4.4.1 Intracellular Fluctuations and CNT 331 13.4.5 Limitations of CNTs 332 13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective 332 Important Links 333 Acknowledgment 333 References 333 14 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Treatment of Various Diseases 339 Ajahar Khan, Khalid A. Alamry and Raed H. Althomali 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 CNTs: Basic Structure, and Synthesis Methods 342 14.2.1 Structure and Synthesis of CNTs 342 14.2.2 Arc Discharge Technique 342 14.2.3 Laser Ablation Technique 342 14.2.4 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique 343 14.3 Functionalization of CNTs 343 14.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 344 14.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization 344 14.4 Toxicity/Bio-Safety Profile of Carbon Nanotubes 346 14.5 Investigating the Promising Biomedical Effects of Functionalized CNTs 349 14.5.1 Functionalized CNTs-Based Remediation of Infectious Diseases 350 14.5.2 Functionalized CNTs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders (CNS) 350 14.5.3 Functionalized CNTs for Gene Delivery 351 14.5.4 Implication of Functionalized CNTs in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 354 14.5.5 Functionalized CNTs for Drug Targeting and Release 357 14.6 Future Prospective 362 14.7 Conclusion 363 Important Websites 364 References 365 15 Role of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Antimicrobial Activity: A Review 377 Monika Aggarwal, Samina Husain and Basant Kumar 15.1 Introduction 378 15.2 Introduction to CNTs 378 15.2.1 Classification of CNTs 379 15.2.2 Structure of CNTs 381 15.3 Overview on CNTs Functionalization 382 15.3.1 Types of Functionalization 384 15.4 Anti-Microbial Activity of f-CNTs: Interaction and Action 387 15.5 Antifungal Activity of f-CNTs 388 15.6 Antibacterial Activity of f-CNTs 390 15.6.1 For SWNTs 390 15.6.2 For MWCNTs 392 15.7 Commercial Application of Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs 400 15.8 Overview on Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs 401 15.9 Future Scope 405 15.10 Conclusion 405 Acknowledgement 406 References 406 Index 413

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Book SynopsisBioelectronics is a rich field of research involving the application of electronics engineering principles to biology, medicine, and the health sciences. With its interdisciplinary nature, bioelectronics spans state-of-the-art research at the interface between the life sciences, engineering and physical sciences.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix 1 Basic Chemical and Biochemical Concepts 1 1.1 Chapter Overview 1 1.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 1 1.3 Water and Hydrogen Bonds 15 1.4 Acids, Bases and pH 18 1.5 Summary of Key Concepts 25 2 Cells and their Basic Building Blocks 29 2.1 Chapter Overview 29 2.2 Lipids and Biomembranes 29 2.3 Carbohydrates and Sugars 32 2.4 Amino Acids, Polypeptides and Proteins 34 2.5 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA and Genes 43 2.6 Cells and Pathogenic Bioparticles 51 2.7 Summary of Key Concepts 70 3 Basic Biophysical Concepts and Methods 73 3.1 Chapter Overview 73 3.2 Electrostatic Interactions 74 3.3 Hydrophobic and Hydration Forces 90 3.4 Osmolarity, Tonicity and Osmotic Pressure 91 3.5 Transport of Ions and Molecules across Cell Membranes 94 3.6 Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Distributions Across Membranes 99 3.7 Osmotic Properties of Cells 103 3.8 Probing the Electrical Properties of Cells 105 3.9 Membrane Equilibrium Potentials 111 3.10 Nernst Potential and Nernst Equation 112 3.11 The Equilibrium (Resting) Membrane Potential 114 3.12 Membrane Action Potential 116 3.13 Channel Conductance 120 3.14 The Voltage Clamp 121 3.15 Patch-Clamp Recording 122 3.16 Electrokinetic Effects 124 4 Spectroscopic Techniques 147 4.1 Chapter Overview 147 4.2 Introduction 148 4.3 Classes of Spectroscopy 151 4.4 The Beer-Lambert Law 165 4.5 Impedance Spectroscopy 170 5 Electrochemical Principles and Electrode Reactions 177 5.1 Chapter Overview 177 5.2 Introduction 178 5.3 Electrochemical Cells and Electrode Reactions 180 5.4 Electrical Control of Electron Transfer Reactions 194 5.5 Reference Electrodes 203 5.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 208 6 Biosensors 215 6.1 Chapter Overview 215 6.2 Introduction 215 6.3 Immobilisation of the Biosensing Agent 217 6.4 Biosensor Parameters 218 6.5 Amperometric Biosensors 228 6.6 Potentiometric Biosensors 233 6.7 Conductometric and Impedimetric Biosensors 237 6.8 Sensors Based on Antibody–Antigen Interaction 240 6.9 Photometric Biosensors 242 6.10 Biomimetic Sensors 245 6.11 Glucose Sensors 247 6.12 Biocompatibility of Implantable Sensors 252 7 Basic Sensor Instrumentation and Electrochemical Sensor Interfaces 259 7.1 Chapter Overview 259 7.2 Transducer Basics 260 7.3 Sensor Amplification 262 7.4 The Operational Amplifier 264 7.5 Limitations of Operational Amplifiers 269 7.6 Instrumentation for Electrochemical Sensors 271 7.7 Impedance Based Biosensors 278 7.8 FET Based Biosensors 284 8 Instrumentation for Other Sensor Technologies 297 8.1 Chapter Overview 297 8.2 Temperature Sensors and Instrumentation 298 8.3 Mechanical Sensor Interfaces 304 8.4 Optical Biosensor Technology 325 8.5 Transducer Technology for Neuroscience and Medicine 335 9 Microfluidics: Basic Physics and Concepts 343 9.1 Chapter Overview 343 9.2 Liquids and Gases 343 9.3 Fluids Treated as a Continuum 346 9.4 Basic Fluidics 354 9.5 Fluid Dynamics 356 9.6 Navier-Stokes Equations 365 9.7 Continuum versus Molecular Model 369 9.8 Diffusion 378 9.9 Surface Tension 383 10 Microfluidics: Dimensional Analysis and Scaling 391 10.1 Chapter Overview 391 10.2 Dimensional Analysis 391 10.3 Dimensionless Parameters 400 10.4 Applying Nondimensional Parameters to Practical Flow Problems 411 10.5 Characteristic Time Scales 412 10.6 Applying Micro- and Nano-Physics to the Design of Microdevices 413 Problems 415 References 416 Appendix A: SI Prefixes 417 Appendix B: Values of Fundamental Physical Constants 419 Appendix C: Model Answers for Self-study Problems 421 Index 435

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Book SynopsisCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN BIOPRINTING The book provides a comprehensive exploration of the evolving field of bioprinting in regenerative medicine and is an essential guide for professionals seeking a thorough understanding of the field. Computational Intelligence in Bioprinting provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving field of bioprinting in reformative medicine, defining the process of printing structures using viable cells, biomaterials, and living molecules. The primary goal is to provide substitutes for tissue implants, which might lead to eliminating the requirement for organ donors, as well as to transform animal testing for the learning and analysis of disease and the growth of treatments. The book offers a comprehensive overview of bioprinting technologies and their applications, emphasizing the integration of computation intelligence, artificial intelligence, and other computer science advancements in the field. By harnessing the power

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive exploration of bio-inspired optimization techniques and their potential applications in healthcare. Bio-Inspired Optimization for Medical Data Mining is a groundbreaking book that delves into the convergence of nature's ingenious algorithms and cutting-edge healthcare technology. Through a comprehensive exploration of state-of-the-art algorithms and practical case studies, readers gain unparalleled insights into optimizing medical data processing, enabling more precise diagnosis, optimizing treatment plans, and ultimately advancing the field of healthcare. Organized into 15 chapters, readers learn about the theoretical foundation of pragmatic implementation strategies and actionable advice. In addition, it addresses current developments in molecular subtyping and how they can enhance clinical care. By bridging the gap between cutting-edge technology and critical healthcare challenges, this book is a pivotal contribution, providing a r

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive exploration of the exciting intersection between technology and biology and delves into the principles, applications, and future directions of IoT in the realm of bioelectronics; it serves as both an introduction for those new to the field and as a detailed reference for experienced professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge. The rapid convergence of technology and biology heralds a new era of evolution in the Internet of Things (IoT), a transformative force enabling interconnected devices to communicate and operate with unparalleled synergy. This is particularly true in the groundbreaking field of bioelectronics, where the fusion of biological systems with electronic devices and IoT is reshaping the landscape of bioelectronics, promising to open up new frontiers in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine. This timely book explores the numerous ways in which IoT-enabled bioelectronic devices are used to monitor and enhance human health

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a wide range of advanced techniques and approaches for designing and implementing computationally intelligent methods in different application domains which is of great use to not only researchers but also academicians and industry experts. Optimized Computational Intelligence (OCI) is a new, cutting-edge, and multidisciplinary research area that tackles the fundamental problems shared by modern informatics, biologically-inspired computation, software engineering, AI, cybernetics, cognitive science, medical science, systems science, philosophy, linguistics, economics, management science, and life sciences. OCI aims to apply modern computationally intelligent methods to generate optimum outcomes in various application domains. This book presents the latest technologies-driven material to explore optimized various computational intelligence domains. includes real-life case studies highlighting different advanced technologies in computational intellig

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisBiotechnology has become one of the most important issues in public policy and governance, altering the boundaries between the public and the private, the economic and the social, and further complicating the divide between what is scientifically possible and ethically preferred. Given the importance of biotechnology in shaping relations between the state, science, the economy, and the citizenry, a book that explores the Canadian biotechnology regime and its place in our democracy is timelier than ever.Three Bio-Realms provides the first integrated examination of the thirty-year story of the democratic governance of biotechnology in Canada. G. Bruce Doern and Michael J. Prince, two recognized specialists in governance innovation and social policy, look at particular ‘network-based’ factors that seek to promote and to regulate biotechnology inside the state as well as at broader levels. Unmatched by any other book in its historical scope and range, ThrTable of ContentsPreface Abbreviations List of Tables INTRODUCTION: THREE REALMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Purposes and Contribution The Three Bio-Realms and Related Products and Processes Main Arguments Foundational Concepts and Analytical Framework Structure of the Book PART I: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND HISTORICAL POLICY CONTEXT CHAPTER 1- THE STATE, NETWORKED DEMOCRACY AND SCIENCE-BASED GOVERNANCE Introduction Conceptual Foundations * Governance and Regulation* Networked Democracy and Interests* The Nature of Biotechnology and Science-based Governance The Analytical Framework: Three Core Elements * The State as Biotech Supporter and Biotech Regulator* Networked Biotech Governance Interests and Democracy* Science-based and Precautionary Governance Conclusions CHAPTER 2- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY IN LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT ERAS Introduction Biotech Policy in the Trudeau and Mulroney Eras: Early Support and Major Trade and Patent Policy Impacts Biotech Policy in the Chretien Liberal Era: Towards Better Balance amidst Extended Trade and Precautionary Norms Biotech Policy in the Chretien, Martin and Harper Eras Since 2000: Towards a Genome-Centred Bio-Economy? The Core Politics Underlying International Biotech Policy Conclusions PART II: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGING BIOTECH-GOVERNANCE REGIME CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE AND SUPPORTIVE GOVERNANCE Introduction Federal and Related Biotech Research Agencies: Networked Governance, Support and Research Conduct * National Research Council (NRC)* The Granting Councils' Networks of Centres of Excellence* Canada Foundation for Innovation* The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)* Genome Canada Biotech Policy and Advisory Bodies and Arenas of Partial Support, Debate, Criticism and Engagement * Industry Canada and Its Innovation and Related Intellectual Policy Agenda* Engaging Ministers in The Interdepartmental Bio-Policy and Bio-Governance Structure* CBAC, External Advice and Governance Through Citizen Engagement* Periodic Parliamentary and Opposition Party Involvement, Criticism and Inquiries. Biotech Policy and the Search for Technology Assessment Arenas Conclusions CHAPTER 4 - THE BIO-FOOD REALM: BUSINESS DOMINATED PLURALISTC POWER Introduction Bio-Food Regulation Making: Initial Design and Congealment under Institutionalized Pluralistic Power Pre-Market Bio-Food Product Assessment and Approvals under Novel Food Concepts and Regulations Product Regulation on Research on Plants with Novel Traits (PNT) and Potential Unconfined Environmental Release Bio-Food Post Market Regulatory Monitoring Conclusions CHAPTER 5- THE BIO-HEALTH REALM: NETWORKED POWER AND GOVERANCE Introduction Changing Bio-Health Regulation and Related Policy Development Pre-Market Assessment and Approvals of Biologics and Genetic Therapies Post Market Regulatory Monitoring and Assessment for Funding under Medicare and Health Care Plans Conclusions CHAPTER 6- THE BIO-LIFE REALM: PLAYING CATCH-UP WITH SELF-DISCIPLINED POWER RELATIONS Introduction Bio-life Civic Regulation, Bio-Power and Bio-Politics Bio-life Regulation and Rule-Making Regulating Bio-life Products and Activities: The Case of Assisted Human Reproduction Inspection, Enforcement and Post- Monitoring Bio-life Activities Outstanding Issues, Genetic Testing, AHRA Inertia and the Politics of Implementation Conclusions CHAPTER 7- POWER, CHANGING BIOTECH GOVERNANCE AND EXTENDING DEMOCRACY Introduction Key Arguments and Related Explanations of Biotechnology Governance Regime Change Biotechnology Governance Challenges and Extending Democracy REFERENCES

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Book SynopsisThe past five decades have witnessed a rapid growth of computer models for simulating ecosystem functions and dynamics. This has been fuelled by the availability of remote sensing data, computation capability, and cross-disciplinary knowledge. These models contain many submodules for simulating different processes and forcing mechanisms, albeit it has become challenging to truly understand the details due to their complexity. Most ecosystem models, fortunately, are rooted in a few core biophysical foundations, such as the widely recognized Farquhar model, Ball-Berry-Leuning and Medlyn family models, Penman-Monteith equation, Priestley-Taylor model, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics.an introduction of biophysical essentials, four chapters present the core algorithms and their behaviors in modeling ecosystem production, respiration, evapotranspiration, and global warming potentials. Each chapter is composed of a brief introduction of the literature, in which model algorithms, their assumptions, and performances are described in detail. Spreadsheet (or Python codes) templates are included in each chapter for modeling exercises with different input parameters as online materials, which include datasets, parameter estimation, and real-world applications (e.g., calculations of global warming potentials). Users can also apply their own datasets. The materials included in this volume serve as effective tools for users to understand model behaviours and uses with specified conditions and in situ applications.

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