Description
Book SynopsisPlant pathogens and diseases are among the most significant challenges to survival that plants face. Disease outbreaks caused by microbial or viral pathogens can decimate crop yields and have severe effects on global food supply.
Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii
Foreword xix
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 The Status and Prospects for Biotechnological Approaches for Attaining Sustainable Disease Resistance 1
David B. Collinge, Ewen Mullins, Birgit Jensen and Hans J.L. Jørgensen
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Factors to consider when generating disease‐resistant crops 2
1.3 Opportunities to engineer novel cultivars for disease resistance 10
1.4 Technical barriers to engineering novel cultivars for disease resistance 13
1.5 Approaches for identification and selection of genes important for disease resistance 14
1.6 Promising strategies for engineering disease‐resistant crops 15
1.7 Future directions and issues 15
References 16
Part I: Biological Strategies Leading Towards Disease Resistance 21
Chapter 2 Engineering Barriers to Infection by Undermining Pathogen Effector Function or by Gaining Effector Recognition 23
Ali Abdurehim Ahmed, Hazel McLellan, Geziel Barbosa Aguilar, Ingo Hein, Hans Thordal‐Christensen and Paul R.J. Birch
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Plant defence and effector function 24
2.3 Strategies for engineering resistance 33
2.4 Perspective 42
References 43
Chapter 3 Application of Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides in Developing Disease‐Resistant Plants 51
Ashis Kumar Nandi
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Biological role of PR‐proteins 52
3.3 Antimicrobial peptides 56
3.4 Regulation of PR‐protein expression 57
3.5 Biotechnological application of PR‐protein genes in developing improved crop plants 60
3.6 Future directions 61
Acknowledgement 63
References 63
Chapter 4 Metabolic Engineering of Chemical Defence Pathways in Plant Disease Control 71
Fred Rook
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Present status of metabolic engineering in the control of plant disease 73
4.3 Metabolic engineering: technical challenges and opportunities 78
4.4 The outlook for metabolically engineering of disease resistance in crops 83
References 85
Chapter 5 Arabinan: Biosynthesis and a Role in Host‐Pathogen Interactions 91
Maria Stranne and Yumiko Sakuragi
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Biosynthesis and modification of arabinan 94
5.3 Distribution of arabinan in different tissues and during development 96
5.4 Role of arabinan in plant growth and development 98
5.5 Roles of arabinan degrading enzymes in virulence of phytopathogenic fungi 99
5.6 Roles of arabinan in pathogen interactions 101
5.7 Conclusion 103
References 103
Chapter 6 Transcription Factors that Regulate Defence Responses and Their Use in Increasing Disease Resistance 109
Prateek Tripathi, Aravind Galla, Roel C. Rabara and Paul J. Rushton
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Transcription factors and plant defence 110
6.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors 111
6.4 bZIP transcription factors 113
6.5 WRKY transcription factors 114
6.6 MYB transcription factors 116
6.7 Other transcription factor families 117
6.8 Can the manipulation of specific transcription factors deliver sustainable disease resistance? 118
6.9 Have we chosen the right transgenes? 119
6.10 Have we chosen the right expression strategies? 120
6.11 What new ideas are there for the future of TF‐based crop improvement? 121
References 124
Chapter 7 Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses by Plant Hormones 131
Dominik K. Großkinsky, Eric van der Graaff and Thomas Roitsch
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Regulation of biotic stress responses by plant hormones 132
7.3 Regulation of abiotic stress responses by plant hormones 140
7.4 Conclusions and further perspectives 145
References 147
Part II: Case Studies for Groups of Pathogens and Important Crops. Why is it Especially Advantageous to use Transgenic Strategies for these Pathogens or Crops? 155
Chapter 8 Engineered Resistance to Viruses: A Case of Plant Innate Immunity 157
Paula Tennant and Marc Fuchs
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Mitigation of viruses 158
8.3 Biotechnology and virus resistance 158
8.4 Success stories 162
8.5 Challenges of engineering RNAi‐mediated resistance 163
8.6 Benefits of virus‐resistant transgenic crops 164
8.7 Conclusions 166
References 167
Chapter 9 Problematic Crops: 1. Potatoes: Towards Sustainable Potato Late Blight Resistance by Cisgenic R Gene Pyramiding 171
Kwang‐Ryong Jo, Suxian Zhu, Yuling Bai, Ronald C.B. Hutten, G.J. Kessel, Vivianne G.A.A. Vleeshouwers, Evert Jacobsen, Richard G.F. Visser and Jack H. Vossen
9.1 Potato late blight resistance breeding advocates GM strategies 171
9.2 GM strategies for late blight resistance breeding 177
9.3 Late blight‐resistant GM varieties 186
References 187
Chapter 10 Problematic Crops: 1. Grape: To Long Life and Good Health: Untangling the Complexity of Grape Diseases to Develop Pathogen‐Resistant Varieties 193
Dario Cantu, M. Caroline Roper, Ann L.T. Powell and John M. Labavitch
10.1 Introduction 193
10.2 Introduction to grapevine pathology 194
10.3 Approaches for the improvement of grapevine disease resistance 198
10.4 Pierce’s disease of grapevines: a case study 202
References 211
Chapter 11 Developing Sustainable Disease Resistance in Coffee: Breeding vs. Transgenic Approaches 217
Avinash Kumar, Simmi P. Sreedharan, Nandini P. Shetty and Giridhar Parvatam
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 Agronomic aspects of coffee 217
11.3 Major threats to coffee plantations 219
11.4 Breeding for disease resistance and pest management 225
11.5 Various traits targeted for transgenic coffee development 227
11.6 Bottlenecks in coffee transgenic development 229
11.7 GM or hybrid joe: what choices to make? 235
Acknowledgements 236
Endnote 236
References 236
Webliographies 243
Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for Crop Protection: Transgenes for Disease Resistance in Rice 245
Blanca San Segundo, Belén Lopez‐García and María Coca
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 Plant immunity 247
12.3 Transgenic approaches to engineer disease resistance in rice plants 250
12.4 Targeted genome engineering 260
12.5 Safety issues of genetically engineered rice 261
12.6 Conclusions and future prospects 263
Acknowledgement 265
References 265
Part III: Status of Transgenic Crops Around the World 273
Chapter 13 Status of Transgenic Crops in Argentina 275
Fernando F. Bravo‐Almonacid and María Eugenia Segretin
13.1 Transgenic crops approved for commercialization in Argentina 275
13.2 Economic impact derived from transgenic crops cultivation 278
13.3 Local developments 278
13.4 Perspectives 282
References 282
Chapter 14 The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia 285
Michael Gilbert
14.1 Introduction 285
14.2 Government policies 286
14.3 Field trials 287
14.4 Crops deregulated 287
14.5 Crops grown 287
14.6 Public sentiment toward GM crops 291
14.7 Value capture 291
14.8 What is in the pipeline 292
14.9 Summary 292
Endnotes 293
References 293
Chapter 15 Transgenic Crops in Spain 295
María Coca, Belén Lopez‐García and Blanca San Segundo
15.1 Introduction 295
15.2 Transgenic crops in Europe 296
15.3 Transgenic crops in Spain 297
15.4 Future prospects 300
Acknowledgements 302
References 302
Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Crop Disease Resistance in South Africa 305
Maryke Carstens and Dave K. Berger
16.1 Genetically modified crops in South Africa 305
16.2 Economic, social and health benefits of GM crops in South Africa 308
16.3 Biotechnology initiatives for crop disease control in South Africa 309
16.4 Future prospects 312
Acknowledgements 313
References 313
Part IV: Implications of Transgenic Technologies for Improved Disease Control 317
Chapter 17 Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection 319
Michael R. Roberts and Jane E. Taylor
17.1 Introduction 319
17.2 Examples of elicitors of induced resistance 321
17.3 Priming of induced resistance 326
17.4 Drivers and barriers to the adoption of plant activators in agriculture and horticulture 330
17.5 Conclusions and future prospects 334
References 334
Chapter 18 Biological Control Using Microorganisms as an Alternative to Disease Resistance 341
Dan Funck Jensen, Magnus Karlsson, Sabrina Sarrocco and Giovanni Vannacci
18.1 Introduction 341
18.2 Getting the right biocontrol organism 343
18.3 New approaches for studying the biology of BCAs and biocontrol interactions 351
18.4 Strategy for using biocontrol in IPM 354
References 357
Webliography 363
Chapter 19 TILLING in Plant Disease Control: Applications and Perspectives 365
Francesca Desiderio, Anna Maria Torp, Giampiero Valè and Søren K. Rasmussen
19.1 Concepts of forward and reverse genetics 365
19.2 The TILLING procedure 366
19.3 Mutagenesis 366
19.4 DNA preparation and pooling of individuals 371
19.5 Mutation discovery 372
19.6 Identification and evaluation of the individual mutant 374
19.7 Bioinformatics tools 374
19.8 EcoTILLING 375
19.9 Modified TILLING approaches 375
19.10 Application of TILLING and TILLING‐related procedures in disease resistance 376
19.11 Perspectives 380
References 381
Chapter 20 Fitness Costs of Pathogen Recognition in Plants and Their Implications for Crop Improvement 385
James K.M. Brown
20.1 The goal of durable resistance 385
20.2 New ways of using R‐genes 386
20.3 Costs of resistance in crop improvement 387
20.4 Fitness costs of R‐gene defences 388
20.5 Phenotypes of R‐gene over‐expression 390
20.6 Requirements for R‐protein function 391
20.7 Necrotic phenotypes of R‐gene mutants 394
20.8 Summary of fitness costs of R‐gene mutations 396
20.9 R‐genes in plant breeding 397
20.10 Biotech innovation and genetic diversity 400
20.11 Conclusion 400
Acknowledgement 400
References 400
Index 405
