Biotechnology Books

Book SynopsisThis volume teaches 100 ""kanji"" that appear frequently in documents dealing with biotechnology and reviews the 365 ""kanji"" presented in ""Basic Technical Japanese"". The lessons are keyed to the final ten chapters of the latter, enabling students to use the two volumes together.

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Book SynopsisWith a New AfterwordMust We Age?Nearly all scientists who study the biology of aging agree that we will someday be able to substantially slow down the aging process, extending our productive, youthful lives. Dr. Aubrey de Grey is perhaps the most bullish of all such researchers. As has been reported in media outlets ranging from 60 Minutes to The New York Times, Dr. de Grey believes that the key biomedical technology required to eliminate aging-derived debilitation and death entirely-technology that would not only slow but periodically reverse age-related physiological decay, leaving us biologically young into an indefinite future-is now within reach.In Ending Aging, Dr. de Grey and his research assistant Michael Rae describe the details of this biotechnology. They explain that the aging of the human body, just like the aging of man-made machines, results from an accumulation of various types of damage. As with m

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction Part I: Biomedical data formats and data integration 2. Data structures associated with biomedical research 3. Data mining and predictive analytics for cancer and COVID-19 4. Modular design, image biomarkers, and radiomics Part II: Type theory, graphs, and conceptual spaces 5. Types' internal structure and “non-constructive (“NC4”) type theory 6. Using code models to instantiate data models Part III: Conceptual spaces and graph-oriented data-modeling paradigms 7. Multi-aspect modules and image annotation 8. Image annotation as a multi-aspect case study 9. Conceptual spaces and scientific data models

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Human Granulocyte proteins constitute the major antimucobactericidal proteins and enhance the killing of mycobacteria within macrophages2. Prevalence of PDR bacterial strains harbored with NDM-1 gene isolated from UTI patients Biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility profile in bacterial strains isolated from the patient infected with UTI3. Biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility profile in bacterial strains isolated from the patient infected with UTI4. A brief study of genes vital for diabetes and their relationship5. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: An Attractive Candidate Susceptibility Gene for Diabetic Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients6. Analysing the relation between cytokine IL-2 and cytogenetic abnormalities in acquired aplastic anemia patients7. A comparative study of Arsenic exposure in human papilloma virus infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma- an alarming interpretation8. Correlation between Oral Cancer and Betel Quid: A Molecular Cytogenetics Study9. Effect of Antioxidants Trolox and Coenzyme Q10 on Glutamate Mediated Excitotoxicity of Retinal Ganglion Cells10. Therapeutic and Nodulation Properties of Cross Talking (Iso)flavonoids11. Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) over crude plant extract of Allium cepa and standard antibiotic against bacterial biofilms12. Effectiveness of Onion (Aleum cepa) skin in Human Health13. Application of Random Forest model in detection of Parkinson’s disease14. Computer Aided Drug design of lead compounds against Dopamine & Metabotropic glutamate receptors (metabotropic glutamate receptors 1)15. Brain tissue segmentation using Modified Fuzzy C-Means Clustering16. Tumor Detection Using Spatial Hybrid Clustering (SHCM) from Brain MRI Scans17. Identification of Potential Drug Targets by Detangling Protein-Protein Interaction Network18. Molecular Docking Studies between components of Eucalyptus Essential Oil and Homologically Modelled Target Protein19. Cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow with carbohydrate additive sucrose and dimethyl sulfoxide20. Behavioral difference of interactions between photosensitizer MC 540 and serum albumins in anionic AOT and cationic CTAB reverse micelles21. Mobile Health Monitoring for Senior Citizens using Femtolet Based Fog Network22. Analytical study on Variation of health care status in Haldia city of West Bengal, India

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Book SynopsisThis book details several important medicinal plants, their occurrence, plant compounds and their chemical structures, and pharmacological properties against various human diseases. It also gives information on isolation and structural elucidation of phytocompounds, bio-assays, metabolomic studies, and therapeutical applications of plant compounds.Table of ContentsSection 1: Medicinal plants. Gloriosa Superba, A Source Of The Bioactive Alkaloid Colchicine: Chemistry, Biosynthesis And Commercial Production. Botany, Phytochemistry And Pharmacological Activities Of Leea Species. Centella Asiatica (L.) Urb., an endowment from traditional medicine. The Importance Of Iranian Borage (Echium Amoenum Fisch. Mey): A Critical Review. Section 2: Plant metabolites and bioactive compounds. Plant Metabolites As New Leads To Drug Discovery- Approaches And Challenges. Introduction To Herbs And Their Therapeutical Potential: Recent Trends. Curcumin As A Potential Therapeutic For Alzheimer's Disease: A Multi-Targeted Approach. Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.): Bioactive Compounds And Health Benefits. Indian Tropical Fruits And Role Of Their Bioactive Compounds Against Human Diseases. Plant Alkaloids: Classification, Isolation And Drug Development. The Role Of Phytocompounds In Cosmeceutical Applications. Rosmarinic Acid: Sources, Properties, Applications And Biotechnological Production. Section 3: Bioactive potential of medicinal plants and treatment against diseases. Scientific Validation Of The Usefulness Of Withania Somnifera Dunal In The Prevention Of Diseases. Plant Essential Oils And Anticancer Properties: An Update. Isolation, Extraction, Preclinical And Clinical Studies On Major Anticancer Compounds Of Natural Origin. Anticancer Properties Of Medicinal Plants Listed In The Herbal Pharmacopoeia Of The United Mexican States.

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Book SynopsisThis book â a collection of reviews and research articles by the top academics in the field â provides a glimpse of the cutting-edge technology and research being carried out and shows how researchers are utilizing this knowledge to develop new areas of study and novel applications. It serves as a valuable resource while exploring the latest advances in virus particle assembly and demonstrating how the knowledge of fundamental processes has been used to advance bio-nanotechnology. Chapters detail biophysical approaches and biomotor research, discus the latest advances in DNA/RNA nanoparticle assembly and use, and introduce the use of DNA/RNA nanoparticles for drug delivery.Table of Contents1. Biological nanomotors with linear, rotation, or revolution motion mechanism. 2. Classifications and typical examples of Biomotors. 3. Structure of revolving biomotors. 4. Structure of rotation motors. 5. Structure of linear motors. 6. Mechanical Properties of Molecular Motors and the Relevance to Their Biological Function. 7. Molecular Mechanism of AAA-ATPase Motor in the 26S Proteasome. 8. General mechanism of biomotors. 9. Mechanism of revolving motors. 10. Mechanism of rotary motors. 11. Mechanism of linear motors. 12. Finding of widespread viral and bacterial revolution dsDNA translocation motors distinct from rotation motors by channel chirality and size. 13. The ATPase of the phi29 DNA packaging motor is a member of the hexameric AAA+ superfamily. 14. Arginine Finger Serving as the Starter of Viral DNA Packaging Motors. 15. Three-step channel conformational changes common to DNA packaging motors of bacterial viruses T3, T4, SPP1, and Phi29. 16. Sequence Dependence of Reversible CENP-A Nucleosome Translocation 17. Same function from different structures among pac site bacteriophage (TerS) terminase small subunits. 18. Kinetic study of the fidelity of DNA replication with higher-order terminal effects. 19. Multilevel Control of the Activity of p97/Cdc48, A Versatile Protein Segregase. 20. High resolution structure of hexameric herpesvirus DNA-packaging motor elucidates revolving mechanism and ends 20-year fervent debate. 21. Methods for Single-Molecule Sensing and Detection Using Bacteriophage Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor. 22. Instrumental design of five-dimensional single particle tracking. 23. The appropriate ratio of retroviral structural proteins is activated by the spleen necrosis virus post-transcriptional control element. 24. Translation of the long-term fundamental studies on viral DNA packaging motors into nanotechnology and nanomedicine. 25.Translocation of Peptides through Membrane-Embedded SPP1 Motor Protein Nanopores 26. Insertion of channel of phi29 DNA packaging motor into polymer membrane for high-throughput sensing. 27.Engineering of protein nanopores for sequencing, chemical or protein sensing and disease diagnosis 28. Phage Portal Channels as Nanopore Sensors. 29. Controlled Co-assembly of Viral Nanoparticles of Simian Virus 40 with Inorganic Nanoparticles: Strategies and Applications 30. Potential of 3Dpol As An Enzymatic Reader for Direct RNA Sequencing. 31. Channel from bacterial virus T7 DNA packaging motor for the differentiation of peptides composed of a mixture of acidic and basic amino acids. 32. Nano-channel of viral DNA packaging motor as single pore to differentiate peptides with single amino acid difference.

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Book SynopsisPearl millet is mainly used for animal and poultry feed. It is the principal source of energy, protein, vitamins, minerals and contains many phenolic compounds, which are a good source of natural antioxidants. Pearl millet is a rich source of bioactive compounds and contains phytates and polyphenols. Owing to high nutritional and phytochemical properties, it has gained considerable attention as a botanical dietary supplement in many functional foods. Pearl Millet: Properties, Functionality and Its Applications provides comprehensive knowledge on nutritional and non-nutritional aspects of pearl millet. It covers recent research on pearl millet and provides information to improve the property and shelf life of flour, as well as the starch, and their uses in various food products.Features: Reviews structure, functional and antioxidant properties in pearl millet flour Deals with the latest developments in modiTable of ContentsChapter 1 Pearl Millet: A Drought Arrested Crop Chapter 2 Shelf Life Enhancement of Pearl Millet Flour Chapter 3 Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties in Pearl Millet: A Cereal Grain with Potential Applications Chapter 4 Effects of Different Milling Processes on Pearl Millet Chapter 5 Starch: Structure, Properties and Applications Chapter 6 Impact of Different Modifications on Starch Properties Chapter 7 Biotechnological Applications for Improvement of the Pearl Millet Crop Chapter 8 Biofortification and Medicinal Value of Pearl Millet Flour Chapter 9 Product Formulations

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials have supported humankindâs advancement, becoming one of the most important industry sectors, and are expected to rise to the top by 2030. However, significant challenges must be overcome, such as the performance and efficiency of the material under different environmental conditions. This book seeks to promote a critical view on using nanomaterials under extreme conditions found in our body, planet, and outer space. Therefore, nanomaterials are covered from multiple points of view, allowing the reader to get an enriching presentation of current knowledge on nanomaterials, limitations, advancements, and applications under extreme conditions.Table of ContentsNanomaterials under Extreme Conditions: Why Does It Matter? Nanomaterials: Physical and Chemical Properties. Characterization of Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials under High-temperature Conditions. Nanomaterials under Corrosive Conditions. Nanomaterials under Biological Conditions. Nanomaterials under Microgravity Conditions. Nanomaterials under High-Pressure Conditions. Future Perspectives: Nanomaterials, Industry, Legislations, and Dreams.

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Biomechanics applies the laws and techniques of mechanics in the study of biological systems and related phenomena. Biomechanics uses mathematical and computational tools such as model construction of musclo-skeletal system, body fluid circulation, to aid medical diagnosis, therapeutics and surgery planning, designing of prostheses and implants or in tissue engineering. Present book targets specific topics pertaining to the biomechanics of soft tissues. Subjects addressed includes solids and multi-species mixtures as open systems: a continuum mechanics perspective; electro-chemo-mechanical couplings: tissues with a fixed electric charge and growth of biological tissues.

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Book SynopsisThis edited book focuses on the role and use of VR for healthcare professions in both health and rehabilitation settings. It is also offers future trends of other emerging technology within medicine and allied health professions. This text draws on expertise of leading medical practitioners and researchers who utilise such VR technologies in their practices to enhance patient/service user outcomes. Research and practical evidence is presented with a strong applied emphasis to further enhance the use VR technologies within the community, the hospital and in education environment(s). The book may also be used to influence policymakers on how healthcare delivery is offered.Trade Review[Virtual Reality in Health and Rehabilitation ]… provides an overview of potential benefits in using virtual reality in rehabilitation. It highlights the emergence of virtual reality in recent years and how it has become more accessible. This book appears to be written for all practitioners and trainees to learn about virtual reality and its current applications. It overall meets this objective. The authors and contributors are a collection of professionals with diverse backgrounds associated with incorporating technology in medicine. As this is a young field, this book will help establish these individuals as content experts. Overall, this book is a nice introduction to the topic of virtual reality and medicine.Michael Nguyen, MD, MPH (Shirley Ryan AbilityLab)Table of ContentsSection 1: Introductory Perspective. 1. Introducing Virtual Reality for Health and Rehabilitation. Section 2: Virtual Reality in Neurological Rehabilitation. Chapter 2. On the Possibility of Using Virtual Reality to Improve the Mobility of People with Parkinson’s Disease. Chapter 3. Virtual Reality for Stroke Rehabilitation. Chapter 4. VR-based Assessment and intervention of Cognitive Functioning after Stroke. Chapter 5. Virtual Reality in Robotic Neurorehabilitation. Chapter 6. Virtual Reality Interventions’ Effects on Functional Outcomes for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Chapter 7: The use of Virtual Reality environments in Cognitive Rehabilitation after Traumatic Brain injury. Chapter 8: Effect of Virtual Reality-Based Training of the Ankle, Hip and Stepping Strategies on Balance after Stroke. Section 3: Virtual Reality for Health Education. Chapter 9: Simulation-Based Training for Ultrasound Practice. Chapter 10: Health Profession Education and Training using Virtual Reality. Section 4: Gamification and Virtual Reality in Contemporary Contexts. Chapter 11: Exergaming in multiple sclerosis – bridging the evidence-practice gap. Chapter 12: Participant adherence to a video game based tele-rehabilitation program – a mixed-methods case series. Chapter 13: Virtual Reality Game-based Exercises with Lead Motion Applied to Developmental Disorders. Section 5: Emerging Perspectives and Applications of Virtual Reality in Practice. Chapter 14: Applications of Virtual Reality in Aphasia Therapy: Findings from research with EVA Park. Chapter 15: Virtual Reality in Orthopedic Rehabilitation. Chapter 16: Emerging Perspectives of Virtual Reality Techniques. Chapter 17: Non-immersive Virtual Reality as a tool for treating children with cerebral palsy. Chapter 18: Virtual reality applications in the context of low vision rehabilitation. Chapter 19: Response of Woman with Mobility Impairments to a Group Weight Management Intervention in the Virtual World of SecondLife©

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Book SynopsisIncreasing population and industrialization are the key pollutant contributors in water bodies. The wastes generated by industries are highly hazardous for humans and the ecosystem and require a comprehensive and effective treatment before being discharged into water bodies. Over the years, many up gradations have been introduced in traditional water treatment methods which were expensive and ineffective especially for removal of toxic pollutants. Phycoremediation has been gaining attention due to its mutual benefit in wastewater treatment and for valuable algae biomass production. Wastewater, especially sewage and industrial effluents, is rich in pathogenic organisms, organic and inorganic compounds and heavy metals that adversely affect human and aquatic life. Microalgae use these inorganic compounds and heavy metals for their growth. In addition, they also reduce pathogenic organisms and release oxygen to be used by bacteria for decomposition of organic compounds in a secondary tTable of ContentsChapter 1: Addressing the Strategies of Algal Biomass Production with Wastewater TreatmentChapter 2: Recent progress of phytoremediation-based Technologies for industrial wastewater treatmentChapter 3: Microalgae as Biological cleanser for waste water treatmentChapter 4: Phycoremediation of Toxic Metals for Industrial Effluent TreatmentChapter 5: Algal Biomass Production Coupled to Wastewater TreatmentChapter 6: Photobioreactor in Waste Water Treatment: Design and Operational featuresChapter 7: Genetic Engineering of AlgaeChapter 8: Immobilized Micro Algae For Removing Waste Water Pollutants And Ecotoxicological View Of Adsorbed Nanoparticles – An OverviewChapter 9: Tailoring Microalgae for Efficient Biofuel Production

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Book SynopsisThe Synthetic Biology Handbook explains the major goals of the field of synthetic biology and presents the technical details of the latest advances made in achieving those goals. Offering a comprehensive overview of the current areas of focus in synthetic biology, this handbook: Explores the standardisation of classic molecular bioscience approaches Addresses the societal context and potential impacts of synthetic biology Discusses the use of legacy systems as tools for new product development Examines the design and construction of de novo cells and genetic codes Describes computational methods for designing genes and gene networks Thus, the Synthetic Biology Handbook provides an accurate sense of the scope of synthetic biology today. The handbook also affords readers with an opportunity to scrutinize the underlying scTable of ContentsSynthetic Biology: Culture and Bioethical Considerations. Synthetic Biology Standards and Methods of DNA Assembly. Standardised Genetic Output Measurement. Bacterial Cells as Engineered Chassis. Eukaryotae Synthetica: Synthetic Biology in Yeast, Microalgae, and Mammalian Cells. Synthetic Plants. Theory and Construction of Semi-Synthetic Minimal Cells. Design Tools for Synthetic Biology. New Genetic Codes.

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Book SynopsisFoundations of Confocal Scanned Imaging in Light Microscopy.- Fundamental Limits in Confocal Microscopy.- Special Optical Elements.- Points, Pixels, and Gray Levels: Digitizing Image Data.- Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy.- Non-Laser Light Sources for Three-Dimensional Microscopy.- Objective Lenses for Confocal Microscopy.- The Contrast Formation in Optical Microscopy.- The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes.- Disk-Scanning Confocal Microscopy.- Measuring the Real Point Spread Function of High Numerical Aperture Microscope Objective Lenses.- Photon Detectors for Confocal Microscopy.- Structured Illumination Methods.- Visualization Systems for Multi-Dimensional Microscopy Images.- Automated Three-Dimensional Image Analysis Methods for Confocal Microscopy.- Fluorophores for Confocal Microscopy: Photophysics and Photochemistry.- Practical Considerations in the Selection and Application of Fluorescent Probes.- Guiding Principles of Specimen PreservatioTable of ContentsFoundations of Confocal Scanned Imaging in Light Microscopy.- Fundamental Limits in Confocal Microscopy.- Special Optical Elements.- Points, Pixels, and Gray Levels: Digitizing Image Data.- Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy.- Non-Laser Light Sources for Three-Dimensional Microscopy.- Objective Lenses for Confocal Microscopy.- The Contrast Formation in Optical Microscopy.- The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes.- Disk-Scanning Confocal Microscopy.- Measuring the Real Point Spread Function of High Numerical Aperture Microscope Objective Lenses.- Photon Detectors for Confocal Microscopy.- Structured Illumination Methods.- Visualization Systems for Multi-Dimensional Microscopy Images.- Automated Three-Dimensional Image Analysis Methods for Confocal Microscopy.- Fluorophores for Confocal Microscopy: Photophysics and Photochemistry.- Practical Considerations in the Selection and Application of Fluorescent Probes.- Guiding Principles of Specimen Preservation for Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy.- Confocal Microscopy of Living Cells.- Aberrations in Confocal and Multi-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy Induced by Refractive Index Mismatch.- Interaction of Light with Botanical Specimens.- Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Confocal Microscopes.- Comparison of Widefield/Deconvolution and Confocal Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Imaging.- Blind Deconvolution.- Image Enhancement by Deconvolution.- Fiber-Optics in Scanning Optical Microscopy.- Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging in Scanning Microscopy.- Multi-Photon Molecular Excitation in Laser-Scanning Microscopy.- Multifocal Multi-Photon Microscopy.- 4Pi Microscopy.- Nanoscale Resolution with Focused Light: Stimulated Emission Depletion and Other Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transitions Microscopy Concepts.- Mass Storage, Display, and Hard Copy.- Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy.- Related Methods for Three-Dimensional Imaging.- Tutorial on Practical Confocal Microscopy and Use of the Confocal Test Specimen.- Practical Confocal Microscopy.- Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy.- Cell Damage During Multi-Photon Microscopy.- Photobleaching.- Nonlinear (Harmonic Generation) Optical Microscopy.- Imaging Brain Slices.- Fluorescent Ion Measurement.- Confocal and Multi-Photon Imaging of Living Embryos.- Imaging Plant Cells.- Practical Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer or Molecular Nanobioscopy of Living Cells.- Automated Confocal Imaging and High-Content Screening for Cytomics.- Automated Interpretation of Subcellular Location Patterns from Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy.- Display and Presentation Software.- When Light Microscope Resolution Is Not Enough:Correlational Light Microscopy and Electron Microscopy.- Databases for Two- and Three-Dimensional Microscopical Images in Biology.- Confocal Microscopy of Biofilms — Spatiotemporal Approaches.- Bibliography of Confocal Microscopy.

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Book SynopsisGenetic Engineering: A Primer presents the growing field of biotechnology to non-science majors and other general interest readers. The author examines the natural forces that change genetic information and the ways in which scientists have learned to engineer these genetic changes. With a wealth of information flooding the popular press, including news and controversy surrounding cloning, Genetic Engineering is a timely volume that provides background information to the reader intent on understanding this fascinating development.Table of ContentsBuilding Blocks of Living Things. Matter and Living Things. Proteins. Nucleic Acid. How Living Things are Changed. Making and Altering Proteins. Altering Genetic Material in Bacteria. Genetically Engineering Bacteria. Viruses. Making Genetic Changes in Plants and Animals. Placing New Genes in Mammalian Cells. Genetic Engineering of Plants. Embryo Transfers and Cloning of Animals. How Genetic Engineering Helps Us. Gene Therapy and Disease. Other Applications for Gene Therapy. Biotechnology, Safety, and the Future. Glossary. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisBIOS Instant Notes in Genetics, Fourth Edition, is the perfect text for undergraduates looking for a concise introduction to the subject, or a study guide to use before examinations. Each topic begins with a summary of essential factsâ'an ideal revision checklistâ'followed by a description of the subject that focuses on core information, with clear, simple diagrams that are easy for students to understand and recall in essays and exams.Table of ContentsA. Molecular Genetics B. Genome Organization C. Mechanisms of Inheritance D. Population Genetics and Evolution E. DNA Technology F. Human Genetics G. Applications of Genetics

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Book SynopsisPharmaceutical Biotechnology offers students taking Pharmacy and related Medical and Pharmaceutical courses a comprehensive introduction to the fast-moving area of biopharmaceuticals.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. 1 Pharmaceuticals, biologics and biopharmaceuticals. 1.1 Introduction to pharmaceutical products. 1.2 Biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical biotechnology. 1.3 History of the pharmaceutical industry. 1.4 The age of biopharmaceuticals. 1.5 Biopharmaceuticals: current status and future prospects. 2 Protein structure. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview of protein structure. 2.3 Higher level structure. 2.4 Protein stability and folding. 2.5 Protein post-translational modifi cation. 3 Gene manipulation and recombinant DNA technology. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Nucleic acids: function and structure. 3.3 Recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. 3.4 Classical gene cloning and identifi cation. 4 The drug development process. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Discovery of biopharmaceuticals. 4.3 The impact of genomics and related technologies upon drug discovery. 4.4 Gene chips. 4.5 Proteomics. 4.6 Structural genomics. 4.7 Pharmacogenetics. 4.8 Initial product characterization. 4.9 Patenting. 4.10 Delivery of biopharmaceuticals. 4.10.3 Nasal, transmucosal and transdermal delivery systems. 4.11 Preclinical studies. 4.12 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 4.13 Toxicity studies. 4.14 The role and remit of regulatory authorities. 4.15 Conclusion. 5 Sources and upstream processing. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sources of biopharmaceuticals. 5.3 Upstream processing. 6 Downstream processing. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Initial product recovery. 6.3 Cell disruption. 6.4 Removal of nucleic acid. 6.5 Initial product concentration. 6.6 Chromatographic purifi cation. 6.7 High-performance liquid chromatography of proteins. 6.8 Purifi cation of recombinant proteins. 6.9 Final product formulation. 7 Product analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Protein-based contaminants. 7.3 Removal of altered forms of the protein of interest from the product stream. 7.4 Detection of protein-based product impurities. 7.5 Immunological approaches to detection of contaminants. 7.6 Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants. 8 The cytokines: The interferon family. 8.1 Cytokines. 8.1.1 Cytokine receptors. 8.1.2 Cytokines as biopharmaceuticals. 8.2 The interferons. 8.3 Interferon biotechnology. 8.4 Conclusion. 9 Cytokines: Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Interleukin-2. 9.3 Interleukin-1. 9.4 Interleukin-11. 9.5 Tumour necrosis factors. 10 Growth factors. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Haematopoietic growth factors. 10.3 Growth factors and wound healing. 11 Therapeutic hormones. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Insulin. 11.3 Glucagon. 11.4 Human growth hormone. 11.5 The gonadotrophins. 11.6 Medical and veterinary applications of gonadotrophins. 11.7 Additional recombinant hormones now approved. 11.8 Conclusion. 12 Recombinant blood products and therapeutic enzymes. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Haemostasis. 12.3 Anticoagulants. 12.4 Thrombolytic agents. 12.5 Enzymes of therapeutic value. 13 Antibodies, vaccines and adjuvants. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Traditional polyclonal antibody preparations. 13.3 Monoclonal antibodies. 13.4 Vaccine technology. 13.5 Adjuvant technology. 14 Nucleic-acid- and cell-based therapeutics. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Gene therapy. 14.3 Vectors used in gene therapy. 14.4 Gene therapy and genetic disease. 14.5 Gene therapy and cancer. 14.6 Gene therapy and AIDS. 14.7 Antisense technology. 14.8 Oligonucleotide pharmacokinetics and delivery. 14.9 Aptamers. 14.10 Cell- and tissue-based therapies. 14.11 Conclusion. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe biomaterials technology industry is already well established in the western world and is growing rapidly within Asian Pacific nations. It is often described as the 'next electronics industry', whilst the laser is described as a 'solution looking for a problem'.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Bioactivity and Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants. 1.1. Introduction. 1.3. Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants. 1.4. Controlling the Bone-Implant Interface. 2. Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 2.1. Introduction. 2.3. Metallic Implants. 2.4. Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 2.5. Laser Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 3. Wettability in Biomaterials Science and Modification Techniques. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Wettability, Adhesion and Bonding Theoretical Background. 3.3. Wettability in Biomaterial Science. 3.4. Current Methods of Wettability Modification. 3.5. Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification. 4. CO2 Laser Modification of the Wettability Characteristics of Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Experimental Procedures. 4.3. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics. 4.4. Surface Energy and its Component Parts. 4.5. Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics. 4.6. The Role Played by Microstructures in Terms of Crystal Size and Phase in Effecting Surface Energy Changes. 4.7. Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids. 4.8. Summary. 5. In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Sample Preparation. 5.3. Bone Like Apatite Formation. 5.4. Protein Adsorption. 5.5. Osteoblast Cell Response. 5.6. Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation. 5.7. Summary. 6. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on the Wettability Characteristics of a Titanium Alloy. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Experimental Procedures. 6.3. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics. 6.4. Surface Energy and its Component Analysis. 6.5. Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics. 6.6. Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids. 6.7. Summary. 7. In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Titanium Alloy. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Sample Preparation. 7.3. Bone Like Apatite Formation on Titanium Alloys. 7.4. Protein Adsorption. 7.5. Osteoblast Cell Adhesion. 7.6. Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation. 7.7. Summary. 8. Enquiry into the Possible Generic Effects of the CO2 Laser Treatment on Bone Implant Biomaterials. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Bioinert Ceramics. 8.3. Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Metal Implants. 8.4. Summary. Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an eclectic snapshot of the current state of the art and future implications of the field, Nanomaterials, Polymers, and Devices: Materials Functionalization and Device Fabrication presents topics grouped into three categorical focuses: The synthesis, mechanism and functionalization of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, and quantum dots Various functional devices which properties and structures are tailored with emphasis on nanofabrication. Among discussed are light emitting diodes, nanophotonic, nano-optical, and photovoltaic devices Nanoelectronic devices, which include semiconductor, nanotube and nanowire-based electronics, single-walled carbon-nanotube based nanoelectronics, as well as thin-film transistors Table of ContentsCONTENTS Contributors vii Foreword xi 1 The Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Nano-Onions 1Karthikeyan Gopalsamy, Zhen Xu, Chao Gao, and Eric S.-W. Kong 2 The Functionalization of Graphene and its Assembled Macrostructures 19Haiyan Sun, Zhen Xu, and Chao Gao 3 Devices Based on Graphene and Graphane 45Xiao-Dong Wen, Tao Yang, and Eric S.-W. Kong 4 Large-Area Graphene and Carbon Nanosheets for Organic Electronics: Synthesis and Growth Mechanism 81Han-Ik Joh, Sukang Bae, Sungho Lee, and Eric S.-W. Kong 5 Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles for Corrosion Prevention of Underlying Metal 121Dylan J. Boday, Jason T. Wertz, and Joseph P. Kuczynski 6 New Nanoscale Material: Graphene Quantum Dots 141Dong-Ick Son and Won-Kook Choi 7 Recent Progress of Iridium(III) Red Phosphors for Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 195Cheuk-Lam Ho and Wai-Yeung Wong 8 Four-Wave Mixing and Carrier Nonlinearities in Graphene–Silicon Photonic Crystal Cavities 215Tingyi Gu and Chee W. Wong 9 Polymer Photonic Devices 233Ziyang Zhang and Norbert Keil 10 Low Dielectric Contrast Photonic Crystals 273Jan H. Wülbern and Manfred Eich 11 Microring Resonator Arrays for Sensing Applications 291Daniel Pergande, Vanessa Zamora, Peter Lützow, and Helmut Heidrich 12 Polymers, Nanomaterials, and Organic Photovoltaic Devices 319Thomas Tromholt and Frederik C. Krebs 13 Next-Generation GaAs Photovoltaics 341Giacomo Mariani and Diana L. Huffaker 14 Nanocrystals, Layer-by-Layer Assembly, and Photovoltaic Devices 357Jacek J. Jasieniak, Brandon I. MacDonald, and Paul Mulvaney 15 Nanostructured Conductors for Flexible Electronics 395Jonghwa Park, Sehee Ahn, and Hyunhyub Ko 16 Graphene, Nanotube, and NW-Based Electronics 413Xi Liu, Xiaoling Shi, Lei Liao, Zhiyong Fan, and Johnny C. Ho 17 Nanoelectronics Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 501Qing Cao and Shu-jen Han 18 Monolithic Graphene–Graphite Integrated Electronics 523Michael C. Wang, Jonghyun Choi, Jaehoon Bang, SungGyu Chun, Brandon Smith, and SungWoo Nam 19 Thin-Film Transistors Based on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 539Woong Choi and Sunkook Kim Index 563

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Book SynopsisThis book gives an expert view of how the project management approach can be taken forward by the pharmaceutical industry over the next decade. The book integrates portfolio, program, and project management processes as fundamentals for effective and efficient drug product development.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi About the Authors xiii Part One The Life Science Industry Context for Portfolio, Program, and Project Management 1. A Review of Project Management in Life Science Industry Sectors 3Thomas R. Dunson 2. The Impact of Organizational Size on Drug Project Management 21Eric Morfin 3. Drug Development in Biotechnology and How We Can Do It Better 33Susan Linna Part Two The Portfolio, Program, and Project Management Approaches and Processes 4. An Overview of the Organization and Processes of Portfolio, Program, and Project Management 53Pete Harpum 5. Portfolio Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Balancing Corporate Need with the Reality of Delivering Products to the Market 59John Bennett 6. Program Management in Drug Development 85Pauline Stewart-Long 7. Project Control 101Martin Powell 8. Managing Uncertainty in Drug Projects 135Pete Harpum and Thomas R. Dunson 9. Managing Drug Safety Risk 155Thomas R. Dunson and Eric Morfin 10. Developing Program Strategy 175Pete Harpum 11. Developing Products with “Added Value” 197Trevor J. Brown and Stephen Allport Part Three Integrating the Processes 12. Integrated Business Processes to Support Cross-Functional Drug Development 227Martin D. Hynes III 13. Integrated Drug Development: From Cradle to Grave and from Lab to Market 239Stephen Allport and Terry Cooke-Davies 14. The Development of P3M Capability in Drug Development Organizations 259John Arrowsmith, Patrick Grogan, and Bob Moore 15. Implementing Portfolio, Program, and Project Management Best Practices in Drug Development Organizations 287Pete Harpum, Ashley Jamieson, and Inge Fisher Bibliography 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisA step-by-step, integrated approach for successful, FDA-approved combination drug products Using a proven integrated approach to combination drug development, this book guides you step by step through all the preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing stages.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv 1 Overview of Combination Products Development and Regulatory Review 1 Evan B. Siegel 2 Detailed Regulatory Approaches to Development, Review, and Approval 5 James Barquest 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 General Background 6 2.2.1 Definitions 6 2.2.2 FDA Organization and Jurisdiction 7 2.2.3 Clinical Investigation and Premarket Review Requirements for Drugs, Biological Products, and Medical Devices 11 2.2.4 FDA Information Resources 15 2.3 Combination Products: Regulatory Background 16 2.3.1 Definition 16 2.3.2 Intercenter Agreements 18 2.3.3 Office of Combination Products 19 2.3.4 Primary Mode of Action 20 2.3.5 Intended Use 30 2.3.6 Strategic Regulatory Considerations 31 2.3.7 The Request for Designation (RFD) Process 34 2.3.8 User Fees 44 2.3.9 FDA Meetings: Successful Regulatory Interactions 50 2.3.10 Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Combination Products 59 2.4 Postmarketing Considerations 67 2.4.1 Adverse Event Reporting 68 2.4.1.1 Device Malfunction Reporting (21 CFR 803.3(r)(2)(ii), 21 CFR 803.20) 68 2.4.1.2 Five-Day MDR Reporting (21 CFR 803.10(c)(2)(i)) 68 2.4.1.3 Drug and Biological Product “Alert” Reporting (21 CFR 314.80(c)(1) and 600.80(c)(1)) 73 2.4.1.4 Blood-Related Deaths (21 CFR 606.170) 73 2.4.2 Other Compliance Issues 73 References 74 3 Nonclinical Recommendations for Successful Characterization and Development of Combination Drug Products 77 Duane B. Lakings 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Pharmacology 79 3.2.1 Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology Recommendations for CDPs with Multiple Marketed Drugs 80 3.2.2 Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology Recommendations for CDPs with Marketed Drugs and a Single NME 83 3.2.3 Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology Recommendations for CDPs with More Than One NME 83 3.3 Pharmacokinetics 84 3.3.1 Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Recommendations for CDPs with Multiple Marketed Drugs 89 3.3.2 Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Recommendations for CDPs with Marketed Drugs and a Single NME 91 3.3.3 Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Recommendations for CDPs with More Than One NME 91 3.4 Toxicology 92 3.4.1 Toxicology Recommendations for CDPs with Multiple Marketed Drugs 98 3.4.2 Toxicology Recommendations for CDPs with Marketed Drugs and a Single NME 102 3.4.3 Toxicology Recommendations for CDPs with More Than One NME 104 3.5 Conclusions 108 References 109 4 Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Development of Combination Products 113 Chaline Brown 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Postapproval Clinical Safety Reporting 115 4.3 Clinical Development of Drug–Delivery System Combination Products 116 4.3.1 Advantages of a New Delivery Device Drug Product 117 4.3.1.1 Streamlined Regulatory Process Possible 117 4.3.1.2 Improvement in Efficacy over Previously Approved Delivery Routes 117 4.3.1.3 Noninjection Bioavailability for Peptides and Proteins 118 4.3.2 Considerations for a Combination Product with a Novel Delivery Route 119 4.3.2.1 Impact of Infusion Pumps on Pharmacodynamic Effects 119 4.3.2.2 Route-Dependent Pharmaceutical Metabolic Profile 119 4.3.2.3 Inherent Delivery Site Sensitivity 119 4.3.2.4 Addressing Concerns Regarding the Safety of Excipients in Novel Routes of Delivery 120 4.3.2.5 Addressing Concerns of Possible Immune System Reactions During Development 120 4.3.2.6 Addressing Effects Specific to Human Physiology During Development 120 4.3.2.7 Addressing Formulation Changes During Clinical Development 121 4.3.3 Case Study: Exubera® (Pfizer’s inhaled insulin, approved January 2006) 121 4.4 Clinical Development of Drug–Active Device Combination Products 127 4.4.1 Case Study: The Drug-Eluting Stent (DES) 128 4.4.2 Changing Scene for New DES Products 132 4.5 Clinical Development of Co-Packaged Combination Products 134 4.5.1 Co-Packaged Drug and Biologic Case Study: Interferon and Ribavirin for the Treatment of Hepatitis C 135 4.6 Clinical Development of Drug–In Vitro Diagnostic Combination Products 140 4.6.1 Retrospective Changes in Drug Labeling to Incorporate Genetic Tests 143 4.6.2 Prospective Co-Development of Drugs and In Vitro Diagnostics 144 4.6.3 Issues Surrounding Biomarker Development 146 4.6.4 Clinical Trial Design Issues in Drug–In Vitro Diagnostic Co-Development 147 4.6.5 FDA Guidance 149 4.6.6 Case Study: Herceptin® and HercepTest® 150 4.7 Clinical Development of Drug–Biologic Combination Products 153 4.7.1 Case Study 1: Mylotarg® (Monoclonal Antibody Linked to a Cytotoxic Drug) 154 4.7.2 Case Study 2: Bexxar® (Monoclonal Antibody Linked to a Radioisotope) 157 4.8 Clinical Development of Drug–Drug Combinations 160 4.8.1 General Considerations for FDC Efficacy Studies 162 4.8.2 Case Study: CombinatoRx, with Combination Therapy as a Business Model 163 4.9 Conclusion 165 References 165 5 Regulatory Strategy Considerations for Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls: An Integrated Approach 171 Patrick L. DeVillier 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 Office of Combination Products (OCP) and Request for Designation (RFD) 172 5.3 Extent of Regulatory Oversight 173 5.4 Investigational Device Exemption and Investigational New Drug Exemption 174 5.5 Regulatory Compliant Product Development 175 5.6 Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Review Requirements 177 5.7 Drug Component Requirements 178 5.8 Device Component Requirements 179 5.9 Sterilization Considerations 179 5.10 Stability Considerations 180 5.11 Bench Testing and Early Development Considerations 180 5.12 CDP Regulatory Cross-Mapping Guidance and Recommendations 181 5.13 Conclusions 200 References 200 List of Abbreviations 201 Index 205

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Book SynopsisProvides an introductory survey of nanotechnology. Based on the highly acclaimed 2003 Wiley title Introduction to Nanotechnology , This new textbook includes problem sets for each chapter, updated material from the earlier book, and rewritten sections to be more pedagogical in nature. .Trade Review"This book would be an excellent choice for a one- or two-semester course in a materials science, chemistry, or physics course. It would also be of interest to any of our readers interested in learning about nanotechnology. It is written to provide the reader with a sound foundation for understanding the key fundamentals of nanotechnology. This book will be popular." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Physics of Bulk Solids 1 1.1 Structure 1 1.1.1 Size Dependence of Properties 1 1.1.2 Crystal Structures 2 1.1.3 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 7 1.1.4 Large Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 9 1.1.5 Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 10 1.1.6 Lattice Vibrations 14 1.2 Surfaces of Crystals 16 1.2.1 Surface Characteristics 16 1.2.2 Surface Energy 17 1.2.3 Face-Centered Cubic Surface Layers 18 1.2.4 Surfaces of Zinc Blende and Diamond Structures 21 1.2.5 Adsorption of Gases 23 1.2.6 Electronic Structure of a Surface 25 1.2.7 Surface Quantum Well 26 1.3 Energy Bands 26 1.3.1 Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 26 1.3.2 Reciprocal Space 27 1.3.3 Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors 28 1.3.4 Effective Mass 34 1.3.5 Fermi Surfaces 35 1.4 Localized Particles 36 1.4.1 Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 36 1.4.2 Mobility 37 1.4.3 Excitons 38 Problems 40 References 41 2. Methods of Measuring Properties of Nanostructures 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Structure 44 2.2.1 Atomic Structures 44 2.2.2 Crystallography 45 2.2.3 Particle Size Determination 50 2.2.4 Surface Structure 54 2.3 Microscopy 54 2.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 54 2.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 59 2.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 59 2.4 Spectroscopy 66 2.4.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 66 2.4.2 Photoemission, X-Ray, and Auger Spectroscopy 72 2.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 78 2.5 Various Bulk Properties 81 2.5.1 Mechanical Properties 81 2.5.2 Electrical Properties 81 2.5.3 Magnetic Properties 82 2.5.4 Other Properties 82 Problems 82 References 83 3. Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Metal Nanoclusters 86 3.2.1 Magic Numbers 86 3.2.2 Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 88 3.2.3 Geometric Structure 91 3.2.4 Electronic Structure 94 3.2.5 Reactivity 97 3.2.6 Fluctuations 100 3.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 100 3.2.8 Bulk-to-Nano Transition 103 3.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 104 3.3.1 Optical Properties 104 3.3.2 Photofragmentation 106 3.3.3 Coulomb Explosion 107 3.4 Rare-Gas and Molecular Clusters 107 3.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 107 3.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 108 3.4.3 Molecular Clusters 109 3.4.4 Nanosized Organic Crystals 111 3.5 Methods of Synthesis 111 3.5.1 RF Plasma 111 3.5.2 Chemical Methods 111 3.5.3 Thermolysis 112 3.5.4 Pulsed-Laser Methods 114 3.5.5 Synthesis of Nanosized Organic Crystals 114 3.6 Summary 118 Problems 118 4. The Chemistry of Nanostructures 121 4.1 Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 121 4.1.1 Solution Synthesis 121 4.1.2 Capped Nanoclusters 122 4.1.3 Solgel Processing 124 4.1.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 125 4.2 Reactivity of Nanostructures 125 4.3 Catalysis 127 4.3.1 Nature of Catalysis 127 4.3.2 Surface Area of Nanoparticles 127 4.3.3 Porous Materials 131 4.4 Self-Assembly 135 4.4.1 The Self-Assembly Process 135 4.4.2 Semiconductor Islands 136 4.4.3 Monolayers 139 Problems 141 5. Polymer and Biological Nanostructures 143 5.1 Polymers 143 5.1.1 Polymer Structure 143 5.1.2 Sizes of Polymers 146 5.1.3 Nanocrystals of Polymers 148 5.1.4 Conductive Polymers 151 5.1.5 Block Copolymers 152 5.2 Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.1 Sizes of Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.2 Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticles 160 5.2.3 Nucleic Acids 162 5.2.3.1 DNA Double Nanowire 162 5.2.3.2 Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 166 5.2.3.3 Proteins 167 5.2.3.4 Micelles and Vesicles 169 5.2.3.5 Multilayer Films 172 Problems 174 References 174 6. Cohesive Energy 177 6.1 Ionic Solids 177 6.2 Defects in Ionic Solids 183 6.3 Covalently Bonded Solids 185 6.4 Organic Crystals 186 6.5 Inert-Gas Solids 190 6.6 Metals 191 6.7 Conclusion 193 Problems 193 7. Vibrational Properties 195 7.1 The Finite One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice 195 7.2 Ionic Solids 197 7.3 Experimental Observations 199 7.3.1 Optical and Acoustical Modes 199 7.3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Surface Layers of Nanoparticles 201 7.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.3.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.4 Phonon Confinement 207 7.5 Effect of Dimension on Lattice Vibrations 209 7.6 Effect of Dimension on Vibrational Density of States 211 7.7 Effect of Size on Debye Frequency 215 7.8 Melting Temperature 216 7.9 Specific Heat 218 7.10 Plasmons 220 7.11 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 222 7.12 Phase Transitions 223 Problems 226 References 227 8. Electronic Properties 229 8.1 Ionic Solids 229 8.2 Covalently Bonded Solids 232 8.3 Metals 234 8.3.1 Effect of Lattice Parameter on Electronic Structure 235 8.3.2 Free-Electron Model 235 8.3.3 The Tight-Binding Model 239 8.4 Measurements of Electronic Structure of Nanoparticles 242 8.4.1 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 242 8.4.2 Organic Solids 248 8.4.3 Metals 250 Problems 251 9. Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Fabricating Quantum Nanostructures 253 9.2.1 Solution Fabrication 254 9.2.2 Lithography 257 9.3 Size and Dimensionality Effects 261 9.3.1 Size Effects 261 9.3.2 Size Effects on Conduction Electrons 263 9.3.3 Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 264 9.3.4 Fermi Gas and Density of States 265 9.3.5 Potential Wells 268 9.3.6 Partial Confinement 272 9.3.7 Properties Dependent on Density of States 273 9.4 Excitons 275 9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 276 9.6 Applications 280 9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 280 9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 280 Problems 285 References 285 10. Carbon Nanostructures 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Carbon Molecules 287 10.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 287 10.2.2 New Carbon Structures 289 10.3 Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.2 Buckyball 292 10.3.3 The Structure of Molecular C60 293 10.3.4 Crystalline C60 296 10.3.5 Larger and Smaller Buckyballs 300 10.3.6 Buckyballs of Other Atoms 300 10.4 Carbon Nanotubes 301 10.4.1 Fabrication 301 10.4.2 Structure 304 10.4.3 Electronic Properties 306 10.4.4 Vibrational Properties 312 10.4.5 Functionalization 314 10.4.6 Doped Carbon Nanotubes 322 10.4.7 Mechanical Properties 325 10.5 Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.1 Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.2 Metal–Carbon Nanotube Composites 329 10.6 Graphene Nanostructures 330 Problems 335 11. Bulk Nanostructured Materials 337 11.1 Solid Methods for Preparation of Disordered Nanostructures 337 11.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 337 11.1.2 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 340 11.1.3 Porous Silicon 343 11.2 Nanocomposites 347 11.2.1 Layered Nanocomposites 347 11.2.2 Nanowire Composites 349 11.2.3 Composites of Nanoparticles 350 11.3 Nanostructured Crystals 351 11.3.1 Natural Nanocrystals 351 11.3.2 Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 352 11.3.3 Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 355 11.3.4 Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 357 11.3.5 Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 358 11.4 Electrical Conduction in Bulk Nanostructured Materials 359 11.4.1 Bulk Materials Consisting of Nanosized Grains 359 11.4.2 Nanometer-Thick Amorphous Films 364 11.5 Other Properties 364 Problems 365 12. Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 367 12.1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials 367 12.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 370 12.3 Mechanical Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials 371 12.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 374 12.5 Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices 376 12.5.1 General Considerations 376 12.5.2 Nanopendulum 378 12.5.3 Vibrations of a Nanometer String 380 12.5.4 The Nanospring 381 12.5.5 The Clamped Beam 382 12.5.6 The Challenges and Possibilities of Nanomechanical Sensors 385 12.5.7 Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices 387 Problems 390 13. Magnetism in Nanostructures 393 13.1 Basics of Ferromagnetism 393 13.2 Behavior of Powders of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles 398 13.2.1 Properties of a Single Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle 398 13.2.2 Dynamics of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles 400 13.2.3 Measurements of Superparamagnetism and the Blocking Temperature 402 13.2.4 Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles 405 13.3 Ferrofluids 406 13.4 Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 413 13.4.1 Effect of Nanosized Grain Structure on Magnetic Properties 413 13.4.2 Magnetoresistive Materials 416 13.4.3 Carbon Nanostructured Ferromagnets 424 13.5 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles 429 Problems 430 14. Nanoelectronics, Spintronics, Molecular Electronics, and Photonics 433 14.1 Nanoelectronics 433 14.1.1 N and P Doping and PN Junctions 433 14.1.2 MOSFET 435 14.1.3 Scaling of MOSFETs 436 14.2 Spintronics 440 14.2.1 Definition and Examples of Spintronic Devices 440 14.2.2 Magnetic Storage and Spin Valves 440 14.2.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 445 14.3 Molecular Switches and Electronics 449 14.3.1 Molecular Switches 449 14.3.2 Molecular Electronics 453 14.3.3 Mechanism of Conduction through a Molecule 458 14.4 Photonic Crystals 459 Problems 465 Reference 466 15. Superconductivity in Nanomaterials 467 15.1 Introduction 467 15.2 Zero Resistance 467 15.2.1 The Superconducting Gap 469 15.2.2 Cooper Pairs 470 15.3 The Meissner Effect 472 15.3.1 Magnetic Field Exclusion 472 15.3.2 Type I and Type II Superconductors 474 15.4 Properties of Flux 478 15.4.1 Quantization of Flux 478 15.4.2 Vortex Configurations 479 15.4.3 Flux Creep and Flux Flow 480 15.4.4 Vortex Pinning 484 15.5 Dependence of Superconducting Properties on Size Effects 484 15.6 Resistivity and Sheet Resistance 484 15.7 Proximity Effect 488 15.8 Superconductors as Nanomaterials 490 15.9 Tunneling and Josephson Junctions 491 15.9.1 Tunneling 491 15.9.2 Weak Links 491 15.9.3 Josephson Effect 493 15.9.4 Josephson Junctions 494 15.9.5 Ultrasmall Josephson Junctions 494 15.10 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Squid) 495 15.11 Buckministerfullerenes 496 15.11.1 The Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 496 15.11.2 Alkali-Doped C60 496 15.11.3 Superconductivity in C60 497 Problems 498 References 499 Appendix A Formulas for Dimensionality 501 A.1 Introduction 501 A.2 Delocalization 501 A.3 Square and Parabolic Wells 502 A.4 Partial Confinement 503 Appendix B Tabulations of Semiconducting Material Properties 507 Appendix C Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 515 C.1 Introduction 515 C.2 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 515 C.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 519 Index 521

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Book SynopsisNinfa/Ballou/Benore is a solid biochemistry lab manual, dedicated to developing research skills,allowing students to learn techniques and develop the the critical thinking and organizational approaches necessary to conduct laboratory research. Ninfa/Ballou/Benore focuses on basic biochemistry laboratory techniques butalsoincludes molecular biology exercises, a reflection of most courses which concentrate on traditional biochemistry experiments and techniques. The experiments are designed so that theory and technique are learned as fundamental research tools, and the biochemistry and molecular biology applications are seamlessly integrated throughout the manual. The manual also includes an introduction to ethics in the laboratory, uncommon in similar manuals. Most importantly, perhaps, is the authors' three-pronged approach to encouraging students to think like a research scientist: first, the authors introduce the scientific method and the hypothesis as a framework for developing cTable of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1: Getting Started in Scientific Research 1 1.1 The Difference Between Experiments and Demonstrations 1 1.2 Philosophy and Design of Experiments 3 1.3 Designing Informative Experiments 4 1.4 Ethics in Science 5 1.5 Keeping a Laboratory Notebook 9 1.6 Laboratory Reports 13 1.7 Presentation and Analysis of Data 15 1.8 The Minisymposium 18 Chapter 2: Basic Procedures in the Biochemistry Laboratory 21 2.1 Laboratory Safety 21 2.2 Special Safety Procedures are Required for Using Radioactive Materials or Operating the Autoclave 26 2.3 Measurement of Weights, Volumes, and pH 30 2.4 Various Instruments Used 38 2.5 Other General Techniques 45 2.6 Solutions and Dilutions 50 2.7 Buffers and pH 52 2.8 Appendix Calculating Titration Curves for Polyprotic Acids and Other Multiple Binding Site Receptors 62 2.9 Equipment Used in This Course 64 Chapter 3: Spectroscopic Methods 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Design and Properties of Spectrophotometers 69 3.3 Effects of Spectral Bandpass and Stray Light 72 3.4 Recording Spectrophotometers 74 3.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 75 3.6 Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Reactions Used for Analysis 83 3.7 Other Spectroscopic Techniques 84 3.8 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 94 Experiments 3-1 to 3-4 99 Reagents Needed for Chapter 3 103 Chapter 4: Quantification of Protein Concentration 105 4.1 Purposes of Protein Quantification 105 4.2 Factors to Consider in Choosing an Assay 107 4.3 Non-Colorimetric Procedures for Quantification of Proteins 108 4.4 Colorimetric Procedures for Quantification of Proteins 110 Experiment 4-1 115 Reagents Needed for Chapter 4 119 Chapter 5: Chromatography 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Gel-Filtration (Size Exclusion or Gel-Permeation) Chromatography 125 5.3 Affinity Chromatography 133 5.4 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 143 5.5 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography 149 Experiments 5-1 and 5-2 152 Reagents Needed for Chapter 5 160 Chapter 6: Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins 161 6.1 Process of Electrophoresis 161 6.2 Polyacrylamide Gels 163 6.3 SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of Proteins 165 6.4 Detection of Proteins in SDS-Polyacrylamide Gels 171 6.5 Applications of SDS-PAGE 173 Experiments 6-1 and 6-2 183 Reagents Needed for Chapter 6 190 Chapter 7: Overview of Protein Purification 191 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Development of a Suitable Assay Procedure 193 7.3 Time, Temperature, and Yield 195 7.4 Selection of the Best Source Material 195 7.5 Solubilization of the Protein 198 7.6 Initial Steps of Purification 199 7.7 Developing a Series of High-Resolution Chromatographic Steps 201 7.8 Methods Used to Change Buffer and Concentrate Protein Samples 204 7.9 A Logical Series of Steps 205 7.10 Storage of the Purified Protein 205 7.11 The Protein Purification Table 206 Chapter 8: Subcellular Fractionation 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Structural Organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 210 8.3 Overview of Fractionation Protocols 213 Experiment 8-1 220 Reagents Needed for Chapter 8 227 Chapter 9: Isolation and Characterization of an Enzyme—Alkaline Phosphatase From Escherichia Coli 229 9.1 Objectives 229 9.2 Introduction and Basic Principles 229 9.3 Purification of Alkaline Phosphatase 233 9.4 Characterization of Purified Alkaline Phosphatase 242 Appendix 9-1 Assay of Alkaline Phosphatase 243 Reagents and Equipment Needed for Chapter 9 247 Chapter 10: Enzyme Kinetics 251 10.1 Why Use Steady-State Kinetics? 251 10.2 Steady-State Kinetics Principles 252 10.3 The Significance of Km and Vmax 255 10.4 Graphical Analysis 257 10.5 Competitive, “Noncompetitive, ” and “Uncompetitive” Inhibitors 260 Experiments 10-1 to 10-3 267 Reagents Needed for Chapter 10 273 Chapter 11: Ligand Binding 275 11.1 Ligand Binding is the Key to Most Biological Processes 275 11.2 Analysis of Ligand Binding at Equilibrium 277 11.3 Digression on Regression 283 11.4 Effects of the Concentrations of L and R 283 11.5 Effects of Two Sites and Cooperative Behavior 285 11.6 Analysis of the Kinetics of Ligand Binding 292 11.7 Methods Used to Study Receptor-Ligand Interactions 295 Experiments 11-1 and 11-2 302 Reagents Needed for Chapter 11 308 Chapter 12: Enzymatic Methods of Analysis 309 12.1 Enzymatic Analysis of Substrates 309 12.2 Assays for Enzymatic Activity 310 12.3 Practical Considerations 311 12.4 Coupled Assays 312 12.5 Experiments with Pyridine Nucleotide-Requiring Enzymes 314 Experiments 12-1 to 12-4 317 Reagents Needed for Chapter 12 328 Appendix 12-1: Sample Calculations 330 Chapter 13: Recombinant DNA Techniques 337 13.1 Introduction 337 13.2 Properties of Nucleic Acids 339 13.3 Strategy of Recombinant DNA Techniques 341 13.4 Cutting and Splicing DNA 343 13.5 Gel Electrophoresis of DNA 347 13.6 Introducing DNA into Cells 353 13.7 Identifying Transformed Cells 354 13.8 Vectors, Hosts, and Libraries for Recombinant DNA Experiments 359 13.9 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 366 Experiments 13-1 to 13-4 375 Reagents Needed for Chapter 13 386 Chapter 14: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technology 389 14.1 Introduction 389 14.2 Principle of the PCR Method 390 14.3 The Three Steps of PCR are Controlled by Temperature 392 14.4 Applications of PCR 394 14.5 Legal and Ethical Issues 410 Experiments 14-1 to 14-6 412 Reagents Needed for Chapter 14 423 Chapter 15: Using the Computer and the Internet for Biochemical Research and Communication 425 15.1 Introduction to the World Wide Web (the Internet) 425 15.2 Information on the Internet Useful to Biochemists 431 15.3 Literature and Data Searches 432 15.4 Visualization of Molecular Structures 440 15.5 Other Useful Information 442 15.6 Homework Assignment 445 Index 447

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the importance and recent success of computational intelligence methods over a diverse range of bioinformatics problems. It encourages others to use these methods and approaches in their research, while also serving as an introduction to computational intelligence methods and applications to the consumers of the research.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Part One Gene Expression Analysis and Systems Biology. 1. Hybrid of Neural Classifi er and Swarm Intelligence in Multiclass Cancer Diagnosis with Gene Expression Signatures (Rui Xu, Georgios C. Anagnostopoulos, and Donald C. Wunsch II). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Methods and Systems. 1.3 Experimental Results. 1.4 Conclusions. 2. Classifying Gene Expression Profi les with Evolutionary Computation (Jin-Hyuk Hong and Sung-Bae Cho). 2.1 DNA Microarray Data Classifi cation. 2.2 Evolutionary Approach to the Problem. 2.3 Gene Selection with Speciated Genetic Algorithm. 2.4 Cancer Classifi ction Based on Ensemble Genetic Programming. 2.5 Conclusion. 3. Finding Clusters in Gene Expression Data Using EvoCluster (Patrick C. H. Ma, Keith C. C. Chan, and Xin Yao). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Related Work. 3.3 Evolutionary Clustering Algorithm. 3.4 Experimental Results. 3.5 Conclusions. 4. Gene Networks and Evolutionary Computation (Jennifer Hallinan). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Evolutionary Optimization. 4.3 Computational Network Modeling. 4.4 Extending Reach of Gene Networks. 4.5 Network Topology Analysis. 4.6 Summary. Part Two Sequence Analysis and Feature Detection. 5. Fuzzy-Granular Methods for Identifying Marker Genes from Microarray Expression Data (Yuanchen He, Yuchun Tang, Yan-Qing Zhang, and Rajshekhar Sunderraman). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Traditional Algorithms for Gene Selection. 5.3 New Fuzzy-Granular-Based Algorithm for Gene Selection. 5.4 Simulation. 5.5 Conclusions. 6. Evolutionary Feature Selection for Bioinformatics (Laetitia Jourdan, Clarisse Dhaenens, and El-Ghazali Talbi). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Feature Selection. 6.3 Feature Selection for Clustering in Bioinformatics. 6.4 Feature Selection for Classifi cation in Bioinformatics. 6.5 Frameworks and Data Sets. 6.6 Conclusion. 7. Fuzzy Approaches for the Analysis CpG Island Methylation Patterns (Ozy Sjahputera, Mihail Popescu, James M. Keller, and Charles W. Caldwell). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Methods. 7.3 Biological Signifi cance. 7.4 Conclusions. Part Three Molecular Structure and Phylogenetics. 8. Protein–Ligand Docking with Evolutionary Algorithms(René Thomsen). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Biochemical Background. 8.3 The Docking Problem. 8.4 Protein–Ligand Docking Algorithms. 8.5 Evolutionary Algorithms. 8.6 Effect of Variation Operators. 8.7 Differential Evolution. 8.8 Evaluating Docking Methods. 8.9 Comparison between Docking Methods. 8.10 Summary. 8.11 Future Research Topics. 9. RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Employing Evolutionary Algorithms (Kay C. Wiese, Alain A. Deschênes, and Andrew G. Hendriks). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Thermodynamic Models. 9.3 Methods. 9.4 Results. 9.5 Conclusion. 10. Machine Learning Approach for Prediction of Human Mitochondrial Proteins (Zhong Huang, Xuheng Xu, and Xiaohua Hu). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Methods and Systems. 10.3 Results and Discussion. 10.4 Conclusions. 11. Phylogenetic Inference Using Evolutionary Algorithms(Clare Bates Congdon). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Background in Phylogenetics. 11.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Evolutionary Computation. 11.4 One Contribution of Evolutionary Computation: Graphyl. 11.5 Some Other Contributions of Evolutionary computation. 11.6 Open Questions and Opportunities. Part Four Medicine. 12. Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Chemotherapy Optimization (John McCall, Andrei Petrovski, and Siddhartha Shakya). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Nature of Cancer. 12.3 Nature of Chemotherapy. 12.4 Models of Tumor Growth and Response. 12.5 Constraints on Chemotherapy. 12.6 Optimal Control Formulations of Cancer Chemotherapy. 12.7 Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Chemotherapy Optimization. 12.8 Encoding and Evaluation. 12.9 Applications of EAs to Chemotherapy Optimization Problems. 12.10 Related Work. 12.11 Oncology Workbench. 12.12 Conclusion. 13. Fuzzy Ontology-Based Text Mining System for Knowledge Acquisition, Ontology Enhancement, and Query Answering from Biomedical Texts (Lipika Dey and Muhammad Abulaish). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Brief Introduction to Ontologies. 13.3 Information Retrieval form Biological Text Documents: Related Work. 13.4 Ontology-Based IE and Knowledge Enhancement System. 13.5 Document Processor. 13.6 Biological Relation Extractor. 13.7 Relation-Based Query Answering. 13.8 Evaluation of the Biological Relation Extraction Process. 13.9 Biological Relation Characterizer. 13.10 Determining Strengths of Generic Biological Relations. 13.11 Enhancing GENIA to Fuzzy Relational Ontology. 13.12 Conclusions and Future Work. References. Appendix Feasible Biological Relations. Index.

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