Biotechnology Books, bestsellers and new releases

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Cambridge University Press Introduction to Biocatalysis Using Enzymes and Microorganisms

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to give a non-specialist a comprehensive introduction to the science of biotransformations, the practice of harnessing biological catalysts for the preparation of useful fine chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances and flavours.Trade Review' … the book is well presented and has few errors. It is a readable and affordable introduction for those new to this area, particularly synthetic chemists, and would also be useful for an advanced undergraduate or a postgraduate course in the subject.' Chemistry in BritainTable of ContentsPreface; 1. An historical introduction to biocatalysis using enzymes and microorganisms; 2. The inter-relationship between enzymes and cells with particular reference to whole-cell biotransformations using bacteria and fungi; 3. Useful intermediates and end-products obtained from whole-cell/enzyme catalysed hydrolysis and esterification reactions; 4. Useful intermediates and end-products obtained from biocatalysed oxidation and reduction reactions; 5. Useful intermediates and end-products obtained from biocatalysed carbon–carbon, carbon–oxygen, carbon–nitrogen, and carbon–chalcogen bond-forming reactions; 6. The application of biocatalysis to the manufacture of fine chemicals; Index.

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Cambridge University Press Technology Transfer Making the Most of Your

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Cambridge University Press Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy

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Cambridge University Press Biological Materials Science Biological Materials Bioinspired Materials and Biomaterials

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Book SynopsisTaking a unique materials science approach, this text introduces students to the basic concepts and applications of materials and biomedical engineering and prepares them for the challenges of the new interdisciplinary field of biomaterials science. Split into three sections - Basic Biology Principles, Biological Materials, and Bioinspired Materials and Biomimetics - it presents biological materials along with the structural and functional classification of biopolymers, bioelastomers, foams, and ceramic composites. More traditional biomimetic designs such as Velcro are then discussed in conjunction with new developments that mimic the structure of biological materials at the molecular level, mixing nanoscale with biomolecular designs. Bioinspired design of materials and structures is also covered. Focused presentations of biomaterials are presented throughout the text in succinct boxes, emphasising biomedical applications, whilst the basic principles of biology are explained, so no priTrade Review'The union of the physical and biological sciences is in many respects one of the most exciting yet challenging aspects of scientific endeavor today. Nowhere is this more in evidence than in the area of biological materials science and engineering where many materials scientists struggle with the complex puzzle of biological form and function while biologists in turn have to deal with the invariably highly quantitative nature of the physical sciences and engineering. With this book, Meyers and Chen have delivered a true tour de force which takes the reader in clear and precise text from cells to virus-produced Li-ion batteries. This book is a must read for undergraduates, graduates and researchers alike in the rapidly expanding fields of biological, bioinspired and biomaterials science.' Robert Ritchie, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryTable of Contents1. Evolution of materials science and engineering: from natural to bioinspired materials; Part I. Basic Biology Principles: 2. Self assembly, hierarchy, and evolution; 3. Basic building blocks; 4. Cells; 5. Biomineralization; Part II. Biological Materials: 6. Silicate and calcium carbonate-based composites; 7. Calcium phosphate-based composites; 8. Biological polymers and polymer composites; 9. Biological elastomers; 10. Biological foams (porous solids); 11. Functional biological materials; Part III. Bioinspired Materials and Biomimetics: 12. Bioinspired materials; 13. Molecular-based biomimetics.

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MP-WIS Uni of Wisconsin Biotechnology

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Book SynopsisThis volume teaches 100 ""kanji"" that appear frequently in documents dealing with biotechnology and reviews the 365 ""kanji"" presented in ""Basic Technical Japanese"". The lessons are keyed to the final ten chapters of the latter, enabling students to use the two volumes together.

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Book SynopsisUniversity science is now entangled with entrepreneurship, and researchers with a commercial interest are caught in an ethical quandary. Science in the Private Interest investigates the trends and effects of modern, commercialized academic science.Trade ReviewIn Science in the Private Interest, a strongly argued polemic against the commercial conditions in which scientific research currently operates, [Krimsky] shows how universities have become little more than instruments of wealth. * The New York Review Of Books *In Science in the Private Interest, Dr. Krimsky documents the growing entanglement between commerce and academic science. He argues that the lure of profits is transforming universities so that they are no longer independent, disinterested centers of learning that the public has long depended on. * The New York Times *A must-read for anyone interested in the future of science. * USA Today *This is an important and detailed analysis of the transformations of the biomedical sciences as they have become part of a new biomedical-industrial-complex. . . . A timely and much-needed study. -- Everett Mendelsohn, professor of history and science, Harvard UniversityThis book should be read by anyone concerned about the integrity of knowledge production in a knowledge-based society. Krimsky provides a spirited and engaging defense of academic freedom and sounds a compelling warning of the long-term dangers to society when universities adopt the values of business. -- Mildred Cho, Stanford UniversityScience in the Private Interest is required reading for all scientists interested in the integrity of researchers and universities. -- Adil E. Shamoo, University of Maryland School of MedicineSheldon Krimsky is one of the country's leading thinkers about the social and political context of science. This very accessible book offers a powerful insight into how corporate connections are harming the progress of science, tainting free inquiry in our universities, and harming our health. -- Phil Brown, Brown UniversityReading Krimsky will give those inside and outside the university and college worlds a gripping sense of how large are the stakes and how glorious can be the benefits of defending and expanding the independence of the university from the growing corporate state. . . . A searching and honest book. -- Ralph Nader, from the forewordScience in the Private Interest makes a timely and welcome contribution. A major strength of Krimsky's book is its comprehensive account of problems that have arisen from the 'partnership' of academia and industry. * Nature Neuroscience *Science in the Private Interest is carefully researched and presents arguments from all sides of the issues under discussion. Case studies sprinkled throughout the book demonstrate that the main characters—universities, large companies, and some academicians—at times cloak monetary and career-advancing priorities in scientific clothing. Yet most of the pages of the the book are not exposés of biomedical wrongdoing but explanations of the laws and regulations that govern how academia and industry interrelate. * The New England Journal Of Medicine *Krimsky is certainly not the first to take on conflicts in the scientific world, but his scholarship provides the data that many advocates use in making their case. Even defenders of the commercial ties, who say they speed products to the market and appropriately reward researchers for their work, recognize the importance of Krimsky's data. * The Boston Globe *By using thorough analysis, interviews, and careful evaluation of recent patterns, Krimsky attempts to untangle the complex relationship between biomedical research and profiteering, one of the most important issues of our time. * Public Citizen News *Provides a useful and readable compendium of events and ideas that are familiar to scholars of conflict-of-interest in science. * Nature *Krimsky has long been a critic of business links to universities. Science in the Private Interest integrates his work and that of others, arguing that the link between universities and business actually presents a serious threat to both universities and society. * Health Affairs *Krimsky's analysis is informed and his argument well written. Science in the Private Interest is a disturbing book but one that deserves a broad readership. * Science and Theology News *Although this thesis is not new, readers will learn from the detail [Krimsky] presents and from his juxtaposition of a broad range of examples. Bringing together a wealth of evidence from investigative journalism, government reports, and peer-reviewed articles, Krimsky shows that these conflicts of interest are not isolated incidents but form a widespread, increasing pattern. * Nature Medicine *Shrewd, unsparing, and never shrill, this book ought to be obligatory reading for anyone who values the role that science plays in the political life of the United States. With a scholar's care and an idealist's unswerving allegiance to unfettered scientific inquiry, Krimsky explores the true public cost of the transformation of university-based research into a tool of commercial self-interest. * American Scientist *The message of this book is relevant to most of us. Because this subject is important, and because Krimsky's writing is clear, there is little to criticize. This vision of what academia has been and what it could continue to be is reason enough to read what Krimsky has to say. * JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association *A must-read for UK science minister Lord Sainsbury. * Ecologist *Krimsky has written an important and provocative book. Science in the Private Interest should generate fruitful debate about systematic responses to the dangers of research commercialization in the life sciences. * Academe *I know of no better account of the profound issues regarding the interface between the academic mission and the industrial world than that given by Krimsky. * The Quarterly Review Of Biology *In lucid, well-documented discussions, liberally enhanced by appropriate case studies, Sheldon Krimsky shows us how bias and conflict of interest may arise in various forms. * New Jersey Medicine *Table of ContentsPart 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Stories of the Unholy Alliance Chapter 4 University-Industry Collaborations Chapter 5 Knowledge as Property Chapter 6 The Changing Ethos of Science Chapter 7 The Redemption of Federal Advisory Committees Chapter 8 Professors Incorporated Chapter 9 Conflicts of Interest Chapter 10 A Question of Bias Chapter 11 The Scientific Journals Chapter 12 The Demise of Public Science Chapter 13 Prospects for a New Moral Sensibility in Academia Chapter 14 Conclusion: Reinvesting in Public Interest Science

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John Wiley and Sons Ltd Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing

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Book SynopsisFood and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing describes the engineering aspects of bioprocessing, including advanced food processing techniques and bioproduct development. The main focus of the book is on food applications, while numerous industrial applications are highlighted as well.Table of ContentsPreface xi Contributors xiii Abbreviations xvii 1 Traditional and Emerging Feedstocks for Food and Industrial Bioproduct Manufacturing 1 Nurhan Turgut Dunford 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Grain crops 2 1.3 Oil and oilseeds 13 1.4 Lignocellulosic biomass 24 1.5 Conclusions 25 2 Recent Processing Methods for Preparing Starch-based Bioproducts 37 George F. Fanta, Frederick C. Felker and Randal L. Shogren 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Annealing and heat–moisture treatment 40 2.3 High-pressure treatment 41 2.4 Microwave processing 46 2.5 Processes using ultrasound 50 2.6 Processing using supercritical fluids 56 2.7 Extrusion processing 63 2.8 Processing by steam jet cooking 67 2.9 Conclusions 71 3 Protein Processing in Food and Bioproduct Manufacturing and Techniques for Analysis 85 Joyce Irene Boye and Chockry Barbana 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 General properties of proteins 86 3.3 Protein separation processes in food and bioproduct manufacturing 87 3.4 Calculating protein yields and recovery 101 3.5 Processing effects on yield and protein quality 101 3.6 Conclusion 108 4 Advancements in Oil and Oilseed Processing 115 Nurhan Turgut Dunford 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Oilseed pretreatment 116 4.3 Oil extraction 119 4.4 Oil refining 127 4.5 Conclusions 137 5 Food-grade Microemulsions As Nano-scale Controlled Delivery Vehicles 145 Natasha Berry, Rickey Yada and Dérick Rousseau 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Winsor classification/phase behavior 146 5.3 Theories of microemulsion formation 147 5.4 What makes microemulsions thermodynamically stable? 148 5.5 Methods of microemulsion formation 148 5.6 Polydispersity 149 5.7 Composition 149 5.8 Factors affecting phase behavior 151 5.9 Parameters that modify microemulsion structure 152 5.10 Characterization techniques 154 5.11 Applications 158 5.12 Conclusions 160 6 Emulsions, Nanoemulsions and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems in Foods 167 Umut Yucel, Ryan J. Elias and John N. Coupland 6.1 Delivery systems in foods 167 6.2 Structure of emulsions 168 6.3 Localization of BLI in emulsions 169 6.4 Emulsions as delivery systems 172 6.5 Crystallization in emulsions 174 6.6 Localization of BLI in solid lipid nanoparticles 178 6.7 Conclusions 180 7 Fermentation 185 Mark R. Wilkins and Hasan Atiyeh 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Fermentative pathways 186 7.3 Microbial growth 188 7.4 Reactor design 189 7.5 Fermentation schemes 194 7.6 Fermentation Products 195 7.7 Separation 199 7.8 Future application areas and emerging developments 200 8 Fungal Cell Factories 205 Sue A. Karagiosis and Scott E. Baker 8.1 Fungi and fungal biotechnology 205 8.2 Historical perspective 206 8.3 Industry 208 8.4 Genomics and the future 213 8.5 Conclusions 215 9 Microalgae: A Renewable Source of Bioproducts 221 Susan I. Blackburn and John K. Volkman 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Microalgae and their global importance 221 9.3 Cultured microalgae 223 9.4 Algal culture collections 224 9.5 Microalgal production systems 225 9.6 Historical natural foods 228 9.7 Live feedstocks for aquaculture 228 9.8 Bioproducts 229 9.9 Pharmaceuticals 235 9.10 Microalgae in cosmetics and skin care 236 9.11 Microalgae bioproducts: Future potential 236 10 Bioprocessing Approaches to Synthesize Bio-based Surfactants and Detergents 243 Douglas G. Hayes 10.1 Bio-based surfactants: Overview 243 10.2 Feedstocks for bio-based surfactants 244 10.3 Industrial bio-based surfactants 246 10.4 Advantages of bioprocessing to prepare bio-based non-ionic surfactants 248 10.5 Preparation of bio-based surfactants via enzymes in non-aqueous media 249 10.6 Preparation of biosurfactants via fermentation 258 10.7 Conclusions 261 11 Biopolymers 267 Oguz Turünc and Michael A. R. Meier 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Carbohydrate-based polymers 267 11.3 Fat- and oil-based polymers 277 11.4 Conclusion 286 12 Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing 293 Fei Yu and Jonathan Y. Chen 12.1 Introduction 293 12.2 Availability of lignocellulosic biomass 293 12.3 Processing 297 13 Recent Developments in Non-thermal Processess 313 Fernando Sampedro and Howard Q. Zhang 13.1 Introduction 313 13.2 Recent advances in non-thermal technologies 314 13.3 Future trends 325 14 Enzymes as Biocatalysts for Lipid-based Bioproducts Processing 333 Ling-Zhi Cheong, Zheng Guo, Sergey N. Fedosov, Bena-Marie Lue, Ram C.R. Jala, Gündüz Güzel, and Xuebing Xu 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 Enzyme characteristics 333 14.3 Enzyme kinetics in industrial applications 334 14.4 Enzymes in industrial applications 338 14.5 Conclusions and future trends 351 References 353 Index 359 A color plate section falls between pages 222 and 223

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John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to Bioreactor Hydrodynamics and

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Book SynopsisReviews and compares the major types of bioreactors, defines their pros and cons, and identifies research needs and figures of merit that have yet to be addressed Describes common modes of operation in bioreactors Covers the three common bioreactor types, including stirred-tank bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and airlift bioreactors Details less common bioreactors types, including fixed bed bioreactors and novel bioreactor designs Discusses advantages and disadvantages of each bioreactor and provides a procedure for optimal bioreactor selection based on current process needs Reviews the problems of bioreactor selection globally while considering all bioreactor options rather than concentrating on one specific bioreactor type Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 MODES OF OPERATION 3 2.1 Batch Bioreactors 3 2.2 Continuous Bioreactors 9 2.3 Summary 15 3 GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER MODELS 17 4 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 28 4.1 Measuring Bioreactor Hydrodynamic Characteristics 28 4.1.1 Flow regime measurements 29 4.1.2 Local pressure drop 30 4.1.3 Mixing or residence time 32 4.1.4 Axial diffusion coefficient 33 4.1.5 Gas-liquid interfacial area 34 4.1.6 Bubble size and velocity 35 4.1.7 Global and local liquid velocity 37 4.1.8 Gas holdup 40 4.1.8.1 Bed expansion 41 4.1.8.2 Pressure drop measurements 41 4.1.8.3 Dynamic gas disengagement (DGD) 46 4.1.8.4 Tomographic techniques 47 4.1.9 Liquid holdup 50 4.1.10 Power measurements 51 4.2 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer 53 4.2.1 Dissolved oxygen measurement techniques 54 4.2.1.1 Chemical method 54 4.2.1.2 Volumetric method 56 4.2.1.3 Tubing method 56 4.2.1.4 Optode method 57 4.2.1.5 Electrochemical electrode method 58 4.2.1.5.1 Polarographic electrodes 59 4.2.1.5.2 Galvanic probes 61 4.2.1.5.3 Electrochemical electrode time constant 61 4.2.1.5.4 Electrochemical electrode response time (τe) 64 4.2.1.5.5 Electrochemical electrode response models 66 4.2.1.5.6 Summary of electrochemical electrode response models 72 4.2.2 Dissolved carbon monoxide measurements 72 4.2.2.1 Bioassay overview 74 4.2.2.2 Needed materials 75 4.2.2.3 Liquid sample collection 76 4.2.2.4 Identifying the concentrated myoglobin solution concentration 77 4.2.2.5 Sample preparation for analysis 78 4.2.2.6 Determining the dissolved CO concentration 79 4.2.3 Determining volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient, kLa 80 4.2.3.1 Gas balance method 81 4.2.3.2 Dynamic method 82 4.2.3.2.1 Biological dynamic method 82 4.2.3.2.2 Non-biological dynamic method 85 4.2.3.2.3 Variations of the inlet step change 86 4.2.3.2.4 Dynamic method drawbacks 91 4.2.3.3 Chemical sorption methods 92 4.2.3.3.1 Sulfite oxidation method 92 4.2.3.3.2 The hydrazine method 94 4.2.3.3.3 Peroxide method 95 4.2.3.3.4 Carbon dioxide absorption method 95 4.3 Summary 95 5 MODELING BIOREACTORS 97 5.1 Multiphase Flow CFD Modeling 97 5.1.1 Governing equations for gas-liquid flows 100 5.1.2 Turbulence modeling 101 5.1.3 Interfacial momentum exchange 104 5.1.4 Bubble pressure model 105 5.1.5 Bubble-induced turbulence 106 5.1.6 Modeling bubble size distribution 107 5.2 Biological Process Modeling 109 5.2.1 Simple bioprocess models 111 5.3 Summary 113 6 STIRRED TANK BIOREACTORS 114 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Stirred Tank Reactor Flow Regimes 116 6.2.1 Radial Flow Impellers 117 6.2.2 Axial Flow Impellers 122 6.3 Effects of Impeller Design and Arrangement 127 6.3.1 Radial Flow Impellers 129 6.3.2 Axial flow impellers 134 6.3.3 Multiple Impeller Systems 139 6.3.4 Surface Aeration 148 6.3.5 Self-Inducing Impellers 150 6.4 Superficial Gas Velocity 152 6.5 Power Input 155 6.6 Baffle Design 158 6.7 Sparger Design 161 6.7.1 Axial Flow Impellers 162 6.7.2 Radial Flow Impellers 164 6.8 Microbial Cultures 165 6.9 Correlation Forms 172 6.10 Summary 184 7 BUBBLE COLUMN BIOREACTORS 191 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Flow Regimes 194 7.3 Column Geometry 202 7.3.1 Column Diameter 202 7.3.2 Unaerated Liquid Height 205 7.3.3 Aspect Ratio 206 7.4 Other Operating Conditions 207 7.4.1 Pressure 207 7.4.2 Temperature 210 7.4.3 Viscosity 212 7.4.4 Surface Tension and Additives 213 7.5 Gas Distributor Design 215 7.6 Correlations 221 7.7 Needed Bubble Column Research 226 7.8 Summary 227 8 AIRLIFT BIOREACTORS 243 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Circulation Regimes 247 8.3 Configuration 253 8.3.1 Bioreactor Height 255 8.3.2 Area Ratio 258 8.3.3 Gas Separator 261 8.3.4 Internal-Loop Airlift Bioreactor 266 8.3.5 External-Loop Airlift Bioreactor 268 8.4 Sparger Design 272 8.5 Correlations 277 8.6 Needed Research 280 8.7 Summary 284 9 FIXED BED BIOREACTORS 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 Column Geometry and Components 299 9.3 Flow Regime 307 9.4 Liquid Properties 314 9.5 Packing Material 316 9.5.1 Random Packing 319 9.5.2 Structured Packing 321 9.6 Biological Considerations 324 9.7 Correlations 325 9.8 Needed Research 327 9.9 Summary 328 10 NOVEL BIOREACTORS 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Novel Bubble-Induced Flow Designs 333 10.3 Miniaturized Bioreactors 341 10.3.1 Microreactors 343 10.3.2 Nanoreactors 348 10.4 Membrane Reactor 349 10.5 Summary 353 11 FIGURES OF MERIT 355 12 CONCLUDING REMARKS 363 13 NOMENCLATURE 367 Abbreviations 375 Greek Symbols 377 Dimensionless numbers 379 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 382

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John Wiley & Sons Inc BioCeramics with Clinical Applications

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Book SynopsisThis publication offers a unique approach that links the materials science of bioceramics to clinical needs and applications.Providing a structured account of this highly active area of research, the book reviews the clinical applications in bone tissue engineering, bone regeneration, joint replacement, drug-delivery systems and biomimetism, this book is an ideal resource for materials scientists and engineers, as well as for clinicians.From the contents:Part I Introduction1. Bioceramics2. Biomimetics Part II Materials 3. Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics4. Silica-based Ceramics: Glasses5. Silica-based Ceramics: Mesoporous Silica6. Alumina, Zirconia, and Other Non-oxide Inert Bioceramics7. Carbon-based Materials in Biomedicine Part III Material Shaping 8. Cements9. Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants10. Scaffold Designing Part IV Research on Future CeraTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv Part I Introduction 1 1. Bioceramics 3 María Vallet-Regí 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Reactivity of the Bioceramics 4 1.3 First, Second, and Third Generations of Bioceramics 6 1.4 Multidisciplinary Field 7 1.5 Solutions for Bone Repairing 8 1.6 Biomedical Engineering 13 Recommended Reading 15 2. Biomimetics 17 María Vallet-Regí 2.1 Biomimetics 17 2.2 Formation of Hard Tissues 18 2.3 Biominerals versus Biomaterials 19 Recommended Reading 22 Part II Materials 23 3. Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics 25 Daniel Arcos 3.1 History of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 25 3.2 Generalities of Calcium Phosphates 26 3.3 In vivo Response of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics 28 3.4 Calcium Hydroxyapatite-Based Bioceramics 30 3.4.1 Stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite (HA) 31 3.4.2 Calcium Deficient Hydroxyapatites (CDHA) 37 3.4.3 Carbonated Hydroxyapatites (CHA) 39 3.4.4 Silicon-Substituted Hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) 40 3.4.5 Hydroxyapatites of Natural Origin 45 3.5 Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics 50 3.5.1 -Tricalcium Phosphate (-TCP) 50 3.5.2 -Tricalcium Phosphate (-TCP) 53 3.6 Biphasic Calcium Phosphates (BCP) 55 3.6.1 Chemical and Structural Properties 55 3.6.2 Preparation Methods 56 3.6.3 Clinical Applications 56 3.7 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles 57 3.7.1 General Properties and Scope of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles 57 3.7.2 Preparation Methods of CaP Nanoparticles 58 3.7.3 Clinical Applications 60 3.8 Calcium Phosphate Advanced Biomaterials 60 3.8.1 Scaffolds for in situ Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering 60 3.8.2 Drug Delivery Systems 62 References 65 4. Silica-based Ceramics: Glasses 73 Antonio J. Salinas 4.1 Introduction 73 4.1.1 What Is a Glass? 73 4.1.2 Properties of Glasses 75 4.1.3 Structure of Glasses 75 4.1.4 Synthesis of Glasses 76 4.2 Glasses as Biomaterials 78 4.2.1 First Bioactive Glasses (BGs): Melt-Prepared Glasses (MPGs) 79 4.2.2 Other Bioactive MPGs 80 4.2.3 Bioactivity Index and Network Connectivity 80 4.2.4 Mechanism of Bioactivity 81 4.3 Increasing the Bioactivity of Glasses: New Methods of Synthesis 82 4.3.1 Sol–Gel Glasses (SGGs) 82 4.3.2 Composition, Texture, and Bioactivity of SSGs 84 4.3.3 Biocompatibility of SGGs 86 4.3.4 SGGs as Bioactivity Accelerators in Biphasic Materials 86 4.3.5 Template Glasses (TGs) Bioactive Glasses with Ordered Mesoporosity 88 4.3.6 Atomic Length Scale in BGs: How the Local Structure Affects Bioactivity 91 4.3.7 New Reformulation of Hench’s Mechanism for TGs 93 4.3.8 Including Therapeutic Inorganic Ions in the Glass Composition 94 4.4 Strengthening and Adding New Capabilities to Bioactive Glasses 95 4.4.1 Glass Ceramics (GCs) 95 4.4.2 Composites Containing Bioactive Glasses 97 4.4.3 Sol–Gel Organic–Inorganic Hybrids (O-IHs) 98 4.5 Non-silicate Glasses 99 4.5.1 Phosphate Glasses 99 4.5.2 Borate Glasses 100 4.6 Clinical Applications of Glasses 101 4.6.1 Bioactive Silica Glasses 101 4.6.2 Inert Silica Glasses 106 4.6.3 Phosphate Glasses 106 4.6.4 Borate Glasses 107 Recommended Reading 107 5. Silica-based Ceramics: Mesoporous Silica 109 Montserrat Colilla 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Discovery of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 110 5.3 Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 111 5.3.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis 112 5.3.2 Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA) Method 119 5.4 Mechanisms of Mesostructure Formation 119 5.5 Tuning the Structural Properties of Mesoporous Silicas 122 5.5.1 Micellar Mesostructure 123 5.5.2 Type of Mesoporous Structure 128 5.5.3 Mesopore Size 131 5.6 Structural Characterization of Mesoporous Silicas 132 5.7 Synthesis of Spherical Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 135 5.7.1 Aerosol-Assisted Synthesis 136 5.7.2 Modified Stöber Method 137 5.8 Organic Functionalization of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 138 5.8.1 Post-synthesis Functionalization (“Grafting”) 139 5.8.2 Co-condensation (“One-Pot” Synthesis) 140 5.8.3 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas 141 References 141 6. Alumina, Zirconia, and Other Non-oxide Inert Bioceramics 153 Juan Peña López 6.1 A Perspective on the Clinical Application of Alumina and Zirconia 153 6.1.1 Alumina 155 6.1.2 Zirconia 158 6.2 Novel Strategies Based on Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics 160 6.2.1 From Alumina Toughened Zirconia to Alumina Matrix Composite 160 6.2.2 Introduction of Different Species in Zirconia 161 6.2.3 Improvement of Surface Adhesion 162 6.3 Non-oxidized Ceramics 163 6.3.1 Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) 163 6.3.2 Silicon Carbide (SiC) 164 References 164 7. Carbon-based Materials in Biomedicine 175 Mercedes Vila 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Carbon Allotropes 175 7.2.1 Pyrolytic Carbon 176 7.2.2 Carbon Fibers 177 7.2.3 Fullerenes 177 7.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes 179 7.2.5 Graphene 181 7.2.6 Diamond and Amorphous Carbon 184 7.3 Carbon Compounds 186 7.3.1 Silicon Carbide 186 7.3.2 Boron Carbide 187 7.3.3 Tungsten Carbide 188 References 188 Part III Material Shaping 193 8. Cements 195 Oscar Castaño and Josep A. Planell Abbreviations 195 Glossary 196 8.1 Introduction 197 8.1.1 Brief History 197 8.1.2 Definition and Chemistry 199 8.1.3 Description of the Different CaP Cements 200 8.1.4 State of the Art 201 8.2 Calcium Phosphate Cements 206 8.2.1 Types 206 8.2.2 Mechanisms 206 8.2.3 Relevant Experimental Variables 207 8.2.4 Material Characterization 211 8.2.5 Reaction Evolution of Cements 220 8.2.6 Additives and Strategies to Enhance Properties 222 8.2.7 Biological Characterization and Bioactive Behavior 224 8.3 Applications 229 8.3.1 Bone Defect Repair 229 8.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems 232 8.4 Future Trends 232 8.5 Conclusions 233 References 234 9. Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants 249 M. Victoria Cabañas 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Methods to Modify the Surface of an Implant 250 9.2.1 Deposited Coatings 251 9.2.2 Conversion Coatings 257 9.3 Bioactive Ceramic Coatings 258 9.3.1 Clinical Applications 259 9.3.2 Calcium Phosphates-Based Coatings 260 9.3.3 Silica-based Coatings: Glass and Glass-Ceramics 268 9.3.4 Bioactive Ceramic Layer Formation on a Metallic Substrate 270 9.4 Bioinert Ceramic Coatings 272 9.4.1 Titanium Nitride and Zirconia Coatings 273 9.4.2 Carbon-based Coatings 275 References 279 10. Scaffold Designing 291 Isabel Izquierdo-Barba 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Essential Requirements for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 293 10.3 Scaffold Processing Techniques 296 10.3.1 Foam Scaffolds 297 10.3.2 Rapid Prototyping Scaffolds 301 10.3.3 Electrospinning Scaffolds 305 References 307 Part IV Research on Future Ceramics 315 11. Bone Biology and Regeneration 317 Soledad Pérez-Amodio and Elisabeth Engel 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 The Skeleton 318 11.3 Bone Remodeling 320 11.4 Bone Cells 322 11.4.1 Bone Lining Cells 322 11.4.2 Osteoblasts 323 11.4.3 Osteocytes 323 11.4.4 Osteoclasts 324 11.5 Bone Extracellular Matrix 327 11.6 Bone Diseases 327 11.6.1 Osteoporosis 328 11.6.2 Paget’s Disease 329 11.6.3 Osteomalacia 329 11.6.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 329 11.7 Bone Mechanics 329 11.8 Bone Tissue Regeneration 333 11.8.1 Calcium Phosphate and Silica-based Bioceramics 333 11.8.2 Bioactive Glasses 334 11.8.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements 335 11.9 Conclusions 336 References 336 12. Ceramics for Drug Delivery 343 Miguel Manzano 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Drug Delivery 344 12.3 Drug Delivery from Calcium Phosphates 346 12.3.1 Drug Delivery from Hydroxyapatite 346 12.3.2 Drug Delivery from Tricalcium Phosphates 348 12.3.3 Drug Delivery from Calcium Phosphate Cements 348 12.4 Drug Delivery from Silica-based Ceramics 351 12.4.1 Drug Delivery from Glasses 351 12.4.2 Drug Delivery from Mesoporous Silica 355 12.5 Drug Delivery from Carbon Nanotubes 363 12.6 Drug Delivery from Ceramic Coatings 365 References 366 13. Ceramics for Gene Transfection 383 Blanca González 13.1 Gene Transfection 383 13.2 Gene Transfection Based on Nonviral Vectors 386 13.3 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Gene Transfection 388 13.3.1 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles 391 13.3.2 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 393 13.3.3 Carbon Allotropes (Fullerenes, CNTs, Graphene Oxide) 397 13.3.4 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 403 References 410 14. Ceramic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment 421 Alejandro Baeza 14.1 Delivery of Nanocarriers to Solid Tumors 421 14.1.1 Special Issues of Tumor Vasculature: Enhanced Permeation and Retention Effect (EPR) 422 14.1.2 Tumor Microenvironment 423 14.2 Ceramic Nanoparticle Pharmacokinetics in Cancer Treatment 424 14.2.1 Biodistribution and Excretion/Clearance Pathways 424 14.2.2 Toxicity of the Ceramic Nanoparticles 426 14.3 Cancer-targeted Therapy 428 14.3.1 Endocytic Mechanism of Targeted Drug Delivery 428 14.3.2 Specific Tumor Active Targeting 430 14.3.3 Angiogenesis-associated Active Targeting 432 14.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment 434 14.4.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 434 14.4.2 Calcium Phosphates Nanoparticles 440 14.4.3 Carbon Allotropes 440 14.4.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia 442 14.5 Imaging and Theranostic Applications 443 References 446 Index 457

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