Biophysics Books

Book SynopsisNeural interfaces are one of the most exciting emerging technologies to impact bioengineering and neuroscience because they enable an alternate communication channel linking directly the nervous system with man-made devices. This book reveals the essential engineering principles and signal processing tools for deriving control commands from bioelectric signals in large ensembles of neurons. The topics featured include analysis techniques for determining neural representation, modeling in motor systems, computing with neural spikes, and hardware implementation of neural interfaces. Beginning with an exploration of the historical developments that have led to the decoding of information from neural interfaces, this book compares the theory and performance of new neural engineering approaches for BMIs. Contents: Introduction to Neural Interfaces / Foundations of Neuronal Representations / Input-Outpur BMI Models / Regularization Techniques for BMI Models / Neural Decoding Using Generative BMI Models / Adaptive Algorithms for Point Processes / BMI SystemsTable of ContentsContents: Introduction to Neural Interfaces.- Foundations of Neuronal Representations.- Input-Outpur BMI Models.- Regularization Techniques for BMI Models.- Neural Decoding Using Generative BMI Models.- Adaptive Algorithms for Point Processes.- BMI Systems.

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Book SynopsisIn the last ten years many different brain imaging devices have conveyed a lot of information about the brain functioning in different experimental conditions. In every case, the biomedical engineers, together with mathematicians, physicists and physicians are called to elaborate the signals related to the brain activity in order to extract meaningful and robust information to correlate with the external behavior of the subjects. In such attempt, different signal processing tools used in telecommunications and other field of engineering or even social sciences have been adapted and re-used in the neuroscience field. The present book would like to offer a short presentation of several methods for the estimation of the cortical connectivity of the human brain. The methods here presented are relatively simply to implement, robust and can return valuable information about the causality of the activation of the different cortical areas in humans using non invasive electroencephalographic recordings. The knowledge of such signal processing tools will enrich the arsenal of the computational methods that a engineer or a mathematician could apply in the processing of brain signals. Table of Contents: Introduction / Estimation of the Effective Connectivity from Stationary Data by Structural Equation Modeling / Estimation of the Functional Connectivity from Stationary Data by Multivariate Autoregressive Methods / Estimation of Cortical Activity by the use of Realistic Head Modeling / Application: Estimation of Connectivity from Movement-Related Potentials / Application to High-Resolution EEG Recordings in a Cognitive Task (Stroop Test) / Application to Data Related to the Intention of Limb Movements in Normal Subjects and in a Spinal Cord Injured Patient / The Instantaneous Estimation of the Time-Varying Cortical Connectivity by Adaptive Multivariate Estimators / Time-Varying Connectivity from Event-Related PotentialsTable of ContentsIntroduction.- Estimation of the Effective Connectivity from Stationary Data by Structural Equation Modeling.- Estimation of the Functional Connectivity from Stationary Data by Multivariate Autoregressive Methods.- Estimation of Cortical Activity by the use of Realistic Head Modeling.- Application: Estimation of Connectivity from Movement-Related Potentials.- Application to High-Resolution EEG Recordings in a Cognitive Task (Stroop Test).- Application to Data Related to the Intention of Limb Movements in Normal Subjects and in a Spinal Cord Injured Patient.- The Instantaneous Estimation of the Time-Varying Cortical Connectivity by Adaptive Multivariate Estimators.- Time-Varying Connectivity from Event-Related Potentials.

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Book SynopsisThis book is concerned with the study of continuum mechanics applied to biological systems, i.e., continuum biomechanics. This vast and exciting subject allows description of when a bone may fracture due to excessive loading, how blood behaves as both a solid and fluid, down to how cells respond to mechanical forces that lead to changes in their behavior, a process known as mechanotransduction. We have written for senior undergraduate students and first year graduate students in mechanical or biomedical engineering, but individuals working at biotechnology companies that deal in biomaterials or biomechanics should also find the information presented relevant and easily accessible. Table of Contents: Tensor Calculus / Kinematics of a Continuum / Stress / Elasticity / Fluids / Blood and Circulation / Viscoelasticity / Poroelasticity and Thermoelasticity / Biphasic TheoryTable of ContentsTensor Calculus.- Kinematics of a Continuum.- Stress.- Elasticity.- Fluids.- Blood and Circulation.- Viscoelasticity.- Poroelasticity and Thermoelasticity.- Biphasic Theory.

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Book SynopsisTremor represents one of the most common movement disorders worldwide. It affects both sexes and may occur at any age. In most cases, tremor is disabling and causes social difficulties, resulting in poorer quality of life. Tremor is now recognized as a public health issue given the aging of the population. Tremor is a complex phenomenon that has attracted the attention of scientists from various disciplines. Tremor results from dynamic interactions between multiple synaptically coupled neuronal systems and the biomechanical, physical, and electrical properties of the external effectors. There have been major advances in our understanding of tremor pathogenesis these last three decades, thanks to new imaging techniques and genetic discoveries. Moreover, significant progress in computer technologies, developments of reliable and unobtrusive wearable sensors, improvements in miniaturization, and advances in signal processing have opened new perspectives for the accurate characterization and daily monitoring of tremor. New therapies are emerging. In this book, we provide an overview of tremor from pathogenesis to therapeutic aspects. We review the definitions, the classification of the varieties of tremor, and the contribution of central versus peripheral mechanisms. Neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neurochemical, and pharmacological topics related to tremor are pointed out. Our goals are to explain the fundamental basis of tremor generation, to show the recent technological developments, especially in instrumentation, which are reshaping research and clinical practice, and to provide up-to-date information related to emerging therapies. The integrative transdisciplinary approach has been used, combining engineering and physiological principles to diagnose, monitor, and treat tremor. Guidelines for evaluation of tremor are explained. This book has been written for biomedical engineering students, engineers, researchers, medical students, biologists, neurologists, and biomedical professionals of any discipline looking for an updated and multidisciplinary overview of tremor. It can be used for biomedical courses. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomical Overview of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System / Physiology of the Nervous System / Characterization of Tremor / Prinipal Disorders Associated with Tremor / Quantification of Tremor / Mechanisms of Tremor / TreatmentsTable of ContentsIntroduction.- Anatomical Overview of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System.- Physiology of the Nervous System.- Characterization of Tremor.- Prinipal Disorders Associated with Tremor.- Quantification of Tremor.- Mechanisms of Tremor.- Treatments.

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Book SynopsisQuantitative Neurophysiology is supplementary text for a junior or senior level course in neuroengineering. It may also serve as an quick-start for graduate students in engineering, physics or neuroscience as well as for faculty interested in becoming familiar with the basics of quantitative neuroscience. The first chapter is a review of the structure of the neuron and anatomy of the brain. Chapters 2-6 derive the theory of active and passive membranes, electrical propagation in axons and dendrites and the dynamics of the synapse. Chapter 7 is an introduction to modeling networks of neurons and artificial neural networks. Chapter 8 and 9 address the recording and decoding of extracellular potentials. The final chapter has descriptions of a number of more advanced or new topics in neuroengineering. Throughout the text, vocabulary is introduced which will enable students to read more advanced literature and communicate with other scientists and engineers working in the neurosciences. Numerical methods are outlined so students with programming knowledge can implement the models presented in the text. Analogies are used to clarify topics and reinforce key concepts. Finally, homework and simulation problems are available at the end of each chapter. Table of Contents: Preface / Neural Anatomy / Passive Membranes / Active Membranes / Propagation / Neural Branches / Synapses / Networks of Neurons / Extracellular Recording and Stimulation / The Neural Code / Applications / Biography / IndexTable of ContentsPreface.- Neural Anatomy.- Passive Membranes.- Active Membranes.- Propagation.- Neural Branches.- Synapses.- Networks of Neurons.- Extracellular Recording and Stimulation.- The Neural Code.- Applications.- Biography.- Index.

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Book SynopsisHeredity performs literal communication of immensely long genomes through immensely long time intervals. Genomes nevertheless incur sporadic errors referred to as mutations which have significant and often dramatic effects, after a time interval as short as a human life. How can faithfulness at a very large timescale and unfaithfulness at a very short one be conciliated? The engineering problem of literal communication has been completely solved during the second half of the XX-th century. Originating in 1948 from Claude Shannon's seminal work, information theory provided means to measure information quantities and proved that communication is possible through an unreliable channel (by means left unspecified) up to a sharp limit referred to as its capacity, beyond which communication becomes impossible. The quest for engineering means of reliable communication, named error-correcting codes, did not succeed in closely approaching capacity until 1993 when Claude Berrou and Alain Glavieux invented turbocodes. By now, the electronic devices which invaded our daily lives (e.g., CD, DVD, mobile phone, digital television) could not work without highly efficient error-correcting codes. Reliable communication through unreliable channels up to the limit of what is theoretically possible has become a practical reality: an outstanding achievement, however little publicized. As an engineering problem that nature solved aeons ago, heredity is relevant to information theory. The capacity of DNA is easily shown to vanish exponentially fast, which entails that error-correcting codes must be used to regenerate genomes so as to faithfully transmit the hereditary message. Moreover, assuming that such codes exist explains basic and conspicuous features of the living world, e.g., the existence of discrete species and their hierarchical taxonomy, the necessity of successive generations and even the trend of evolution towards increasingly complex beings. Providing geneticists with an introduction to information theory and error-correcting codes as necessary tools of hereditary communication is the primary goal of this book. Some biological consequences of their use are also discussed, and guesses about hypothesized genomic codes are presented. Another goal is prompting communication engineers to get interested in genetics and biology, thereby broadening their horizon far beyond the technological field, and learning from the most outstanding engineer: Nature. Table of Contents: Foreword / Introduction / A Brief Overview of Molecular Genetics / An Overview of Information Theory / More on Molecular Genetics / More on Information Theory / An Outline of Error-Correcting Codes / DNA is an Ephemeral Memory / A Toy Living World / Subsidiary Hypothesis, Nested System / Soft Codes / Biological Reality Conforms to the Hypotheses / Identification of Genomic Codes / Conclusion and PerspectivesTable of ContentsForeword.- Introduction.- A Brief Overview of Molecular Genetics.- An Overview of Information Theory.- More on Molecular Genetics.- More on Information Theory.- An Outline of Error-Correcting Codes.- DNA is an Ephemeral Memory.- A Toy Living World.- Subsidiary Hypothesis, Nested System.- Soft Codes.- Biological Reality Conforms to the Hypotheses.- Identification of Genomic Codes.- Conclusion and Perspectives.

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Book SynopsisLung sounds auscultation is often the first noninvasive resource for detection and discrimination of respiratory pathologies available to the physician through the use of the stethoscope. Hearing interpretation, though, was the only means of appreciation of the lung sounds diagnostic information for many decades. Nevertheless, in recent years, computerized auscultation combined with signal processing techniques has boosted the diagnostic capabilities of lung sounds. The latter were traditionally analyzed and characterized by morphological changes in the time domain using statistical measures, by spectral properties in the frequency domain using simple spectral analysis, or by nonstationary properties in a joint time–frequency domain using short-time Fourier transform. Advanced signal processing techniques, however, have emerged in the last decade, broadening the perspective in lung sounds analysis. The scope of this book is to present up-to-date signal processing techniques that have been applied to the area of lung sound analysis. It starts with a description of the nature of lung sounds and continues with the introduction of new domains in their representation, new denoising techniques, and concludes with some reflective implications, both from engineers’ and physicians’ perspective. Issues of nonstationarity, nonlinearity, non-Gaussianity, modeling, and classification of lung sounds are addressed with new methodologies, revealing a more realistic approach to their pragmatic nature. Advanced denoising techniques that effectively circumvent the noise presence (e.g., heart sound interference, background noise) in lung sound recordings are described, providing the physician with high-quality auscultative data. The book offers useful information both to engineers and physicians interested in bioacoustics, clearly demonstrating the current trends in lung sound analysis. Table of Contents: The Nature of Lung Sound Signals / New Domains in LS Representation / Denoising Techniques / Reflective ImplicationsTable of ContentsThe Nature of Lung Sound Signals.- New Domains in LS Representation.- Denoising Techniques.- Reflective Implications.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the principles of several of the more widely used methods in medical imaging. Intended for engineering students, it provides a final-year undergraduate- or graduate-level introduction to several imaging modalities, including MRI, ultrasound, and X-Ray CT. The emphasis of the text is on mathematical models for imaging and image reconstruction physics. Emphasis is also given to sources of imaging artefacts. Such topics are usually not addressed across the different imaging modalities in one book, and this is a notable strength of the treatment given here. Table of Contents: Introduction / Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging / X-Ray CT / Ultrasonics / Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging / Doppler Velocimetry / An Introduction to MRITable of ContentsIntroduction.- Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging.- X-Ray CT.- Ultrasonics.- Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging.- Doppler Velocimetry.- An Introduction to MRI.

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Book SynopsisThe book presents recent advances in signal processing techniques for modeling, analysis, and understanding of the heart's electrical activity during atrial fibrillation. This arrhythmia is the most commonly encountered in clinical practice and its complex and metamorphic nature represents a challenging problem for clinicians, engineers, and scientists. Research on atrial fibrillation has stimulated the development of a wide range of signal processing tools to better understand the mechanisms ruling its initiation, maintenance, and termination. This book provides undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers and practicing engineers, with an overview of techniques, including time domain techniques for atrial wave extraction, time-frequency analysis for exploring wave dynamics, and nonlinear techniques to characterize the ventricular response and the organization of atrial activity. The book includes an introductory chapter about atrial fibrillation and its mechanisms, treatment, and management. The successive chapters are dedicated to the analysis of atrial signals recorded on the body surface and to the quantification of ventricular response. The rest of the book explores techniques to characterize endo- and epicardial recordings and to model atrial conduction. Under the appearance of being a monothematic book on atrial fibrillation, the reader will not only recognize common problems of biomedical signal processing but also discover that analysis of atrial fibrillation is a unique challenge for developing and testing novel signal processing tools. Table of Contents: Analysis of Ventricular Response During Atrial Fibrillation / Organization Measures of Atrial Activity During Fibrillation / Modeling Atrial Fibrillation: From Myocardial Cells to ECG / Algorithms for Atrial Tachyarrythmia Detection for Long-Term Monitoring with Implantable DevicesTable of ContentsAnalysis of Ventricular Response During Atrial Fibrillation.- Organization Measures of Atrial Activity During Fibrillation.- Modeling Atrial Fibrillation: From Myocardial Cells to ECG.- Algorithms for Atrial Tachyarrythmia Detection for Long-Term Monitoring with Implantable Devices.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is intended for undergraduate students (juniors or seniors) in Biomedical Engineering, with the main goal of helping these students learn about classical control theory and its application in physiological systems. In addition, students should be able to apply the Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) Controls and Simulation Modules to mammalian physiology. The first four chapters review previous work on differential equations for electrical and mechanical systems. Chapters 5 through 8 present the general types and characteristics of feedback control systems and foot locus, frequency response, and analysis of stability and margins. Chapters 9 through 12 cover basic LabVIEW programming, the control module with its pallets, and the simulation module with its pallets. Chapters 13 through 17 present various physiological models with several LabVIEW control analyses. These chapters cover control of the heart (heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output), the vestibular system and its role in governing equilibrium and perceived orientation, vestibulo-ocular reflex in stabilizing an image on the surface of the retina during head movement, mechanical control models of human gait (walking movement), and the respiratory control model. The latter chapters (Chapters 13-17) combine details from my class lecture notes in regard to the application of LabVIEW control programming by the class to produce the control virtual instruments and graphical displays (root locus, Bode plots, and Nyquist plot). This textbook was developed in cooperation with National Instruments personnel. Table of Contents: Electrical System Equations / Mechanical Translation Systems / Mechanical Rotational Systems / Thermal Systems and Systems Representation / Characteristics and Types of Feedback Control Systems / Root Locus / Frequency Response Analysis / Stability and Margins / Introduction to LabVIEW / Control Design in LabVIEW / Simulation in LabVIEW / LabVIEW Control Design and Simulation Exercise / Cardiac Control / Vestibular Control System / Vestibulo-Ocular Control System / Gait and Stance Control System / Respiratory Control SystemTable of ContentsElectrical System Equations.- Mechanical Translation Systems.- Mechanical Rotational Systems.- Thermal Systems and Systems Representation.- Characteristics and Types of Feedback Control Systems.- Root Locus.- Frequency Response Analysis.- Stability and Margins.- Introduction to LabVIEW.- Control Design in LabVIEW.- Simulation in LabVIEW.- LabVIEW Control Design and Simulation Exercise.- Cardiac Control.- Vestibular Control System.- Vestibulo-Ocular Control System.- Gait and Stance Control System.- Respiratory Control System.

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Book SynopsisSegmentation and landmarking of computed tomographic (CT) images of pediatric patients are important and useful in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), treatment planning, and objective analysis of normal as well as pathological regions. Identification and segmentation of organs and tissues in the presence of tumors are difficult. Automatic segmentation of the primary tumor mass in neuroblastoma could facilitate reproducible and objective analysis of the tumor's tissue composition, shape, and size. However, due to the heterogeneous tissue composition of the neuroblastic tumor, ranging from low-attenuation necrosis to high-attenuation calcification, segmentation of the tumor mass is a challenging problem. In this context, methods are described in this book for identification and segmentation of several abdominal and thoracic landmarks to assist in the segmentation of neuroblastic tumors in pediatric CT images. Methods to identify and segment automatically the peripheral artifacts and tissues, the rib structure, the vertebral column, the spinal canal, the diaphragm, and the pelvic surface are described. Techniques are also presented to evaluate quantitatively the results of segmentation of the vertebral column, the spinal canal, the diaphragm, and the pelvic girdle by comparing with the results of independent manual segmentation performed by a radiologist. The use of the landmarks and removal of several tissues and organs are shown to assist in limiting the scope of the tumor segmentation process to the abdomen, to lead to the reduction of the false-positive error, and to improve the result of segmentation of neuroblastic tumors. Table of Contents: Introduction to Medical Image Analysis / Image Segmentation / Experimental Design and Database / Ribs, Vertebral Column, and Spinal Canal / Delineation of the Diaphragm / Delineation of the Pelvic Girdle / Application of Landmarking / Concluding RemarksTable of ContentsIntroduction to Medical Image Analysis.- Image Segmentation.- Experimental Design and Database.- Ribs, Vertebral Column, and Spinal Canal.- Delineation of the Diaphragm.- Delineation of the Pelvic Girdle.- Application of Landmarking.- Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisIntended as an introduction to the field of biomedical engineering, this book covers the topics of biomechanics (Part I) and bioelectricity (Part II). Each chapter emphasizes a fundamental principle or law, such as Darcy's Law, Poiseuille's Law, Hooke's Law, Starling's Law, levers, and work in the area of fluid, solid, and cardiovascular biomechanics. In addition, electrical laws and analysis tools are introduced, including Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, Coulomb's Law, capacitors and the fluid/electrical analogy. Culminating the electrical portion are chapters covering Nernst and membrane potentials and Fourier transforms. Examples are solved throughout the book and problems with answers are given at the end of each chapter. A semester-long Major Project that models the human systemic cardiovascular system, utilizing both a Matlab numerical simulation and an electrical analog circuit, ties many of the book's concepts together. Table of Contents: Basic Concepts / Darcy's Law / Poiseuille's Law: Pressure-Driven Flow Through Tubes / Hooke's Law: Elasticity of Tissues and Compliant Vessels / Starling's Law of the Heart, Windkessel Elements and Volume / Euler's Method and First-Order Time Constants / Muscle, Leverage, Work, Energy and PowerTable of ContentsBasic Concepts.- Darcy's Law.- Poiseuille's Law: Pressure-Driven Flow Through Tubes.- Hooke's Law: Elasticity of Tissues and Compliant Vessels.- Starling's Law of the Heart, Windkessel Elements and Volume.- Euler's Method and First-Order Time Constants.- Muscle, Leverage, Work, Energy and Power.

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Book SynopsisThe auscultation method is an important diagnostic indicator for hemodynamic anomalies. Heart sound classification and analysis play an important role in the auscultative diagnosis. The term phonocardiography refers to the tracing technique of heart sounds and the recording of cardiac acoustics vibration by means of a microphone-transducer. Therefore, understanding the nature and source of this signal is important to give us a tendency for developing a competent tool for further analysis and processing, in order to enhance and optimize cardiac clinical diagnostic approach. This book gives the reader an inclusive view of the main aspects in phonocardiography signal processing. Table of Contents: Introduction to Phonocardiography Signal Processing / Phonocardiography Acoustics Measurement / PCG Signal Processing Framework / Phonocardiography Wavelets Analysis / Phonocardiography Spectral Analysis / PCG Pattern Classification / Special Application of Phonocardiography / Phonocardiography Acoustic Imaging and MappingTable of ContentsIntroduction to Phonocardiography Signal Processing.- Phonocardiography Acoustics Measurement.- PCG Signal Processing Framework.- Phonocardiography Wavelets Analysis.- Phonocardiography Spectral Analysis.- PCG Pattern Classification.- Special Application of Phonocardiography.- Phonocardiography Acoustic Imaging and Mapping.

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Book SynopsisThe presence of oriented features in images often conveys important information about the scene or the objects contained; the analysis of oriented patterns is an important task in the general framework of image understanding. As in many other applications of computer vision, the general framework for the understanding of oriented features in images can be divided into low- and high-level analysis. In the context of the study of oriented features, low-level analysis includes the detection of oriented features in images; a measure of the local magnitude and orientation of oriented features over the entire region of analysis in the image is called the orientation field. High-level analysis relates to the discovery of patterns in the orientation field, usually by associating the structure perceived in the orientation field with a geometrical model. This book presents an analysis of several important methods for the detection of oriented features in images, and a discussion of the phase portrait method for high-level analysis of orientation fields. In order to illustrate the concepts developed throughout the book, an application is presented of the phase portrait method to computer-aided detection of architectural distortion in mammograms. Table of Contents: Detection of Oriented Features in Images / Analysis of Oriented Patterns Using Phase Portraits / Optimization Techniques / Detection of Sites of Architectural Distortion in MammogramsTable of ContentsDetection of Oriented Features in Images.- Analysis of Oriented Patterns Using Phase Portraits.- Optimization Techniques.- Detection of Sites of Architectural Distortion in Mammograms.

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Book SynopsisRecent advances in development of sequencing technology has resulted in a deluge of genomic data. In order to make sense of this data, there is an urgent need for algorithms for data processing and quantitative reasoning. An emerging in silico approach, called computational genomic signatures, addresses this need by representing global species-specific features of genomes using simple mathematical models. This text introduces the general concept of computational genomic signatures, and it reviews some of the DNA sequence models which can be used as computational genomic signatures. The text takes the position that a practical computational genomic signature consists of both a model and a measure for computing the distance or similarity between models. Therefore, a discussion of sequence similarity/distance measurement in the context of computational genomic signatures is presented. The remainder of the text covers various applications of computational genomic signatures in the areas of metagenomics, phylogenetics and the detection of horizontal gene transfer. Table of Contents: Genome Signatures, Definition and Background / Other Computational Characterizations as Genome Signatures / Measuring Distance of Biological Sequences Using Genome Signatures / Applications: Phylogeny Construction / Applications: Metagenomics / Applications: Horizontal DNA Transfer DetectionTable of ContentsGenome Signatures, Definition and Background.- Other Computational Characterizations as Genome Signatures.- Measuring Distance of Biological Sequences Using Genome Signatures.- Applications: Phylogeny Construction.- Applications: Metagenomics.- Applications: Horizontal DNA Transfer Detection.

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Book SynopsisContent-based image retrieval (CBIR) is the process of retrieval of images from a database that are similar to a query image, using measures derived from the images themselves, rather than relying on accompanying text or annotation. To achieve CBIR, the contents of the images need to be characterized by quantitative features; the features of the query image are compared with the features of each image in the database and images having high similarity with respect to the query image are retrieved and displayed. CBIR of medical images is a useful tool and could provide radiologists with assistance in the form of a display of relevant past cases. One of the challenging aspects of CBIR is to extract features from the images to represent their visual, diagnostic, or application-specific information content. In this book, methods are presented for preprocessing, segmentation, landmarking, feature extraction, and indexing of mammograms for CBIR. The preprocessing steps include anisotropic diffusion and the Wiener filter to remove noise and perform image enhancement. Techniques are described for segmentation of the breast and fibroglandular disk, including maximum entropy, a moment-preserving method, and Otsu's method. Image processing techniques are described for automatic detection of the nipple and the edge of the pectoral muscle via analysis in the Radon domain. By using the nipple and the pectoral muscle as landmarks, mammograms are divided into their internal, external, upper, and lower parts for further analysis. Methods are presented for feature extraction using texture analysis, shape analysis, granulometric analysis, moments, and statistical measures. The CBIR system presented provides options for retrieval using the Kohonen self-organizing map and the k-nearest-neighbor method. Methods are described for inclusion of expert knowledge to reduce the semantic gap in CBIR, including the query point movement method for relevance feedback (RFb). Analysis of performance is described in terms of precision, recall, and relevance-weighted precision of retrieval. Results of application to a clinical database of mammograms are presented, including the input of expert radiologists into the CBIR and RFb processes. Models are presented for integration of CBIR and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) with a picture archival and communication system (PACS) for efficient workflow in a hospital. Table of Contents: Introduction to Content-based Image Retrieval / Mammography and CAD of Breast Cancer / Segmentation and Landmarking of Mammograms / Feature Extraction and Indexing of Mammograms / Content-based Retrieval of Mammograms / Integration of CBIR and CAD into Radiological WorkflowTable of ContentsIntroduction to Content-based Image Retrieval.- Mammography and CAD of Breast Cancer.- Segmentation and Landmarking of Mammograms.- Feature Extraction and Indexing of Mammograms.- Content-based Retrieval of Mammograms.- Integration of CBIR and CAD into Radiological Workflow.

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Book SynopsisThis book represents the first in a two-volume set on biological rhythms. This volume focuses on supporting the claim that biological rhythms are universal and essential characteristics of living organisms, critical for proper functioning of any living system. The author begins by examining the potential reasons for the evolution of biological rhythms: (1) the need for complex, goal-oriented devices to control the timing of their activities; (2) the inherent tendency of feedback control systems to oscillate; and (3) the existence of stable and powerful geophysical cycles to which all organisms must adapt. To investigate the second reason, the author enlists the help of biomedical engineering students to develop mathematical models of various biological systems. One such model involves a typical endocrine feedback system. By adjusting various model parameters, it was found that creating a oscillation in any component of the model generated a rhythmic cascade that made the entire system oscillate. This same approach was used to show how daily light/dark cycles could cascade rhythmic patterns throughout ecosystems and within organisms. Following up on these results, the author discusses how the twin requirements of internal synchronization (precise temporal order necessary for the proper functioning of organisms as complex, goal-oriented devices) and external synchronization (aligning organisms' behavior and physiology with geophysical cycles) supported the evolution of biological clocks. The author then investigates the clock systems that evolved using both conceptual and mathematical models, with the assistance of Dr. Bahrad Sokhansanj, who contributes a chapter on mathematical formulations and models of rhythmic phenomena. With the ubiquity of biological rhythms established, the author suggests a new classification system: the F4LM approach (Function; Frequency; waveForm; Flexibility; Level of biological system expressing rhythms; and Mode of rhythm generation) to investigate biological rhythms. This approach is first used on the more familiar cardiac cycle and then on neural rhythms as exemplified and measured by the electroencephalogram. During the process of investigating neural cycles, the author finds yet another reason for the evolution of biological rhythms: physical constraints, such as those imposed upon long distance neural signaling. In addition, a common theme emerges of a select number of autorhythmic biological oscillators imposing coherent rhythmicity on a larger network or system. During the course of the volume, the author uses a variety of observations, models, experimental results, and arguments to support the original claim of the importance and universality of biological rhythms. In Volume 2, the author will move from the establishment of the critical nature of biological rhythms to how these phenomena may be used to improve human health, well-being, and productivity. In a sense, Volume 1 focuses on the chronobio aspect of chronobioengineering while Volume 2 investigates methods of translating this knowledge into applications, the engineering aspect of chronobioengineering. Table of Contents: Time and Time Again / Walking on Air: An Empirical Proof-of-Concept / Clock Tech, Part 1 / Clock Tech II From External to Internal Timers / Clock Tech III Rise of the CircaRhythms / The Circle Game: Mathematics, Models, and Rhythms / The Power of Circular ReasoningTable of ContentsTime and Time Again.- Walking on Air: An Empirical Proof-of-Concept.- Clock Tech, Part 1.- Clock Tech II From External to Internal Timers.- Clock Tech III Rise of the CircaRhythms.- The Circle Game: Mathematics, Models, and Rhythms.- The Power of Circular Reasoning.

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Book SynopsisFractal analysis is useful in digital image processing for the characterization of shape roughness and gray-scale texture or complexity. Breast masses present shape and gray-scale characteristics in mammograms that vary between benign masses and malignant tumors. This book demonstrates the use of fractal analysis to classify breast masses as benign masses or malignant tumors based on the irregularity exhibited in their contours and the gray-scale variability exhibited in their mammographic images. A few different approaches are described to estimate the fractal dimension (FD) of the contour of a mass, including the ruler method, box-counting method, and the power spectral analysis (PSA) method. Procedures are also described for the estimation of the FD of the gray-scale image of a mass using the blanket method and the PSA method. To facilitate comparative analysis of FD as a feature for pattern classification of breast masses, several other shape features and texture measures are described in the book. The shape features described include compactness, spiculation index, fractional concavity, and Fourier factor. The texture measures described are statistical measures derived from the gray-level cooccurrence matrix of the given image. Texture measures reveal properties about the spatial distribution of the gray levels in the given image; therefore, the performance of texture measures may be dependent on the resolution of the image. For this reason, an analysis of the effect of spatial resolution or pixel size on texture measures in the classification of breast masses is presented in the book. The results demonstrated in the book indicate that fractal analysis is more suitable for characterization of the shape than the gray-level variations of breast masses, with area under the receiver operating characteristics of up to 0.93 with a dataset of 111 mammographic images of masses. The methods and results presented in the book are useful for computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer. Table of Contents: Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Cancer / Detection and Analysis of\newline Breast Masses / Datasets of Images of Breast Masses / Methods for Fractal Analysis / Pattern Classification / Results of Classification of Breast Masses / Concluding RemarksTable of ContentsComputer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Cancer.- Detection and Analysis of\newline Breast Masses.- Datasets of Images of Breast Masses.- Methods for Fractal Analysis.- Pattern Classification.- Results of Classification of Breast Masses.- Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisArchitectural distortion is an important and early sign of breast cancer, but because of its subtlety, it is a common cause of false-negative findings on screening mammograms. Screening mammograms obtained prior to the detection of cancer could contain subtle signs of early stages of breast cancer, in particular, architectural distortion. This book presents image processing and pattern recognition techniques to detect architectural distortion in prior mammograms of interval-cancer cases. The methods are based upon Gabor filters, phase portrait analysis, procedures for the analysis of the angular spread of power, fractal analysis, Laws' texture energy measures derived from geometrically transformed regions of interest (ROIs), and Haralick's texture features. With Gabor filters and phase-portrait analysis, 4,224 ROIs were automatically obtained from 106 prior mammograms of 56 interval-cancer cases, including 301 true-positive ROIs related to architectural distortion, and from 52 mammograms of 13 normal cases. For each ROI, the fractal dimension, the entropy of the angular spread of power, 10 Laws' texture energy measures, and Haralick's 14 texture features were computed. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves obtained using the features selected by stepwise logistic regression and the leave-one-image-out method are 0.77 with the Bayesian classifier, 0.76 with Fisher linear discriminant analysis, and 0.79 with a neural network classifier. Free-response ROC analysis indicated sensitivities of 0.80 and 0.90 at 5.7 and 8.8 false positives (FPs) per image, respectively, with the Bayesian classifier and the leave-one-image-out method. The present study has demonstrated the ability to detect early signs of breast cancer 15 months ahead of the time of clinical diagnosis, on the average, for interval-cancer cases, with a sensitivity of 0.8 at 5.7 FP/image. The presented computer-aided detection techniques, dedicated to accurate detection and localization of architectural distortion, could lead to efficient detection of early and subtle signs of breast cancer at pre-mass-formation stages. Table of Contents: Introduction / Detection of Early Signs of Breast Cancer / Detection and Analysis of Oriented Patterns / Detection of Potential Sites of Architectural Distortion / Experimental Set Up and Datasets / Feature Selection and Pattern Classification / Analysis of Oriented Patterns Related to Architectural Distortion / Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms / Concluding RemarksTable of ContentsIntroduction.- Detection of Early Signs of Breast Cancer.- Detection and Analysis of Oriented Patterns.- Detection of Potential Sites of Architectural Distortion.- Experimental Set Up and Datasets.- Feature Selection and Pattern Classification.- Analysis of Oriented Patterns Related to Architectural Distortion.- Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms.- Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisBiomedical Signals and Systems is meant to accompany a one-semester undergraduate signals and systems course. It may also serve as a quick-start for graduate students or faculty interested in how signals and systems techniques can be applied to living systems. The biological nature of the examples allows for systems thinking to be applied to electrical, mechanical, fluid, chemical, thermal and even optical systems. Each chapter focuses on a topic from classic signals and systems theory: System block diagrams, mathematical models, transforms, stability, feedback, system response, control, time and frequency analysis and filters. Embedded within each chapter are examples from the biological world, ranging from medical devices to cell and molecular biology. While the focus of the book is on the theory of analog signals and systems, many chapters also introduce the corresponding topics in the digital realm. Although some derivations appear, the focus is on the concepts and how to apply them. Throughout the text, systems vocabulary is introduced which will allow the reader to read more advanced literature and communicate with scientist and engineers. Homework and Matlab simulation exercises are presented at the end of each chapter and challenge readers to not only perform calculations and simulations but also to recognize the real-world signals and systems around them. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / Introduction / System Types / System Models / Laplace Transform / Block Diagrams / Stability / Feedback / System Response / Control / Time Domain Analysis / Frequency Domain Analysis / Filters / Author's BiographyTable of ContentsPreface.- Acknowledgments.- Introduction.- System Types.- System Models.- Laplace Transform.- Block Diagrams.- Stability.- Feedback.- System Response.- Control.- Time Domain Analysis.- Frequency Domain Analysis.- Filters.- Author's Biography.

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Book SynopsisThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a site of intense morbidity for millions of people, especially young, pre-menopausal women. Central to TMJ afflictions are the cartilaginous tissues of the TMJ, especially those of the disc and condylar cartilage, which play crucial roles in normal function of this unusual joint. Damage or disease to these tissues significantly impacts a patient's quality of life by making common activities such as talking and eating difficult and painful. Unfortunately, these tissues have limited ability to heal, necessitating the development of treatments for repair or replacement. The burgeoning field of tissue engineering holds promise that replacement tissues can be constructed in the laboratory to recapitulate the functional requirements of native tissues. This book outlines the biomechanical, biochemical, and anatomical characteristics of the disc and condylar cartilage, and also provides a historical perspective of past and current TMJ treatments and previous tissue engineering efforts. This book was written to serve as a reference for researchers seeking to learn about the TMJ, for undergraduate and graduate level courses, and as a compendium of TMJ tissue engineering design criteria. Table of Contents: The Temporomandibular Joint / Fibrocartilage of the TMJ Disc / Cartilage of the Mandibular Condyle / Tissue Engineering of the Disc / Tissue Engineering of the Mandibular Condyle / Current PerspectivesTable of ContentsThe Temporomandibular Joint.- Fibrocartilage of the TMJ Disc.- Cartilage of the Mandibular Condyle.- Tissue Engineering of the Disc.- Tissue Engineering of the Mandibular Condyle.- Current Perspectives.

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Book SynopsisCartilage injuries in children and adolescents are increasingly observed, with roughly 20% of knee injuries in adolescents requiring surgery. In the US alone, costs of osteoarthritis (OA) are in excess of $65 billion per year (both medical costs and lost wages). Comorbidities are common with OA and are also costly to manage. Articular cartilage's low friction and high capacity to bear load makes it critical in the movement of one bone against another, and its lack of a sustained natural healing response has necessitated a plethora of therapies. Tissue engineering is an emerging technology at the threshold of translation to clinical use. Replacement cartilage can be constructed in the laboratory to recapitulate the functional requirements of native tissues. This book outlines the biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of articular cartilage in both normal and pathological states, through development and aging. It also provides a historical perspective of past and current cartilage treatments and previous tissue engineering efforts. Methods and standards for evaluating the function of engineered tissues are discussed, and current cartilage products are presented with an analysis on the United States Food and Drug Administration regulatory pathways that products must follow to market. This book was written to serve as a reference for researchers seeking to learn about articular cartilage, for undergraduate and graduate level courses, and as a compendium of articular cartilage tissue engineering design criteria. Table of Contents: Hyaline Articular Cartilage / Cartilage Aging and Pathology / In Vitro / Bioreactors / Future DirectionsTable of ContentsHyaline Articular Cartilage.- Cartilage Aging and Pathology.- In Vitro.- Bioreactors.- Future Directions.

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Book SynopsisCombating neural degeneration from injury or disease is extremely difficult in the brain and spinal cord, i.e. central nervous system (CNS). Unlike the peripheral nerves, CNS neurons are bombarded by physical and chemical restrictions that prevent proper healing and restoration of function. The CNS is vital to bodily function, and loss of any part of it can severely and permanently alter a person's quality of life. Tissue engineering could offer much needed solutions to regenerate or replace damaged CNS tissue. This review will discuss current CNS tissue engineering approaches integrating scaffolds, cells and stimulation techniques. Hydrogels are commonly used CNS tissue engineering scaffolds to stimulate and enhance regeneration, but fiber meshes and other porous structures show specific utility depending on application. CNS relevant cell sources have focused on implantation of exogenous cells or stimulation of endogenous populations. Somatic cells of the CNS are rarely utilized for tissue engineering; however, glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) may be used to myelinate and protect spinal cord damage. Pluripotent and multipotent stem cells offer alternative cell sources due to continuing advancements in identification and differentiation of these cells. Finally, physical, chemical, and electrical guidance cues are extremely important to neural cells, serving important roles in development and adulthood. These guidance cues are being integrated into tissue engineering approaches. Of particular interest is the inclusion of cues to guide stem cells to differentiate into CNS cell types, as well to guide neuron targeting. This review should provide the reader with a broad understanding of CNS tissue engineering challenges and tactics, with the goal of fostering the future development of biologically inspired designs. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy of the CNS and Progression of Neurological Damage / Biomaterials for Scaffold Preparation / Cell Sources for CNS TE / Stimulation and Guidance / Concluding RemarksTable of ContentsIntroduction.- Anatomy of the CNS and Progression of Neurological Damage.- Biomaterials for Scaffold Preparation.- Cell Sources for CNS TE.- Stimulation and Guidance.- Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisThis interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light–matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics.This expanded and updated second edition features a new chapter that introduces the reader to advanced in vivo biosensing techniques using WGM microcavities, looking at photothermal sensing, methods for trapping neutral atoms around WGM microcavities, and practical aspects of optoplasmonic sensing. The second Edition now provides a comprehensive introduction to the use of WGM microcavities in physical sensing which includes measurements with frequency combs, macro and micro (one atom) lasers, gyroscopes, optomechanical and parity-time-symmetric sensor devices.Chapter-end problems round out this comprehensive and fundamental textbook, inspiring a host of up-and-coming physicists, bioengineers, and medical professionals to make their own breakthroughs in this blossoming new field. This textbook can be used for both introductory and advanced courses about the modern optics of optical microcavities.Table of ContentsSensing with Light.- Surface Plasmon Resonance.- Whispering Gallery Modes in Optical Microcavities.- Applications of WGM Microcavities in Physics.- Single Molecule Sensing.- Fundamentals of Quantum Optics.- Molecular cavity QED.

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Book SynopsisThis book showcases the state of the art in the field of sensors and microsystems, revealing the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: bio-, physical and chemical sensors, actuators, micro- and nano-structured materials, mechanisms of interaction and signal transduction, polymers and biomaterials, sensor electronics and instrumentation, analytical microsystems, recognition systems and signal analysis and sensor networks as well as manufacturing technologies, environmental, food, energy and biomedical applications. The contents reflect the outcomes of the activities of AISEM (Italian Association of Sensors and Microsystems) in 2021. Co-Edited by B. Andò, F. Baldini, G. Betta, D. Compagnone, S. Conoci, E. Comini, V. Ferrari, E. La Salandra, L. Lorenzelli, A.G. Mignani, G. Marrazza, G. Neri, P. Siciliano.

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Book SynopsisThis is an open access book. In honor of his 75th birthday, we reflect on the impact of the pioneering work of Alan Grodzinsky and his laboratory. This volume includes in-depth discussions of tissue electromechanics, mechanobiology and biomechanics, and matrix biology in addition to the latest advancements in understanding the pathogenesis, progression and treatment of osteoarthritis. Unique to this volume, we overview decades of groundbreaking research that set the stage for the latest efforts in the field, highlighting the legacy of one researcher and their trainees.Table of ContentsPreface (Brianne K. Connizzo, Lin Han, Robert L. Sah).- Scientific Impact.- Chapter 1. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes- Then and Now (Anna Plaas, Meghan Moran, John Sandy, Vincent Hascall).- Chapter 2. Understanding the Influence of Local Physical Stimuli on Chondrocyte Behavior (Byumsu Ki, Lawrence J. Bonassar).- Chapter 3. Multiscale In Silico Modeling of Cartilage Injuries (Rami K. Korhonen, Atte S.A. Eskelinen, Gustavo A. Orozco, Amir Esrafilian, Cristina Florea, and Petri Tanska).- Chapter 4. In Vitro Models and Proteomics in Osteoarthritis Research (Martin Rydén, Patrik Önnerfjord).- Chapter 5. Nanomechanics of Aggrecan: A New Perspective on Cartilage Biomechanics, Disease and Regeneration (Chao Wang, Elizabeth R. Kahle, Lin Han).- Chapter 6. Computational Modelling for Managing Pathways to Cartilage Failure (Saeed Miramini, David W. Smith, Bruce S. Gardiner, Lihai Zhang).- Chapter 7. Gene Delivery to Chondrocytes (Christopher V. Nagelli, Christopher H. Evans, Rodolfo E. De la Vega).- Chapter 8. Mechanical Articular Cartilage Injury Models and Their Relevance in Advancing Therapeutic Strategies (Bodo Kurz, Melanie L Hart, Bernd Rolauffs).- Chapter 9. Hip Osteoarthritis: Bench to Bedside Perspective (Young-Jo Kim).- Chapter 10. Harnessing Growth Factor Interactions to Optimize Articular Cartilage Repair (Stephen B. Trippel).- Personal Tributes.- Index.

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Book Synopsis1 Modellierung in der Biomechanik 1.- 1.1 Die verschiedenen Perspektiven 2.- 1.1.1 Der technische Ansatz 2.- 1.1.2 Der klinische Ansatz 2.- 1.1.3 Die präklinischen Ansätze 2.- 1.2 Chancen und Herausforderungen 2.- 1.3 Statistische Analyse 3.- 1.3.1 Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen 4.- 1.3. 2 Hypothesentests 7.- 1.3.3 Korrelation zwischen Variablen 9.- 1.3.4 Regressionsmodellierung 10.- 1.3.5 Mittelwertdifferenztest 13.- 1.3.6 Studiendesign 14.- 1.4 Modelldefinition 16.- 1.5 Modellentwicklung und -prüfung 17.- 1.5.1 Sensitivitätsanalyse 17.- 1.5.3 Validierung 21.- 1.6 Fallstudie: Biomechanische Bruchrisikobewertung (BRRA) 21.- 1.6.1 Unzulänglichkeiten der derzeitigen AAA-Risikobewertung 21.- 1.6.2 Beabsichtigte Modellanwendung (IMA) 21.- 1.6.3 Versagenshypothese 22.- 1.6.4 Arbeitsablauf und Diagnoseinformationen 22.- 1.6.5 Wichtige Modellierungsannahmen 23.- 1.6.6 Klinische Validierung 24.- 1.7 Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerung 25.- Anhang: Biomechanik-Modellierung 27.- A.1 Definitionen und Terminologie in der Statistik 27.- 2 Das Kreislaufsystem 29.- 2.1 Physiologie 29.- 2.1.1 Gefäßsystem 29.- 2.1.2 Schlüsselkonzepte 31.- 2.1.3 Zellen im Gefäßsystem 32.- 2.1.4 Makrozirkulation 33.- 2.1.5 Lymphsystem 37.- 2.1.6 Mikrozirkulation 38.- 2.1.7 Hämodynamische Regulation 41.- 2.2 Mechanische Systemeigenschaften 42.- 2.2.1 Gefäßdruck 43. - 2.2.2 Gefäßfluss 44.- 2.2.3 Gefäßwiderstand 45.- 2.2.4 Transkapillarer Transport 45.- 2.3 Modellierung der Makrozirkulation 45.- 2.3.1 Windkessel (WK)-Modelle 46.- 2.3.2 Modellierung von Gefäßnetzwerken 57.- 2.4 Modellierung der Mikrozirkulation 63.- 2.4.1 Transkapillare Konzentrationsdifferenz 63.- 2.4.2 Filtration 65.- 2.5 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 70.- Anhang: Mathematische Vorüberlegungen 72.- A.1 Komplexe Zahlen 72.- A.2 Fourierreihen-Approximation 72.- Anhang: Grundelemente der Schaltung 73.- B.1 Widerstandselement 73.- B.2 Kondensatorelement 73.- B.3 Induktorelement 74.- Anhang: Transportmechanismen 74.- C.1 Diffusion 74.- C.2Advektion 75.- Anhang: Osmose 75.- D.1 Osmotischer Druck 75.- D.2 Transport durch semipermeable Membranen 76.- 3 Kontinuumsmechanik 77.- 3.1 Kinematik 78.- 3.1.1 Deformationsgradient 78.- 3.1.2 Multiplikative Zerlegung 79.- 3.1.3 Polare Zerlegung 79.- 3.1.4 Deformation des Linienelements 79.- 3.1.5 Deformation des Volumenelements 80.- 3.1.6 Deformation des Flächenelements 80.- 3.1. 7 Begriff der Dehnung 81.- 3.2 Begriff der Spannung 85.- 3.2.1 Cauchy-Spannungstheorem 86.- 3.2.2 Hauptspannungen 87.- 3.2.3 Isochore und Volumenspannung 89.- 3.2.4 Oktaederspannung und von-Mises-Spannung 89.- 3.2.5 Cauchy-Spannung in gedrehten Koordinaten 91.- 3.2.6 Erste Piola-Kirchhoff-Spannung 91.- 3.2.7 Zweite Piola-Kirchhoff-Spannung 92.- 3.2. 8 Auswirkung der Inkompressibilität des Materials auf den Spannungszustand 93.- 3.3. Materialzeitableitungen 94.- 3.3.1 Kinematische Variablen 94.- 3.3.2 Spannungsraten 95.- 3.3.3 Potenzkonjugierte Spannungs- und Dehnungsraten 96.- 3.4 Konstitutive Modellierung 97.- 3.4.1 Einige mechanische Eigenschaften von Materialien 97.- 3.4.2 Linear elastisches Material 100.- 3.4. 3 Hyperelastizität 102.- 3.4.4 Viskoelastizität 105.- 3.5 Gesetzmäßigkeiten 113.- 3.5.1 Massenbilanz 114.- 3.5.2 Bilanz des linearen Impulses 116.- 3.5.3 Maxwell-Transport und Lokalisierung 118.- 3.5.4 Thermodynamische Prinzipien 119.- 3.6 Allgemeine Prinzipien 125.- 3.6.1 Freikörper-Diagramm 125.- 3.6.2 Anfängliches Randwertproblem 126.- 3.6.3 Prinzip der virtuell.- 3.7 Schädigung und Versagen 129.- 3.7.1 Physikalische Konsequenzen 129.- 3.7.2 Dehnungslokalisierung 130.- 3.7.3 Lineare Bruchmechanik 132.- 3.7.4 J.- Integral 133.- 3.7.5 Kohäsionszonenmodellierung 133.- 3.8 Mehrphasige Kontinuumstheorien 134.- 3.8.1 Mischungstheorie 134.- 3.8.2 Poroelastizitätstheorie 134.- 3.9 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 135.- Anhang: Mathematische Präliminarien 136.- A.1 Laplace- und Fourier-Transformationen 136.- A.2 Matrixalgebra 136.- A.2.1 Spur einer Matrix 137.- A.2.2 Identitätsmatrix 137.- A.2.3 Determinante einer Matrix 137.- A.2.4 Inverse und orthogonale Matrix 138.- A.2.5 Lineare Vektortransformation 138.- A.2.6 Eigenwertproblem 138.- A.2.7 Beziehung zwischen der Spur und den Eigenwerten 139.- A.2 .8 Cayley-Hamilton-Theorem 139.- A.3 Vektoralgebra 140.- A.3.1 Grundlegende Vektoroperationen 140.- A.3.2 Koordinatentransformation 142.- A.4 Tensoralgebra 144.- A.4.1 Sphärischer Tensor 144.- A.4 .2 Tensoroperationen 145.- A.4.3 Invarianten von Tensoren zweiter Ordnung 145.- A.5 Vektor- und Tensorrechnung 146.- A.5.1 Lokale Änderungen von Feldvariablen 146.- A.5.2 Divergenzsatz 147.- Anhang: Einige nützliche Laplace- und Fourier-Transformationen 148.- B.1 Laplace-Transformationen 148.- B.2 Fourier-Transformationen 150.- Anhang: Einige nützliche Tensorrelationen 151.- 4 Leitende Gefäße 153.- 4.1 Histologie und Morphologie der Gefäßwand 154.- 4.1.1 Geschichteter Aufbau der Gefäßwand 154.- 4.1.2 Unterschiede zwischen Arterien und Venen 155.- 4.1. 3 Extrazelluläre Matrix (ECM) 156.- 4.1.4 Zellen 157.- 4.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und experimentelle Beobachtungen 158.- 4.2.1 Aorta 160.- 4.2.2 Karotisarterie 161.- 4.2.3 Koronararterie 162.- 4.2.4 Iliaca 163.- 4.3 Gefäßerkrankungen 163.- 4.3.1 Diagnostische Untersuchungen 164.- 4.3.2 Atherosklerose 165.- 4.3.3 Biomechanische Faktoren bei Atherosklerose 167.- 4.3.4 Karotiserkrankung 169.- 4.3.5 Koronare Herzkrankheit 171.- 4.3.6 Aneurysmaerkrankung 172.- 4.4 Gefäßadaptation 174.- 4.5 Konstitutive Beschreibungen 175.- 4.5.1 Kapazität eines Gefäßsegmentes 176.- 4.5.2 Hyperelastizität für inkompressible Festkörper 177.- 4.5.3 Rein phänomenologische Beschreibungen 178.- 4.5.4 Histomechanische Beschreibungen 183.- 4.5.5 Allgemeine Theorie des faserigen Bindegewebes 185.- 4.5.6 Eigenspannung und Last.-freie Konfiguration 188.- 4.5.7 Viskoelastische Beschreibungen 189.- 4.5.8 Schädigungs- und Versagensbeschreibungen 191.- 4.5.9 Nicht-passive Gefäßwandeigenschaften 194.- 4.6 Identifikation von konstitutiven Parametern 194.- 4.6.1 Analytische Gefäßwandmodelle 197.- 4.6.2 Optimierungsproblem 199.- 4.7 Fallbeispiel:Wandspannungsanalyse der normalen und aneurysmatischen.- infrarenalen Aorta 205.- 4.7.1 Der Analysetyp 205.- 4.7.2 Einstellen der Randbedingungen - Dirichlet-Rand 205.- 4.7.3 Einstellen der Belastungsbedingungen - Neuman-Rand 205.- 4.7.4 Einstellen der Gefäßwandeigenschaften 206.- 4.7.5 Einstellen der Ausgabeoptionen 206.- 4.8 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 206.- Anhang:Protokoll der experimentellen Gefäßwandprüfung 208.- A.1 Gewebeentnahme und Probenvorbereitung 208.- A.2 Prüfprotokolldefinition und Datenaufzeichnung 208.- A.3 Erfasst.- x INHALT.- 5 Blutfluss 211.- 5.1 Zusammensetzung des Blutes 211.- 5.1.1 Erythrozyten (oder rote Blutkörperchen) 212.- 5.1.2 Leukozyten (oder weiße Blutkörperchen) 212.- 5.1.3 Thrombozyten (oder Blutplättchen) 213.- 5.1.4 Plasma 213.- 5.2 Kräfte, die auf Blutteilchen wirken 214.- 5.2.1 Luftwiderstand 214.- 5.2.2 Schwerkraft und Trägheitskräfte 214. - 5.2.3 Kräfte,die mit dem Flüssigkeitsdruck zusammenhängen 214.- 5.2.4 Kräfte, die mit der Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeit und der Schubspannung zusammenhängen 215.- 5.2.5 Kräfte, die durch Kollisionen entstehen 216.- 5.2.6 Chemische und elektrische Kräfte 216.- 5.2.7 Segregation von Blutpartikeln 218.- 5.3 Modellierung der Blutrheologie 218.- 5. 3.1 Änderung der Blutmikrostruktur mit der Scherrate 218.- 5.3.2 Modellierung verallgemeinerter Newtonscher Flüssigkeiten 219.- 5.3.3 Einphasen-Viskositätsmodelle für Blut 220.- 5.3.4 Zusammensetzungsbasierte Viskositätsmodelle für Blut 221.- 5.4 Blutschädigung 224.- 5.5 Beschreibung inkompressibler Strömungen 224. - 5.5.1 Energieerhaltung 224.- 5.5.2 Lineare Impulserhaltung 226.- 5.6 Blutströmungsphänomene 232.- 5.6.1 Laminare und turbulente Strömung 232.- 5.6.2 Grenzschichtströmung 233.- 5.6.3 Blutströmung durch kreisförmige Rohre 233.- 5.6.4 Mehrdimensionale Strömungsphänomene 234.- 5.7 Fallbeispiel:Wandschubspannungsanalyse der normalen und.- aneurysmatischen infrarenalen Aorta 236.- 5.7.1 Einstellen des Analysetyps 236.- 5.7.2 Einstellen der Randbedingungen -Dirichlet-Rand 236.- 5.7.3 Einstellen der Belastungsbedingungen -Neuman-Rand 237.- 5.7.4 Einstellen der rheologischen Eigenschaften des Blutes 237.- 5.7.5 Einstellen der Ausgabeoptionen 237.- 5.8 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 238.- Anhang:Mathematische Präliminarien 239.- 6 Die Gefäßwand, eine aktive Einheit 241.- 6.1 Vasoreaktivität 242.- 6.1.1 Struktur der kontraktilen SMC 242.- 6.1.2 Kontraktionsregulation der SMC 243.- 6.2 Arteriogenese 243.- 6.3 Angiogenese 244.- 6.4 Schädigung, Heilung und Versagen 244.- 6.5 Modellierungsrahmen 244.- 6.5.1 Offene Systemgesetze 245.- 6.5.2 Kinematik-basierte Wachstumsbeschreibung 246.- 6.5.3 Tensoriale Verteilung des Volumenwachstums 248.- 6.5.4 Homöostatisches Wachstum 249.- 6.5.5 Auf Umsatz basierende Wachstumsbeschreibung 252.- 6.5.6 Andere Formulierungen 256.- 6.5.7 Anwendungen von Wachstumsbeschreibungen 257.- 6.6 Fazit und Diskussion 258.- 6.7 Anwendungen 259.- 6.7.1 Zugversuch an der passiven und aktiven Gefäßwand 259.- 6.7.2 Biaxial belastetes Gefäßwandstück 260.- 6.7.3 Ringversuch an Gefäßsegmenten 262.- Referenzen 265.- Problemlösungen 287.- Index 373.

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Book SynopsisPreface.- 1 Prelude The Return of AX658.- 2 True Navigation.- 3 Unconventional Signs.- 4 The Flight of the Dove.- 5 Avian Magnetoreception.- 6 Migration.- 7 Life on the Wing.- 8 The Geography of the Species.- 9 Epilogue.

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Table of ContentsFrontmatter -- List of authors -- Preface -- Contents -- I. General Problems of Biological Thermodynamics -- Introduction -- Application of the Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics in Biology -- The Second Law, Negentropy, Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes -- Formalism of Non-Equilibrium Phenomenolagical Thermodynamics -- II. Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of the Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Experimental Basis for Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Theoretical Basis for a Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Stochastic Consideration of Constitutive Processes and of the Evolution Criterion -- Strengthened Evolution Criterion in Developmental Biology -- III. Quantitative Phenomenological Theory of Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Non-Linear Phenomenological Equations -- Differential Equations of Developmental Biology -- Computer Analysis of Non-Linear Growth Equations -- Modern Theories Concerning the Growth Equations -- IV. Heat Production of Living Systems -- Introduction -- Heat Production in Life Processes -- The Change of ?? the Function During the Growth of Microbial Cultures -- Changes of ?? and ?? Functions During Oogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Heat Production and Respiration During Development and Growth of two Insects -- Heat Production and Respiration of Axolotle at the Early Stages of Growth -- Relationship Between Heat Production and Body Weight in Growing Organisms -- V. Some Problems of Energetics of Developmental Processes -- Introduction -- Changes in Mitochondria During Development and Growth of Animals -- The Role of Mitochondria in Regulation of Respiration During Oogenesis -- The Energetics of Regeneration Processes -- VI. Dissipative Structures -- Introduction -- Review of the Theory of Dissipative Structures -- Stationary Dissipative Structures -- Dynamic Dissipative Structures -- Dissipative Structures and ?? Function -- The Role of Cyclization of Free Energy in Bio-Physico-Chemical Processes -- VII. Probability State and Orderliness of Biological Systems -- Introduction -- Possible Mechanism of the Origin of Bacteria -- Direction of the Evolutionary Progress of Organisms -- Criterion of Orderliness and some Problems of Taxonomy -- The Questions of Non-Linearity for Using Criterion of Orderliness -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index -- Backmatter

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive description of the basic concepts of soft matter mechanics and of the nano- and microscale biomedical methods that allow characterizing the mechanical properties of cells and tissues.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed analysis of human movement, building from simple physical models to more complex analyses and biomechanical models, including forces internal to the body. The book integrates principles of Physics with the functioning of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems to understand how movement in general, and dance movements specifically, can be executed to enhance performance and reduce injury risk.

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the discussion of several biomedical applications of the mechanical phenotyping of cells and tissues to specific disease models. The topical chapters on mechanics in disease are preceded by chapters describing cell and tissue structure and their relationship with the biomechanical properties, as well as by the description of dedicated sample preparation methods for the nano- and microscale mechanical measurements.

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Book SynopsisThis book on mathematical modeling of biological processes includes a wide selection of biological topics that demonstrate the power of mathematics and computational codes in setting up biological processes with a rigorous and predictive framework. Topics include: enzyme dynamics, spread of disease, harvesting bacteria, competition among live species, neuronal oscillations, transport of neurofilaments in axon, cancer and cancer therapy, and granulomas. Complete with a description of the biological background and biological question that requires the use of mathematics, this book is developed for graduate students and advanced undergraduate students with only basic knowledge of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations; background in biology is not required. Students will gain knowledge on how to program with MATLAB without previous programming experience and how to use codes in order to test biological hypothesis.Trade Review“This is a course book on several topics from mathematical biology. … The book provides a short introduction to ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, bifurcation theory and numerical methods for dynamical systems. … The book is a valuable support for teaching mathematical modeling in life sciences to students with basic knowledge of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations.” (Maria Vittoria Barbarossa, Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum, Vol. 81 (3-4), 2015)“Each section begins with a biological background and ends by a numerical implement of an according mathematical model. The student can freely use these tools for simulations. With this book, the student also will learn the basics of mathematical modeling with Matlab. The book can be used either for a semester course or as a basis for a one-year course.” (Fatima T. Adylova, zbMATH, Vol. 1302, 2015)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chemical Kinetics and Enzyme Dynamics.- Ordinary Differential Equations.- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases.- Chemostats and Competition Among Species.- Bifurcation Theory.- Neuronal Oscillations.- Conservation Laws.- Neurofilaments Transport in Axon.- Diffusion and Chemotaxis.- Cancer.- Cancer Therapy.- Granulomas.- Bibliography.- Answers to Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively addresses the physics and engineering aspects of human physiology by using and building on first-year college physics and mathematics. Topics include the mechanics of the static body and the body in motion, the mechanical properties of the body, muscles in the body, the energetics of body metabolism, fluid flow in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the acoustics of sound waves in speaking and hearing, vision and the optics of the eye, the electrical properties of the body, and the basic engineering principles of feedback and control in regulating all aspects of function. The goal of this text is to clearly explain the physics issues concerning the human body, in part by developing and then using simple and subsequently more refined models of the macrophysics of the human body. Many chapters include a brief review of the underlying physics. There are problems at the end of each chapter; solutions to selected problems are also provided. This second edition enhances the treatments of the physics of motion, sports, and diseases and disorders, and integrates discussions of these topics as they appear throughout the book. Also, it briefly addresses physical measurements of and in the body, and offers a broader selection of problems, which, as in the first edition, are geared to a range of student levels. This text is geared to undergraduates interested in physics, medical applications of physics, quantitative physiology, medicine, and biomedical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface.- Terminology, the Standard Human, and Scaling.- Statics of the Body.- Motion.- Mechanical Properties of the Body.- Muscles.- Metabolism: Energy, Heat, Work, and Power of the Body.- Fluid Pressure, Fluid Flow in the Body, and Motion in Fluids.- Cardiovascular System.- Lungs and Breathing.- Sound, Speech, and Hearing.- Light, Eyes, and Vision.- Electrical and Magnetic Properties.- Feedback and Control.

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Book SynopsisDr. Smirnova's updated text is devoted to the theoretical studies of radiation effects on mammals. It summarizes 35 years of results the author obtained from analyzing dose rate equivalents for the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and for Solar Particles Events (SPE). This edition also includes two new chapters on skin epidermal epithelium and risk assessment for myeloid leukemia, as well as extended revisions addressing the radiation effects on the blood-forming system. Mathematical models are used to explain the effects of both acute and chronic irradiation on the dynamics of vital body systems, like the hematopoietic system, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the mortality dynamics in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous mammalian populations. The proposed methodology of these studies, the models themselves, and the obtained results are of a great theoretical significance and can find wide practical use.Table of ContentsEffects of Acute and Chronic Irradiation on the Blood-Forming System.- Effects of Non-Uniform Acute Irradiation on the Blood-Forming System. - The Small Intestine as a Target for Radiation.- Radiation and Humoral Immunity.- Modeling of Autoimmune Processes.- Individual-Based Approach to Risk Assessment of Radiation-Induced Mortality.- Effects of Acute and Chronic Irradiation on Human Hematopoiesis. - Radiogenic Leukemia Risk Assessment. - Radiation and Skin. - Conclusions.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis updated and up-to-date version of the first edition continues with the really interesting stuff to spice up a standard biophysics and biophysical chemistry course. All relevant methods used in current cutting edge research including such recent developments as super-resolution microscopy and next-generation DNA sequencing techniques, as well as industrial applications, are explained. The text has been developed from a graduate course taught by the author for several years, and by presenting a mix of basic theory and real-life examples, he closes the gap between theory and experiment. The first part, on basic biophysical chemistry, surveys fundamental and spectroscopic techniques as well as biomolecular properties that represent the modern standard and are also the basis for the more sophisticated technologies discussed later in the book. The second part covers the latest bioanalytical techniques such as the mentioned super-resolution and next generation sequencing methods, confocal fluorescence microscopy, light sheet microscopy, two-photon microscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy, single molecule optical, electrical and force measurements, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, optical tweezers, quantum dots and DNA origami techniques. Both the text and illustrations have been prepared in a clear and accessible style, with extended and updated exercises (and their solutions) accompanying each chapter. Readers with a basic understanding of biochemistry and/or biophysics will quickly gain an overview of cutting edge technology for the biophysical analysis of proteins, nucleic acids and other biomolecules and their interactions. Equally, any student contemplating a career in the chemical, pharmaceutical or bio-industry will greatly benefit from the technological knowledge presented. Questions of differing complexity testing the reader's understanding can be found at the end of each chapter with clearly described solutions available on the Wiley-VCH textbook homepage under: www.wiley-vch.de/textbooksTable of ContentsIntroduction: What is Biophysical Chemistry? - An Example from Drug Screening PART I: Basic Methods in Biophysical Chemistry BASIC OPTICAL PRINCIPLES Introduction What Does the Electronic Structure of Molecules Look Like? Orbitals, Wave Functions and Bonding Interactions How Does Light Interact with Molecules? Transition Densities and the Transition Dipole Moment Absorption Spectra of Molecules in Liquid Environments. Vibrational Excitation and the Franck-Condon Principle What Happens After Molecules have Absorbed Light? Fluorescence, Nonradiative Transitions and the Triplet State Quantitative Description of all Processes: Quantum Efficiencies, Kinetics of Excited State Populations and the Jablonski Diagram Problems OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMOLECULES Introduction Experimental Determination of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra Optical Properties of Proteins and DNA Optical Properties of Important Cofactors BASIC FLUORESCENCE TECHNQUES Introduction Fluorescent Labelling and Linking Techniques Fluorescence Detection Techniques Fluorscence Polarization Anisotropy Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Fluorescence Kinetics Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching Biochemiluminescence CHIROPTICAL AND SCATTERING METHODS Chiroptical Methods Light Scattering Vibrational Spectra of Biomolecules MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biomolecules Electron Paramagnetic Resonance MASS SPECTROMETRY Introduction MALDI-TOF ESI-MS Structural and Sequence Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry PART II: Advanced Methods in Biophysical Chemistry FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY Introduction Conventional Fluorescence Microscopy Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Light-Sheet Microscopy SUPER-RESOLUTION FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) 3D Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging of Live Cells Multicolour Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Structured Illumination Microscopy SOFI Final Comparison SINGLE-BIOMOLECULE TECHNIQUES Introduction Optical Single-Molecule Detection Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Optical Tweezers Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomolecules Patch Clamping ULTRAFAST- AND NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Nonlinear Microscopy and Spectroscopy Ultrafast Spectroscopy DNA SEQUENCING AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING METHODS Sanger Method Next-Generation Sequencing Methods SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Introduction Fluorescing Nanoparticles Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection DNA Origami DNA Microarrays Flow Cytometry Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Microspheres and Nanospheres ASSAY DEVELOPMENT, READERS AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING Introduction Assay Development and Assay Quality Microtitre Plates and Fluorescence Readers Application Example: Drug Discovery and High-Throughput Screening Index

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Book SynopsisPhysik für Biologen - Kein trockener Stoff nur für die Prüfung! Eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der klassischen und modernen Physik sowie in die physikalischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Natur. Physik für Biologen - Die Grundlagen verstehen und die Wissenschaft vom Leben wird lebendig!Table of ContentsKlassische Physik.- Einführung.- Die Physik des Massenpunkts.- Die Physik des starren Körpers.- Die Physik des deformierbaren Körpers.- Die Physik der Flüssigkeiten.- Thermodynamik.- Mechanische Schwingungen und Wellen.- Das elektrische und das magnetische Feld.- Zeitlich veränderliche Felder.- Optik.- Moderne Physik.- Einführung.- Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie.- Die Quantelung des Lichts.- Materiewellen.- Atomphysik.- Kernphysik.- Quantenphysik der Vielteilchensysteme.- Molekülphysik.- Anhänge.

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Book SynopsisWhat are the relations between the shape of a system of cities and that of fish school? Which events should happen in a cell in order that it participates to one of the finger of our hands? How to interpret the shape of a sand dune? This collective book written for the non-specialist addresses these questions and more generally, the fundamental issue of the emergence of forms and patterns in physical and living systems. It is a single book gathering the different aspects of morphogenesis and approaches developed in different disciplines on shape and pattern formation. Relying on the seminal works of D’Arcy Thompson, Alan Turing and René Thom, it confronts major examples like plant growth and shape, intra-cellular organization, evolution of living forms or motifs generated by crystals. A book essential to understand universal principles at work in the shapes and patterns surrounding us but also to avoid spurious analogies.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Self-organization at equilibrum. A model system: ferrofluids.- Hierarchical networks of fractures.- Liquid crystals and morphogenesis.- Biological self-organization by way of the dynamics of reactive processes.- Sand dunes.- Morphodynamics of secretory pathways.- From epigenomics to morphogenetic emergence.- Animal morphogenesis.- Phyllotaxy.- Logic of forms.- Forms emerging from collective motion.- Systems of cities and levels of organization.- Levels of organization and morphogenesis: the viewpoint of D'Arcy Thompson.- Morphogenetic models of René Thom.- Morphogenesis, structural stability and epigenetic landscape.- Morphological and mutational analysis: tools for morphogenesis study.- Morphogenesis in computer science.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch setzt Impulse zur systematischen Validierung des Bioprintings und zur Etablierung dieser Technologie auch in nicht-medizinischen Anwendungsgebieten. Das dreidimensionale Drucken mit lebenden Zellen erlaubt die kontrollierte Zellimmobilisierung in 3D-Hydrogelgerüsten. In dieser Arbeit wird das Bioprinting erstmalig mit Zellkulturen höherer Pflanzen gezeigt. Für die Pflanzenzellbiotechnologie eröffnen sich damit Perspektiven beispielsweise hinsichtlich der Erzeugung von Gewebemodellen oder der strukturierten Zellimmobilisierung in industriellen Bioprozessen. Die Strömungsmodellierung im Druckprozess wird auf Basis von ausführlichen rheologischen Messungen der Bioink und der Analyse der Extrusionsgeschwindigkeit gezeigt. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse im Nomogramm erlaubt eine systematische Optimierung des Druckprozesses.Table of ContentsStand der Forschung.- Material und Methoden.- Simulation und analytische Rechnung.- Ergebnisse und Diskussion.- Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.

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Book SynopsisDieses Lehrbuch bietet einen reichhaltig illustrierten und kompakten Überblick über die kausalen Zusammenhänge, die bei Bewegungsabläufen im Sport auftreten. Sie erlernen damit die Grundkenntnisse im Fach Biomechanik wie auch die wesentlichen biomechanischen Messverfahren und Methoden zur Datenerhebung und Datenauswertung. Dazu erhalten Sie einen umfassenden Einblick in die Strukturen sportlicher Bewegungen. Dabei steht ersten Bandes die Anwendung biomechanischer Analysen in der Leichtathletik im Mittelpunkt. Didaktisch ausgereift werden Ihnen anhand originaler Datenbeispiele von aktuellen Spitzenathleten die Möglichkeiten, die biomechanische Analysen zur Bewertung und Optimierung der sportlichen Technik bieten, anschaulich und gut verständlich erklärt. So können Sie sich optimal auf die Prüfung vorbereiten, dazulernen, nachschlagen oder sich einen Ein- und Überblick verschaffen. Dazu bietet eine Begleitwebseite Online-Zusatzmaterialien zur weiteren Veranschaulichung und Vertiefung. Zielgruppen: Studierende des Faches Sportwissenschaft (Lehramt, Bachelor und Master), besonders geeignet zum Studium und als Prüfungslektüre des Kernfaches Bewegungswissenschaft. Ebenso werden Athleten, Trainer und Leistungsdiagnostiker im leistungsorientierten Sport von diesem Werk profitieren. Das Buch bietet auch eine optimale und kompakte Wissenssammlung für Sportlehrer der gymnasialen Oberstufe (speziell für Neigungsfächer und Leistungskurse).Der Autor: Prof. Dr. Veit Wank ist Professor für Sportwissenschaft und Leiter des Lehrstuhls für Biomechanik, Bewegungs- und Trainingswissenschaft an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Seit 2007 ist er Sprecher der Sektion Biomechanik der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft (DVS). Nach Studien der Sportwissenschaft, Biologie und Physik an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena arbeitete er als wissenschaftlicher Assistent und in verschiedenen Sportarten als Praxisausbilder an den Universitäten Jena und Karlsruhe. Er war selbst über viele Jahre aktiver Leichtathlet.Table of ContentsEinführung in die Biomechanik der Sportarten.- Physikalische Grundlagen.- Biomechanische Messverfahren.- Gehen, Laufen, Sprint und Hürdenlauf.- Sprünge.- Würfe.

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Book SynopsisThis book treats essentials from neurophysiology (Hodgkin–Huxley equations, synaptic transmission, prototype networks of neurons) and related mathematical concepts (dimensionality reductions, equilibria, bifurcations, limit cycles and phase plane analysis). This is subsequently applied in a clinical context, focusing on EEG generation, ischaemia, epilepsy and neurostimulation. The book is based on a graduate course taught by clinicians and mathematicians at the Institute of Technical Medicine at the University of Twente. Throughout the text, the author presents examples of neurological disorders in relation to applied mathematics to assist in disclosing various fundamental properties of the clinical reality at hand. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter; answers are included. Basic knowledge of calculus, linear algebra, differential equations and familiarity with MATLAB or Python is assumed. Also, students should have some understanding of essentials of (clinical) neurophysiology, although most concepts are summarized in the first chapters. The audience includes advanced undergraduate or graduate students in Biomedical Engineering, Technical Medicine and Biology. Applied mathematicians may find pleasure in learning about the neurophysiology and clinic essentials applications. In addition, clinicians with an interest in dynamics of neural networks may find this book useful, too.Trade Review“The book is for sure a valuable contribution to make understandable the concepts of neurophysiology, it’s connection to applied mathematics and the benefits of theoretical achievements for application to clinical problems.” (Claudia simionescu-Badea, zbMATH 1482.92005, 2022)Table of ContentsPart I Physiology of neurons and synapses: Electrophysiology of the Neuron.- Synapses.- Part II Dynamics: Dynamics in one-dimension.- Dynamics in two-dimensional systems.- Part III Networks: Prototype neural networks.- Part IV The electroencephalogram: Basics of the EEG.- Neural mass modeling of the EEG.- Part V Pathology: Hypoxia and neuronal function.- Seizures and Epilepsy.- Part VI Neurostimulation: Neurostimulation.- Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisThe 8th International Congress of Biorheology was held at the Pacifico Yokohama, Japan, a brand new, versatile convention center for international meetings, from August 3 through 8, 1992. There were many plenary lectures and symposia, one of which was entitled "Mechanics of the Venous System." It was at this symposium that we, the editors of this monograph, each presented papers. We then moved to Gifu, Japan, for the Gifu Workshop on Veins and Vascular Capacitance. This was held on August 9, 1992, with the Second Department of Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, serving as the host. Nine papers were presented in the oral sessions and there were five poster presentations. This monograph, which is intended to provide a bird's­ eye view of recent trends in studies of the venous system, is an outgrowth of the Gifu Workshop. While it is not exactly the Proceedings ofthat workshop, materials in the monograph were developed from ideas presented there.

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Book SynopsisAprender las operaciones básicas matemáticas —suma, resta, multiplicación y división— es realmente sencillo y divertido con ayuda de los mayas, No hace falta memorizar tablas. Solo necesitas seguir tu intuición, usar los mismos puntos, rayas y caracoles que utilizaban los antiguos mayas y seguir las indicaciones y ejemplos que te proponemos con ayuda de los tableros que encontrarás dentro del libro. Verás que las matemáticas, además de divertidas, son fáciles de aprender y rápidas y de utilizar.

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Book SynopsisLas fracciones tienen muchos usos en la vida diaria, desde medir longitudes, capacidades y pesos, hasta comparar fracciones, encontrar fracciones equivalentes y realizar operaciones. Este libro trata de exponer todas las maneras posibles de enseñar el tema, acompañadas de actividades divertidas y juegos. El libro incluye un CD con ejercicios y soluciones; así como diez bandas de colores divididas en medios, tercios, cuartos, etcétera.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to cover a broad range of topics in statistical physics, including statistical mechanics (equilibrium and non-equilibrium), soft matter and fluid physics, for applications to biological phenomena at both cellular and macromolecular levels. It is intended to be a graduate level textbook, but can also be addressed to the interested senior level undergraduate. The book is written also for those involved in research on biological systems or soft matter based on physics, particularly on statistical physics.Typical statistical physics courses cover ideal gases (classical and quantum) and interacting units of simple structures. In contrast, even simple biological fluids are solutions of macromolecules, the structures of which are very complex. The goal of this book to fill this wide gap by providing appropriate content as well as by explaining the theoretical method that typifies good modeling, namely, the method of coarse-grained descriptions that extract the most salient features emerging at mesoscopic scales. The major topics covered in this book include thermodynamics, equilibrium statistical mechanics, soft matter physics of polymers and membranes, non-equilibrium statistical physics covering stochastic processes, transport phenomena and hydrodynamics. Generic methods and theories are described with detailed derivations, followed by applications and examples in biology. The book aims to help the readers build, systematically and coherently through basic principles, their own understanding of nonspecific concepts and theoretical methods, which they may be able to apply to a broader class of biological problems.Table of Contents1. Introduction : Biological Systems, and Physical ApproachesBring Physics to Life, Bring Life to Physics. Part A: Equilibrium Structures and Properties. 2. Basic Concepts of Relevant Thermodynamics. 2.1 The First Law and Thermodynamic Potentials. 2.2 The Second Law and Thermodynamic Variational Principles. 3. Basic Methods of Equilibrium Statistical Physics. 3.1 Boltzmann’s Entropy and Probability, Microcanonical Ensemble Theory. 3.2 Canonical Ensemble Theory. 3.3 The Gibbs Canonical Ensemble. 3.4 Grand Canonical Ensemble Theory. 4. Statistical Mechanics of Fluids and Solutions. 4.1 Phase-space Description of Fluids. 4.2 Fluids of Non-interacting Particles. 4.3 Fluids of Interacting Particles. 4.4 Extension to Solutions: Coarse-grained Descriptions. 5. The Coarse-grained Descriptions for Biological Complexes. 6. Water and Weak Electrostatic Interactions. 6.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Water. 6.2 The Interactions in Water. 6.3 Screened Coulomb Interaction. 7. Law of Chemical Forces: Transitions, Reactions and Self-assembly. 7.1 Law of Mass Action (LMA). 7.2 Self-Assembly. 8. Lattice and Ising Models. 8.1 Adsorption and Aggregation of Molecules. 8.2 Binary Mixtures. 8.3 1-D Ising Model and Applications. 9. Response, Fluctuations, Correlations, and Scatterings. 9.1 Linear Responses and Fluctuations: Fluctuation-Response Theorem. 9.2 Scatterings, Fluctuations, and Structures of Matter. 10. Mesoscopic model for Polymers: Flexible Chains. 10.1 Random Walk Model for a Flexible Chain. 10.2 A Flexible Chain under External Fields and Confinements. 10.3 Effects of Segmental Interactions. 10.4 Scaling Theory. 11. Mesoscopic model for Polymers: Semi-flexible Chain Model and Polyelectrolytes. 11.1 Worm-like chain model. 11.2 Fluctuations in nearly straight semi-flexible chains and the force-extension relation. 11.3 Polyelecrolytes. 12. Membranes and Elastic Surfaces. 12.1 Membrane Self-assembly and Transition. 12.2 Mesoscopic Model for Elastic Energies and Shapes. 12.3 Effects of Thermal Undulations. Part B: Non-equilibrium Phenomena. 13.Brownian Motions. 13.1 Brownian Motion/Diffusion Equation Theory. 13.2 Diffusive Transport in Cells. 13.3 Brownian Motion/Langevin Equation Theory. 14. Stochastic Processes, Markov Chains and Master Equations. 14.1 Markov Processes. 14.2 Master Equation. 15. Theory of Markov Processes & The Fokker-Planck Equations. 15.1 Fokker-Planck Equation (FPE). 15.2 The Langevin and Fokker-Planck Equations from Phenomenology and Effective Hamiltonian. 15.3 Solutions of Fokker-Planck Equations, Transition Probabilities and Correlation Functions. 16. The Mean-First Passage Times and Barrier Crossing Rates. 16.1 First Passage Time and Applications. 16.2 Rate Theory: Flux-over Population Method. 17. Dynamic Linear Responses and Time Correlation Functions. 17.1 Time-dependent Linear Response Theory. 17.2 Applications of the Fluctuation–dissipation Theorem. 18. Noise-induced Resonances: Stochastic Resonance and Resonant Activation, and Stochastic Ratchet. 18.1 Stochastic Resonance. 18.2 Resonant Activation (RA) and Stochastic Ratchet. 18.3 Stochastic ratchet. 19. Transport Phenomena and Fluid Dynamics. 19.1 Hydrodynamic Transport Equations. 19.2 Dynamics of Viscous Flow. 20. Dynamics of Polymers and Membranes in Fluids. 20.1 Dynamics of Flexible Polymers. 20.2 Dynamics of a Semiflexible Chain. 20.3 Dynamics of Membrane Undulation. 20.4 A Unified View. 21. Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisEl autor muestra cómo la práctica del zen puede arrojar luz sobre los evangelios de Jesús y ayudar a que uno viva de manera más alegre y compasiva. La compasión de Buda y el amor de Cristo tienen mucho en común y el camino que propone el budismo zen puede acercarnos a una experiencia más plena de Dios, de nosotros mismos y de nuestro entorno.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers comprehensive information on all aspects of ELISA, starting with the fundamentals of the immune system. It also reviews the history of analytical assays prior to the advent of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and addresses the materials of choice for the fabrication of the platforms, possible biomolecular interactions, different protocols, and evaluation parameters. The book guides readers through the respective steps of the analytical assay, while also familiarizing them with the possible sources of error in the assay. It offers detailed insights into the immobilization techniques used for protein attachment, as well as methods for evaluating the assay and calculating the key parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and limit of detection. In addition, the book explores the advantages and shortcomings of the conventional ELISA, as well as various approaches to improving its performance. In this regard, merging and integrating other technologies with widely known ELISAs have opened new avenues for the advancement of this immunoassay. Accordingly, the book provides cutting-edge information on integrated platforms such as ELISpot, plasmonic ELISAs, sphere-/bead-based ELISAs, paper-/fiber-based ELISAs and ELISA in micro-devices. Table of Contents1 Fundamentals of ELISA: from the evolution of the immunoassays until invention of ELISAAbstract1. 1 Evolution of the immunoassays until invention of ELISA 1.1.1 Side chain theory1.1.2 Antigen-antibody binding theory1.1.3 Discovery of antibody structure1.1.4 Invention of RIA1.1.5 Invention and development of ELISA1.2 Principles of the immune system1.2.1 Antibody production in human body1.2.2 Categories of antibodies1.2.3 Antigen-antibody coupling1.2.4 Specificity of the antigen-antibody coupling1.3 Biomolecular interactions between antibody and antigen1.3.1 Hydrogen bonding1.3.2 Hydrophobic interaction1.3.3 Ionic attraction1.3.4 Van der Waals forces1.3.4.1 London dispersion1.3.4.2 Dipole-dipole interaction1.3.4.3 Ion-dipole forceReferences 2 General overview on applications of ELISAAbstract2.1 Application of ELISA2.1.1 Food industry2.1.2 Vaccine development2.1.3 Immunology2.1.3.1 Autoimmunity2.1.3.2 Humoral immunity2.1.4 Diagnosis2.1.4.1 Home pregnancy test2.1.4.2 Cancer detection2.1.4.3 Detection of the infectious diseases2.1.5 Toxicology 2.1.6 Drug monitoring and pharmaceutical industry2.1.7 TransplantationReferences 3 Step by step with ELISA: mechanism of operation, crucial elements, different protocols, and insights on immobilization and detection of various biomolecular entities Abstract3.1 Mechanism of operation3.2 Different elements of the assay3.2.1 Solid phase3.2.1.1 Adsorption3.2.2 Washing process3.2.3 Antigens 3.2.4 Antibodies3.2.4.1 Antispecies antibodies3.2.5 Enzyme3.2.5.2 Different types of enzyme3.2.5.2 Enzyme conjugation3.2.6 Substrate3.2.7 Stopping process3.2.8 Reading process3.2.8.1 Chromogenic assay3.2.8.2 Chemifluorescenct assay3.2.8.3 Chemiluminescent assay3.2.8.4 Reading apparatus3.2.9 Controls3.3 Target biomolecular entities by ELISA3.4 Different protocols3.4.1 Direct ELISA3.4.2 Indirect ELISA3.4.3 Sandwich ELISA3.4.4 Double sandwich ELISA3.4.5 Competitive ELISA3.5 Immobilization techniques for protein attachment 3.5.1 Physical immobilization3.5.2 Covalent immobilization3.5.2.1 Immobilization via zero-Length cross linker3.5.2.2 Immobilization via spacers3.5.3 Immobilization via entrapment3.5.4 Oriented immobilizationReferences 4 Evaluation of the detection results obtained from ELISAAbstract4.1 Conducting a reliable assay4.1.1 Sources of error4.1.2 Troubleshooting 4.2 Key parameters for evaluation of the assay4.2.1 Sensitivity4.2.2 Specificity4.2.3 Accuracy4.2.4 Limit of detection4.3 Measurable units in ELISAReferences 5 Advantages, disadvantages and modifications of conventional ELISA Abstract5.1 Significance of conventional ELISA 5.2 Shortages of conventional ELISA5.3 Materials of choice for fabrication of ELISA well plates5.4 Different types of ELISA well plates5.5 Modified ELISA platforms5.5.1 ELISpot5.5.2 Plasmonic ELISA5.5.3 Sphere-/bead-based ELISAs5.5.4 Paper-/fiber-based ELISAs5.5.5 ELISA in microdevicesReferences 6 Common questions and answers about ELISA AbstractReferences Summary

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Book SynopsisCancer deaths per capita have decreased in recent years, but the improvement is attributed to prevention, not treatment. The difficulty in treating cancer may be due to its 'complexity', in the mathematical physics sense of the word. Tumors evolve and spread in response to internal and external factors that involve feedback mechanisms and nonlinear behavior. Investigations of the nonlinear interactions among cells, and between cells and their environment, are crucial for developing a sufficiently detailed understanding of the system's emergent phenomenology to be able to control the behavior. In the case of cancer, controlling the system's behavior will mean the ability to treat and cure the disease. Physicists have been studying various complex, nonlinear systems for many years using a variety of techniques. These investigations have provided insights that allow physicists to make unique contributions towards the treatment of cancer.This interdisciplinary book presents recent advancements in physicists' research on cancer. The work presented in this volume uses a variety of physical, biochemical, mathematical, theoretical, and computational techniques to gain a deeper molecular and cellular understanding of the horrific disease that is cancer.

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