Biology, life sciences Books

Book SynopsisForensic photography plays a vitally important part in the investigation of crime and the subsequent administration of justice. Written by a practitioner with many years professional experience, this book provides an overview of the most common forensic photography techniques in use today for those readers who may not have a detailed understanding of camera techniques and who need to get to grips with the use of light and other key scientific aspects of the job. It covers image capture issues, file handling and relevant equipment, such as lasers and UV lights, and explores how they work. The predominance of the digital camera has resulted in an increasing trend for police forces across the world to use untrained camera users, rather than expert photographers. Therefore, this book will prove invaluable for those practitioners who need to produce accurate and clear photographic evidence, above and beyond the point and shoot mode on their cameras.Trade Review“An ideal and comprehensive textbook on the subject, "Forensic Photography: A Practitioner's Guide" is especially recommended for academic library Photography and Forensic Science reference collections and supplemental studies reading lists.” (Midwest Book Reviews, 1 March 2015)Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xix About the Companion Website xxi 1 Image Processing 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The digital image 2 1.3 Image acquisition 3 1.4 Colour images 4 1.5 The imaging chain and workflow 5 1.6 White balance 7 1.7 Image histogram 8 1.7.1 Levels and grey-picker tools 8 1.8 Image processing terminology 12 1.9 Digital image processing operations 14 1.9.1 Image cropping 14 1.9.2 Image resampling (resizing) 15 1.9.3 Image flipping and rotation 15 1.9.4 Linear scales 17 1.10 Classes of operations 19 1.10.1 Point processing 19 1.10.2 Addition 19 1.10.3 Subtraction 19 1.10.4 Multiplication and division 20 1.10.5 The bad news: artefacts 22 1.10.6 The good news: versatility 22 1.11 Noise reduction 22 1.12 Sharpening filters 24 1.13 History log 27 1.14 Layers 27 1.14.1 Adjustment layers and layer masks 27 1.14.2 Composite images 28 1.15 Bit depth and dynamic range 28 1.16 File formats 29 1.17 Image compression 29 1.18 Image processing at image capture 30 1.19 Properties of common formats 31 1.20 Image archiving and the audit trail 32 1.20.1 Best practice and the audit trail 33 1.21 Printing images 35 1.22 Image storage 35 1.23 Summary 35 2 Cameras and Lenses 37 2.1 Overview 37 2.2 Cameras 40 2.3 Exposure 43 2.4 ISOs 45 2.5 The shutter 46 2.6 F-stops and apertures 47 2.7 So what is the correct exposure? 49 2.8 Metering modes 50 2.8.1 Measuring the light 50 2.8.2 Camera meters 51 2.8.3 Incident light meters 51 2.9 Getting the right exposure 51 2.10 Dynamic range 52 2.11 Depth of field and focus 53 2.11.1 Lens choice 55 2.11.2 Distance to the subject 56 2.11.3 The rule of thirds 56 2.11.4 Focus 56 2.11.5 Manual focus 58 2.12 Lenses 65 2.12.1 Focal lengths 67 Reference 77 3 The Use of Flash 79 3.1 How does it work? 79 3.2 Guide numbers 81 3.2.1 What is the guide number? 81 3.3 Flash modes 83 3.3.1 Manual mode 83 3.4 The inverse square law (ISL) 90 3.4.1 The ISL (long version) 90 3.4.2 The ISL short version 92 3.4.3 Automatic 92 3.4.4 Through The Lens metered flash (TTL) 93 3.4.5 Other settings 94 3.5 The practical application of flash 95 3.5.1 Flash only 95 3.5.2 Open flash 99 3.5.3 Fill in flash 105 3.6 Types of flash 108 3.6.1 Hammerhead units 108 3.6.2 Ring flash 108 3.6.3 Semi ring flashes 109 3.6.4 Studio flash 110 4 Crime Scene Photography 113 4.1 Overview 113 4.1.1 What are we being asked to photograph? 114 4.1.2 When do I take photographs? 114 4.1.3 How will I take the photographs? 115 4.2 Personal protective equipment (PPE) 115 4.2.1 Stepping plates 118 4.3 The generics of scene photography 119 4.3.1 Sunshine 119 4.3.2 Rain 121 4.3.3 Wind 121 4.3.4 Fog 122 4.3.5 Snow 122 4.3.6 Cold 122 4.4 Photographic equipment 123 4.5 Composition 124 4.5.1 Interiors 130 4.6 Specific types of scenes 134 4.6.1 Motor vehicles 138 4.6.2 Assault victims 145 4.6.3 Prisoners 146 4.6.4 Property 147 4.6.5 Fire damaged scenes 149 4.6.6 RTC (Road Traffic Collisions) 151 4.6.7 Homicides and postmortems (PM) 152 4.7 Appendix 1: Trouble-shooting 159 References 162 5 Light as a Forensic Photographer’s Tool 163 5.1 Overview of alternative light sources (ALS) 163 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) 164 5.3 Fluorescence 168 5.4 Alternative light sources 174 5.4.1 Ultraviolet (UV) light sources 174 5.4.2 LASERs (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) 177 5.4.3 Crime-lites 180 5.4.4 Tuneable light sources 181 5.5 Filters 183 5.6 Infrared (IR) 187 5.7 White light 189 5.7.1 White light types 189 5.8 Conclusion 193 References 193 6 The Photography of Injuries 195 6.1 Overview 195 6.2 The nature of injuries 197 6.2.1 Bruises 197 6.2.2 Burns 198 6.2.3 Cuts and abrasions 199 6.2.4 Bites 199 6.3 The photography 200 6.4 Before we start 203 6.5 Techniques and equipment required 204 6.5.1 Camera 204 6.5.2 Illumination 204 6.5.3 Polarising filters 206 6.5.4 Forensic rulers 207 6.6 The colour reference 207 6.6.1 Cross-polarised photography 207 6.7 Reflected Ultraviolet (UV) 213 6.8 Lenses 216 6.9 Lighting 216 6.10 Capturing the image 218 6.10.1 Induced fluorescence 218 6.10.2 Induced fluorescence for cadavers only 221 6.10.3 Infrared (IR) 222 6.10.4 Summary 224 References 228 Further useful reading 229 7 Finger and Shoe Mark Photography 231 7.1 Overview 231 7.2 The nature of finger marks 232 7.3 Shoe marks 236 7.4 Equipment 241 7.5 Lighting techniques 245 7.5.1 Copy lighting 245 7.5.2 Bright field illumination 246 7.5.3 Dark field illumination 247 7.5.4 Oblique lighting 254 7.5.5 Specular or coaxial illumination 255 7.5.6 Photography of specular marks 259 7.5.7 Transillumination or backlighting 261 7.6 Chemically enhanced marks 262 7.6.1 Treated marks on porous surfaces 263 7.6.2 Non porous surfaces 265 7.7 Latent marks 269 7.7.1 Fluorescence 269 7.7.2 Painting with light 275 7.8 Shoe marks 278 7.8.1 Latent dust marks 278 7.8.2 Contaminated marks 279 7.8.3 Physical shoe mark impressions 282 7.8.4 Photography of shoe marks 282 7.9 Tyre marks 284 7.10 Blood enhancement techniques 289 7.10.1 Acid yellow 7 289 7.10.2 Acid violet 17 289 7.10.3 Amido Black (acid black 1) 290 7.10.4 LCV 291 7.10.5 Huffing and dead sets 292 References 295 8 The Proactive Use of Light in Forensic Photography 297 8.1 Overview 297 8.2 The detection of body fluids using an alternative light source 297 8.3 Inks 301 8.4 Sign writing 305 8.5 The detection of blood 307 8.6 Luminol 309 8.7 Other uses of Infrared (IR) 313 8.7.1 Vein patterns 314 8.7.2 Clothing 317 References 322 9 Specialist Equipment and Techniques 325 9.1 Peripheral cameras 325 9.2 Object modelling 332 9.3 Multi-spectral imaging camera 335 9.4 High speed imaging 340 9.5 UVC photography 346 References 354 10 Panoramic (Immersive or 360 ◦) and Elevated imaging 355 10.1 Overview 355 10.2 Spheron 357 10.3 Digital Single Lens Reflex 360 ◦ 358 10.4 Elevated imaging 367 Reference 373 Appendix 1 Tripods and Camera Supports 375 A. 1 Tripods 375 A. 2 Scene tripods 375 A.2. 1 The 058 Triaut Tripod 376 A.2. 2 Manfrotto 055 fitted with the Manfrotto 322RCE head 377 A.2. 3 Benbo 377 A.2. 4 Studio type stands 377 A. 3 Other types of camera platforms 377 A.3. 1 Gorilla pods 377 A.3. 2 Monopods 378 A. 4 Video tripods 379 A. 5 Other types of clamps 379 Index 383

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth text that explores the interface between analytical chemistry and trace evidence Analytical Techniques in Forensic Science is a comprehensive guide written in accessible terms that examines the interface between analytical chemistry and trace evidence in forensic science. With contributions from noted experts on the topic, the text features a detailed introduction analysis in forensic science and then subsequent chapters explore the laboratory techniques grouped by shared operating principles. For each technique, the authors incorporate specific theory, application to forensic analytics, interpretation, forensic specific developments, and illustrative case studies. Forensic techniques covered include UV-Vis and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and gas and liquid chromatography. The applications reviewed include evidence types such as fibers, paint, drugs and explosives. The authors highlight data collection, subsequent analysis, what information has been obtaiTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Part I Preparing for Analysis 1 1 Introduction to Forensic Science 3Sue Jickells, Rosalind Wolstenholme and Shari Forbes 1.1 Forensic Science 3 1.2 The Forensic Process 6 1.2.1 Forensic Principles and the Crime Scene 6 1.2.2 Preparatory Issues in Laboratory Analysis 11 1.2.3 Interpretation of Forensic Evidence 13 1.2.3.1 The Expert Witness and Interpretation 14 1.2.3.2 Evidential Value 15 1.2.3.3 Statistical Interpretation 18 1.2.3.4 Bayesian Statistics 20 1.3 Judicial Systems 22 1.3.1 Criminal vs. Civil Law 22 1.3.2 Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial System 24 1.3.3 Rules of Evidence 25 1.3.3.1 Admissibility of Evidence 25 1.3.4 Types of Evidence 26 1.3.5 Opinion and Expert Testimony 28 1.3.5.1 Admissibility of Scientific and Technical Evidence 28 1.4 The Role of Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science 30 1.4.1 Techniques Used for Chemical Analysis 31 References 32 2 Analytical Methodology and Experimental Design 35Florian Wulfert and Rosalind Wolstenholme 2.1 Scientific Method 35 2.2 What DoWe Mean by Analysis? 36 2.3 The Stages of Analysis 36 2.3.1 Quantification 37 2.3.1.1 External Standards 37 2.3.1.2 Internal Standards 38 2.3.1.3 Standard Addition 38 2.4 Analysis Development 39 2.4.1 Error Estimation 39 2.4.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 40 2.4.3 Method Development and Experimental Designs 41 2.4.4 Selecting Critical Variables with Factorial Designs 42 2.4.4.1 Categorical Variables 43 2.4.4.2 Reduced Designs 44 2.4.4.3 Final Practical Experimental Considerations 44 2.4.4.4 Deciding on Significance 44 2.4.4.5 Interpretation 45 2.4.5 Modelling the Significant Variables Using Response Surface Designs 46 2.4.5.1 Sparse Response Surface Designs 48 2.4.5.2 Analysing Response Surface Models 48 2.4.5.3 Validation 49 2.4.5.4 Optimisation 49 3 Presumptive Testing 51Rosalind Wolstenholme and Shari Forbes 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Drugs 52 3.2.1 Drugs Seizure Sampling 52 3.2.2 Major Drug Classes 52 3.2.2.1 Marijuana 52 3.2.2.2 Opioids, Cocaine, and Amphetamines 53 3.2.2.3 Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines 53 3.2.2.4 LSD 53 3.2.2.5 New Psychoactive Substances 55 3.2.3 Presumptive Tests for Drugs 56 3.2.3.1 Colour Tests 56 3.2.3.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 56 3.2.3.3 Microcrystal Tests 56 3.3 Firearms Discharge Residue 57 3.3.1 Firearms Discharge Residue Sampling 57 3.3.2 Firearms Discharge Residue Presumptive Tests 58 3.4 Explosives 59 3.4.1 Explosive Residue Sampling 60 3.4.2 Explosive Residue Presumptive Tests 60 3.4.2.1 Colour Tests 60 3.4.2.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 61 3.4.2.3 Portable Instruments 61 3.5 Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) 61 3.5.1 Breath Alcohol Testing 61 3.5.1.1 Electronic Devices 62 3.5.1.2 Chemical Test Devices 63 3.5.2 Saliva-Based Testing 63 3.6 Ignitable Liquid Residues 64 3.7 Non-Chemical Presumptive Tests 65 3.7.1 Electronic Detectors 65 3.7.1.1 Electronic Detectors for Fire Investigations 65 3.7.1.2 Electronic Detectors for Explosives and Illicit Drugs 66 3.7.2 Canine Detection 67 References 68 4 Sample Preparation 71Sue Jickells 4.1 Sample Preparation 71 4.2 Extraction 75 4.2.1 Solvent Extraction 76 4.2.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 77 4.2.3 Solid Phase Extraction 82 4.2.3.1 Stationary Phases 85 4.2.3.2 Normal Phase 92 4.2.3.3 Reversed Phase 93 4.2.3.4 Ion Exchange 95 4.2.3.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 95 4.2.3.6 Immunoaffinity SPE 97 4.2.4 Solid-Phase Microextraction 97 4.2.5 QuEChERS 101 4.2.6 Sample Handling Post Extraction 101 4.2.6.1 Solvent Evaporation 101 4.2.6.2 Derivatisation 102 4.3 Sample Preparation for Inorganic Analyses 102 4.3.1 Total Analysis 103 4.3.2 Chemical Speciation 105 4.4 DNA Profiling 105 4.5 Conclusion 106 References 106 Part II Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Techniques 109 5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 111Rosalind Wolstenholme Reference 114 6 Ultraviolet–Visible and Fluorescence Spectroscopy 115Rosalind Wolstenholme 6.1 Forensic Introduction 115 6.2 Theory 115 6.2.1 Electronic Transitions 115 6.2.2 Photoluminescence and Fluorescence 118 6.2.3 Quantification 120 6.2.3.1 UV-Vis Quantification 120 6.2.3.2 Fluorescence Quantification 121 6.3 Instrumentation 122 6.3.1 UV-Vis Spectrometers 122 6.3.2 Fluorescence Spectrometers/Fluorometers 123 6.3.3 Coupling Techniques 126 6.3.4 Microspectrophotometers 126 6.3.5 Hyperspectral Imaging 126 6.3.6 Filtered Light Examination 127 6.4 Application to Analyte 128 6.4.1 Transmission Analysis in Solution 128 6.4.1.1 UV-Vis Solution Analysis 128 6.4.1.2 Fluorescent Solution Analysis 129 6.4.2 MSP Sample Preparation 129 6.4.3 Acquiring a Spectrum 130 6.4.3.1 Capture of Spectra in Solution 130 6.4.3.2 MSP and HSI Sample Analysis 131 6.4.4 Forensic Applications 131 6.4.4.1 Writing Ink Examination 132 6.4.4.2 Fibre Examination 133 6.5 Interpretation and Law 134 6.5.1 Interpreting UV-Vis Spectra 135 6.5.2 Interpreting Fluorescence Spectra 137 6.5.3 UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Court 138 6.6 Case Studies 138 6.6.1 Case Study 1 138 6.6.2 Case Study 2 139 6.7 Forensic Developments 140 References 140 7 Infrared Spectroscopy 145Barbara Stuart 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Theory of the Technique 145 7.2.1 Basis of the Technique 145 7.2.2 Instrumentation 146 7.2.3 Transmission Spectroscopy 148 7.2.4 Reflectance Spectroscopy 148 7.2.5 Infrared Microspectroscopy 150 7.2.6 Handheld and Portable Instruments 151 7.3 Application to Analyte 151 7.3.1 Sampling 151 7.3.2 Spectrum Analysis 152 7.4 Interpretation and Law 155 7.5 Case Studies – Discrimination of Acrylic Fibres 157 7.6 Forensic Developments 158 References 159 8 Raman Spectroscopy 161Rosalind Wolstenholme 8.1 Forensic Introduction 161 8.2 Theory 161 8.2.1 Raman Scattering 161 8.2.2 Modes of Vibration 163 8.2.3 Raman Shift 165 8.2.4 Raman Instrumentation 166 8.2.4.1 Lasers, Fluorescence, and Resolution 166 8.2.4.2 Dispersive versus FT 167 8.2.4.3 Dispersive Raman Spectrometers 168 8.2.4.4 FT-Raman Spectrometers 169 8.2.4.5 Polarisers 169 8.2.4.6 Microscopes and Imaging 169 8.2.4.7 Portable Instruments and Probes 170 8.2.4.8 Quantitation 170 8.2.5 Advanced Techniques 171 8.2.5.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 171 8.2.5.2 SERS/SERRS 171 8.2.5.3 SORS 172 8.2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy 173 8.3 Application to Analyte 174 8.3.1 Acquiring a Spectrum 174 8.3.2 Forensic Applications 175 8.3.2.1 Pen Ink 175 8.3.2.2 Paint 175 8.3.2.3 Drugs of Abuse 176 8.4 Interpretation and Law 177 8.4.1 Interpreting Raman Spectra 177 8.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy in Court 179 8.5 Case Studies 180 8.5.1 Case Study 1 180 8.5.2 Case Study 2 180 8.6 Forensic Developments 181 References 181 9 Scanning Electron Microscopy 185Grzegorz Zadora and Aleksandra Michalska 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Theory of the Technique 186 9.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope 186 9.2.2 X-Ray Detection 191 9.2.3 Operating Conditions 192 9.2.4 Specimen Preparation 193 9.2.4.1 Vacuum Evaporation 194 9.3 Application to Analyte(s) 195 9.3.1 Gunshot Residue 196 9.3.2 Glass 200 9.3.3 Other Samples 203 9.4 Interpretation and Law 203 9.4.1 Evidence Evaluation on Source Level 203 9.4.2 Evidence Evaluation on Activity Level 206 9.5 Case Study 207 9.5.1 GSR – Case Study 207 9.5.2 Glass – Comparison and Classification Problem 209 9.5.3 Glass –Was the Car Bulb Switched on During the Accident? 212 References 214 10 Mass Spectrometry 219Mark C. Parkin and Alan Brailsford 10.1 Introduction 219 10.1.1 Forensic Application of Mass Spectrometry 221 10.2 Theory of the Technique 223 10.2.1 Principles of Mass Spectrometry 223 10.2.2 Sample Introduction 224 10.2.3 Modes of Sample Ionisation 225 10.2.3.1 Electron Ionisation 225 10.2.3.2 Chemical Ionisation 227 10.2.3.3 Electrospray Ionisation 230 10.2.3.4 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation 231 10.2.3.5 Desorption and Ambient Methods 232 10.2.3.6 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation 232 10.2.3.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 234 10.2.3.8 Desorption Electrospray Ionisation 234 10.2.3.9 Direct Analysis in Real Time 234 10.2.4 Ion Separation – Mass Analysers 235 10.2.4.1 Mass Range, Resolution and Accuracy 235 10.2.4.2 Magnetic Sector 236 10.2.4.3 Quadrupoles – Quadrupole Mass Filter 236 10.2.4.4 Quadrupole Ion Trap 237 10.2.4.5 Time of Flight 238 10.2.4.6 Fourier Transform Instruments – Ion Cyclotron Resonance 239 10.2.4.7 Fourier Transform Instruments – Orbitrap 240 10.2.4.8 Tandem Mass Spectrometry – Ion Fragmentation by Collision Induced Dissociation 241 10.2.4.9 Tandem Mass Analysers – Ion Traps 242 10.2.4.10 Tandem Mass Analysers – Triple Quadrupoles 242 10.2.4.11 Tandem Mass Analysers – Hybrid Instruments 242 10.2.5 Ion Detection 243 10.2.5.1 Electron Multipliers 243 10.2.5.2 Faraday Cup 244 10.2.6 Anatomy of a Mass Spectrum 244 10.2.6.1 The Molecular or Quasi-Molecular Ion 245 10.2.6.2 The Fragment Region 247 10.2.6.3 Full Scan Mass Spectra 247 10.2.6.4 Product Ion Spectra 248 10.2.6.5 Extracted Ion Chromatograms 248 10.2.6.6 Selected Ion Chromatograms and Multiple Reaction Monitoring 249 10.2.6.7 Precursor Ion Detection and Neutral Loss Scanning 252 10.3 Application to Analytes 252 10.4 Interpretation and Law 254 10.4.1 Chain of Custody 254 10.4.2 New Forensic Regulations 255 10.4.3 ID Criteria – Screen and Confirmation 255 10.4.4 Chromatographic Criteria 256 10.4.5 Mass Spectrometric Identification Criteria 256 10.5 Case Studies 257 10.5.1 Serial Killing by Poisoning 257 10.5.2 Surreptitious Insulin Administration 257 10.6 Forensic Developments 258 10.6.1 Beyond Blood and Urine 258 10.6.2 High Mass Accuracy Mass Spectrometry 259 10.6.3 Mobile Mass Spectrometers 260 References 261 11 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 267Sarah Benson and Kylie Jones 11.1 Forensic Introduction 267 11.2 Basis of the Technique 268 11.2.1 Isotopes 268 11.2.2 Isotopic Abundance and Delta Notation 268 11.2.3 Standards and Reference Materials 269 11.2.4 Isotopic Variability – Fractionation and Mixing 270 11.2.5 Isotopic Variability of Natural Materials 272 11.2.6 Instrumentation: Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers 272 11.3 Introduction to the Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer 276 11.3.1 IRMS – Detection and Measurement 276 11.3.2 Sample Preparation 277 11.3.3 Bulk Stable Isotope Analysis 277 11.3.4 Bulk Measurements by Quantitative High Temperature Combustion 278 11.3.5 Bulk Measurements by Quantitative High Temperature Conversion 279 11.3.6 Compound Specific Isotope Analysis 279 11.4 Interpretation 280 11.5 Case Studies 281 11.6 Applications in Forensic Science 283 11.6.1 Distinguishing between Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Materials in Doping, e.g. Endogenous and Exogenous (Synthetic) Testosterone 284 11.6.2 Determining Authenticity and Predicting Geographical Origin of Food, Pharmaceuticals and Other Materials, e.g. Counterfeiting 284 11.6.3 Tracing the Geographic Origin and Movement of Wildlife, Persons and Materials 284 11.6.4 Identifying the Source of Environmental Contaminants 285 11.6.5 Determining the Geographical Origin of Plant Materials, e.g. Natural Illicit Drugs – Cannabis, Cocaine, and Heroin 285 11.6.6 Characterising Microorganisms 286 11.6.7 Determining Synthetic Pathways Used to Manufacture Illicit Drugs, e.g. Ecstasy and MDMA, Methamphetamine, and Amphetamine 286 11.6.8 Distinguishing between Two or More Samples of a Material to Infer Source or a Common Origin 287 11.6.9 Distinguishing Between Two or More Samples of Ignitable Liquids and Chemicals 287 11.6.10 Determining Source Through Association of Starting Materials and End Products, e.g. Explosives 288 11.7 Future of IRMS and Stable Isotopic Comparisons 288 References 288 Part III Chromatographic Techniques 295 12 Chromatographic Separation and Theory 297Sue Jickells and Shari Forbes 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 Chromatography 298 12.2.1 Planar Chromatography 299 12.2.2 Column Chromatography 300 12.3 The Separation Process 300 12.3.1 Distribution Constant 303 12.3.2 Hold-Up Time (or Volume) 304 12.3.3 Retention Time (or Volume) 305 12.3.3.1 Retention Time and Sample Concentration 306 12.3.4 Retention Factor 306 12.3.5 Separation Factor 307 12.4 Separation Theory 307 12.4.1 Plate Theory 307 12.4.2 Theory versus Practice: Band Broadening 308 12.4.3 Rate Theory 311 12.4.3.1 Eddy Diffusion (A) 312 12.4.3.2 Longitudinal Diffusion (B) 313 12.4.3.3 Mass Transfer (C) 314 12.4.3.4 Non-Column Parameters Contributing to Band Broadening 316 12.5 Practical Applications of Chromatographic Theory 316 12.5.1 Optimising Chromatographic Separations 317 12.5.1.1 Resolution 317 12.5.1.2 GC 319 12.5.1.3 Mobile Phase 320 12.6 Conclusion 323 References 323 13 Gas Chromatography 327Shari Forbes 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Gas Chromatography Components 327 13.2.1 Mobile Phase System 328 13.2.2 Sample Injection System 329 13.2.2.1 Liquid Samples 330 13.2.2.2 Gases and Volatile Compounds 334 13.2.2.3 Gas Samples 334 13.2.2.4 Volatile Compounds: Headspace Analysis 335 13.2.2.5 Static Headspace Analysis 335 13.2.2.6 Dynamic Headspace Analysis 336 13.2.2.7 Pyrolysis GC 338 13.2.3 Columns and Chromatographic Separation 338 13.2.3.1 Column Selection 340 13.2.3.2 Column Temperature and Programming 341 13.2.4 Detectors and Detection Systems 343 13.2.4.1 Flame Ionisation Detectors 344 13.2.4.2 Electron Capture Detectors 345 13.2.4.3 Nitrogen–Phosphorous Detectors 345 13.2.4.4 Mass Spectrometric Detection Systems 346 13.3 Application to Analyte 348 13.3.1 Sample Derivatisation 348 13.3.2 Qualitative Analysis 350 13.3.3 Quantitative Analysis 351 13.3.3.1 Methods of Quantitative Analysis 353 13.4 Interpretation and Law 354 13.5 Case Studies 356 13.5.1 Case Study 1 356 13.5.2 Case Study 2 357 13.6 Forensic Developments 358 13.6.1 Multidimensional GC 358 13.6.2 Portable GC 361 References 362 14 High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Including Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 365Sophie Turfus and Luke N. Rodda 14.1 Introduction 365 14.2 Components of an HPLC instrument and their Optimisation 368 14.2.1 Pump and Mixer 368 14.2.2 Autosampler and Inlet 370 14.2.3 Injector 370 14.2.4 Column 370 14.2.4.1 Stationary Phase 371 14.2.4.2 Column Dimensions 373 14.2.4.3 Particle Size 373 14.2.4.4 Pre-Column/Guard Column 373 14.2.5 Fittings 374 14.2.6 Mobile Phase 375 14.2.6.1 Mobile Phase A 376 14.2.6.2 Mobile Phase B 376 14.2.7 Effect of Temperature/Flow Rate 379 14.2.8 Detector 380 14.2.8.1 Mass Spectrometer 380 14.2.8.2 UV Detector 382 14.2.8.3 PDA Detector 383 14.3 Related Techniques 384 14.3.1 Ion Chromatography 384 14.3.2 Affinity Chromatography 384 14.3.3 Chiral Chromatography 385 14.4 Chromatography Theory 385 14.5 Detection 386 14.6 Coupling of Liquid Chromatography to Mass Spectrometry 388 14.7 Types of Analytes 390 14.7.1 Basic Analytes 390 14.7.2 Acidic Analytes 390 14.7.3 Proteins 391 14.7.4 DNA 391 14.7.5 Chiral Compounds 392 14.7.6 Bulk Drugs and High-Concentration Analytes 392 14.7.7 Low-Concentration Analytes 392 14.8 Accreditation and Method Validation 393 14.8.1 Use of Internal Standards 393 14.8.2 Effect of Sample Matrix 394 14.8.3 Ion Ratios 394 14.9 Interpretation of Results in the Forensic and Legal Context 394 14.10 Case Studies 396 14.10.1 Case Study 1: Post-Mortem Death Investigation – Poly-Drug Overdose 396 14.10.2 Case Study 2: Post-Mortem Death Investigation – No Derivatisation Needed for LC-MS 397 14.10.3 Case Study 3: Driving Under the Influence of Drugs – Increased Sensitivity with LC-MS 398 14.11 Forensic Developments 399 14.11.1 Column Switching and Two-Dimensional HPLC 399 14.11.2 Capillary Liquid Chromatography 401 14.11.3 Column-on-a-Chip Technologies 401 14.12 Conclusion 402 References 402 15 Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis 407Lucas Blanes, Ellen Flávia Moreira Gabriel, Renata Mayumi Saito, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro, Nerida Cole, Philip Doble, Claude Roux and Robson Oliveira dos Santos 15.1 Capillary Electrophoresis: Introduction 407 15.2 Microchip-Capillary Electrophoresis 410 15.2.1 Sample Injection Modes in ME 410 15.3 Detection Systems 411 15.4 CE and ME in Forensic Analysis 412 15.5 Case Study: Lab-on-a-Chip Screening of Methamphetamine and Pseudoephedrine in Clandestine Laboratory Samples 412 15.5.1 Screening of Methamphetamine and Pseudoephedrine from Clandestine Laboratories 416 15.5.2 Interferents 416 15.5.3 Simulated Surface Swabs 418 15.6 Conclusions 418 Acknowledgements 419 References 419 Index 425

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Book SynopsisThis fully revised comprehensive introductory text provides an ideal entry into the world of microorganisms, considering all aspects of their biology and illustrates the remarkable diversity of microbial life by devoting a chapter to each of the main taxonomic groupings.Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition vii Preface to First Edition ix Acknowledgements xi About the Companion Website xiii I Introduction 1 Microbiology: What, Why and How? 3 2 Biochemical Principles 19 3 Cell Structure and Organisation 53 II Microbial Nutrition, Growth and Metabolism 4 Microbial Nutrition and Cultivation 83 5 Microbial Growth 97 6 Microbial Metabolism 115 III Microbial Diversity 7 Prokaryote Diversity 171 8 The Fungi 203 9 The Protista 217 10 Viruses 243 IV Microbial Genetics 11 Microbial Genetics 271 12 Microorganisms in Genetic Engineering 319 V Microorganisms in the Environment 13 Microbial Associations 345 14 Microorganisms in the Environment 357 VI Medical Microbiology 15 Human Microbial Diseases 375 16 The Control of Microorganisms 403 17 Antimicrobial Agents 419 VII Microorganisms in Industry 18 Industrial and Food Microbiology 449 Glossary 467 Further Reading 485 Index 491

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Book SynopsisEssential Microbiology 2nd Edition is a fully revised comprehensive introductory text aimed at students taking a first course in the subject. It provides an ideal entry into the world of microorganisms, considering all aspects of their biology (structure, metabolism, genetics), and illustrates the remarkable diversity of microbial life by devoting a chapter to each of the main taxonomic groupings. The second part of the book introduces the reader to aspects of applied microbiology, exploring the involvement of microorganisms in areas as diverse as food and drink production, genetic engineering, global recycling systems and infectious disease. Essential Microbiology explains the key points of each topic but avoids overburdening the student with unnecessary detail. Now in full colour it makes extensive use of clear line diagrams to clarify sometimes difficult concepts or mechanisms. A companion web site includes further material including MCQs, enabling the studentTable of ContentsPreface to Second Edition vii Preface to First Edition ix Acknowledgements xi About the Companion Website xiii I Introduction 1 Microbiology: What, Why and How? 3 2 Biochemical Principles 19 3 Cell Structure and Organisation 53 II Microbial Nutrition, Growth and Metabolism 4 Microbial Nutrition and Cultivation 83 5 Microbial Growth 97 6 Microbial Metabolism 115 III Microbial Diversity 7 Prokaryote Diversity 171 8 The Fungi 203 9 The Protista 217 10 Viruses 243 IV Microbial Genetics 11 Microbial Genetics 271 12 Microorganisms in Genetic Engineering 319 V Microorganisms in the Environment 13 Microbial Associations 345 14 Microorganisms in the Environment 357 VI Medical Microbiology 15 Human Microbial Diseases 375 16 The Control of Microorganisms 403 17 Antimicrobial Agents 419 VII Microorganisms in Industry 18 Industrial and Food Microbiology 449 Glossary 467 Further Reading 485 Index 491

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Book SynopsisPlant Genes, Genomes and Genetics provides a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of plant gene expression. Unique in explaining the subject from a plant perspective, it highlights the importance of key processes, many first discovered in plants, that impact how plants develop and interact with the environment.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Introduction xiii About the Companion Website xix PART I: PLANT GENOMES AND GENES Chapter 1 Plant genetic material 3 1.1 DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms, including plants 3 1.2 The plant cell contains three independent genomes 8 1.3 A gene is a complete set of instructions for building an RNA molecule 10 1.4 Genes include coding sequences and regulatory sequences 11 1.5 Nuclear genome size in plants is variable but the numbers of protein-coding, non-transposable element genes are roughly the same 12 1.6 Genomic DNA is packaged in chromosomes 15 1.7 Summary 15 1.8 Problems 15 References 16 Chapter 2 The shifting genomic landscape 17 2.1 The genomes of individual plants can differ in many ways 17 2.2 Differences in sequences between plants provide clues about gene function 20 2.3 SNPs and lengthmutations in simple sequence repeats are useful tools for genome mapping and marker assisted selection 22 2.4 Genome size and chromosome number are variable 28 2.5 Segments of DNA are often duplicated and can recombine 30 2.6 Some genes are copied nearby in the genome 31 2.7 Whole genome duplications are common in plants 34 2.8 Whole genome duplication has many effects on the genome and on gene function 37 2.9 Summary 41 2.10 Problems 42 Further reading 42 References 42 Chapter 3 Transposable elements 45 3.1 Transposable elements are common in genomes of all organisms 45 3.2 Retrotransposons are mainly responsible for increases in genome size 46 3.3 DNA transposons create small mutations when they insert and excise 52 3.4 Transposable elements move genes and change their regulation 57 3.5 How are transposable elements controlled? 60 3.6 Summary 60 3.7 Problems 61 References 61 Chapter 4 Chromatin, centromeres and telomeres 63 4.1 Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein 63 4.2 Telomeres make up the ends of chromosomes 66 4.3 The chromosome middles–centromeres 71 4.4 Summary 77 4.5 Problems 77 Further reading 77 References 77 Chapter 5 Genomes of organelles 79 5.1 Plastids and mitochondria are descendants of free-living bacteria 79 5.2 Organellar genes have been transferred to the nuclear genome 80 5.3 Organellar genes sometimes include introns 82 5.4 Organellar mRNA is often edited 82 5.5 Mitochondrial genomes contain fewer genes than chloroplasts 84 5.6 Plant mitochondrial genomes are large and undergo frequent recombination 87 5.7 All plastid genomes in a cell are identical 91 5.8 Plastid genomes are similar among land plants but contain some structural rearrangements 93 5.9 Summary 95 5.10 Problems 95 Further reading 95 References 95 PART II: TRANSCRIBING PLANT GENES Chapter 6 RNA 99 6.1 RNA links components of the Central Dogma 99 6.2 Structure provides RNA with unique properties 102 6.3 RNA has multiple regulatory activities 105 6.4 Summary 108 6.5 Problems 108 References 109 Chapter 7 The plant RNA polymerases 111 7.1 Transcription makes RNA from DNA 111 7.2 Varying numbers of RNA polymerases in the different kingdoms 112 7.3 RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs 114 7.4 RNA polymerase III recruitment to upstream and internal promoters 116 7.5 Plant-specific RNP-IV and RNP-V participate in transcriptional gene silencing 117 7.6 Organelles have their own set of RNA polymerases 117 7.7 Summary 118 7.8 Problems 118 References 118 Chapter 8 Making mRNAs – Control of transcription by RNA polymerase II 121 8.1 RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes 121 8.2 The structure of RNA polymerase II reveals how it functions 121 8.3 The core promoter 123 8.4 Initiation of transcription 125 8.5 The mediator complex 127 8.6 Transcription elongation: the role of RNP-II phosphorylation 128 8.7 RNP-II pausing and termination 129 8.8 Transcription re-initiation 130 8.9 Summary 130 8.10 Problems 130 References 130 Chapter 9 Transcription factors interpret cis-regulatory information 133 9.1 Information on when, where and how much a gene is expressed is codified by the gene’s regulatory regions 133 9.2 Identifying regulatory regions requires the use of reporter genes 134 9.3 Gene regulatory regions have a modular structure 135 9.4 Enhancers: Cis-regulatory elements or modules that function at a distance 137 9.5 Transcription factors interpret the gene regulatory code 138 9.6 Transcription factors can be classified in families 138 9.7 How transcription factors bind DNA 139 9.8 Modular structure of transcription factors 143 9.9 Organization of transcription factors into gene regulatory grids and networks 146 9.10 Summary 146 9.11 Problems 146 More challenging problems 147 References 147 Chapter 10 Control of transcription factor activity 149 10.1 Transcription factor phosphorylation 149 10.2 Protein–protein interactions 151 10.3 Preventing transcription factors from access to the nucleus 155 10.4 Movement of transcription factors between cells 156 10.5 Summary 158 10.6 Problems 158 References 158 Chapter 11 Small RNAs 161 11.1 The phenomenon of cosuppression or gene silencing 161 11.2 Discovery of small RNAs 162 11.3 Pathways for miRNA formation and function 163 11.4 Plant siRNAs originate from different types of double-stranded RNAs 166 11.5 Intercellular and systemic movement of small RNAs 168 11.6 Role of miRNAs in plant physiology and development 170 11.7 Summary 171 11.8 Problems 171 References 172 Chapter 12 Chromatin and gene expression 173 12.1 Packing long DNA molecules in a small space: the function of chromatin 173 12.2 Heterochromatin and euchromatin 173 12.3 Histone modifications 174 12.4 Histone modifications affect gene expression 175 12.5 Introducing and removing histone marks: writers and erasers 175 12.6 ‘Readers’ recognize histone modifications 177 12.7 Nucleosome positioning 177 12.8 DNA methylation 178 12.9 RNA-directed DNA methylation 179 12.10 Control of flowering by histone modifications 180 12.11 Summary 181 12.12 Problems 181 References 181 PART III: FROM RNA TO PROTEINS Chapter 13 RNA processing and transport 185 13.1 RNA processing can be thought of as steps 185 13.2 RNA capping provides a distinctive 5’ end to mRNAs 185 13.3 Transcription termination consists of mRNA 3’-end formation and polyadenylation 189 13.4 RNA splicing is another major source of genetic variation 192 13.5 Export of mRNA from the nucleus is a gateway for regulating which mRNAs actually get translated 194 13.6 Summary 196 13.7 Problems 196 References 196 Chapter 14 Fate of RNA 199 14.1 Regulation of RNA continues upon export from nucleus 199 14.2 Mechanisms for RNA turnover 199 14.3 RNA surveillance mechanisms 201 14.4 RNA sorting 202 14.5 RNA movement 203 14.6 Summary 204 14.7 Problems 204 Further reading 205 References 205 Chapter 15 Translation of RNA 207 15.1 Translation: a key aspect of gene expression 207 15.2 Initiation 209 15.3 Elongation 209 15.4 Termination 210 15.5 Tools for studying the regulation of translation 211 15.6 Specific translational control mechanisms 211 15.7 Summary 213 15.8 Problems 214 Further reading 214 References 214 Chapter 16 Protein folding and transport 215 16.1 The pathway to a protein’s function is a complicated matter 215 16.2 Protein folding and assembly 215 16.3 Protein targeting 218 16.4 Co-translational targeting 218 16.5 Post-translational targeting 219 16.6 Post-translational modifications regulating function 220 16.7 Summary 222 16.8 Problems 223 Further reading 223 References 224 Chapter 17 Protein degradation 225 17.1 Two sides of gene expression–synthesis and degradation 225 17.2 Autophagy, senescence and programmed cell death 225 17.3 Protein-tagging mechanisms 226 17.4 The ubiquitin proteasome system rivals gene transcription 228 17.5 Summary 231 17.6 Problems 231 Further reading 231 Reference 231 Index 233

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Book SynopsisContinuing a long tradition, Luâs Basic Toxicology, Seventh Edition, combines relatively comprehensive coverage of toxic substances in food, air, and water with brevity, thereby continuing to serve as an updated introductory text for toxicology students and for those involved in allied sciences that require a background in toxicology. The new edition, which now becomes an edited work with contributions from experts around the globe, features four new chapters and a number of existing chapters that have been updated and expanded, notably those on mechanisms of toxic effects, conventional toxicity studies, the cardiovascular system, and risk assessment and regulatory toxicology. The book consists of four parts (Part IâPart IV) that provide guidance on principles of toxicology and testing procedures for toxicities as well as a concise, yet detailed, mechanism of both target organ and nontarget organ toxicities. The book is rounded off with a final sectionTable of ContentsPART I: General Principles of Toxicology. History of Toxicology. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Toxicants. Metabolism of Toxicants. Toxic Effects (Mechanisms of Toxic Effects). Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects. Conventional Toxicity Studies. Systems Toxicology. PART II: Testing Procedures for Nontarget Organ Toxicities. Carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis. Developmental Toxicology. Lactation. PART III: Target Organs and Systems. Toxicology of the Liver. Toxicology of the Kidney. Toxicology of the Immune System. Respiratory System Inhalation Toxicology. Toxicology of the Skin. Toxicology of the Eye. Toxicology of the Nervous System. Cardiovascular System. Toxicology of Reproductive Systems. Toxicology of the Endocrine System. PART IV: Toxic Substances and Risk Assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants. Toxicity of Pesticides. Nanotoxicology. Toxicity of Metals. Environmental Pollutants. Occupational Toxicology. Chemicals and Children. Clinical Toxicology. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a detailed and comprehensive synthesis of the scientific study of aging. Dozens of contributions from leading scholars review various theories of aging, and molecular, cellular, biochemical and microbial aspects of aging, among just a few of the topics included. Authoritative, wide ranging and thorough, this book will act as a source for experimental design, a comprehensive description of age related diseases, and provide information of the latest molecular theories underlying their causes. Additionally, it will target industries involved in developing anti-aging drugs, post-graduate medical students, and university libraries.Table of ContentsWhat is aging. Biological theories of aging. Free radical theory. Mitochondrial dysfunction theory. Error catastrophe theory. Evolutionary theory of aging. Fading electricity theory. Quasi-program theory for aging. Multiple hormone deficiency theory of aging. Oxidation–inflammation theory of aging. Reproductive-cell cycle theory of aging. Telomeres and telomerase theory of aging. Markov Models of aging. Immunological theory of aging. Social theory of aging. Genetic program theory of aging. Psychological theory of aging. Healthy living and its effects on aging. Longevity in aging. Impact of climate on aging. Centenarians in Okinawa. Genetics of the population. Caloric restriction, healthy diet. Staying young at heart. Genetics of aging and longevity. Metabolic programming, exercise, caloric restriction and aging. Premature aging. Progeria and Werner’s syndrome. Stem cell aging in progeria. Oxidative and nitrosative stress and accelerative aging. Progeria: Genetics, and lamin disorder. Molecular aspect of aging. Hematopoietic stem cells aging. Immune system and aging. Sirtuins in aging and age related diseases. AMPK function in aging. Aging mechanisms and lipid changes. Biochemical aspects of aging. GABA(A) receptors in aging. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and aging. Autophagy and aging. Oxidation of potassium channels and aging. Proteins and lipids in aging. Spatial protein quality control and aging. Klotho protein and aging. Glutathione as antioxidant. Neuropeptide Y as an anti-aging agent. Adipokines and aging. Lamins and aging. Sestrins and aging. HDL metabolism and aging. Growth hormone and aging. DNA damage, repair and aging. DNA damage, repair and neurodegenerative diseases. yH2AX molecular marker for DNA damage and aging. DNA repair in organelles and aging. Transcriptional blocking and DNA damage in aging. Microbiota and aging. Neuroscience of aging. Thermal stress in human and aging. Age related diseases. Ischemic heart disease and aging. Endothelial and vascular aging. The aging heart. Age related eye disease. Age related inflammation and osteoarthritis. Aging and musculoskeletal health. Cancer and aging. Sexual health in aging. Sleep disturbance in aging. Anxiety in aging. Female sexuality and aging. Aging and circadian rhythm. Metabolic syndrome and aging. Environmental toxicants and aging. Stem cell and aging. Non-human models for aging studies. Aging modulation in multiple species. Mouse models. Murine genetic models. C. elegans model. S. cerevisiae model. Drosophila model. Pig model. Mammalian hibernation and aging. Neobiosis as a predecessor of mammalian hibernation. Chemosensory and chemosensory systems and aging. Molecular biology of freezing tolerance. Freezing susceptibility in arthropods. Proteomic approach to study mechanisms of aging. Therapeutic approach for facial aging. Integrative medicine research on aging population. Meditation and aging. Life after death: Fact or fiction.

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Book SynopsisPhylonyms is an implementation of PhyloCode, which is a set of principles, rules, and recommendations governing phylogenetic nomenclature. Nearly 300 clades - lineages of organisms - are defined by reference to hypotheses of phylogenetic history rather than by taxonomic ranks and types. This volume will document the Real World uses of PhyloCode and will govern and apply to the names of clades, while species names will still be governed by traditional codes.Key Features Provides clear regulations for implementing new guidelines for naming lineages of organisms incorporates expressly evolutionary and phylogenetic principles Works with existing codes of nomenclature Eliminates the reliance on rank-based classification in favor of phylogenetic relationships Related Titles:Laurin, M. The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature (ISBTable of ContentsA-Z list of cladesSECTION 1 1.Pan-Biota 2.Biota 3.Eukarya 4.Metamonada 5.Discoba 6.Discicristata 7.Euglenozoa 8.Sar 9.Stramenopila 10.Rhizaria 11.Foraminifera 12.Alveolata 13.Ciliophora 14.Postciliodesmatophora 15.Intramacronucleata 16.Amorphea 17.Opisthokonta 18.Fungi 19.Dikarya 20.Basidiomycota 21.Ascomycota Metazoa SECTION 2 22.Archaeplastida 23.Rhodoplantae 24.Cyanidiales 25.Rhodophyta 26.Proteorhodophytina 27.Compsopogonophyceae 28.Porphyridiophyceae 29.Rhodellophyceae 30.Stylonematales 31.Eurhodophytina 32.Bangiales 33.Florideophyceae 34.Hildenbrandiales 35.Nemaliophycidae 36.Corallinophycidae 37.Ahnfeltiophycidae 38.Rhodymeniophycidae 39.Viridiplantae 40.Chlorophyta 41.Charophyta 42.Klebsormidiophyceae 43.Phragmoplastophyta 44.Zygnematophyceae 45.Coleochaetophyceae46.Charophyceae Embryophyta SECTION 3 47.Embryophyta 48.Hepaticae 49.Musci 50.Anthocerotae 51.Pan-Tracheophyta 52.Apo-Tracheophyta 53.Tracheophyta 54.Pan-Lycopodiophyta 55.Lycopodiophyta 56.Pan-Euphyllophyta 57.Euphyllophyta 58.Monilophyta 59.Pan-Spermatophyta 60.Apo-Spermatophyta 61.Spermatophyta 62.Pan-Gnetophyta 63.Gnetophyta 64.Pan-Coniferae 65.Coniferae 66.Cupressophyta 67.Pan-Angiospermae Angiospermae SECTION 4 68.Angiospermae 69.Mesangiospermae 70.Magnoliidae 71.Monocotyledoneae 72.Petrosaviidae 73.Commelinidae 74.Poineae 75.Tricolpatae 76.Eudicotyledoneae 77.Gunneridae 78.Pentapetalae 79.Superrosidae 80.Rosidae 81.Malvidae 82.Myrtales 83.Fabidae 84.Leguminosae 85.Superasteridae 86.Caryophyllales 87.Asteridae 88.Ericales 89.Ericaceae 90.Gentianidae 91.Campanulidae 92.Apiidae 93.Campanulaceae 94.Campanuloideae 95.Lobelioideae 96.Lamiidae 97.Lamianae 98.Gentianales 99.Rubiaceae 100.Solanales 101.Solanaceae 102.Convolvulaceae 103.Lamiales 104.Bignoniaceae 105.Orobanchaceae 106.Labiatae107.Nepetoideae SECTION 5 108.Metazoa 109.Porifera 110.Demospongiae 111.Hexactinellida 112.Homoscleromorpha 113.Calcispongia 114.Cnidaria 115.Anthozoa 116.Hexacorralia 117.Octocorallia 118.Medusozoa 119.Cubozoa 120.Hydrozoa 121.Trachylina 122.Hydroidolina 123.Siphonophora 124.Bilateria 125.Protostomia 126.Lophotrochozoa 127.Annelida 128.Rhabdocoela 129.Dalytyphloplanida 130.Kalyptorhynchia 131.Schizorhynchia 132.Pan-Brachiopoda 133.Brachiopoda 134.Pan-Neoarticulata 135.Neoarticulata 136.Cephalopoda 137.Nautilus 138.Neocoleoidea 139.Decapodiformes 140.Vampyroteuthis 141.Octopoda 142.Ecdysozoa 143.Nematomorpha 144.Pan-Nematoda 145.Nematoda 146.Branchiopoda 147.Insecta 148.Trichoptera 149.Polycarpidea 150.Prochaelata 151.Araneae 152.Mesothelae 153.Opisthothelae 154.Mygalomorphae 155.Araneomorphae 156.Orbicularae 157.Deuterostomia 158.Ambulacraria 159.Hemichordata 160.Enteropneusta 161.Pterobranchia 162.Pan-Echinodermata 163.Echinodermata 164.Edrioasterida† 165.Isorophida† 166.Isorophina† 167.Agelacrinitidae† 168.Lepidodiscina† 169.Discocystinae† 170.Chordata 171.Cephalochordata 172.Tunicata SECTION 6 173.Pan-Gnathostomata 174.Apo-Gnathostomata 175.Gnathostomata 176.Pan-Osteichthyes 177.Osteichthyes 178.Pan-Actinopterygii 179.Actinopterygii 180.Pan-Actinopteri 181.Actinopteri 182.Pan-Neopterygii 183.Neopterygii 184.Pan-Teleostei 185.Teleostei 186.Ostariophysi 187.Otophysi 188.Pan-Siluriformes 189.Siluriformes 190.Stegocephali 191.Labyrinthodontia 192.Anthracosauria† 193.Seymouriamorpha† 194.Tetrapoda 195.Amphibia 196.Lissamphibia 197.Gymnophiona 198.Caudata 199.Pan-Amniota 200.Amniota SECTION 7 201.Pan-Mammalia1 202.Synapsida1 203.Therapsida 204.Cynodontia 205.Mammaliamorpha 206.Mammaliaformes 207.Mammalia 208.Pan-Monotremata 209.Monotremata 210.Pan-Xenarthra 211.Xenarthra 213.Scandentia 214.Pan-Primates 215.Primates 216.Apo-Chiroptera 217.Chiroptera 218.Yinpterochiroptera 219.Yangochiroptera 220.Ungulata 221.Artiodactyla 222.Pan-Cetacea 223.Cetacea 224.Pan-Bovidae 225.Cavicornia 226.Bovidae 227.Bovinae 228.Antilopinae 229.Pan-Carnivora 230.Carnivora 231.Pan-Feliformia 232.Feliformia 233.Pan-Caniformia 234.Caniformia 235.Pan-Arctoidea 236.Arctoidea 237.Pan-Pinnipedia 238.Pinnipedia SECTION 8 239.Reptilia 240.Diapsida 241.Pan-Testudines 242.Testudinata 243.Testudines 244.Pan-Pleurodira 245.Pleurodira 246.Pan-Cryptodira 247.Cryptodira 248.Sauria 249.Pan-Lepidosauria 250.Lepidosauria 251.Pan-Squamata 252.Squamata 253.Mosasauridae† 254.Pan-Gekkota 255.Gekkota 256.Pan-Amphisbaenia 257.Amphisbaenia 258.Pan-Serpentes 259.Serpentes 260.Pan-Iguania 261.Iguania 262.Pan-Iguanidae 263.Iguanidae 264.Pan-Acrodonta 265.Acrodonta 266.Pan-Archosauria 267.Archosauromorpha 268.Archosauriformes 269.Archosauria 270.Pterosauromorpha† 271.Pterosauria† 272.Pterodactyloidea† 273.Dinosauria 274.Saurischia 275.Sauropodomorpha† 276.Theropoda 277.Aves 278.Galloanserae 279.Cuculidae 280.Mirandornithes 281.Charadriiformes 282.Procellariiformes 283.Strigiformes 284.Picidae 285.Psittaciformes 286.Daedalornithes 287.Apodiformes

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Book SynopsisAn Architectural Record Notable BookA fascinating, thought-provoking journey into our built environmentModern humans are an indoor species. We spend 90 percent of our time inside, shuttling between homes and offices, schools and stores, restaurants and gyms. And yet, in many ways, the indoor world remains unexplored territory. For all the time we spend inside buildings, we rarely stop to consider: How do these spaces affect our mental and physical well-being? Our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors? Our productivity, performance, and relationships?In this wide-ranging, character-driven book, science journalist Emily Anthes takes us on an adventure into the buildings in which we spend our days, exploring the profound, and sometimes unexpected, ways that they shape our lives. Drawing on cutting-edge research, she probes the pain-killing power of a well-placed window and examines how the right office layout can expand our social networks. She

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Book SynopsisA charming investigation of core body temperature regulation and its powerful effect on human civilisation.Trade Review"Hans Rocha IJzerman sticks a thermometer into every human and animal behavior to show us how much depends on outside and inside temperature. It is a surprising take that illuminates far more than you might think." -- Frans de Waal, New York Times best-selling author of Mama’s Last Hug

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Book SynopsisAn entertaining illustrated deep dive into muscle, from the discovery of human anatomy to the latest science of strength training

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Book SynopsisA taboo-busting romp through the shame, stink and strange science of sweatingTrade Review"Love stinks! As do our immune systems, parenthood, and a host of other human functions. In this exuberant romp, a science journalist ponders the myths and marvels of perspiration, sniffing out why these glands are essential to our species. Everts employs original research and encounters with clinicians on the cutting edge, among them a Ph.D. who reverse-engineered his own odors. A glowing, revelatory account that belongs on the same shelf with works by Ed Yong and Carl Zimmer." -- 18 of the Best Books to Pick Up This July - Oprah Daily"[The Joy of Sweat is] an entertaining and illuminating guide to the necessity and virtues of perspiration... Everts is a crisp and lively writer." -- Jennifer Szalai - The New York Times Book Review"Most animals do not sweat to regulate their body temperature. Some evolutionary biologists even argue that perspiration helped humans to dominance, notes science journalist Sarah Everts in her well-researched, zesty study." -- Andrew Robinson reviews five of the week’s best science picks - Nature"In The Joy of Sweat, Sarah Everts offers a fascinating account of an involuntary bodily function that turns out to be as unique as a fingerprint." -- Irina Dumitrescu - Times Literary Supplement"Everts has charm and enthusiasm, writes breezily and, along the way, effectively debunks a number of enduring myths…[F]un, entertaining and full of interesting facts." -- Simon Humphreys - The Mail on Sunday"The Joy of Sweat is meticulously researched, delightfully told, and—whether we like it or not—universally relatable." -- Alex Hutchinson, best-selling author of Endure

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Book SynopsisAn entertaining illustrated deep dive into muscle, from the discovery of human anatomy to the latest science of strength training

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive, unique and up-to-date exploration of diatom ecology spanning from fundamental molecular aspects to the intricate dynamics of metacommunities. In recent years there has been a considerable increase in the amount of research devoted to diatom ecology, with a wide spectrum of approaches. This large amount of information, published in many different journals and books, makes it very difficult to keep up to date, both for the trained researcher and for students. Eduardo A. Morales (d. May 2023) had the original idea to assemble chapters on various subjects within diatom ecology. The questions he posed to potential contributors framed the current book consisting of 12 chapters. Are diatoms suitable tools for ecological restoration? What would be the features that make them reliable in this context? What makes diatoms ecologically successful? In an ecological sense, why is there such variability in diatom rep

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Book SynopsisAn essential guide to help you demystify the complex topic of neurobiology and jump into this fascinating scientific field Neurobiology is a notoriously difficult subject, but Neurobiology For Dummies explains the essentials in terms anyone can understand. This fun and accessible book covers the fundamentals, covering the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system. Students in fields like neuroscience and pharmacology will get a complete overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the nervous system, making it easier to complete coursework and pass exams in introductory neurobiology courses. In this updated edition, fresh examples highlight the latest research, so you'll be prepared with a current understanding of the science. Whatever your ultimate career destination, this Dummies guide will help you get neurobiology under your belt. Get easy-to-understand explanations of complex topics in neurobiologyUnderstand the latest breakthroughs in neurological disease treatmentsLearn about the fascinating ways that the brain and body are interconnectedSupplement your neurobiology textbook and prepare for your exam This is the perfect resource for students majoring in neuroscience, biology, cognitive science, medicine, and beyond. With Neurobiology For Dummies as a supplement, you can sail through any introductory neurobiology course.

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Book SynopsisProvides a summary of the key issues in the discipline of tropical ecology Includes contributions from some of the world's leading tropical ecologists Covers patterns of species distribution, the maintenance of species diversity, the community ecology of tropical animals, forest regeneration and conservation of tropical ecosystems.Trade Review"Undoubtedly, this book needs to be on the shelves of every scientist committed to disentangling the complexity veiled by the grandeur of tropical forests. Nonetheless, we believe that it will also provide inspiration to landscape ecologists who focus their research in other regions of the Earth." (Landscape Ecol, 2011) "Whilst it will not be an easy book especially for those uncomfortable with mathematical formulae, it does provide a valuable insight into a key biome in the world, and at a reasonable price for a substantial volume.” (Experimental Agriculture , July 2009) “Tropical Forest Community Ecology may turn out to be the elegy for rainforest ecology, or it may be the harbinger of things to come. Only time will tell, but meanwhile there is much work to be done, and Tropical Forest Community Ecology provides useful directions.” (Ecology, 2009) "The recent advances in data collection and theory described in this volume have made the past decade one of the most exciting and important periods in the study of tropical forests. Carson and Schnitzer and the many contributing authors capture this excitement and the tectonic shifts that are underway in this new book. If you intend to buy only one book on tropical forest ecology in the next 20 years, buy this one. It is, simply put, outstanding." (Annals of Botany, July 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Walter P. Carson and Stefan A. Schnitzer. Foreword. S. Joseph Wright. List of Contributors. SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION. 1 Scope of the Book and Key Contributions. Stefan A. Schnitzer and Walter P. Carson. SECTION 2 LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS IN TROPICAL COMMUNITIES. 2 Spatial Variation in Tree Species Composition Across Tropical Forests: Pattern and Process. Jérôme Chave. 3 The Disparity in Tree Species Richness among Tropical, Temperate, and Boreal Biomes: The Geographic Area and Age Hypothesis. Paul V.A. Fine, Richard H. Ree, and Robyn J. Burnham. 4 Explaining Geographic Range Size by Species Age: A Test Using Neotropical Piper Species. John R. Paul and Stephen J. Tonsor. 5 Patterns of Herbivory and Defense in Tropical Dry and Rain Forests. Rodolfo Dirzo and Karina Boege. 6 Ecological Organization, Biogeography, and the Phylogenetic Structure of Tropical Forest Tree Communities. Campbell O.Webb, Charles H. Cannon, and Stuart J. Davies. 7 Large Tropical Forest Dynamics Plots: Testing Explanations for the Maintenance of Species Diversity. Jess K. Zimmerman, Jill Thompson, and Nicholas Brokaw. SECTION 3 TESTING THEORIES OF FOREST REGENERATION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES DIVERSITY. 8 Tropical Forest Ecology: Sterile or Virgin for Theoreticians? Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. 9 Approaching Ecological Complexity from the Perspective of Symmetric Neutral Theory. Stephen P. Hubbell. 10 Functional Basis for Resource Niche Partitioning by Tropical Trees. Kaoru Kitajima and Lourens Poorter. 11 Colonization-related Trade-offs in Tropical Forests and Their Role in the Maintenance of Plant Species Diversity. Helene C. Muller-Landau. 12 Treefall Gaps and the Maintenance of Plant Species Diversity in Tropical Forests. Stefan A. Schnitzer, Joseph Mascaro, and Walter P. Carson. 13 Challenges Associated with Testing and Falsifying the Janzen–Connell Hypothesis: A Review and Critique. Walter P. Carson, Jill T. Anderson, Egbert G. Leigh, Jr, and Stefan A. Schnitzer. 14 Seed Limitation and the Coexistence of Pioneer Tree Species. James W. Dalling and Robert John. 15 Endophytic Fungi: Hidden Components of Tropical Community Ecology. A. Elizabeth Arnold. SECTION 4 ANIMAL COMMUNITY ECOLOGY AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS. 16 Tropical Tritrophic Interactions: Nasty Hosts and Ubiquitous Cascades. Lee A. Dyer. 17 Variation in Tree Seedling and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Spore Responses to the Exclusion of Terrestrial Vertebrates: Implications for How Vertebrates Structure Tropical Communities. Tad C. Theimer and Catherine A. Gehring. 18 Ecosystem Decay in Closed Forest Fragments. John Terborgh and Kenneth Feeley. 19 Resource Limitation of Insular Animals: Causes and Consequences. Gregory H. Adler. 20 Tropical Arboreal Ants: Linking Nutrition to Roles in Rainforest Ecosystems. Diane W. Davidson and Steven C. Cook. 21 Soil Fertility and Arboreal Mammal Biomass in Tropical Forests. Carlos A. Peres. SECTION 5 SECONDARY FOREST SUCCESSION, DYNAMICS, AND INVASION. 22 Processes Constraining Woody Species Succession on Abandoned Pastures in the Tropics: On the Relevance of Temperate Models of Succession. Chris J. Peterson and Walter P. Carson. 23 Chance and Determinism in Tropical Forest Succession. Robin L. Chazdon. 24 Exotic Plant Invasions in Tropical Forests: Patterns and Hypotheses. Julie S. Denslow and Saara J. DeWalt. SECTION 6 TROPICAL FOREST CONSERVATION. 25 Linking Insights from Ecological Research with Bioprospecting to Promote Conservation, Enhance Research Capacity, and Provide Economic Uses of Biodiversity. Thomas A. Kursar, Todd L. Capson, Luis Cubilla-Rios, Daniel A. Emmen, William Gerwick, Mahabir P. Gupta, Maria V. Heller, Kerry McPhail, Eduardo Ortega-Barría, Dora I. Quiros, Luz I. Romero, Pablo N. Solis, and Phyllis D. Coley. 26 Tropical Rainforest Conservation: A Global Perspective. Richard T. Corlett and Richard B. Primack. 27 Environmental Promise and Peril in the Amazon. William F. Laurance. 28 Contributions of Ecologists to Tropical Forest Conservation. Francis E. Putz and Pieter A. Zuidema. Index

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Book SynopsisThe ability to control the rates of metabolic processes in response to changes in the internal or external environment is an indispensable attribute of living cells that must have arisen with life's origin. This adaptability is necessary for conserving the stability of the intracellular environment which is, in turn, essential for maintaining an efficient functional state. The advent of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has revolutionised the study of plant development and is now having a significant impact on the study of plant metabolism and its control. In the last few years, significant advances have been made, with the elucidation of enzyme gene families and the identification of new proteinaceous and allosteric regulators. The first part of this volume is devoted to generic aspects of metabolic control, with chapters on the key control points in pathways. Part Two considers the control of specific pathways, with detailed descriptions (including structTrade Review"Aimed at scientists in the fields of plant biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, and cell biology, the reviews gathered in this volume are excellent sources of information about the basics, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the control of primary metabolism in plants." Marissa N. Oppel in Journal of Botanical Research, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1. Evaluation of the Transcriptome and Genome to Inform the Study of Metabolic Control in Plants (Oliver Thimm, Oliver E. Bläsing, Bjorn Usadel and Yves Gibon). 2. The Use of Proteomics in the Study of Metabolic Control (Lee J. Sweetlove). 3. Study of Metabolic Control in Plants by Metabolomics (Oliver Fiehn). 4. Metabolite Transporters in the Control of Plant Primary Metabolism (Mechthild Tegeder and Andreas P.M. Weber). 5. Role of Protein Kinases, Phosphatases and 14-3-3 Proteins in the Control of Primary Plant Metabolism (Greg B.G. Moorhead, George W. Templeton and Hue T. Tran). 6. Redox Signal Transduction in Plant Metabolism (Santiago Mora-Garcia, Fabiana G. Stolowicz and Ricardo A. Wolosiuk). 7. Control of Carbon Fixation in Chloroplasts (Brigitte Gontero, Luisana Avilan and Sandrine Lebreton). 8. Control of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase in Plants (Hugh G. Nimmo). 9. Control of Sucrose Biosynthesis (Elspeth Macrae and John Lunn). 10. Control of Starch Biosynthesis in Vascular Plants and Algae (Matthew K. Morrell, Zhongyi Li, Ahmed Regina, Sadiq Rahman, Christophe D’Hulst and Steven G. Ball). 11. The Organization and Control of Plant Mitochondrial Metabolism (Allison E. McDonald and Greg C. Vanlerberghe). 12. Photosynthetic Carbon-Nitrogen Interactions: Modelling Inter-Pathway Control and Signalling (Christine H. Foyer, Graham Noctor and Paul Verrier). 13. Control of Sulfur Uptake, Assimilation and Metabolism (Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Jonathan R. Howarth and Peter Buchner). Index.

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Book SynopsisFully revised and updated to include new topical study areas, the second edition of the successful text the Ecology of Insects provides a balanced treatment of the theory and practice of pure and applied insect ecology. Includes new topical areas of insect ecology and provides greater coverage of physiological, genetic, molecular, and ecosystem aspects of insect ecology Concepts include the foundations of evolutionary ecology and population dynamics in ecosystem science as they are applied to topics such as climate change, conservation and biodiversity, epidemiology and pest management Fully updated and revised throughout, this new edition refers to primary literature and real world examples. Trade Review"This volume is a clearly written, contemporary, and scholarly treatment of the ecology of insects, which can serve as both a classroom textbook or general reference."( The Quarterly Review of Biology , September 2009) "Eminently readable, this volume undoubtedly will be used as a course resource in many classrooms. It will prove to be invaluable reference for a wide variety of entomologists and ecologists, and should be in all libraries with significant biological holdings." (CHOICE, January 2009) "This book provides a valuable and modern overview of insect ecology with a successful combination of theoretical principles with applied aspects taking population ecology as a leading these ? .The readers will find an extensive body of information and stimulating considerations of insect ecology." (Entomologia Generalis, February 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. An Overview of Insect Ecology. 2. Insects and Climate. 3. Insect Herbivores. 4. Resource Limitation. 5. Natural Enemies and Insect Population Dynamics. 6. Evolutionary Ecology. 7. Physiological Ecology. 8. Insects in Ecosystems. 9. Biodiversity. 10. Insect Conservation. 11. Insects and Diseases. 12. Insect Pest Management. References. Index

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Book SynopsisPlant diseases worldwide are responsible for billions of dollars worth of crop losses every year. With less agrochemicals being used and less new fungicides coming on the market due to environmental concerns, more effort is now being put into the use of genetic potential of plants for pathogen resistance and the development of induced or acquired resistance as an environmentally safe means of disease control. This comprehensive book examines in depth the development and exploitation of induced resistance. Chapters review current knowledge of the agents that can elicit induced resistance, genomics, signalling cascades, mechanisms of defence to pests and pathogens and molecular tools. Further chapters consider the topical application of inducers for disease control, microbial induction of pathogen resistance, transgenic approaches, pathogen population biology, trade offs associated with induced resistance and integration of induced resistance in crop protection. The book concludTrade Review"It is certainly a book for libraries in universities and institues active in biological and agricultural research. This book will also interest individual scientists who are specifically working on induced resistance because of its extensive references" Plant Pathology, 2007 'The book is essential reading for those undertaking research related to the subject and of relevance to all involved in crop protection R & D' Experimental Agriculture, 2008Table of ContentsList of contributors. Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction: definitions and some history. Ray Hammerschmidt. Chapter 2: Agents that can elicit induced resistance. Gary D Lyon. Chapter 3: Genomics in induced resistance. Kemal Kazan and Peer Schenk. Chapter 4: Signalling cascades involved in induced resistance. Corne MJ Pieterse and LC Van Loon. Chapter 5: Types and mechanisms of rapidly-induced plant resistance to herbivorous arthropods. Michael J Stout. Chapter 6: Mechanisms of defence to pathogens: biochemistry and physiology. Christophe Garcion, Olivier Lamotte and Jean-Pierre Metraux. Chapter 7: Induced resistance in natural ecosystems and pathogen population biology: exploiting interactions. Adrian Newton and Joern Pons. Chapter 8: Microbial induction of resistance to pathogens. Dale Walters and Tim Daniell. Chapter 9: Trade-offs associated with induced resistance. Martin Heil. Chapter 10: Topical induction of inducers for disease control. Philippe Reignault and Dale Walters. Chapter 11: Integration of induced resistance in crop production. Tony Reglinski, Elizabeth Dann and Brian Deverall. Chapter 12: Exploitation of induced resistance: a commercial perspective. Andy Leadbeater and Theo Staub. Chapter 13: Induced resistance in crop protection: the future, drivers and. barriers. Gary Lyon, Adrian Newton and Dale Walters. Index

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Book SynopsisThe formation, dispersal and germination of seeds are crucial stages in the life cycles of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. The unique properties of seeds, particularly their tolerance to desiccation, their mobility, and their ability to schedule their germination to coincide with times when environmental conditions are favorable to their survival as seedlings, have no doubt contributed significantly to the success of seed-bearing plants. Humans are also dependent upon seeds, which constitute the majority of the world's staple foods (e.g., cereals and legumes). Seeds are an excellent system for studying fundamental developmental processes in plant biology, as they develop from a single fertilized zygote into an embryo and endosperm, in association with the surrounding maternal tissues. As genetic and molecular approaches have become increasingly powerful tools for biological research, seeds have become an attractive system in which to study a wide array of metabolic processes and reguTrade Review"Bradford and Nonogaki is an essential addition to the bookshelf … All chapters are well written and cross-referencing among chapters is extensive." (Annals of Botany, November 2008) "The current challenges and remaining questions for future research are discussed as well. This book is a resource for seed biologists, plant breeders, geneticists, plant developers biologists, and graduate students." (Marissa N. Oppel in Journal of Botanical Research, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2007)Table of ContentsChapter 1. Genetic Control of Seed Development and Seed Mass. Masa-aki Ohto1, Sandra L. Stone2 and John J. Harada2. 1Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and 2Section of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA . Chapter 2. Seed Coat Development and Dormancy. Isabelle Debeaujon, Loïc Lepiniec, Lucille Pourcel and Jean-Marc Routaboul. Laboratoire de Biologie des Semences, Unité Mixte de Recherche 204 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 78026 Versailles, France. Chapter 3. Definitions and Hypotheses of Seed Dormancy. Henk W.M. Hilhorst. Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Wageningen, The Netherlands . Chapter 4. Modeling of Seed Dormancy. Phil S. Allen1, Roberto L. Benech-Arnold2, Diego Batlla2 and Kent J. Bradford3. 1Department of Plant & Animal Sciences, Brigham Young University, 275 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602-5253, USA; 2IFEVA-Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET,Av. San Martín 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780, USA . Chapter 5. Genetic Aspects of Seed Dormancy. Leonie Bentsink1, Wim Soppe2 and Maarten Koornneef2,3. 1Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2 Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany; and 3Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Chapter 6. Lipid Metabolism in Seed Dormancy. Steven Penfield, Helen Pinfield-Wells and Ian A. Graham. Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK. . Chapter 7. Nitric Oxide in in Seed Dormancy and Germination. Paul C. Bethke1, Igor G.L. Libourel2 and Russell L. Jones1. 1Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA and 2Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Chapter 8. A Merging of Paths: Abscisic Acid and Hormonal Cross-talk in the Control of Seed Dormancy Maintenance and Alleviation. J. Allan Feurtado and Allison R. Kermode. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6. Chapter 9. Regulation of ABA and GA Levels during Seed Development and Germination in Arabidopsis. Shinjiro Yamaguchi, Yuji Kamiya and Eiji Nambara. Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Growth Physiology Group, Laboratory for Cellular Growth & Development, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan. Chapter 10. De-repression of Seed Germination by GA Signaling. Camille M. Steber. U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop and Soil Science and Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. Chapter 11. Mechanisms and Genes Involved in Germination Sensu Stricto. Hiroyuki Nonogaki1, Feng Chen2 and Kent J. Bradford3. 1Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA; 3Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780, USA. Chapter 12. Sugar and Abscisic Acid Regulation of Germination and Transition to Seedling Growth. Bas J.W. Dekkers and Sjef C.M. Smeekens. Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a broad overview of solute transport in plants. It first determines what solutes are present in plants and what roles they play. The physical bases of ion and water movement are considered. The volume then discusses the ways in which solutes are moved across individual membranes, within and between cells, and around the plant.Trade Review"This book provides a broad overview of solute transport in plants... Throughout the volume the authors link our increasing understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of solute movement with the roles that these fulfil... The book is directed at postgraduates, researchers and professionals in plant physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology." Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment “The book succeeds in updating the earlier volumes with similar titles … .Some excellent chapters.” Annals of BotanyTable of Contents1. General Introduction. Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK. 2. Solutes, what are they, where are they and what do they do?. Tim Flowers, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, John Maynard Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK; and School of Plant Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.. 3. The driving forces for water and solute movement. Tim Flowers, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, John Maynard Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK and School of Plant Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia;. and Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK. 4. Membrane Structure and the study of solute transport across plant membranes. Matthew Gilliham, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia. 5. Transport across plant membranes. Frans J. Maathuis, Biology Department/Area 9, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK. 6. Regulation of ion transporters. Anna Amtmann and Michael R. Blatt, IBLS Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. 7. Intracellular transport: solute transport in chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes and vacuoles, and between organelles. Katrin Philippar and Jürgen Soll, Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzingerstr. 67, D-80638 München, Germany. 8. Ion uptake by plant roots. Romola J. Davenport, Oxford Institute of Ageing, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK. 9. Transport from Root to Shoot. Sergey Shabala, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.. 10. Solute transport in the Phloem. Jeremy Pritchard, School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. 11. Factors limiting the rate of supply of solutes to the root surface. Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK. 12. Mineral deficiency and toxicity. Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK. 13. Water-limited conditions. Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK. 14. Salinity. Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK. 15. Desiccation Tolerance. Anthony Yeo, West Sussex, UK.

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Book SynopsisThe cell cycle in plants consists of an ordered set of events, including DNA replication and mitosis, that culminates in cell division. As cell division is a fundamental part of a plant's existence and the basis for tissue repair, development and growth, a full understanding of all aspects of this process is of pivotal importance. Cell Cycle Control and Plant Development commences with an introductory chapter and is broadly divided into two parts. Part 1 details the basic cell machinery, with chapters covering cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, CDK inhibitors, proteolysis, CDK phosphorylation, and E2F/DP transcription factors. Part 2, which describes the cell cycle and plant development, covers cell cycle activation, cell cycle control during leaf development, endoreduplication, the cell cycle and trichome, fruit and endosperm development, the hormonal control of cell division and environmental stress, and cell cycle exit. The editor of this important bookTrade Review"Excellent new volume ... .An essential purchase for research teams ... .All libraries ... should have copies of this essential and timely volume." Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment “Welcome and timely ... .Much of the information was relatively new to me; an enjoyable read … .Full of excellent information, carefully and thoughtfully presented.” Annals of BotanyTable of Contents1. The growing family of plant cyclin-dependent kinases with multiple functions in cellular and developmental regulation. 2. The plant cyclins. 3. CDK inhibitors. 4. The UPS: an engine that drives the cell cycle. 5. CDK phosphorylation. 6. E2F-DP transcription factors. 7. Function of the retinoblastoma-related protein in plants. 8. Auxin fuels the cell cycle engine during lateral root initiation. 9. Cell cycle control during leaf development. 10. Physiological relevance and molecular control of the endocycle in plants. 11. Insights into the endocycle from trichome development. 12. Cell cycle control and fruit development. 13. Cell cycle and endosperm development. 14. Hormonal regulation of cell cycle progression and its role in development. 15. Cell cycle and environmental stresses

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Book SynopsisThe extraordinary potential of fluorine-containing biologically relevant molecules in biology, medicinal chemistry, and medical applications has been recognized by researchers who are not in the traditional fluorine chemistry field, and thus a new wave of fluorine chemistry is expanding its biomedical frontiers.Table of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1 “Unique Properties of Fluorine and Their Relevance to Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology” by Takashi Yamazaki, Takeo Taguchi and Iwao Ojima Medicinal Chemistry Chapter 2 “Fluorinated Prostanoids: Development of Tafluprost, a New Anti-glaucoma Agent” by Yasushi Matsumura Chapter 3 “Fluorinated conformationally restricted glutamate analogs for CNS drug discovery and development” by Atsuro Nakazato Chapter 4 “Fluorinated Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases” by Roberta Sinisi, Monika Jagodzinska, Gabriele Candiani, Florent Huguenot, Monica Sani, Alessandro Volonterio, Raffaella Maffezzoni and Matteo Zanda Chapter 5 “Fluoro-Taxoid Anticancer Agents” by Antonella Pepe, Larisa Kuznetsova, Liang Sun and Iwao Ojima Chapter 6 “Antimalarial Fluoroartemisinins: Increased Metabolic and Chemical Stability”by Jean-Pierre Bégué, Danièle Bonnet-Delpon Chapter 7 “Synthesis and Biological Activity of Fluorinated Nucleosides” by Tokumi Maruyama, Masahiro Ikejiri, Kunisuke Izawa and Tomoyuki Onishi Synthetic methods for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology Chapter 8 “Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylenated Nucleosides via gem-Difluoromethylene-Containing Building Blocks” by Wei-Dong Meng and Feng-Ling Qing Chapter 9 “Recent Advances in the Syntheses of Fluorinated Amino Acids” by Kenji Uneyama Chapter 10 “Fluorinated Moieties for Replacement of Amide and Peptide Bonds” by Takeo Taguchi and Hikaru Yanai Chapter 11 “Perfluorinated Heteroaromatic Systems as Scaffolds for Drug Discovery” by David Armstrong, Matthew W. Cartwright, Emma L. Parks, Graham Pattison, Graham Sandford, Rachel Slater, John A. Christopher, David D. Miller, Paul W. Smith and Antonio Vong Chapter 12 “gem-Difluorocyclopropanes as key building blocks for novel biologically active molecules” by Toshiyuki Itoh Chapter 13 “Fluorous Mixture Synthesis (FMS) of Drug-Like Molecules and Enantiomers, Stereoisomers, and Analogs of Natural Products” by Wei Zhang Chapter 14 “Fluorine-18 Radiopharmaceuticals” by Michael R. Kilbourn and Xia Shao Applications of fluorinated amino acids and peptides to chemical biology and pharmacology Chapter 15 “Application of Artificial Model Systems to Study the Interactions of Fluorinated Amino Acids within the Native Environment of Coiled Coil Proteins” by Mario Salwiczek, Toni Vagt and Beate Koksch Chapter 16 “Fluorinated Amino Acids and Biomolecules in Protein Design and Chemical Biology” by He Meng, Ginevra A. Clark, and Krishna Kumar Chapter 17 “Effects of Fluorination on the Bioorganic Properties of Methionine” by John F. Honek Chapter 18 “Structure analysis of membrane-active peptides using 19F-labeled amino acids and solid state NMR” by Parvesh Wadhwani and Erik Strandberg Chapter 19 “Metabolism of Fluorine-containing Drugs using in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy” by Erika Schneider Appendix “FDA-Approved Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Containing Fluorine” by Elizabeth Pollina-Cormier, Manisha Das, and Iwao Ojima

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Book SynopsisMetal ions and metal complexes have long been recognized as critically important components of nucleic acid chemistry, both in regulation of gene expression and as promising therapeutic agents. Understanding how metal complexes interact with DNA has become an active research area at the interface between chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. Metal Complex - DNA Interactions provides a comprehensive overview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recent developments and the latest research with particular emphasis on metal-based drugs and metal ion toxicity. The text is divided into four parts: Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects: includes chapters on sequence-selective metal binding to DNA and thermodynamic models. Medical Applications: focuses on anticancer platinum drugs, including discussions on DNA repair in antitumor effects of platinum drugs and photo-dynamic therapy. DNA-RecoTrade Review"An impressive overview of the great diversity of current research." (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, February 2010) "An essential part of the library for laboratories involved in bioinorganic and medicinal inorganic chemistry." (Chemistry World, September 2009) Table of ContentsA Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects 1. Sequence-Selective Binding of Transition Metal Complexes to DNA 2. Thermodynamic Models of Metal Ion -DNA.Interactions 3. Metal Ion Coordination in G-quadruplexes 4. Supramolecular Chemistry of Metal-Nucleobase Complexes B Medical Applications 5. Platinum Drugs, Nucleotides, and DNA: the Role of Interligand Interactions, nucleotides and DNA 6. Role of DNA Repair in Antitumor Effects of Platinum Drugs 7. Telomeres and Telomerase: Potential Targets for Platinum Complexes 8. Toward Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer with Platinum Group Metal Polyazine Complexes 9. Platinated Oligonucleotides: Synthesis and Applications for the Control of Gene Expression 10. New Titanium and Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs and their Interaction with DNA C DNA-Recognition - Nucleases and Sensors 11. Groove-Binding Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Probes of DNA Recognition 12. DNA Recognition and Binding by Peptide-Metal Complex conjugate 13. Artificial Restriction Agents - Hydrolytic Agents for DNA Cleavage 14. New Metallo-DNAzymes: Fundamental Studies of Metal-DNA Interactions and Metal Sensing Applications 15. Two-metal Ion Dependent Catalysis in Nucleic Acid Enzymes D Toxicological aspects 16. Mercury- DNA Interactions. Structural Studies on MercuryII -Mediated T-T Base-Pair with NMR Spectroscopy 17. Chromium-Induced DNA Damage and Repair 18. Arsenic and nickel: Mechanisms Affecting DNA Integrity

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Book SynopsisThis text examines the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems, past, present and future.Trade Review“In conclusion, the volume is excellent supplementary reading for graduate students and professionals, and individual chapters would do well as core readings on any course that looks at climate change in a freshwater context.” (Landscape Ecology, 1 May 2013) “Overall, the book is a valuable stand-alone publication on the subject of climate change and freshwater ecosystems.” (Austral Ecology, 1 November 2012) “This book makes an excellent contribution to summarizing the current state of knowledge and deserves a place on the bookshelves of natural scientists and decision makers alike.” (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2011) “Overall, I think that this volume will be of great interest to a broad audience in aquatic biology, mainly within the limnetic community, but also to terrestrial scientists because lakes integrate changes in the terrestrial landscape.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March 2012) "Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students and above." (Choice, 1 August 2011) "Whether you agree with the interpretation or not, this is a fun approach to science that makes the book all the more enjoyable." (Frontiers of Biogeography, 1 June 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. 1 Introduction (Brian Moss, Richard W. Battarbee and Martin Kernan). 2 Aquatic Ecosystem Variability and Climate Change – A Palaeoecological Perspective (Richard W. Battarbee). 3 Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems (Ulrike Nickus, Kevin Bishop, Martin Erlandsson, Chris D. Evans, Martin Forsius, Hjalmar Laudon, David M. Livingstone, Don Monteith and Hansjörg Thies). 4 Climate Change and the Hydrology and Morphology of Freshwater Ecosystems (Piet F.M. Verdonschot, Daniel Hering, John Murphy, Sonja C. Jähnig, Neil L. Rose, Wolfram Graf, Karel Brabec and Leonard Sandin). 5 Monitoring the Responses of Freshwater Ecosystems to Climate Change (Daniel Hering, Alexandra Haidekker, Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber, Tom Barker, Laetitia Buisson, Wolfram Graf, Gäel Grenouillet, Armin Lorenz, Leonard Sandin and Sonja Stendera). 6 Interaction of Climate Change and Eutrophication (Erik Jeppesen, Brian Moss, Helen Bennion, Laurence Carvalho, Luc DeMeester, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Nikolai Friberg, Mark O. Gessner, Mariet Hefting, Torben L. Lauridsen, Lone Liboriussen, Hilmar J. Malmquist, Linda May, Mariana Meerhoff, Jon S. Olafsson, Merel B. Soons and Jos T.A. Verhoeven). 7 Interaction of Climate Change and Acid Deposition (Richard F. Wright, Julian Aherne, Kevin Bishop, Peter J. Dillon, Martin Erlandsson, Chris D. Evans, Martin Forsius, David W. Hardekopf, Rachel C. Helliwell, Jakub Hruška, Mike Hutchins, Øyvind Kaste, Jirí Kopácek, Pavel Krám, Hjalmar Laudon, Filip Moldan, Michela Rogora, Anne Merete S. Sjøeng and Heleen A. de Wit). 8 Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury in Freshwater Ecosystems Under Changing Climate Conditions (Joan O. Grimalt, Jordi Catalan, Pilar Fernandez, Benjami Piña and John Munthe). 9 Climate Change: Defining Reference Conditions and Restoring Freshwater Ecosystems (Richard K. Johnson, Richard W. Battarbee, Helen Bennion, Daniel Hering, Merel B. Soons and Jos T.A. Verhoeven). 10 Modelling Catchment-Scale Responses to Climate Change (Richard A. Skeffington, Andrew J. Wade, Paul G. Whitehead, Dan Butterfield, Øyvind Kaste, Hans Estrup Andersen, Katri Rankinen and Gaël Grenouillet). 11 Tools for Better Decision Making: Bridges from Science to Policy (Conor Linstead, Edward Maltby, Helle Ørsted Nielsen, Thomas Horlitz, Phoebe Koundouri, Ekin Birol, Kyriaki Remoundou, Ron Janssen and Philip J. Jones). 12 What of the Future? (Brian Moss). Index.

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Book SynopsisServing the needs of pigment cell biologists, cellular physiologists, developmental geneticists, researchers interested in melanoma and more, this new book showcases a blend of new technologies and new insights in the field of pigmantary genetics of mice, with comparative information on other animals. Graduate students can learn here the terminology and scope of the field, and animal fanciers can discover the genetics behind common color variants of mammals.The book is hailed for being written byfour of the premier scientists in the field. These authors aim to present the molecular /cellular work in the context of phenotype and the interacting functions of genes that direct the development and function of one biological system. For other researchers, the depth of genetic knowledge on the pigmantary system makes it a valuable model for the study of other systems.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Statement regarding the use of pictures. Statement regarding nomenclature. Part I: Introduction to the Pigmentary System. 1. Introduction to the Pigmentary System. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Colors of vertebrate animals. 1.3. Other pigment cells. 1.4. The epidermal melanin unit. 1.5. Mammalian hair. 1.6. Melanosome biogenesis and translocation. 1.7. Melanin. 1.8. Hair growth. 1.9. Hair growth cycles. 1.10. Embryonic development of the pigment cell lineage. 1.11. Pigment cells in culture. 1.12. Conclusion. Appendix: color loci of the mouse. Part II: The Pigmentary Loci. 2. Introduction to Mutant Pigmentary Genes. 2.1. Defects of normal melanocyte development: white spotting and graying with age. 2.2. Defects in normal melanosome development: albinism. 2.3. Transport of melanosomes to other cells: the ‘dilute’ phenotype. 2.4. Pigment-type switching: from eumelanogenesis to pheomelanogenesis. 3. White Spotting and Progressive Graying. 3.1. Definitions and general background . 3.2. Pigment cell development: developmental biology. 3.3. Cellular signaling pathways for melanocytes. 3.4. Pigment phenotypes and the classical white-spotting genes. 3.5. The head, heart, ears, and eyes. 4. ’Albinism’ and the Failure of Normal Melanosome Development. 4.1. Background. 4.2. The melanosomal matrix. 4.3. The enzymes that catalyze melanogenesis. 4.4. Membrane proteins that regulate the internal milieu of the melanosome. 4.5. Protein processing and routing to the maturing melanosome. 4.6. Melanosome transport. 5. Pigment-Type Switching. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Yellow phenotypes. 5.3. Melanin pigment . 5.4. Melanogenesis and the eumelanin/pheomelanin switch mechanism. 5.5. Signaling the switch mechanism at the cellular level. 5.6. Yellow genes. Part III: Technology and Resources. 6. Novel Mouse Pigmentary Mutants Generated by Genetic Manipulation. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Mouse transgenesis: generation of genetically engineered mice. 6.3. Coat-color transgenic mice. 6.4. The coat-color mutants generated by gene targeting. 6.5. Influence of the genetic background. 6.6. Conclusions. 7. Other Species and Other Resources. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Resources. 7.3. Other species. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisR the statistical and graphical environment is rapidly emerging as an important set of teaching and research tools for biologists. This book draws upon the popularity and free availability of R to couple the theory and practice of biostatistics into a single treatment, so as to provide a textbook for biologists learning statistics, R, or both. An abridged description of biostatistical principles and analysis sequence keys are combined together with worked examples of the practical use of R into a complete practical guide to designing and analyzing real biological research. Topics covered include: simple hypothesis testing, graphing exploratory data analysis and graphical summaries regression (linear, multi and non-linear) simple and complex ANOVA and ANCOVA designs (including nested, factorial, blocking, spit-plot and repeated measures) frequency analysis and generalized linear models. Linear mixed effects modeliTrade Review“If you want to do more than just the basics then Biostatistical Design and Analysis using Ris an excellent guide, helping you climb the steep learning curve.” (British Ecological Society Bulletin, 1 March 2012) "Overall, this is an excellent reference for biologists and biostatisticians; it is also a very good supplemental textbook for a graduate-level biostatistics course." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xv R quick reference card xix General key to statistical methods xxvii 1 Introduction to R 1 1.1 Why R? 1 1.2 Installing R 2 1.2.1 Windows 2 1.2.2 Unix/Linux 2 1.2.3 MacOSX 3 1.3 The R environment 3 1.3.1 The console (command line) 4 1.4 Object names 4 1.5 Expressions, Assignment and Arithmetic 5 1.6 R Sessions and workspaces 6 1.6.1 Cleaning up 6 1.6.2 Workspaces 7 1.6.3 Current working directory 7 1.6.4 Quitting R 8 1.7 Getting help 8 1.8 Functions 9 1.9 Precedence 10 1.10 Vectors - variables 11 1.10.1 Regular or patterned sequences 12 1.10.2 Character vectors 13 1.10.3 Factors 15 1.11 Matrices, lists and data frames 16 1.11.1 Matrices 16 1.11.2 Lists 17 1.11.3 Data frames - data sets 18 1.12 Object information and conversion 18 1.12.1 Object information 18 1.12.2 Object conversion 20 1.13 Indexing vectors, matrices and lists 20 1.13.1 Vector indexing 21 1.13.2 Matrix indexing 22 1.13.3 List indexing 23 1.14 Pattern matching and replacement (character search and replace) 24 1.14.1 grep - pattern searching 24 1.14.2 regexpr - position and length of match 25 1.14.3 gsub - pattern replacement 26 1.15 Data manipulation 26 1.15.1 Sorting 26 1.15.2 Formatting data 27 1.16 Functions that perform other functions repeatedly 28 1.16.1 Along matrix margins 29 1.16.2 By factorial groups 30 1.16.3 By objects 30 1.17 Programming in R 30 1.17.1 Grouped expressions 31 1.17.2 Conditional execution – if and ifelse 31 1.17.3 Repeated execution – looping 32 1.17.4 Writing functions 34 1.18 An introduction to the R graphical environment 35 1.18.1 The plot() function 36 1.18.2 Graphical devices 39 1.18.3 Multiple graphics devices 40 1.19 Packages 42 1.19.1 Manual package management 42 1.19.2 Loading packages 45 1.20 Working with scripts 45 1.21 Citing R in publications 46 1.22 Further reading 47 2 Datasets 48 2.1 Constructing data frames 48 2.2 Reviewingadataframe-fix() 49 2.3 Importing (reading) data 50 2.3.1 Import from text file 50 2.3.2 Importing from the clipboard 51 2.3.3 Import from other software 51 2.4 Exporting (writing) data 52 2.5 Saving and loading of R objects 53 2.6 Data frame vectors 54 2.6.1 Factor levels 54 2.7 Manipulating data sets 56 2.7.1 Subsets of data frames – data frame indexing 56 2.7.2 The %in% matching operator 57 2.7.3 Pivot tables and aggregating datasets 58 2.7.4 Sorting datasets 58 2.7.5 Accessing and evaluating expressions within the context of a dataframe 59 2.7.6 Reshaping dataframes 59 2.8 Dummy data sets - generating random data 62 3 Introductory Statistical Principles 65 3.1 Distributions 66 3.1.1 The normal distribution 67 3.1.2 Log-normal distribution 68 3.2 Scale transformations 68 3.3 Measures of location 69 3.4 Measures of dispersion and variability 70 3.5 Measures of the precision of estimates - standard errors and confidence intervals 71 3.6 Degrees of freedom 73 3.7 Methods of estimation 73 3.7.1 Least squares (LS) 73 3.7.2 Maximum likelihood (ML) 74 3.8 Outliers 75 3.9 Further reading 75 4 Sampling and Experimental Design with R 76 4.1 Random sampling 76 4.2 Experimental design 83 4.2.1 Fully randomized treatment allocation 83 4.2.2 Randomized complete block treatment allocation 84 5 Graphical Data Presentation 85 5.1 The plot() function 86 5.1.1 The type parameter 86 5.1.2 The xlim and ylim parameters 87 5.1.3 The xlab and ylab parameters 88 5.1.4 The axes and ann parameters 88 5.1.5 The log parameter 88 5.2 Graphical Parameters 89 5.2.1 Plot dimensional and layout parameters 90 5.2.2 Axis characteristics 92 5.2.3 Character sizes 93 5.2.4 Line characteristics 93 5.2.5 Plotting character parameter - pch 93 5.2.6 Fonts 96 5.2.7 Text orientation and justification 98 5.2.8 Colors 98 5.3 Enhancing and customizing plots with low-level plotting functions 99 5.3.1 Adding points - points() 99 5.3.2 Adding text within a plot - text() 100 5.3.3 Adding text to plot margins - mtext() 101 5.3.4 Adding a legend - legend() 102 5.3.5 More advanced text formatting 104 5.3.6 Adding axes - axis() 107 5.3.7 Adding lines and shapes within a plot 108 5.4 Interactive graphics 113 5.4.1 Identifying points - identify() 113 5.4.2 Retrieving coordinates - locator() 114 5.5 Exporting graphics 114 5.5.1 Postscript - poscript() and pdf() 114 5.5.2 Bitmaps - jpeg() and png() 115 5.5.3 Copying devices - dev.copy() 115 5.6 Working with multiple graphical devices 115 5.7 High-level plotting functions for univariate (single variable) data 116 5.7.1 Histogram 116 5.7.2 Density functions 117 5.7.3 Q-Q plots 118 5.7.4 Boxplots 119 5.7.5 Rug charts 120 5.8 Presenting relationships 120 5.8.1 Scatterplots 120 5.9 Presenting grouped data 125 5.9.1 Boxplots 125 5.9.2 Boxplots for grouped means 125 5.9.3 Interaction plots - means plots 126 5.9.4 Bargraphs 127 5.9.5 Violin plots 128 5.10 Presenting categorical data 128 5.10.1 Mosaic plots 128 5.10.2 Association plots 129 5.11 Trellis graphics 129 5.11.1 scales() parameters 132 5.12 Further reading 133 6 Simple Hypothesis Testing – One and Two Population Tests 134 6.1 Hypothesis testing 134 6.2 One- and two-tailed tests 136 6.3 t-tests 136 6.4 Assumptions 137 6.5 Statistical decision and power 137 6.6 Robust tests 139 6.7 Further reading 139 6.8 Key for simple hypothesis testing 140 6.9 Worked examples of real biological data sets 142 7 Introduction to Linear Models 151 7.1 Linear models 152 7.2 Linear models in R 154 7.3 Estimating linear model parameters 156 7.3.1 Linear models with factorial variables 156 7.3.2 Linear model hypothesis testing 162 7.4 Comments about the importance of understanding the structure and parameterization of linear models 164 8 Correlation and Simple Linear Regression 167 8.1 Correlation 168 8.1.1 Product moment correlation coefficient 169 8.1.2 Null hypothesis 169 8.1.3 Assumptions 169 8.1.4 Robust correlation 169 8.1.5 Confidence ellipses 170 8.2 Simple linear regression 170 8.2.1 Linear model 171 8.2.2 Null hypotheses 171 8.2.3 Assumptions 172 8.2.4 Multiple responses for each level of the predictor 173 8.2.5 Model I and II regression 173 8.2.6 Regression diagnostics 176 8.2.7 Robust regression 176 8.2.8 Power and sample size determination 177 8.3 Smoothers and local regression 178 8.4 Correlation and regression in R 178 8.5 Further reading 179 8.6 Key for correlation and regression 180 8.7 Worked examples of real biological data sets 184 9 Multiple and Curvilinear Regression 208 9.1 Multiple linear regression 208 9.2 Linear models 209 9.3 Null hypotheses 209 9.4 Assumptions 210 9.5 Curvilinear models 211 9.5.1 Polynomial regression 211 9.5.2 Nonlinear regression 214 9.5.3 Diagnostics 214 9.6 Robust regression 214 9.7 Model selection 214 9.7.1 Model averaging 215 9.7.2 Hierarchical partitioning 218 9.8 Regression trees 218 9.9 Further reading 219 9.10 Key and analysis sequence for multiple and complex regression 219 9.11 Worked examples of real biological data sets 224 10 Single Factor Classification (ANOVA) 254 10.0.1 Fixed versus random factors 254 10.1 Null hypotheses 255 10.2 Linear model 255 10.3 Analysis of variance 256 10.4 Assumptions 258 10.5 Robust classification (ANOVA) 259 10.6 Tests of trends and means comparisons 259 10.7 Power and sample size determination 261 10.8 ANOVA in R 261 10.9 Further reading 262 10.10 Key for single factor classification (ANOVA) 262 10.11 Worked examples of real biological data sets 265 11 Nested ANOVA 283 11.1 Linear models 284 11.2 Null hypotheses 285 11.2.1 Factor A - the main treatment effect 285 11.2.2 Factor B - the nested factor 285 11.3 Analysis of variance 286 11.4 Variance components 286 11.5 Assumptions 289 11.6 Pooling denominator terms 289 11.7 Unbalanced nested designs 290 11.8 Linear mixed effects models 290 11.9 Robust alternatives 292 11.10 Power and optimisation of resource allocation 292 11.11 Nested ANOVA in R 293 11.11.1 Error strata (aov) 293 11.11.2 Linear mixed effects models (lme and lmer) 294 11.12 Further reading 294 11.13 Key for nested ANOVA 294 11.14 Worked examples of real biological data sets 298 12 Factorial ANOVA 313 12.1 Linear models 314 12.2 Null hypotheses 314 12.2.1 Model 1 - fixed effects 315 12.2.2 Model 2 - random effects 316 12.2.3 Model 3 - mixed effects 317 12.3 Analysis of variance 317 12.3.1 Quasi F-ratios 320 12.3.2 Interactions and main effects tests 321 12.4 Assumptions 321 12.5 Planned and unplanned comparisons 321 12.6 Unbalanced designs 322 12.6.1 Missing observations 322 12.6.2 Missing combinations - missing cells 324 12.7 Robust factorial ANOVA 325 12.8 Power and sample sizes 327 12.9 Factorial ANOVA in R 327 12.10 Further reading 327 12.11 Key for factorial ANOVA 328 12.12 Worked examples of real biological data sets 334 13 Unreplicated Factorial Designs – Randomized Block and Simple Repeated Measures 360 13.1 Linear models 363 13.2 Null hypotheses 363 13.2.1 Factor A - the main within block treatment effect 364 13.2.2 Factor B - the blocking factor 364 13.3 Analysis of variance 364 13.4 Assumptions 365 13.4.1 Sphericity 366 13.4.2 Block by treatment interactions 368 13.5 Specific comparisons 370 13.6 Unbalanced un-replicated factorial designs 370 13.7 Robust alternatives 371 13.8 Power and blocking efficiency 371 13.9 Unreplicated factorial ANOVA in R 371 13.10 Further reading 371 13.11 Key for randomized block and simple repeated measures ANOVA 372 13.12 Worked examples of real biological data sets 376 14 Partly Nested Designs: Split Plot and Complex Repeated Measures 399 14.1 Null hypotheses 400 14.1.1 Factor A - the main between block treatment effect 400 14.1.2 Factor B - the blocking factor 401 14.1.3 Factor C - the main within block treatment effect 401 14.1.4 AC interaction - the within block interaction effect 402 14.1.5 BC interaction - the within block interaction effect 402 14.2 Linear models 402 14.2.1 One between (α), one within (γ) block effect 402 14.2.2 Two between (α, γ), one within (δ) block effect 402 14.2.3 One between (α), two within (γ , δ) block effects 403 14.3 Analysis of variance 403 14.4 Assumptions 403 14.5 Other issues 408 14.5.1 Robust alternatives 408 14.6 Further reading 408 14.7 Key for partly nested ANOVA 409 14.8 Worked examples of real biological data sets 413 15 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) 448 15.1 Null hypotheses 450 15.1.1 Factor A - the main treatment effect 450 15.1.2 Factor B - the covariate effect 450 15.2 Linear models 450 15.3 Analysis of variance 451 15.4 Assumptions 452 15.4.1 Homogeneity of slopes 453 15.4.2 Similar covariate ranges 454 15.5 Robust ANCOVA 455 15.6 Specific comparisons 455 15.7 Further reading 455 15.8 Key for ANCOVA 455 15.9 Worked examples of real biological data sets 457 16 Simple Frequency Analysis 466 16.1 The chi-square statistic 467 16.1.1 Assumptions 469 16.2 Goodness of fit tests 469 16.2.1 Homogeneous frequencies tests 469 16.2.2 Distributional conformity - Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests 469 16.3 Contingency tables 469 16.3.1 Odds ratios 470 16.3.2 Residuals 472 16.4 G-tests 472 16.5 Small sample sizes 473 16.6 Alternatives 474 16.7 Power analysis 474 16.8 Simple frequency analysis in R 475 16.9 Further reading 475 16.10 Key for Analysing frequencies 475 16.11 Worked examples of real biological data sets 477 17 Generalized Linear Models (GLM) 483 17.1 Dispersion (over or under) 485 17.2 Binary data - logistic (logit) regression 485 17.2.1 Logistic model 485 17.2.2 Null hypotheses 487 17.2.3 Analysis of deviance 488 17.2.4 Multiple logistic regression 488 17.3 Count data - Poisson generalized linear models 489 17.3.1 Poisson regression 489 17.3.2 Log-linear Modelling 489 17.4 Assumptions 492 17.5 Generalized additive models (GAM’s) - non-parametric GLM 493 17.6 GLM and R 494 17.7 Further reading 495 17.8 Key for GLM 495 17.9 Worked examples of real biological data sets 498 Bibliography 531 R index 535 Statistics index 541

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Book SynopsisThe latest tools for investigating stress response in organisms, genomic technologies provide great insight into how different organisms respond to environmental conditions. However, their usefulness needs to be tested, verified, and codified. Genomic Approaches for Cross-Species Extrapolation in Toxicology provides a balanced discussion drawn from the experience of thirty-five scientists and professionals from diverse fields including environmental toxicology and chemistry, biomedical toxicology, molecular biology, genetics, physiology, bioinformatics, computer science, and statistics. The book introduces genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic technologies. It describes the advantages and challenges associated with these approaches compared to traditional methodologies, particularly from the perspective of cross-species extrapolation within human and environmental toxicology, and explores solutions that will facilitate the incorporation of these technologies into Table of Contents"Omic" Approaches in the Context of Environmental Toxicology. Selection of Surrogate Animal Species for Comparative Toxicogenomics. Species Differences in Response to Toxic Substances: Shared Pathways of Toxicity. Bioinformatic Approaches and Computational Models for Data Integration and Cross-Species Extrapolation in the Post-Genomic Era. The Extension of Molecular and Computational Information to Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision-Making.

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Book SynopsisComputerized Tomography for Scientists and Engineers is a collection of state-of-the-art articles on computerized tomography (CT). Each article covers a broadband spectrum of CT applications that are related to non-destructive testing (NDT), measurements of solid objects and non-invasive measurements (NIM) in fluids/gases/plasmas. The book addresses essential topics such as: þNon-destructive testing of solid cross-sections þNon-invasive measurements in fluid/gas flows/plasmasþClassical techniques vs. tomographic techniques þGamma-ray, X-ray, laser, and ultrasonic tomographyþData collection techniques þTomographic inversion methods þError analysis of CT images þMeasurement of density/temperature/time-of-light þApplication of CT in multi-phase flows þTomographic extension of classical NDT methods Computerized Tomography for Scientists and Engineers is a thorough, essential reference that provides an excellent account of the present Table of ContentsProcess Tomography: Development and Application of Non-intrusive Measuring Techniques for Multiphase Flows. Impedance Techniques for the Measurement of Two Phase Flow Parameters: Possibilities and Challenges. X-Ray Computed Tomography for Solid Objects. Steady-State Multi-Phase Flow Measurement Facility at FCRI. Bone Imaging Using Compound Ultrasonic Tomography. Challenges in Quantitative Ultrasound Bone Strength Assessment: Status and Perspectives. Computerized Tomography in Blast Furnace. Electrical Process Tomography: Imaging Fluid Mixing Processes Inside Stirred Vessels. Convection in Differently Heated Fluid Layers and Its Reconstruction Using Radial Tomography in an Octagonal Cavity. Tomography in Fusion Plasma Research. Tomographic Reconstructive Techniques for Void Fraction Distribution in Heavy Density Liquid Metal Two-phase Flows. Imaging Buoyancy-Driven Convective Field Around a KDP Crystal Using Schlieren Tomography.

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Book SynopsisHighlighting latest advances in genetics and biochemistry, the completely revised Third Edition reviews the field from basic science, clinical, epidemiological, and regulatory perspectives. Contributions from top opinion leaders in the field bring together developments in molecular embryology and cell biology as they apply to problems in developmental toxicology. It covers testing of pharmaceutical and environmental agents and interpretation of developmental toxicology data, highlighting mathematical and statistical techniques, as well as the effects of toxic exposure on the functional development of various organs.The relationship between maternal and developmental toxicology is examined, in addition to current techniques for studying chemical disposition, metabolism, and placental transfer. Close attention is given to the regulatory aspects of testing and risk assessment. Pre- and postconceptional clinical care and genetic factors in clinicaTable of Contents1. Role of Apoptosis in Normal and Abnormal Development. 2. Signal transduction pathways as targets for teratogens. 3. Nutrition in Developmental Toxicology. 4. Epigenetic Mechanisms-Role of DNA Methylation, Histone Modifications and Imprinting. 5. Personalized Nutrition and Medicine in Perinatal Development. 6. Targeted Gene changes affecting Developmental Toxicity. 7. Use of mammalian in vitro systems, including embryonic stem cells, in developmental toxicity testing. 8. Zebrafish: a Non-Mammalian Model of Developmental Toxicology. 9. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in the risk assessment of developmental toxicants. 10. Integration of whole animal developmental toxicity data into risk assessment. 11. Genomic Approaches in Developmental Toxicology. 12. Comparative Bioinformatics and Computational Toxicology. 13. Investigating Drug Effects in Human Pregnancy.

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Book SynopsisUses Computational Tools to Simulate Endocrine Disruption PhenomenaEndocrine Disruption Modeling provides a practical overview of the current approaches for modeling endocrine activity and the related potential adverse effects they may induce on environmental and human health. Based on the extensive research of an international panel of contributors from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies, this is the first book devoted to using computer tools to better understand and simulate the multifaceted aspects of endocrine disruption in humans and wildlife. Explores Diverse Modeling Techniques and ApplicationsThis up-to-date resource focuses on xenobiotics that are accidentally released into the environment with the potential to disturb the normal functioning of the endocrine system of invertebrates and vertebrates but also on the specific agro-chemistry design of chemicals that take controlTable of ContentsIn Silico Methods for Modeling Endocrine Disruption. Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruptions, A Tentative Overview. Population Dynamics Modeling: A Tool For Environmental Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Application of Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Understand the Mechanism of Action of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Comparative Modeling Review of Nuclear Hormone Receptor Superfamily. The FDA’s Endocrine Disruptor Knowledge Base (EDKB): Lessons Learned in QSAR Modeling and Applications. A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis for the Identification of Environmental Estrogens: The Categorical-SAR (cat-SAR) Approach. Kohonen and Counterpropagation Neural Networks Employed for Modeling Endocrine Disruptors. Quantitative Spectrometric Data-Activity Relationships (QSDAR) Models of Endocrine Disruptor Binding Activities. Mechanism-Based Modeling of Estrogen Receptor Binding Affinity: A COREPA Implementation. Molecular Field Analysis Methods for Modeling Endocrine Disruptors. Structure-Activity Modeling of a Diverse Set of Endrogen Receptor Ligands. SAR and QSAR Analyses of Substituted Dibenzoylhydrazines for Their Mode of Action as Ecdysone Agonists. e-Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Databases for Deriving SAR and QSAR Models.

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Book SynopsisAlthough the amount of research on copper amine oxidases has grown rapidly and substantially in the past decade, the field unfortunately suffers from lack of cohesion and significant confusion surrounds aspects as simple as confirmation of enzyme identities. This book describes the structure of the enzymes, the role of copper, and of the unusual cofactor 6-hydroxydopa quinine derived from a posttranslational modification of a tyrosine residue. It also covers the differences of between AOs from bacteria, plants, and mammals. Finally, the text examines the importance of this ubiquitous class of enzymes in physiology and in metabolism of biogenic amines.Table of ContentsHistory. Nomenclature and Potential Functions of Copper Amine Oxidases. Cofactors of Amine Oxidases: Copper Ion and Its Substitution and the 2, 4, 5-Trihydroxylphenylalanine Quinone. Copper Amine Oxidases from Plants. Soluble Copper Amine Oxidases from Mammals. Membrane-Bound Copper Amine Oxidases. Copper Amine Oxidase Genes. Mechanism of TPQ Biogenesis in Prokaryotic Copper Amine Oxidase. Copper Amine Oxidase Crystal Structures. Plasma Amine Oxidases in Various Clinical Conditions and in Apoptosis. Copper Amine Oxidases in Intestine Diseases. Copper Amine Oxidases in Adipose Tissue-Related Disorders. Copper Amine Oxidases in Adhesion Molecules in Renal Pathology and in Alzheimer’s Disease and VAP-1 in Leukocyte Migration. Inhibitors of Copper Amine Oxidases: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacological Applications of Copper Amine Oxidases. Copper Amine Oxidases as Antioxidant and Cardioprotective Agents. Biotechnological Aspects of Copper Amine Oxidases. Concluding Remarks. References.

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and expanded, the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Chromatography is an authoritative source of information for researchers in chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, and materials science. This quick reference and guide to specific chromatographic techniques and theory provides a basic introduction to the science and technology of the method, offering key references dealing with the methodology for analysis of specific chemicals and applications in industry. With a focus on emerging technologies and uses, the text contains tables and figures that cogently illustrate and clarify technical points in the articles. The Third Edition provides a valuable, reader-friendly reference for all those who employ chromatographic methods for analysis of complex mixtures of substances, as well as practitioners across the entire spectrum of science.What's New in the Third Edition:Bioanalysis: Silica- and Polymer-Based Monolithic Columns

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Book SynopsisLivingstone concludes with contemporary examples to remind us that what scientists can say and what others can hear in different venues differ today just as much as they did in the past.Trade ReviewHow was Darwin's On the Origin of Species received by his contemporary scholars, particularly by theologians and religious authors? That is the subject of the thoroughly researched and elegantly written book by David N. Livingstone. -- Francisco J. Ayala Science, Religion and Culture Dealing with Darwin is a compelling account of how science is made in a process of transit. A theory such as Darwinian evolution is, after all, not a sealed package that is either accepted or rejected by its various audiences. Rather, as Livingstone's book vividly demonstrates, different versions of Darwin were appropriated, reconstituted and constructed to suit various local needs and theological or scientific contingencies. -- Gowan Dawson Journal of Historical Geography An informing and suggestive examination of the Darwinian episode. -- J. David Hoeveler Reports of the National Center for Science Education Dealing with Darwin has been many years in the making, but well worth waiting for. It is a delight to read, both from a literary and intellectual standpoint. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith In this illuminating book, our intrepid tour guide crafts a vivid portrait of the geographical, cultural, political, and racial dynamics that have shaped and often continue to characterize debates over Darwin. Dealing with Darwin is a welcome addition to Livingstone's growing library of compelling works on religion and science, pathbreaking research that upends the way many think about the historical interplay between Darwinism and religious belief. Isis Its most original contribution is in using cultural geography to study science and religion. Its most interesting point is that reactions to Darwin were also always about something else. And finally, its most inspiring accomplishment is the way it makes microhistories serve a compelling larger argument: it is a comparative collection of local studies whose sum is more than its parts. This book is essential reading for those seeking to understand the geography, whether actual or metaphorical, of nineteenth-century science-and-religion. British Society for Literature and ScienceTable of ContentsPreface1. Dealing with Darwin: Locating Encounters with Evolution2. Edinburgh, Evolution, and Cannibalistic Nostalgia3. Belfast, the Parliament of Science, and the Winter of Discontent4. Toronto, Knox, and Bacon's Bequest5. Columbia, Woodrow, and the Legacy of the Lost Cause6. Princeton, Darwinism, and the Shorthorn Cattle7. Darwinian Engagements: Place, Politics, RhetoricNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisIn his bright, lively voice, Denny envisions a future that balances reaction and reason, one in which humanity emerges bloody but unbowed-and in which those of us who are prepared can make the most of the Anthropocene.Trade ReviewLight in tone and often enjoyable reading, Making the Most of the Anthropocene presents good information on a variety of topics, from the sharing economy to smartphones.—Foreword ReviewsDenny's humane tone makes reading his book feel good for the soul . . . chapter-essays are fascinating, opinionated, and subversive . . . In this book, Denny has expanded his scope to cover a lot more than science, and readers will benefit from his ambition.—David De Haan, University of San Diego, Perspectives on Science and Christian FaithTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Stratigraphy—the Top Layer2. Neptune versus Pluto3. The Age of Man?4. Martha5. Industrial Revelations6. Moore's Law7. Building BRICS8. Peppered Moths9. Globalization10. Smartphones Are (from) Everywhere11. The Population Bomb12. Manna from Science13. Fat Americans14. Climatology 10115. Greenhouse Effects16. Global Warning17. 2 C or Not 2 C, That Is the Question18. Tipping Points and Tipplers19. Climate Change Protocols20. Rapa Nui Not21. Ozone Whole22. The Good23. The Bad24. Frack Attack25. The Ugly26. Gridlock27. Not Monsters, Inc., nor the Four Horsemen28. Scottish Philosophy and Nuclear Power29. You Suck at Statistics30. On the Cusp31. Four Fixes32. Über Alles33. Sherlock Holmes and the Anthropocene Deduction34. Ferguson versus Krugman35. Nobody Understands Economics36. Winners and Losers37. The Prisoner's Dilemma38. Deforestation39. The Peter Principle40. Collective Stupidity41. ABC but Not D42. Where Are You Going, My Little One?BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThe preeminent guide to the world's mammals is now enhanced with a dramatically expanded volume covering 19 orders, including such creatures as elephants, armadillos, and manatees. Since its first publication in 1964, Walker's Mammals of the World has become a favorite guide to the natural world for general readers and professionals alike. This new Walker's volume is a completely revised and updated compendium of information on five of the earliest clades to diverge from ancient mammal stock. Uniquely comprehensive in inimitable Walker's style, it incorporates a full account of every genus that has lived in the past 5,000 years. Every named species of each genus is listed in systematic order and accompanied by detailed descriptions of past and present range. This new edition includes 500+ full-color images throughout citations to more than 2,200 new references extensive bioconservation data, with discussion of every species in an IUCN Red List threatened categoryThis volume's thorougTrade ReviewIf you have other titles in the Walker's Mammals of the World series, you'll want this one!—Ian Paulsen, Birdbooker ReportThis volume provides highly detailed accounts of the various mammals included . . . and is well illustrated with color photographs of many of the included mammals.—Robert E. Hoopes, Wildlife ActivistThe famous Walker's Mammals of the World has been updated . . . and what an update it is. Rather than the classical two volumes with black-and-white photographs (the last edition is from 1999 and thus almost 20 years old), there is now a single volume with colour photos covering monotremes, marsupials, afrotherians, xenarthrans and sundatherians (ie, Scan-dentia and Dermoptera).—Frank E. Zachos, Mammalian BiologyTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgments1. Class Mammalia2. Monotremata3. Didelphimorphia4. Pacituberculata5. Microbiotheria6. Notoryctemorphia7. Dasyuromorphia8. Peramelemorphia9. Diprotodontia10. Afroscricida11. Macroscelidea12. Bibymalagasia13. Tubulidentata14. Hyracoidea15. Proboscidea16. Sirenia17. Cingulata18. Pilosa19. Scandentia20. DermopteraWorld Distribution of MammalsWorld Distribution of MammalsWorld Distribution of Mammals

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Book SynopsisThe essential text for ornithology courses, this book will leave students with a lifelong understanding and appreciation of the biology and ecology of birds. Aves, the birds, is the wildlife group that people most frequently encounter. With over 10,000 species worldwide, these animals are part of our everyday experience. They are also the focus of intense research, and their management and conservation is a subject of considerable effort throughout the world. But what are the defining attributes that make a bird a bird?Aimed at undergraduate and graduate students, Ornithology provides a solid modern foundation for understanding the life and development of birds. Written by renowned experts from around the globe, this comprehensive textbook draws on the latest research to create an innovative learning experience. Moving beyond bones, muscle, and feathers, it provides the core information needed to build the bird, linking anatomy and physiology with ecology and behavior. As it reviewTrade ReviewThe best college textbook on ornithology that's currently available.—Birdbooker ReportTable of Contents1. What Makes a Bird?, by Amanda D. Rodewald, Michael L. Morrison, Melanie R. Colón, Gary Voelker, and Jonathan F. Prather2. Origin and Early Evolution of Birds, by Luis M. Chiappe3. Species Concepts and Speciation Analysis, by John Klicka and Robert M. Zink4. Bird Distributions: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives, by Gary Voelker and Robert M. Zink5. From Fertilization to Independence, by J. Matthias Starck6. Anatomy, by Margaret A. Voss and Marco Pavia7. Physiology, by Carlos Martinez del Rio, Zachary Cheviron, and Alejandro Pablo Sabat Kirkwood8. Endocrinology, by George E. Bentley, Jamie M. Cornelius, and Thomas P. Hahn9. Feathers and Molt, by Vanya G. Rohwer and Luke K. Butler10. Flight and Locomotion, by Ashley M. Heers11. Coloration, by Geoffrey E. Hill12. The Senses, by Graham R. Martin13. Song and the Brain, by Jonathan F. Prather14. Acoustic Communication, by Jeffrey Podos and Michael S. Webster15. Foraging Behavior, by Diego Sustaita, Alejandro Rico-Guevara, and Fritz Hertel16. Reproductive Behavior and Mating Systems, by Patricia Adair Gowaty17. Social Systems, by Susan B. McRae18. Habitat Ecology, by Matthew D. Johnson and Eric M. Wood19. Birds on the Move: Ecology of Migration and Dispersal, by W. Alice Boyle20. Population Structure, by Peter Arcese and Lukas F. Keller21. Population Ecology, by Leonard A. Brennan and William Block22. Assemblages and Communities, by Robert J. Cooper and Shannon Farrell23. Parasites and Diseases, by Jennifer Owen24. Modern Climate Change and Birds, by Benjamin Zuckerberg and Lars Y. Pomara25. Extinction and Endangerment, by John M. Marzluff and Marco Restani26. In Harm's Way, by Timothy J. O'Connell and Scott R. Loss27. Conservation Tools and Strategies, by Jeffrey R. Walters, Dylan C. Kesler, and Elisabeth B. Webb28. Ecosystem and Landscape Management and Planning, by Mažeika P. Sullivan and Kerri T. Vierling29. The Social and Economic Worth of Birds, by Christopher A. Lepczyk, Paige S. Warren, and Michael W. Strohbach30. Pathways in Ornithology, by Melanie R. Colón, Ashley M. Long, Lori A. Blanc, and Caren B. Cooper31. Fundamental Techniques, by Geoffrey Geupel, John Dumbacher, and Maureen Flannery

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Book SynopsisThe consummate guide to the ultimate sabertooth. Few animals spark the imagination as much as the sabertooth cat Smilodon. With their incredibly long canines, which hung like fangs past their jaws, these ferocious predators were first encountered by humans when our species entered the Americas. We can only imagine what ice age humans felt when they were confronted by a wild cat larger than a Siberian tiger. Because Smilodon skeletons are perennial favorites with museum visitors, researchers have devoted themselves to learning as much as possible about the lives of these massive cats. This volume, edited by celebrated academics, brings together a team of experts to provide a comprehensive and contemporary view of all that is known about Smilodon. The result is a detailed scientific work that will be invaluable to paleontologists, mammalogists, and serious amateur sabertooth devotees. The book covers all major aspects of the animal's natural history, evolution, phylogenetic relationTrade ReviewAny college-level science collection strong in paleontology must have this in-depth and authoritative survey.—Donovan's Literary ServicesThis edited collection brings together the who-is-who of sabertooth palaeontology to provide a thorough and technical overview of the current state of the field . . . this book is a treasure trove collecting review articles and new research on Smilodon.—Natural History Book ServiceDetailed descriptions of specimens are presented in several papers and make the book an essential reference for researchers working on specimen identification for extinct felids . . . This book does a very good job of summarizing our current understanding of the natural history of an extinct taxon while laying a foundation for additional research.—Christopher N. Jass, Quaternary Palaeontology Program, Royal Alberta Museum, Quarterly Review of BiologyIn Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth, Werdelin, McDonald, Shaw, and colleagues provide a comprehensive volume that thoroughly documents both the science of Smilodon as well as the extraordinary details behind its story, successfully tracking down obscure historic collectors and specimens. This far-reaching book fills a gap in the literature.—Alexis M. Mychajliw, La Brea Tar Pits & Museum, Journal of MammalogyTable of ContentsPreface1. Smilodon, by H. G. McDonald2. The Phylogenetic Context of Smilodon, by Lars Werdelin and Therese Flink3. Smilodon Fatalis from Talara, Peru, by K.L. Seymour, C.S. Churcher, and Ashley R. Reynolds4. The Sabertooth Cat, Smilodon Populator (Carnivora: Felidae), from Cueva de Milodón, Chile, by H. G. McDonald and Lars Werdelin5. Smilodon from South Carolina, by Larry D. Martin, Jim Knight, Todd Wheeler, and John P. Babiarz6. Understanding Killing Behavior in Smilodon Fatalis, by Stephen Wroe and William C.H. Parr7. Testing the Canine Shear-Bite Model for Smilodon using an Engineering Experiment, by Todd Wheeler8. The Evolution of the Skull, Mandible and Teeth of Rancho La Brea Smilodon Fatalis as they Relate to Reeding Adaptations, by Julie A. Meachen and Wendy Binder9. Analyzing the Tooth Development of Sabertoothed Carnivores, by Robert Feranec and M. Aleksander Wysocki10. Dietary Ecology of Smilodon, by Larissa DeSantis11. The Postcranial Morphology of Smilodon, by Margaret Lewis12. Smilodon Paleopathology, by Sue Ware and Christopher A. Shaw

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Book SynopsisThe defining masterwork on the evolution of reptiles. Over 300 million years ago, an early land vertebrate developed an egg that contained the embryo in an amnion, allowing it to be deposited on land. This moment marked the first step in the fascinating and complex evolutionary journey of the reptiles. In The Rise of Reptiles, paleontologist Hans-Dieter Sues explores the diversity of reptilian lineages, discussing the relationships among turtles, crocodylians, lizards and snakes, and many extinct groups. Reflecting the tremendous advances in the study of reptilian diversity and phylogeny over recent decades, this book is the first detailed, contemporary synthesis of the evolutionary history of these remarkable animals. Reptiles have always confused taxonomists, who have endlessly debated and rewritten their classifications. In this book, Sues adopts an explicitly phylogenetic framework to sift through the evidence and discuss the origin and diversification of Reptilia in a way no oneTrade ReviewThe writing style is clear and easy, the illustrations are excellent, and the whole design and print quality highly attractive. There is no other book like it, and this will stand as a useful reference for many years.—Michael J. Benton, University of Bristol, The Herpetological BulletinThis volume is the most complete and current compendiumon reptilian evolution and diversity to date . . . Few (if any) are better suited to have written this volume than Sues. His impressive research record over the past 40 years has dealt directly with many of the taxonomic groups in this volume, including (nonreptile) synapsids, parareptiles, sauropterygians, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs.—Jeremy B. Stout, Quarterly Review of BiologyThe Rise of Reptiles will become a classic in its own time, supplanting Colbert (1945), Romer (1966), Carroll (1988), and all previous syntheses of vertebrate paleontology. Sues indisputably joins them as a leader in their ranks with this landmark book on reptile phylogeny and evolution. Every professional herpetologist and paleontologist should have a copy on their shelf within easy reach.—J. Whitfield Gibbons, CopeiaTable of ContentsPrefaceOutline Classification1 Introduction2 Amniotes and Reptiles3 Parareptilia: A Group of Their Own4 Basal Eureptilia and Diapsida: Early Evolution of Modern Reptiles5 Testudinata: Turtles and Their Stem-Taxa6 Sauropterygia, Ichthyosauromorpha, and Related Reptiles: The Early Mesozoic Invasion of the Sea7 Lepidosauromorpha: Rhynchocephalians, Squamates, and Their Relatives8 Archosauromorpha: The Ruling Reptiles and Their Relatives9 Pseudosuchia: Crocodile-Line Archosaurs10 Avemetatarsalia: Bird-Line Archosaurs Excluding Dinosaurs11 Dinosauria I: Saurischia12 Dinosauria II: Ornithischia13 A Brief History of Reptiles14 The Future of ReptilesGlossaryReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisThe definitive field guide to the magnificent wildflowers of the Adirondacks. Covering more than six million acres of protected wilderness, the Adirondacks, with their landscape of high peaks, verdant wetlands, majestic trees, and lush carpets of flowers, is a pristine paradise for nature lovers. The only available identification guide to the Adirondack region's wildflowers, this comprehensive resource is packed with more than 300 gorgeous color images, one to represent almost every flower commonly found in this huge range. Revealing the stunning diversity of Adirondack wildflowers, from goldenrod and marsh blue violet to cattails and hellebore, the book includes detailed botanical species accounts, arranged by flower color images of each flower that highlight key features for easy ID information about each species' natural history descriptions of the region's upland, wetland, and aquatic habitats a special section on the nearly 40 terrestrial orchid species found in the AdirondacksTrade ReviewI can't remember a book making me so eager for spring. Others may have given me the feel of that swift, sweet season, but none has given me so much to do when it arrives . . . The book's layout and typography are simple and elegant, and its photos are beautiful — many of them exceedingly so . . . [Wildflowers of the Adirondacks] also has an intangible quality I don't get from many other guidebooks: Somehow it motivates me to get out and use it.—Peter Crowley, Adirondack Daily EnterpriseTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionGeneral Plant Community Types in the AdirondacksOverview to Special Groups of Adirondack WildflowersSpecies Accounts (by Predominant Flower Color)ReferencesIndex to Species Descriptions

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative guide to quantitative methods that will help wildlife scientists improve analysis and decision-making.Over the past fifty years, wildlife science has become increasingly quantitative. But to wildlife scientists, many of whom have not been formally trained as biometricians, computer modelers, or mathematicians, the wide array of available techniques for analyzing wildlife populations and habitats can be overwhelming. This practical book aims to help students and professionals alike understand how to use quantitative methods to inform their work in the field. Covering the most widely used contemporary approaches to the analysis of wildlife populations and habitats, Quantitative Analyses in Wildlife Science is divided into five broad areas: general statistical methods demographic estimation dynamic process modeling analysis of spatially based data on animals and resources numerical methodsAddressing a vaTrade ReviewThis is primarily a book for students and working wildlife management professionals; however that is not to say that it is, or should be, outside the realm of consideration by those with a sincere interest in how wildlife researchers collect and interpret data. As so many aspects of contemporary wildlife conservation revolve around what the number are, how they were collected, and how they are interpreted, most anyone with a serious interest in wildlife conservation would do well to at least understand how the metaphorical sausage is made – even if they're not making it themselves. To that end, this is most certainly the book from which to best acquire such an understanding.—Johannes E. Riutta, The Well-Read NaturalistTable of ContentsList of ContributorsForeword, by R. J. GutiérrezPrefaceAcknowledgments1 IntroductionLeonard A. Brennan, Andrew N. Tri, and Bruce G. MarcotPART I GENERAL STATISTICAL METHODS2 Regression: Linear and Nonlinear, Parametricband NonparametricDavid B. Wester3 Multivariate Models and AnalysesErica F. Stuber, Christopher C. Chizinski, Jeffrey J. Lusk, and Joseph J. Fontaine4 Comparing Ecological ModelsMevin B. Hooten and Evan G. CoochPART II ESTIMATION OF ABUNDANCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS5 Estimation of Population Parameters Using Marked AnimalsGary C. White6 Distance SamplingStephen T. Buckland, David L. Miller, and Eric Rexstad7 Occupancy Modeling ApplicationsChris Sutherland and Daniel W. LindenPART III DYNAMIC MODELING OF PROCESSES8 Analysis of Population Monitoring DataJamie S. Sanderlin, Michael L. Morrison, and William M. Block9 Systems Analysis and SimulationStephen J. Demaso and Joseph P. Sands10 Applications of Individual-Based ModelsJulie A. Heinrichs and Bruce G. Marcot11 Detecting and Analyzing Density DependenceZachary S. Ladin and Christopher K. WilliamsPART IV ANALYSIS OF SPATIALLY BASED DATA ON ANIMALS AND RESOURCES12 Resource Selection AnalysisJulianna M. A. Jenkins, Damon B. Lesmeister, and Raymond J. Davis13 Spatial Statistics in Wildlife ResearchAndrew N. TriPART V NUMERICAL METHODS14 Bayesian Analysis of Molecular Genetics DataDamon L. Williford and Randy W. Deyoung15 Machine Learning, Random Forests, and Boosted Regression TreesJane Elith16 Causal Modeling and the Role of Expert KnowledgeBruce G. Marcot17 Summary and Synthesis: Looking to the FutureAndrew N. Tri, Bruce G. Marcot, and Leonard A. BrennanIndex

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Book SynopsisThe foremost experts on the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation come together to discuss its role in the rescue, recovery, and future of our wildlife resources. At the end of the nineteenth century, North America suffered a catastrophic loss of wildlife driven by unbridled resource extraction, market hunting, and unrelenting subsistence killing. This crisis led powerful political forces in the United States and Canada to collaborate in the hopes of reversing the process, not merely halting the extinctions but returning wildlife to abundance. While there was great understanding of how to manage wildlife in Europe, where wildlife management was an old, mature profession, Continental methods depended on social values often unacceptable to North Americans. Even Canada, a loyal colony of England, abandoned wildlife management as practiced in the mother country and joined forces with like-minded Americans to develop a revolutionary system of wildlife conservation. In time, and suTrade ReviewThis new book offers a wealth of valuable [and] accessible information about how North American wildlife has been and is presently managed. Indeed, all those who hold an interest in North American lands and the wide range of wildlife species living thereupon would be very much benefited from discovering for themselves just how those who hold responsibility for these species think about them, what their goals for them are, and how they go about their respective work.—Johannes E. Riutta, The Well-Read NaturalistTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsAbout the Contributors1 The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation: Setting the Stage for EvaluationShane P. Mahoney, Valerius Geist, and Paul R. Krausman2 North American Ecological History as the Foundation of the ModelValerius Geist and Shane P. Mahoney3 The Social Context for the Emergence of the North American ModelJohn Sandlos4 The Great Early ChampionsJames Peek5 Critical Legislative and Institutional Underpinnings of the North American ModelJames L. Cummins6 The Landscape Conservation MovementWilliam Porter and Kathryn Frens7 Hunting and Vested Interests as the Spine of the North American ModelJames R. Heffelfinger and Shane P. Mahoney8 Science and the North American Model: Edifice of Knowledge, Exemplar for ConservationJames A. Schaefer9 North American Waterfowl Management:An Example of a Highly Effective International Treaty Arrangement for Wildlife ConservationShane P. Mahoney10 Private-Public Collaboration and Institutional Successes in North American ConservationJohn F. Organ11 Social, Economic, and Ecological Challenges to the North American Model of Wildlife ConservationLeonard A. Brennan, David G. Hewitt, and Shane P. Mahoney12 A Comparison of the North American Model to Other Conservation ApproachesRosie Cooney13 The Model in Transition: From Proactive Leadership to Reactive ConservationShane P. MahoneyIndex

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Book SynopsisA look at how wildlife professionals can modernize their approaches to habitat and population management with a fresh take on animal ecology. How can we maximize the probability that a species of wild animal will persist into the future? This audacious book proposes that advancing animal ecologyand conservation itselfdemands that we reenvision our basic understanding of how animals interact with their environments and with each other. Synthesizing where we are and where we need to go with our studies of animals and their environs, Foundations for Advancing Animal Ecology asserts that studies of animal ecology should begin with a focus on the behaviors and characteristics of individual organisms. The book examines the limitations of classic approaches to the study of animal ecology how organisms organize into collections, such as breeding pairs, flocks, and herds how the broader biotic and abiotic environment shapes animal populations, communities, and ecosystems factors underlying thTable of ContentsPreface About the Authors Chapter 1. Operating Concepts for Animal Ecology Chapter 2. The Study of Habitat: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective Chapter 3. Heterogeneity and Disturbance Chapter 4. The Evolutionary Perspective: Linking Habitat to Population Chapter 5. Species Occurrence in Time and Space: Synthesis and Advancement Chapter 6. Managing Wild Animal Populations and Habitats in an Evolutionary and Ecosystem Context Chapter 7. Putting Concepts into Practice: Guidelines for Developing Study Plans Index

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Book SynopsisThe first book dedicated to describing the hydrology of water flow in lake systems, geared for limnologists and students of hydrology. With fresh water becoming a critical issue around the world, lake mass balancethe hydrology or water movement in lakesis increasingly important to environmental studies and remediation projects. Unfortunately, lake hydrology is often only briefly covered in broader texts on hydrogeology and hydrology or is confined to specialized research papers. Lake Hydrology rigorously describes the hydrology of flow into and out of lake systems. Explaining the physical parameters that influence lake behavior, as well as the mathematics that describes these systems, this in-depth book fills an important niche in the literature of watershed science. This text describes the physical structure and nature of drainage basins and explains the origin and classification of lakes explores the hydrology of lake mass balance and storage as it pertains to lake stage, groundwatTable of ContentsPreface AcknowledgmentsChapter 1. Introduction1.1. Limnology1.2. Dimensions, Units, Measurements, and Mathematical Conventions1.3. Dimensional Analysis1.4. Spatial Coordinates1.5. Mathematics and StatisticsChapter 2. Water and the Hydrologic Cycle2.1. Water and Its Properties2.2. The Hydrologic Cycle2.3. Mass Balance of WaterChapter 3. Drainage Basins, Lentic Systems, Lake Morphometry, and Lake Volume3.1. Drainage Basins3.2. Lentic Systems3.3. Solar Radiation3.4. Lake Morphometry3.5. Lake Volume or StorageCase Study 3.1. City of Winters, Texas, Elm Creek Dam and Reservoir3.6. SummaryChapter 4. Evapotranspiration4.1. Introduction4.2. Evaporation4.3. Transpiration4.3.1. Xylem Transport4.4. Molecular Movement of Water4.5. Estimates of Evapotranspiration4.6. SummaryChapter 5. Rainfall and Surface Flow to Lakes5.1. Introduction5.2. Precipitation5.3. Measuring PrecipitationCase Study 5.1. Hastings, Nebraska, Isohyetal MapCase Study 5.2. Hastings, Nebraska, Thiessen PolygonCase Study 5.3. Stanley River Catchment, Queensland, Australia5.4. Presentation of Rainfall DataChapter 6. Stormwater Flow6.1. Introduction6.2. Variable Source Areas6.3. Storm Runoff and Baseflow6.4. Separation of Baseflow and QuickflowCase Study 6.1. Little Bighorn River Groundwater RechargeCase Study 6.2. Indirect Groundwater Discharge to the Great Lakes Using Hydrograph Separation6.5. Losses 6.6. Urban Runoff and Consumptive UseCase Study 6.3. Impacts of Water Development on Great Salt Lake and the Wasatch Front6.6.3. Implications6.7. SummaryChapter 7: Methods for Estimating Storm Runoff7.1. Introduction7.2. Characterizing Rainfall Events7.3. Runoff Models for Small- to Medium-Sized CatchmentsCase Study 7.1. Stormwater Runoff Assessment Using Rational MethodCase Study 7.2. Stormwater Runoff Assessment Using Soil Conservation Service Method7.4. Hydrographs7.6. SummaryChapter 8. Streamflow to Lakes8.1. Introduction8.2. Velocity Distribution and Uniform Flow within Stream Channels8.3. Calculating Channel Flow8.4. Streamflow Hydrographs and Field Measurements for Determining StreamflowChapter 9. Groundwater Flow9.1. Introduction9.2. Groundwater Systems9.3. Groundwater Hydraulics9.4. Fluids in Motion: Laminar and Turbulent Flow9.5. Molecular Attraction, Fluid Viscosity, Friction, Head Loss, and Laminar Flow9.6. Darcy's Law9.7. Hydraulic Head and Hubbert's Classic Treatise on Fluid Potential9.8. Head Loss9.9. Hydraulic Properties of a Porous Medium9.10. Continuum Concept and Representative Elementary Volume9.11. Hydraulic Gradients, Boundary-Value Problem, and Direction of Flow9.12. Field Mapping Equipotential Lines and Flow Nets9.13. SummaryChapter 10. Lake Seepage10.1. Introduction10.2. General Lake-Groundwater Interactions10.3. Determining Seepage10.4. Seepage and Average Linear Velocity10.5. Construction and Placement of Seepage MetersCase Study 10.1. Methods for Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity at Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida10.6. Lake Bottom and Hydraulic Conductivity HeterogeneitiesCase Study 10.2. Hypsometric Effects and Lake Bottom Hydraulic Conductivity Modeling of Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida10.7. Ecological Indicators of Lake Seepage10.8. SummaryChapter 11. An Overview of Lake Hydrology Modeling, Lake Mass Balance, and Hypsometry11.1. Systems11.2. Model Process11.3. Model TypesCase Study 11.1. Lake Mass Balance and HypsometryCase Study 11.2. Numerical Simulation Analyses of Lake-Groundwater InteractionCase Study 11.3: Polynomial Regression Seepage Model of Lake Jackson, Leon County, FloridaCase Study 11.4. Seepage Modeling of Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida11.4. Development of a Model11.5. Model Selection, Validation, Calibration, and Documentation11.6. SummaryAppendixReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisA riveting story of environmental disaster and political intrigue, Moving Water exposes how Florida's clean water is threatened by dirty power players and the sugar cane industry. Only a century ago, nearly all of South Florida was under water. The Everglades, one of the largest wetlands in the world, was a watery arc extending over 3 million acres. Today, that wetland ecosystem is half of its former self, supplanted by housing for the region's exploding population and over 700,000 acres of crops, including the nation's largest supply of sugar cane. Countless canals, dams, and pump stations keep the trickle flowing, but rarely address the cascade of environmental consequences, including dangerous threats to a crucial drinking water source for a full third of Florida's residents. In Moving Water, environmental journalist Amy Green explores the story of unlikely conservation heroes George and Mary Barley, wealthy real estate developers and champions of the Everglades, whose complicatedTable of ContentsAbout This BookIntroductionChapter 1. George Barley's BirthdayChapter 2. The Big PictureChapter 3. Big SugarChapter 4. The Politics of WaterChapter 5. The Campaign BeginsChapter 6. The BarleysChapter 7. The FanjulsChapter 8. Big Special InterestsChapter 9. The Plane CrashChapter 10. Toleration and ProcessChapter 11. The Campaign ResumesChapter 12. The FinancierChapter 13. A Big LawChapter 14. The Politics of ScienceChapter 15. Running for OfficeChapter 16. A Big DealChapter 17. Today's Big PictureChapter 18. The ReservoirChapter 19. What Is Restoration?Chapter 20. Looking-Glass WaterAcknowledgmentsTime LineNote on SourcesIndex

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Book SynopsisExploring the potential for extraterrestrial life and the origins of our own planet, this comprehensive introduction to astrobiology is updated with the latest findings. Informed by the discoveries and analyses of extrasolar planets and the findings from recent robotic missions across the solar system, scientists are rapidly replacing centuries of speculation about potential extraterrestrial habitats with real knowledge about the possibility of life outside our own biosphereif it exists, and, if so, where. Casting new light on the biggest questions there arehow did we get here, and who else might be out there?this third edition of Kevin W. Plaxco and Michael Gross's widely acclaimed Astrobiology incorporates a decade's worth of new developments in space to bring readers the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and engaging introduction to the field available. Plaxco and Gross examine the factors that make our Universe habitable, from the origin of chemical elements and the formation of Trade ReviewI did not find a single page in this book that did not attract my interest.—Anna Faktorovich, Pennsylvania Literary JournalTable of ContentsPreface AcknowledgmentsChapter 1. What Is Life?Chapter 2. Origins of a Habitable UniverseChapter 3. Origins of a Habitable PlanetChapter 4. Primordial SoupChapter 5. The Spark of LifeChapter 6. From Molecules to CellsChapter 7. A Concise History of Life on EarthChapter 8. Life on the EdgeChapter 9. Habitable Worlds in the Solar System and BeyondChapter 10. The Search for ETEpilogueGlossaryIndex

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Book SynopsisA firsthand account of how a modest moth demonstrated Darwin's theory of natural selection. The extraordinary tale of the humble peppered moth is at the very foundation of our acceptance of Darwinian evolution. When scientists in the early twentieth century discovered that a British population of the small, speckled Biston betularia had become black over the course of mere decades in response to the Industrial Revolution's encroaching soot, the revelation cemented Darwin's theory of natural selection. This finding was the staple example of evolution in action until the turn of the millennium, when proponents of Creationism fomented doubts about the legitimacy of early experiments. In the midst of this upheaval, evolutionary biologist Bruce S. Grant and his contemporaries were determinedly building a dataset that would ultimately vindicate the theory of industrial melanism in the peppered moth and, by extension, the theory of natural selection itself. Observing Evolution tells the remTrade ReviewHighly recommended.—Malcolm Peaker, Zoology JottingsGrant's writing is accessible, his explanations of complex science easily digestible, and he is full of genuinely amusing stories. If you ever doubted the validity of this iconic example of rapid evolution, Observing Evolution will set you straight.—Natural History BookshopFor others who simply enjoy a good scientific detective story, this is among the best.—British Journal of Entomology and Natural HistoryIn this engaging book, Grant documents the places he went and the extraordinary people he met, on this quest to understand parts of the peppered moth story that did not quite add up.—James Mallet, Harvard University, EvolutionHighly recommended for all biology students, especially those interested in entomology and evolutionary biology...It's a real treat to read about some of the giants of entomological research.—Andrew Wakeham-Dawson, Entomologist's Monthly MagazineProvides a rare, unfiltered glimpse into what doing science is actually like....For Grant, the process of becoming an authority on peppered moths was a truly ground-up affair that began unplanned, with nothing more than a question. To begin working with Biston, he needed to step outside of what, at the time, was his well-defined scientific comfort zone of lab-based research....On a fundamental level, this book reveals that there's an art to doing science.—Richard Gawne, Tufts University, Journal of Experimental Zoology: Molecular and Developmental EvolutionFascinating...Grant's story is both personal and engaging...His book presents a validation of natural selection data plus a critical assessment of speculation over 50 years in a gripping personal science adventure story.—Stephen J. O'Brien, Journal of HeredityThis book chronicles Grant's efforts to wrestle with details of the operation of natural selection in wild populations of widely geographically separated species of the peppered moth....Grant is a good writer and a great storyteller....[He] is clearly devoted to the scientific process, and wide open to his research subjects showing him something completely unexpected.—The American Biology TeacherPerhaps what is most special about Grant's chronicle is the passion with which he writes about scientific practice. His love of biology shines through, and it is quite contagious.—History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences[Grant] beautifully describes how science works and what it is like to be a practicing evolutionary scientist. I recommend his book to all readers, but especially to students. I cannot think of another volume that might be as great an inspiration.—Douglas J. Futuyma, Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart I1. Passing the Baton2. Peppered Moths 1013. Catching Moths Using Light Traps4. Camouflage5. The Rest-Site Selection Controversy6. A Feeling for the Organism7. Elizabethan Moths8. Non-Random Rest-Site Selection in Captivity9. Life at Mountain Lake10. Travel ArrangementsPart II11. Wirral Welcome12. Coffee with the Clarkes13. Clockwork Orange14. Surface Reflectance15. How to Pick Up a Moth16. The Birch Moth17. Cultural Assimilation18. Caterpillars19. Long Season's End20. Yankees Go HomePart III21. From Field to Lab22. The Talk23. The Grand PubPart IV24. Summer School25. CoauthorsPart V26. Nihongo27. Gaijin28. Reception29. Around Town30. In The Field31. Tajima32. Fisheries Lab33. Hokkaido34. Tourists35. Nagano36. East Meets WestPart VI37. Serendipity38. Allelic Melanism39. Conspecific Pheromones40. Howard Hughes Lecture41. Mr. Parallel Evolution42. Aerogrammes43. Edwin S. George Reserve44. Farewell and Welcome45. Nature46. Round Two47. Oxfordshire48. New York Times49. Expanding Views50. EpilogueBibliography

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Book SynopsisIn this deep examination of functional morphology, a renowned paleoanthropologist offers a new way to investigate human evolution through the fossil record. It is common for two functional anatomists to examine the exact same fossil material, yet argue over its evolutionary significance. How can this be? Traditionally, paleoanthropology has interpreted hominin fossil morphology by first considering the ecological challenges hominins faced, then drawing adaptive inferences based on the idea that skeletal morphology is largely a reflection of paleoecology. In Functional Inference in Paleoanthropology, innovative paleoanthropologist David J. Daegling suggests that researchers can resolve dichotomous interpretations of the fossil record by instead focusing on the biology and development of the bones themselvessuch as measurable responses to deformations, stresses, and damage. Critically exploring how scientists probe and interpret fossil morphology for behavioral and adaptive inferences,Table of ContentsPrefaceChapter 1. Unresolved Problems in Human EvolutionChapter 2. Situating Functional Morphology in Evolutionary BiologyChapter 3. Approaches to Functional Inference in PaleoanthropologyChapter 4. BipedalityChapter 5. Hominin Dietary AdaptationsChapter 6. The Osteocyte Perspective on Human EvolutionChapter 7. Teleonomy RevisitedNotesReferencesIndex

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