Biology, life sciences Books
Johns Hopkins University Press Venomous Reptiles of the United States Canada and
Book SynopsisPresenting the latest research on venomous reptiles in the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico and featuring an extensive bibliography of literature on the subject, this volume contains a wealth of information for anyone with an interest in venom, snakes, or herpetology in general.Trade ReviewA well written and detailed reference book... covering topics of great interest to both reptile enthusiast and the professional herpetologist alike. -- Daniel P. Madigan, Indianapolis Zoo This book has more information on these reptiles than I have ever seen in a book. Carl Ernst and Evelyn Ernst were great in compiling the information to make this book into an amazing and informational read. I give this book 5 out of 5 stars. Cybertron Reviews These fascinating books cover all the venomous lizards and snakes... An essential purchase for academic and large public libraries, and a very worthwhile acquisition for smaller libraries. -- Frederic F. Burchsted American Reference Books Annual The second volume of the comprehensive herpetology reference Venomous Reptiles of the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexico is a 'must' recommendation for any college-level science holding serious about herpetology. Midwest Book Review Venomous Reptiles of the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexico: Crotalus, Volume 2 completes this invaluable reference work. It will be the standard reference for herpetologists, and a source of fascination for enthusiasts. -- Steven Winchell Reptilia This two-volume set is by far the most complete, thoroughly researched, and accurate work on North American venomous reptiles yet published... Essential. Choice Venomous Reptiles of the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexico represents the latest research on these animals and includes the most extensive bibliography of literature on the subject. Anyone with an interest in venom, snakes, or herpetology in general will find a wealth of information within the pages of these impressive volumes. Southeastern NaturalistTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionList of AbbreviationsVenomEnvenomation by North American ReptilesTreatment of Envenomation by ReptilesConservation of Venomous North American ReptilesIdentification of the Venomous Reptiles of Canada, the United States, and Northern MexicoKey to the Families of North American Venomous ReptilesHelodermatidae: Beaded Lizards and Gila MonstersHeloderma horridum, Beaded LizardHeloderma suspectum, Gila MonsterElapidae: Elapid SnakesMicruroides euryxanthus, Western CoralsnakeMicrurus distans, West Mexican CoralsnakeMicrurus fulvius, Harlequin CoralsnakeMicrurus tener, Texas CoralsnakePelamis platura, Yellow-bellied SeasnakeViperidae: Viperid SnakesAgkistrodon bilineatus, CantilAgkistrodon contortrix, CopperheadAgkistrodon piscivorus, CottonmouthAgkistrodon taylori, Taylor's CantilSistrurus catenatus, MassasaugaSistrurus miliarius, Pygmy RattlesnakeGlossary of Scientific NamesBibliographyIndex to Common and Scientific Names
£68.00
Johns Hopkins University Press Frogs
Book SynopsisPacked with facts and featuring two color galleries and 70 black-and-white photographs, Frogs: The Animal Answer Guide is sure to address the questions on the minds of curious naturalists.Trade ReviewA good general introduction to frogs. Birdbooker Report 2011Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Introducing FrogsWhat are frogs?What is the difference between frogs and toads?What other types of amphibians are there?Why are frogs important?Where do frogs live?How many kinds of frogs are there?How are frogs classified into groups?What are frogs' closest relatives?When did frogs evolve?What is the oldest fossil frog?2. Form and FunctionWhat are the largest and smallest living frogs?Why do so many frogs have long legs?Are frogs slimy?Are some frogs poisonous?Why do toads have so many bumps?Why is a frog's metabolism important?Do frogs have teeth?Do frogs sleep?Do frogs have ears and can they hear?How far can frogs jump?Can frogs climb?Can all frogs swim?Can frogs breathe under water?What is the sac under the frog's throat?3. Frog ColorsWhy are frogs colored the way they are?What causes the different skin colors of frogs?What color are a frog's eyes?Do a frog's colors change as they grow?Do a frog's colors change under different conditions?Do all individuals of a single frog species look the same?4. Frog BehaviorWhy do frogs make noise?How do frogs make sounds?Can frogs change their calls?Do all frogs make sounds?Are frogs social?Do frogs fight?Do any frogs fly or glide?How do some frogs stick to walls?How smart are frogs?Do frogs play?How do frogs defend themselves?Do any frogs bite to defend themselves?5. Frog EcologuWhich geographic regions have the most species of frogs?What types of frogs live in rain forests?What types of frogs live in deserts?Why do so few frogs live in large lakes?Do any frogs live in salt water?Do frogs migrate?How do frogs survive the winter?How do frogs survive droughts?Do frogs have enemies?How do frogs avoid predators?Do frogs get sick?How can you tell if a frog is sick?Are frogs good for the environment?6. Reproduction and DevelopmentHow do frogs reproduce?Do all frogs lay eggs?How many eggs do frogs lay?Where do frogs lay their eggs?How do frogs protect their eggs?Do frogs care for their young?Why do some frogs lay their eggs in strange places?Do all frogs have a tadpole stage?How many baby frogs grow to be adults?How fast do frogs grow?How is the sex of a frog determined during development?How can someone tell a frog's sex?How can you tell the age of a frog?How long do frogs live?7. Food and FeedingWhat do frogs eat?Do frogs chew their food?Why do some frogs have such long tongues?How do frogs find food?Do frogs drink water?How do desert frogs keep from drying out?What do tadpoles eat?Why do tadpoles of some species eat their siblings?8. Frogs and HumansDo frogs make good pets?Where can I get a pet frog?How do you take care of a pet frog?Are any species of frogs dangerous to humans?Do frogs feel pain?Why do toads urinate on people when they are picked up?How can I see frogs in the wild?9. Frog Problems (from a human viewpoint)Why should people care about frogs?Are frogs pests?Do frogs have diseases and are they contagious to humans?Is it safe to eat frogs?Are frogs raised by humans for food?Can a person get high from licking or smoking a toad?Can toads cause warts in humans?How can frogs be used in research?10. Human Problems (from a frog's viewpoint)Are any frogs endangered?Why are frog populations declining?Why are frogs disappearing from some parts of the world but not others?Are frogs affected by climate change?Are frogs affected by pollution?Are diseases causing frog populations to disappear?Why do some frogs have extra legs?How do roads affect frogs?Why are there no frogs living in the wetland or stream behind my house?What can an ordinary citizen do to help frogs?11. Frogs in Stories and LiteratureWhat roles do frogs play in religion and mythology?What do frogs have to do with fiction or fairy tales?What roles do frogs play in native cultures?What roles do frogs play in modern or popular culture?What roles have frogs played in poetry and otherliterature?12. "Frogology"Who studies frogs?Why do scientists study frogs?How do scientists study frogs?Which species are best known?Which species are least known?How do scientists tell frogs apart?Why do the scientific names and classification of frogs change frequently?Appendix A: Synonyms of Frog Scientific NamesAppendix B: Resources, Organizations, and Societies for Frog and Toad ConservationBibliographyIndex
£41.50
Johns Hopkins University Press Unbiased Stereology A Concise Guide
Book SynopsisThose new to bioscience research as well as experienced practitioners will find that Mouton's explanations are the perfect companion for stereology courses and workshops.Trade Review"An excellent textbook for practical applications of the theoretically rigorous methods of state-of-art unbiased stereology." (Arun M. Gokhale, Georgia Institute of Technology)"Table of ContentsPreface1. Elias Coins A Word2. Solid 3D Objects3. Regional Volume Estimation4. Area Estimation by Point Counting5. Probe Object Intersections6. Volume by Cavalieri Point Counting7. Accuracy and Precision8. From 2D to 3D9. Surface Area and Length10. Total Object Number11. Rare Events12. Local Size Estimators13. Do More, Less Well14. Uncertainty15. Computerized Stereology Systems16. A Survey of Tissue17. Peer Review ConsiderationsAppendix: Conceptual Framework for Organic StereologyGlossaryBibliographyIndex
£41.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Breeding for Fruit Quality
Book SynopsisThe global demand for high quality fruits that are rich in nutrients and that can endure the demands of worldwide supply chains is growing rapidly. Fruits are an important component of the human diet, providing vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber. All of these qualities contribute to the nutritional needs and health maintenance of humans.Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xv Section I Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Biological Basis of Fruit Quality 5 Harold C. Passam, Ioannis C. Karapanos, and Alexios A. Alexopoulos Introduction 5 Fruit Quality 5 Fruit Constituents and Their Contribution to the Human Diet 6 Fruit Metabolism during Fruit Development, Maturation, and Ripening 12 Cell Wall Metabolism and Fruit Texture 19 The Metabolism of Volatiles that Contribute to Fruit Aroma 22 Pigment Metabolism and Fruit Color Changes 24 Respiration in Relation to Fruit Metabolism and Ripening 26 The Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening and Quality 27 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 29 References 30 Section II Strategies for Improving Specific Fruit Quality Traits 39 Chapter 2 Fruit Organoleptic Properties and Potential for Their Genetic Improvement 41 Detlef Ulrich and Klaus Olbricht Introduction 41 Fruit Organoleptic Properties 42 Organoleptic Properties during Domestication and Breeding 46 Flavor Diversity 48 Breeding for Flavor 50 References 56 Chapter 3 Breeding for Fruit Nutritional and Nutraceutical Quality 61 Jacopo Diamanti, Maurizio Battino, and Bruno Mezzetti Introduction 61 The Effect of Environment and Cultivation Factors on Fruit Nutritional and Nutraceutical Quality 62 The Effect of Genotype on Fruit Nutritional and Nutraceutical Quality 63 Breeding for Fruit Nutritional and Nutraceutical Quality 64 Breeding Selection Strategies and Parameters for Nutritional and Nutraceutical Quality 66 Means to Avoiding Potential Allergens 71 Combining Breeding and Biotechnology for Improving Fruit Quality Fruit Nutrition and Beneficial Phytochemicals 74 Conclusion 75 References 76 Chapter 4 Fruit Shelf Life and Potential for Its Genetic Improvement 81 José A. Mercado, Fernando Pliego-Alfaro, and Miguel A. Quesada Introduction 81 Cell Wall Composition and Structure 82 Cell Wall Disassembly Is the Major Determinant Factor of Fruit Shelf Life 84 Cell Wall Modifying Genes and Activities 88 Role of Turgor in Fruit Softening 96 Conclusion 97 References 97 Chapter 5 Breeding of Hypoallergenic Fruits 105 Zhong-shan Gao and Luud J.W.J. Gilissen Introduction to Fruit Allergy 105 Fruit Allergens 109 Expression of Putative Allergen Genes 114 Selection of Hypoallergenic Variety 115 Genetic Modification 118 References 122 Chapter 6 Impact of Breeding and Yield on Fruit, Vegetable, and Grain Nutrient Content 127 Donald R. Davis Introduction 127 Increasing Yield of Fruits and Vegetables 127 Evidence for Declining Nutrient Concentrations 132 The Effects of Hybridization on Yields and Nutrient Concentrations 142 Discussion 145 References 148 Chapter 7 Transgenic Approaches to Improve Fruit Quality 151 Yuepeng Han and Schuyler S. Korban Introduction 151 Improvement of Fruit Taste 151 Modification of Phytonutrients Carotenoids and Flavonoids 154 Inhibition of Enzymatic Browning 158 Genetic Engineering for Seedlessness 159 Improvement of Firmness and Texture 161 Modulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Ripening 163 Modulating Interaction between Fruits and Microorganisms 165 Conclusion 166 References 166 Section III Improving the Quality of Specific Fruits 173 Chapter 8 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Apple 175 Hiroshi Iwanami Introduction 175 Early Improvement and Genetic Study of the Apple 175 Challenge to Improve Fruit Quality 176 Appearance of Fruit 180 Eating Quality 185 Keeping Quality 190 Issues with Breeding for Fruit Quality 196 Conclusion 196 References 197 Chapter 9 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Prunus 201 Rodrigo Infante, Pedro Martínez-Gómez, and Stefano Predieri Introduction 201 Fruit Quality 202 Quality Characteristics of Stone Fruits 208 Classical Breeding 213 Inheritance of Quality Fruit Traits 214 Molecular Breeding 216 References 222 Chapter 10 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Strawberry 231 Jeremy A. Pattison Introduction 231 Sources of Variation and Genetic Improvement Strategies for Fruit Quality Traits 237 Conclusion 242 References 243 Chapter 11 Molecular Breeding of Grapevine for Aromatic Quality and Other Traits Relevant to Viticulture 247 Francesco Emanuelli, Juri Battilana, Laura Costantini, and M. Stella Grando Introduction 247 The Characteristic Aroma of Muscat Varieties 248 Several Steps of Monoterpenoids Biosynthesis Need Further Investigations 249 QTL Analysis Clarifies Genetic Architecture of Mucat Flavor 250 The Traits of DXS 252 Association Mapping: A Modern Tool 253 Conclusion 256 References 256 Chapter 12 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Melon 261 Juan Pablo Fernández-Trujillo, Belén Picó, Jordi Garcia-Mas, Jose María Álvarez, and Antonio J. Monforte Introduction 261 Origin and Subspecific Classification 261 Biotechnology Tools for the Study of Fruit Quality in Melon 265 Fruit Quality 266 Perspectives 273 References 274 Chapter 13 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Tomato 279 Mathilde Causse, Rebecca Stevens, Besma Ben Amor, Mireille Faurobert, and Stéphane Muños Introduction 279 Genetic Variability and Relationships between Quality Traits 280 QTL for Tomato Fruit Quality 282 MAS for Fruit Sensory Quality 284 Major Genes and Mutations Involved in Fruit Quality 284 Breeding for Nutritional Value 292 Conclusion 297 References 298 Chapter 14 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Pepper (Capsicum spp.) 307 Ilan Paran and Eli Fallik Introduction 307 Pepper Domestication 307 Fruit Morphology 308 Fruit Composition 311 Fruit Quality Disorders 313 Postharvest Fruit Quality 315 Classical Breeding for Quality 316 Use of Marker-Assisted Selection 317 Pepper Transgenics 317 Genetic and Genomic Resources 317 Future Breeding for Improved Fruit Quality 318 References 318 Chapter 15 The Time and Place for Fruit Quality in Olive Breeding 323 Luis Rallo, Milad El Riachy, and Pilar Rallo Introduction 323 The Building Blocks for Breeding: Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources 324 The Concept of Quality in Olive 330 Breeding Olives 335 Conclusion 340 References 341 Chapter 16 Breeding for Fruit Quality in Citrus 349 Ziniu Deng and Juan Xu Introduction 349 Fruit Coloration Improvement 349 Breeding for Seedless Fruits 354 Improving Internal Fruit Quality 362 Conclusion 364 References 365 Index 373 Color plate is located between pages 306 and 307.
£190.90
John Wiley and Sons Ltd The Science of Meat Quality
Book SynopsisMeat has been a long sought after source of nutrients in human diets. Its nutrient-dense composition of protein, fats, vitamins and minerals makes it an integral part to healthy and balanced diets.Table of ContentsContributors xv Chapter 1 Growth of Muscle from the Myoblast toWhole Muscle 1Terry Brandebourg Chapter 2 Animal Growth and Empty Body Composition 29Michael Dikeman Chapter 3 Muscle Structure and Cytoskeletal Proteins 49Chris R. Kerth Chapter 4 Muscle Metabolism and Contraction 65Chris R. Kerth Chapter 5 Converting Muscle to Meat: The Physiology of Rigor 79Kirk W. Braden Chapter 6 Meat Tenderness 99Chris R. Kerth Chapter 7 Water-Holding Capacity of Meat 119Jason K. Apple and Janeal W.S. Yancey Chapter 8 Lipids and Lipid Oxidation 147Kyle Willian Chapter 9 Meat Color 177Richard Mancini Chapter 10 Meat Cookery 199Clinton Rowe and Chris R. Kerth Chapter 12 Untrained Sensory Panels 215Patricia C. Curtis Chapter 13 Consumer Sensory Panels 233Ryan Cox Chapter 14 Preventing Foodborne Illness 249Michael A. Davis Index 283 A color plate section is located between pages 192 and 193.
£175.70
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Biocomplexity of PlantFungal Interactions
Book SynopsisPlants interact with a wide variety of organisms in their natural growing environments. Key amongst these relationships is the interplay between plants and diverse fungal species that impact plants in complex symbiotic, parasitic and pathogenic ways.Trade Review“This makes it easy for students or professional researchers to locate reliable, well-known works for their own study. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals.” (Choice, 1 November 2012) Table of ContentsContributors vii Introduction 1Darlene Southworth 1. Fungal Endophytes as a Driving Force in Land Plant Evolution: Evidence from the Fossil Record 5Michael Krings, Thomas N. Taylor, and Nora Dotzler 2. Molecular Interactions in Mycorrhizal Development 29Jonathan M. Plett and Francis Martin 3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Grassland Ecosystems 59R. Michael Miller, Gail W.T. Wilson, and Nancy C. Johnson 4. Mycorrhizal Networks and Seedling Establishment in Douglas-fir Forests 85Suzanne W. Simard 5. Biology of Mycoheterotrophic and Mixotrophic Plants 109Hugues B. Massicotte, R. Larry Peterson, Lewis H. Melville, and Daniel L. Luoma 6. Fungi and Leaf Surfaces 131Ryan W. Shepherd and George J. Wagner 7. Fungal Influence on Plant Tolerance to Stress 155Russell J. Rodriguez, Claire J. Woodward, and Regina S. Redman 8. Fungi, Plants, and Pollinators: Sex, Disease, and Deception 165Tobias J. Policha and Bitty A. Roy 9. Dynamic Interplay in a Multivariate World: Case Studies in Mycorrhizal and Endophytic Fungal Interactions with Herbivores 185Louis J. Lamit and Catherine A. Gehring 10. Defining Complex Interactions between Plants and Fungi 205Darlene Southworth Index 215
£190.90
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Bovine Genomics
Book SynopsisThe genetic information being unlocked by advances in genomic and high throughput technologies is rapidly revolutionizing our understanding of developmental processes in bovine species. This information is allowing researchers unprecedented insight into the genetic basis of key traits.Trade Review“As the book assumes a degree of prior understanding of the subject, it will be of particular interest to advanced students and researchers but, likewise, can provide a comprehensive overview for all those interested in the history and state of affairs in the understanding of the bovine genome and its application in breeding.” (International Journal of Dairy Technology, 3 August 2013) Table of ContentsList of Contributors Foreword Chapter 1. The Origins of Cattle Matthew D. Teasdale and Daniel G. Bradley Chapter 2. Mendelian Inheritance in Cattle Frank Nicholas Chapter 3. Genetics of Coat Color in Cattle Sheila M. Schmutz Chapter 4. From Quantitative Genetics to Quantitative Genomics: A Personal Odyssey Morris Soller Chapter 5. Cartography of the Bovine Genome James E. Womack Chapter 6. History of Linkage Mapping the Bovine Genome Stephanie D. McKay and Robert D. Schnabel Chapter 7. Bovine X and Y Chromosomes F. Abel Ponce de Le´on and Wansheng Liu Chapter 8. Cattle Comparative Genomics and Chromosomal Evolution Denis M. Larkin Chapter 9. Sequencing the Bovine Genome Kim Worley and Richard Gibbs Chapter 10. Bovine Genome Architecture David L. Adelson Chapter 11. Bovine Epigenetics and Epigenomics Xiuchun (Cindy) Tian Chapter 12. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Joel I. Weller Chapter 13. Genome-Wide Association Studies and Linkage Disequilibrium in Cattle M. E. Goddard and B. J. Hayes Chapter 14. Genomic Selection in Beef Cattle Jeremy F. Taylor, Stephanie D. McKay, Megan M. Rolf, Holly R. Ramey, Jared E. Decker, and Robert D. Schnabel Chapter 15. Impact of High-Throughput Genotyping and Sequencing on the Identification of Genes and Variants Underlying Phenotypic Variation in Domestic Cattle Michel Georges Index
£181.40
Garland Science The Biology of Cancer
Book Synopsis
£181.48
CRC Press Molecular Biology
Book SynopsisRecipient of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title (OAT) Award.Molecular Biology: Structure and Dynamics of Genomes and Proteomes illustrates the essential principles behind the transmission and expression of genetic information at the level of DNA, RNA, and proteins.This textbook emphasizes the experimental basis of discovery and the most recent advances in the field while presenting a structural, mechanistic understanding of molecular biology that is rigorous, yet concise. The text is written for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level courses in molecular biology.Molecular Biology: Structure and Dynamics of Genomes and Proteomes is additionally supported by the Garland Science Learning System. This homework platform is designed to evaluate and improve student performance and allows instructors to select assignments on specific topics and review the performance of the entire class, as well as individual stud
£82.99
University of Arizona Press The Colorado Plateau II
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£40.80
University of Arizona Press The Colorado Plateau III
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£40.80
MP - University Of Minnesota Press Northern Pike
Book SynopsisTrade Review"Rodney B. Pierce has successfully tackled the job of documenting Minnesota’s pike management history in the background of the most relevant science. This will be required reading for all the fish biologists who are involved in northern pike management." —Paul Cunningham, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources"Pierce blends interesting information about the ecology, history of fishing, and the historical and current management of northern pike. Avid fisherman will find it a delightful reading experience." —Bruce Vondracek, University of Minnesota Table of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsCounty Map of MinnesotaIntroduction: Minnesota’s Northern Pike Legacy1. The Ecology of Northern Pike2. Recreational and Commercial Fishing3. Conservation and Management of Northern Pike4. Sampling Northern Pike PopulationsClosing Thoughts about Pike Management in MinnesotaBibliographyIndex
£40.79
University of Alabama Press Nature Journal Gosse Nature Guides
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£27.54
The University of Alabama Press Frogs and Toads of Alabama
Book SynopsisThe most comprehensive taxonomy of the anuran fauna gathered since Robert H. Mount’s 1975 volume on the reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. This richly illustrated guide provides an up-to-date summary of the taxonomy and life history of both native frogs and toads and those introduced to the state.Trade Review“It has been over forty years since the previous scientific treatment of these animals in the state was published, Mount’s 1975 The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Numerous significant changes or advancements of knowledge in species distribution, conservation status, taxonomy, and natural history of Alabama herpetofauna have taken place since then, certainly enough to warrant the series of books that started with Turtles of Alabama and the more recently released Lizards and Snakes of Alabama. I have enjoyed both of those books and know they have been well received by others I’ve interacted with, and I have no doubt Frogs and Toads of Alabama will be too."—John B. Jensen, coeditor of Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia
£28.45
Quest Books,U.S. Gaias Hidden Life The Unseen Intelligence of
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£11.39
John Wiley & Sons Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the
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£45.12
John Wiley & Sons Common Insect and Mite Gall of Westren Oregon
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£13.49
John Wiley & Sons Oregon Viticulture
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£35.96
University of Chicago Press China Yunnan Southern Gaoligongshan
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£31.35
University of Chicago Press Bolivia Pando Federico Roman
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£31.45
Kales Press Coming to Life
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£13.99
University of Alaska Press A Coast Beyond Compare Coastal Geology and
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£37.11
Field Museum of Natural History,U.S. Colombia Bajo CaguanCaqueta Rapid Inventories
Book SynopsisIn April 2018, a large multidisciplinary team of geologists, biologists, social scientists, and local residents explored the rivers, forests, and human communities around the junction of the Caguán and Caquetá Rivers in the lowland Amazonian department of Caquetá, Colombia. Thisreport describes what is known to date about the region's geology, hydrology, and plant, fish,amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal communities, as well as the present-day and historical use of its rich natural resources by human communities. At the heart of the report is a series of recommendations for protecting this extraordinary landscape and the region'snatural resources in partnership with local campesino and indigenous residents. The text is in Spanish and English,with executive summaries in two dialects of the indigenous Murui Muina people.
£36.05
Penguin Books Ltd She Has Her Mothers Laugh
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£19.80
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Oxidative Stress in Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Book SynopsisThis volume presents a unique comparative treatment of the role oxidative stress plays in vertebrates and invertebrates in multiple organ systems with regards to cell death, development, aging, and human diseases, and anti-oxidant therapy. It offers comprehensive reviews of the current understanding of oxidative stress-mediated physiology and pathology as well as directions for future research. It also provides current information on the role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer mediated by oxidative stress.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui FOREWORD xiii Grace Y. Sun ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I OXIDATIVE STRESS IN VERTEBRATES 1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Brain: Signaling for Neural Cell Survival or Suicide 3 Akhlaq A. Farooqui 2 Free Radicals, Signal Transduction, and Human Disease 17 Klaudia Jomova and Marian Valko 3 Oxidative Stress and its Biochemical Consequences in Mitochondrial DNA Mutation-Associated Diseases: Implications of Redox Therapy for Mitochondrial Diseases 33 Shi-Bei Wu, Yu-Ting Wu, Yi-Shing Ma, and Yau-Huei Wei 4 Oxidative Stress in Kainic Acid Neurotoxicity: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Neurotraumatic and Neurodegenerative Diseases 51 Akhlaq A. Farooqui 5 Survival Strategy and Disease Pathogenesis According to the Nrf2-Small Maf Heterodimer 63 Masanobu Morita and Hozumi Motohashi 6 Caloric Restriction and Oxidative Stress 83 Jan Škrha 7 Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation 103 Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui 8 Neurosteroids in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Injury in Alzheimer Disease 117 Amandine Grimm, Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan, and Anne Eckert 9 Oxidative Stress in Adult Neurogenesis and in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease 129 Philippe Taupin 10 Oxidative Stress and Parkinson Disease 139 Kah-Leong Lim, Doyle Graham, and Xiao-Hui Ng 11 Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases 153 Michael E. Andrades and Rodrigo Lorenzi 12 Oxidative Stress and Aging: A Comparison between Vertebrates and Invertebrates 167 Syed Ibrahim Rizvi and Kanti Bhooshan Pandey 13 Oxidative Stress-Mediated Signaling Pathways by Environmental Stressors 175 Hideko Sone and Hiromi Akanuma 14 Selenoproteins in Cellular Redox Regulation and Signaling 195 Arjun V. Raman and Marla J. Berry 15 Antioxidant Therapy and its Effectiveness in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Disorders 209 Tommaso Iannitti and Beniamino Palmieri 16 The Protective Role of Grape Seed Polyphenols Against Oxidative Stress in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases 235 Giulio Maria Pasinetti 17 Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Propolis (Bee Glue) 245 Kandangath Raghavan Anilakumar, Farhath Khanum, and Amarinder Singh Bawa PART II OXIDATIVE STRESS IN INVERTEBRATES 18 Endocrine Control of Oxidative Stress in Insects 261 Natraj Krishnan and Dalibor Kodri´k 19 Oxidative Stress in the Airway System of the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster 271 Thomas Roeder 20 Molecular Mechanisms of Antioxidant Protective Processes in Honeybee Apis mellifera 279 Alexey G. Nikolenko, Elena S. Saltykova, and Louisa R. Gaifullina 21 Molecular Basis of Iron-induced Oxidative Stress in the Honeybee Brain: A Potential Model System of Olfactory Dysfunction in Neurological Diseases 295 Tahira Farooqui 22 Modulation of Oxidative Stress by Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling in Drosophila: Implications for Human Diseases 309 Gerasimos P. Sykiotis, M. Mahidur Rahman, and Dirk Bohmann 23 Orchestration of Oxidative Stress Responses in Drosophila melanogaster: A Promoter Analysis Study of Circadian Regulatory Motifs 327 Kuntol Rakshit and Natraj Krishnan 24 The Protective Role of Sestrins Against Chronic TOR Activation and Oxidative Stress 337 Jun Hee Lee and Ethan Bier 25 Current Advances in the Studies of Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Memory Impairment in C. elegans 347 Shin Murakami, Kelly Cabana, and Danielle Anderson 26 Oxidative Challenge and Redox Sensing in Mollusks: Effects of Natural and Anthropic Stressors 361 Julie Letendre, Franc¸ois Leboulenger, and Fabrice Durand 27 Perspective and Directions for Future Studies 377 Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui INDEX 385
£145.30
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes
Book SynopsisA unique and timely review of the emergence of eukaryotic virulence in fungi, oomycetes, and protozoa, as they affect both animals and plants Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes addresses new developments in defining the molecular basis of virulence in eukaryotic pathogens.Trade Review“It should be of interest to evolutionary biologists, medical microbiologists and plant pathologists at postdoctoral and faculty levels.” (Microbiology Today, 26 November 2012) Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I GENERAL OVERVIEWS 1 1 Population Genetics and Parasite Diversity 3Hsiao-Han Chang, Rachel F. Daniels, and Daniel L. Hartl 2 Evolution of Meiosis, Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction in Eukaryotic Microbes 17Wenjun Li, Elizabeth Savelkoul, Joseph Heitman, and John M. Logsdon, Jr. 3 Phylogenomic Analysis 44Andrew J. Roger, Martin Kolisko, and Alastair G. B. Simpson 4 Phylogenetics and Evolution of Virulence in the Kingdom Fungi 70Monica A. Garcia-Solache and Arturo Casadevall PART II POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES 91 5 Malaria: Host Range, Diversity, and Speciation 93Ananias A. Escalante and Francisco J. Ayala 6 From Population Genomics to Elucidated Traits in Plasmodium Falciparum 111Sarah K. Volkman, Daniel E. Neafsey, Stephen F. Schaffner, Pardis C. Sabeti, and Dyann F. Wirth 7 Selective Sweeps in Human Malaria Parasites 124Xin-zhuan Su and John C. Wootton 8 Evolution of Drug Resistance in Fungi 143Jessica A. Hill, Samantha J. Hoot, Theodore C. White, and Leah E. Cowen 9 Discovery of Extant Sexual Cycles in Human Pathogenic Fungi and Their Roles in the Generation of Diversity and Virulence 168Richard J. Bennett and Kirsten Nielsen 10 Worldwide Migrations, Host Shifts, and Reemergence of Phytophthora Infestans, the Plant Destroyer 192Jean Beagle Ristaino 11 Experimental and Natural Evolution of the Cryptococcus Neoformans and Cryptococcus Gattii Species Complex 208Alexander Idnurm and Jianping Xu 12 Population Genetics, Diversity, and Spread of Virulence in Toxoplasma Gondii 231Benjamin M. Rosenthal and James W. Ajioka PART III FORWARD AND REVERSE GENETIC SYSTEMS FOR DEFINING VIRULENCE 247 13 Genetic Crosses in Plasmodium Falciparum: Analysis of Drug Resistance 249John C. Tan and Michael T. Ferdig 14 Genetic Mapping of Virulence in Rodent Malarias 269Richard Carter and Richard Culleton 15 Genetic Mapping of Acute Virulence in Toxoplasma Gondii 285L. David Sibley and John C. Boothroyd 16 Virulence in African Trypanosomes: Genetic and Molecular Approaches 307Annette Macleod, Liam J. Morrison, and Andy Tait 17 The Evolution of Antigenic Variation in African Trypanosomes 324Andrew P. Jackson and J. David Barry 18 Antigenic Variation, Adherence, and Virulence in Malaria 338Joseph Smith and Kirk W. Deitsch 19 Invasion Ligand Diversity and Pathogenesis in Blood-Stage Malaria 362Manoj T. Duraisingh, Jeffrey D. Dvorin, and Peter R. Preiser PART IV COMPARATIVE "OMICS" APPROACHES TO DEFINING VIRULENCE 385 20 Evolution of Virulence in Oomycete Plant Pathogens 387Paul R. J. Birch, Mary E. Coates, and Jim L. Beynon 21 Evolution and Genomics of the Pathogenic Candida Species Complex 404Geraldine Butler, Michael Lorenz, and Neil A. R. Gow 22 Evolution of Entamoeba Histolytica Virulence 422Upinder Singh and Christopher D. Huston 23 Sex and Virulence in Basidiomycete Pathogens 437Guus Bakkeren, Emilia K. Kruzel, and Christina M. Hull 24 Emergence of the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis and Global Amphibian Declines 461Matthew C. Fisher, Jason E. Stajich, and Rhys A. Farrer 25 Impact of Horizontal Gene Transfer on Virulence of Fungal Pathogens of Plants 473Barbara J. Howlett and Richard P. Oliver 26 Evolution of Plant Pathogenicity in Fusarium Species 485Li-Jun Ma, H. Corby Kistler, and Martijn Rep 27 Genetic, Genomic, and Molecular Approaches to Define Virulence of Aspergillus Fumigatus 501Laetitia Muszkieta, William J. Steinbach, and Jean-Paul Latge 28 Cryptosporidium: Comparative Genomics and Pathogenesis 518Satomi Kato and Jessica C. Kissinger INDEX 545
£135.80
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Local Planning for Terror and Disaster
Book SynopsisLocal Planning for Terror and Disastergives voice to experts in key fields involved with local preparedness, assessing the quality of preparedness in each field, and offering directions for improvement.Introductory chapters provide overviews of terror medicine, security and communications, which are indispensable to successful preparedness, while subsequent chapters concentrate on a particular field and how responders from that field communicate and interact with others during and after an event.Thus, achapter by a physician discusses not only the doctor''s role but how that role is, or should be, coordinated with emergency medical technicians and police.Similarly, chaptersby law enforcement figures also review police responsibilities and interactions with nurses, EMTs, volunteers and other relevant responders. Developed from topics at recent Symposia on Terror Medicine and Security, Local Planning also encompassesaspects of emergency and disaster medicine, as well asTrade Review“In summary, this book is an excellent read and the way the various incidents and subsequent responses are recounted, one cannot help but to reevaluate how to plan for disasters and emergencies to be better prepared for not only realistic worst case events but also for the Black Swan.” (Journal of Chemical Health & Safety, 1 April 2013) “Local Planning for Terror and Disaster: From Bioterrorism to Earthquakes, is required reading for anyone involved in responding to Mass Casualty Events which means all of us, because we could all become first responders.”—Nancy Hartevelt Kobrin, PhD, familysecuritymatters.org "'Local Planning' may be among the most important books published this year. . . ."—Warren Boroson, newjerseynewsroom.com "Leonard Cole and Nancy Connell have produced an essential book, not just for counterterrorism and disaster preparedness professionals, but for each and every American. We can’t prevent disasters but we can mitigate them, and the key to mitigation is preparedness. I know of no better place to look for that key than in the pages of this book."—Clark Ervin, Former Inspector General, US Department of Homeland Security "A great read. At a time when funding for local preparedness efforts is waning, this book is a clarion call for reversing that trend. Leading experts and practitioners from across the preparedness spectrum provide vivid case studies and give valuable judgments about what matters most in responding to disasters and terrorism. Read it and be reminded how much depends on local response when catastrophe strikes." —Thomas Inglesby, MD, Director of the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC “This text is an excellent addition to the discipline of disaster management. It includes realistic case studies to introduce the diverse range of disaster and terror situations that medical, security, or other professionals should be prepared to address. Any disaster professional would benefit greatly from heeding its lessons.” —Jane Bullock, Former Chief of Staff, Federal Emergency Management Agency "This book provides a unique approach to the true interdisciplinary requirements for responses to terrorist and disaster events as it translates findings from case studies into actions needed for preparedness. Thus, it provides much needed information for the disciplines that comprise disaster medicine, including administration and security. It is an important read that will enhance our levels of preparedness." —Marvin Birnbaum, MD, PhD, Chair, Board of Directors, World Association for Disaster and Emergency MedicineTable of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS vii PROLOGUE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii PART I INTRODUCTION: THE KNOWN AND THE UNKNOWN 1 Preparedness, Uncertainty, and Terror Medicine 3Leonard A. Cole 2 Bioterrorism and the Communication of Uncertainty 17Leonard A. Cole, Laura H. Kahn, and Peter M. Sandman 3 Responding to Disaster and Terrorism: The Central Role of Communication 29Steven M. Becker PART II HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS 4 The Role of the Emergency Physician 47Emily G. Kidd, Donald H. Jenkins, and Craig A. Manifold 5 The Role of the Nurse 61Dian Dowling Evans, Samuel E. Shartar, and James W. Gordon 6 The Role of the Dentist 71David L. Glotzer 7 The Role of the Emergency Medical Technician 83Brendan McCluskey and Henry P. Cortacans 8 The Role of the Mental Health Professional 95Ann E. Norwood, Lisa M. Brown, and Gerard A. Jacobs PART III INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT 9 The Role of the Manager of Mass Casualty and Disaster Events 111Shmuel C. Shapira and Limor Aharonson-Daniel 10 The Role of Public Health 123Henry Falk and Isaac Ashkenazi 11 The Role of the Hospital Receiver 139Mark A. Merlin 12 Managing Traumatic Stress 153Steven M. Crimando PART IV SUPPORT AND SECURITY 13 The Role of the On-Scene Bystander and Survivor 165Bruria Adini 14 The Role of the Trained Volunteer 177Brenda D. Phillips, Njoki Mwarumba, and Debra Wagner 15 Bioterrorism, Biosecurity, and the Laboratory 189Nancy D. Connell and James Netterwald 16 The Role of the Law Enforcement Officer 201Graeme R. Newman and Ronald V. Clarke 17 A Model Case of Counterterrorism: Thwarting a Subway Bombing 215Joshua Sinai 18 The Newest Security Threat: Cyber-Conflict 227Panayotis A. Yannakogeorgos PART V CONCLUSION 19 Preparedness, Black Swans, and Salient Themes 241Nancy D. Connell and Leonard A. Cole Index 249
£91.15
John Wiley and Sons Ltd RibosomeInactivating Proteins
Book SynopsisThis important reference provides up-to-date information on all aspects of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs).Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi 1 Introduction and History 1 Fiorenzo Stirpe 2 Occurrence and Taxonomical Distribution of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins Belonging to the Ricin/Shiga Toxin Superfamily 11 Chenjing Shang, Willy J. Peumans, and Els J. M. Van Damme 3 Ribosome-inactivating Proteins from Phytolaccaceae 28 Augusto Parente, Angela Chambery, Antimo Di Maro, Rosita Russo, and Valeria Severino 4 Ribosome-inactivating Proteins in Caryophyllaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Euphorbiaceae 44 Tzi Bun Ng and Jack Ho Wong 5 Non-toxic Type 2 Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 67 Pilar Jiménez, Manuel José Gayoso, and Tomás Girbés 6 The Intracellular Journey of Type 2 Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 83 Robert A. Spooner and J. Michael Lord 7 Shiga Toxins: The Ribosome-inactivating Proteins from Pathogenic Bacteria 97 Maurizio Brigotti 8 The Structure and Action of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 111 Jon D. Robertus and Arthur F. Monzingo 9 Updated Model of the Molecular Evolution of RIP Genes 134 Willy J Peumans, Chenjing Shang, and Els J. M. Van Damme 10 Enzymology of the Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 151 Yaeta Endo 11 A Long Journey to the Cytosol: What do We Know about Entry of Type 1 RIPs Inside a Mammalian Cell? 161 Rodolfo Ippoliti and Maria Serena Fabbrini 12 Ribosome-inactivating Proteins: Pathology from Cells to Organs 178 Gareth D. Griffiths 13 Antiviral and Antifungal Properties of RIPs 198 Gabriela Krivdova, Kira C. M. Neller, Bijal A. Parikh, and Katalin A. Hudak 14 Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 212 Lúcia Rosane Bertholdo Vargas and Célia Regina Carlini 15 Immunology of RIPs and their Immunotoxins 223 Giulio Fracasso and Marco Colombatti 16 Ribosome-inactivating Proteins in Cancer Treatment 244 Douglas A. Lappi and Fiorenzo Stirpe 17 Nervous System Research with RIP Conjugates: From Determination of Function to Therapy 253 Douglas A. Lappi, Jack Feldman, Dale Sengelaub, and Jill McGaughy 18 Embryotoxic and Abortifacient Activities of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 270 Wood Yee Chan, Jack Ho Wong, and Tzi Bun Ng 19 The Potential for Misuse of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 281 Gareth D. Griffiths Index 287 Color plates appear between pages 116 and 117
£120.60
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation
Book SynopsisThe largest collection of basic, clinical, and applied knowledge on the chemical senses ever compiled in one volume, the third edition ofHandbook of Olfaction and Gustationencompass recent developments in all fields of chemosensory science, particularly the most recent advances in neurobiology, neuroscience, molecular biology, and modern functional imaging techniques. Divided into five main sections, the text covers the senses of smell and taste as well as sensory integration, industrial applications, and other chemosensory systems. This is essential reading for clinicians and academic researchers interested in basic and applied chemosensory perception.Table of ContentsForeword xiGordon M. Shepherd Preface xiiiRichard L. Doty Contributors xv Part 1 General Introduction 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 3Richard L. Doty Part 2 OlfactionOlfactory Anatomy and Neurobiology 2 Anatomy of the Nasal Passages in Mammals 39Timothy D. Smith, Thomas P. Eiting, and Kunwar P. Bhatnagar 3 Olfactory Mucosa: Composition, Enzymatic Localization, and Metabolism 63Xinxin Ding and Fang Xie 4 Development, Morphology, and Functional Anatomy of the Olfactory Epithelium 93John C. Dennis, Shelly Aono, Vitaly J. Vodyanoy, and Edward E. Morrison 5 Olfactory Receptor Function 109Keiichi Yoshikawa and Kazushige Touhara 6 Odorant Receptor Gene Regulation 123Akio Tsuboi and Hitoshi Sakano 7 Neurogenesis in the Adult Olfactory Epithelium 133Alan Mackay-Sim, James St John, and James E. Schwob 8 Anatomy and Neurobiology of the Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs 157Matthew Ennis and Timothy E. Holy 9 Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone and Migration to the Olfactory Bulb 183John W. Cave and Harriet Baker 10 Cortical Olfactory Anatomy and Physiology 209Donald A. Wilson, Julie Chapuis, and Regina M. Sullivan Part 3 Human Olfactory Measurement, Physiology, and Development 11 Psychophysical Measurement of Human Olfactory Function 227Richard L. Doty and David G. Laing 12 Electrophysiological Measurement of Olfactory Function 261Allen Osman and Jonathan Silas 13 Structural and Functional Imaging of the Human Olfactory System 279Jay A. Gottfried 14 Prenatal and Postnatal Human Olfactory Development: Influences on Cognition and Behavior 305Benoist Schaal 15 Olfactory Memory 337Theresa L. White, Per Møller, E. P. Köster, Howard Eichenbaum, and Christiane Linster Part 4 Clinical Applications and Perspectives 16 Nasal Patency and the Aerodynamics of Nasal Airflow in Relation to Olfactory Function 355Kai Zhao and Richard E. Frye 17 Clinical Disorders of Olfaction 375Richard L. Doty 18 Odor Perception and Neuropathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Schizophrenia 403Richard L. Doty, Christopher H. Hawkes, Kimberley P. Good, and John E. Duda 19 The Olfactory System as a Route of Delivery for Agents to the Brain and Circulation 453Mary Beth Genter, Mansi Krishan, and Rui Daniel Prediger 20 Influence of Toxins on Olfactory Function and their Potential Association with Neurodegenerative Disease 485Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas Part 5 Olfaction in Nonhuman Forms 21 Microbial Chemical Sensing 513Judith Van Houten 22 Olfaction in Insects 531Paul Szyszka and C. Giovanni Galizia 23 Olfaction in Aquatic Vertebrates 547Keith B. Tierney 24 The Chemistry of Avian Odors: An Introduction to Best Practices 565Gabrielle A. Nevitt and Paola A. Prada 25 Olfactory Communication in Rodents in Natural and Semi-Natural Habitats 579Daniel W. Wesson 26 Olfaction in the Order Carnivora: Family Canidae 591Peter Hepper and Deborah Wells 27 Olfaction in Nonhuman Primates 605Matthias Laska and Laura Teresa Hernandez Salazar Part 6 GustationTaste Anatomy and Neurobiology 28 The Role of Saliva in Taste Transduction 625Ryuji Matsuo and Guy H. Carpenter 29 Anatomy of the Tongue and Taste Buds 637Martin Witt and Klaus Reutter 30 Chemical Modulators of Taste 665John A. DeSimone, Grant E. Dubois, and Vijay Lyall 31 The Molecular Basis of Gustatory Transduction 685Steven D. Munger and Wolfgang Meyerhof 32 Central Taste Anatomy and Physiology of Rodents and Primates 701Thomas C. Pritchard and Patricia M. Di Lorenzo 33 Development of the Taste System 727Robin F. Krimm, Shoba Thirumangalathu, and Linda A. Barlow Part 7 Human Taste Measurement, Physiology, and Development 34 Psychophysical Measures of Human Oral Sensation 751Derek J. Snyder, Charles A. Sims, and Linda M. Bartoshuk 35 Mapping Brain Activity in Response to Taste Stimulation 775Dana M. Small and Annick Faurion 36 The Ontogeny of Taste Perception and Preference Throughout Childhood 795Catherine A. Forestell and Julie A. Mennella Part 8 Clinical Applications and Perspectives 37 Nutritional Implications of Taste and Smell Dysfunction 831Janice Lee, Robin M. Tucker, Sze Yen Tan, Cordelia A. Running, Joshua B. Jones, and Richard D. Mattes 38 Conditioned Taste Aversions 865Kathleen C. Chambers 39 Clinical Disorders Affecting Taste: An Update 887Steven M. Bromley and Richard L. Doty 40 Influence of Drugs on Taste Function 911Susan S. Schiffman Part 9 Taste in Nonhuman Species 41 Taste Processing in Insects 929John I. Glendinning 42 Taste in Aquatic Vertebrates 947Toshiaki J. Hara 43 Comparative Taste Biology with Special Focus on Birds and Reptiles 957Hannah M. Rowland, M. Rockwell Parker, Peihua Jiang, Danielle R. Reed, and Gary K. Beauchamp 44 Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in Macaques 983Thomas C. Pritchard and Thomas R. Scott Part 10 Central Integration of Olfaction, Taste, and the Other Senses 45 Chemosensory Integration and the Perception of Flavor 1007John Prescott and Richard Stevenson 46 Neural Integration of Taste, Smell, Oral Texture, and Visual Modalities 1027Edmund T. Rolls Part 11 Industrial Applications and Perspectives 47 Olfaction and Taste in the Food and Beverage Industries 1051Graham A. Bell and Wendy V. Parr 48 Olfaction and Gustation in the Flavor and Fragrance Industries 1067Benjamin Mattei, Arnaud Montet, and Matthias H. Tabert 49 The Smell and Taste of Public Drinking Water 1079Gary A. Burlingame and Richard L. Doty Part 12 Other Chemosensory Systems 50 Trigeminal Chemesthesis 1091J. Enrique Cometto-Mu˜niz and Christopher Simons 51 The Vomeronasal Organ 1113Lisa Stowers and Marc Spehr 52 The Septal Organ, Grueneberg Ganglion, and Terminal Nerve 1133Minghong Ma, Joerg Fleischer, Heinz Breer, and Heather Eisthen Author Index 1151 Subject Index 1197
£314.40
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Drugs of Abuse
Book SynopsisDrug abuse has been, and continues to be, a global societal issue with diverse sets of impacts. Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms introduces the basic principles of pharmacology and neuroscience of drug abuse. Understanding the chemistry of commonly abused drugs and their impact on brain function will provide students and researchers with a more profound understanding of the molecular basis of drug abuse and addiction. Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms opens with a brief history of drug use and abuse. Subsequent sections look at specific families of drugs, including stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens among others, and explore how their chemical make-up interacts with brain function. The final chapter provides a brief overview of clinical substance abuse treatment. Providing a concise, accessible introductory overview of the topic, Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms will be a valuablTrade Review“Overall, an excellent resource for understanding current information about drugs of abuse that will appeal to a wide audience. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Students of all levels, general readers, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 November 2014)Table of ContentsContributor List ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 Part I Stimulants 13 2 Biochemistry of Neurotransmission 15 3 Amphetamine and Amphetamine Analogs 33 4 Cocaine 65 Part II Depressants, Sedative Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics 75 5 Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates 77 Part III Dissociative Anesthetics 93 6 Phencyclidine and Ketamine 95 7 γ Hydroxybutyrate 105 Part IV Analgesics 115 8 Morphine and Morphine Analogs 117 Carlos Cepeda Part V Hallucinogens 135 9 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline 137 10 Marijuana 153 11 Inhalants and Miscellaneous Drugs 167 Part VI Recovery and Relapse 181 12 Treatment of Substance Dependency 183 Mark DeAntonio Index 189
£69.30
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Viral Infections and Global Change
Book SynopsisA timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections From massively destructive superstorms to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization posed by global warming.Trade Review“I learnt so much from the book and enjoyed reading it. It is definitely a welcome and timely addition to the biomedical literature.” (Microbiology Today, 1 August 2014) “The healthcare professionals and scientists best equipped to prevent an actual viral apocalypse will have Viral Infections and Global Change at hand, rather than a machete. Or maybe both.” (Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25 April 2014) Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii Contributors xxv About the Editor xxix Part I General aspects 1 1 Climate Change And Vector-Borne Viral Diseases 3 Ying Zhang, Alana Hansen, and Peng Bi 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Epidemiology of VVD 4 1.3 Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD 6 1.4 Invasion of nonzoonotic vvd to humans 14 1.5 Implications and recommendations for prevention and control 14 References 16 2 Impact Of Climate Change On Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystems 21 Walter J. Tabachnick and Jonathan F. Day 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 The complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems 24 2.3 West Nile virus 25 2.4 Dengue in Florida 28 2.5 Bluetongue 29 2.6 Conclusions 31 Acknowledgement 32 References 32 3 Influence Of Climate Change On Mosquito Development And Blood-Feeding Patterns 35 William E. Walton and William K. Reisen 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Mosquito development 37 3.3 Blood-feeding patterns 46 References 52 4 Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights Into Emergence Mechanisms 57 Aaron C. Brault and William K. Reisen 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 The changing environment 59 4.3 Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 62 4.4 Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and japanese encephalitis virus 63 4.5 Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile virus 66 4.6 Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus 70 4.7 Conclusions 71 References 71 5 The Socio-Ecology Of Viral Zoonotic Transfer 77 Jonathan D. Mayer and Sarah Paige 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Historical perspective 78 5.3 Human–animal interface 79 5.4 Surveillance 79 5.5 Deforestation and fragmentation 80 5.6 Urbanization 81 5.7 Examples 82 5.8 Conclusion 84 References 84 6 Human Behavior And The Epidemiology Of Viral Zoonoses 87 Satesh Bidaisee, Cheryl Cox Macpherson, and Calum N.L. Macpherson 6.1 Introduction 88 6.2 Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses 89 6.3 Viral zoonoses and human societal values 92 6.4 Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses 93 6.5 Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses 96 6.6 Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses 98 6.7 Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated viral zoonoses 101 6.8 The role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses 103 References 104 7 Global Trave l, Trade, And The Spread Of Viral Infections 111 Brian D. Gushulak and Douglas W. MacPherson 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Basic principles 113 7.3 An overview of population mobility 113 7.4 The dynamics of modern population mobility 114 7.5 Human population mobility and the spread of viruses 115 7.6 The biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 117 7.7 The demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 119 7.8 Potential impact of climate change 126 7.9 Conclusion 127 References 128 8 Effects Of Land-Use Changes And Agricultural Practices On The Emergence And Reemergence Of Human Viral Diseases 133 Kimberly Fornace, Marco Liverani, Jonathan Rushton, and Richard Coker 8.1 Introduction 134 8.2 Ecological and environmental changes 136 8.3 Agricultural change 139 8.4 Demographic changes 141 8.5 Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation 143 8.6 Conclusion 145 References 145 9 Animal Migration And Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 151 Diann J. Prosser, Jessica Nagel, and John Y. Takekawa 9.1 Introduction 152 9.2 Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread? 152 9.3 Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease 157 9.4 Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses 166 9.5 Shifts in timing of migration and range extents 166 9.6 Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration 167 9.7 Conclusions and future directions 169 Acknowledgements 170 References 170 10 Illegal Animal And (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 179 Christopher Kilonzo, Thomas J. Stopka, and Bruno Chomel 10.1 Introduction 180 10.2 Search strategy and selection criteria 180 10.3 The bushmeat trade 181 10.4 Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases 181 10.5 Risk factors and modes of transmission 183 10.6 Conservation and wildlife sustainability 184 10.7 Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of Hiv 185 10.8 Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets 186 10.9 Discussion and future directions 187 10.10 Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education techniques 187 10.11 New technologies 188 10.12 Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps 189 10.13 Conclusion 190 Conflicts of interest 190 References 190 11 Biological Significance Of Bats As A Natural Reservoir Of Emerging Viruses 195 Angela M. Bosco-Lauth and Richard A. Bowen 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Bats as exemplars of biodiversity 196 11.3 Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens 197 11.4 Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses 203 11.5 Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats 205 11.6 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Role And Strategies Of Surveillance Networks In Handling Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 213 Carlos Castillo-Salgado 12.1 Introduction 214 12.2 Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases 214 12.3 Recognized importance of public health surveillance 215 12.4 Definition and scope of public health surveillance 216 12.5 Key functions and uses of disease surveillance 217 12.6 New expansion of surveillance by the ihr-2005 218 12.7 Emergence of new global surveillance networks 218 12.8 Global influenza surveillance and who’s pandemic influenza preparedness framework 219 12.9 Early warning surveillance systems 220 12.10 Innovative approaches for surveillance 222 12.11 Electronic and web-based information platforms for information reporting, sharing, and dissemination 222 12.12 Real-time and near real-time information 223 12.13 New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious disease outbreaks 223 12.14 Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources 225 12.15 Incorporation of public–private partnerships in surveillance activities 226 12.16 Use of volunteer sentinel physicians 226 12.17 Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance 226 12.18 Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts 227 12.19 Challenges of viral and public health surveillance 228 References 229 13 Predictive Modeling Of Emerging Infections 233 Anna L. Buczak, Steven M. Babin, Brian H. Feighner, Phillip T. Koshute, and Sheri H. Lewis 13.1 Introduction 233 13.2 Types of models 234 13.3 Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction 235 13.4 Approaches to modeling and their evaluation 241 13.5 Examples of prediction models 244 13.6 Conclusion 250 References 250 14 Developments And Challenges In Diagnostic Virology 255 Luisa Barzon, Laura Squarzon, Monia Pacenti, and Giorgio Palù 14.1 Introduction 256 14.2 Preparedness 258 14.3 Challenges in diagnosis of emerging viral infections 259 14.4 Approaches to the diagnosis of emerging viral infections 260 14.5 Conclusions 267 Acknowledgement 268 References 268 15 Advances In Detecting And Responding To Threats From Bioterrorism And Emerging Viral Infections 275 Stephen A. Morse and Angela Weber 15.1 Introduction 276 15.2 Emerging, reemerging, and intentionally emerging diseases 276 15.3 Bioterrorism 278 15.4 Viruses as bioweapons 279 15.5 Impact of biotechnology 282 15.6 Deterrence, recognition, and response 284 15.7 Public health surveillance 288 15.8 Conclusion 291 References 291 16 Molecular And Evolutionary Mechanisms Of Viral Emergence 297 Juan Carlos Saiz, Francisco Sobrino, Noemí Sevilla, Verónica Martín, Celia Perales, and Esteban Domingo 16.1 Introduction: Biosphere and virosphere diversities 298 16.2 Virus variation as a factor in viral emergence: a role of complexity 299 16.3 High error rates originate quasispecies swarms 300 16.4 Evolutionary mechanisms that may participate in viral disease emergence 302 16.5 Ample genetic and host range variations of fmdv: a human epidemic to be? 304 16.6 The arbovirus host alternations: high exposure to environmental modifications 307 16.7 Arenaviruses: As an emerging threat 313 16.8 Conclusion 315 Acknowledgement 316 References 316 17 Drivers Of Emergence And Sources Of Future Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 327 Leslie A. Reperant and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus 17.1 Introduction 328 17.2 Prehistoric and historic unfolding of the drivers of disease emergence 329 17.3 Proximal drivers of disease emergence and sources of future emerging and reemerging viral infections 334 17.4 Further insights from the theory of island biogeography 338 References 339 18 Spillover Transmission And Emergence Of Viral Outbreaks In Humans 343 Sunit K. Singh 18.1 Introduction 343 18.2 Major anthropogenic factors responsible for spillover 344 18.3 Major viral factors playing a role in spillover 347 18.4 Intermediate hosts and species barriers in viral transmission 349 18.5 Conclusion 349 References 349 Part II Specific Infections 353 19 New, Emerging, And Reemerging Respiratory Viruses 355 Fleur M. Moesker, Pieter L.A. Fraaij, and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus 19.1 Introduction 356 19.2 Influenza viruses 359 19.3 Human metapneumovirus 362 19.4 Human coronaviruses: SARS and non-SARS 363 19.5 Human bocavirus 366 19.6 KI and WU polyomaviruses 367 19.7 Nipah and hendra viruses 368 19.8 Conclusion 369 19.9 List of abbreviations 369 References 370 20 Emergence Of Zoonotic Orthopox Virus Infections 377 Tomoki Yoshikawa, Masayuki Saijo, and Shigeru Morikawa 20.1 Smallpox, a representative orthopoxvirus infection: The eradicated non-zoonotic orthopoxvirus 377 20.2 Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses 379 Acknowledgement 387 References 387 21 Biological Aspects Of The Interspecies Transmission Of Selected Coronavi ruses 393 Anastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif 21.1 Introduction 393 21.2 Coronavirus classification and pathogenesis 397 21.3 Natural reservoirs and emergence of new coronaviruses 399 21.4 Alpha-, beta- and gamma coronaviruses: cross-species transmission 404 21.5 Anthropogenic factors and climate influence on coronavirus diversity and outbreaks 407 21.6 Conclusion 410 References 410 22 Impac t Of Environmental And Social Factors On Ross River Virus Outbreaks 419 Craig R. Williams and David O. Harley 22.1 Introduction 420 22.2 History of mosquito-borne epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in australia and the pacific 420 22.3 RRV transmission cycles have a variety of ecologies 421 22.4 Typical environmental determinants of RRV activity 422 22.5 Social determinants of RRV disease activity 423 22.6 A Conceptual framework for understanding the influence of environmental and social factors on RRV disease activity 423 22.7 Climate Change and RRV 427 22.8 Conclusion 427 Acknowledgement 428 References 428 23 Infection Patterns And Emergence Of O’nyong-Nyong Virus 433 Ann M. Powers 23.1 Introduction 433 23.2 History of outbreaks 434 23.3 Clinical manifestations 435 23.4 Epidemiology 435 23.5 Factors affecting emergence 437 23.6 Conclusion 440 References 441 24 Zoonotic Hepa titis E: Animal Reservoirs, Emerging Risks, And Impact Of Climate Change 445 Nicole Pavio and Jérôme Bouquet 24.1 Introduction 446 24.2 HEV biology and classification 446 24.3 Pathogenesis in humans 449 24.4 Animal Reservoirs 451 24.5 Zoonotic and Interspecies Transmission of HEV and HEV-like viruses 454 24.6 HEV in the environment 456 24.7 Climate change and impact on HEV exposure 457 24.8 Prevention 458 24.9 Conclusion 458 Acknowledgement 459 References 459 25 Impact Of Climate Change On Outbreaks Of Arenaviral Infections 467 James Christopher Clegg 25.1 Introduction 467 25.2 Natural history of arenaviruses 468 25.3 Predicted climate changes 470 25.4 Arenaviral diseases and climate change 471 References 473 26 Emerging And Reemerging Human Bunyavirus Infections And Climate Change 477 Laura J. Sutherland, Assaf Anyamba, and A. Desiree LaBeaud 26.1 Introduction 478 26.2 Bunyaviridae family 478 26.3 Climate Change and Bunyaviridae: Climatic influences on transmission cycles and subsequent risk for transmission of bunyaviruses 482 26.4 Disease spread due to growing geographic distribution of competent vectors 485 26.5 using climate as a means for outbreak prediction 486 26.6 Future problems 489 References 489 27 Emerging Trend Of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, And Rotavi ruses In Human Viral Gastroenteritis 495 Daniel Cowley, Celeste Donato, and Carl D. Kirkwood 27.1 Introduction 496 27.2 Emerging trends in rotaviruses 497 27.3 Emerging trends in enteric adenoviruses 501 27.4 Emerging trends in astroviruses 504 28 Emerging Human Norovirus Infections 517 Melissa K. Jones, Shu Zhu, and Stephanie M. Karst 28.1 Introduction 517 28.2 Norovirus epidemiology 518 28.3 Features of norovirus outbreaks 519 28.4 Clinical features of norovirus infection 521 28.5 Host Susceptibility 522 28.6 Effect of increased size of immunocompromised population 522 28.7 Effect of globalization of the food market on norovirus spread 523 28.8 Effect of climate change 525 References 525 29 Emergence Of Novel Viruses (Toscana, Usutu) In Population And Climate Change 535 Mari Paz Sánchez-Seco Fariñas and Ana Vazquez 29.1 Introduction 536 29.2 TOSV 536 29.3 USUV 542 29.4 Conclusions 550 30 Borna Disease Virus And The Search For Human Infection 557 Kathryn M. Carbone and Juan Carlos de la Torre 30.1 Introduction 558 30.2 Long-standing controversy around bdv as a human pathogen 559 30.3 A negative is impossible to prove, but do we have enough evidence to stop looking? 560 30.4 Recent improvements in testing for evidence of bdv in human samples 562 30.4.1 Serology 562 30.4.2 Nucleic acid tests 563 30.5 The possibilities for clinical expression of human bdv infection are myriad and almost impossible to predict 563 30.6 Epidemiology: the “new” frontier of human bdv studies? 565 30.7 Where do we go from here? 566 Acknowledgement 568 References 568 31 Tick-Transmitted Viruses And Climate Change 573 Agustín Estrada-Peña, Zdenek Hubálek, and Ivo Rudolf 31.1 Introduction 574 31.2 Ticks in nature 575 31.3 Family Flaviviridae 576 31.4 Family Bunyaviridae 583 31.5 Family Reoviridae 590 31.5.1 Colorado tick fever virus 590 31.5.2 Kemerovo virus 590 31.5.3 Tribeè virus 591 31.6 Family Orthomyxoviridae 591 31.6.1 Thogoto virus 591 31.6.2 Dhori virus 592 31.7 Other tick-transmitted viruses 592 31.8 Conclusions 592 Acknowledgements 594 References 594 32 The Tick–Virus Interface 603 Kristin L. McNally and Marshall E. Bloom 32.1 Introduction 604 32.2 Viruses within the tick vector 605 32.3 Saliva-assisted transmission 609 32.4 Summary and future directions 611 Acknowledgements 612 References 612 Index 617
£132.00
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Biofuels and Bioenergy
Book SynopsisWith increased public and scientific attention driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, and concerns over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, the production of fuels by biological systems is becoming increasingly important as the world seeks to move towards renewable, sustainable energy sources.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviations xix 1 Biofuels: The Back Story 1 John A. Bryant and John Love Summary 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Some history 1 1.2.1 Wood and charcoal 1 1.2.2 Dung as fuel 2 1.2.3 Oils and fats 2 1.2.4 Peat 3 1.3 Fossil fuels 4 1.3.1 Coal 4 1.3.2 Petroleum Oil 5 1.3.3 Natural gas 6 1.4 Fossil fuels and Carbon Dioxide 6 1.4.1 The Club of Rome 6 1.4.2 Climate change 7 1.5 Alternative Energy Sources 9 1.5.1 Introduction 9 1.5.2 Environmental Energy Sources 9 1.5.3 Nuclear power 15 1.5.4 Hydrogen 17 1.6 Biofuels 18 Selected references and suggestions for further reading 19 2 Biofuels in Operation 21 Lionel Clarke Summary 21 2.1 Fuels for Transport 21 2.2 Future Trends in Fuels Requirements and Technology 24 2.3 Engines and Fuels – Progress vs Inertia 26 2.4 Engine Constraints, Fuel Specifications and Enhanced Performance 28 2.5 Biofuels – Implications and Opportunities 32 2.5.1 Introduction 32 2.5.2 Ethanol 32 2.5.3 Biodiesel 33 2.6 Advanced Biofuels as Alternatives to Ethanol and FAME 37 2.7 Biofuels for Aviation; ‘Biojet’ 40 2.8 Impact of Future Trends in Engine Design on Retail Biofuels 42 2.9 Conclusion 43 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 43 3 Anaerobic Digestion 45 John Bombardiere and David A. Stafford Summary 45 3.1 History and Development of Anaerobic Digestion 45 3.1.1 Introduction 45 3.1.2 Mixtures of Micro‐Organisms 46 3.2 Anaerobic Digestion: The Process 47 3.2.1 General Biochemistry 47 3.2.2 Design Types 47 3.2.3 Complete Mix Design 47 3.2.4 Plug Flow Digesters 48 3.2.5 High Dry Solids AD Systems 49 3.2.6 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 50 3.2.7 Anaerobic Filters 50 3.3 Commercial applications and benefits 51 3.3.1 In the United Kingdom 51 3.3.2 In the USA 51 3.3.3 In Germany 52 3.3.4 Overall Benefits 52 3.4 Ethanol Production Linked with Anaerobic Digestion 53 3.5 Financial and Economic Aspects 54 3.6 UK and US Government Policies and Anaerobic Digestion – an overview 55 3.7 Concluding Comments 56 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 57 4 Plant Cell Wall Polymers 59 Stephen C. Fry Summary 59 4.1 Nature and Biological Roles of Primary and Secondary Cell Walls 59 4.2 Polysaccharide Composition of Primary and Secondary Cell Walls 60 4.2.1 Typical dicots 60 4.2.2 Differences in Certain Dicots 67 4.2.3 Differences in Monocots 67 4.2.4 Differences in Gymnosperms 68 4.2.5 Differences in Non‐seed Land‐plants 68 4.2.6 Differences in Charophytes 68 4.3 Post‐synthetic Modification of Cell‐wall Polysaccharides 70 4.3.1 C ross‐linking of cell‐wall polysaccharides 70 4.3.2 Hydrolysis of Cell‐wall Polysaccharides 72 4.3.3 ‘Cutting and Pasting’ (Transglycosylation) of Cell‐wall Polysaccharide Chains 75 4.4 Polysaccharide Biosynthesis 77 4.4.1 General Features 77 4.4.2 At the Plasma Membrane 77 4.4.3 In the Golgi System 78 4.4.4 Delivering the Precursors – sugar Nucleotides 79 4.5 Non‐polysaccharide Components of the Plant Cell Wall 80 4.5.1 Extensins and Other (Glyco)Proteins 80 4.5.2 Polyesters 83 4.5.3 Lignin 84 4.5.4 Silica 84 4.6 Conclusions 85 Acknowledgements 85 Appendix 85 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 85 5 Ethanol Production from Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass 89 Leah M. Brown, Gary M. Hawkins and Joy Doran-Peterson Summary 89 5.1 Brief History of Fuel‐Ethanol Production 89 5.2 Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane and Corn 92 5.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Feedstocks for Ethanol Production 93 5.3.1 The Organisms 93 5.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 96 5.3.3 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 99 5.3.4 Effect of Inhibitory Compounds on Fermenting Microorganisms 100 5.4 Summary 102 5.5 Examples of Commercial Scale Cellulosic Ethanol Plants 103 5.5.1 Beta Renewables/Biochemtex Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in Italy, Brazil, USA and Slovak Republic 103 5.5.2 Poet‐DSM ‘Project Liberty’ – First Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plant in the USA 103 5.5.3 Abengoa Hugoton, Kansas commercial plant and MSW to ethanol Demonstration Plant, Salamanca 103 Selected References, Suggestions for Further Reading and Useful Websites 104 6 Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols and Biodiesel 105 John A. Bryant Summary 105 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Synthesis of Triacylglycerol 107 6.2.1 The Metabolic Pathway 107 6.2.2 Potential for Manipulation 110 6.3 Productivity 111 6.4 Sustainability 114 6.5 More Recently Exploited and Novel Sources of Lipids for Biofuels 114 6.5.1 Higher Plants 114 6.5.2 Algae 115 6.5.3 Prokaryotic Organisms 116 6.6 Concluding Remarks 117 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 117 7 Development of Miscanthus as a Bioenergy Crop 119 John Clifton‐Brown, Jon McCalmont and Astley Hastings Summary 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Developing Commercial Interest 122 7.3 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential 127 7.4 Perspectives for ‘now’ and for the Future 128 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 129 8 Mangrove Palm, Nypa fruticans: ‘3‐in‐1’ Tree for Integrated Food/Fuel and Eco‐Services 133 C.B. Jamieson, R.D. Lasco and E.T. Rasco Summary 133 8.1 Introduction: the ‘Food vs Fuel’ and ‘ILUC’ Debates 133 8.2 Integrated Food‐Energy Systems (IFES): a Potential Solution 134 8.2.1 Main Features of IFES 134 8.2.2 Baseline Productivity 136 8.3 Land use: the Importance of Forest Ecosystem Services 137 8.4 Sugar Palms: Highly Productive Multi‐Purpose Trees 138 8.5 Nipa (Nipa fruticans): a Mangrove Sugar Palm with Great Promise 140 8.6 Conclusion 141 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 141 9 The Use of Cyanobacteria for Biofuel Production 143 David J. Lea‐Smith and Christopher J. Howe Summary 143 9.1 Essential Aspects of Cyanobacterial Biology 143 9.1.1 General Features 143 9.1.2 Photosynthesis and Carbon Dioxide Fixation 144 9.1.3 Nitrogen Fixation 146 9.2 Commercial Products Currently Derived from Cyanobacteria 146 9.3 Cyanobacteria Culture 147 9.4 Cyanobacterial Genomes and Genetic Modification for Biofuel Production 148 9.5 Industrial Production of Biofuels from Cyanobacteria 152 9.6 Conclusion 154 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 154 10 Third‐Generation Biofuels from the Microalga, Botryococcus braunii 157 Charlotte Cook, Chappandra Dayananda, Richard K. Tennant and John Love Summary 157 10.1 Botryococcus braunii 157 10.2 Microbial Interactions 160 10.3 Botryococcus braunii as a Production Platform for Biofuels or Chemicals 161 10.3.1 Hydrocarbons, Lipids and Sugars 161 10.3.2 Controlling and Enhancing Productivity 163 10.3.3 Alternative Culture Systems 165 10.3.4 Harvesting Botryococcus Biomass and Hydrocarbons 166 10.3.5 Processing Botryococcus into an Alternative Fuel 166 10.4 Improving Botryococcus 167 10.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion 169 Selected References and Suggestions of Further Reading 170 11 Strain Selection Strategies for Improvement of Algal Biofuel Feedstocks 173 Leyla T. Hathwaik and John C. Cushman Summary 173 11.1 Introduction 173 11.2 Lipids in Microalgae 174 11.3 Starch in Microalgae 175 11.4 Metabolic Interconnection Between Lipid and Starch Biosynthesis 176 11.5 Strategies for the Selection of Microalgae Strains with Enhanced Biofuel Feedstock Traits 177 11.5.1 Manipulation of Growth Conditions 177 11.5.2 Genetic Mutagenesis 177 11.5.3 F low Cytometry 178 11.5.4 Fluorescence‐Activated Cell Sorting 181 11.5.5 Buoyant Density Centrifugation 183 11.6 Conclusions 185 Acknowledgements 185 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 185 12 Algal Cultivation Technologies 191 Alessandro Marco Lizzul and Michael J. Allen Summary 191 12.1 Introduction 191 12.2 Lighting 192 12.3 Mixing 194 12.4 Control Systems and Construction Materials 196 12.5 Algal Production Systems at Laboratory Scale 197 12.6 Algal Production in Open Systems 198 12.6.1 Pond‐Based Systems 198 12.6.2 Membrane Reactors 200 12.7 Algal production in Closed Systems 201 12.7.1 Introduction 201 12.7.2 Plate or Panel Based Systems 201 12.7.3 Horizontal Tubular Systems 203 12.7.4 Bubble Columns 205 12.7.5 Airlift Reactors 207 12.8 Concluding Comments 209 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 209 13 Biofuels from Macroalgal Biomass 213 Jessica Adams Summary 213 13.1 Macroalgal resources in the UK 213 13.2 Suitability of macroalgae for biofuel production 214 13.3 Biofuels from Macroalgae 217 13.3.1 Introduction 217 13.3.2 Ethanol from laminarin, mannitol and alginate 217 13.3.3 Ethanol from cellulose 219 13.3.4 Butanol 220 13.3.5 Anaerobic digestion 221 13.3.6 Thermochemical conversions 223 13.4 Future prospects 223 13.5 Conclusion 224 Acknowledgements 224 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 224 14 Lipid‐based Biofuels from Oleaginous Microbes 227 Lisa A. Sargeant, Rhodri W. Jenkins and Christopher J. Chuck Summary 227 14.1 Introduction 227 14.2 Microalgae 229 14.3 Oleaginous Yeasts 231 14.4 Feedstocks for Heterotrophic Microbial Cultivation 231 14.5 The Biochemical Process of Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Yeast 232 14.6 Lipid Profile of Oleaginous Microbes 236 14.7 Lipid Extraction and Processing 237 14.8 Concluding Comments 237 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 239 15 Engineering Microbial Metabolism for Biofuel Production 241 Thomas P. Howard Summary 241 15.1 Introduction 241 15.2 Designer Biofuels 242 15.2.1 Introduction 242 15.2.2 Isoprenoid‐Derived Biofuels 243 15.2.3 Higher Alcohols 245 15.2.4 Fatty Acid‐Derived Biofuels 247 15.2.5 Petroleum Replica Hydrocarbons 249 15.3 Towards Industrialisation 251 15.3.1 Introduction 251 15.3.2 Bioconsolidation 251 15.3.3 Molecular and Cellular Redesign 255 15.3.4 Biofuel Pumps 256 15.3.5 Synthetic Biology and Systems Engineering 257 15.4 Conclusion 258 Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 259 16 The Sustainability of Biofuels 261 J.M. Lynch Summary 261 16.1 Introduction 261 16.2 Bioenergy policies 262 16.3 Economics of bioenergy markets 263 16.4 Environmental issues 264 16.5 Life Cycle Assessment 266 16.5.1 General features 266 16.5.2 OECD Copenhagen workshop, 2008 267 16.6 Conclusions 270 Selected references and suggestions for further reading 271 17 Biofuels and Bioenergy – Ethical Aspects 273 John A. Bryant and Steve Hughes Summary 273 17.1 Introduction to ethics 273 17.1.1 How do we Make Ethical or Moral Decisions? 273 17.1.2 Environmental ethics 275 17.2 Biofuels and Bioenergy – Ethical Background 276 17.3 The Key Ethical Issues 276 17.3.1 Biofuel production and the growth of Food Crops 276 17.3.2 Is growth of Biofuel Crops Sustainable? 278 17.3.3 Biofuel Production, Land Allocation and Human Rights 279 17.4 Concluding comment 283 Selected references and suggestions for further reading 283 18 Postscript 285 John Love and John A. Bryant Selected References and Suggestions for Further Reading 287 Index 289
£75.95
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Pain Genetics
Book SynopsisPain Genetics: Basic to Translational Scienceis a timely synthesis of the key areas of research informing our understanding of the genetic basis of pain. The book opens with foundational information on basic genetic mechanisms underlying pain perception and progresses recently discovered complex concepts facing the field. The coverage is wide-ranging and will serves as an excellent entry point into understating the genetics of pain as well as providing a single resource for established researchers looking for a better understanding of the diverse strands of research going on in the area. With contributors painstakingly selected to provide a broad range of perspectives and research,Pain Geneticswill be a valuable resource for geneticists, neuroscientists, and biomedical professionals alike.Table of ContentsEditors’ Biographies xi Contributors xiii 1 How Do Pain Genes Affect Pain Experience? 1 Marshall Devor Introduction 2 Heritability of Pain: Historical Roots 2 Why is Pain Genetics Interesting and Potentially Useful? 4 What Are Pain Genes? 8 How Do Pain Genes Affect Pain Experience? 9 Disease Susceptibility Genes Versus Pain Susceptibility Genes 12 Perspective 13 Acknowledgments 13 2 Conservation of Pain Genes Across Evolution 15 Thang Manh Khuong and G. Greg Neely Introduction 15 Anatomical Organization of Nociception Apparatus in Mammals and Drosophila 16 Acute Heat Pain in Mammals 16 Acute Heat Nociception in Drosophila 18 Mechanical Pain in Mammals 19 Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila 19 Chemical Nociception in Mammals 21 Chemical Nociception in Drosophila 21 Inflammatory Pain in Mammals 22 Persistent Pain in Drosophila 22 Neuropathic Pain in Mammals 25 Structural Reorganizations of Nerve Fibers in Neuropathic Pain 25 Mammalian Neuropathic Pain Genes That Are Conserved in Drosophila 25 Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression in Neuropathic Pain in Mammals 28 Neuropathic Pain in Drosophila 30 Conclusions 30 3 Defining Human Pain Phenotypes for Genetic Association Studies 37 Christopher Sivert Nielsen Introduction 37 What is a Pain Phenotype? 38 Pain Scaling 39 Heritability 40 Genotype–Phenotype Matching 41 Reliability and Temporal Stability 41 Clinical Phenotypes 43 Designing Clinical Pain Genetic Studies 43 The Heritability of Specific Clinical Pain Conditions 45 Experimental Phenotypes 45 The Heritability of Experimental Phenotypes 46 Extended Phenotypes 47 Practical Concerns 47 Conclusions 48 Conflict of Interest Statement 48 4 Genetic Contributions to Pain and Analgesia: Interactions with Sex and Stress 51 Roger B. Fillingim and Jeffrey S. Mogil Introduction 51 Brief Overview of Sex and Gender Differences in Pain and Analgesia 52 Brief Overview of Stress and Pain/Analgesia 52 Sex X Gene Interactions in Pain and Analgesia 53 Summary 57 5 Abnormal Pain Conditions in Humans Related to Genetic Mutations 61 Christopher Geoffrey Woods Introduction to SCN9A, NTRK1, and NGF and the Roles They Play in Pain 61 Introduction to SCN9A and Its Omnipotent Role in Pain Sensing 62 Introduction to NTRK1 and Its Role in Development and Function in the Pain and Sympathetic Nervous Systems 69 Introduction to NGF, the First Nerve Growth Factor to Be Found and Studied 72 6 Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing of Mu Opioid Receptor Gene: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Complex Actions of Mu Opioids 79 Ying-Xian Pan Introduction 79 Evolution of OPRM1 Gene 80 OPRM1 Gene: Chromosomal Location and Gene Structure 82 Alternative Promoters 82 Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing of the OPRM1 Gene 83 Expression and Function of the OPRM1 Splice Variants 90 Conclusion 94 7 Discovering Multilocus Associations with Complex Pain Phenotypes 99 Chia-Ling Kuo, Luda Diatchenko, and Dmitri Zaykin Introduction 99 Approaches Based on Testing Individual Genetic Variants Within a Region 100 Approaches That Combine Association Signals Across Genetic Variants 101 Methods for Testing Joint Effects of Multiple Genetic Variants 102 Multilocus Analysis of Mu Opioid Receptor Haplotypes 103 Two-Stage Multilocus Association Analysis: Collapsing SNPs with Adjustment for Effect Directions 104 Two-Stage Approach: Simulations 107 Two-Stage Approach: Results 108 Discussion 111 Acknowledgments 113 8 Overlapping Phenotypes: Genetic Contribution to Nausea and Pain 115 Charles C. Horn Introduction 115 What is the Functional Role of Nausea and Vomiting? 117 Pain Syndromes with Significant Nausea 118 The Neuropharmacology of Nausea and Emesis 119 Emetic and Antiemetic Action of Opioids 121 Preclinical Studies of Nausea and Vomiting 122 Heritability of Nausea and Vomiting Phenotypes 123 Human Genetic Sequence Variants Associated with Nausea and Vomiting 124 Summary and Future Directions 125 9 A Counterpart to Pain: Itch 131 Adam P. Kardon and Sarah E. Ross Introduction 131 Why Do We Scratch? 132 The Basics of Itch 132 So How is Itch Coded? 133 Measuring Itch in Mice 134 Genetic Models of Itch 135 A Key Role for the Skin in Itch 141 A Shift in the Balance of Pain and Itch 141 Genetic Variation and Itch in Humans – Challenges for the Future 143 Acknowledgments 143 10 Translating Genetic Knowledge into Clinical Practice for Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions 147 Luda Diatchenko, Shad B. Smith, and William Maixner Introduction 147 Results of Human Association Studies 148 Gene Sequencing 150 Development of New Therapeutics 150 Understanding of Interactions 155 In Summary 156 11 The Human Chronic Pain Phenome: Mapping Nongenetic Modifiers of the Heritable Risk 161 Ze’ev Seltzer, Scott R. Diehl, Hance Clarke, and Joel Katz The Current Crisis in Pain Medicine 162 The Importance of Estimating Risk of Chronic Neuropathic Pain (CNP) 162 Modification of the Heritable Risk for CNP 163 The Natural History of CNP 165 Modification of Heritable Risk for CNP In Utero 166 Modifications of the Heritable Risk for CNP Across Generations 167 Postnatal Modifications of the Heritable Risk for CNP 168 Modifications of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Childhood Adverse Experiences 168 Modifications of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Prior Chronic Pain Epochs 169 Modification of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Certain Personality Traits 172 Modification of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Social Factors 172 Modification of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Diet, Medications, Smoking, and Alcohol Intake Consumed Preoperatively 174 Modification of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Climate 175 Modification of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Lifestyle 175 Modifications of the Heritable Risk for Chronic Pain by Other Diseases 176 Modifications of the Heritable Risk for CNP by Nongenetic Factors Occurring Just Prior and During the Inciting Event 176 Summary 177 Appendix: List of Abbreviations 183 Index 185 Color insert found between pages 114 and 115
£132.00
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Neurostereology
Book SynopsisStereological methods provide researchers with unparalleled quantitative data from tissue samples and allow for well-evidenced research advances in a broad range of scientific fields. Presenting a concise introduction to the methodology and application of stereological research in neuroscience,Neurostereologyprovides a fuller understanding of the use of these methods in research and a means for replicating successful scientific approaches. Providing sound footing for future research,Neurostereologyis a useful tool for basic and clinical researchers and advanced students looking to integrate these methods into their research.Table of ContentsContributors ix Preface xiii 1 Stereological Estimation of Brain Volume and Surface Area from MR Images 3 Niyazi Acer and Mehmet Turgut Background 3 The Cavalieri Principle 3 Volume Estimation Using Spatial Grid of Points 7 Surface Area Estimation 8 Isotropic Cavalieri Design 14 Sections Analyzed with Independent Grid Design 14 Surface Area Using the Invariator 16 Volume and Surface Area Estimation Using Segmentation Method 17 Discussion 18 References 19 Webliography 21 Appendix A: R Commands for Point Counting Method 21 Appendix B: R Commands for Vertical Section to Estimate Surface Area 23 2 Cell Proliferation in the Brains of Adult Rats Exposed to Traumatic Brain Injury 27 Sandra A. Acosta, Naoki Tajiri, Paula C. Bickford, and Cesar V. Borlongan Background 27 Materials and Methods 28 Results 29 Discussion 33 Acknowledgments 37 References 37 3 Age Effects in Substantia Nigra of Asian Indians 39 Phalguni Anand Alladi Background 39 Materials and Methods 40 Discussion 43 Acknowledgments 48 References 49 4 Design-Based Stereology in the Brain Bank Setting 53 Mark W. Burke Background 53 Specimen Preparation 53 A Practical Application of Design-Based Stereology 57 Results 59 Conclusion 60 References 61 5 Practical Stereology for Preclinical Neurotoxicology 63 Mark T. Butt Background 63 Specimen Quality 64 Practical Stereology 70 Software Validation/Verifi cation 70 References 72 6 An Overabundance of Prefrontal Cortex Neurons Underlies Early Brain Overgrowth in Autism 73 Eric Courchesne, Peter R. Mouton, Michael E. Calhoun, Clelia Ahrens-Barbeau, Melodie J. Hallet, Cynthia Carter Barnes, Karen Pierce, and Katarina Semendeferi Background 73 Methods 74 Results 78 Discussion 80 Acknowledgments 81 References 82 7 Order in Chaos: Stereological Studies of Nervous Tissue 85 Peter Dockery Background 85 The Stereological Approach 85 Axonal Number and Composition in the Murine Optic Nerve 91 Axonal and Fiber Size Distributions 92 The Myelin Sheath 93 Conclusion 94 References 95 8 Comparative Stereology Studies of Brains from Marine Mammals 99 Nina Eriksen and Bente Pakkenberg Background 99 Description of Different Marine Mammalian Brains 99 Parts of the Brain 102 References 109 Appendix: Cited Stereological Approaches 110 9 Quantitative Assessment of Hippocampus Architecture Using the Optical Disector 113 Shozo Jinno Background 113 The Hippocampus 114 Conclusion 123 References 123 10 The Possible Applications (and Pitfalls!) of Stereological Analysis in Postmortem Brain Research 129 Ahmad A. Khundakar and Alan J. Thomas Background 129 The Legacy of Two-Dimensional (2D) Analysis 129 Density: A Necessary Evil 130 “Come on, Feel the Noise”: Recognizing Confounding Factors 130 “I Am Not a Number”: The Importance of Sound Patient Clinical History 131 Lessons Learned from Stereology: Toward a More Unifi ed Approach to Brain Banking and Postmortem Tissue Research (and Beyond!) 132 Obtain the Full Reference Volume or “Make Do and Mend” 133 Turn Down the “Noise” 134 “Check the Information, Expand the Knowledge” 135 Show Your Work! 135 Conclusion 136 Acknowledgments 136 References 136 11 Visualization of Blood Vessels in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Environments for Vascular Stereology in the Brain 139 Zerina Lokmic Background 139 Vascular Stereology of Tissue Sections 139 Visualization of Brain Blood Vessels 142 Conclusion 149 Acknowledgment 149 References 149 12 Blood Flow Analysis in Epilepsy Using a Novel Stereological Approach 153 Rocio Leal-Campanario, Luis Alarcon-Martinez, Susana Martinez-Conde, Michael Calhoun, and Stephen Macknik Background 153 Materials and Methods 155 Results 166 Discussion 172 References 173 13 AD-Type Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mouse Models 177 Kebreten F. Manaye and Peter R. Mouton Background 177 Materials and Methods 179 Results 182 Discussion 185 Acknowledgments 187 References 188 14 Quantification in Populations of Nonuniformly Distributed Cells in the Human Cerebral Cortex 191 William L. Maxwell Background 191 Materials and Methods 191 Results 196 Discussion 205 References 208 15 The Effects of High-Fat Diet on the Mouse Hypothalamus: A Stereological Study 211 Mohammad Reza Namavar, Samira Raminfard, Zahra Vojdani Jahromi, and Hassan Azari Background 211 Materials and Methods 212 Results 213 Discussion 215 Acknowledgments 217 References 218 16 2D and 3D Morphometric Analyses Comparing Three Rodent Models 221 JiHyuk Park and S. Omar Ahmad Background 221 Materials and Methods 221 Results 226 Discussion 230 References 235 17 A Stereologic Perspective on Autism Neuropathology 237 Neha Uppal and Patrick R. Hof Background 237 Cortical Areas 237 Hippocampus 248 Noncortical Areas 249 Conclusions 253 References 254 Index 257
£107.96
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Dictionary of DNA and Genome Technology
Book SynopsisDNA technology is evolving rapidly, with new methods and a fast-growing vocabulary. This unique dictionary offers current, detailed and accessible information on DNA technology to lecturers, researchers and students throughout the biomedical and related sciences. The third edition is a major update, with over 3000 references from mainstream journals and data from the very latest research going well beyond the remit of most science dictionaries. It provides clear explanations of terms, techniques, and tests, including commercial systems, with detailed coverage of many important procedures and methods, and includes essay-style entries on many major topics to assist newcomers to the field. It covers topics relevant to medicine (diagnosis, genetic disorders, gene therapy); veterinary science; biotechnology; biochemistry; pharmaceutical science/drug development; molecular biology; microbiology; epidemiology; genomics; environmental science; plant science/agriculture; taxonomy; anTrade Review“It might be worth keeping this excellent reference book in mind though.” (Reference Reviews, 1 November 2013) “Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-level undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPreface vii Notes for the user ix Ready reference xiii Dictionary 1 Appendix: Alphabetical list of genera 505
£110.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and
Book SynopsisNow in an updated eighth edition, Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism comprehensively covers key diseases of the bone and disorders of mineral metabolism.Table of ContentsContributors x Primer Corporate Sponsors xxii Preface to the Eighth Edition of the Primer: Clifford J. Rosen xxiii About ASBMR xxiv President s Preface: Lynda F. Bonewald xxv About the Companion Website xxvi Section I: Molecular, Cellular, and Genetic Determinants of Bone Structure and Formation 1 Section Editor Karen M. Lyons 1 Skeletal Morphogenesis and Embryonic Development 3 Yingzi Yang 2 Signal Transduction Cascades Controlling Osteoblast Differentiation 15 David J.J. de Gorter and Peter ten Dijke 3 Osteoclast Biology and Bone Resorption 25 F. Patrick Ross 4 Osteocytes 34 Lynda F. Bonewald 5 Connective Tissue Pathways That Regulate Growth Factors 42 Gerhard Sengle and Lynn Y. Sakai 6 The Composition of Bone 49 Adele L. Boskey and Pamela Gehron Robey 7 Assessment of Bone Mass and Microarchitecture in Rodents 59 Blaine A. Christiansen 8 Animal Models: Genetic Manipulation 69 Karen M. Lyons 9 Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD 76 Robert D. Blank 10 Neuronal Regulation of Bone Remodeling 82 Florent Elefteriou and Gerard Karsenty 11 Skeletal Healing 90 Michael J. Zuscik 12 Biomechanics of Fracture Healing 99 Elise F. Morgan and Thomas A. Einhorn 13 Human Genome-Wide Association (GWA) Studies 106 Douglas P. Kiel 14 Circulating Osteogenic Cells 111 Robert J. Pignolo and Moustapha Kassem Section II: Skeletal Physiology 119 Section Editor Ego Seeman 15 Human Fetal and Neonatal Bone Development 121 Tao Yang, Monica Grover, Kyu Sang Joeng, and Brendan Lee 16 Skeletal Growth and Peak Bone Strength 127 Qingju Wang and Ego Seeman 17 Ethnic Differences in Bone Acquisition 135 Shane A. Norris, Lisa K. Micklesfi eld, and John M. Pettifor 18 Calcium and Other Nutrients During Growth 142 Tania Winzenberg and Graeme Jones 19 Growing a Healthy Skeleton: The Importance of Mechanical Loading 149 Mark R. Forwood 20 Pregnancy and Lactation 156 Christopher S. Kovacs and Henry M. Kronenberg 21 Menopause 165 Ian R. Reid Section III: Mineral Homeostasis 171 Section Editor Ego Seeman 22 Regulation of Calcium and Magnesium 173 Murray J. Favus and David Goltzman 23 Fetal Calcium Metabolism 180 Christopher S. Kovacs 24 Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23) 188 Kenneth E. White and Michael J. Econs 25 Gonadal Steroids 195 Stavros C. Manolagas, Maria Almeida, and Robert L. Jilka 26 Parathyroid Hormone 208 Robert A. Nissenson and Harald Juppner 27 Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein 215 John J. Wysolmerski 28 Ca2+-Sensing Receptor 224 Edward M. Brown 29 Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Requirements 235 Daniel Bikle, John S. Adams, and Sylvia Christakos Section IV: Investigation of Metabolic Bone Diseases 249 Section Editor Douglas C. Bauer 30 DXA in Adults and Children 251 Glen Blake, Judith E. Adams, and Nick Bishop 31 Quantitative Computed Tomography in Children and Adults 264 C.C. Gluer 32 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone 277 Sharmila Majumdar 33 Radionuclide Scintigraphy in Metabolic Bone Disease 283 Gary J.R. Cook, Gopinath Gnanasegaran, and Ignac Fogelman 34 FRAX(R): Assessment of Fracture Risk 289 John A Kanis 35 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis 297 Pawel Szulc, Douglas C. Bauer, and Richard Eastell 36 Bone Biopsy and Histomorphometry in Clinical Practice 307 Robert R. Recker 37 Diagnosis and Classifi cation of Vertebral Fracture 317 James F. Griffi th, Judith E. Adams, and Harry K. Genant 38 Approaches to Genetic Testing 336 Christina Jacobsen, Yiping Shen, and Ingrid A. Holm Section V: Osteoporosis 343 Section Editors Paul D. Miller and Socrates E. Papapoulos 39 Osteoporosis Overview 345 Michael Kleerekoper 40 The Epidemiology of Osteoporotic Fractures 348 Nicholas Harvey, Elaine Dennison, and Cyrus Cooper 41 Overview of Pathogenesis 357 Ian R. Reid 42 Nutrition and Osteoporosis 361 Connie M. Weaver and Robert P. Heaney 43 The Role of Sex Steroids in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis 367 Matthew T. Drake and Sundeep Khosla 44 Translational Genetics of Osteoporosis: From Population Association to Individualized Prognosis 376 Bich H. Tran, Jacqueline R. Center, and Tuan V. Nguyen 45 Prevention of Falls 389 Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari 46 Exercise and the Prevention of Osteoporosis 396 Clinton T. Rubin, Janet Rubin, and Stefan Judex 47 Calcium and Vitamin D 403 Bess Dawson-Hughes 48 Estrogens, Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists, and Calcitonin 408 Nelson B. Watts 49 Bisphosphonates for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 412 Socrates E. Papapoulos 50 Denosumab 420 Michael R. McClung 51 Parathyroid Hormone Treatment for Osteoporosis 428 Felicia Cosman and Susan L. Greenspan 52 Strontium Ranelate in the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures 437 Rene Rizzoli 53 Combination Anabolic and Antiresorptive Therapy for Osteoporosis 444 John P. Bilezikian and Natalie E. Cusano 54 Compliance and Persistence with Osteoporosis Medications 448 Deborah T. Gold 55 Cost-Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Treatment 455 Anna N.A. Tosteson 56 Future Therapies of Osteoporosis 461 Kong Wah Ng and T. John Martin 57 Juvenile Osteoporosis 468 Nick Bishop and Francis H. Glorieux 58 Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Disease 473 Robert S. Weinstein 59 Inflammation-Induced Bone Loss in the Rheumatic Diseases 482 Steven R. Goldring 60 Secondary Osteoporosis: Other Causes 489 Neveen A.T. Hamdy 61 Transplantation Osteoporosis 495 Peter R. Ebeling 62 Osteoporosis in Men 508 Eric S. Orwoll 63 Premenopausal Osteoporosis 514 Adi Cohen and Elizabeth Shane 64 Skeletal Effects of Drugs 520 Juliet Compston 65 Orthopedic Surgical Principles of Fracture Management 527 Manoj Ramachandran and David G. Little 66 Abnormalities in Bone and Calcium Metabolism After Burns 531 Gordon L. Klein Section VI: Disorders of Mineral Homeostasis 535 Section Editors Marie Demay and Suzanne M. Jan de Beur 67 Approach to Parathyroid Disorders 537 John P. Bilezikian 68 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 543 Shonni J. Silverberg 69 Familial Primary Hyperparathyroidism (Including MEN, FHH, and HPT-JT) 553 Andrew Arnold and Stephen J. Marx 70 Non-Parathyroid Hypercalcemia 562 Mara J. Horwitz, Steven P. Hodak, and Andrew F. Stewart 71 Hypocalcemia: Defi nition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management 572 Anne L. Schafer and Dolores Shoback 72 Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism 579 Mishaela R. Rubin and Michael A. Levine 73 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 590 Harald Juppner and Murat Bastepe 74 Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 601 Mary D. Ruppe and Suzanne M. Jan de Beur 75 Vitamin D Related Disorders 613 Paul Lips, Natasja M. van Schoor, and Nathalie Bravenboer 76 Vitamin D Insuffi ciency and Defi ciency 624 J. Christopher Gallagher 77 Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD MBD) 632 Keith A. Hruska and Michael Seifert 78 Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD MBD) 640 Hala M. Alshayeb and L. Darryl Quarles 79 Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in Childhood 651 Thomas O. Carpenter 80 Paget s Disease of Bone 659 Ethel S. Siris and G. David Roodman Section VII: Cancer and Bone 669 Section Editor Theresa A. Guise 81 Overview of Mechanisms in Cancer Metastases to Bone 671 Gregory A. Clines 82 Clinical and Preclinical Imaging in Osseous Metastatic Disease 677 Geertje van der Horst and Gabri van der Pluijm 83 Metastatic Solid Tumors to Bone 686 Rachelle W. Johnson and Julie A. Sterling 84 Hematologic Malignancies and Bone 694 Rebecca Silbermann and G. David Roodman 85 Osteogenic Osteosarcoma 702 Jianning Tao, Yangjin Bae, Lisa L. Wang, and Brendan Lee 86 Skeletal Complications of Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapies 711 Catherine Van Poznak and Pamela Taxel 87 Bone Cancer and Pain 720 Patrick W. O Donnell and Denis R. Clohisy 88 Radiation Therapy-Induced Osteoporosis 728 Jeffrey S. Willey, Shane A.J. Lloyd, and Ted A. Bateman 89 Skeletal Complications of Childhood Cancer 734 Ingrid A. Holm 90 Treatment and Prevention of Bone Metastases and Myeloma Bone Disease 741 Jean-Jacques Body 91 Radiotherapy of Skeletal Metastases 754 Edward Chow, Luluel M. Khan, and Oyvind S. Bruland 92 Concepts and Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease 760 Kristy Weber and Scott L. Kominsky Section VIII: Sclerosing and Dysplastic Bone Diseases 767 Section Editor Richard W. Keen 93 Sclerosing Bone Disorders 769 Michael P. Whyte 94 Fibrous Dysplasia 786 Michael T. Collins, Mara Riminucci, and Paolo Bianco 95 Osteochondrodysplasias 794 Yasemin Alanay and David L. Rimoin 96 Ischemic and Infi ltrative Disorders 805 Richard W. Keen 97 Tumoral Calcinosis Dermatomyositis 810 Nicholas Shaw 98 Fibrodysplasia Ossifi cans Progressiva 815 Frederick S. Kaplan, Robert J. Pignolo, and Eileen M. Shore 99 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 822 Joan C. Marini 100 Skeletal Manifestations in Marfan Syndrome and Related Disorders of the Connective Tissue 830 Emilio Arteaga-Solis and Francesco Ramirez 101 Enzyme Defects and the Skeleton 838 Michael P. Whyte Section IX: Approach to Nephrolithiasis 843 Section Editor Rajesh V. Thakker 102 Renal Tubular Physiology of Calcium Excretion 845 Peter A. Friedman and David A. Bushinsky 103 Epidemiology of Nephrolithiasis 856 Murray J. Favus 104 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Nephrolithiasis 860 Stephen J. Knohl and Steven J. Scheinman 105 Kidney Stones in the Pediatric Patient 869 Amy E. Bobrowski and Craig B. Langman 106 Treatment of Renal Stones 878 John R. Asplin 107 Genetic Basis of Renal Stones 884 Rajesh V. Thakker Section X: Oral and Maxillofacial Biology and Pathology 893 Section Editor Laurie K. McCauley 108 Development of the Craniofacial Skeleton 895 Maiko Matsui and John Klingensmith 109 Development and Structure of Teeth and Periodontal Tissues 904 Petros Papagerakis and Thimios Mitsiadis 110 Craniofacial Disorders Affecting the Dentition: Genetic 914 Yong-Hee P. Chun, Paul H. Krebsbach, and James P. Simmer 111 Pathology of the Hard Tissues of the Jaws 922 Paul C. Edwards 112 Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaws 929 Hani H. Mawardi, Nathaniel S. Treister, and Sook-Bin Woo 113 Periodontal Diseases and Oral Bone Loss 941 Mary G. Lee and Keith L. Kirkwood 114 Oral Manifestations of Metabolic Bone Diseases 948 Roberto Civitelli and Charles Hildebolt Section XI: The Skeleton and Its Integration with Other Tissues 959 Section Editor Mone Zaidi 115 Central Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling 961 Shu Takeda and Paul Baldock 116 The Pituitary Bone Connection 969 Mone Zaidi, Tony Yuen, Li Sun, Terry F. Davies, Alberta Zallone, and Harry C. Blair 117 Skeletal Muscle Effects on the Skeleton 978 William J. Evans 118 Glucose Control and Integration by the Skeleton 986 Patricia Ducy and Gerard Karsenty 119 Obesity and Skeletal Mass 993 Sue Shapses and Deeptha Sukumar 120 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and the Skeleton 1002 Itai Bab and Raz Yirmiya 121 Vascular Disease and the Skeleton 1012 Dwight A. Towler 122 Spinal Cord Injury: Skeletal Pathophysiology and Clinical Issues 1018 William A. Bauman and Christopher P. Cardozo 123 Hematopoiesis and Bone 1028 Benjamin J. Frisch and Laura M. Calvi 124 Bone and Immune Cell Interactions 1036 Brendan F. Boyce Index 1043
£110.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to Pain and its relation to
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Pain and its relation to Nervous System Disorders provides an accessible overview of the latest developments in the science underpinning pain research, including, but not limited to, the physiological, pathological and psychological aspects.Table of ContentsList of contributors ix Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv Notes on authors xvii Introduction 1 Section I: Neurobiology of pain: Recent advances 11 1 Anatomy of pain pathways 13 Andrew J. Todd 2 Spinal plasticity of the nociceptive system: The role of central sensitization in chronic pain states 35 Alban Latremolière 3 Symptoms and pathology in neuropathic pain 89 Matthew Thakur and Stephen B. McMahon 4 Recent advances in neuroimmune interactions in neuropathic pain: The role of microglia 123 Elizabeth A. Old, Louise S. C. Nicol and Marzia Malcangio 5 Genetics and epigenetics of pain 149 Franziska Denk and Stephen B. McMahon 6 The cannabinoid system and its role in nociception 169 Massimiliano Beltramo 7 EphB receptors and persistent pain 201 Isabella Gavazzi Section II: Pain in the brain 225 8 Brain imaging in experimental pain 227 Massieh Moayedi and Tim V. Salomons 9 Placebo effects in pain 249 Luana Colloca, Adam P. Horin and Damien Finniss 10 Psychology and pain 267 Lance M. McCracken Section III: Pain in the lifecycle and in nervous system disorders 281 11 Pain in neonates and infants 283 Fiona Moultrie, Sezgi Goksan, Ravi Poorun and Rebeccah Slater 12 How do people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience pain? 295 Cecile Rattaz, Amandine Dubois and Amaria Baghdadli 13 Pain and depression: The janus factor of human suffering 317 Angela Iannitelli and Paola Tirassa 14 Pain in multiple sclerosis: From classification to treatment 345 Claudio Solaro and Michele Messmer 15 Pain perception in dementia 361 Miriam Kunz and Stefan Lautenbacher 16 The role of cognitive impairment in the placebo and nocebo effects 373 Martina Amanzio 17 An overview of pain in parkinson’s disease 387 Panagiotis Zis, Elisaveta Sokolov and Kallol Ray Chaudhuri Appendix: Interviews with chronic pain patients 409 Index 000
£130.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Real Anatomy 2.0 Web Version
Book SynopsisNot every student can experience an actual cadaver laboratory, but now you can engage your classes with the next best thing. Real Anatomy, 2.0 lets students explore the human body on their desktop or tablet. Combining real-world knowledge with innovation, this resource, created by a team of media and anatomical experts led by Mark Nielsen and Shawn Miller of the University of Utah, helps instructors teach more effectively as students engage with the material through a truly interactive experience.
£999.99
Wiley Powerphys 30 Password Card
Book Synopsis
£44.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc Anticancer Therapeutics
Book SynopsisAn integrated presentation of the basic science and clinical applications of anticancer agents Aimed at both undergraduate and postgraduate readers, this unique text provides readers with a fully-integrated presentation of all aspects of the science of anticancer drugs, including their chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications. After heart disease, cancer is the number one killer worldwide, and the tumor microenvironment is forever changing, creating an ever-greater demand for safer, more effective anticancer agents. In response to that demand, the $100 billion cancer drug market continues to grow, with our increased understanding of cancer leading to new drugs being used clinically almost every year. Anticancer Therapeutics is divided into three sections. Section 1 is an introduction to cancer and therapeutics, and covers the etiology and cellular and molecular basis of cancer. In Section 2, the authors focus on the anticancer agents theTable of ContentsPreface xi Section 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The Global Burden of Cancer 3 References 11 1.2 Cancer Staging and Classification 13 1.2.1 Benign Tumour (or neoplasm) 13 1.2.2 Malignant Tumour (or cancer) 14 1.2.3 Tumour Nomenclature and Classification 14 1.2.4 Cellular Differentiation and Tumour Grade 21 1.2.5 Tumour Invasion and Metastasis 24 1.2.6 Clinical Staging of Cancer 26 References 36 1.3 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cancer 39 1.3.1 Oncogenes 40 1.3.2 Tumour Suppressor Genes 45 1.3.3 Role of Epigenetics and Gene Promoter Regulation in Tumourigenesis 49 1.3.4 Multistage Tumourigenesis 53 1.3.5 Oncogene Addiction 54 1.3.6 Hallmarks of Cancer 55 1.3.7 Principles of Cancer Treatment 73 References 77 Section 2: The Anticancer Agents 81 2.1 Agents Which Act Directly on DNA 83 2.1.1 Nitrogen Mustards and Nitrosoureas 83 References 96 2.1.2 Temozolomide 98 References 106 2.1.3 Platinum]containing Agents 108 References 118 2.1.4 Gemcitabine 120 References 128 2.1.5 Camptothecin and Its Analogues 128 References 139 2.1.6 Podophyllotoxins 141 References 150 2.1.7 Anthracyclines 151 References 160 2.1.8 Epigenetic Targeting Agents 162 References 177 2.2 Antimetabolites 181 2.2.1 Cytarabine 181 References 183 2.2.2 Methotrexate 184 References 195 2.2.3 5]Fluorouracil 196 References 205 2.2.4 6]Mercaptopurine 206 References 210 2.3 Antimicrotubule Agents 211 2.3.1 Taxanes 211 References 224 2.3.2 Vinca Alkaloids 225 References 231 2.4 Anti]hormonal Agents 233 2.4.1 Bicalutamide 233 References 239 2.4.2 Tamoxifen 240 References 247 2.4.3 Anastrozole 248 References 254 2.5 Kinase Inhibitors 257 2.5.1 Discovery 257 2.5.2 Synthesis 262 2.5.3 Mode of Action 267 2.5.4 Mechanism of Resistance 268 2.5.5 Adverse Drug Reactions 268 References 271 Section 3: The Cancers 275 3.1 Breast Cancer 277 Key points 277 3.1.1 Epidemiology 277 3.1.2 Presentation 279 3.1.3 Diagnosis 282 3.1.4 Staging 283 3.1.5 Treatments 285 References 289 3.2 Colorectal Cancer 293 Key points 293 3.2.1 Epidemiology 293 3.2.2 Presentation 294 3.2.3 Diagnosis 296 3.2.4 Staging 298 3.2.5 Treatments 299 References 303 3.3 Leukaemia 307 Key points 307 3.3.1 Epidemiology 307 3.3.2 Presentation 310 3.3.3 Diagnosis 311 3.3.4 Staging 313 3.3.5 Treatments 314 References 319 3.4 Lung Cancer 323 Key points 323 3.4.1 Epidemiology 323 3.4.2 Presentation 327 3.4.3 Diagnosis 327 3.4.4 Staging 330 3.4.5 Treatments 330 References 337 3.5 Oesophageal Cancer 339 Key points 339 3.5.1 Epidemiology 339 3.5.2 Presentation 340 3.5.3 Diagnosis 341 3.5.4 Staging 344 3.5.5 Treatments 346 References 350 3.6 Ovarian Cancer 353 Key points 353 3.6.1 Epidemiology 353 3.6.2 Presentation 354 3.6.3 Diagnosis 356 3.6.4 Staging 357 3.6.5 Treatments 357 References 363 3.7 Pancreatic Cancer 367 Key points 367 3.7.1 Epidemiology 367 3.7.2 Presentation 368 3.7.3 Diagnosis 370 3.7.4 Staging 371 3.7.5 Treatments 373 References 375 3.8 Prostate Cancer 379 Key points 379 3.8.1 Epidemiology 379 3.8.2 Presentation 381 3.8.3 Diagnosis 382 3.8.4 Staging 384 3.8.5 Treatments 387 References 391 3.9 Skin Cancers 393 Key points 393 3.9.1 Epidemiology 393 3.9.2 Presentation 394 3.9.3 Diagnosis 395 3.9.4 Staging 396 3.9.5 Treatments 399 References 403 3.10 Testicular Cancer 405 Key points 405 3.10.1 Epidemiology 405 3.10.2 Presentation 407 3.10.3 Diagnosis 407 3.10.4 Staging 409 3.10.5 Treatments 409 References 414 Index 417
£144.35
John Wiley and Sons Ltd The Retinoids
Book SynopsisThe Retinoids: Biology, Biochemistry, and Disease provides an overview and synthesis of the retinoid molecules, from basic biology to mechanisms of diseases and therapy. Divided into five sections, the book covers retinoic acid signaling from biochemical, genetic, developmental, and clinical perspectives.Table of ContentsContributors ix Preface xiii Part I: Vitamin A metabolic and enzymatic pathways 1 1 Vitamin a Metabolism, Storage and Tissue Delivery Mechanisms 3William S. Blaner and Yang Li 2 Assimilation and Conversion of Dietary Vitamin a into Bioactive Retinoids 35Earl H. Harrison and Carlo dela Senã’s 3 Intracellular Storage and Metabolic Activation of Retinoids: Lipid Droplets 57Joseph L. Napoli and Charles R. Krois 4 Evolution of the Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway 75Vincent Laudet, Elisabeth Zieger, and Michael Schubert Part II: Biochemistry and cellular biology of retinoic acid signaling 91 5 Control of Gene Expression by Nuclear Retinoic Acid Receptors: Post-Translational And Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms 93Marilyn Carrier and Cécile Rochette-Egly 6 Retinoic Acid Receptor Coregulators in Epigenetic Regulation of Target Genes 117Li-Na Wei 7 Retinoid Receptors: Protein Structure, Dna Recognition and Structure–Function Relationships 131William Bourguet and Dino Moras 8 How the RAR–RXR Heterodimer Recognizes the Genome 151Sylvia Urban, Tao Ye, and Irwin Davidson 9 Retinoid Receptor-Selective Modulators: Chemistry, 3D Structures and Systems Biology 165Marco-Antonio Mendoza-Parra, William Bourguet, Angel R. de Lera, and Hinrich Gronemeyer 10 Use of Retinoid Receptor Ligands to Identify Other Nuclear Receptor Ligands: Retinoid-Related Molecules are Ligands for the Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) “Orphan” Receptor 193Marcia I. Dawson and Zebin Xia 11 The Dual Transcriptional Activity of Retinoic Acid 273Noa Noy 12 Retinoids, epigenetic changes during stem cell differentiation, and cell lineage choice 291Lorraine J. Gudas Part III: RETINOIC ACID SIGNALING IN DEVELOPMENT 307 13 Retinoic Acid Signaling and Central Nervous System Development 309Malcolm Maden 14 The Role of Retinoic Acid in Limb Development 339Gregg Duester 15 Retinoic Acid Signaling and Heart Development 353Stéphane Zaffran and Karen Niederreither 16 Retinoic Acid in the Developing Lung and Other Foregut Derivatives 371Wellington V. Cardoso and Felicia Chen 17 Retinoic Acid and the Control of Meiotic Initiation 383Josephine Bowles and Peter Koopman Part IV: RETINOIDS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 401 18 Retinoids and the Visual Cycle: New Actors for an “OLD” Function 403Darwin Babino and Johannes von Lintig 19 Retinoid Signaling in the Central Nervous System 421Peter McCaffery and Wojciech Krężel 20 Retinoid Turnover and Catabolism: Influences of Diet and Inflammation 449A. Catharine Ross and Reza Zolfaghari 21 Retinoids and the Immune System 465J. Rodrigo Mora and Makoto Iwata 22 Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling in Post-Natal Male Germ Cell Differentiation 485Manuel Mark and Norbert B. Ghyselinck Part V: RETINOIDS, DISEASE AND THERAPY 505 23 Epidemiology and Prevention of Vitamin a Deficiency Disorders 507Keith P. West, Jr. 24 Retinoid Pathway Gene Mutations and the Pathophysiology Of Related Visual Diseases 529Yaroslav Tsybovsky and Krzysztof Palczewski 25 Retinoic Acid in Acute Myeloid Leukemias 543Hugues de Thé and Pierre Fenaux 26 Advances in the Use of Retinoids in Cancer Therapy and Prevention 557Michael J. Spinella, Sarah J. Freemantle, and Ethan Dmitrovsky Index 575
£144.35
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Neural Dynamics of Neurological Disease
Book SynopsisThe emerging understanding of age-related neurological disorders suggests that notions of a single causal gene/toxin being responsible is likely incorrect. Neurological disorders probably arise due to a unique intersection of multiple genetic and toxic factors, combined with additional contributions of age, stage of development, immune system actions, and more. This perspective leads to the view that rather than reflecting only one pathway to end-state disease, each is a spectrum disorder, and every individual case is therefore unique. Neural Dynamics of Neurological Disease argues for a fundamental rethinking of what we think we know about neurological disorders, how they arise and progress, and, crucially, what might be done to cure them. It first introduces the concept of neural dynamics of neurological disease, then examines various diseases and gives examples of the interplay of elements such as neural systems, cell types, and biochemical pathways that can contribute to diseaseTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xxi Part I The Dynamics of Neurological Disease 1 1 The Dynamics of Neurological Disease: Current Views and Key Issues 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 The Complexity of Human Neurological Diseases 4 1.3 The Nervous System as an Archetypical Complex System 9 1.4 CNS Signaling Failures: Implications for Neurological Disease 14 1.5 History and Key Characteristics of the Age-Dependent Neurological Diseases 14 1.6 The Fractal Nature of Complexity in the CNS 16 Endnotes 17 2 Clinical and Economic Features of Age-Related Neurological Diseases 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Parkinson’s Disease 19 2.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 29 2.4 Alzheimer’s Disease 40 2.5 Summary of the Data on the Progressive, Age-Related Neurological Diseases 47 2.6 Neural Loci and Mechanisms of Action 48 Endnote 49 3 Spectrums of Neurological Disease, Clusters, and Ubiquity 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Spectrums of Neurological Disease 51 3.3 The Dimension of the Problem when Assessing Potential Causal Factors in Neurological Diseases 54 3.4 Neurological Disease Clusters 57 3.5 Ubiquity 60 3.6 Nested Complex Systems: Proximal versus Distal Events as They May Relate to Neurological Diseases 60 3.7 The Path to “Curing” Neurological Diseases 63 4 Complexity, Cascading Failures, and Neurological Diseases 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Introduction to Complexity Theory and Complex Systems 67 4.3 Computer Programs and Computer Crashes 69 4.4 Biosemiosis in the CNS (Part 1) 70 4.5 Complexity in the CNS and the Impact of Genetic and Environmental Insults 73 4.6 Tipping Points and Time Lines of Disease Progression 77 5 Genetic Determinants of Neurological Disease 79 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Causality versus Coincidence 80 5.3 Actions of Mutant Genes in Neurological Disease 82 5.4 Genetic Mutations Linked to Parkinson’s Disease 84 5.5 Genetic Mutations Linked to ALS 86 5.6 Genetic Mutations Linked to Alzheimer’s Disease 92 5.7 Genes and Neurological Disease: Some General Considerations 94 6 Environmental Determinants of Neurological Disease and Gene–Toxin Interactions 97 6.1 Introduction 98 6.2 Toxins and Neurological Diseases 98 6.3 Aluminum and Neurological Disease 101 6.4 Single- vs. Multiple-Hit Models of Neurological Disease: Gene–Toxin Interactions 114 6.5 Genetic Susceptibility Factors 117 6.6 Biosemiosis (Part 2) 123 6.7 Gene–Toxin Interactions and Cascading Failures 124 6.8 Genes and Toxins in Neurological Disease: Penultimate Thoughts 124 6.9 And, Finally, the Microbiome 125 Endnote 125 7 The Mystery and Lessons of ALS-PDC 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Neurological Disease Clusters and ALS-PDC 128 7.3 History and Features of ALS-PDC 129 7.4 Cycad and ALS-PDC 135 7.5 Amino Acid Toxins in Cycad and ALS-PDC 140 7.6 Non-Amino Acid Toxins Linked to ALS-PDC 143 7.7 Aluminum and Ionic Etiologies for ALS-PDC 147 7.8 Still Other Molecules Causal to ALS-PDC 148 7.9 What is the Current View on the Importance of ALS-PDC? 148 7.10 Complexity of Neurological Diseases as Viewed from Guam 151 Endnote 151 Part II Age and Time Lines of Neurological Disease 153 8 Neurological Disease Models and their Discontents: Validity, Replicability, and the Decline Effect 155 8.1 Introduction 155 8.2 Modeling Human Neurological Diseases: Possibilities and Pitfalls 156 8.3 Considerations Regarding Model Systems 158 8.4 Model Systems and their Discontents 159 8.5 Is There an Ideal Model for Studying Neurological Diseases? General Considerations 168 8.6 Specific Considerations for Ideal Model-System Approaches in ALS 170 8.7 Alternative Views of Neurological Disease and Model-Systems Approaches: Multiple-Hit Etiologies 172 9 The Progression and the Time Line of Neurological Disease 175 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Creating Disease Time Lines: The Framingham Study 176 9.3 Time Lines of Neurological Disease 176 9.4 Back to a Multiple-Hit Disease Consideration 180 9.5 Haecceity and Quiddity in Context to Biosemiosis and Multiple Hits 181 9.6 Some Final Thoughts on Time Lines of Neurological Disease: Differentiation and Neurogenesis 182 Endnote 183 10 Development, Aging, and Neurological Disease 185 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 The Fetal Basis of Adult Disease Hypothesis 186 10.3 ASD as a Developmental Neurological Disorder 188 10.4 Toxins and Developmental CNS Disorders 193 10.5 Developmental versus Mature CNS Disorders 193 Endnotes 194 Part III Interactions and Synergies in Neurological Disease 195 11 CNS–Immune System Interactions and Autoimmunity 197 11.1 Introduction 198 11.2 Immunity and the CNS, an Introduction to a Complex Topic 198 11.3 CNS–Immune System Interactions: More Detailed Considerations 202 11.4 Autoimmunity 205 11.5 Immune System Signaling Errors and Autoimmunity in ASD and Other Neurological Disorders 208 11.6 Laterality and Autoimmunity in Neurological Diseases 212 11.7 Other System Disorders in Neurological Diseases: More Evidence for Autoimmunity? 215 11.8 Are There Infectious Disease Links to Neurological Diseases? 215 12 The Impact of Synergy of Factors in Neurological Disease 219 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Synergistic and Additive Effects in General and as Applied to CNS Diseases 219 12.3 Gene–Environment (Toxin) Interactions in Non-neuronal Systems 221 12.4 Gene–Environment (Toxin) Interactions in Neurological Disease 224 12.5 Levels of Complexity in Gene–Toxin Interactions: Implications for Current and Future Therapeutics 226 Part IV Transition and Politics in Neurological Disease 229 13 The Current Status of Neurological Disease Treatments 231 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Current Therapeutic Approaches to Treating Neurological Diseases 232 13.3 Summary 242 Endnote 243 14 The Future of Translational Research in Neurological Disease 245 14.1 Introduction 245 14.2 Comparing Traumatic Brain Injury to Neurological Diseases 246 14.3 ALS and Polio: Comparing the Nature of Neural Degeneration and Progression in the Two Diseases 249 14.4 Neurological Diseases as Spectrum Disorders: Implications for Therapy 252 14.5 Cystic Fibrosis and Gene Therapy 254 14.6 Restoring CNS Function: What is the Bottom Line? 255 14.7 Biosemiosis (Part 3) and True Narrative Representations 255 15 Defining the Limits for Neurological Disease Treatments 259 15.1 Introduction 259 15.2 The Complexity of the Human CNS versus One View of the Philosophy of Science 260 15.3 Examples of Unique Individuality: From Pilgrimages to Nature 261 15.4 Therapeutic Windows for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases 266 Endnotes 270 16 The Politics and Economics of Neurological Disease 271 16.1 Introduction 271 16.2 The Problems with Single-Hit Models of Neurological Disease 272 16.3 Summarizing the Main Themes by Chapter 274 16.4 Can the Amount of Money Spent Change these Outcomes for Neurological Disease Treatment? 276 16.5 General Considerations for the Future of Neurological Disease Research 280 16.6 The Advent of Modern Dentistry and Dental Prophylaxis 284 16.7 Addressing Neurological Diseases at the Individual and Population Levels 286 Endnotes 290 Glossary 291 References 301 Index 355
£107.30
John Wiley & Sons Inc Calculus for Life Sciences 1e Student Solutions
Book SynopsisThis is a Student Solutions Manual to accompany Calculus for Life Sciences. Calculus for Life Sciences is a valuable resource for Life Science courses. As life-science departments increase the math requirements for their majors, there is a need for greater mathematic knowledge among students. This student solutions guide along with the text balances rigorous mathematical training with extensive modeling of biological problems. The biological examples from health science, ecology, microbiology, genetics, and other domains, many based on cited data, are key features of this text.
£47.50
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Somatic Genome Variation
Book SynopsisWritten by an international team of experts, Somatic Genome Variation presents a timely summary of the latest understanding of somatic genome development and variation in plants, animals, and microorganisms.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface and Introduction xix Acknowledgments xxi About the Editor xxiii Part I Somatic Genome Variation in Animals and Humans 1 1 Polyploidy in Animal Development and Disease 3Jennifer L. Bandura and Norman Zielke 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Mechanisms Inducing Somatic Polyploidy 4 1.3 The Core Cell Cycle Machinery 8 1.4 Genomic Organization of Polyploid Cells 9 1.5 Endoreplication: An Effective Tool for Post-Mitotic Growth and Tissue Regeneration 10 1.6 Initiation of Endoreplication in Drosophila 11 1.7 Mechanisms of Endocycle Oscillations in Drosophila 15 1.8 Gene Amplification in Drosophila Follicle Cells 17 1.9 Endocycle Entry in the Trophoblast Lineage 19 1.10 Mechanisms of Endocycle Oscillations in Trophoblast Giant Cells 22 1.11 Cardiomyocytes 23 1.12 Hepatocytes 25 1.13 Megakaryocytes 28 1.14 Concluding Remarks 30 Acknowledgments 31 References 31 2 Large-Scale Programmed Genome Rearrangements in Vertebrates 45Jeramiah J. Smith 2.1 Introduction 45 2.1 Hagfish 46 2.3 Sea Lamprey 48 2.4 Zebra Finch 48 2.5 Emerging Themes and Directions 49 References 51 3 Chromosome Instability in Stem Cells 55Paola Rebuzzini, Maurizio Zuccotti, Carlo Alberto Redi and Silvia Garagna 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Pluripotent Stem Cells 56 3.3 Somatic Stem Cells 58 3.4 Mechanisms of Chromosomal Instability 59 3.5 Mechanisms of Chromosomal Instability in Stem Cells 63 References 63 Part II Somatic Genome Variation in Plants 75 4 Mechanisms of Induced Inheritable Genome Variation in Flax 77Christopher A. Cullis 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Restructuring the Flax Genome 79 4.3 Specific Genomic Changes 80 4.4 What Happens When Plastic Plants Respond to Environmental Stresses? 83 4.5 When Do the Genomic Changes Occur and Are they Adaptive? 83 4.6 Is this Genomic Response of Flax Unique? 84 4.7 Concluding Remarks 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 87 5 Environmentally Induced Genome Instability and its Inheritance 91Andrey Golubov 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Stress and its Effects on Genomes 92 5.3 Transgenerational Inheritance 96 5.4 Concluding Remarks 97 Acknowledgments 97 References 97 6 The Mitochondrial Genome, Genomic Shifting, and Genomic Conflict 103Gregory G. Brown 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Heteroplasmy and Sublimons 105 6.3 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) in Plants 108 6.4 Mitochondrial Sublimons and CMS 109 6.5 Restorer Gene Evolution: Somatic Genetic Changes Drive Nuclear Gene Diversity? 111 6.6 Concluding Remarks 112 References 113 7 Plastid Genome Stability and Repair 119Éric Zampini, Sébastien Truche, Étienne Lepage, Samuel Tremblay]Belzile and Normand Brisson 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 Characteristics of the Plastid Genome 121 7.3 Replication of Plastid DNA 124 7.4 Transcription in the Plastid 130 7.5 The Influence of Replication and Transcription on Plastid Genome Stability 131 7.6 Plastid Genome Stability and DNA Repair 133 7.7 Outcomes of DNA Rearrangements 145 7.8 Concluding Remarks 147 References 148 Part III Somatic Genome Variation in Microorganisms 165 8 RNA-Mediated Somatic Genome Rearrangement in Ciliates 167John R. Bracht 8.1 Introduction 168 8.2 Ciliates: Ubiquitous Eukaryotic Microorganisms with a Long Scientific History 168 8.3 Two’s Company: Nuclear Dimorphism in Ciliates 170 8.4 Paramecium: Non-Mendelian Inheritance Comes to Light 171 8.5 Tetrahymena and the Origin of the scanRNA Model 173 8.6 Small RNAs in Stylonychia and Oxytricha 175 8.7 Long Noncoding RNA Templates in Genome Rearrangement 176 8.8 Long Noncoding RNA: An Interface for Short Noncoding RNA 177 8.9 Short RNA-Mediated Heterochromatin Formation and DNA Elimination 179 8.10 Transposable Elements and the Origins of Genome Rearrangements 182 8.11 Transposons, Phase Variation, and Programmed Genome Engineering in Bacteria 185 8.12 Transposases, Noncoding RNA, and Chromatin Modifications in VDJ Recombination of Vertebrates 186 8.13 Concluding Remarks: Ubiquitous Genome Variation, Transposons, and Noncoding RNA 187 Acknowledgments 187 References 187 9 Mitotic Genome Variations in Yeast and Other Fungi 199Adrianna Skoneczna and Marek Skoneczny 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 The Replication Process as a Possible Source of Genome Instability 200 9.3 Post-Replicative Repair (PRR) or Homologous Recombination (HR) Are Responsible for Error-Free and Error-Prone Repair of Blocking Lesions and Replication Stall-Borne Problems 219 9.4 Ploidy Maintenance and Chromosome Integrity Mechanisms 229 9.5 Concluding Remarks 234 References 235 Part IV General Genome Biology 251 10 Genome Variation in Archaeans, Bacteria, and Asexually Reproducing Eukaryotes 253Xiu-Qing Li 10.1 Introduction 254 10.2 Chromosome Number in Prokaryote Species 254 10.3 Genome Size Variation in Archaeans and Bacteria 255 10.4 Archaeal and Bacterial Genome Size Distribution 256 10.5 Genomic GC Content in Archaeans, Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, and Animals 257 10.6 Correlation between GC Content and Genome or Chromosome Size 259 10.7 Genome Size and GC-Content Variation in Primarily Asexually Reproducing Fungi 260 10.8 Variation of Gene Direction 263 10.9 Concluding Remarks 263 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 11 RNA Polyadenylation Site Regions: Highly Similar in Base Composition Pattern but Diverse in Sequence—A Combination Ensuring Similar Function but Avoiding Repetitive-Regions-Related Genomic Instability 267Xiu-Qing Li and Donglei Du 11.1 General Introduction to Gene Number, Direction, and RNA Polyadenylation 268 11.2 Base Selection at the Poly(A) Tail Starting Position 269 11.3 Most Frequent Upstream Motifs in Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals 271 11.4 Motif Frequencies in the Whole Genome 273 11.5 The Top 20 Hexamer Motifs in the Poly(A) Site Region in Humans 273 11.6 Polyadenylation Signal Motif Distribution 273 11.7 Alternative Polyadenylation 275 11.8 Base Composition of 3′UTR in Plants and Animals 276 11.9 Base Composition Comparison between 3′UTR and Whole Genome 276 11.10 Base Composition of 3′COR in Plants and Animals 277 11.11 Base Composition Pattern of the Poly(A) Site Region in Protists 278 11.12 Base Composition Pattern of the Poly(A) Site Region in Plants 280 11.13 Base Composition Pattern of the Poly(A) Site Region in Animals 280 11.14 Comparison of Poly(A) Site Region Base Composition Patterns in Plants and Animals 280 11.15 Common U-A-U-A-U Base Abundance Pattern in the Poly(A) Site Region in Fungi, Plants, and Animals 284 11.16 Difference between the Most Frequent Motifs and Seqlogo-Showed Most Frequent Bases 284 11.17 RNA Structure of the Poly(A) Site Region 286 11.18 Low Conservation in the Overall Nucleotide Sequence of the Poly(A) Site Region 286 11.19 Poly(A) Site Region Stability and Somatic Genome Variation 286 11.20 Concluding Remarks 287 Acknowledgments 288 References 288 12 Insulin Signaling Pathways in Humans and Plants 291Xiu]Qing Li and Tim Xing 12.1 Introduction 291 12.2 Ranking of the Insulin Signaling Pathway and its Key Proteins 293 12.3 Diseases Caused by Somatic Mutations of the PI3K, PTEN, and AKT Proteins in the Insulin Signaling Pathway 293 12.4 Plant Insulin and Medical Use 295 12.5 Role of the Insulin Signaling Pathway in Regulating Plant Growth 295 12.6 Concluding Remarks 295 References 296 13 Developmental Variation in the Nuclear Genome Primary Sequence 299Xiu-Qing Li 13.1 Introduction 299 13.2 Genetic Mutation, DNA Damage and Protection, and Gene Conversion in Somatic Cells 300 13.3 Programmed Large-Scale Variation in Primary DNA Sequences in Somatic Nuclear Genome 302 13.4 Generation of Antibody Genes in Animals through Somatic Genome Variation 303 13.5 Developmental Variation in Primary DNA Sequences in the Somatic Cells of Plants 303 13.6 Heritability and Stability of Developmentally Induced Variation in the Somatic Nuclear Genome in Plants 303 13.7 Concluding Remarks 304 References 305 14 Ploidy Variation of the Nuclear, Chloroplast, and Mitochondrial Genomes in Somatic Cells 309Xiu]Qing Li, Benoit Bizimungu, Guodong Zhang and Huaijun Si 14.1 Introduction 310 14.2 Nuclear Genome in Somatic Cells 311 14.3 Plastid Genome Variation in Somatic Cells 317 14.4 Mitochondrial Genome in Somatic Cells 320 14.5 Organelle Genomes in Somatic Hybrids 324 14.6 Effects of Nuclear Genome Ploidy on Organelle Genomes 325 14.7 Concluding Remarks 326 Acknowledgments 326 References 326 15 Molecular Mechanisms of Somatic Genome Variation 337Xiu-Qing Li 15.1 Introduction 338 15.2 Mutation of Genes Involved in the Cell Cycle, Cell Division, or Centromere Function 338 15.3 DNA Damage 338 15.4 Variation in Induction and Activity of Radical-Scavenging Enzymes 339 15.5 DNA Cytosine Deaminases 340 15.6 Variation in Protective Roles of Pigments against Oxidative Damage 340 15.7 RNA-Templated DNA Repair 341 15.8 Errors in DNA Repair 341 15.9 RNA-Mediated Somatic Genome Rearrangement 342 15.10 Repetitive DNA Instability 342 15.11 Extracellular DNA 343 15.12 DNA Transposition 343 15.13 Somatic Crossover and Gene Conversion 343 15.14 Molecular Heterosis 344 15.15 Genome Damage Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress 344 15.16 Telomere Degeneration 344 15.17 Concluding Remarks 344 References 345 16 Hypotheses for Interpreting Somatic Genome Variation 351Xiu-Qing Li 16.1 Introduction 352 16.2 Cell-Specific Accumulation of Somatic Genome Variation in Somatic Cells 352 16.3 Developmental Age and Genomic Network of Reproductive Cells 353 16.4 Genome Generation Cycle of Species 353 16.5 Somatic Genome Variation and Tissue-Specific Requirements during Growth or Development 354 16.6 Costs and Benefits of Somatic Genome Variation 354 16.7 Hypothesis on the Existence of a Primitive Stage in both Animals and Plants 355 16.8 Sources of Genetic Variation from in Vitro Culture Propagation 357 16.9 Hypothesis that Heterosis Is Created by Somatic Genome Variation 357 16.10 Genome Stability through Structural Similarity and Sequence Dissimilarity 358 16.11 Hypothesis Interpreting the Maternal Transmission of Organelles 358 16.12 Ability of Humans to Deal with Somatic Genome Variation and Diseases 359 16.13 Concluding Remarks 360 References 360 17 Impacts of Somatic Genome Variation on Genetic Theories and Breeding Concepts, and the Distinction between Mendelian Genetic Variation, Somagenetic Variation, and Epigenetic Variation 363Xiu]Qing Li 17.1 Introduction 364 17.2 The Term ‘Somatic Genome’ 365 17.3 Mendelian Genetic Variation, Epigenetic Variation, and Somagenetic Variation 365 17.4 What Is a Gene? 367 17.5 Breeding Criteria, Genome Cycle, Pure Lines, and Variety Stability 368 17.6 The Weismann Barrier Hypothesis and the Need for Revision 370 17.7 Implications for Species Evolution 370 17.8 Concluding Remarks 371 References 372 18 Somatic Genome Variation: What it Is and What it Means for Agriculture and Human Health 377Xiu-Qing Li 18.1 Introduction 378 18.2 Natural Attributes of Somatic Genome Variation 378 18.3 Implications of Somatic Genome Variation for Human and Animal Health 380 18.4 Implications of Somatic Genome Variation for Agriculture 385 18.5 Concluding Remarks 391 Acknowledgments 392 References 392 Index 405
£165.25
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer
Book SynopsisThe field of cancer stem cells is expanding rapidly, with many groups focusing on isolating and identifying cancer stem cell populations. Although some progress has been made developing efficient cancer therapies, targeting cancer stem cells remains one of the important challenges facing the growing stem cell research community.Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xiii Part I Stem Cells 1 1 Isolation and Characterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Future Applications in Tissue Engineering Therapies 3 Christian Unger, James Hackland, David Preskey and Harry Moore 2 Epigenetics, Stem Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation 27 Maria J. Barrero 3 Stem Cell Niche and Microenvironment 45 Marcio Alvarez-Silva 4 Haematopoietic Stem Cells in Therapy 65 Jos Domen and Jignesh Dalal 5 Isolation and Identification of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells 85 Loic P. Deleyrolle and Brent A. Reynolds Part II Cancer Stem Cells 101 6 The Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Metastasis 103 Paul C. McDonald and Shoukat Dedhar 7 Regulation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Metastatic Niche 123 Fayaz Malik, Hasan Korkaya, Shawn G. Clouthier and Max S. Wicha 8 Isolation and Identification of Neural Cancer Stem/Progenitor Cells 145 David Bakhshinyan, Maleeha Qazi, Neha Garg, Chitra Venugopal, 9 Colon Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer 169 Varun V. Prabhu, Wafik S. El-Deiry and Niklas Finnberg 10 Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 193 Magdalena E. Buczek, Jerome C. Edwards and Tarik Regad 11 Stem Cells and Pancreatic Cancer 213 Audrey M. Hendley and Jennifer M. Bailey 12 NANOG in Cancer Development 231 Bigang Liu and Dean G. Tang 13 Liver Cancer Stem Cells and Hepatocarcinogenesis 253 Hirohisa Okabe, Hiromitsu Hayashi, Takatsugu Ishimoto, Kosuke Mima, Shigeki Nakagawa, Hideyuki Kuroki, Katsunori Imai, Hidetoshi Nitta, Daisuke Hashimoto, Akira Chikamoto, Takatoshi Ishiko, Toru Beppu and Hideo Baba 14 Basic Science of Liver Cancer Stem Cells and Hepatocarcinogenesis 273 Katherine S. Koch and Hyam L. Leffert 15 Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers 305 Stefano Zapperi and Caterina A.M. La Porta 16 Interatomic Analysis of the Stem Cell Marker NANOG in a Prostate Cancer Setting 317 Kiran Mall and Graham Ball Index 353
£95.90
John Wiley and Sons Ltd The Neuroscience of Visual Hallucinations
Book SynopsisEach year, some two million people in the United Kingdom experience visual hallucinations. Infrequent, fleeting visual hallucinations, often around sleep, are a usual feature of life.Table of ContentsList of contributors ix Foreword xi Section 1: Background and Context 1 1 Visual hallucinations: history and context of current research 3G.E. Berrios and Ivana S. Marková 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The construction of visual hallucinations 5 1.3 Epistemology: dichotomies 11 1.4 Research and its vicissitudes 15 1.5 Bringing the history of visual hallucinations and research together 17 1.6 Conclusions 18 1.7 References 19 2 Defining and measuring hallucinations and their consequences – what is really the difference between a veridical perception and a hallucination? Categories of hallucinatory experiences 23Jan Dirk Blom 2.1 What every student knows 23 2.2 Suspended between realism and anti-realism 24 2.3 Faith 26 2.4 The philosophy of As If 28 2.5 Visual hallucinations 28 2.6 Visual illusions 30 2.7 Metamorphopsias (visual distortions) 34 2.8 Ways of measuring and quantifying positive disorders of vision 37 2.9 Concluding remarks 38 2.10 References 40 3 Hallucinatory aspects of normal vision 47Geraint Rees 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Gregory’s taxonomy 48 3.3 Blind spot and scotomas 49 3.4 After-images and after-effects 50 3.5 Perceptual ambiguity and multistable perception 51 3.6 Illusory contours and surfaces 52 3.7 Object perception and illusory vision 53 3.8 Conclusion 55 3.9 References 55 4 Non-pathological associations – sleep and dreams, deprivation and bereavement 59Armando D’Agostino, Anna Castelnovo, and Silvio Scarone 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Visual hallucinations in the general population 60 4.3 Visual hallucinations during sleep and sleep/wake transitions 67 4.4 Trauma, grief and bereavement 74 4.5 Sensory deprivation 83 4.6 The Bayesian heuristic: a unifying model? 84 4.7 Conclusions: the psychosis continuum 85 4.8 References 86 5 The clinical associations of visual hallucinations 91Marco Onofrj, Astrid Thomas, Giovanni Martinotti, Francesca Anzellotti, Massimo Di Giannantonio, Fausta Ciccocioppo, and Laura Bonanni 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Describing hallucinations 93 5.3 Visual hallucinations associated with visual loss 93 5.4 Visual hallucinations in acute vascular or neoplastic lesions 94 5.5 Visual hallucinations in neurodegenerative diseases 94 5.6 Visual hallucinations associated with dementia 99 5.7 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 101 5.8 Visual hallucinations in psychosis 102 5.9 Drug-induced hallucinations 104 5.10 Delirium 105 5.11 Epilepsy 105 5.12 Migraine 107 5.13 Inborn errors of metabolism 108 5.14 Commentary 108 5.15 References 110 Section 2: Investigations and Data 119 6 Hallucinogenic mechanisms: pathological and pharmacological insights 121Simon J.G. Lewis, James M. Shine, Daniel Brooks, and Glenda M. Halliday 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Societal impact 122 6.3 Misperceptions and hallucinations 122 6.4 Pathological findings in clinical disorders with high levels of hallucinations 125 6.5 Role of neurotransmitters in hallucinations 130 6.6 A common neural mechanism 132 6.7 Conclusion 138 6.8 References 139 7 Imaging in visual hallucinations 151Anne Marthe Meppelink 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Imaging the hallucinator 152 7.3 Imaging the hallucination 158 7.4 References 163 8 EEG and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Changing and recording the dynamic flow of visual perception 167Nicholas Murphy, Sara Graziadio, and John-Paul Taylor 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Electroencephalography 168 8.3 Transcranial magnetic stimulation 179 8.4 Future directions for the study of visual hallucinations using neurophysiological approaches 184 8.5 References 186 9 Neuropsychological approaches to understanding visual hallucinations 193Jim Barnes 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Perceptual impairments 195 9.3 Misidentifications of internal images 196 9.4 Executive function 199 9.5 Attention and vigilance 201 9.6 Questions and future directions 204 9.7 References 210 Section 3: Models and Theories 217 10 Geometric visual hallucinations and the structure of the visual cortex 219Jack D. Cowan 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 A new mathematical formulation of V1 circuitry 228 10.3 Conditions for the loss of stability of the homogeneous state 232 10.4 Extensions of the model 238 10.5 Summary and concluding remarks 248 10.6 References 250 11 Thalamic and brainstem regulatory systems – why disturbances external to the visual system can cause hallucinations 255René M. Müri 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Overview of the cases published with peduncular hallucinations 257 11.3 Aetiology and lesion localization contributing to peduncular hallucinations 269 11.4 Origin and mechanisms of peduncular hallucinations 270 11.5 References 275 12 The pathology of hallucinations: one or several points of processing breakdown? 281Nico J. Diederich, Christopher G. Goetz, and Glenn T. Stebbins 12.1 Introduction 281 12.2 Requirements for an ideal model 282 12.3 Phenomenology – a clue to pathogenesis? 282 12.4 Early unimodal models of pathogenesis 283 12.5 Neuropathological findings 287 12.6 Interactive, multifactorial models 290 12.7 Conclusions and outlook 299 12.8 References 301 Section 4: New Directions 307 13 Future directions for research 309Daniel Collerton, Urs Peter Mosimann, and Elaine Perry 13.1 Introduction 309 13.2 References 318 14 The treatment of visual hallucinations at present and in the future 321Elaine Perry, Urs Peter Mosimann, and Daniel Collerton 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Excluding drugs that induce visual hallucinations 323 14.3 Drug treatment of visual hallucinations 327 14.4 Psychological interventions 332 14.5 Unexplored issues and other potential therapies 334 14.6 References 336 Index 343
£132.95
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory
Book SynopsisA modern, evaluative, and integrative approach to diagnostic microbiology encouraging problem-solving in the clinical laboratory context through the use of examples to illustrate clinical and diagnostic issues Clinical Microbiology for Diagnostic Laboratory Scientists is designed to encourage readers to develop a way of thinking that can be applied to any diagnostic scenario in microbiology. Through consideration of a selected range of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths, the book encourages readers to explore connections between the available information about clinical symptoms, pathogenesis of infections, and the approaches used in laboratory diagnosis, in order to develop new insights. The book begins with an introductory chapter that outlines the scope of clinical diagnostic microbiology and the key areas for the laboratory scientist to be aware of. The subsequent six chapters review a type of infection in depth, using particular patTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Overview of Clinical Diagnostic Microbiology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Organisation and Management of Diagnostic Microbiology Services 2 1.3 Techniques 2 1.4 Point]of]Care Testing (POCT) 3 1.5 Antimicrobials 8 1.5.1 Antibacterial Agents (Antibiotics) 8 1.5.2 Antiviral Agents 8 1.5.3 Antifungal Agents 9 1.5.4 Antiparasitic Agents 12 1.5.5 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing 14 1.6 Selection and Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests 15 1.7 Quality Management 18 1.8 Infection Control, Monitoring and Surveillance 18 1.9 Exercises 21 References 21 2 Infections of the Blood 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Blood Stream Infections (Bacteraemia/Fungaemia) 26 2.2.1 Sepsis 27 2.2.1.1 Pathology 27 2.2.1.2 Epidemiology 28 2.2.1.3 Diagnostic Considerations 28 2.2.1.4 Treatment 31 2.2.2 Infective Endocarditis 31 2.2.2.1 Pathology 31 2.2.2.2 Epidemiology 32 2.2.2.3 Treatment 34 2.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis of Blood Stream Infections 34 2.3 Blood]Borne Infections 35 2.3.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 36 2.3.1.1 Epidemiology 37 2.3.1.2 Pathogenesis 38 2.3.1.3 Clinical Aspects 39 2.3.1.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 42 2.3.2 Human T]Cell Lymphoma Viruses 43 2.3.3 Trypanosoma cruzi 44 2.3.4 Creutzfeldt]Jakob Disease 44 2.3.5 West Nile Virus 45 2.3.6 Blood]Borne Herpes Viruses 46 2.4 Exercises 47 2.5 Case Studies 48 References 49 3 Respiratory Tract Infections 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.1.1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 57 3.1.2 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 58 3.1.3 Respiratory Pathogens 60 3.2 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 60 3.2.1 Introduction 60 3.2.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 61 3.2.3 Epidemiology 63 3.2.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 63 3.2.5 Management and Treatment 65 3.3 Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae 66 3.3.1 Introduction 66 3.3.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 66 3.3.2.1 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes Infection 66 3.3.2.2 Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection 69 3.3.3 Epidemiology 70 3.3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 71 3.3.5 Management and Treatment 73 3.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 74 3.4.1 Introduction 75 3.4.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 75 3.4.3 Epidemiology 77 3.4.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 77 3.4.5 Control, Treatment and Management 79 3.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii 81 3.5.1 Introduction 81 3.5.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 82 3.5.3 Epidemiology 82 3.5.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 83 3.5.5 Management and Treatment 84 3.6 Paragonimus westermani 84 3.6.1 Introduction 84 3.6.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 85 3.6.3 Epidemiology 86 3.6.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 86 3.6.5 Management and Treatment 86 3.7 Exercises 87 3.8 Case Studies 87 References 88 4 Gastrointestinal Infections 95 4.1 Introduction 95 4.1.1 Normal Gut Flora 95 4.1.2 Diarrhoea 96 4.1.3 Gastrointestinal Pathogens 98 4.2 Campylobacter 98 4.2.1 Introduction 98 4.2.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 98 4.2.3 Epidemiology 99 4.2.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 100 4.2.5 Treatment and Control 102 4.3 Clostridium difficle 103 4.3.1 Introduction 103 4.3.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 103 4.3.3 Epidemiology 104 4.3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 105 4.3.5 Management, Treatment and Control 106 4.4 Cryptosporidium 108 4.4.1 Introduction 108 4.4.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 108 4.4.3 Epidemiology 109 4.4.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 110 4.4.5 Treatment and Control 111 4.5 Norovirus 112 4.5.1 Introduction 112 4.5.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 112 4.5.3 Epidemiology 113 4.5.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 115 4.6 Helicobacter pylori 118 4.6.1 Introduction 118 4.6.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 119 4.6.3 Epidemiology 120 4.6.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 121 4.6.5 Treatment and Management 124 4.7 Liver Infections 124 4.7.1 Hepatitis Viruses 125 4.7.1.1 Hepatitis A Virus 125 4.7.1.2 Hepatitis B Virus 127 4.7.1.3 Hepatitis C Virus 132 4.7.1.4 Hepatitis D (Delta) Virus 134 4.7.1.5 Hepatitis E Virus 134 4.7.1.6 Hepatitis G Virus (GB]Virus C) 136 4.7.2 Liver Coinfections 136 4.8 Exercises 137 4.9 Case Studies 138 References 139 5 Congenital, Perinatal and Neonatal Infections 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Antenatal Screening 149 5.3 Infections Which Adversely Affect the Mother During Pregnancy 150 5.3.1 Malaria 152 5.3.1.1 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 152 5.3.1.2 Laboratory Diagnosis 153 5.3.1.3 Management and Treatment 154 5.3.2 Influenza A 154 5.3.2.1 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 154 5.3.2.2 Laboratory Diagnosis 155 5.3.2.3 Management and Treatment 155 5.3.3 Chlamydia 156 5.3.3.1 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 156 5.3.3.2 Epidemiology 157 5.3.3.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 158 5.3.3.4 Treatment and Management 159 5.4 Congenital Infections 159 5.4.1 Treponema pallidum 160 5.4.1.1 Syphilis Infection 160 5.4.1.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms of Congenital Syphilis 161 5.4.1.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 162 5.4.1.4 Management and Treatment 164 5.4.1.5 Epidemiology 164 5.4.2 Rubella 165 5.4.2.1 Rubella Infection 165 5.4.2.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms of Congenital Rubella 165 5.4.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 166 5.4.2.4 Management 168 5.4.2.5 Epidemiology 168 5.4.3 Toxoplasma gondii 170 5.4.3.1 Toxoplasmosis Infection 170 5.4.3.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms of Congenital Toxoplasmosis 171 5.4.3.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 172 5.4.3.4 Management and Treatment 173 5.4.3.5 Epidemiology 174 5.5 Perinatal Infections 175 5.5.1 Hepatitis B Virus 175 5.5.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 177 5.5.3 Neonatal Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Neonatorum) 178 5.6 Neonatal Infections 179 5.6.1 Neonatal Sepsis 179 5.6.2 Neonatal Meningitis 179 5.6.2.1 Laboratory Diagnosis 180 5.6.3 Group B Streptococcus spp. Infection 180 5.6.4 Neonatal Herpes Simplex 181 5.7 Exercises 183 5.8 Case Studies 183 References 184 6 Sexually Transmitted Infections 193 6.1 Introduction 193 6.2 Herpes Simplex Virus 195 6.2.1 Introduction 197 6.2.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 197 6.2.3 Epidemiology 198 6.2.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 199 6.2.5 Treatment and Management 200 6.3 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 201 6.3.1 Introduction 201 6.3.2 Clinical Symptoms and Pathogenesis 201 6.3.3 Epidemiology 203 6.3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 204 6.3.5 Treatment 205 6.4 Human Papilloma Virus 206 6.4.1 Introduction 206 6.4.2 Clinical Symptoms and Pathogenesis 206 6.4.3 Epidemiology 208 6.4.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 208 6.4.5 Treatment 211 6.4.6 Vaccination 211 6.5 Trichomomas vaginalis 212 6.5.1 Introduction 213 6.5.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 213 6.5.3 Epidemiology 213 6.5.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 214 6.5.5 Treatment and Management 215 6.6 Exercises 215 6.7 Case Studies 215 References 216 7 Infections in Immunocompromised Patients 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Congenital Genetic Immunological Disorders 224 7.3 Blood Cell and Bone Marrow Disorders 226 7.4 HIV/AIDS 228 7.5 Cytomegalovirus 229 7.5.1 Introduction 229 7.5.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 229 7.5.3 Epidemiology 231 7.5.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 232 7.5.5 Treatment and Control 233 7.6 Staphylococcus spp. 234 7.6.1 Introduction 234 7.6.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 235 7.6.3 Epidemiology 236 7.6.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 237 7.6.5 Treatment and Management 241 7.7 Aspergillus spp. 241 7.7.1 Introduction 242 7.7.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 242 7.7.3 Epidemiology 243 7.7.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 244 7.7.5 Treatment and Management 246 7.8 Cryptococcus spp. 246 7.8.1 Introduction 247 7.8.2 Pathogenesis and Clinical Symptoms 247 7.8.3 Epidemiology 248 7.8.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 250 7.8.5 Treatment 251 7.9 Exercises 251 7.10 Case Studies 252 References 253 Appendix 261 Index 267
£83.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quantitative Microbiology in Food Processing
Book SynopsisMicroorganisms are essential for the production of many foods, including cheese, yoghurt, and bread, but they can also cause spoilage and diseases. Quantitative Microbiology of Food Processing: Modeling the Microbial Ecology explores the effects of food processing techniques on these microorganisms, the microbial ecology of food, and the surrounding issues concerning contemporary food safety and stability. Whilst literature has been written on these separate topics, this book seamlessly integrates all these concepts in a unique and comprehensive guide. Each chapter includes background information regarding a specific unit operation, discussion of quantitative aspects, and examples of food processes in which the unit operation playsa major role in microbial safety. This is the perfect text for those seeking to understand the quantitative effects of unit operations and beyond on the fate of foodborne microorganisms in different foods. Quantitative Microbiology of FTable of ContentsList of contributors xvi Part I Introductory section 1 1 Introduction to the microbial ecology of foods 3 D. Roy and G. LaPointe 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Role of food characteristics and environment on microbial fate 4 1.3 Understanding microbial growth, death, persistence, competition, antagonism and survival in food 8 1.4 Methods to study the microbial ecology of foods 11 1.5 Perspectives on applying food ecosystem modeling 12 References 13 2 Predictive microbiology: mathematics towards understanding the fate of food‐borne microorganisms in food processing 16 P.N. Skandamis and E.Z. Panagou 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Probability and kinetic models for food processing and HACCP 18 2.3 Thermal inactivation 32 2.4 Non‐thermal inactivation and modeling stress‐adaptation strategies 34 2.5 Fermentation: a dynamic environment for microbial growth and pathogen inactivation 38 2.6 Colonial versus planktonic type of growth: modes of microbial existence on surfaces and in liquid, semi‐liquid, and solid foods 41 2.7 Modeling microbial transfer between processing equipment and foods 45 2.8 Alternative multivariate approaches: the use of bioinformatics for characterizing spoilage and product classification 49 References 51 3 Principles of unit operations in food processing 68 A. Ibarz and P.E.D. Augusto 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Principles of transport phenomena 68 3.3 Principles and unit operations of momentum transfer 69 3.4 Principles and unit operations of heat transfer 73 3.5 Principles and unit operations of mass transfer 81 3.6 Conclusions 82 References 83 Part II Impact of unit operations on microorganisms of relevance in foods 85 4 Impact of materials handling at pre‐ and post‐harvest operations on the microbial ecology of foods of vegetable origin 87 A.N. Olaimat, P.J. Delaquis, and R.A. Holley 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 The production environment 90 4.3 Soil 91 4.4 Fertilizers derived from animal wastes 92 4.5 Irrigation 93 4.6 Harvesting and handling 98 4.7 Postharvest processing 99 4.8 Packaging, storage, and transportation 101 4.9 Conclusions 103 References 103 5 Impact of heating operations on the microbial ecology of foods 117 E. Xanthakis and V.P. Valdramidis 5.1 Background and basic information of heating operations 117 5.2 Quantitative aspects and how unit operations impact on food‐borne microorganisms 131 5.3 Application of F‐value concept 132 5.4 Dealing with non‐linearity 133 5.5 Development of new concepts to assess heat processes 135 5.6 Microbial safety and stability of heating operations: challenges and perspectives 136 References 136 6 Impact of refrigeration operations on the microbial ecology of foods 142 L. Huang 6.1 Introduction 142 6.2 Refrigeration as a unit operation 143 6.3 Dynamic effect of chilling on growth of C. perfringens during cooling 147 References 158 7 Impact of dehydration and drying operations on the microbial ecology of foods 160 F. Pérez‐Rodríguez, E. Carrasco, and A. Valero 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Modeling the drying process in food 161 7.3 Modeling microbial survival/inactivation in drying/dehydration processes 163 7.4 Example of application/development of predictive microbiology models for describing microbial death during drying processes 169 7.5 Conclusions 173 References 173 8 Impact of irradiation on the microbial ecology of foods 176 S. Unluturk 8.1 Introduction 176 8.2 Ionizing radiation 176 8.3 Non‐ionizing radiation 180 References 187 9 Impact of high‐pressure processing on the microbial ecology of foods 194 S. Mukhopadhyay, D.O. Ukuku, V. Juneja, and R. Ramaswamy 9.1 Introduction 194 9.2 Processing operation 195 9.3 Bacteria and enzyme inactivation 195 9.4 Effect of high pressure on fruit and vegetable products 198 9.5 Effect of HHP on meat and other food products 198 9.6 Effect of added antimicrobial on pathogen inactivation by high‐pressure processing (hurdle approach) 199 9.7 High‐pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) disinfection 200 9.8 Effect of HHP on bacteria, virus, insects, and other organisms 201 9.9 Effect of HHP on quality: color, flavor, texture, sugar, totally soluble, and insolubles 203 9.10 Advantages and disadvantages of using HHP 205 9.11 Applications and conclusions 205 References 206 10 Impact of Vacuum packaging, modified and controlled atmosphere on the microbial ecology of foods 217 L. Angiolillo, A. Conte, and M.A.D. Nobile 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Vacuum packaging 218 10.3 Controlled atmosphere 219 10.4 Modified atmosphere packaging 220 References 223 11 Impact of fermentation on the microbial ecology of foods 226 M. Mataragas, K. Rantsiou, and L. Cocolin 11.1 Introduction 226 11.2 Fermentations: microbial ecology and activity 227 11.3 Factors affecting food‐borne pathogen inactivation during fermentation 227 11.4 Challenge tests 229 11.5 Predictive modeling 230 11.6 Conclusions 236 References 236 12 Impact of forming and mixing operations on the microbial ecology of foods: focus on pathogenic microorganisms 241 J.C.C.P. Costa, G.D. Posada‐Izquierdo, F. Perez‐Rodriguez, and R.M. Garcia‐Gimeno 12.1 Forming 241 12.2 Homogenizing 244 12.3 Mixing 246 References 248 13 Impact of specific unit operations on food‐borne microorganisms: curing, salting, extrusion, puffing, encapsulation, absorption, extraction, distillation, and crystallization 250 E. Ortega‐Rivas, S.B. Perez‐Vega, and I. Salmeron 13.1 Introductory remarks 250 13.2 Burden of food‐borne illnesses 250 13.3 Food safety and food quality 251 13.4 Prevention and control through processing 251 13.5 Conclusions and prospects for the future 260 References 261 14 Impact of food unit operations on virus loads in foods 263 D. Li, A.D. Keuckelaere, and M. Uyttendaele 14.1 Introduction 263 14.2 The use of surrogate viruses to assess inactivation processes 263 14.3 Virus contamination in food processing 264 14.4 Survival of virus in the food processing chain 267 14.5 Effect of food preservation techniques on the virus load 267 14.6 Conclusion and perspectives 280 References 281 15 Impact of food unit operations on parasites in foods: focus on selected parasites within the fresh produce industry 288 L.J. Robertson 15.1 Background and introduction 288 15.2 Detection of selected parasites in fresh produce 299 15.3 Effects of fresh produce treatments on selected parasites 303 15.4 Conclusion 315 References 316 16 Impact of food unit operations on probiotic microorganisms 327 A. Gandhi and N.P. Shah 16.1 Introduction 327 16.2 Probiotic products 328 16.3 probiotics and environmental stress: cellular mechanisms and resistance 328 16.4 Enhancing stress resistance of probiotics 332 16.5 Conclusion 334 References 334 Part III Microbial ecology of food products 339 17 Microbial ecology of fresh vegetables 341 J. Zheng, J. Kase, A. De Jesus, S. Sahu, A.E. Hayford, Y. Luo, A.R. Datta, E.W. Brown, and R. Bell 17.1 Introduction 341 17.2 Prevalence and diversity of microbial communities on fresh vegetables (post‐harvest) 341 17.3 Post‐harvest persistence, colonization, and survival on fresh vegetables 342 17.4 Routes of contamination during post‐harvest handling of fresh and fresh‐cut vegetables 345 17.5 Microbial adaptation on produce commodity 347 17.6 Effective post‐harvest intervention technologies 348 References 350 18 Microbial ecology of fruits and fruit‐based products 358 S. Paramithiotis, E.H. Drosinos, and P.N. Skandamis 18.1 Introduction 358 18.2 Fresh whole fruits 359 18.3 Minimally processed fruits 367 18.4 Processed fruits 372 Acknowledgments 374 References 374 19 Microbial ecology of cereal and cereal‐based foods 382 A. Bevilacqua, M. Sinigaglia, and M.R. Corbo 19.1 Introduction 382 19.2 Sourdough 382 19.3 Ethnic fermented foods 384 19.4 Spoilage of cereals and cereal products 385 References 388 20 Microbial ecology of nuts, seeds, and sprouts 390 M.S. Rhee, S.A. Kim, and N.H. Kim 20.1 Introduction 390 20.2 Definition and classification of nuts, seeds, and sprouts 390 20.3 Microbial ecology of nuts and seeds 391 20.4 Microbial ecology of sprouts and their corresponding seeds 400 20.5 Implications and perspectives 409 References 410 21 Microbial ecology of eggs: a focus on Salmonella and microbial contamination in post‐harvest table shell egg production 416 S.C. Ricke 21.1 Introduction 416 21.2 Historical and current trends in commercial egg production 417 21.3 Egg production management on the farm and incidence of Salmonella 420 21.4 Egg processing and microbial contamination: general aspects 421 21.5 Microbial contamination during egg collection at the farm to in‐line processing 423 21.6 Microbial contamination during transportation to off‐line egg processing facilities 424 21.7 Microbial contamination during egg processing 425 21.8 Egg washwater and sanitation 426 21.9 Egg retail and microbial contamination 428 21.10 Conclusions and future directions 429 Acknowledgment 431 References 431 22 Microbial ecology of beef carcasses and beef products 442 X. Yang 22.1 Introduction 442 22.2 Carcass production process 442 22.3 Carcass breaking 451 References 455 23 Microbial ecology of pork meat and pork products 463 L. Iacumin and J. Carballo 23.1 Introduction 463 23.2 Pork meat as a substrate for microbial growth: chemical and physical characteristics 464 23.3 Microbial ecology of fresh pork meat: sources of contamination and microbial groups 465 23.4 Microbial ecology of chilled pork meat 467 23.5 Microbial ecology of vacuum/modified atmosphere packaged pork meat 468 23.6 Microbial ecology of marinated pork meat 469 23.7 Microbial ecology of cured and fermented/ripened pork meats 470 23.8 Microbial ecology of high‐pressure preserved pork meat 473 References 474 24 Microbial ecology of poultry and poultry products 483 S. Buncic, D. Antic, and B. Blagojevic 24.1 Introduction 483 24.2 Microbial hazard identification and prioritization 483 24.3 Microbial aspects of poultry processing at abattoirs 484 24.4 Microbial aspects of derived poultry meat products 492 References 497 25 Microbial ecology of seafoods: a special emphasis on the spoilage microbiota of North Sea seafood 499 K. Broekaert, G. Vlaemynck, and M. Heyndrickx 25.1 Introduction 499 25.2 Total viable counts (TVC s) and microorganisms identified depends on the method used 499 25.3 The initial microbiota of marine fish 501 25.4 Raw seafood 503 25.5 Processing – lightly preserved seafood 506 25.6 A case study: brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) (adapted from Broekaert et al. 2013) 509 References 513 26 Microbial ecology of mayonnaise, margarine, and sauces 519 O. Sagdic, F. Tornuk, S. Karasu, M.Z. Durak, and M. Arici 26.1 Introduction 519 26.2 Mayonnaise 519 26.3 Margarine 523 26.4 Sauces and salad dressings 525 26.5 Conclusion 527 References 529 27 Microbial ecology of confectionary products, honey, sugar, and syrups 533 M. Nascimento and A. Mondal 27.1 Introduction 533 27.2 Cocoa and chocolate 533 27.3 Nuts and peanut butter 535 27.4 Honey 538 27.5 Sugar 539 27.6 Syrups 539 27.7 Conclusion 540 References 540 28 Microbial ecology of wine 547 E. Vaudano, A. Costantini, and E. Garcia‐Moruno 28.1 Introduction 547 28.2 Biodiversity of grape microorganisms 547 28.3 Microorganism ecology in winemaking 548 28.4 Microorganism ecology during aging 550 28.5 Microbial identification by classical methods 551 28.6 Microbial identification by molecular methods 551 References 555 29 Microbial diversity and ecology of bottled water 560 C.M. Manaia and O.C. Nunes 29.1 Definitions of bottled water 560 29.2 Characteristics of mineral and spring water 562 29.3 Useful methods to study bottled water microbiota 565 29.4 Microbiological diversity 568 29.5 Bottling effect 573 29.6 Microbiological contamination 574 29.7 A new perspective on microbiological quality and safety 576 Acknowledgments 577 References 577 Part IV Closing section 581 30 Microbial risk assessment: integrating and quantifying the impacts of food processing operations on food safety 583 J.‐C. Augustin, M. Ellouze, and L. Guillier 30.1 Introduction 583 30.2 Basic processes encountered during food processing operations 584 30.2.1 Microbial processes 584 30.3 Risk‐based objectives for each processing operation 590 30.4 Conclusion 595 References 596 31 Quorum sensing and microbial ecology of foods 600 V.A. Blana, A. Lianou, and G.‐J.E. Nychas 31.1 Introduction 600 31.2 Quorum sensing and microbial behavior 601 31.3 Quorum sensing and food ecology 606 31.4 Quorum quenching 610 References 611 32 Heterogeneity in Bacillus subtilis spore germination and outgrowth: an area of key challenges for “omics” in food microbiology 617 R. Pandey and S. Brul 32.1 Bacterial spores in the food industry 617 32.2 The Bacillus genus 618 32.3 Sporulation cycle 618 32.4 Endospore structure and its resistance 619 32.5 Spore germination and outgrowth 620 32.6 Heterogeneity in bacterial (spore) physiology during germination and outgrowth 623 32.7 Steps towards single‐cell physiology and “omics” measurements 625 References 626 33 Role of stress response on microbial ecology of foods and its impact on the fate of food‑borne microorganisms 631 A. Alvarez‐Ordóñez, M. López, and M. Prieto 33.1 Introduction 631 33.2 Acquisition of permanent stress tolerance through adaptive mutagenesis 631 33.3 Transient adaptive responses to stress: modulation of membrane fluidity as an example 634 33.4 Using food components to survive under harsh conditions 636 33.5 The balance between self‐preservation and nutritional competence (SPANC) 639 33.6 Conclusions and future prospects 641 Acknowledgment 643 References 643 Index 649
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