Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the fundamental principles and latest research findings in hydrogen energy fields including: hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, fuel cells, hydrogen safety, economics, and the impact on society. Further, the book introduces the latest development trends in practical applications, especially in commercial household fuel cells and commercial fuel cell vehicles in Japan. This book not only helps readers to further their basic knowledge, but also presents the state of the art of hydrogen-energy-related research and development. This work serves as an excellent reference for beginners such as graduate students, as well as a handbook and systematic summary of entire hydrogen-energy systems for scientists and engineers.Table of ContentsWhy Hydrogen? Why Fuel Cells?.- Current Status: General.- Current Status: Global.- Development Histories: Hydrogen Technologies.- Development Histories: Fuel Cell Technologies.- Future Technological Directions.- Introduction.- Reforming.- Alkaline Water Electrolysis.- Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis.- Steam Electrolysis.- Photocatalytic Water Splitting.- Fundamentals.- Solid Hydrogen Storage Materials: Interstitial Hydrides.- Solid Hydrogen Storage Materials: Non-Interstitial Hydrides.- Solid Hydrogen Storage Materials: High Surface Area Adsorbents.- Liquid Hydrogen Carriers.- Compressed Hydrogen: Thermophysical Properties.- Compressed Hydrogen: High Pressure Hydrogen Tanks.- Hydrogen Storage: Conclusions and Future Perspectives.- Fundamentals.- Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs).- Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs).- Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cell (AFCs).- Hydrogen Combustion Systems.- Hydrogen Safety Fundamentals.- Hydrogen Gas Safety Management.- Hydrogen Safety in Practice.- Hydrogen and the Tensile Properties of Metals.- Hydrogen and the Fatigue Properties of Metals.- Hydrogen and the Fretting Fatigue Properties of Metals.- Structural Design and Testing.- Future Perspectives.- Development of the MIRAI Fuel Cell Vehicle.- Residential Applications: ENE-FARM.- Distributed Power Generation.- Triple Combined Cycle Power Generation.- Fuel Cells with Biofuels.- Portable Applications.- Hydrogen Infrastructure.- Business Model Evaluation of Hydrogen Energy.- Public Acceptance.- Numerical Analysis of the Optimal Distribution of Hydrogen Filling Stations.- Hydrogen Energy Education.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSECTION 1 Hydrogen Economy and International hydrogen strategy 1. Hydrogen Economy and International Hydrogen Strategies 1.2. Potential market failures inhibiting the development of a green hydrogen export industry 1.3. Global hydrogen economy and hydrogen strategy overview SECTION 2 Hydrogen Production 2.1. Recent progress and developments in photocatalytic overall water splitting SECTION 3 Hydrogen Storage 3.1. Current state and challenges for hydrogen storage technologies 3.2. Hydrogen storage in high entropy alloys 3.3 Hydrogen storage technology SECTION 4 Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution 4.1. Hydrogen transportation and distribution 4.2. Commercially available resources for physical hydrogen storage and distribution 4.3. Metal hydride hydrogen storage: A systems perspective SECTION 5 Hydrogen Safety/Standards (National and International Document Standards on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells) 5.1. Hydrogen sensors for safety applications 5.2. Hydrogen safety/standards (national and international document standards on hydrogen energy and fuel cell) SECTION 6 Power to Gas ‘Pathway’ 6.1. Potential of hydrogen in poweringmobility and grid sectors SECTION 7 Potential use of hydrogen for vehicular and power grid application 7.1. Total cost of ownership analysis of fuel cell electric vehicles in India 7.2. Overview on application of hydrogen 7.3. Fuel cell applications: Portable-domestic-distributed-mobility SECTION 8 Current and Future (of) hydrogen economy 8.1. Current and future of the hydrogen economy Index

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Book SynopsisAn indispensable guide for engineers and data scientists in design, testing, operation, manufacturing, and maintenance A road map to the current challenges and available opportunities for the research and development of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), this important work covers all areas of electronics and explains how to: assess methods for damage estimation of components and systems due to field loading conditions assess the cost and benefits of prognostic implementations develop novel methods for in situ monitoring of products and systems in actual life-cycle conditions enable condition-based (predictive) maintenance increase system availability through an extension of maintenance cycles and/or timely repair actions; obtain knowledge of load history for future design, qualification, and root cause analysis reduce the occurrence of no fault found (NFF) subtract life-cycle costs of eqTable of Contents List of Contributors xxiii Preface xxvii About the Contributors xxxv Acknowledgment xlvii List of Abbreviations xlix 1 Introduction to PHM 1Michael G. Pecht andMyeongsu Kang 1.1 Reliability and Prognostics 1 1.2 PHM for Electronics 3 1.3 PHM Approaches 6 1.3.1 PoF-Based Approach 6 1.3.1.1 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis (FMMEA) 7 1.3.1.2 Life-Cycle Load Monitoring 8 1.3.1.3 Data Reduction and Load Feature Extraction 10 1.3.1.4 Data Assessment and Remaining Life Calculation 12 1.3.1.5 Uncertainty Implementation and Assessment 13 1.3.2 Canaries 14 1.3.3 Data-Driven Approach 16 1.3.3.1 Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors 16 1.3.3.2 Data Analytics and Machine Learning 20 1.3.4 Fusion Approach 23 1.4 Implementation of PHM in a System of Systems 24 1.5 PHM in the Internet ofThings (IoT) Era 26 1.5.1 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications: Manufacturing 27 1.5.2 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications: Energy Generation 27 1.5.3 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications: Transportation and Logistics 28 1.5.4 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications: Automobiles 28 1.5.5 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications: Medical Consumer Products 29 1.5.6 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications:Warranty Services 29 1.5.7 IoT-Enabled PHM Applications: Robotics 30 1.6 Summary 30 References 30 2 Sensor Systems for PHM 39Hyunseok Oh,Michael H. Azarian, Shunfeng Cheng, andMichael G. Pecht 2.1 Sensor and Sensing Principles 39 2.1.1 Thermal Sensors 40 2.1.2 Electrical Sensors 41 2.1.3 Mechanical Sensors 42 2.1.4 Chemical Sensors 42 2.1.5 Humidity Sensors 44 2.1.6 Biosensors 44 2.1.7 Optical Sensors 45 2.1.8 Magnetic Sensors 45 2.2 Sensor Systems for PHM 46 2.2.1 Parameters to be Monitored 47 2.2.2 Sensor System Performance 48 2.2.3 Physical Attributes of Sensor Systems 48 2.2.4 Functional Attributes of Sensor Systems 49 2.2.4.1 Onboard Power and Power Management 49 2.2.4.2 Onboard Memory and Memory Management 50 2.2.4.3 Programmable SamplingMode and Sampling Rate 51 2.2.4.4 Signal Processing Software 51 2.2.4.5 Fast and Convenient Data Transmission 52 2.2.5 Reliability 53 2.2.6 Availability 53 2.2.7 Cost 54 2.3 Sensor Selection 54 2.4 Examples of Sensor Systems for PHM Implementation 54 2.5 Emerging Trends in Sensor Technology for PHM 59 References 60 3 Physics-of-Failure Approach to PHM 61Shunfeng Cheng, Nagarajan Raghavan, Jie Gu, Sony Mathew, and Michael G. Pecht 3.1 PoF-Based PHM Methodology 61 3.2 Hardware Configuration 62 3.3 Loads 63 3.4 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis (FMMEA) 64 3.4.1 Examples of FMMEA for Electronic Devices 68 3.5 Stress Analysis 71 3.6 Reliability Assessment and Remaining-Life Predictions 73 3.7 Outputs from PoF-Based PHM 77 3.8 Caution and Concerns in the Use of PoF-Based PHM 78 3.9 Combining PoF with Data-Driven Prognosis 80 References 81 4 Machine Learning: Fundamentals 85Myeongsu Kang and Noel Jordan Jameson 4.1 Types of Machine Learning 85 4.1.1 Supervised, Unsupervised, Semi-Supervised, and Reinforcement Learning 86 4.1.2 Batch and Online Learning 88 4.1.3 Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning 89 4.2 Probability Theory in Machine Learning: Fundamentals 90 4.2.1 Probability Space and Random Variables 91 4.2.2 Distributions, Joint Distributions, and Marginal Distributions 91 4.2.3 Conditional Distributions 91 4.2.4 Independence 92 4.2.5 Chain Rule and Bayes Rule 92 4.3 Probability Mass Function and Probability Density Function 93 4.3.1 Probability Mass Function 93 4.3.2 Probability Density Function 93 4.4 Mean, Variance, and Covariance Estimation 94 4.4.1 Mean 94 4.4.2 Variance 94 4.4.3 Robust Covariance Estimation 95 4.5 Probability Distributions 96 4.5.1 Bernoulli Distribution 96 4.5.2 Normal Distribution 96 4.5.3 Uniform Distribution 97 4.6 Maximum Likelihood and Maximum A Posteriori Estimation 97 4.6.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 97 4.6.2 Maximum A Posteriori Estimation 98 4.7 Correlation and Causation 99 4.8 Kernel Trick 100 4.9 Performance Metrics 102 4.9.1 Diagnostic Metrics 102 4.9.2 Prognostic Metrics 105 References 107 5 Machine Learning: Data Pre-processing 111Myeongsu Kang and Jing Tian 5.1 Data Cleaning 111 5.1.1 Missing Data Handling 111 5.1.1.1 Single-Value Imputation Methods 113 5.1.1.2 Model-Based Methods 113 5.2 Feature Scaling 114 5.3 Feature Engineering 116 5.3.1 Feature Extraction 116 5.3.1.1 PCA and Kernel PCA 116 5.3.1.2 LDA and Kernel LDA 118 5.3.1.3 Isomap 119 5.3.1.4 Self-Organizing Map (SOM) 120 5.3.2 Feature Selection 121 5.3.2.1 Feature Selection: FilterMethods 122 5.3.2.2 Feature Selection:WrapperMethods 124 5.3.2.3 Feature Selection: Embedded Methods 124 5.3.2.4 Advanced Feature Selection 125 5.4 Imbalanced Data Handling 125 5.4.1 SamplingMethods for Imbalanced Learning 126 5.4.1.1 Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique 126 5.4.1.2 Adaptive Synthetic Sampling 126 5.4.1.3 Effect of SamplingMethods for Diagnosis 127 References 129 6 Machine Learning: Anomaly Detection 131Myeongsu Kang 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Types of Anomalies 133 6.2.1 Point Anomalies 134 6.2.2 Contextual Anomalies 134 6.2.3 Collective Anomalies 135 6.3 Distance-Based Methods 136 6.3.1 MD Calculation Using an Inverse Matrix Method 137 6.3.2 MD Calculation Using a Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization Method 137 6.3.3 Decision Rules 138 6.3.3.1 Gamma Distribution:Threshold Selection 138 6.3.3.2 Weibull Distribution:Threshold Selection 139 6.3.3.3 Box-Cox Transformation:Threshold Selection 139 6.4 Clustering-Based Methods 140 6.4.1 k-Means Clustering 141 6.4.2 Fuzzy c-Means Clustering 142 6.4.3 Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) 142 6.5 Classification-Based Methods 144 6.5.1 One-Class Classification 145 6.5.1.1 One-Class Support Vector Machines 145 6.5.1.2 k-Nearest Neighbors 148 6.5.2 Multi-Class Classification 149 6.5.2.1 Multi-Class Support Vector Machines 149 6.5.2.2 Neural Networks 151 6.6 StatisticalMethods 153 6.6.1 Sequential Probability Ratio Test 154 6.6.2 Correlation Analysis 156 6.7 Anomaly Detection with No System Health Profile 156 6.8 Challenges in Anomaly Detection 158 References 159 7 Machine Learning: Diagnostics and Prognostics 163Myeongsu Kang 7.1 Overview of Diagnosis and Prognosis 163 7.2 Techniques for Diagnostics 165 7.2.1 Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 165 7.2.1.1 Naïve Bayes 165 7.2.1.2 Decision Trees 167 7.2.2 Ensemble Learning 169 7.2.2.1 Bagging 170 7.2.2.2 Boosting: AdaBoost 171 7.2.3 Deep Learning 172 7.2.3.1 Supervised Learning: Deep Residual Networks 173 7.2.3.2 Effect of Feature Learning-Powered Diagnosis 176 7.3 Techniques for Prognostics 178 7.3.1 Regression Analysis 178 7.3.1.1 Linear Regression 178 7.3.1.2 Polynomial Regression 180 7.3.1.3 Ridge Regression 181 7.3.1.4 LASSO Regression 182 7.3.1.5 Elastic Net Regression 183 7.3.1.6 k-Nearest Neighbors Regression 183 7.3.1.7 Support Vector Regression 184 7.3.2 Particle Filtering 185 7.3.2.1 Fundamentals of Particle Filtering 186 7.3.2.2 Resampling Methods – A Review 187 References 189 8 Uncertainty Representation, Quantification, and Management in Prognostics 193Shankar Sankararaman 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Sources of Uncertainty in PHM 196 8.3 Formal Treatment of Uncertainty in PHM 199 8.3.1 Problem 1: Uncertainty Representation and Interpretation 199 8.3.2 Problem 2: Uncertainty Quantification 199 8.3.3 Problem 3: Uncertainty Propagation 200 8.3.4 Problem 4: Uncertainty Management 200 8.4 Uncertainty Representation and Interpretation 200 8.4.1 Physical Probabilities and Testing-Based Prediction 201 8.4.1.1 Physical Probability 201 8.4.1.2 Testing-Based Life Prediction 201 8.4.1.3 Confidence Intervals 202 8.4.2 Subjective Probabilities and Condition-Based Prognostics 202 8.4.2.1 Subjective Probability 202 8.4.2.2 Subjective Probabilities in Condition-Based Prognostics 203 8.4.3 Why is RUL Prediction Uncertain? 203 8.5 Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation for RUL Prediction 203 8.5.1 Computational Framework for Uncertainty Quantification 204 8.5.1.1 Present State Estimation 204 8.5.1.2 Future State Prediction 205 8.5.1.3 RUL Computation 205 8.5.2 RUL Prediction: An Uncertainty Propagation Problem 206 8.5.3 Uncertainty PropagationMethods 206 8.5.3.1 Sampling-Based Methods 207 8.5.3.2 AnalyticalMethods 209 8.5.3.3 Hybrid Methods 209 8.5.3.4 Summary of Methods 209 8.6 Uncertainty Management 210 8.7 Case Study: Uncertainty Quantification in the Power System of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 211 8.7.1 Description of the Model 211 8.7.2 Sources of Uncertainty 212 8.7.3 Results: Constant Amplitude Loading Conditions 213 8.7.4 Results: Variable Amplitude Loading Conditions 214 8.7.5 Discussion 214 8.8 Existing Challenges 215 8.8.1 Timely Predictions 215 8.8.2 Uncertainty Characterization 216 8.8.3 Uncertainty Propagation 216 8.8.4 Capturing Distribution Properties 216 8.8.5 Accuracy 216 8.8.6 Uncertainty Bounds 216 8.8.7 Deterministic Calculations 216 8.9 Summary 217 References 217 9 PHM Cost and Return on Investment 221Peter Sandborn, ChrisWilkinson, Kiri Lee Sharon, Taoufik Jazouli, and Roozbeh Bakhshi 9.1 Return on Investment 221 9.1.1 PHM ROI Analyses 222 9.1.2 Financial Costs 224 9.2 PHM Cost-Modeling Terminology and Definitions 225 9.3 PHM Implementation Costs 226 9.3.1 Nonrecurring Costs 226 9.3.2 Recurring Costs 227 9.3.3 Infrastructure Costs 228 9.3.4 Nonmonetary Considerations and Maintenance Culture 228 9.4 Cost Avoidance 229 9.4.1 Maintenance Planning Cost Avoidance 231 9.4.2 Discrete-Event Simulation Maintenance PlanningModel 232 9.4.3 Fixed-Schedule Maintenance Interval 233 9.4.4 Data-Driven (Precursor to Failure Monitoring) Methods 233 9.4.5 Model-Based (LRU-Independent)Methods 234 9.4.6 Discrete-Event Simulation Implementation Details 236 9.4.7 Operational Profile 237 9.5 Example PHM Cost Analysis 238 9.5.1 Single-Socket Model Results 239 9.5.2 Multiple-Socket Model Results 241 9.6 Example Business Case Construction: Analysis for ROI 246 9.7 Summary 255 References 255 10 Valuation and Optimization of PHM-Enabled Maintenance Decisions 261Xin Lei, Amir Reza Kashani-Pour, Peter Sandborn, and Taoufik Jazouli 10.1 Valuation and Optimization of PHM-Enabled Maintenance Decisions for an Individual System 262 10.1.1 A PHM-Enabled Predictive Maintenance OptimizationModel for an Individual System 263 10.1.2 Case Study: Optimization of PHM-Enabled Maintenance Decisions for an Individual System (Wind Turbine) 265 10.2 Availability 268 10.2.1 The Business of Availability: Outcome-Based Contracts 269 10.2.2 Incorporating Contract Terms into Maintenance Decisions 270 10.2.3 Case Study: Optimization of PHM-Enabled Maintenance Decisions for Systems (Wind Farm) 270 10.3 Future Directions 272 10.3.1 Design for Availability 272 10.3.2 Prognostics-BasedWarranties 275 10.3.3 Contract Engineering 276 References 277 11 Health and Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Electronic Circuits 279Arvind Sai Sarathi Vasan and Michael G. Pecht 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 RelatedWork 281 11.2.1 Component-Centric Approach 281 11.2.2 Circuit-Centric Approach 282 11.3 Electronic Circuit Health Estimation Through Kernel Learning 285 11.3.1 Kernel-Based Learning 285 11.3.2 Health Estimation Method 286 11.3.2.1 Likelihood-Based Function for Model Selection 288 11.3.2.2 Optimization Approach for Model Selection 289 11.3.3 Implementation Results 292 11.3.3.1 Bandpass Filter Circuit 293 11.3.3.2 DC–DC Buck Converter System 300 11.4 RUL Prediction Using Model-Based Filtering 306 11.4.1 Prognostics Problem Formulation 306 11.4.2 Circuit DegradationModeling 307 11.4.3 Model-Based Prognostic Methodology 310 11.4.4 Implementation Results 313 11.4.4.1 Low-Pass Filter Circuit 313 11.4.4.2 Voltage Feedback Circuit 315 11.4.4.3 Source of RUL Prediction Error 320 11.4.4.4 Effect of First-Principles-Based Modeling 320 11.5 Summary 322 References 324 12 PHM-Based Qualification of Electronics 329Preeti S. Chauhan 12.1 Why is Product Qualification Important? 329 12.2 Considerations for Product Qualification 331 12.3 Review of Current Qualification Methodologies 334 12.3.1 Standards-Based Qualification 334 12.3.2 Knowledge-Based or PoF-Based Qualification 337 12.3.3 Prognostics and Health Management-Based Qualification 340 12.3.3.1 Data-Driven Techniques 340 12.3.3.2 Fusion Prognostics 343 12.4 Summary 345 References 346 13 PHM of Li-ion Batteries 349Saurabh Saxena, Yinjiao Xing, andMichael G. Pecht 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 State of Charge Estimation 351 13.2.1 SOC Estimation Case Study I 352 13.2.1.1 NN Model 353 13.2.1.2 Training and Testing Data 354 13.2.1.3 Determination of the NN Structure 355 13.2.1.4 Training and Testing Results 356 13.2.1.5 Application of Unscented Kalman Filter 357 13.2.2 SOC Estimation Case Study II 357 13.2.2.1 OCV–SOC-T Test 358 13.2.2.2 Battery Modeling and Parameter Identification 359 13.2.2.3 OCV–SOC-T Table for Model Improvement 360 13.2.2.4 Validation of the Proposed Model 362 13.2.2.5 Algorithm Implementation for Online Estimation 362 13.3 State of Health Estimation and Prognostics 365 13.3.1 Case Study for Li-ion Battery Prognostics 366 13.3.1.1 Capacity DegradationModel 366 13.3.1.2 Uncertainties in Battery Prognostics 368 13.3.1.3 Model Updating via Bayesian Monte Carlo 368 13.3.1.4 SOH Prognostics and RUL Estimation 369 13.3.1.5 Prognostic Results 371 13.4 Summary 371 References 372 14 PHM of Light-Emitting Diodes 377Moon-Hwan Chang, Jiajie Fan, Cheng Qian, and Bo Sun 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Review of PHM Methodologies for LEDs 378 14.2.1 Overview of Available Prognostic Methods 378 14.2.2 Data-DrivenMethods 379 14.2.2.1 Statistical Regression 379 14.2.2.2 Static Bayesian Network 381 14.2.2.3 Kalman Filtering 382 14.2.2.4 Particle Filtering 383 14.2.2.5 Artificial Neural Network 384 14.2.3 Physics-Based Methods 385 14.2.4 LED System-Level Prognostics 387 14.3 Simulation-Based Modeling and Failure Analysis for LEDs 388 14.3.1 LED Chip-LevelModeling and Failure Analysis 389 14.3.1.1 Electro-optical Simulation of LED Chip 389 14.3.1.2 LED Chip-Level Failure Analysis 393 14.3.2 LED Package-Level Modeling and Failure Analysis 395 14.3.2.1 Thermal and Optical Simulation for Phosphor-Converted White LED Package 395 14.3.2.2 LED Package-Level Failure Analysis 397 14.3.3 LED System-LevelModeling and Failure Analysis 399 14.4 Return-on-Investment Analysis of Applying Health Monitoring to LED Lighting Systems 401 14.4.1 ROI Methodology 403 14.4.2 ROI Analysis of Applying System Health Monitoring to LED Lighting Systems 406 14.4.2.1 Failure Rates and Distributions for ROI Simulation 407 14.4.2.2 Determination of Prognostics Distance 410 14.4.2.3 IPHM, CPHM, and Cu Evaluation 412 14.4.2.4 ROI Evaluation 417 14.5 Summary 419 References 420 15 PHM in Healthcare 431Mary Capelli-Schellpfeffer,Myeongsu Kang, andMichael G. Pecht 15.1 Healthcare in the United States 431 15.2 Considerations in Healthcare 432 15.2.1 Clinical Consideration in ImplantableMedical Devices 432 15.2.2 Considerations in Care Bots 433 15.3 Benefits of PHM 438 15.3.1 Safety Increase 439 15.3.2 Operational Reliability Improvement 440 15.3.3 Mission Availability Increase 440 15.3.4 System’s Service Life Extension 441 15.3.5 Maintenance Effectiveness Increase 441 15.4 PHM of ImplantableMedical Devices 442 15.5 PHM of Care Bots 444 15.6 Canary-Based Prognostics of Healthcare Devices 445 15.7 Summary 447 References 447 16 PHM of Subsea Cables 451David Flynn, Christopher Bailey, Pushpa Rajaguru,Wenshuo Tang, and Chunyan Yin 16.1 Subsea Cable Market 451 16.2 Subsea Cables 452 16.3 Cable Failures 454 16.3.1 Internal Failures 455 16.3.2 Early-Stage Failures 455 16.3.3 External Failures 455 16.3.4 Environmental Conditions 455 16.3.5 Third-Party Damage 456 16.4 State-of-the-Art Monitoring 457 16.5 Qualifying and Maintaining Subsea Cables 458 16.5.1 Qualifying Subsea Cables 458 16.5.2 Mechanical Tests 458 16.5.3 Maintaining Subsea Cables 459 16.6 Data-Gathering Techniques 460 16.7 Measuring theWear Behavior of Cable Materials 461 16.8 Predicting Cable Movement 463 16.8.1 Sliding Distance Derivation 463 16.8.2 Scouring Depth Calculations 465 16.9 Predicting Cable Degradation 466 16.9.1 Volume Loss due to Abrasion 466 16.9.2 Volume Loss due to Corrosion 466 16.10 Predicting Remaining Useful Life 468 16.11 Case Study 471 16.12 Future Challenges 471 16.12.1 Data-Driven Approach for Random Failures 471 16.12.2 Model-Driven Approach for Environmental Failures 473 16.12.2.1 Fusion-Based PHM 473 16.12.2.2 Sensing Techniques 474 16.13 Summary 474 References 475 17 Connected Vehicle Diagnostics and Prognostics 479Yilu Zhang and Xinyu Du 17.1 Introduction 479 17.2 Design of an Automatic Field Data Analyzer 481 17.2.1 Data Collection Subsystem 482 17.2.2 Information Abstraction Subsystem 482 17.2.3 Root Cause Analysis Subsystem 482 17.2.3.1 Feature-Ranking Module 482 17.2.3.2 Relevant Feature Set Selection 484 17.2.3.3 Results Interpretation 486 17.3 Case Study: CVDP for Vehicle Batteries 486 17.3.1 Brief Background of Vehicle Batteries 486 17.3.2 Applying AFDA for Vehicle Batteries 488 17.3.3 Experimental Results 489 Contents xvii 17.3.3.1 Information Abstraction 490 17.3.3.2 Feature Ranking 490 17.3.3.3 Interpretation of Results 495 17.4 Summary 498 References 499 18 The Role of PHM at Commercial Airlines 503RhondaWalthall and Ravi Rajamani 18.1 Evolution of Aviation Maintenance 503 18.2 Stakeholder Expectations for PHM 506 18.2.1 Passenger Expectations 506 18.2.2 Airline/Operator/Owner Expectations 507 18.2.3 Airframe Manufacturer Expectations 509 18.2.4 Engine Manufacturer Expectations 510 18.2.5 System and Component Supplier Expectations 511 18.2.6 MRO Organization Expectations 512 18.3 PHM Implementation 513 18.3.1 SATAA 513 18.4 PHM Applications 517 18.4.1 Engine Health Management (EHM) 517 18.4.1.1 History of EHM 518 18.4.1.2 EHM Infrastructure 519 18.4.1.3 Technologies Associated with EHM 520 18.4.1.4 The Future 523 18.4.2 Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Health Management 524 18.4.3 Environmental Control System (ECS) and Air Distribution Health Monitoring 525 18.4.4 Landing System Health Monitoring 526 18.4.5 Liquid Cooling System Health Monitoring 526 18.4.6 Nitrogen Generation System (NGS) Health Monitoring 527 18.4.7 Fuel Consumption Monitoring 527 18.4.8 Flight Control Actuation Health Monitoring 528 18.4.9 Electric Power System Health Monitoring 529 18.4.10 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) 529 18.4.11 Battery Health Management 531 18.5 Summary 532 References 533 19 PHM Software for Electronics 535Noel Jordan Jameson,Myeongsu Kang, and Jing Tian 19.1 PHM Software: CALCE Simulation Assisted Reliability Assessment 535 19.2 PHM Software: Data-Driven 540 19.2.1 Data Flow 541 19.2.2 Master Options 542 19.2.3 Data Pre-processing 543 19.2.4 Feature Discovery 545 19.2.5 Anomaly Detection 546 19.2.6 Diagnostics/Classification 548 19.2.7 Prognostics/Modeling 552 19.2.8 Challenges in Data-Driven PHM Software Development 554 19.3 Summary 557 20 eMaintenance 559Ramin Karim, Phillip Tretten, and Uday Kumar 20.1 From Reactive to Proactive Maintenance 559 20.2 The Onset of eMaintenance 560 20.3 MaintenanceManagement System 561 20.3.1 Life-cycle Management 562 20.3.2 eMaintenance Architecture 564 20.4 Sensor Systems 564 20.4.1 Sensor Technology for PHM 565 20.5 Data Analysis 565 20.6 Predictive Maintenance 566 20.7 Maintenance Analytics 567 20.7.1 Maintenance Descriptive Analytics 568 20.7.2 Maintenance Analytics and eMaintenance 568 20.7.3 Maintenance Analytics and Big Data 568 20.8 Knowledge Discovery 570 20.9 Integrated Knowledge Discovery 571 20.10 User Interface for Decision Support 572 20.11 Applications of eMaintenance 572 20.11.1 eMaintenance in Railways 572 20.11.1.1 Railway Cloud: Swedish Railway Data 573 20.11.1.2 Railway Cloud: Service Architecture 573 20.11.1.3 Railway Cloud: Usage Scenario 574 20.11.2 eMaintenance in Manufacturing 574 20.11.3 MEMS Sensors for Bearing Vibration Measurement 576 20.11.4 Wireless Sensors for Temperature Measurement 576 20.11.5 Monitoring Systems 576 20.11.6 eMaintenance Cloud and Servers 578 20.11.7 Dashboard Managers 580 20.11.8 Alarm Servers 580 20.11.9 Cloud Services 581 20.11.10 Graphic User Interfaces 583 20.12 Internet Technology and Optimizing Technology 585 References 586 21 Predictive Maintenance in the IoT Era 589Rashmi B. Shetty 21.1 Background 589 21.1.1 Challenges of a Maintenance Program 590 21.1.2 Evolution of Maintenance Paradigms 590 21.1.3 Preventive Versus Predictive Maintenance 592 21.1.4 P–F Curve 592 21.1.5 Bathtub Curve 594 21.2 Benefits of a Predictive Maintenance Program 595 21.3 Prognostic Model Selection for Predictive Maintenance 596 21.4 Internet ofThings 598 21.4.1 Industrial IoT 598 21.5 Predictive Maintenance Based on IoT 599 21.6 Predictive Maintenance Usage Cases 600 21.7 Machine Learning Techniques for Data-Driven Predictive Maintenance 600 21.7.1 Supervised Learning 602 21.7.2 Unsupervised Learning 602 21.7.3 Anomaly Detection 602 21.7.4 Multi-class and Binary Classification Models 603 21.7.5 Regression Models 604 21.7.6 Survival Models 604 21.8 Best Practices 604 21.8.1 Define Business Problem and QuantitativeMetrics 605 21.8.2 Identify Assets and Data Sources 605 21.8.3 Data Acquisition and Transformation 606 21.8.4 Build Models 607 21.8.5 Model Selection 607 21.8.6 Predict Outcomes and Transform into Process Insights 608 21.8.7 Operationalize and Deploy 609 21.8.8 Continuous Monitoring 609 21.9 Challenges in a Successful Predictive Maintenance Program 610 21.9.1 Predictive Maintenance Management Success Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 610 21.10 Summary 611 References 611 22 Analysis of PHM Patents for Electronics 613Zhenbao Liu, Zhen Jia, Chi-Man Vong, Shuhui Bu, andMichael G. Pecht 22.1 Introduction 613 22.2 Analysis of PHM Patents for Electronics 616 22.2.1 Sources of PHM Patents 616 22.2.2 Analysis of PHM Patents 617 22.3 Trend of Electronics PHM 619 22.3.1 Semiconductor Products and Computers 619 22.3.2 Batteries 622 22.3.3 Electric Motors 626 22.3.4 Circuits and Systems 629 22.3.5 Electrical Devices in Automobiles and Airplanes 631 22.3.6 Networks and Communication Facilities 634 22.3.7 Others 636 22.4 Summary 638 References 639 23 A PHM Roadmap for Electronics-Rich Systems 64Michael G. Pecht 23.1 Introduction 649 23.2 Roadmap Classifications 650 23.2.1 PHM at the Component Level 651 23.2.1.1 PHM for Integrated Circuits 652 23.2.1.2 High-Power Switching Electronics 652 23.2.1.3 Built-In Prognostics for Components and Circuit Boards 653 23.2.1.4 Photo-Electronics Prognostics 654 23.2.1.5 Interconnect andWiring Prognostics 656 23.2.2 PHM at the System Level 657 23.2.2.1 Legacy Systems 657 23.2.2.2 Environmental and OperationalMonitoring 659 23.2.2.3 LRU to Device Level 659 23.2.2.4 Dynamic Reconfiguration 659 23.2.2.5 System Power Management and PHM 660 23.2.2.6 PHM as Knowledge Infrastructure for System Development 660 23.2.2.7 Prognostics for Software 660 23.2.2.8 PHM for Mitigation of Reliability and Safety Risks 661 23.2.2.9 PHM in Supply Chain Management and Product Maintenance 662 23.3 Methodology Development 663 23.3.1 Best Algorithms 664 23.3.1.1 Approaches to Training 667 23.3.1.2 Active Learning for Unlabeled Data 667 23.3.1.3 Sampling Techniques and Cost-Sensitive Learning for Imbalanced Data 668 23.3.1.4 Transfer Learning for Knowledge Transfer 668 23.3.1.5 Internet ofThings and Big Data Analytics 669 23.3.2 Verification and Validation 670 23.3.3 Long-Term PHM Studies 671 23.3.4 PHM for Storage 671 23.3.5 PHM for No-Fault-Found/Intermittent Failures 672 23.3.6 PHM for Products Subjected to Indeterminate Operating Conditions 673 23.4 Nontechnical Barriers 674 23.4.1 Cost, Return on Investment, and Business Case Development 674 23.4.2 Liability and Litigation 676 23.4.2.1 Code Architecture: Proprietary or Open? 676 23.4.2.2 Long-Term Code Maintenance and Upgrades 676 23.4.2.3 False Alarms, Missed Alarms, and Life-Safety Implications 677 23.4.2.4 Warranty Restructuring 677 23.4.3 Maintenance Culture 677 23.4.4 Contract Structure 677 23.4.5 Role of Standards Organizations 678 23.4.5.1 IEEE Reliability Society and PHM Efforts 678 23.4.5.2 SAE PHM Standards 678 23.4.5.3 PHM Society 679 23.4.6 Licensing and Entitlement Management 680 References 680 Appendix A Commercially Available Sensor Systems for PHM 691 A.1 SmartButton – ACR Systems 691 A.2 OWL 400 – ACR Systems 693 A.3 SAVERTM 3X90 – Lansmont Instruments 695 A.4 G-Link®-LXRS®– LORD MicroStrain®Sensing Systems 697 A.5 V-Link®-LXRS®– LORD MicroStrain Sensing Systems 699 A.6 3DM-GX4–25TM – LORD MicroStrain Sensing Systems 702 A.7 IEPE-LinkTM-LXRS®– LORD MicroStrain Sensing Systems 704 A.8 ICHM®20/20 – Oceana Sensor 706 A.9 EnvironmentalMonitoring System 200TM – Upsite Technologies 708 A.10 S2NAP®– RLWInc. 710 A.11 SR1 Strain Gage Indicator – Advance Instrument Inc. 712 A.12 P3 Strain Indicator and Recorder – Micro-Measurements 714 A.13 Airscale Suspension-BasedWeighing System – VPG Inc. 716 A.14 Radio Microlog – Transmission Dynamics 718 Appendix B Journals and Conference Proceedings Related to PHM 721 B.1 Journals 721 B.2 Conference Proceedings 722 Appendix C Glossary of Terms and Definitions 725 Index 731

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Book SynopsisGeneral Introduction to Geothermal Energy.- Policy & Regulatory aspects of geothermal energy a European perspective.- A Global Perspective on Policies for Geothermal Development.- Geothermal energy and sustainability contribution to fighting climate change, CSR, new scenarios and maximization of social impacts.- Geothermal energy and citizens' participation.- Geothermal energy in Australia insights from the energy transition.- The social acceptability of geothermal energy in Quebec and Canada.- Geothermal energy in Chile social perception, narratives and up and down trajectory.

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Book SynopsisAuf welche Energiesysteme setzen die verschiedenen Nationen weltweit? Wie sind die Kraftwerke verteilt und welche Herausforderungen ergeben sich dadurch? In diesem Buch sind die Energiesysteme und -potenziale von 35 Ländern anschaulich und prägnant beschrieben. Dabei werden die zu Grunde liegenden Technologien, die Beiträge von fossilen, nuklearen und erneuerbaren Energien zur Strom-, Wärme- und Kraftstoffproduktion, ökologische und soziale Auswirkungen sowie die jeweils nationalen Grundlagen der Energiepolitik und Energietransformation verständlich und sachkundig erläutert. Zahlreiche Grafiken, Schaubilder und kartographische Visualisierungen ergänzen die Erläuterungstexte und bieten den Leser:innen hoch verdichtete Informationen.Die ZielgruppenWissenschaftler:innen und Professionals, die sich mit Energiesystemen, Energiepolitik, Transformationsprozessen und internationalen Vergleichen beschäftigen Dozierende, Studierende, Schüler:innen, Lehrer:innen und weitere am Thema Energiesysteme InteressierteTrade Review“... Das vorgestellte Fachbuch stellt eine Bereicherung der geodätischen Fachliteratur dar und sollte in keiner Sammlung geodätischer Literatur fehlen. Bemerkenswert ist, dass hier geodätische Berechnungen aus zum Teil ganz unterschiedlichen Sparten der Geodäsie, die ansonsten in eigenständigen Fachbüchern behandelt werden, zusammengestellt worden sind. ... Der Leser findet schnell die erforderlichen Hinweise und Ansätze, um seine Berechnungen ausfahren zu können. Dabei sind die vielen praktischen Hinweise, zusätzlichen Erläuterungen und zahlenmäßigen Beispiele hilfreich ...” (Willfried Schwarz, in: AVN - Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, Heft 130, 2023)Table of ContentsEuropa.- Naher Osten.- Asien und Ozeanien.- Nordamerika.- Südamerika.- Afrika.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents and summarizes the new thoughts, new methods and new achievements that have emerged in the biotechnology of lignocellulose in recent years. It proposes new concepts including the primary refining, fractionation, multi-level utilization and selective structural separation of lignocellulose, etc. By approaching lignocellulose as a multi-level resource, biotechnology could have a significant effect on ecological agriculture, bio-energy, the chemical and paper making industries, etc., ultimately establishing distinctive eco-industrial parks for lignocellulose. Additionally, this book provides systematic research methods for the biotechnology of lignocellulose including investigation methods for the primary refining of lignocellulose, for microbial degradation and enzymatic hydrolysis, for cellulose fermentation and for lignocellulose conversion processes. It offers an excellent reference work and guide for scientists engaging in research on lignocellulose. Dr. Hongzhang Chen is a Professor at the Institute of Process Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.Table of ContentsBrief Introduction to the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose.- Chemical Composition and Structure of Natural Lignocellulose.- Biological Fundamentals for Biotechnology of Lignocellulose.- Pretreatment and Primary Refining of Lignocelluloses.- Applications of Lingocellulose Biotechnology in Ecological Agriculture.- Applications of Lingocellulose Biotechnology in Bioenergy.- Applications of Lingocellulose Biotechnology in Chemical Industry.- Applications of Lingocellulose Biotechnology in Chemical Industry.- Applications of Lingocellulose Biotechnology in Other Industries.- Ecological Industry Model for Biotechnology of Lignocellulose.- Research Methods for the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose.

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Book SynopsisWorldwide, the effects of global warming, pollution due to power generation from fossil fuels, and its depletion have led to the rapid deployment of renewable energy-based power generation. The leading renewable technologies are wind and photovoltaic (PV) systems. The incorporation of this generation of technologies has led to the development of a broad array of new methods and tools to integrate renewable generation into power system networks.The Handbook of Renewable Energy Technology & Systems comprises 22 chapters, arranged into four sections, which present a comprehensive analysis of various renewable energy-based distributed generation (DG) technologies. Aspects of renewable energy covered include wind and photovoltaic power systems and technology, micro-grids, power electronic applications, power quality, and the protection of renewable distributed generation.

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Book SynopsisAs wearable microelectronics are becoming ubiquitous, there is a growing interest in replacing batteries with a means of harnessing power from the user's environment via embedded systems. Efforts have been made to prolong the harvester's operational lifetime, overcoming energy dissipation, lowering resonant frequency, attaining multi-resonant states, and widening the operating frequency bandwidth of the biomechanical energy harvesters. Such technological advances mean harvesting energy is a viable solution for sustainably powering wearable electronics for health and wellbeing applications, such as continuous medical health monitoring, remote sensing, and motion tracking. The book introduces the concepts of vibration-based piezoelectric, electromagnetic and hybrid energy harvesters, and addresses their modelling, fabrication and characterization. It covers the fundamental principles and details the most advanced functions, including biomechanical and space applications. Detailed descriptions and explanations of a wide range of related concepts are provided, such as multi-degrees of freedom hybrid piezo-electromagnetic insole energy harvesters, non-linear 3D printed electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters, and finite element analysis of hybrid piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting. Also included are trends towards design, modelling, fabrication, and characterization of nonlinear multimodal electromagnetic and hybrid piezo-electromagnetic insole energy harvesters, as well as describing and explaining electromagnetic and hybrid piezo-electromagnetic energy harvesting technologies. The book provides an extensive and up-dated survey of the published scientific and technical articles and conference reports, covering more than 340 references. The book concludes with an outlook from the authors on likely future developments and applications. Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensing and Flexible Electronics through Hybrid Technologies provides in-depth coverage of the topic for researchers from academia and industry, as well as advanced students with an interest in the field.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Vibration-based energy harvesting Chapter 3: Piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and hybrid energy harvesters Chapter 4: Design and modeling of vibration energy harvesters Chapter 5: Nonlinear 3D printed electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters Chapter 6: Fabrication and characterization of nonlinear multimodal electromagnetic insole energy harvesters Chapter 7: Design, modeling, fabrication, and characterization of a hybrid piezo-electromagnetic insole energy harvester Chapter 8: Multi-degree-of-freedom hybrid piezoelectromagnetic insole energy harvesters Chapter 9: Overview of the finite element analysis and its applications in kinetic energy harvesting devices Chapter 10: Energy harvesters for biomechanical applications Chapter 11: Electromagnetic energy harvesters for space applications Chapter 12: Conclusions and outlook into the future

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: General Introduction.- Chapter 2: General Description of WEF resources.- Chapter 3: Theories underpinning WEF nexus.- Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks of WEF nexus.- Chapter 5: Gaps in WEF nexus.- Chapter 6: WEF Nexus in South Africa.- Chapter 7: WEF Resources Nexus in Developing Economies.- Chapter 8: Role of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in WEF management.- Chapter 9: Application of Digital Technologies in WEF nexus.- Chapter 10: Conceptual Framework for WEF nexus.- Chapter 11: Validation of Sustainable Project Delivery Framework for WEF Nexus.- Chapter 12: WEF Nexus Project Sustainability.- Chapter 13: Conclusions and Recommendations.

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Book SynopsisPart I. Materials Today.- 1. Compressive and Splitting Tensile Strength Performance of Self-Compacting Mortar with Crushed Blood Clam Shells as Partial Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate.- 2. Partial Replacement of Sand with Recycled Concrete Fine Aggregate and Steel Slag in Cement Mortar.- 3. Investigating the Effect of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Aggregate and Bitumen Modified with Waste Plastic Wa-ter Bottles (PET) on Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture..- 4. Improving Structural Integrity of Magnesium: The Influ-ence of Hydroxyapatite on Tantalum and Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Magnesium.- 5. Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Finger Millet Husk.- 6. Evaluation of Sustainable Composite Materials using eggshell: Development and characterization.- 7. Synthesis and characterization of glucose syrup through acid hydrolysis.- 8. Solar Water Disinfection Assisted with Photochemical Additives: A Sustainable Approach.- 9. A Review on Recent Advances of Biomass Based Carbon Aerogels for Supercapacitor Electrodes.- Part II. Renewable and Green Energy.- 10. Experimental study and mathematical modeling of thin layer drying kinetics of mango slice.- 11. Advancing Injection Timing for Enhanced Performance and Reduced Emissions in DI Diesel Engines Using Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends.- 12. Integrating Geothermal Waste Heat into Solar Chimney Power Plant Design for Improved Performance.- 13. Experimental investigation of the performance of a solar-powered direct evaporative cooler using a chiller. Case study Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.- 14. Advancements and outlooks of biomass cookstoves: A review.- 15. Recent advances in biochemical, thermochemical, and hybrid conversion approaches for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass: A Review.- 16. Experimental Study of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Per-formance with Spiral Pipes and Nano-Fluids..- 17. Renewable Energy Resources in Ethiopia for Green Economy from Practical Insights: Policy Review, Challenges and Opportunities.- 18. A comprehensive review on the photovoltaic panel cooling technique for improved efficiency.- 19. Estimation of The Biogas Production Potential of Specific Food Waste Mixtures.- 20. Enhancing hydrolysis products from corncob biomass via Microwave assisted deep eutectic solvents pretreat-ment.- .

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Book SynopsisOverview of Hydrogen Fuel Cells.- Hydrogen Fuel Cell System Design.- Alkaline Fuel Cells.- Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.- Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells.- Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells.- Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.- Hydrogen Fuel Cells in New Energy Vehicle Applications.- Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Defense Applications.

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Book Synopsis1. Decarbonizing power generation sectors.- 2. Fuels characteristics for thermal power plants.- 3. Cofiring technology concept.- 4. Integrated gasification combined cycle power plants utilizing biomass waste Energy efficient recovery.- 5. Cofiring potential of biomass waste ash behaviour and the effects of additives on deposit formation.- 6. A comprehensive review on hydrogen-based fuel utilization in power generation combining hydrogen, ammonia and methane.- 7. Integration of a natural gas fuelled chemical looping combustion process within an industrial boiler.- 9. Integrating fuel cell technology in microgrid systems for lower carbon emission.- 10. Utilizing hydrogen as energy storage to address electricity grid issues.

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Book SynopsisStructure and Control of Offshore Wind Farms Connected via VSC-HVDC.- Vector Modeling of Large-scale Offshore Wind Farms Considering Dynamic Collection Lines.- Active Energy Control of Converter Stations to Cope With Onshore Grid-Side Faults.- Enhancement Method for Grid-Side Fault Ride-Through Capability Based on Multi-Mode Matching.- Characteristics Analysis and Suppression of Onshore Valve-Side Fault.- Characteristics Analysis and Suppression of DC Submarine Cable Disconnection Fault.- Characteristics Analysis and Suppression of Offshore Wind-Farm-Side Fault.- Communication-Based Coordinated Control for Active Frequency Support.- Communication-Free Coordinated Control for Active Frequency Support.- Consensus-Based Distributed Frequency Support Control for Offshore Wind Farms.- Coordinated Frequency Support Control for Multi-AC Power Grids.

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Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction1. Status of biogas production, biogas upgrading: A global Scenario Part II: Physiochemical upgrading systems 2. Chemical Absorption - amine absorption/stripping technology for biogas upgrading3. Water scrubber for biogas upgrading developments and innovations4. Factor affecting CO2 and CH4 separation during biogas upgrading in a water scrubbing process5. Recent development on pressure swing adsorption for biomethane production6. Membrane based technology for methane separation from biogas7. Cryogenic techniques - an innovative approach for biogas upgrading8. Power-to-gas for methanation9. Electrochemical approach for biogas upgrading10. Siloxanes removal from biogas and emerging biological techniques Part III: Biological upgrading systems 11. Hydrogen sulfide removal for biogas upgrading and emerging bioprocess (H2S) 12. Biological upgrading of biogas through CO2 conversion to CH413. Bioelectrochemical system of biogas upgrading and methane enrichment14. Photosynthetic biogas upgrading: an attractive biological technology for biogas upgrading Part IV: Policy implications for biogas upgrading 15. Biogas upgrading and life cycle assessment of different biogas upgrading technologies16. Anaerobic digestion, techno-economic implications and governmental policies for the promotion of biomethantion technologies17. Large scale biogas upgrading plants: Future prospective and technical challenges

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Table of Contents1. Modelling of Biohydrogen Production System by Dark Fermentation 2. Numerical Simulation for Photosynthetic Biological Hydrogen System 3. CFD Simulation, Design and Optimization for Biohydrogen Systems 4. Artificial Neural Networks for Modelling of Biohydrogen Production Systems 5. Grey Theory based Model for the Prediction of the Yield of Biohydrogen 6. Cost-Benefit Analysis of waste-to-biohydrogen systems 7. Techno-economic analysis of biohydrogen production from waste 8. Life cycle assessment of waste-to-biohydrogen systems 9. Multi-criteria sustainability ranking of biohydrogen systems 10. Sustainable Supply Chain Design for waste to biohydrogen 11. Outlook of Biohydrogen from Waste: Quo Vadis?

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Table of Contents1. Materials2. Water3. Energy4. Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases5. Transportation6. Buildings7. Electronics and Computers8. Information and Internet9. Humans and Their Needs10. Risks11. Waste and Recycling12. Industries13. Making the Numbers Speak

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Table of Contents1. Energy storage principles and elements of energy storage 2. Energy storage: Thermodynamics 3. Energy storage materials, media, design and process configurations 4. Energy storage: Case studies 5. Energy storage: Hybrid Systems 6. Energy storage in power generation 7. Energy storage in water sector and desalination 8. Energy storage for cogeneration schemes 9. Energy storage integration in industrial sectors 10. Energy storage and renewable energy sources: Grid integration 11. Energy storage for tri-generation schemes and poly-generation schemes 12. Energy storage material recovery, recycling, and reuse: Environmental perspectives 13. Energy storage technology: Future perspective on economic feasibility 14. Energy storage science and technology: Sustainability

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Review"Circular economy (CE) is a mainstream concept, yet a quick glance is enough to understand that its definition and application is heterogenous, and highly context dependent. What is the difference between the economy as we know it and the circular economy? And what are its boundaries? The book “Implementing the circular economy for sustainable development” addresses these questions and beyond, giving a comprehensive and detailed overview both on the theory and on practical applications of CE, thus supporting those who approach the topic for the first time and those wishing to acquire in-depth knowledge. Overall, this book examines all the aspects that can determine the success or failure of the CE application; the theoretical discussion is complemented with the analysis of both specific IEP pillars and single case studies. Anybody who wants to learn about circular economy in theory and practice may benefit from it, as the content is highly technical, but the language is easy-going. The book is recommended for professionals, consultants, policy makers and researchers. Master students may benefit from it as well." --Detritus, Volume 17, 2021Table of Contents1. Introduction Part I: The Circular Economy – Concept and Facts2. The Circular Economy – Understanding the Concept3. The Circular Economy in Literature and Practice4. Circular Economy – A Hierarchy of Leaders and Followers5. Environmental Regulations with a View on the Circular EconomyPart II: Integrating the Economy and the Environment6. Economic Foundation of a Circular Economy7. Allocating Environmental Commodities8. Behavioural Environmental Economics9. The Economics of Implementing a Circular EconomyPart III: The Circular Economy in a Technological Context10. The Technological Environment of a Circular Economy11. Technology and Information12. The Rebound Effect and Path Dependencies13. The Digital Transformation – An Ongoing Process Part IV: Features of Environmental Policies14. Environmental Policies for Implementing a Circular Economy15. Environmental Standards16. Market-Oriented Policy Tools17. Holistic Policy Approaches18. The Economics of the Waste HierarchyPart V: Implementing a Circular Economy19. Where are We on the Road to a Circular Economy?20. Packaging Waste in a Circular Economy21. WEEE and ELV in a Circular Economy22. Climate Change Mitigation in a Circular Economy23. Plastics in a Circular Economy24. Textiles in a Circular Economy Part VI: Concluding Remarks25. Circular Economy - A Summary in Times of Corona

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Table of Contents1. Introduction to concentrating solar power 2. Solar radiation resource 3. Classification of solar receivers 4. Optical properties of materials for solar receivers 5. Heat transfer media and operating temperatures 6. Concepts of thermal energy storage and solar receivers 7. Thermodynamics of solar receivers 8. Hydrodynamics of solar receivers 9. Thermomechanical stresses in solar receivers 10. Modelling and optimization of solar receivers 11. Testing of solar materials and receivers Appendices A: Index B: Units of measurement C: Selected constants

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Table of Contents1. Overview and Architecture of resilient energy systems 2. Resilient smart-grid system: Issue and Challenges 3. Adaptive and flexible power generation for resilience 4. Enhancing relay resiliency in an electric power transmission system 5. Protection from physical and cyber-attacks to improve the resiliency 6. Enhancing relay resiliency in an electric power distribution network with renewable power generating resources 7. Microgrid as an Resilient source 8. Big data, Cloud computing and Internet of thing (IoT) to improve the resiliency 9. Data integration and analytics for resilience improvement 10. Cost/benefit analysis for resiliency

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Table of Contents1. Boundaries and openings of biorefineries towards sustainable biofuel production 2. A perspective on the biorefinery approaches for bioenergy production in a circular bioeconomy process 3. A comprehensive integration of biorefinery concepts for the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass 4. Evaluation of activated sludge derived from wastewater treatment process as a potential biorefinery platform 5. Insights into the Impact of Biorefineries and Sustainable Green Technologies on Circular Bioeconomy 6. Fermentation Technology for Ethanol Production: Current Trends and Challenges 7. Improved enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste biomass: Most essential stage to develop cost effective bio-fuel production 8. Advances and sustainable conversion of waste lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels 9. Lignocellulosic biomass as an alternate source for next generation biofuels 10. Process Intensification of Biobutanol Production 11. Production of n-butanol by clostridial fermentation: A superior alternative renewable liquid fuel 12. Biobutanol Separation using Ionic Liquids as a Green Solvent 13. Synergistic Prospects of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment and Third Generation Biofuel Production 14. Concurrent reduction of CO2 and generation of biofuels by electrified microbial systems – concepts and perspectives 15. Challenges and opportunities in large scale production of biodiesel 16. Selection of operating parameters for refining of biodiesel by response surface methodology 17. Lipid derived biofuel: production methodologies 18. Interesterification reaction of vegetable oil and alkyl acetate as alternative route for glycerol-free biodiesel synthesis 19. Recent advances of lipase catalyzed greener production of biodiesel in organic reaction media: Economic and sustainable viewpoint 20. Efficient utilization of biomass derived heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production 21. Catalytic pyrolysis for upgrading of biooil obtained from biomass 22. Recent Trends in Pyrolysis and Gasification of Lignocellulosic Biomass 23. Experimental Investigation of Performance of Biodiesel with Different Blends in Diesel Engine 24. Techno-Economic Evaluation of 2G Ethanol Production with Co-Products from Rice straw 25. Techno-economic analysis for production of biodiesel using non catalytic transesterification 26. Technoeconomic analysis of biodiesel production from biooil 27. Technoeconomic Analysis of Biofuels Production from Marine Algae 28. Techno-Economic Assessment of Biofuel Production using Thermochemical Pathways 29. Modeling and technoeconomic analysis of biogas production from waste food 30. Biofuels production from Algal biomass: Environmental impact and Techno-Economic Analysis 31. Computer-aided environmental and techno-economic analyses as tools for development of biorefineries under the circular bioeconomy approach 32. Environmental impact analysis of Biofuels and Bioenergy-A global perspective 33. Environmental impacts of biofuels and their blends: A case study on waste vegetable oil derived blend fuels 34. Solid Biofuels Production, Environmental Impact and Techno-Economic Analysis

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Table of Contents1. Machine Learning Algorithms Used for Short-Term PV Solar irradiation and Temperature Forecasting at Microgrid 2. Generators’ Revenue Augmentation in Highly Penetrated Renewable M2M coordinated Power Systems 3. Intelligent Supervisory Energy-Based Speed Control for Grid-Connected Tidal Renewable Energy System Efficiency Maximization 4. An Intelligent Energy Management System of Hybrid Solar/Wind/Battery Power Sources Integrated in Smart DC Microgrid for Smart University 5. IoT in Renewable Energy Generation for Conservation of Energy Using Artificial Intelligence 6. Renewable Energy System for Industrial Internet of Things Model Using Fusion-AI 7. Centralized Intelligent Fault Localization Approach for Renewable Energy-based Islanded Microgrid Systems 8. Modelling of EV charging station using Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system with Fuzzy Logic Controller 9. Weather-based Solar Power Generation Prediction and Anomaly Detection 10. RMSE and MAPE analysis for short term Solar Irradiance, Solar Energy and Load Forecasting using Recurrent Artificial Neural Network 11. Study and Comparative Analysis of Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Fuzzy Logic Based PV-MPPT Algorithms 12. Control strategy for design and performance evaluation of hybrid system using neural network controller

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Book SynopsisCompendium of Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Production and Purification, the first text in a four-volume series, focuses on the production of hydrogen. As many experts believe that the hydrogen economy will eventually replace the fossil fuel economy as our primary source of energy, the text provides a timely discussion on this interesting topic. The text details the methods of hydrogen production using fossil fuels, also exploring sustainable extraction methods of hydrogen production from water and hydrogen purification processes.Table of ContentsPart One - Introduction to hydrogen 1. Introduction to hydrogen and its properties Velu Subramani, BP Products North America, Inc, USA 2. Introduction to hydrogen production José Luis García Fierro, CSIC, Spain 3. Economics of hydrogen production Paul Dodds, University College London, UK Part Two - Conventional hydrogen production methods 4. Hydrogen production by steam reforming of natural gas and other non-renewable feedstocks Lucia Garcia, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain 5. Hydrogen production by reforming of bio-alcohols Francesco Frusteri, ITAE-CNR, Italy 6. Hydrogen production by gasification of biomass and opportunity fuels Paul A. Charpentier, The University of Western Ontario, Canada Part Three - Production of hydrogen through electrolysis 7. Hydrogen production using high pressure electrolyzers Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Germany 8. Hydrogen production by high temperature steam electrolysis Julie Mougin, CEA, Feance 9. Hydrogen production by polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis Pierre Millet, University of Paris, France Part Four - Emerging methods for the production of hydrogen 10. Hydrogen production using photobiological methods Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 11. Hydrogen production via thermochemical water-splitting Martin Roeb, Christian Sattler and Christos Agrafiotis, DLR, Germany 12. Hydrogen production via the Kværner process and plasma reforming Dae-Hoon Lee, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Part Five - Hydrogen purification and low-carbon hydrogen production 13. Hydrogen purification methods: reduction and oxidation reactions, metal hydrides and adsorption Esther Acha, Engineering Faculty of Bilbao (UPV/EHU), Spain 14. Polymeric membranes for the purification of hydrogen John Jansen 15. Single-stage hydrogen production and separation from fossil fuels using micro and macro-membrane reactors Angelo Basile 16. Chemical and calcium looping reforming for hydrogen production and carbon dioxide capture Ben Anthony, Cranfield University 17. Low-carbon production of hydrogen from fossil fuels Nazim Muradov, University of Central Florida, USA

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Book SynopsisMicrobial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications contains the most updated information on bio-electrical systems and their ability to drive an electrical current by mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature to produce a small amount of power. One of the most promising features of the microbial fuel cell is its application to generate power from wastewater, and its use in the treatment of water to remove contaminants, making it a very sustainable source of power generation that can feasibly find application in rural areas where providing more conventional sources of power is often difficult. The book explores, in detail, both the technical aspects and applications of this technology, and was written by an international team of experts in the field who provide an introduction to microbial fuel cells that looks at their electrochemical principles and mechanisms, explains the materials that can be used for the various sections of the fuel cells, including cathode and anode materials, and provides key analysis of microbial fuel cell performance looking at their usage in hydrogen production, waste treatment, and sensors, amongst other applications.Table of ContentsPart 1: The Workings of Microbial Fuel Cells 1. Introduction to microbial fuel cells 2. Electrochemical principles and characterisation approaches of bioelectrical systems 3. Electron transfer mechanisms of biofilms Part 2: Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells and Reactor Design 4. Anode materials for microbial fuel cells 5. Membranes and separators for microbial fuel cells 6. Cathodes for microbial fuel cells 7. Reactor design and scale-up Part 3: Applications of Microbial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells 8. Microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment and energy generation 9. Microbial electrolysis cells for hydrogen production 10. Resource Recovery with Microbial Eletrochemical Systems 11. Use of microbial fuel cells in sensors 12. The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisChelsea Schelly uses ethnographic research, participant observation, and numerous in-depth interviews to examine four alternative U.S. communities where individuals use electricity, water, heat, waste, food, and transportation technologies that differ markedly from those used by the vast majority of modern American residential dwellers. Trade Review"Dwelling in Resistance accomplishes the difficult task of being extremely informative and intellectual while at the same time remaining down to earth, lively, and amusing. Schelly provides a welcome addition to the literature on social practices, technology studies, and community studies in this engaging work." -- Debbie Kasper * Associate Professor of Environmental Studies and Sociology, Hiram College *"This theoretically and empirically rich book illuminates technological systems that are often invisible, yet fundamentally shape everyday practices and ideas. In showing us how people live with alternative technologies, Schelly also generates deep insights into those who do not." -- John M. Meyer * author of Engaging the Everyday: Environmental Social Criticism and the Resonance Dilemma *New Books Network interview with Chelsea Schelly * New Books Network *Table of Contents1 What Does it Mean to Dwell in Resistance? 2 What “Normal” Dwelling Looks Like: The History of Home Technologies 3 Custodians of the Earth, Witnesses to Transition: The Story of the Farm 4 The Abundance of the Commons: Twin Oaks and the Plentitude Ethic 5 Individualism and Symbiosis: The Dance at Dancing Rabbit 6 Self-Sufficiency as Social Justice: The Case of Earthship Biotecture 7 Dwelling in Resistance Appendix: Reflections and Lessons on Method Acknowledgements References Index

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Book SynopsisThe catalogue builds on both the earlier edition of The Power Guide and The Equipment Directory produced for training courses by the Technology and Development Group of the University of Twente in the Netherlands. The data has been comprehensively revised and updated on the basis of research carried out by members of the Technology and Development Group, Densi Tech BV of the Netherlands, and Intermediate Technology in the UK. The Power Guide will facilitate decision making by providing guidelines most appropriate renewable energy source as well as providing information on hundreds of products from almost 500 manufacturers and suppliers in over 40 countries throughout the world, covering the following areas: solar photovoltaic equipment wind pumps and wind generators micro-hydro equipment, hydraulic ram pumps and water current turbines biomass pre-treatment. combustion and steam systems, and gasifiers.The information is divided into chapters by energy source, each with an introduction containing guidelines for equipment selection and the possibilities and constraints of using that source. This is followed by manufacturers" data with key information about the equipment. Guidelines are also included for the selection of internal combustion engines, and solar-thermal, biogas and ethanol equipment. This is essential reading for all those who are interested in renewable energies or responsible for selecting energy equipment throughout the world.

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews the building renovation process by systematizing the phases of analysis and prior knowledge through a project that not only considers energy savings but also thoroughly examines complex issues, such as defining the correct new functions and answers to new needs. The urgency of climate change and the many problems associated with the excessive use of energy are forcing a reorganization of the renovation process with an interest in reusing existing buildings with a more sustainable approach. The adaptive transformation of old buildings has become a dominant theme in many urban renewal projects. It must necessarily include strategies for energy efficiency, reduced pollutant emissions, improved environmental performance, economic sustainability and cultural identity. The examples selected are intended to provide evidence of good practices in the review and transformation of old buildings.Table of ContentsBuilding Renovation Opportunity.- Building Renovation Process.- Building Adaptive Reuse.- Industrial Heritage: sustainable adaptive reuse.- Building Technical Upgrade.- Energy Retrofit of Suburban Districts: an opportunity for social regeneration.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses biomethane and the processes and applications downstream from biogas production. Biogas is a result of anaerobic digestion of agricultural or general household waste, such as manure, plants or food waste, and as such is considered a renewable energy source. Biomethane is a gas that results from any process that improves the quality of biogas by reducing the levels of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, moisture and other contaminant gases. Chemically, biomethane is the same as methane, and its name refers to the method of production rather than the content. Biomethane plants are generally found in locations with a low population density that are close to farms or food processing plants. In situations where there is no natural gas pipeline nearby, biomethane downstream applications can include storage, transportation, home heating, industrial use and distribution through small-scale local gas grids. This book discusses each of these applications and lists some of the design criteria as well as various issues relating to them.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Biomethane.- Cleaning Processes.- Upgrading to Biomethane.- Biomethane in Transportation.- Substitution of Biomethane in Domestic and Industrial Applications.- Biomethane in Local Gas Grids.- Future usage for Biogas and Biomethane.

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Book SynopsisDas vorliegende Buch bietet eine Übersicht und Einführung in die Verfahren regenerativer Energiegewinnung sowie deren technische Grundlagen. Es ist als Lehrbuch konzipiert und kann auch als Handbuch und Nachschlagewerk eingesetzt werden. Ferner sind Verfahren berücksichtigt, die in Europa nicht gängig sind, wie z. B. Aufwindkraftwerk oder Solarteich. Damit ist es für internationale Projekte und im Umfeld technischer Zusammenarbeit einsetzbar. Neben der intensiven Auseinandersetzung mit technologischen Aspekten steht die systemische Betrachtung der Energieversorgung im Mittelpunkt. Außerdem sind Konzepte zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums sowie Finanzierungs- und Marktmodelle besprochen.Durch zahlreiche Backgroundinformationen („Abflussgrößen in der Hydrologie“ oder „Weltweiter Kostenvergleich von Photovoltaikanlagen“) kann das Grundlagenwissen eigenständig erweitert werden und das Buch je nach Studienphase zur Intensivierung und Wiederholung der Lerninhalte immer wieder herangezogen werden. Berechnungen sind an konkreten Fragestellungen durchgeführt. Auf diese Weise regt der Autor an, das angeeignete Wissen zur kritischen Einschätzung von Sachverhalten zu verwenden. Table of ContentsVergleich konventionelle vs. regenerative Energien.- Regenerative Energietechnologien.- Aspekte der Dezentralität.- Strukturen der Energieversorgung.- Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums.- Netzausbau.- Versorgung mit fluktuierenden Energieträgern.- Energiemix.- Strommarkt.- Marktmechanismus.- Kapazität oder Flexibilität.- Anhang.

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Book SynopsisThe internal heat of the planet Earth represents an inexhaustible reservoir of thermal energy. This form of energy, known as geothermal energy has been utilized throughout human history in the form of hot water from hot springs. Modern utilization of geothermal energy includes direct use of the heat and its conversion to other forms of energy, mainly electricity. Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy and its use is associated with very little or no CO2-emissions and its importance as an energy source has greatly increased as the effects of climate change become more prominent. Because of its inexhaustibility it is obvious that utilization of geothermal energy will become a cornerstone of future energy supplies. The exploration of geothermal resources has become an important topic of study as geology and earth science students prepare to meet the demands of a rapidly growing industry, which involves an increasing number professionals and public institutions participating in geothermal energy related projects. This book meets the demands of both groups of readers, students and professionals. Geothermal Energy and its utilization is systematically presented and contains the necessary technical information needed for developing and understanding geothermal energy projects. It presents basic knowledge on the Earth’s thermal regime and its geothermal energy resources, the types of geothermal energy used as well as its future potential and the perspectives of the industry. Specific chapters of the book deal with borehole heat exchangers and with the direct use of groundwater and thermal water in hydrogeothermal systems. A central topic are Enhanced Geothermal Systems (hot-dry-rock systems), a key technology for energy supply in the near future. Pre-drilling site investigations, drilling technology, well logging and hydraulic test programs are important subjects related to the exploration phase of developing Geothermal Energy sites. The chemical composition of the natural waters used as a heat transport medium in geothermal systems can be used as an exploration tool, but chemistry is also important during operation of a geothermal power plant because of potential scale formation and corrosion of pipes and installations, which needs to be prevented. Graduate students and professionals will find in depth information on Geothermal Energy, its exploration and utilization.Trade ReviewBook: Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks (Bucher & Frey) Springer-Verlag 2002 Customer reviews on Amazon.com one of the best textbooks available, 10. April 2000 Von Katharina Dubach Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks is probable the best textbook available for students of metamorphic petrology. In a short, concise form it introduces the reader to the principles of metamorphic petrology as well as to the evolution of different rock types under changing metamorphic conditions. Excellent source for anyone studying metamorphic rocks., 2. Juni 1999 Von Ein Kunde This book is divided into two sections. The first section deals with the basic princiles of metamorphism, including composition of source rocks, types, processes and condidtions of metamorphism. A very detailed description on the construction of metamorphic projections is also included. Part two covers the metamorphism of different rock compositions including ultramafic, mafic, carbonate, pelitic, and granitoid rocks. This section is very detailed, without bogging down with specific examples of metamorphism.Table of Contents1. Thermal Structure of the Earth.-1.1 Renewable Energies, Global Aspects.- 1.2 Internal Structure of the Earth.- 1.3 Energy budget of the planet.- 1.4 Heat transport and thermal parameters.- 1.5 Brief outline of methods for measuring thermal parameters.- 2. History of Geothermal Energy Use.- 2.1 Early utilization of geothermal energy.- 2.2 History of Utilization of Geothermal Energy in the last 150 Years .- 3. Geothermal Energy Resources.- 3.1 Energy.- 3.2 Significance of "renewable" energies.- 3.3 Status of geothermal energy utilization.- 3.4 Geothermal energy sources.- 4. Application of Geothermal Energy.- 4.1 Near surface Geothermal Systems.- 4.2 Deep Geothermal Systems.- 4.3 Efficiency of geothermal systems.- 4.4 Major geothermal fields, high enthalpy fields.- 5. Potentials and Perspectives of Geothermal Utilization.- 6. Geothermal Probes.- 6.1 Planning Principles .- 6.2 Construction of ground source heat exchangers.- 6.3 Dimensioning and design of geothermal probes.- 6.4 Drilling methods for borehole heat exchanger.- 6.5 Backfill and grouting of geothermal probes.- 6.6 Construction of deep geothermal probes.- 6.7 Operating geothermal probes: Potential risks, malfunctions and damages.- 6.8 Special systems and further developments.- 7. Geothermal Well Systems.- 7.1 Building geothermal well systems.- 7.2 Chemical aspects of two-well systems.- 7.3 Thermal range of influence, numerical models.- 8. Hydrothermal Systems, Geothermal Doublets.- 8.1 Geology and tectonic structure of the underground.- 8.2 Thermal and hydraulic properties of the target aquifer.- 8.3 Hydraulic and thermal range of hydrothermal doublets.- 8.4 Hydrochemistry of hot waters from great depth.- 8.5 Reservoir-improving measures, Efficiency-boosting measures, Stimulation.- 8.6 Productivity risk, Exploration risk, Economic efficiency.- 8.7 Some site examples of hydrothermal systems.- 8.8 Project planning of hydrothermal power systems.- 9. Enhanced-Geothermal-Systems (EGS), Hot-Dry-Rock Systems (HDR), Deep-Heat-Mining (DHM).- 9.1 Techniques, procedures, strategies, aims.- 9.2 Historical development of the hydraulic fracturing technology, early HDR sites.- 9.3 Stimulation procedures.- 9.4 Experience and dealing with micro-seismicity.- 9.5 Recommendations, Notes.- 10.Environmental Issues Related to Deep Geothermal Systems.- 10.1 Seismicity related to EGS projects.- 10.2 Interaction between geothermal system operation and the subsurface.- 10.3 Environmental issues related to surface installations and operation.- 11. Drilling techniques for deep wellbores.- 13. Geophysical methods, exploration and analysis.- 12.1 Geophysical pre-drilling exploration, seismic investigations.- 12.2 Geophysical well logging and data interpretation.- 13.Testing the hydraulic properties of the drilled formations.- 13.1 Principles of hydraulic testing.- 13.2 Types of tests, planning and implementation, evaluation procedures.- 13.3 Tracer Experiments.- 13.4 Temperature evaluation methods.- 14. The chemical composition of deep geothermal waters and its consequences for planning and operating a geothermal power plant.- 14.1 Sampling and laboratory analyses.- 14.2 Deep geothermal waters, data and interpretation.- 14.3 Mineral scales and materials corrosion.- 15. References

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