Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisWindmills and Windwheels.- Electrical Power from the Wind The First Attempts.- Basic Concepts of Wind Energy Converters.- Physical Principles of Wind Energy Conversion.- Rotor Aerodynamics.- Loads and Structural Stresses.- Vibrational Characteristics.- Rotor Blades.- Mechanical Drive Train and Nacelle.- Electrical System.- Control Systems and Operational Sequence.- The Tower.- The Wind Resource.- Power Output and Energy Yield.- Environmental Impact.- Commercial Applications of Wind Turbines.- Offshore Wind Energy Utilisation.- Wind Turbine Installation and Operation.- Wind Turbine Costs.- Wind Turbine Economics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book contains select proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Grid Energy Systems and Control (SGESC 2021). The proceedings is divided into 03 volumes, and this volume focuses on renewable energy towards the smart grid. It includes papers related to smart grid, renewable energy, its integration, and DERs in the network for better energy management and ancillary services. The book presents cutting-edge research in the emerging fields of micro, nano, and smart devices and systems from experts. Most of the contributors have built devices or systems or developed processes or algorithms in these areas. This book is a unique collection of chapters from different areas with a common theme and will be immensely useful to academic researchers and practitioners in the industry.Table of ContentsImpact of OLTC on Nodal Pricing of Distribution System and Comparison with DSTATCOM.- Allocation of Wind Based Distributed Generation using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm in Electrical Distribution System.- Reactive Power Requirement for Operating Wind Driven Micro Grid in Presence of Several Proportions and Class of Static Load.- Renewable Energy Resource Availability and Supply Guide in India.- Cloud Computing Data Security Techniques — A Survey.- Review on Power Restoration Techniques for Smart Power Distribution systems.- Feasibility Analysis of Standalone Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Kiltan Island in India.- Impact of Wind Power Participation on Congestion Management Considering Seasonal Load in Pool Electricity Market while Ensuring Loadability Limit.- Research and Analysis of Efficiency of Power Consumption at Tunneling Sections.- Techniques Employed in Renewable Energy Sources Fed Smart Grid - A Comparative Study.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents the select proceedings of 5th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICOME 2021). It discusses the recent challenges and trends in renewable energy in Asia. Various topics covered include electrical energy, new and renewable energy, energy engineering and management, fuels and combustion, turbomachinery, and HVAC. The book will be a valuable reference for students, researchers, and professionals interested in sustainable energy and allied fields.Table of ContentsComputational Fluid Dynamics Study of a Steam Re-former Unit Performance to Produce Hydrogen Fuel for PEM Fuel Cell Applications.- Fuel cell power pack with integrated metal hydride hydrogen storage for powering electric forklift.- Testing an In-House CFD Code for Solving Gas-Solid Flow with Different Simulation Parameters.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith growing concerns over climate change and air pollution, the need to switch from fossil fuels to clean and renewable sources of energy has become pressing. Here, Nick Jelley describes the main renewables, explains how wind and solar farms can provide the cheapest energy in many parts of the world, and calls for urgent action.Trade ReviewA wonderful combination of a tour of the basics of renewable energy, and a great update on the ever-changing statistics in this fast changing, and world-changing energy sector. * Professor Daniel M Kammen, University of California, Berkeley *Table of ContentsList of illustrations 1: What are renewables? 2: Why do we need renewables? 3: Biomass, solar heat, and hydropower 4: Wind power 5: Solar photovoltaics 6: Other low carbon technologies 7: Renewable electricity and energy storage 8: Renewable heat and electric vehicles 9: The transition to renewablesFurther readingIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xix List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxv Series Editor's Foreword xxvii Series Foreword Second Edition xxix Series Foreword First Edition xxxi Foreword First Edition xxxiii Preface Second Edition xxxv Preface First Edition xxxvii Acknowledgments xli Glossary xliii Part I Reliability and Software Quality – It’s a Matter of Survival 1 1 The Need for a New Paradigm for Hardware Reliability and Software Quality 3 1.1 Rapidly Shifting Challenges for Hardware Reliability and Software Quality 3 1.2 Gaining Competitive Advantage 5 1.3 Competing in the Next Decade –Winners Will Compete on Reliability 5 1.4 Concurrent Engineering 6 1.5 Reducing the Number of Engineering Change Orders at Product Release 8 1.6 Time-to-Market Advantage 9 1.7 Accelerating Product Development 10 1.8 Identifying and Managing Risks 11 1.9 ICM, a Process to Mitigate Risk 11 1.10 Software Quality Overview 12 References 13 Further Reading 13 2 Barriers to Implementing Hardware Reliability and Software Quality 15 2.1 Lack of Understanding 15 2.2 Internal Barriers 16 2.3 Implementing Change and Change Agents 17 2.4 Building Credibility 19 2.5 Perceived External Barriers 20 2.6 Time to Gain Acceptance 21 2.7 External Barrier 22 2.8 Barriers to Software Process Improvement 23 3 Understanding Why Products Fail 25 3.1 Why Things Fail 25 3.2 Parts Have Improved, Everyone Can Build Quality Products 28 3.3 Hardware Reliability and Software Quality –The New Paradigm 28 3.4 Reliability vs. Quality Escapes 29 3.5 Why Software Quality Improvement Programs Are Unsuccessful 30 Further Reading 31 4 Alternative Approaches to Implementing Reliability 33 4.1 Hiring Consultants for HALT Testing 33 4.2 Outsourcing Reliability Testing 33 4.3 Using Consultants to Develop and Implement a Reliability Program 34 4.4 Hiring Reliability Engineers 34 Part II Unraveling the Mystery 37 5 The Product Life Cycle 39 5.1 Six Phases of the Product Life Cycle 39 5.2 Risk Mitigation 41 5.3 The ICM Process for a Small Company 45 5.4 Design Guidelines 46 5.5 Warranty 46 Further Reading 47 Reliability Process 47 DFM 48 6 Reliability Concepts 49 6.1 The Bathtub Curve 50 6.2 Mean Time between Failure 51 6.3 Warranty Costs 53 6.4 Availability 55 6.5 Reliability Growth 57 6.6 Reliability Demonstration Testing 59 6.7 Maintenance and Availability 62 6.8 Component Derating 69 6.9 Component Uprating 70 Reference 71 Further Reading 72 Reliability Growth 72 Reliability Demonstration 72 Prognostics and Health Management 72 7 FMEA 73 7.1 Benefits of FMEA 73 7.2 Components of FMEA 74 7.3 Preparing for the FMEA 86 7.4 Barriers to the FMEA Process 89 7.5 FMEA Ground Rules 91 7.6 Using Macros to Improve FMEA Efficiency and Effectiveness 92 7.7 Software FMEA 94 7.8 Software Fault Tree Analysis (SFTA) 97 7.9 Process FMEAs 97 7.10 FMMEA 99 8 The Reliability Toolbox 101 8.1 The HALT Process 101 8.2 Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) 121 8.3 HALT and HASS Test Chambers 127 8.4 Accelerated Reliability Growth (ARG) 128 8.5 Accelerated Early Life Test (ELT) 131 8.6 SPC Tool 132 8.7 FIFO Tool 132 References 134 Further Reading 134 FMEA 134 HALT 135 HASS 136 Quality 136 Burn-in 136 ESS 137 Up Rating 137 9 Software Quality Goals and Metrics 139 9.1 Setting Software Quality Goals 139 9.2 Software Metrics 140 9.3 Lines of Code (LOC) 142 9.4 Defect Density 142 9.5 Defect Models 144 9.6 Defect Run Chart 145 9.7 Escaped Defect Rate 147 9.8 Code Coverage 148 References 149 Further Reading 150 10 Software Quality Analysis Techniques 151 10.1 Root Cause Analysis 151 10.2 The 5 Whys 151 10.3 Cause and Effect Diagrams 152 10.4 Pareto Charts 153 10.5 Defect Prevention, Defect Detection, and Defensive Programming 154 10.6 Effort Estimation 157 Reference 158 Further Reading 158 11 Software Life Cycles 159 11.1 Waterfall 159 11.2 Agile 161 11.3 CMMI 162 11.4 How to Choose a Software Life Cycle 165 Reference 166 Further Reading 166 12 Software Procedures and Techniques 167 12.1 Gathering Requirements 167 12.2 Documenting Requirements 169 12.3 Documentation 172 12.4 Code Comments 173 12.5 Reviews and Inspections 174 12.6 Traceability 179 12.7 Defect Tracking 179 12.8 Software and Hardware Integration 180 References 182 Further Reading 182 13 Why Hardware Reliability and Software Quality Improvement Efforts Fail 183 13.1 Lack of Commitment to the Reliability Process 183 13.2 Inability to Embrace and Mitigate Technologies Risk Issues 185 13.3 Choosing the Wrong People for the Job 186 13.4 Inadequate Funding 186 13.5 Inadequate Resources 191 13.6 MIL-HDBK 217 –Why It Is Obsolete 192 13.7 Finding But Not Fixing Problems 195 13.8 Nondynamic Testing 196 13.9 Vibration Testing Too Difficult to Implement 196 13.10 The Impact of Late Hardware or Late Software Delivery 196 13.11 Supplier Reliability 196 Reference 197 Further Reading 197 14 Supplier Management 199 14.1 Purchasing Interface 199 14.2 Identifying Your Critical Suppliers 200 14.3 Develop a Thorough Supplier Audit Process 200 14.4 Develop Rapid Nonconformance Feedback 201 14.5 Develop a Materials Review Board (MRB) 202 14.6 Counterfeit Parts and Materials 202 Part III Steps to Successful Implementation 205 15 Establishing a Reliability Lab 207 15.1 Staffing for Reliability 207 15.2 The Reliability Lab 208 15.3 Facility Requirements 210 15.4 Liquid Nitrogen Requirements 210 15.5 Air Compressor Requirements 211 15.6 Selecting a Reliability Lab Location 212 15.7 Selecting a Halt Test Chamber 213 Reference 220 16 Hiring and Staffing the Right People 221 16.1 Staffing for Reliability 221 16.2 Staffing for Software Engineers 225 16.3 Choosing the Wrong People for the Job 226 17 Implementing the Reliability Process 229 17.1 Reliability Is Everyone’s Job 229 17.2 Formalizing the Reliability Process 230 17.3 Implementing the Reliability Process 231 17.4 Rolling Out the Reliability Process 231 17.5 Developing a Reliability Culture 235 17.6 Setting Reliability Goals 236 17.7 Training 237 17.8 Product Life Cycle Defined 238 17.9 Proactive and Reactive Reliability Activities 241 Further Reading 244 Reliability Process 244 Part IV Reliability and Quality Process for Product Development 245 18 Product Concept Phase 247 18.1 Reliability Activities in the Product Concept Phase 247 18.2 Establish the Reliability Organization 248 18.3 Define the Reliability Process 249 18.4 Define the Product Reliability Requirements 249 18.5 Capture and Apply Lessons Learned 249 18.6 Mitigate Risk 252 19 Design Concept Phase 257 19.1 Reliability Activities in the Design Concept Phase 257 19.2 Set Reliability Requirements and Budgets 259 19.3 Define Reliability Design Guidelines 263 19.4 Revise Risk Mitigation 264 19.5 Schedule Reliability Activities and Capital Budgets 268 19.6 Decide Risk Mitigation Sign-off Day 269 19.7 Reflect on What Worked Well 271 20 Product Design Phase 273 20.1 Product Design Phase 273 20.2 Reliability Estimates 274 20.3 Implementing Risk Mitigation Plans 276 20.4 Design for Reliability Guidelines (DFR) 285 20.5 Design FMEA 289 20.6 Installing a Failure Reporting Analysis and Corrective Action System 290 20.7 HALT Planning 291 20.8 HALT Test Development 292 20.9 Risk Mitigation Meeting 295 Further Reading 296 FMEA 296 HALT 296 21 Design Validation Phase 299 21.1 Design Validation 299 21.2 Using HALT to Precipitate Failures 301 21.3 Proof of Screen (POS) 313 21.4 Highly Accelerated Stress Screen (HASS) 315 21.5 Operate FRACAS 315 21.6 Design FMEA 317 21.7 Closure of Risk Issues 317 Further Reading 318 FMEA 318 Acceleration Methods 318 ESS 318 HALT 319 22 Software Testing and Debugging 321 22.1 Unit Tests 321 22.2 Integration Tests 323 22.3 System Tests 324 22.4 Regression Tests 324 22.5 Security Tests 326 22.6 Guidelines for Creating Test Cases 327 22.7 Test Plans 328 22.8 Defect Isolation Techniques 329 22.9 Instrumentation and Logging 331 Further Reading 334 23 Applying Software Quality Procedures 335 23.1 Using Defect Model to Create Defect Run Chart 336 23.2 Using Defect Run Chart to Know When You Have Achieved the Quality Target 336 23.3 Using Root Cause Analysis on Defects to Improve Organizational Quality Delivery 338 23.4 Continuous Integration and Test 338 Further Reading 339 24 Production Phase 341 24.1 Accelerating Design Maturity 341 24.2 Reliability Growth 346 24.3 Design and Process FMEA 351 Further Reading 355 FMEA 355 Quality 356 Reliability Growth 356 Burn-In 357 HASS 357 25 End-of-Life Phase 359 25.1 Managing Obsolescence 359 25.2 Product Termination 360 25.3 Project Assessment 360 Further Reading 361 26 Field Service 363 26.1 Design for Ease of Access 363 26.2 Identify High Replacement Assemblies (FRUs) 363 26.3 Wearout Replacement 365 26.4 Preemptive Servicing 365 26.5 Servicing Tools 365 26.6 Service Loops 366 26.7 Availability or Repair Time Turnaround 367 26.8 Avoid System Failure Through Redundancy 367 26.9 Random versus Wearout Failures 367 Further Reading 368 Appendix A 369 A.1 Reliability Consultants 369 A.2 Graduate Reliability Engineering Programs and Reliability Certification Programs 372 A.3 Reliability Professional Organizations and Societies 376 A.4 Reliability Training Classes 377 A.5 Environmental Testing Services 379 A.6 HALT Test Chambers 381 A.7 Reliability Websites 382 A.8 Reliability Software 383 A.9 Reliability Seminars and Conferences 384 A.10 Reliability Journals 386 Appendix B 387 B.1 MTBF, FIT, and PPM Conversions 387 B.2 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) 387 B.3 Estimating Field Failures 396 B.3.1 Comparing Repairable to Nonrepairable Systems 397 Index 399

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis ready-reference contains valuable insight for the engineer faced with design and manufacture decisions. A continuation of Sanders' two volumes on maintenance and repair, this volume represents the first in a subsequent two volume set on mechanical design and manufacture, completing the remaining portion of his popular seminar. In this volume, Sanders turns his focus to design options and the challenges faced in selecting and arranging the components to optimize unit performance efficiency, reliability, and safety, providing the reader with the necessary information to evaluate the performance, refurbishment, and upgrading of a unit. This book lets you: select the right components and find optimal unit arrangement; understand the mechanical design and development process; and, organize and prepare performance testing.Table of ContentsThe Basic Considerations of Thermodynamic Design; The Turbine Steam Path Mechanical Design Process; Turbine Steam Path Performance and the Factors Affecting It; Performance Testing; Appendix.

Read more less

Book Synopsis'The text provides an interesting history of previous and anticipated accomplishments, ending with a chapter on the relationship of fusion power to nuclear weaponry. They conclude on an optimistic note, well worth being understood by the general public.'CHOICEThe gap between the state of fusion energy research and public understanding is vast. In an entertaining and engaging narrative, this popular science book gives readers the basic tools to understand how fusion works, its potential, and contemporary research problems.Written by two young researchers in the field, The Future of Fusion Energy explains how physical laws and the Earth's energy resources motivate the current fusion program — a program that is approaching a critical point. The world's largest science project and biggest ever fusion reactor, ITER, is nearing completion. Its success could trigger a worldwide race to build a power plant, but failure could delay fusion by decades. To these ends, this book details how ITER's results could be used to design an economically competitive power plant as well as some of the many alternative fusion concepts.

Read more less

Book SynopsisArtificial photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into useful fuels and represents a significant achievement in the production of clean energy for the planet. In the process, energy is generated from water and CO2 reduction using solar-powered photocatalysis. This book provides a comprehensive overview of recently developed, multifunctional materials as visible light-driven catalysts, their mechanisms and applications in solar energy utilisation and conversion. Chapters highlight the use of different approaches such as molecular catalysis, nanomaterials systems, as well as thin-films for solar-driven evolution of renewable fuels, such as hydrogen. This is the first book to give an overview of this area, with chapters specifically interesting for those looking towards industrial applications. With in-depth discussions ranging from understanding, to engineering of materials and applied devices, it will be suitable for industry professionals, researchers and students interested in understanding of the current state of photocatalysis research and its possible applications in the energy domain.Table of ContentsMultidisciplinary Approaches to Solar-driven Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Conversion;SrTiO3-based Perovskite Photocatalysts for Efficient Solar-driven Overall Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Recent Developments in (Oxy)nitride Photocatalysts With Narrow Bandgaps for Solar-driven Water Splitting;Recent Advances in (Oxy)sulfide Photocatalysts for Solar-driven Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Efficacy of Bismuth Oxyhalides (BiOX-based) Materials for Enhanced Photocatalysis;Molecular Catalysts Immobilised on Photocathodes for Solar Fuel Generation;Recent Advances in the Development of Metal–Organic Frameworks-based Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction;2D Nanomaterials-based Heterostructures for H2O Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Role of Co-catalysts for Photocatalytic H2O Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Water Splitting and CO2 Photoreduction;Computational Approaches to Materials Design for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity;Scaling Up Photocatalysts and New Devices for Solar Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book examines recent progress and new technological developments in sustainable aviation. It covers alternative fuel types, propulsion technologies, and aerial vehicle (unmanned aerial vehicles, drones, passenger air) emission reduction technologies. The effects of these technologies on vehicle performance, cost, and environmental impact are discussed, and case studies, practical applications, and engineering solutions and methodologies are provided. This collection will be an invaluable reference for researchers, practicing engineers, and students.Table of ContentsOpportunities and Challenges in Sustainable Aviation.- Emission Reduction Methods in Sustainable Aviation.- Alternative Fuel Type in Aviation.- New Propulsion Technologies in Aviation.- Building Green Airports.- Maintenance Management and Operations on Sustainable Aviation.- Evaluating Replacement Strategies for Aging Aircraft Using Life Cycle Cost Strategy.- Active and Passive Flow Control Methods Over Airfoils for Improvement in Aerodynamic Performance.- Fundamentals of the Aircraft Engine and Its Classification.- Sustainability From Airline Management Perspective.- Fundamentals of Sustainable Airline Maintenance Management.- Optimization of Control Surfaces Using Different Corrugated Design to Minimize the Vibration and Flutter in Wing.- HAN-Based Monopropellant Thrusters for Space Applications- Flow Analysis.- the Developing Demand for Sustainable Aviation Operations: Air Traffic Management Perspective.- A Numerical Study on Thermal and Electrical Performance of Prismatic Li-Ion Batteries and Estimation on Artificial Neural Networks.- Determination of Wind Distribution Model of a Runway Using Swarm Intelligence.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWorld Energy Handbook presents an overview of the energy systems of selected countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe. It is a complete guide to energy history and generation in these countries, including renewable energy, storage, and use. The authors follow the same analytical approach for each country to construct comprehensive surveys of all aspects of energy systems, examining the advantages and disadvantages of each country’s energy infrastructures. The handbook aims to raise awareness about the condition and deficiencies of energy systems in developing countries, and the potential for the countries to improve, grow, and advance the technologies for energy generation – especially by turning to renewable energy sources to increase energy storage capacities and optimizing the way subsystems are integrated. The book serves as a must-have guide for decision-makers, investors, business people, and other professionals to understand the global distribution of energy generation, transmission, and each country’s carbon footprint and identify opportunities for energy system improvement worldwide. Table of ContentsPart I Introduction Chapter 1 World Energy Overview.- Chapter 2 Energy Research Methodology.- Chapter 3 Financing energy projects.- PART II Africa Chapter 4 Angola.- Chapter 5 Botswana.- Chapter 6 Congo.- Chapter 7 Egypt.- Chapter 8 Ethiopia.- Chapter 9 Morocco.- Chapter 10 Nigeria.- Chapter 11 Rwanda.- Chapter 12 South Africa.- Chapter 13 Tanzania.- Chapter 14 Uganda.- Chapter 15 Zambia.- Chapter 16 Zimbabwe.- PART III ASIA Chapter 17 Cambodia.- Chapter 18 China.- Chapter 19 Indonesia.- Chapter 20 Japan.- Chapter 21 Lebanon.- Chapter 22 Pakistan.- Chapter 23 Qatar.- Chapter 24 Thailand.- Chapter 25 Vietnam.- Part IV Americas Chapter 26 Argentina.- Chapter 27 Canada.- Chapter 28 Cuba.- Chapter 29 Haiti.- Chapter 30 Panama.- Chapter 31 Puerto Rico.- Chapter 32 Uruguay.- Chapter 33 Uruguay.- Chapter 34 Venezuela.- Part V Europe Chapter 35 European Union.- Chapter 36 Macedonia.- Chapter 37 Switzerland.- Chapter 38 Ukraine.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFundamentals of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Design and Application is written for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in renewable energy and heat transfer. This classroom-tested text covers ground heat exchanger modeling, secondary loop ground-source system design, pumping energy, thermal response testing, commercial building applications, and horizontal and groundwater ground heat exchangers. The book is oriented to practical applications, including the economic analysis of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, but more theoretical sections are provided covering research-related geothermal applications. Chapters on heat transfer fundamentals and heat pump concepts are included for readers less familiar with thermal engineering concepts. A chapter covering the economic analysis of GSHP systems is also included. All of the examples and problems in the book are solved using the open-source Python programming language.The book will provide students in geothermal energy courses with a solid understanding of the subject. It will also be a valuable reference for professionals working in the field of renewable energy.Table of ContentsGeothermal Energy.- Heat Transfer Fundamentals and Building Loads.- Introduction to Heat Pumps.- Ground Heat Exchanger Modeling Outside the Borehole.- Ground Heat Exchanger Modeling Inside the Borehole.- Design of Secondary Loop Ground-Source Systems.- Pumping Energy.- Introduction to Commercial Buildings Applications.- Thermal Response Tests (TRT).- Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger.- Groundwater Ground Heat Exchangers.- Economic Analysis.- Advanced Topics in GSHP Analysis.- Appendix A: Heat Pump Performance Ratings.- Appendix B: DR-Nominal Sizes.- Appendix C: Hardy-Cross Method.- Appendix D: Python Libraries.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn easy read, balancing the pros and cons, this book surveys the energy issue from a broad scientific perspective while considering environmental, economic, and social factors. It explains the basic concepts, provides a historical overview of energy resources, assesses our unsustainable energy system based on fossil fuels, and shows that the energy crisis is not only a tough challenge, but also an unprecedented opportunity to become more concerned about the world in which we live and the society we have built up. By outlining the alternatives for today and the future, it gives an extensive overview on nuclear energy, solar thermal and photovoltaics, solar fuels, wind power, ocean energies and other renewables, highlighting the increasing importance of electricity and the long-term perspectives of a hydrogen-based economy. An excellent source of updated and carefully documented information on the entangled aspects of the energy issue, this book is a guide for scientists, students and teachers looking for ways out of the energy and climate crisis, and the problems and disparities generated during the fossil fuel era.Trade Review“The subjects are presented in a way that makes reading a real pleasure and promotes reflecting on the complex issues, thereby presenting the reader sustainable knowledge in its best sense. A clear recommendation!.” (Energy Technology, 1 August 2014) "It describes the complexity and importance of energy, and opportunities for future energy technologies and practices that will enhance sustainable development. Summing Up: Recommend. All readers." (Choice, 1 January 2012) "The appeal of this as a compact reference volume is therefore broad and I would strongly recommend it for all who are interested in finding out more about the energy issues that we need to think about in modern and future society." (Chemistry World, 1 August 2011) "An excellent source of updated and carefully documented information on the entangled aspects of the energy issue, this book is a guide for scientists, students and teachers looking for ways out of the energy and climate crisis, and the problems and disparities generated during the fossil fuel era." (ETDE Energy database, 14 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface PART I: Living on Spaceship Earth THE ENERGY CHALLENGE Our Spaceship Earth An Unsustainable Growth in an Unequal World Energy and Climate Crisis Dealing with Change Unavoidable Questions CONCEPTS AND MISCONCEPTS The Elusive Definition of Energy A Taste of Basic Principles Converting Primary Energy into Useful Energy It Takes Energy to Make Energy: The EROI Embodied Energy Energy Units and Conversions The Immense Energy and Power Scales Some Energy Key Parameters Energy Pervasiveness Versus Energy Illiteracy Key Numbers: An Abacus for Energy Literacy ENERGY IN HISTORY Historia Magistra Vitae Animal Power Human Slaves and Energy Slaves Waterwheels and Windwheels From Wood to Coal Steam-Powered Machines Road Vehicles Aircraft Conventional Engines Jet Engines Electricity Early Development From Wayfarers to ICT PART II: Fossil Fuels OIL What is Oil Oil History, Exploration, Drilling, Production Oil Transportation Oil Refining Oil Storage Unconventional Oil Petrochemicals Oil as a Fuel America's Addiction to Oil Oil Price Oil Peak and Reserves NATURAL GAS What is Natural Gas and Where It Comes From Gas Properties and Definitions Brief Historical Notes on Gas Exploitation Gas Production, Consumption, and Reserves Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Natural Gas Processing Transport, Storage, and Distribution Gas Uses: Energy and Feedstock Unconventional Gas COAL What is Coal Coal Extraction Coal Transportation and Industrial Uses Coal Gasification Coal Production, Consumption, and Reserves Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) FOSSIL LEGACY The Energy Dark Sides Alteration of the Carbon Cycle by Fossil Fuel Combustion Anthropogenic Climate Change Air Pollution and Global Warming Counterbalancing our Climate Influence Putting a Limit to CO2 Air Pollution and Human Health Land and Water Degradation So, What? PART III: Nuclear Energy NUCLEAR ENERGY Principles of Nuclear Fission and Fusion Power from Nuclear Fission Civilian Use of Nuclear Fusion? PART IV: Renewable Energies SOLAR ENERGY BASICS The Origin of Sunshine Solar Radiation and Attenuation Abundant, Fairly Distributed, Vital Sun's Limits: Dilution and Intermittency The Conversion of Solar Energy: Heat, Fuels, Electricity SOLAR HEAT AND ELECTRICITY Passive Solar Harnessing in Buildings Thermal Conversion: Unconcentrated Solar Flux Thermal Conversion: Concentrated Solar Flux The Birth and Rise of Photovoltaics Inorganic Photovoltaics: Key Principles Silicon Solar Cells Thin Film Solar Cells Organic Solar Cells Concentrated Photovoltaics and Other Innovative Concepts Photovoltaics: Global Installation and Market Trends Solar Energy: Sustainable and Affordable SOLAR FUELS Introduction Natural Photosynthesis Biomass and Biofuels Future Options for Transportation Fuels Artificial Photosynthesis Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells The Solar Fuel Challenge OTHER RENEWABLES Hydroelectric Energy Wind Energy Ocean Energies Geothermal Energy PART V: Energy Carriers ELECTRICITY Basic Concepts Illumination Traditional Power Generation Traditional Electricity Grid Power Generation from New Renewables Energy Storage for Electricity Supply Networks Plugging-In Transportation Smart Grid Towards an Electricity Powered World HYDROGEN Introduction Properties and Industrial Uses Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier: The Scale of the Task Methods for Producing Hydrogen Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution End Uses of Hydrogen Fuel Hydrogen Powered Vehicles Towards a Hydrogen Economy? PART VI: Scenarios for a Sustainable Future THE CHALLENGE AHEAD Reflection on the State of Our Planet: Now We Know Energy Demand and Supply Energy and the Quality of Life Saving the Climate Phasing Out Fossil Fuels Avoiding Nuclear Energy Ecological Sustainability Why We Need to Develop Renewable Energies Conclusion APPENDIX Did You Know That...?

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book focuses on advanced characterization methods for thin-film solar cells that have proven their relevance both for academic and corporate photovoltaic research and development. After an introduction to thin-film photovoltaics, highly experienced experts report on device and materials characterization methods such as electroluminescence analysis, capacitance spectroscopy, and various microscopy methods. In the final part of the book simulation techniques are presented which are used for ab-initio calculations of relevant semiconductors and for device simulations in 1D, 2D and 3D. Building on a proven concept, this new edition also covers thermography, transient optoelectronic methods, and absorption and photocurrent spectroscopy.Table of ContentsPART I. Introduction INTRODUCTION TO THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS Introduction The Photovoltaic Principle Functional Layers in Thin-Film Solar Cells Comjparison of Various Thin-Film Solar-Cell Types Conclusions PART II. Device Characterization FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS Introduction Current/Voltage Curves Quantum-Efficiency Measurements ELECTROLUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR CELLS AND SOLAR MODULES Introduction Basics Spectrally Resolved EL Spatially Resolved EL of c-Si Solar Cells EL Imaging of Thin-Film Solar Cells and Modules Electromodulated Luminescence under Illumination CAPACITANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS Introduction Admittance Basics Sample Requirements Instrumentation CV Profiling and the Depletion Approximation Admittance Response of Deep States The Influence of Deep States on CV Profiles Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy Admittance Spectroscopy Drive-Level Capacitance Profiling Photocapacitance The Meyer-Neldel Rule Spatial Inhomogeneities and Interface States Metastability TIME-OF-FLIGHT ANALYSIS Introduction Fundamentals of TOF Measurements Experimental Details Analysis of TOF Results TRANSIENT OPTOELECTRONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS Introduction Measurement Setup Charge Extraction and Transient Photovoltage CE with Linearly Increased Voltage Time-Delayed Collection Field Method STEADY-STATE PHOTOCARRIER GRATING METHOD Introduction Basic Analysis of SSPG and Photocurrent Response Experimental Setup Data Analysis Results DOS Determination Data Collection by Automization and Combination with other Experiments Summary PART III. Materials Characterization ABSORPTION AND PHOTOCURRENT SPECTROSCOPY WITH HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE Introduction Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Photocurrent Spectroscopy SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY Introduction Theory Ellipsometry Instrumentation Data Analysis Spectroscopic Ellipsometry forThin-Film Photovoltaics Summary and Outlook CHARACTERIZING THE LIGHT-TRAPPING PROPERTIES OF TEXTURED SURFACES WITH SCANNING NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY Introduction How Does a Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope Work? The Role of Evanescent Modes for Light Trapping Analysis of Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Images by Fast Fourier Transformation Investigation of Individua lWaveguide Modes Light Propagation inThin-Film Solar Cells Investigated with Dual-Probe SNOM Conclusion PHOTOLUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS OF THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS Introduction Experimental Issues Basic Transitions Case Studies ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE (ESR) IN HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON (a-Si:H) Introduction Basics of ESR How to Measure ESR The g Tensor and Hyperfine Interaction in Disordered Solids Discussion of Selected Results Alternative ESR Detection Concluding Remarks SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY ON INORGANIC THIN FILMS FOR SOLAR CELLS Introduction Experimental Background Selected Applications Summary ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON THIN FILMS FOR SOLAR CELLS Introduction Scanning Electron Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation Techniques X-RAY AND NEUTRON DIFFRACTION ON MATERIALS FOR THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS Introduction Diffraction of X-Rays and Neutron by Matter Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) Neutron Diffraction of Absorber Materials for Thin-Film Solar Cells Anomalous Scattering of Synchrotron X-Rays IN SITU REAL-TIME CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN-FILM GROWTH Introduction Real-Time In Situ Characterization Techniques for Thin-Film Growth X-Ray Methods for Real-Time Growth Analysis Light Scattering and Reflection Summary RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY ON THIN FILMS FOR SOLAR CELLS Introduction Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy Vibrational Modes in Crystalline Materials Experimental Considerations Characterization of Thin-Film Photovoltaic Materials Conclusions SOFT X-RAY AND ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY: A UNIQUE "TOOL CHEST" TO CHARACTERIZE THE CHEMICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND INTERFACES Introduction Charact

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn a concise and crisp manner, this book presents the state of the art in ecological economics, an interdisciplinary field focused on the analysis of sustainability of global, national and regional economic systems. An elegant guide, the book offers a range of cutting edge methods used in sustainability research including multicriteria decision aid (MCDA), input-output analysis, and life cycle analysis. This book is packed with references for students with some background in economics, environmental science or mathematics who aim to develop the analytical skills required for redirecting our development path towards sustainability in government, international organisations, academia, non-profit sector and business. As such, the book is primarily aimed at MSc and first year PhD students reading for degrees in Environmental Change and Management, Ecological Economics, Environmental Management, Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and those taking part in similar programmes. The book strives to develop the idea that a significant adjustment of the current economic theories is required, an idea supported by the emerged world economic crisis, the climatic and biodiversity crisis the world is currently facing and the enormously slow progress that has been made in the field of reorientation of the global economy towards sustainability. The practical case studies provided focus on the most pressing topics of today, and the book adopts a positive approach for problem solving and strategic development, which is aimed at educating the future decision makers and business leaders.Table of ContentsPart I: Theory of Ecological Economics Introduction 1. The Economic System and the Environment2. Industrial Ecology: Material and Energy Flows, Life Cycle Analysis3. The Big Picture Vision and the Environment: An International Perspective4. Economic Valuation and Decision Making: MCDA as a tool for the Future5. Macroeconomy: Market Failures and Externalities: What Can Be Done6. Economic Models and the Environment: Input-Output Analysis7. Sustainable Development: Measuring Progress Part II: Ecological-Economic Applications 8. Climate Change and Renewable Energy: How to Choose the Optimal Pool of Technologies9. Biodiversity Loss: New Methods for Evaluating Ecosystems10. Sustainable Cities: Interdisciplinary Perspective11. Regional Waste Management: Multicriteria Modelling 12. Business and Sustainable Development: CSR in Practice Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis beautifully illustrated book explains how water influences our culture; the many phases of water from ice to gas, its simple but still so unpredictable nature, and water resources on Earth; how water is distributed in ice, oceans, rivers, lakes and more; how it creates transport possibilities; how it produces and absorbs energy; how it is constantly changing the surface of the Earth; how there is enough water on Earth, yet sometimes there is too much or too little; the role of water in recreation; and how water supplies us with food in a myriad of ways. Few things are like water – a subtle and thought-provoking element, so simple and yet complicated, so conspicuous yet unpredictable, so soft and peaceful yet powerful, and so universal yet unique. Water is by far the world’s largest commodity. Though it belongs to all of us, it is still not shared by all. We very seldom take time to reflect on the many ways that water affects our lives. Though it would be too ambitious to believe that it claims all the meanings and roles of water, this book, by showcasing water’s versatility and by sharing the experiences and insights gained by the two authors during their many travels across the globe, contributes to a greater awareness of the most important substance in our society – water. The book offers an insightful and intriguing read for anyone interested in science and culture related to water, from laymen to students and decision-makers.­­­­­­­­Table of Contents Water.- Water in Culture and Social Development.- Snow and ice.- The Oceans.- Rivers and lakes.- The transport source.- The energy source.- Erosion.- Water consumption.- Recreation.- The food source.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise introduction to China’s electricity sector, suitable for university students and business analysts. It is business focused, combining an introduction from an established regional electricity consultancy with five academic chapters covering governance, market stakeholders and reform, wind and solar power, environmental regulation, and developments in financing. It is written in an accessible but rigorous style for people with limited knowledge of the topic, with minimal jargon but full referencing throughout the academic chapters. Each academic chapter starts with a summary and three key points to guide the reader’s understanding.Table of ContentsPart I1. China's Power SectorPart II2. Governance of the Electricity Sector3. Mapping China's Power Sector Under Market Reform4. Wind and Solar Power in China5. Environmental Regulation.- 6. Financing China's Electricity SectorPart III7. The Last Word: Chinese Exceptionalism

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents a general framework for modelling power system devices to develop complete electromechanical models for synchronous machines, induction machines, and power electronic devices. It also presents linear system analysis tools that are specific to power systems and which are not generally taught in undergraduate linear system courses. Lastly, the book covers the application of the models, analysis and tools to the design of automatic voltage controllers and power system stabilisers, both for single-machine-infinite-bus systems and multi-machine interconnected systems.In most textbooks modelling, dynamic analysis, and control are closely linked to the computation methods used for analysis and design. In contrast, this book separates the essential principles and the computational methods used for power system dynamics and control. The clear distinction between principles and methods makes the potentially daunting task of designing controllers for power systems much easier to approach.A rich set of exercises is also included, and represents an integral part of the book. Students can immediately apply—using any computational tool or software—the essential principles discussed here to practical problems, helping them master the essentials.Table of Contents1 Introduction The dq0 Transformation Device Models Network Modelling 2 Synchronous Machines The Model Equations in Per Unit System Steady-state Conditions Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) Exercises Direct-axis Transient Inductance Quadrature-axis Transient Inductance Steady-state Output Power Voltage behind Transient Inductance Equivalence of two models Power Transfer Curves Simulation I Steady-state Simulation II Simulation III Three-phase Short-circuit Simulation Equal-Area Criterion Step Change in field voltage V-curves Phasor to dq-Frame - Part I Phasor to dq-Frame - Part II Transmission line inductance Terminal Voltage Operational Impedance Operational Impedance & Sub-transient Model 3 Induction Machines The Model Steady-state conditions Exercise Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Steady-State Output Power Steady-State Torque vs Speed Doubly-fed Induction Machine - Steady-state Voltage Behind Transient Inductance Simulation Doubly-fed Induction Machine Vector Control Dynamic Equations with delta Phasor to dq-Frame - Part I Phasor to dq-Frame - Part II 4 Network Equations Power Systems Machines as Active Loads Submatrices in the Model Equations Forming Z-matrices Forming D-matrices Network Equations Referred to Machine Internal Variables 5 Simulations SMIB Simulation Plots Induction Machine Simulation Four-bus System Matlab Scripts Saturation 6 Linear Control: Analysis Introduction Linear Differential Equations First Order Differential Equations Second Order Differential Equations Simultaneous First Order Differential Equations Second Order System Response Modal Analysis Eigenvalue Sensitivity Participation Matrix Frequency Response Root-Locus Residues Dominant Residue Method Feedback and Residues Linearisation Linearisation by Perturbation Synchronous Machine Linearisation Single Machine Infinite Bus Equations (without AVR) Single Machine Infinite Bus Equations (with AVR) Exercises Synchronous Machine Damping Torque   Synchronising and Damping Torques Multi-machine Systems 7 AVR Tuning AVR Performance Requirements AVR Models Practical Exciters Control for Governors Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Method for PID Control PID Control of Governor 8 Power System Stabilisers PSS Design Other PSS Design Methods Two Lead Blocks Multi-machine System PSS Design Gpvr(s) for multi-machine systems Eigenvalue Sensitivity and Participation Matrix Dynamic Simulation - Local Mode Dynamic Simulation - Inter-area Mode Eigenvectors and Participation Factors

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe bestselling alternative energy reference book in North Americanow in an updated edition Want to take advantage of solar power in your home? Whether you're looking to save on your energy costs by adding a few solar components or you want to build a solar-powered house from the ground up, Solar Power For Dummies, 2nd Edition takes the mystery out of this energy source and shows you how to put it to work for you! This new edition gives you hands-on tips and techniques for making your home more energy-efficient though solar powerand helping the planet at the same time. Plus, you'll get all the latest information on changes to federal, state, and local regulations, laws, and tax incentives that seek to make solar-power adoption more feasible. Expanded coverage of the technology that underpins full-scale solar-power systems for the home New small- and mid-sized solar products, projects, and applications Rik DeGunther is a design engTable of Contents Introduction. Part I: Playing the Energy Game. Chapter 1: Helping the World through Solar Power. Chapter 2: Surveying Your Household Energy Efficiency and Use. Chapter 3: Making Your Home Energy Efficient. Part II: Understanding Solar — Just the Facts, Ma'am. Chapter 4: Working with Solar Basics. Chapter 5: Evaluating Your Solar Potential. Chapter 6: Calculating Payback on Your Solar Investment. Chapter 7: Installing Your Solar System. Part III: Applications Aplenty: Projects from Small to Large. Chapter 8: Digging In to Landscape Projects. Chapter 9: Jumping In to Small Projects with Big Results. Chapter 10: Heating and Purifying Water. Chapter 11: Diving In to Swimming Pool Projects. Chapter 12: Supplementing Your Domestic Water Heater. Chapter 13: Breezeway: Directing Wind within Your House. Chapter 14: Solar Pumps, Wind Power, Hydro Power, and Batteries in Applications. Chapter 15: Glass Houses (and Plastic, Too): Greenhouses and Sunrooms. Part IV: Exploring Full-Scale Photovoltaic Systems. Chapter 16: Taking a Close Look at Photovoltaic Systems. Chapter 17: Is a Full-Scale PV System Worth the Investment? Chapter 18: Divorcing the Grid: Going Solo with Solar Power Systems. Chapter 19: Do It Yourself or Contract Out? Chapter 20: Finding the Cash to Get the Job Done. Part V: Buying, Selling, and Building a Solar Home. Chapter 21: Building a Solar Home from the Ground Up. Chapter 22: Buying and Selling a Solar Home. Part VI: The Part of Tens. Chapter 23: Ten Best Solar Investments. Chapter 24: Ten or So Best Do-It-Yourself Projects. Chapter 25: Ten Cheap Solar Projects and Devices. Chapter 26: Ten or So Worst Solar Mistakes. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe latest developments in the field of hybrid electric vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric, and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. It focuses on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in & charging control and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition with four new chapters covering recent advances in hybrid vehicle technology. New areas covered include battery modelling, charger design, and wTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface to the First Edition xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2 1.1.1 Population, Energy, and Transportation 3 1.1.2 Environment 4 1.1.3 Economic Growth 7 1.1.4 New Fuel Economy Requirement 7 1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 7 1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 10 1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11 1.4.1 Series HEVs 12 1.4.2 Parallel HEVs 13 1.4.3 Series–Parallel HEVs 14 1.4.4 Complex HEVs 15 1.4.5 Diesel Hybrids 15 1.4.6 Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization 16 1.4.7 Hybridization Ratio 16 1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17 1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17 1.6.1 Toyota Prius 21 1.6.2 The Honda Civic 21 1.6.3 The Ford Escape 21 1.6.4 The Two]Mode Hybrid 21 1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 24 1.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 25 1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 27 References 29 2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31 2.1 Vehicle Basics 31 2.1.1 Constituents of a Conventional Vehicle 31 2.1.2 Vehicle and Propulsion Load 31 2.1.3 Drive Cycles and Drive Terrain 34 2.2 Basics of the EV 36 2.2.1 Why EV? 36 2.2.2 Constituents of an EV 36 2.2.3 Vehicle and Propulsion Loads 38 2.3 Basics of the HEV 39 2.3.1 Why HEV? 39 2.3.2 Constituents of an HEV 40 2.4 Basics of Plug]In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 40 2.4.1 Why PHEV? 40 2.4.2 Constituents of a PHEV 41 2.4.3 Comparison of HEV and PHEV 42 2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 42 2.5.1 Why FCV? 42 2.5.2 Constituents of a FCV 43 2.5.3 Some Issues Related to Fuel Cells 43 Reference 43 3 HEV Fundamentals 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Vehicle Model 46 3.3 Vehicle Performance 49 3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 52 3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 55 3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 60 3.6.1 Electrically Peaking Hybrid Concept 61 3.6.2 ICE Characteristics 66 3.6.3 Gradability Requirement 66 3.6.4 Selection of Gear Ratio from ICE to Wheel 67 3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 68 References 71 4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 73 4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 73 4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 76 4.3 GM Two]Mode Hybrid Transmission 80 4.3.1 Operating Principle of the Two]Mode Powertrain 80 4.3.2 Mode 0: Vehicle Launch and Backup 81 4.3.3 Mode 1: Low Range 82 4.3.4 Mode 2: High Range 83 4.3.5 Mode 3: Regenerative Braking 84 4.3.6 Transition between Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 84 4.4 Dual]Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 87 4.4.1 Conventional DCT Technology 87 4.4.2 Gear Shift Schedule 87 4.4.3 DCT]Based Hybrid Powertrain 88 4.4.4 Operation of DCT]Based Hybrid Powertrain 90 4.4.4.1 Motor]Alone Mode 90 4.4.4.2 Combined Mode 90 4.4.4.3 Engine]Alone Mode 90 4.4.4.4 Regenerative Braking Mode 90 4.4.4.5 Power Split Mode 91 4.4.4.6 Standstill Charge Mode 91 4.4.4.7 Series Hybrid Mode 92 4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 92 4.5.1 Motor]Alone Mode 92 4.5.2 Combined Power Mode 93 4.5.3 Engine]Alone Mode 94 4.5.4 Electric CVT Mode 94 4.5.5 Energy Recovery Mode 94 4.5.6 Standstill Mode 94 4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 95 4.7 Timken Two]Mode Hybrid Transmission 96 4.7.1 Mode 0: Launch and Reverse 96 4.7.2 Mode 1: Low]Speed Operation 97 4.7.3 Mode 2: High]Speed Operation 97 4.7.4 Mode 4: Series Operating Mode 97 4.7.5 Mode Transition 98 4.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 99 4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 100 4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E]Four]Wheel Drive 102 4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 103 4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 104 4.13 Non]Ideal Gears in the Planetary System 106 4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 107 4.15 Conclusions 108 References 108 5 Plug]In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 111 5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 111 5.1.1 PHEVs and EREVs 111 5.1.2 Blended PHEVs 112 5.1.3 Why PHEV? 112 5.1.4 Electricity for PHEV Use 114 5.2 PHEV Architectures 115 5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 115 5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 116 5.4.1 Well]to]Wheel Efficiency 116 5.4.2 PHEV Fuel Economy 117 5.4.3 Utility Factor 118 5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 119 5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 121 5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 122 5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 123 5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 123 5.9.1 Replacing the Existing Battery Pack 123 5.9.2 Adding an Extra Battery Pack 125 5.9.3 Converting Conventional Vehicles to PHEVs 126 5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 126 5.10.1 End]of]Life Battery for Electric Power Grid Support 126 5.10.2 Cold Start Emissions Reduction in PHEVs 126 5.10.3 Cold Weather/Hot Weather Performance Enhancement in PHEVs 127 5.10.4 PHEV Maintenance 127 5.10.5 Safety of PHEVs 128 5.11 Vehicle]to]Grid Technology 129 5.11.1 PHEV Battery Charging 129 5.11.2 Impact of G2V 131 5.11.3 The Concept of V2G 135 5.11.4 Advantages of V2G 136 5.11.5 Case Studies of V2G 137 5.12 Conclusion 140 References 140 6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 143 6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 143 6.1.1 Regenerative Braking in HHVs 146 6.2 Off]Road HEVs 148 6.2.1 Hybrid Excavators 151 6.2.2 Hybrid Excavator Design Considerations 157 6.3 Diesel HEVs 163 6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 164 6.4.1 Ships 164 6.4.2 Aircraft 167 6.4.3 Locomotives 170 6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 172 References 173 Further Reading 174 7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 175 7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 175 7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 176 7.2.1 Architecture – Series, Parallel, Complex 176 7.2.2 Vehicles that Are of Most Benefit 178 7.3 Non]Ground]Vehicle Military Applications 180 7.3.1 Electromagnetic Launchers 181 7.3.2 Hybrid]Powered Ships 181 7.3.3 Aircraft Applications 183 7.3.4 Dismounted Soldier Applications 183 7.4 Ruggedness Issues 185 References 186 Further Reading 187 8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 189 8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 189 8.1.1 Onboard Diagnostics 189 8.1.2 Prognostics Issues 192 8.2 Reliability of HEVs 195 8.2.1 Analyzing the Reliability of HEV Architectures 196 8.2.2 Reliability and Graceful Degradation 199 8.2.3 Software Reliability Issues 201 8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues 203 8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 205 8.5 End]of]Life Issues 207 References 208 Further Reading 209 9 Power Electronics in HEVs 211 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 212 9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 214 9.3.1 Ideal Rectifier 214 9.3.2 Practical Rectifier 215 9.3.3 Single]Phase Rectifier 216 9.3.4 Voltage Ripple 218 9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 221 9.4.1 Operating Principle 221 9.4.2 Nonlinear Model 222 9.5 Non]Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 223 9.5.1 Operating Principle 223 9.5.2 Maintaining Constant Torque Range and Power Capability 225 9.5.3 Reducing Current Ripple in the Battery 226 9.5.4 Regenerative Braking 228 9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 229 9.7 Current Source Inverter 229 9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 231 9.8.1 Basic Principle and Steady State Operations 231 9.8.1.1 Heavy Load Conditions 232 9.8.1.2 Light Load Condition 234 9.8.1.3 Output Voltage 234 9.8.1.4 Output Power 236 9.8.2 Voltage Ripple 236 9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 242 9.9.1 Rectifier Operation of Inverter 242 9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 243 9.10.1 Forward/Flyback Converters 244 9.10.2 Half]Bridge DC–DC Converter 245 9.10.3 Full]Bridge DC–DC Converter 245 9.10.4 Power Factor Correction Stage 246 9.10.4.1 Decreasing Impact on the Grid 246 9.10.4.2 Decreasing the Impact on the Switches 247 9.10.5 Bidirectional Battery Chargers 247 9.10.6 Other Charger Topologies 249 9.10.7 Contactless Charging 249 9.10.8 Wireless Charging 250 9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 251 9.11.1 Device]Level Simulation 251 9.11.2 System]Level Model 252 9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 253 9.13 Circuit Packaging 254 9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 254 9.15 Conclusions 257 References 257 10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 261 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 Induction Motor Drives 262 10.2.1 Principle of Induction Motors 262 10.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor 265 10.2.3 Speed Control of Induction Machine 267 10.2.4 Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors 269 10.2.5 Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine 270 10.2.6 Additional Loss in Induction Motors Due to PWM Supply 271 10.2.7 Field]Oriented Control of Induction Machine 278 10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 287 10.3.1 Basic Configuration of PM Motors 287 10.3.2 Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors 290 10.3.3 Magnetic Circuit Analysis of IPM Motors 295 10.3.3.1 Unsaturated Motor 300 10.3.3.2 Saturated Motor 301 10.3.3.3 Operation under Load 303 10.3.3.4 Flux Concentration 303 10.3.4 Sizing of Magnets in PM Motors 304 10.3.4.1 Input Power 306 10.3.4.2 Direct]Axis Armature Reaction Factor 306 10.3.4.3 Magnetic Usage Ratio and Flux Leakage Coefficient 306 10.3.4.4 Maximum Armature Current 307 10.3.4.5 Inner Power Angle 307 10.3.5 Eddy Current Losses in the Magnets of PM Machines 308 10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 310 10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 311 10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 315 10.6.1 Selection of A and B 315 10.6.2 Speed Rating of the Traction Motor 316 10.6.3 Determination of the Inner Power 316 10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 316 10.7.1 The Thermal Resistance of the Air Gap, Rag 317 10.7.2 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Rotor Core, Rrs 318 10.7.3 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Poles, Rmr 319 10.7.4 The Thermal Resistance of the Shaft, Rshf 319 10.7.5 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of Stator Teeth, Rst 320 10.7.6 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Stator Yoke, Rsy 320 10.7.7 The Conduction Thermal Resistance between the Windings and Stator, Rws 320 10.7.8 Convective Thermal Resistance Between Windings External to the Stator and Adjoining Air, Rwa 321 10.8 Conclusions 323 References 323 11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 333 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2 Characterization of Batteries 335 11.2.1 Battery Capacity 335 11.2.2 Energy Stored in a Battery 335 11.2.3 State of Charge in Battery (SOC) and Measurement of SOC 335 11.2.3.1 SOC Determination 336 11.2.3.2 Direct measurement 336 11.2.3.3 Amp]hr Based Measurement 337 11.2.3.4 Some Better Methods 337 11.2.3.5 Initialization Process 338 11.2.4 Depth of Discharge (DOD) of a Battery 339 11.2.5 Specific Power and Energy Density 339 11.2.6 Ampere]Hour (Charge and Discharge) Efficiency 339 11.2.7 Number of Deep Cycles and Battery Life 340 11.2.8 Some Practical Issues About Batteries and Battery Life 341 11.2.8.1 Acronyms and Definitions 344 11.2.8.2 State of Health Issue in Batteries 348 11.2.8.3 Two]Pulse Load Method to Evaluate State of Health of a Battery [4, 6] 349 11.2.8.4 Battery Management Implementation 352 11.2.8.5 What to Do with All the Above Information 353 11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 355 11.3.1 Lead Acid Battery 355 11.3.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Battery 356 11.3.3 Lithium]Ion Battery 356 11.4 Ultracapacitors 356 11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 358 11.5.1 Battery Modeling 358 11.5.2 Electric Circuit Models for Ultracapacitors 359 11.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System 361 11.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 364 11.7.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 364 11.7.1.1 Types of Fuel Cells 364 11.7.2 System Level Applications 364 11.7.3 Fuel Cell Modeling 366 11.8 Summary and Discussion 368 References 369 Further Reading 369 12 Battery Modeling 371 12.1 Introduction 371 12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 372 12.2.1 Chemistry of an NiMH Battery 372 12.3 Modeling of Lithium]Ion (Li]Ion) Battery 374 12.3.1 Chemistry in Li]Ion Battery 374 12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 375 12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 377 12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 382 References 383 Further Reading 383 13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 385 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 387 13.2.1 Analysis in the Time Domain 387 13.2.2 Operation Modes and Distribution Analysis 389 13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 393 13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 396 13.4.1 Key Design Parameters 396 13.4.2 Design Constraints 399 13.5 Design Procedures 401 13.6 Experimental Results 401 13.7 Conclusions 407 References 407 14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 409 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 410 14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 412 14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 416 14.5 Physics]Based Modeling 416 14.5.1 RCF Modeling Technique 417 14.5.2 Hybrid Powertrain Modeling 418 14.5.3 Modeling of a DC Machine 418 14.5.4 Modeling of DC–DC Boost Converter 419 14.5.5 Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics 420 14.5.6 Wheel Slip Model 421 14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 424 14.6.1 Bond Graph Modeling for HEVs 424 14.6.2 HEV Modeling Using PSIM 425 14.6.3 HEV Modeling Using Simplorer and V]Elph 427 14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 428 14.8 Conclusion 428 References 428 15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 433 15.1 Introduction 433 15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 434 15.2.1 DIRECT 434 15.2.2 Simulated Annealing 438 15.2.2.1 Algorithm Description 438 15.2.2.2 Tunable Parameters 439 15.2.2.3 Flow Chart 440 15.2.3 Genetic Algorithms 441 15.2.3.1 Flow Chart 441 15.2.3.2 Operators and Selection Method 441 15.2.3.3 Tunable Parameters 443 15.2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 443 15.2.4.1 Algorithm Description 443 15.2.4.2 Flow Chart 444 15.2.5 Advantages/Disadvantages of Different Optimization Algorithms 444 15.2.5.1 DIRECT 444 15.2.5.2 SA 445 15.2.5.3 GA 445 15.2.5.4 PSO 446 15.3 Model]in]the]Loop Design Optimization Process 446 15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 447 15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 452 15.5.1 Control Framework of a Series HEV Powertrain 454 15.5.2 Series HEV Parameter Optimization 454 15.5.3 Optimization Results 456 15.6 Conclusion 459 References 459 16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 461 16.1 Introduction 461 16.2 Fundamental Theory 464 16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 468 16.3.1 Coupler for Stationary Charging 469 16.3.2 Coupler for Dynamic Charging 471 16.4 Compensation Network 473 16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 475 16.6 Methods of Study 477 16.7 Additional Discussion 479 16.7.1 Safety Concerns 479 16.7.2 Vehicle to Grid Benefits 481 16.7.3 Wireless Communications 481 16.7.4 Cost 481 16.8 A Double]Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 482 16.8.1 The Double]Sided LCC Compensation Topology 482 16.8.2 Parameter Tuning for Zero Voltage Switching 486 16.8.3 Parameter Design 491 16.8.4 Simulation and Experiment Results 495 16.8.4.1 Simulation Results 495 16.8.4.2 Experimental Results 497 16.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 502 16.9.1 Circuit Topology Design 504 16.9.2 Capacitance Analysis 506 16.9.3 A 2.4 kW CPT System Design 506 16.9.4 Experiment 507 16.10 Summary 511 References 511 17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 521 17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 521 17.2 Methodology to Implement 523 17.2.1 Methodologies for Optimization 528 17.2.2 Cost Function Optimization 531 17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 536 References 536 Further Reading 537 18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 539 18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 539 18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 539 18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 540 18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 541 18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off]Road Applications 542 18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 543 Further Reading 543 19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 545 19.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 545 19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 545 19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 547 19.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification 548 19.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 551 Further Reading 553 Index 555

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a concise reader-friendly introductory guide to understanding renewable energy technologies. By using simplified classroom-tested methods developed while teaching the subject to engineering students, the authors explain in simple language an otherwise complex subject in terms that enable readers to gain a rapid fundamental understanding of renewable energy, including basic principles, the different types, energy storage, grid integration, and economies. This powerful tutorial is a great resource for students, engineers, technicians, analysts, investors, and other busy professionals who need to quickly acquire a solid understanding of the science of renewable energy technology.Table of ContentsChapter 1 . Renewable Energy Basics.- Chapter 2. Hydroelectric Power.- Chapter 3. Wind Power.- Chapter 4. Ocean Power.- Chapter 5. Bioenergy.- Chapter 6. Geothermal Energy.- Chapter 7. Solar Thermal Energy.- Chapter 8. Solar Photovoltaics.- Chapter 9. Energy Storage.- Chapter 10. Grid Integration of Renewable Energy.- Chapter 11. Economic Aspects of Renewable Energy.- Chapter 12. Challenges of Renewable Sources of Energy.- Chapter 13. Comparative Study of Renewable Sources of Energy.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplore present and future energy needs as well as options for continued use of fossil fuels and alternative energy sources with Dunlap's SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, 2nd Edition. Individual chapters thoroughly investigate each energy approach as the book covers both current energy production and future strategies. The author assumes you are familiar with basic concepts of freshman-level physics and chemistry. This edition emphasizes the complexity of energy issues and need for a multidisciplinary approach to solving energy problems. Quantitative end-of-chapter problems help you practice analyzing information, correlating data from various sources, and interpreting graphical data and interpolate values. You see real problems in producing and using energy as you realize that while exact calculations are important, a broad-based analysis is often most appropriate.Table of ContentsPart I: BACKGROUND. 1. Energy Basics. 2. Past, Present, and Future World Energy Use. Part II: FOSSIL FUELS. 3. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use. 4. Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use. Part III: NUCLEAR ENERGY. 5. Some Basic Nuclear Physics. 6. Energy from Nuclear Fission. 7. Energy from Nuclear Fusion. Part IV: RENEWABLE ENERGY. 8. Direct Use of Solar Energy. 9. Electricity from Solar Energy. 10. Wind Energy. 11. Hydroelectric Energy. 12. Wave Energy. 13. Tidal Energy. 14. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Ocean Salinity Gradient Energy. 15. Geothermal Energy. 16. Biomass Energy. Part V: ENERGY CONSERVATION, ENERGY STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 17. Energy Conservation. 18. Energy Storage. 19. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). 20. Hydrogen. Part VI: THE FUTURE. 21. Future Prospects and Research and Design Projects. Appendix A: Powers of Ten. Appendix B: Physical Constants. Appendix C: Energy Conversion Factors. Appendix D: Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. Appendix E: Energy Content of Fuels. Appendix F: R-values in Metric and British Units. Appendix G: The Elements. Appendix H: Table of Acronyms.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe last two decades have seen unprecedented research progress made in the fabrication and testing of organic solar cell (OSC) devices due to, among other things, rapid growth of interest in the development of organic materials for photovoltaic applications, the ease of processing, and the prospect of achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) cost effectively. The effects of impurity doping at the ppm level in photovoltaic organic semiconductors, including: (i) Seven-nines purification of organic semiconductors, (ii) pn-control of single and co-deposited organic semiconductors by impurity doping, (iii) ionisation sensitisation of doping showing the doping efficiency of 100%, (iv) ppm-doping effects in the simplest n+p-homojunction organic photovoltaic cells, and (v) the Hall effect of bulk-doped organic single crystals, are discussed in Chapter One. In Chapter Two the fabrication and characterisation of perovskite-type solar cells are reviewed and summarised such as CH3NH3PbI3, [HC(NH2)2]PbI3, and CsSnI3, which are expected for solar cell materials. Chapter Three proposes an experimental method to tailor SDE and optimise the power conversion efficiency (PCE), based on the electrical transport curve. Chapter Four provides a brief history of organic photovoltaic cell devices, factors limiting stability and power conversion efficiency, fundamental parameters that have been reported to improve the general performance of the devices, and recent developments in organic solar cell devices.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book develops a novel and simple, yet rigorous methodology that, by means of basic techniques and tools available to any engineer, enables the study of solar concentrator performance parameter scattering on the control of the solar field outlet temperature. Several simulations are performed considering a realistic solar field comprised of a large set of solar collectors with slight differences in performance. Sets of scattered parameter distributions are randomly assigned to the collectors in the solar field. Sensitivity analysis of solar field behavior is then performed in terms of the distribution of the performance parameters of the solar collectors, followed by a comparison between different configurations of the solar field according to the number of subfields. The latter is of great interest in order to evaluate the effect of a subfield number on the ability of the solar fields operator to control the temperature of the solar field when a flow control valve is not available in each loop. As a special feature, this book proposes a new model for characterizing the energetic behaviour of grid connected PV inverters. The model has been obtained from a detailed study of the main loss processes in small size PV inverters in the market. The main advantage of the used method is to obtain a model that comprises two antagonistic features, since both are simple, easy to compute and apply, and accurate. One of the main features of this model is how it handles the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and its efficiency: Concerning both parts, the model uses the same approach and is achieved by two resistive elements which simulate the losses inherent to each parameter. This makes this model easy to implement, compact and refine. The model presented here also includes other parameters, such as the start threshold, standby consumption and islanding behavior. As an example, the model has been implemented in the PSPICE electronic simulator, and this approach has been used to teach grid-connected PV systems. The use of this model for the maintenance of working PV facilities is also shown.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAmong other things, this book analyzes the energy losses in transformation systems composed of parallel transformers and proposes a method known as PLO that allows for the reduction of these losses. Distribution transformer system losses represent an important contribution to the quantity of GHG emitted to the atmosphere and have a high economic cost. This book benefits the reader by proposing and validating a novel method for the transformer utilities of three efficiency levels. This method can be implemented with any transformer, regardless of its characteristics. New low-loss transformers have lower losses but higher economic cost, and so their installation is cost-effective only if the total cost over the life cycle is lower. However, replacement of existing transformers is rarely profitable. This book proposes a method to reduce losses throughout the life cycle in new or existing installations. For implementation, the system does not require any additional device and allows energy savings of up to 41% to be obtained over the initial losses when it is used in parallel transformers; the study also proposes using an automated system instead of manual disconnection. The new energy measurement equipment in smart grid systems facilitates the installation and operation of this method. Due to its contribution to the current pool of knowledge for topics such as repowering and renewable distribution systems, this book is an ideal resource for those interested in renewable energy, electric power systems and their applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book acts as a reference that provides readers with the broadest available single volume coverage of leading edge advances in the development and optimization of clean energy technologies. One of the objectives of this book is to conduct a primary energy analysis and economic evaluation of solar thermal and photovoltaic cooling systems used for air conditioning in office buildings that apply simulation systems. Due to the climatic conditions that influence the performance of these two systems, the comparison is made for three different climates corresponding to Palermo, Madrid and Stuttgart. For each climate, the same geometry and dimensions of a building are considered, but with different user profiles and construction. Consequently, different heating and cooling loads twelve cases in total are taken into consideration. Another purpose of this book is to highlight water consumption as a key design parameter in determining the most convenient cooling system and selecting the most appropriate location for Solar Parabolic Trough (SPT) plants. Considering the importance of water in guaranteeing environmental sustainability, a review of water consumption parameters is presented, and water consumption in the SPT plants that are in the planning stages for southern Spain are analyzed as examples. The selected region for the present study is exposed to high horizontal solar irradiance, undergoes large seasonal weather fluctuations (prolonged droughts) and is located far from the coast (determining the sites topography and soil availability). These characteristics demonstrate that water consumption is one of the decisive factors for the construction of new solar plants in similar locations worldwide, in addition to other considerations such as capital cost or plant efficiency.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiodiesel is considered a viable alternative to the use of fossil fuel, as it is a renewable and biodegradable fuel, providing many environmental benefits. A Closer Look at Biodiesel Production describes new prospects of biodiesel production and updates the different researches on raw materials for the production of new sources of biofuels. The book contains thirteen chapters that are divided into five sections for a better understanding for the reader.The first section presents an extensive and profound review of the fundamentals of biodiesel production and the application of heterogeneous catalysts in this process. The second section assesses the influence of the raw material and provides insight into non-conventional raw materials that can be used for biodiesel production, such as Macroinvetebrate Larvae and Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge. The third section aims to present an extended discussion on biodiesel production from microalgae to feedstock. The third section shows the importance of the implementation of a biorefinery, using all microalgae products to make the processes economically viable. The objective of the fourth section was to apply modeling and simulation techniques that can assist in the design and assisted development of catalysts and methods for obtaining sustainable and ecological biofuels and to develop new separators of the co-products of the biodiesel production process. The last section is about the microbial conversion of crude glycerol to bioplastics and their building-block molecules.This book aims to provide an in-depth analysis and discussion of the basics of biodiesel production, developing new value-added biofuels and their biorefineries of possible products from an improved raw material. The target audience includes researchers, engineering design and biodiesel production facilities and graduates seeking a benchmark in biodiesel production.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis research aims to make an original and advanced contribution to state-of-the-art sky models. It focuses on high-resolution sky radiance and luminance models given their essential importance in a host of scientific and engineering applications. For example, improved sky radience and luminance models can be used to improve the design and operation of energy-efficient and sustainable buildings. All these applications require high-fidelity information on spatial and temporal distribution of solar irradiance and illuminance on building surfaces. The empirical basis for related decision-making processes is, however, rather limited: Available measured data - collected by typical weather stations - is typically restricted to global horizontal irradiance. Few research-class climatic monitoring stations also record the diffuse component of solar irradiance. This research will therefore examine a number of such models in detail and explore both improvement possibilities of existing models and the potential for alternative modeling approaches in future developments. Specifically, this research aims at developing accurate high-resolution sky radiance and sky luminance models for the city of Vienna. In order to generate sky radiance maps, the diffuse radiation component of the global horizontal irradiance should be typically derived based on proper diffuse fraction models. Accordingly, this research starts with an attempt to improve the existing diffuse fraction models. When both diffuse and direct horizontal irradiance data are available, the existing models intended for the sky radiance generation can be comprehensively evaluated and further developed to arrive at a more reliable locally verified sky radiance distribution model. In addition to sky radiance distribution maps, which greatly support the design of buildings' solar energy systems, sky luminance maps are needed to support the design of buildings' daylighting systems. However, to generate sky luminance maps from sky radiance maps, appropriate luminous efficacy information is required, which is not available from typical weather stations. Therefore, this research shall also explore methods with various degrees of resolution to derive illuminance data based on more broadly available global irradiance data. Solid high-resolution empirical data is needed not only to evaluate the existing models, but also to develop and validate new models. For this purpose, I will deploy our existing monitoring facility to systematically collect both typical weather station data and additional information concerning the diffuse component of the global horizontal irradiance, global horizontal illuminance, vertical irradiance, as well as detailed sky luminance and radiance distributions.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/sky-radiance-and-luminance-models-the-boundary-conditions/

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn face of the increasingly obvious need to ensure the sustainability of the environment, alternative and renewable energy sources are no longer just the concern of environmentalists and have become commitments of governments virtually everywhere in the world. In this context, ethanol emerges as an excellent substitute for petroleum derivatives. This green alternative fuel is sustained by its own burning because when CO2 serves as a carbon source for the growth of plants, it will allow the carbohydrates to be fermented. In addition, currently different generations of this fuel are being proposed, considering the utilization of their own waste. However, challenges still need to be overcome to enable the second, third and fourth generations of ethanol. At the same time, other renewable fuel alternatives emerge to compete with it. The automobile industry, for example, has been developing new engines, hybrids or not, that can be powered by electricity or H2. In this regard, this book addresses, under different aspects, the main strategies to surpass the remaining obstacles, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol as a fuel of the future. In this context, the "Ethanol as a Green Alternative Fuel" book shows present and future scenarios about bioethanol and perspective in their chain, considering the economic and environmental impact mitigations approach.

Read more less