Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisA whole host of motivations are driving the development of the renewables industry- ranging from the desire to develop sustainable energy resources to the reduction of dangerous greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.Trade Review"Overall it gives very good insights on biomass feedstocks for all uses of biomass as well as fermentation technologies mainly for biofuels." (Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 30 August 2011) Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xiii 1 The Bioeconomy: A New Era of Products Derived from Renewable Plant-Based Feedstocks 3Peter Nelson, Elizabeth Hood, and Randall Powell 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Market Opportunity for Biofuels and Biobased Products 5 1.3 Feedstocks 6 1.3.1 Biobased Feedstock Availability and Issues 6 1.3.2 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 8 1.3.3 The Role of Agricultural Biotechnology 9 1.3.4 Biomass Agricultural Equipment Development 11 1.4 The Biochemical Technology Platform 11 1.5 Investment and Major Players 12 1.6 The Role of the Farmer 14 1.7 Opportunities for Rural Development 16 1.8 Environmental Benefits 17 1.9 Economic Comparison of the Biochemical and Thermochemical Technology Platforms 17 1.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects 18 References 19 2 Agricultural Residues 21James Hettenhaus 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 Key Issues 22 2.2 Feedstock Supply 23 2.2.1 Residue Markets 26 2.2.2 Harvest Window 27 2.2.3 Residue Removal 27 2.2.4 Residue Management 28 2.2.5 Ag Equipment Needs 29 2.2.6 Operating Costs 33 2.2.7 Residue Nutrient Value 33 2.2.8 Land for Energy Crops 33 2.2.9 Farmer Outlook 34 2.2.10 Crop Research and Development 34 2.3 Feedstock Logistics 34 2.3.1 Bulk Density 35 2.3.2 Storage 36 2.3.3 Regional Biomass Processing Centers 43 2.4 Conclusion 48 Endnotes 49 References 49 3 Growing Systems for Traditional and New Forest-Based Materials 51Randall Rousseau, Janet Hawkes, Shijie Liu, and Tom Amidon 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Natural Regeneration 54 3.3 Overall Growing Systems 54 3.3.1 The Beginnings of Biomass Plantation Production 55 3.3.2 Short Rotation Woody Crops 56 3.3.3 Other Types of Hardwood Plantations 59 3.3.4 Southern Pine 61 3.4 New Genetic Tools 62 3.5 Agroforestry 63 3.6 Products from Woody Biomass 67 3.6.1 Hemicellulosic Products 69 3.6.2 Biorefineries Using Woody Biomass 71 3.6.3 Hot-Water Extraction of Hemicellulose 73 3.6.4 Wood Extracts: Processing and Conversion 75 3.6.5 Residual Solid Wood Biomass: Processing and Conversion of the wood mass after extraction, an example 78 3.7 Summary 78 References 78 4 Dedicated Herbaceous Energy Crops 85Keat (Thomas) Teoh, Shivakumar Pattada Devaiah, Deborah Vicuna Requesens, and Elizabeth E. Hood 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Miscanthus 85 4.2.1 Characteristics That Make Miscanthus a Potential Biomass Crop 87 4.2.2 Agronomy 87 4.3 Sweet Sorghum 90 4.3.1 Biology of Sweet Sorghum 92 4.3.2 Production 92 4.3.3 Potential Yields 94 4.3.4 Economic and Environmental Advantages of Sweet Sorghum 94 4.3.5 Production Challenges 96 4.4 Switchgrass 97 4.4.1 Physiology 97 4.4.2 Switchgrass Ecotypes 98 4.4.3 Advantages 98 4.4.4 Disadvantages 99 4.4.5 Yields 100 4.4.6 Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop 101 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101 References 104 5 Municipal Solid Waste as a Biomass Feedstock 109David J. Webster 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Definitions 110 5.2.1 Second-Generation Conversion Technologies for Biofuels 110 5.3 Disposal Infrastructure and Transfer Stations 110 5.3.1 Collection Practices 112 5.3.2 Cost Parameters 112 5.4 Waste Generation 113 5.5 Waste Characterization 114 5.5.1 Composition of Generated MSW Prior to Disposal or Processing 114 5.5.2 Landfilled Waste Compared to Waste Generation 115 5.5.3 Water in MSW 116 5.5.4 Heavy Metals in MSW 117 5.6 Preparing MSW for Conversion Processing—Mixed Waste Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) 119 5.6.1 Presorting 121 5.6.2 Mechanical Sorting Operations 122 5.6.3 Manual Sorting Operations 123 5.6.4 Recovery Rates of the MRF System 123 5.7 Cellulosic Content of MSW 124 5.7.1 Glucose and Ethanol Yields from MSW 124 5.8 Framing the Potential 125 References 126 6 Water Sustainability in Biomass Cropping Systems 129Jennifer L. Bouldin and Rodney E. Wright 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Water Use in Bioenergy Production 130 6.3 Water Quality Issues in Bioenergy Crops 133 6.3.1 AGNPS Watershed Model 135 6.3.2 Water Quality and the Gulf Hypoxic Zone 138 6.4 Conclusions—Water Quantity and Quality 138 References 139 7 Soil Sustainability Issues in Energy Crop Production 143V. Steven Green 7.1 Soil Sustainability Concepts 143 7.2 Bioenergy Crops and Soil Sustainability 145 7.2.1 Crop Residues 145 7.2.2 Dedicated Energy Crops 146 7.3 Resource Use in Biomass Production 149 7.3.1 Water and Soil 149 7.3.2 Land Use 150 7.4 Soil Sustainability Solutions 150 7.5 Conclusion 154 References 154 8 Fermentation Organisms for 5- and 6-Carbon Sugars 157Nicholas Dufour, Jeffrey Swana, and Reeta P. Rao 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Fermentation 159 8.3 Metabolic Pathways 160 8.4 Fermenting Species 161 8.4.1 Brief Description of Major Species 175 8.5 Other Relevant Products 180 8.6 Summary 183 Endnotes 183 References 184 9 Pretreatment Options 199Bradley A. Saville 9.1 Overview of Pretreatment Technologies 199 9.1.1 History 199 9.1.2 Mechanistic Assessment of Pretreatment 200 9.1.3 Severity Factor Concept 203 9.2 Pretreatment Classification 205 9.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment Processes 206 9.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment Processes 206 9.2.3 Thermochemical Pretreatment Processes 209 9.2.4 Impact on Moisture Content and Hydraulic Load 210 9.3 Laboratory vs. Commercial Scale Pretreatment—What Do We Really Know? 211 9.3.1 Laboratory Studies 211 9.3.2 Pilot/Demonstration Scale Studies 211 9.3.3 Limitations of Laboratory-Scale Comparisons of Pretreatment Methods 214 9.4 Process Issues and Trade-Offs 215 9.4.1 Inhibitors 215 9.4.2 Hydrolysis Efficiency and Enzyme Loadings 218 9.4.3 Solvent/Catalyst Recovery 218 9.4.4 Viscosity Reduction and Hydraulic Load 218 9.5 Economics 220 9.6 Conclusions 224 References 224 10 Enzyme Production Systems for Biomass Conversion 227John A. Howard, Zivko Nikolov, and Elizabeth E. Hood 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 The Challenge: Volume and Cost of Enzymes Required 227 10.3 Theoretical Ways to Address the Challenge of Quantity of Enzyme and Cost Requirements 228 10.3.1 Increase Susceptibility for Biomass Deconstruction 229 10.3.2 Decrease Exogenous Enzyme Load 231 10.3.3 Increase Accumulation of Enzymes in Production Host 236 10.4 Cost of Producing Exogenous Enzymes 240 10.4.1 Cost Analysis 242 10.5 Summary and Future Prospects 245 References 246 11 Fermentation-Based Biofuels 255Randy Kramer and Helene Belanger 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 First-Generation Biofuels 256 11.2.1 Starch-Based Ethanol—United States 256 11.2.2 Sugar-Based Ethanol—Brazil 257 11.2.3 Biodiesel 258 11.3 Policy and Biofuel Implementation Status 260 11.3.1 North America 260 11.3.2 South America 262 11.3.3 Europe 262 11.3.4 Asia 263 11.4 Second-Generation Biofuels 265 11.4.1 Cellulosic Ethanol 265 11.4.2 Biobutanol 268 11.5 Issues for Biofuels Commercial Success 269 11.5.1 Transport by Pipeline 269 11.5.2 Decentralized Production and Local Distribution 270 11.5.3 Optimized Engine Performance 271 11.5.4 Value of Biorefinery Co-products 272 11.6 Summary 272 References 272 12 Biobased Chemicals and Polymers 275Randall W. Powell, Clare Elton, Ross Prestidge, and Helene Belanger 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 Biobased Feedstock Components 276 12.3 Biomass Conversion Technologies 277 12.3.1 Technology Platforms Overview 277 12.3.2 Lignocellulose Fractionation Overview 279 12.4 Biobased Products 287 12.4.1 Oil-Based Products 287 12.4.2 Sugar/Starch-Based Products 289 12.4.3 Polymer Products 293 12.4.4 Lignin Products 299 12.5 Summary 303 References 304 13 Carbon Offset Potential of Biomass-Based Energy 311Gauri-Shankar Guha 13.1 Emerging Public Interest in Carbon 311 13.1.1 Overview 311 13.1.2 Initiatives to Address Anthropogenic Climate Change 311 13.1.3 GHG Mitigation and Carbon Sequestration Strategies 314 13.2 Theory of Carbon Markets 314 13.2.1 Tradable Permits and the Market for Emissions 314 13.2.2 Concept of Carbon Markets 315 13.2.3 Demand and Supply of Carbon Credits 316 13.3 Creation of Carbon Markets 317 13.3.1 Carbon Credits 317 13.3.2 Global Carbon Trade 318 13.3.3 Carbon Trading in the United States 318 13.3.4 The CCX Offset Program 318 13.4 Role of Biomass-Based Energy in Carbon Markets 319 13.4.1 Economic Significance of Bioenergy 319 13.4.2 Bioenergy Policies, Practices, and Trends 321 13.4.3 Carbon Offset Opportunities for Biofuels 323 13.5 Prognosis of Carbon Markets 324 References 325 14 Biofuel Economics 329Daniel Klein-Marcuschamer, Brad Holmes, Blake A. Simmons, and Harvey W. Blanch 14.1 Introduction 329 14.2 Production Processes 330 14.3 Biomass Transportation and Handling 331 14.4 Conversion of Biomass into Sugars 332 14.5 Conversion of Sugars into Biofuels 335 14.6 Separation and Purification 337 14.7 Co-product Handling 337 14.8 Major Cost Drivers 338 14.8.1 Biomass-Associated Costs 338 14.8.2 Capital Expenses 340 14.8.3 Operating Costs 342 14.9 Risks 343 14.10 Policy Support 345 14.11 Infrastructure and Vehicle Modifications 346 14.12 Conclusions 347 14.13 Acknowledgments 348 References 348 Index 355

Read more less

Book SynopsisScientists and engineers have made significant advances over the last two decades to achieve feasible, cost-efficient processes for the large-scale production of alternative, environmentally friendly sources of energy. Alcoholic Fuels describes the latest methods for producing fuels containing varying percentages of alcohol alongside the various applications they benefit, including combustion engines, fuel cells, and miniature power generators.Written by experts and innovators in the field,the chapters address the development and application of all alcoholic fuels, from production to end use. The first section of the book examines the production of methanol, ethanol, and butanol from several biomass sources, including corn, wood, and landfill waste. The second section explores blended fuels, such as E10, E85, and E-Diesel, and the third section focuses on applications of the different alcohol fuel types, including fuel cells, reformers, and generators. The book concludes with a discussion of the future production, use, and impact of alcohol-based fuels on society. Alcoholic Fuels provides a timely and practical source of information for chemists, engineers, and scientists working with alternative energy sources as well as managers, policymakers, and consumers considering the use and implementation of alcoholic fuels in automobiles and other energy conversion devices.Trade Review“This book is therefore timely in providing for the first time a comprehensive review of the production of alcohols, their use as fuels in internal combustion engines , and also of more advanced concepts such as fuel cells and fuel cell powered portable energy applications. This book will appeal to a wide range of readers.” --Gary Acres in Platinum Metal Reviews, 2007, Vol. 51 “This book is a very good readable reference book.” --V.V. Mahajani, in the Chemical Industry Digest, February 2007Table of ContentsProduction of Alcohol Fuels. Blended Fuels. Applications of Alcoholic Fuels.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMajor contemporary issues and debates relating to the sustainable use of energy are addressed in this far-reaching Handbook. The contributing authors discuss the ongoing debates about sustainability and energy use, energy economics, renewable energy, efficiency and climate policy.Trade Review'...was impressed by the scope of the contributions and their clarity. All appear to have been written specifically for this ''Handbook'' and all are readily comprehensible without a large amount of assumed previous knowledge. . . a very useful source document and many of the chapters represent a good starting point for student research projects.' --Tony Owen, Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy'In today's modern world where energy resources are increasingly scarce, climate change is a hot-button issue, and population growth continues to push the need to promote sustainable living, Handbook of Sustainable Energy is highly recommended as an absolutely invaluable contribution to graduate school libraries and the pool of literature available to professionals in the field.' --The Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Introduction Ibon Galarraga and Mikel González-Eguino PART I: SUSTAINABLE USE OF ENERGY 1. The Sustainability of ‘Sustainable’ Energy Use: Historical Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Roger Fouquet 2. Sustainability Criteria for Energy Resources and Technologies Geoffrey P. Hammond and Craig I. Jones 3. Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Climate Policy M. Carmen Gallastegui, Alberto Ansuategi, Marta Escapa and Sabah Abdullah 4. The Linkages between Energy Efficiency and Security of Energy Supply in Europe Andrea Bigano, Ramon Arigoni Ortiz, Anil Markandya, Emanuela Menichetti and Roberta Pierfederici 5. Governing a Low Carbon Energy Transition: Lessons from UK and Dutch Approaches Timothy J. Foxon PART II: ENERGY AND ECONOMICS 6. How Energy Works: Gas and Electricity Markets in Europe Monica Bonacina, Anna Creti and Susanna Dorigoni 7. Transmission and Distribution Networks for a Sustainable Electricity Supply Ignacio Pérez-Arriaga, Tomás Gómez, Luis Olmos and Michel Rivier 8. Energy–Economic–Environmental Models: A Survey Renato Rodrigues, Antonio G. Gómez-Plana and Mikel González-Eguino 9. Energy Supply and the Sustainability of Endogenous Growth Karen Pittel and Dirk Rübbelke 10. Consumer Behavior and the Use of Sustainable Energy Reinhard Madlener and Marjolein J.W. Harmsen-van Hout PART III: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY 11. Multicriteria Diversity Analysis: Theory, Method and an Illustrative Application Go Yoshizawa, Andy Stirling and Tatsujiro Suzuki 12. Review of the World and European Renewable Energy Resource Potentials Helena Cabal, Maryse Labriet and Yolanda Lechón 13. The Cost of Renewable Energy: Past and Future Kirsten Halsnæs and Kenneth Karlsson 14. Valuing Efficiency Gains in EU Coal-based Power Generation Luis María Abadie and José Manuel Chamorro 15. Energy Use in the Transport Sector: Ways to Improve Efficiency Kenneth Button PART IV: OTHER ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES 16. Nuclear Power in the Twenty-first Century Geoffrey P. Hammond 17. Carbon Capture Technology: Status and Future Prospects Edward John Anthony and Paul S. Fennell 18. Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels Peter B.R. Hazell and Martin Evans PART IV: ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICY 19. The European Carbon Market (2005–07): Banking, Pricing and Risk-hedging Strategies Julien Chevallier 20. The Clean Development Mechanism: A Stepping Stone Towards World Carbon Markets? Julien Chevallier 21. Second-best Instruments for Energy and Climate Policy Xavier Labandeira and Pedro Linares 22. Addressing Fields of Rationality: A Policy for Reducing Household Energy Consumption? Hege Westskog, Tanja Winther and Einar Strumse 23. The Role of R&D+i in the Energy Sector Alessandro Lanza and Elena Verdolini PART VI: OTHER DIMENSIONS OF ENERGY 24. Energy and Poverty: The Perspective of Poor Countries Rob Bailis 25. The Role of Regions in the Energy Sector: Past and Future Thomas Reisz 26. California’s Energy-related Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Policies David R. Heres and C.-Y. Cynthia Lin 27. Regional Experiences: The Past, Present and Future of the Energy Policy in the Basque Region Jose Ignacio Hormaeche, Ibon Galarraga and Jose Luis Sáenz de Ormijana Epilogue Anil Markandya Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisComprehensive coverage on the growing science and technology of producing ethanol from the world's abundant cellulosic biomass The inevitable decline in petroleum reserves and its impact on gasoline prices, combined with climate change concerns, have contributed to current interest in renewable fuels.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Part 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Ethanol 1 1 Renewable Fuels 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Renewable Energy 6 1.3 Biofuels 7 1.4 Renewable Energy in the United States 14 1.5 Renewable Fuel Legislature in the United States 20 References 25 2 Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel 29 2.1 Introduction — History of Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel 29 2.2 Alcohol Fuels 31 2.3 Fuel Characteristics of Ethanol 31 2.4 Corn and Sugarcane Ethanol 34 2.5 Advantages of Cellulosic Ethanol 35 References 40 3 Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Feedstock Types 46 3.3 Potential of Agricultural Wastes 46 3.4 Major Crop Residue Feedstock 50 3.5 Forestry Residue, Logging and Mill Residue 68 3.6 Grass Feedstocks 70 3.7 Purpose-Grown Trees as Feedstock 92 3.8 Municipal and Other Waste as Feedstock for Cellulosic Ethanol 101 References 108 Part 2 Aqueous Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route 131 4 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route: Recalcitrance 133 4.1 Introduction – Two Ways to Produce Cellulosic Ethanol 133 4.2 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis 134 4.3 Structure of Plant Cells and Lignocellulosic Biomass 135 4.4 Major Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass 137 4.5 Cellulose Recalcitrance 140 References 143 5 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Different Categories of Pretreatment Methods 150 5.3 Physical Pretreatment 150 5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatment 153 5.5 Chemical Pretreatment 177 5.6 Biological Pretreatment 190 5.7 Conclusion 191 References 197 6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 219 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Enzymatic Actions on Lignocellulosic Biomass 220 6.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose 221 6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose 233 6.5 Future Directions in Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis Research 237 References 239 7 Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 247 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 248 7.3 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 252 7.4 Ionic Liquid-Based Direct Acid Hydrolysis 262 7.5 Solid Acid Hydrolysis 269 References 275 8 Fermentation I – Microorganisms 283 8.1 Introduction 283 8.2 Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzate 284 8.3 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 288 8.4 Microorganisms Used in the Fermentation 288 8.5 Fermentation Using Yeasts 289 8.6 Fermentation Using Bacteria 294 8.7 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 300 8.8 Immobilization of Yeast 317 References 322 9 Fermentation II – Fermenter Configuration and Design 339 9.1 Introduction 339 9.2 Batch Fermentation 340 9.2.1 Examples of Batch Fermentation 340 9.3 Fed-Batch Fermentation 340 9.4 Continuous Fermentation 346 9.5 New Directions in Fermenter Configuration and Design 352 References 353 10 Separation and Uses of Lignin 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Structure of Lignin 359 10.3 Separation of Lignin in the Cellulosic Ethanol Process 360 10.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignin 363 10.5 Applications of Lignin 365 10.5.1 Lignin-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Resins 365 References 373 Part 3 Biomass Gasification Route 381 11 Biomass Pyrolysis and Gasifier Designs 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Chemistry of the Conversion of Biomass to Syngas 384 11.3 Classifications of Biomass Gasifiers 387 11.4 Fixed-Bed Gasifier 388 11.5 Fluidized-Bed Gasifier 389 11.6 Bubbling Fluidized-Bed (BFB) Gasifier 390 11.7 Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) Gasifier 392 11.8 Allothermal Dual Fluidized-Bed (DFB) Gasifier 392 11.9 Entrained-Flow Gasifier 395 11.10 Syngas Cleaning 396 11.11 Tar Control and Treatment Methods 403 References 403 12 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Microorganisms 407 12.1 Introduction 407 12.2 Metabolic Pathways 410 12.3 Microorganisms Used in Syngas Fermentation 414 12.4 Biochemical Reactions in Syngas Fermentation 414 12.5 The Effects of Operation Parameters on Ethanol Yield 416 12.6 Syngas Fermentation Reactors 424 12.7 Industrial-Scale Syngas Fermentation and Commercialization 426 References 427 13 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Chemical Catalysts 433 13.1 Introduction 433 13.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 434 13.3 Introduction to Heterogeneous Catalysts 437 13.4 Heterogeneous Catalyst Types 437 13.5 Rhodium-Based Catalysts 438 13.6 Copper-Based Modified Methanol Synthesis Catalysts 449 13.7 Modified Fischer-Tropsch-Type Catalysts 455 13.8 Molybdenum-Based Catalysts 456 13.9 Catalyst Selection 459 References 461 Part 4 Processing of Cellulosic Ethanol 467 14 Distillation of Ethanol 469 14.1 Introduction 469 14.2 Distillation of the Beer 470 14.3 How Distillation Works 470 14.4 Conventional Ethanol Distillation System 472 14.5 Steam Generation for Distillation Process 475 14.6 Studies on Development of Hybrid Systems for Ethanol Distillation 476 References 479 15 Dehydration to Fuel Grade Ethanol 481 15.1 Introduction 481 15.2 Dehydration Methods 482 15.3 Adsorption Method 482 15.4 Azeotropic Distillation Method 488 15.5 Extractive Distillation Methods 491 15.6 Membrane-Based Pervaporation Methods 494 15.7 Other Dehydration Methods 498 15.8 Comparisons of Common Dehydration Methods 498 References 500 Part 5 Fuel Ethanol Standards and Process Evaluation 507 16 Fuel Ethanol Standards, Testing and Blending 509 16.1 Introduction 509 16.2 Fuel Grade Ethanol Standards in the United States 510 16.3 Quality Assurance and Test Methods 514 16.4 European Fuel Ethanol Standards 517 16.5 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Denatured Fuel Ethanol 518 16.6 Gasoline Ethanol Blends 520 16.7 Engine Performance Using Gasoline Ethanol Blends 524 References 528 17 Techno-Economic Analysis and Future of Cellulosic Ethanol 531 17.1 Introduction 531 17.2 Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomass Hydrolysis Process 532 17.3 Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomass Gasification Process 533 17.4 Comparison of Biomass Hydrolysis and Gasification Processes 539 17.5 Some Cellulosic Plants around the World 540 17.6 Challenges in Cellulosic Ethanol 550 17.7 Future Prospects of Cellulosic Ethanol 553 References 554 Appendix 1 557 Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisFeaturing practical approaches to various reliability theory applications, this book the first of three in a series helps readers to understand and properly utilize statistical methods and optimal resource allocation to solve everyday engineering problems.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acronyms and Notations xv 1 What Is Reliability? 1 1.1 Reliability as a Property of Technical Objects, 1 1.2 Other “Ilities”, 2 1.3 Hierarchical Levels of Analyzed Objects, 5 1.4 How Can Reliability Be Measured?, 5 1.5 Software Reliability, 7 1.5.1 Case Study: Avalanche of Software Failures, 8 2 Unrecoverable Objects 9 2.1 Unit, 9 2.1.1 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 9 2.1.2 Mean Time to Failure, 10 2.2 Series Systems, 11 2.2.1 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 11 2.2.2 Mean Time to Failure, 13 2.3 Parallel System, 14 2.3.1 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 14 2.3.2 Mean Time to Failure, 18 2.4 Structure of Type “k-out-of-n”, 20 2.5 Realistic Models of Loaded Redundancy, 22 2.5.1 Unreliable Switching Process, 23 2.5.2 Non-Instant Switching, 23 2.5.3 Unreliable Switch, 24 2.5.4 Switch Serving as Interface, 25 2.5.5 Incomplete Monitoring of the Operating Unit, 26 2.5.6 Periodical Monitoring of the Operating Unit, 28 2.6 Reducible Structures, 28 2.6.1 Parallel-Series and Series-Parallel Structures, 28 2.6.2 General Case of Reducible Structures, 29 2.7 Standby Redundancy, 30 2.7.1 Simple Redundant Group, 30 2.7.2 Standby Redundancy of Type “k-out-of-n”, 33 2.8 Realistic Models of Unloaded Redundancy, 34 2.8.1 Unreliable Switching Process, 34 2.8.2 Non-Instant Switching, 35 2.8.3 Unreliable Switch, 35 2.8.4 Switch Serving as Interface, 37 2.8.5 Incomplete Monitoring of the Operating Unit, 38 3 Recoverable Systems: Markov Models 40 3.1 Unit, 40 3.1.1 Markov Model, 41 3.2 Series System, 47 3.2.1 Turning Off System During Recovery, 47 3.2.2 System in Operating State During Recovery: Unrestricted Repair, 49 3.2.3 System in Operating State During Recovery: Restricted Repair, 51 3.3 Dubbed System, 53 3.3.1 General Description, 53 3.3.2 Nonstationary Availability Coefficient, 54 3.3.3 Stationary Availability Coefficient, 58 3.3.4 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 59 3.3.5 Stationary Coefficient of Interval Availability, 62 3.3.6 Mean Time to Failure, 63 3.3.7 Mean Time Between Failures, 63 3.3.8 Mean Recovery Time, 65 3.4 Parallel Systems, 65 3.5 Structures of Type “m-out-of-n”, 66 4 Recoverable Systems: Heuristic Models 72 4.1 Preliminary Notes, 72 4.2 Poisson Process, 75 4.3 Procedures over Poisson Processes, 78 4.3.1 Thinning Procedure, 78 4.3.2 Superposition Procedure, 80 4.4 Asymptotic Thinning Procedure over Stochastic Point Process, 80 4.5 Asymptotic Superposition of Stochastic Point Processes, 82 4.6 Intersection of Flows of Narrow Impulses, 84 4.7 Heuristic Method for Reliability Analysis of Series Recoverable Systems, 87 4.8 Heuristic Method for Reliability Analysis of Parallel Recoverable Systems, 87 4.8.1 Influence of Unreliable Switching Procedure, 88 4.8.2 Influence of Switch’s Unreliability, 89 4.8.3 Periodical Monitoring of the Operating Unit, 90 4.8.4 Partial Monitoring of the Operating Unit, 91 4.9 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 93 5 Time Redundancy 95 5.1 System with Possibility of Restarting Operation, 95 5.2 Systems with “Admissibly Short Failures”, 98 5.3 Systems with Time Accumulation, 99 5.4 Case Study: Gas Pipeline with an Underground Storage, 100 5.5 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 102 6 “Aging” Units and Systems of “Aging” Units 103 6.1 Chebyshev Bound, 103 6.2 “Aging” Unit, 104 6.3 Bounds for Probability of Failure-Free Operations, 105 6.4 Series System Consisting of “Aging” Units, 108 6.4.1 Preliminary Lemma, 108 6.5 Series System, 110 6.5.1 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 110 6.5.2 Mean Time to Failure of a Series System, 112 6.6 Parallel System, 114 6.6.1 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 114 6.6.2 Mean Time to Failure, 117 6.7 Bounds for the Coefficient of Operational Availability, 119 6.8 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 121 7 Two-Pole Networks 123 7.1 General Comments, 123 7.1.1 Method of Direct Enumeration, 125 7.2 Method of Boolean Function Decomposition, 127 7.3 Method of Paths and Cuts, 130 7.3.1 Esary–Proschan Bounds, 130 7.3.2 “Improvements” of Esary–Proschan Bounds, 133 7.3.3 Litvak–Ushakov Bounds, 135 7.3.4 Comparison of the Two Methods, 139 7.4 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 140 8 Performance Effectiveness 143 8.1 Effectiveness Concepts, 143 8.2 General Idea of Effectiveness Evaluation, 145 8.2.1 Conditional Case Study: Airport Traffic Control System, 147 8.3 Additive Type of System Units’ Outcomes, 150 8.4 Case Study: ICBM Control System, 151 8.5 Systems with Intersecting Zones of Action, 153 8.6 Practical Recommendation, 158 8.7 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 160 9 System Survivability 162 9.1 Illustrative Example, 166 9.2 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 167 10 Multistate Systems 169 10.1 Preliminary Notes, 169 10.2 Generating Function, 169 10.3 Universal Generating Function, 172 10.4 Multistate Series System, 174 10.4.1 Series Connection of Piping Runs, 174 10.4.2 Series Connection of Resistors, 177 10.4.3 Series Connections of Capacitors, 179 10.5 Multistate Parallel System, 181 10.5.1 Parallel Connection of Piping Runs, 181 10.5.2 Parallel Connection of Resistors, 182 10.5.3 Parallel Connections of Capacitors, 182 10.6 Reducible Systems, 183 10.7 Conclusion, 190 10.8 Brief Historical Overview and Related Sources, 190 Appendix A Main Distributions Related to Reliability Theory 195 A.1 Discrete Distributions, 195 A.1.1 Degenerate Distribution, 195 A.1.2 Bernoulli Distribution, 196 A.1.3 Binomial Distribution, 197 A.1.4 Poisson Distribution, 198 A.1.5 Geometric Distribution, 200 A.2 Continuous Distributions, 201 A.2.1 Intensity Function, 201 A.2.2 Continuous Uniform Distribution, 202 A.2.3 Exponential Distribution, 203 A.2.4 Erlang Distribution, 204 A.2.5 Hyperexponential Distribution, 205 A.2.6 Normal Distribution, 207 A.2.7Weibull–Gnedenko Distribution, 207 Appendix B Laplace Transformation 209 Appendix C Markov Processes 214 C.1 General Markov Process, 214 C.1.1 Nonstationary Availability Coefficient, 216 C.1.2 Probability of Failure-Free Operation, 218 C.1.3 Stationary Availability Coefficient, 220 C.1.4 Mean Time to Failure and Mean Time Between Failures, 221 C.1.5 Mean Recovery Time, 222 C.2 Birth–Death Process, 223 Appendix D General Bibliography 227 Index 231

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe overall efficiency, effectiveness, and practicality of potential future energy sources and systems are directly related to many materials-related factors. This volume features 30 papers presented during the 2012 Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy Conference. They cover the latest developments involving materials for alternative and renewable energy sources and systems, including batteries and energy storage, hydrogen, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and nuclear, as well as materials availability, the energy grid, and nanocomposites.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi Nuclear State of Nuclear Energy in the World 3Thomas L. Sanders Batteries and Energy Storage Correlation Between Microstructure and Oxygen Removal in Solid-Oxide-Fuel-Cell Model Electrodes Pt(O2)/YSZ and Od(O2)/YSZ 15G. Beck Electrical and Morphological Characterization of Monocultures and Co-Cultures of Shewandella Putrefaciens and Shewanella Oneidensis in a Microbial Fuel Cell 25K.E. Larson and M.C. Shaw Biomass Refractory Ceramic Lining Selection ad Troubleshooting in Thermal Biomass Operations 39Dana G. Goski, Timothy M. Green, and Dominic J. Loiacona Comparison of Two Stage Mesophilic and Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of OFMSW 47Gayathri Ram Mohan, Patrick Dube, Alex MacFarlane, and Pratap Pullammanappalli Biogasification of Marine Algae Nannochloropsis Oculata 59Samriddhi Buxy, Robert Diltz, Pratap Pullammanappalli A Preliminary Study of an Innovative Biomass Waste Aerobic Degradation System for Hot Water Heating 69Haorong Li, Daihong Yu, and Yanshun Yu Multi-Energy Optimization Process: Biodiesel Production through Ultrasound and MicrowavesS. Getty, M. Kropf, and B. Tittmann Effects of Fuel Grade Ethanol on Pump Station and Terminal Facilities 89Greg Quickel, John Beavers, Feng Gui, and Narasi Sridhar Distributed Hydrogen Generation and Storage from Biomass 105Peter J. Schubert, Joseph Paganessi, Alan D. Wilks, and Maureen Murray Electric Grid Gallium Nitride for Grid Applications 117Mike Soboroff Geothermal High-Temperature Circuit Boards for Use in Geothermal Well Monitoring Applications 125Jennifer K. Walsh, Matthew W. Hooker, Kaushik Mallick, and Mark J. Lizotte Self-Degradable Cementitious Sealing Materials in Enhanced Geothermal System 137Toshifumi Sugama, Tatiana Pyatina, and Thomas Butcher Hydrogen Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Complex Borohydride and Amide Hydrogen Storage Materials 157Andrew Goudy, Adeola Ibikunle, Saidi Sabitu, and Tolulope Durojaiye Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of the Cu-Pd-M Ternary Alloys for Hydrogen Separation Membranes 169O.N. Dogan, M.C. Gao, and R. Hu Metal-Hydrogen Systems: What changes When Systems go to the Nan-Scale? 181A. Pundt Materials Availability for Alternative Energy Preparation of Organic-Modified Ceria Nanocrystals with Hydrothermal Treatment 195Katsutoshi Kobayashi, Masaaki Haneda, and Masakuni Ozawa Integration of MgO Carbonation Process to Capture CO2 from a Coal-Fired Power Plant 205Sushant Kumar Investigation on Ammonium Phosphate Mixed SIO2/Polymer Hybrid Composite Membranes 215Uma Thanganathan Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials Nano-Heterogeneous Structuring Effects on Thermal Power Factor and Thermal Conductivity 225Gustavo Fernandes, Do-Joong Lee, Jin Ho Kim, Seungwoo Jung, Gi-Yong Jung, Fazal Wahab, Youngok Park, Ki-Bum Kim, and Jimmy Xu Development of Thermoelectric Devices for Structural Composites 235Oonnittan Jacob Panachaveettil, Xinghua Si, Zabra Zamanipour, Ranji Vaidyanathan, and Daryoosh Vashaee Effect of Sn Concentration on Physical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Grown by Spray Pyrolysis on SnO2:F/Glass 245Mejda Ajili, Michel Castagne, and Najoua Kamoun Turki Effect of Heat Treatment on the Physical Properties of In2S3 Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition 255Mouna Kilani, Cathy Gguasch, Michel Castagne, and Najoua Kamoun-Turki Effect of Indium Concentration on the Physical Properties of In2O3 Nanomaterials Grown by Spray Pyrolysis 261Nasreddine Beji. Mejda Ajil, Zeineb Sboui, and Najoua Kamoun-Turki One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Few-Walled Carbon Nanotube/MnO2 Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitors 271Yingwen Cheng, Hongbo Zhang, Songtao Lu, Shutong Zhan, Chekrapani Varanasi, and Jei Liu Solar The Use of Inexpensive, All-Natural Organic Materials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 285J. Whitehead, J. Tannaci and M.C. Shaw Deep Level Defects in N+-CdS/P-CdTe Solar Cells 297P. Kharangarth, Z. Cheng, G. Liu, G.E. Georgiou, and K.K. Chin 297 Growth Dynamics in Thin Films of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Sputtered from a Quaternary Target 303J.A. Frantz, R.Y. Bekele, J.D. Myers, V.Q. Nguyen, A Bruce, S.V. Frolov, M. Cyrus, and J.S. Sanghera Wind Novel Flexible Membrane for Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades-Feasibility Study 315S. Laflamme, H. Seleem, B. Vasan, R. Geiger, S. Chaudhary, M. Kollosche, K. Rajan, and G. Kofod Robotic and Multiaxial Testing for the Determination of the Constitutive Characterization of Composites 325John Michopoulos, Athanasios Iliopoulos, and John Harmanson Authort Index 339

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecycling carbon-dioxide at the source would not only go a long way towards minimizing the emissions, but would also motivate industry leaders to take the positive approach for CO2 reuse.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix 1. Perspectives and State of the Art in Producing Solar Fuels and Chemicals from CO2 1Gabriele Centi and Siglinda Perathoner 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Solar Fuels and Chemicals From CO2 8 1.3 Toward Artificial Leaves 16 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2. Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Useable Products Through Free Radical-Induced Reactions 25G. R. Dey 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Chemical Reduction of CO2 29 2.3 Conclusions 46 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 3. Synthesis of Useful Compounds from CO2 51Boxun Hu and Steven L. Suib 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Photochemical Reduction 53 3.3 Electrochemical Reduction 55 3.4 Electrocatalytic Reduction 57 3.5 CO2 Hydrogenation 71 3.6 CO2 Reforming 84 3.7 Prospects in CO2 Reduction 86 Acknowledgments 86 References 86 4. Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Liquid Fuels 99Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani, Gary Jacobs, Venkat Ramana Rao Pendyala, Wenping Ma, and Burtron H. Davis 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Methanation of Carbon Dioxide 100 4.3 Methanol and Higher Alcohol Synthesis by CO2 Hydrogenation 102 4.4 Hydrocarbons Through Modified Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 105 4.5 Conclusions 114 References 115 5. Direct Synthesis of Organic Carbonates from CO2 and Alcohols Using Heterogeneous Oxide Catalysts 119Yoshinao Nakagawa, Masayoshi Honda, and Keiichi Tomishige 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Ceria-Based Catalysts 122 5.3 Zirconia-Based Catalysts 137 5.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts 145 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 145 References 146 6. High-Solar-Efficiency Utilization of CO2: the STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production) of Energetic Molecules 149Stuart Licht 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Energetic Molecules: an Overview 151 6.3 Demonstrated STEP Processes 165 6.4 STEP Constraints 180 6.5 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 7. Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Methanol Medium 191M. Murugananthan, S. Kaneco, H. Katsumata, T. Suzuki and M. Kumaravel 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Methanol Medium 193 7.3 Mechanisms of CO2 Reduction in Nonaqueous Protic (CH3OH) Medium 210 7.4 Conclusions 211 References 213 8. Synthetic Fuel Production from the Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 215Navadol Laosiripojana, Kajornsak Faungnawakij, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 General Aspects of CO2 Reforming 218 8.3 Catalyst Selection for CO2 Reforming Reaction 221 8.4 Reactor Technology for Dry Reforming 228 8.5 Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Synthetic Fuels 230 8.6 Conclusions 239 Acknowledgments 240 References 240 9. Fuel Production from Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water Using TiO2-Based Nanocomposites 245Ying Li 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 CO2 Photoreduction: Principles and Challenges 246 9.3 TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for CO2 Photoreduction: Material Innovations 247 9.4 Photocatalysis Experiments 254 9.5 CO2 Photoreduction Activity 255 9.6 Reaction Mechanism and Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity 259 9.7 Conclusions and Future Research Recommendations 265References 265 10. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Hydrocarbons Using Carbon-Based AgBr Nanocomposites Under Visible Light 269Mudar Abou Asi, Chun He, Qiong Zhang, Zuocheng Xu, Jingling Yang, Linfei Zhu, Yanling Huang, Ya Xiong, and Dong Shu 10.1 Introduction 269 10.2 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Reduction for CO2 270 10.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 271 10.4 AgBr Nanocomposites 274 10.5 Conclusions 283 Acknowledgments 283 References 284 11. Use of Carbon Dioxide in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Capture and Sequestration 287Suguru Uemura, Shohji Tsushima, and Shuichiro Hirai 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery 288 11.3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 294 11.4 Future Tasks 298 11.5 Summary 298 References 298 Index 301

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Production of Bioenergy in the Framework of Circular Economy: A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 1Vega-Quezada Cristhian, Blanco María and Romero Hugo 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Energy and Bioenergy 2 1.1.2 Ecuadorian Case 4 1.2 A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 5 1.2.1 Biogas 5 1.2.1.1 CO2 Emissions 8 1.2.1.2 Potential Electricity Power 12 1.2.2 Biodiesel 14 1.2.2.1 Biodiesel in Ecuador 15 1.2.3 Microalgae Biodiesel 16 1.2.3.1 Biomass Production 18 1.2.3.2 Lipid Extraction 18 1.3 Microalgae versus Palm Oil in Ecuador 19 1.3.1 Palm Oil 20 1.3.2 Microalgae Oil 21 1.3.2.1 Microalgae in Open Ponds 23 1.3.2.2 Microalgae in Laminar Photobioreactor 24 1.4 Discussion 27 1.5 Conclusion 29 Acknowledgements 29 References 30 2 The Impact of Biomass Feedstock Composition and Pre-treatments on Tar Formation during Biomass Gasification 33John Corton, Paula Blanco-Sanchez P., Zakir Khan, Jon Paul McCalmont, Xi Yu, George Fletcher, Steve Croxton, James Sharp, Manosh C. Paul, Ian A. Watson I. and Iain S. Donnison 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Tar Composition 35 2.3 Tar Formation Cell Wall Polymers and Ash Composition 37 2.3.1 The Impact of Plant Type and Blending Upon Tar Production 38 2.3.2 Blending 39 2.3.3 Ash Composition 40 2.4 Thermochemical Pre-treatments for Gasification 41 2.4.1 Torrefaction 41 2.4.2 Slow Pyrolysis 42 2.4.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis 43 2.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis 43 2.5 Processing Options that Exploit Conversion Route Integration 45 2.6 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 50 References 50 3 Key Pretreatment Technologies for An Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 55Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 58 3.2.1 Parameters for Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 59 3.2.2 Important Pretreatment Methods 61 3.2.2.1 Physical or Mechanical Methods 61 3.2.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods 62 3.2.2.3 Chemical Methods 67 3.2.2.4 Biological Methods 74 3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 75 References 78 4 Present Status on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85Arindam Kuila, Vinay Sharma, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Anshu Singh, Lakshmishri Roy and Rintu Banerjee 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification 87 4.2.1 Cellulase 87 4.2.2 Screening of Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 88 4.2.3 Cellulase Production 90 4.2.4 Factors Affecting the Cellulase Mediated Hydrolysis 90 4.3 Future prospects of enzymatic hydrolysis 93 References 93 5 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials 97Sandeep Kaur Saggi, Geetika Gupta and Pinaki Dey 5.1 Introduction 97 5.1.1 Different Source for Bioethanol Production 99 5.1.2 Lignocellulosic Materials 100 5.1.3 Cellulose 101 5.1.4 Hemicellulose 102 5.1.5 Xylan 103 5.1.6 Lignin 104 5.1.7 Lignin Carbohydrate Interactions 106 5.2 Pretreatment 106 5.2.1 Pretreatment 106 5.3 Microbial Pretreatment Process 107 5.3.1 Fungi 107 5.3.2 Bacteria 112 5.4 Conclusion 113 References 113 6 Anaerobic Digestion and the Use of Pre-treatments on Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Improve Biogas Production and Process Economics 121Laura Williams, Joe Gallagher, David Bryant and Sreenivas Rao Ravella 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Feedstocks Available for AD 124 6.2.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Analysis and Substrate Suitability 124 6.2.2 Substrate Parameters and Co-digestion 129 6.3 Feedstock Pre-treatment to Improve AD 130 6.3.1 Available Pre-treatment Processes 131 6.3.2 Pre-treatment Effects on Substrate 133 6.3.3 Effects of Pre-treatment on Methane Yields 134 6.4 Pre-treatment and Optimizing AD 136 6.4.1 Advances in Pre-treatment Methods and AD Conditions 136 6.4.2 Value-added Products and AD 138 6.5 Conclusion 140 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 7 Algae: The Future of Bioenergy 149Nivas Manohar Desai 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Technological Innovations for Algae Cultivation, Harvesting and Drying 151 7.2.1 Cultivation Practices 152 7.2.1.1 Open Cultivation Systems 152 7.2.1.2 Closed Cultivation Systems (Photobioreactors) 153 7.2.1.3 Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) 154 7.2.1.4 Sea-based Cultivation Systems 157 7.2.2 Harvesting of Biomass 158 7.2.2.1 Settling Ponds 159 7.2.2.2 Filtration 159 7.2.2.3 Centrifugation 159 7.2.2.4 Flotation 160 7.2.2.5 Flocculation 160 7.2.2.6 Electrolytic Coagulation 161 7.2.3 Energy Efficiencies of Harvesting Processes 161 7.2.4 Algal Drying 162 7.3 Algae-based Bioenergy Products 162 7.3.1 Biofuel and Biodiesel 163 7.3.2 Biogas (Biomethane Production) 164 7.3.3 Bioethanol 165 7.3.4 Biohydrogen 167 7.3.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis 167 7.3.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis 168 7.3.4.3 Photo Fermentation 168 7.4 Concluding Remarks 168 Acknowledgement 169 References 169 Index 173

Read more less

Book SynopsisENCYCLOPEDIA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Written by a highly respected engineer and prolific author in the energy sector, this is the single most comprehensive, thorough, and up-to-date reference work on renewable energy. The world's energy industry is and has always been volatile, sometimes controversial, with wild swings upward and downward. This has, historically, been mostly because most of our energy has come from fossil fuels, which is a finite source of energy. Every so often, a technology comes along, like hydrofracturing, that is a game-changer. But is it, really? Aren't we just delaying the inevitable with these temporary price fixes The only REAL game-changer is renewable energy. For decades, renewable energy sources have been sought, developed, and studied. Sometimes wind is at the forefront, sometimes solar, and, for the last decade or so, there has been a surge in interest for biofeedstocks and biofuels. There are also the old standbys of nuclear and geothermal energy, which hTable of ContentsIntroduction xxxvii A 1 B 99 C 227 D 329 E 365 F 423 G 481 H 585 I 651 J 681 K 683 L 689 M 741 N 781 O 807 P 835 Q 921 R 923 S 969 T 1057 U 1095 V 1105 W 1111 X 1199 Y 1203 Z 1207 Conversion Factors 1211 Further Reading 1213 About the Author 1215

Read more less

Book SynopsisâœToday, over two billion people in developing countries live without any electricity. They lead lives of misery, walking miles every day for water and firewood, just to survive. What if there was an existing, viable technology, that when developed to its highest potential could increase everyoneâs standard of living, cut fossil fuel demand and the resultant pollutionâ said Peter Meisen, President, Global Energy Network Institute in 1997. Even though energy is available, technology was not matured enough to tap this energy in the nineties. Now, with the advancement of drilling technology, extracting heat from hot rocks has become a reality. Very soon when CO2 replaces the circulation fluid to extract heat from granites then both fossil fuel based and renewable energy sources will coexists balancing the CO2 emissions and providing energy, food and water security to the rich and the poor countries. Red Sea rift represents the youngest spreading ridges in the world with a vast amount of heat energy stored on either side. The Red Sea is surrounded by countries with a weak economy. Developing a geothermal energy based economy in countries like Eritrea, Djibouti and Ethiopia will provide food and water security to these countries while for other countries, geothermal energy will help in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Although geothermal energy sources are available in all the countries since the opening of the Red Sea, millions of years ago, this was not brought to the light. Oil importing countries became highly dependent on the oil rich countries to sustain their economy and growth and thus remained poor. This book unfolds the huge energy source, hydrothermal and EGS, for the benefit of the poor countries to reduce poverty and lift the socio economic status of these countries. The book deals with i) future energy demand, ii) CO2 emissions associated with fossil fuel based power plants, iii) black carbon emissions associated biomass energy source and iv) strategies to reduce CO2 emissions by using geothermal energy as energy source mix in all the countriesâoil exporting and oil importing countriesâ around the Red Sea. The amount of energy available from hot granites in all the countries is well documented. EGS being the future energy source for mankind, this book will form the basis for future research by young scientists and academicians. Availability of fresh water is a matter of concern for all countries. The only way to satisfy the thirst of a growing population, to meet drinking water demand and food security, is to depend on seawater. A large volume of CO2 is being emitted from desalination plants supported by fossil fuel based energy sources. This book describes the advantages of using geothermal energy sources for the desalination process to meet the growing water and food demand of the countries around the Red Sea. Oil rich countries, using its geothermal resources, can now reduce food imports and become self sufficient in food production.This book gives hope for millions of children living in the underdeveloped countries around the Red Sea to satisfy their hunger and live a decent life with a continuous source of electricity, water and food available. This book ends with a note on the economic benefits of geothermal energy vs other renewables. With the signing of the GGA (Global Geothermal Alliance) by several countries during the December 2015 CoP 21 summit in Paris, policy makers and administrators will work together in implementing the necessary infrastructure and support to develop this clean energy source.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Electricity demand and energy sources 3. Carbon dioxides emission 4. Geothermal provinces 5. CO2 mitigation strategy 6. Exploration techniques 7. Power generation techniques 8. Direct application of geothermal resources 9. Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Read more less

Book SynopsisEfficient and rational use of energy is one of the main challenges at present to develop a sustainable society. Long-term economic growth is only possible with the application of technological improvements in the use of energy. This book is discussing geotechnical systems with large potential for enhancing energy efficiency. Modern manufacturing processes are complex and make ever increasing demands on the use of energy. This work involves multidisciplinary collaboration and research on aspects of energy use in geotechnical systems. The work provides many practical examples and illustrative material and it effectively connects theoretical and practical aspects of efficiency improvement of geotechnical systems. Benefiting from authors' extensive experience in industry and academia it brings together comprehensive technical information on reducing energy consumption. It provides valuable information covering operation of mine equipment and installations and features some topics neverTable of ContentsTraction and energy characteristics of no-contact electric mining locomotives with AC current thyristor converters – G. Pivnyak, M. Rogoza, Yu. Papaika & A. Lysenko Universal model of the galvanic battery as a tool for calculations of electric vehicles – O. Beshta, A. Albu, A. Balakhontsev & V. Fedoreyko Binarization algorithm of rock photo images on inhomogeneous background - P. Pilov, M. Alekseyev & I. UdovikCompensation of the cogging torque by means of control system for transverse flux motor – E. Nolle, O. Beshta & M. Kuvaiev Control of tandem-type two-wheel vehicle at various notion modes along spatial curved lay of line – O. Beshta, V. Kravets, К. Bas, Т. Kravets & L. Tokar Independent power supply of menage objects based on biosolid oxide fuel systems – O. Beshta, V. Fedoreyko, A. Palchyk & N. Burega The use of asymmetric power supply during the procedure of equivalent circuit parameters identification of squirrel-cage induction motor – O. Beshta & A. Semin Underground metal pipeline which contains insulating elements and is under the influence of ac current – A. Aziukovskyi Energy indexes of modern skip lifting plants of coal mines – Yu. Razumniy & A. RukhlovInformational and methodological support for energy efficiency control – N. Dreshpak & S. Vypanasenko Implementation of the insulation resistance control method for high-voltage grids of coal mines – F. Sckrabets & A. Ostapchuk Comparative analysis of methods for estimating the hurst acoustic signal whenever feed rate control in jet mills provided – M. Alekseyev & L. Berdnik Automatic control of coal shearer providing effective use of installed power – V. Tkachev, N. Stadnik & A. BublikovSelf-regulation of loading efficiency of a screw of a cutter-loader with controlled cutting drive – V. Tkachov, А. Bublikov & L. Tokar

Read more less

Book SynopsisImproved knowledge in the field of technical objects operation and control helps manufacturers to decrease energy consumption and keep construction costs low. Moreover, it helps dealing effectively with environmental problems and switching to renewable forms of energy on the path of sustainable development of the society. The methods and technologies presented in this book will allow to improve the effectiveness of technical objects control and helps achieving safe, economical, high-quality usage of power engineering and information technologies.The book presents recent advances in power engineering, electric drives, transport systems, power electronics, cybersecurity and others. Vital issues of innovative small vehicles with using hydrogen fuel as well as boring rigs and underwater hydraulic transport pipelines are considered.The book offers a fresh look at energy-saving and energy efficiency in industry, new ideas in information technologies, paying much attentioTable of ContentsPower engineeringElectric drivesTransport systemsPower electronicsCybersecurityEnergy savingEnergy efficiency

Read more less

Book SynopsisA CD-ROM that includes the proceedings from the 2009 CTSI conference which provide the prestigious forum in the world for leading clean tech scientists. It covers bioenergy fuels, photovoltaics, wind energy, geothermal energy, green buildings, smart grid, fuel cells, hydrogen technology, green chemistry, storage technologies, and energy policies.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Issues regarding the environment, cost, and fuel consumption add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 2 Design and Operations serves as a field manual for operators, engineers, and managers working in design and operations. Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine equipment design and operations in the context of the process and power generation industries. Coverage includes testing, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. This second volume features color illustrations and photographs throughout, and extensive appendices contain property dataTable of ContentsSafety. Combustion Controls. Blowers for Combustion Systems. Metallurgy. Refractory for Combustion Systems. Burner Design. Combustion Diagnostics. Burner Testing. Flare Testing. Thermal Oxidizer Testing. Burner Installation and Maintenance. Burner/Heater Operations. Burner Troubleshooting. Flare Operations and Troubleshooting. Thermal Oxidizer Installation and Maintenance. Thermal Oxidizer Operations and Troubleshooting. Appendix A: Units and Conversions. Appendix B: Physical Properties of Materials. Appendix C: Properties of Gasses and Liquids. Appendix D: Properties of Solids. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Issues regarding the environment, cost, and fuel consumption add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 3 Applications offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of equipment used in the process and power generation industries.Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine industry applications such as process burners, boiler burners, process flares, thermal oxidizers, and vapor control. This volume builds on the concepts covered in the first two volumes and shows how they are used in combustion applications. The book also features a wealth of color illustratiTable of ContentsProcess Burners. Oil Burners. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Process Heaters. Air Heaters. Thermal Oxidizer Basics. Thermal Oxidizer Control and Configurations. Selected Pollution Control Equipment. Flares. Flare Ignition Systems. Biogas Flaring. Flare Gas Recovery. Hydrocarbon Vapor Control Technology. Marine and Offshore Applications. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten for use as a text and reference for those interested in how new materials may be used to capture, store, and use solar energy for alternative energy resources in everyday life, Solar Fuels: Materials, Physics, and Applications discusses the fundamentals of new materials and the physical processes involved in their mechanisms and design. This book offers clear examples of current state-of-the-art organic and inorganic solar cell materials and devices used in the field, and includes experiments testing solar capability along with standardized examples. Last, but not least, it also gives a clear outline of the challenges that need to be addressed moving forward.Trade Review'Research on organic solar cells for photovoltaic (PV) applications has been under investigation for more than 20 years, and it is appropriate to have a new book on this topic. The significant progress in developing organic solar PV is reviewed and presented, along with measurement methods that are used in characterizing organic solar cells. While this book may be used as a textbook, it is written for all individuals who want to know more information about organic solar PV. The chapters in this work cover history, materials for solar PV, measurement methods, solar cell architecture, interface topics, new methodologies, and information pertaining to the future of organic PV. Additionally, many good references appear at the end of each chapter, and excellent color illustrations and figures are included throughout the book. While there has been great advancement in developing solar PV, the present efficiencies of about 10 percent are too small to be competitive in most markets. Organic chemists, physical chemists, physicists, and engineers are attempting to advance the science and design of organic solar cells for PV applications. This book is likely aimed toward these individuals and others who are interested in this particular topic.--L. E. Erickson, Kansas State UniversitySumming Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; faculty, professionals, and general readers.'– L. E. Erickson, Kansas State University, for CHOICE, February 2018 Vol. 55 No. 6‘"Solar Fuels"… does offer sufficient depth on most of the principal methodologies and analytical methods of characterization to bring the reader close to research-level expertise on organic photovoltaic devices (OPV), which is the main topic. … This volume offers a very useful starting point into this burgeoning field.’– Paul G. Rasmussen, Arthur F. Thurnau Prof. Emeritus, Chemistry and Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of MichiganTable of ContentsList of FiguresPrefaceAuthorChapter 1 Historical Background and Structure of This BookChapter 2 New Materials for Solar Energy ConversionChapter 3 Measurements of Organic Solar Devices and MaterialsChapter 4 Organic Solar Cell Architectures ModernizedChapter 5 Interface Engineering in Organic Solar CellsChapter 6 New Approaches: Testing the Limits in Organic Solar CellsChapter 7 A Look Forward with Organic Solar FuelsIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisUnderstanding LED Illumination elucidates the science of lighting for light emitting diodes. It presents concepts, theory, simulations, and new design techniques that shine the spotlight on illumination, energy efficiency, and reducing electrical power consumption. The text provides an introduction to the fundamentals of LED lamp design, and highlights the principles of large-space and 3D object illumination for developing competitive LED lamps.The first part of the book discusses lamp output metrics and characterization methods, while the second part of the book explores certain retail and prototype lamp comparisons with theory, simulations and experiments It details the light propagation and distribution characteristics of LED light sources for general illumination applications, and presents design and simulation requirements for LED lamps suited for real-world applications. It also addresses light generation, efficiency, theoretical limits, efficiency limiTrade Review"… [the book] educate[s] a non-lighting audience about the basics of light, while doing so from a point of view that they might understand. … BUY IT if you'd like to see how another community views the lighting world."—Lighting Design and Application Magazine, June 2014 "… one of those rare resources that address the engineering of LED lighting as well as the challenges and opportunities faced by lighting designers working in a rapidly evolving marketplace. Author Nisa Khan’s concise and unique perspective brings together key issues related to both the evolution and practice of next-generation lighting. … an excellent textbook for teaching illumination engineering, architectural engineering, and other subjects related to next-generation lighting. The monograph is extremely well organized and its tables, charts, diagrams, and photographs effectively reinforce the concepts described by the text. It can also serve as a ready reference for those involved in the design, engineering, and marketing of SSL. I recommend it to anyone interested in SSL lighting …"—Michael Siminovitch, Physics Today, July 2014"The book contains a lot of useful information on LEDs, particularly on thermal management and colour stability. … a useful addition to a technical library on luminaire design and manufacturing …"—Lighting Magazine, February/March 2014"The author provides an introduction to lighting fundamentals and technologies, and then LED science and technologies. Lamp designs, lighting theory, simulations and efficiency limiting factors are discussed as well. The author also addresses LED replacement lamps for household and commercial lighting use, as well as design for improving tubular LED replacement. … designed to teach scientists and engineers the fundamentals of lighting and LED lamp design."—Optics & Photonics News"Understanding LED Illumination provides a very broadTable of ContentsIntroduction. LED Lighting Devices. LED Module Manufacturing. Lamp Measurement and Characterization. LED Lamp Design Considerations. LED Lighting Design and Simulation. LED Replacements for Incandescent and Linear-Tubular Fluorescent Lamps. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisComplex Systems is a new field of science studying how parts of a system give rise to the collective behaviors of the system, and how the system interacts with its environment. This book examines the complex systems involved in environmental sustainability, and examines the technologies involved to help mitigate human impacts, such as renewable energy, desalination, carbon capture, recycling, etc. It considers the relationships and balance between environmental engineering and science, economics, and human activity, with regard to sustainability. Trade Review"In this time of narrow specialization, the authors have provided a remarkably broad synthesis of the biophysical factors that support human sustainability."––Joseph A. Tainter, Department of Environment and Society, Utah State UniversityTable of ContentsHuman Sustainability. Review of Complexity and Complex Systems. Multidimensional Challenges to Human Sustainability. Mitigations of Human Impacts Through Technology. Sustainable Agriculture. Unconventional Foods: Insects, Plankton, Fungi and In Vitro Meat. Complex Economic Systems and Sustainability. Application of Complex Systems Thinking to Sustainability Problems. What Will Happen to Us?: FAQs on Sustainability.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor the Movers, Shakers, and Policy Makers in Energy Engineering and Related IndustriesThe latest version of a bestselling reference, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition covers the foremost trends and technologies in energy engineering today. This new edition contains the latest material on energy planning and policy, with a focus on renewable and sustainable energy sources. It also examines nuclear energy and its place in future energy systems, includes a chapter on natural gas, and provides extensive coverage of energy storage for numerous forms of energy generation. The text also provides energy supply, demand, and pricing factor projections for the future.Explore the Future of Global EnergyThe authors address problems that industry now faces, including the limited availability of conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and considers renewTrade Review"Excellent text. Covers the ground very well. An excellent companion when you are on a learning journey in Energy. A good handbook to hold hands with!"—Prof Ajith P. de Alwis, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Coordinating Secretariat for Science Technology and Innovation (COSTI) Sri Lanka"The book provides a very comprehensive and clear description of present, immediate future and future sources, technologies and systems for a sustainable energy use in all countries of the world. The book also deals with the aspects of Energy Infrastructure and Storage necessary for Distributed Energy Systems with smart grid integration."—Professor N.K.Bansal, CEPT University Ahmedabad"Overall, this is an interesting and comprehensive book that summarises well various information. It is a great reference point and can be used by both practitioners involved in RET and EE and students learning about sustainable built environment. It deals with RET and EE from technical, financial and governance points of view based on the examples from all over the world."—Ksenia Chmutina, Loughborough University"This is the most comprehensive and complete treatment I’ve seen of the issue of energy and our society. The international coverage adds a great deal to the discussion which is generally western-focused. The coverage of technologies is extremely balanced, providing a valid reference frame on which engineers, individuals and policy makers can base solid decisions."—John Gardner, Professor, Boise State University"A comprehensive handbook which covers the most cut edge improvement technologies of energy efficiency for energy generation and transportation facilities using either conventional petroleum-based energy or renewable energy. … The handbook could be beneficial to both experienced researchers / engineers as a guide or reference book and novices / university students as a textbook in energy related fields."—Prof. Cherng-Yuan Lin, National Taiwan Ocean University"Overall, the book covers a wide range of topics on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This will serve as a good Reference for practicing engineers, policy makers, and the students working in the area of Energy."—Prof. Kaushik Rajashekara, University of Texas at DallasTable of ContentsGLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS, POLICY, AND ECONOMICS. Global Energy Systems. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables. Renewable Energy in Australia. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation. Economics Methods. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy. ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH 2025. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025. Demand-Side Management. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011-2040. ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE. Transportation. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems. Stirling Engines. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment. Heat Pumps. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing. Cogeneration. Energy Storage Technologies. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution. Smart Grid Technology. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. Solar Energy Resources. Wind Energy Resource. Municipal Solid Waste. Biomass Properties and Resources. Active Solar Heating Systems. Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power. Wind Energy Conversion. Photovoltaics. Thin-Film PV Technology. Concentrating PV Technologies. Waste-to-Energy Combustion. Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion Process. BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS. Biomass Conversion to Heat and Power. Biomass Conversion to Fuels. Geothermal Power Generation. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Fuel Cells.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSodium Fast Reactors with Closed Fuel Cycle delivers a detailed discussion of an important technology that is being harnessed for commercial energy production in many parts of the world. Presenting the state of the art of sodium-cooled fast reactors with closed fuel cycles, this book: Offers in-depth coverage of reactor physics, materials, design, safety analysis, validations, engineering, construction, and commissioning aspects Features a special chapter on allied sciences to highlight advanced reactor core materials, specialized manufacturing technologies, chemical sensors, in-service inspection, and simulators Addresses design essentials with a focus on reactor assembly including core and coolant circuits, fuel handling, instrumentation and control, energy conversion, and containment systems Provides design codes and standards with sufficient background information to ensure a solid understanding of the underlying mechanics SuppliTrade Review "…I think this book will be useful for students and post-graduate students having specializations in various areas of SFR technology. …Chapters include a lot of world experience related to SFR designing and construction and are well illustrated… I will be glad to have this book on my table."—Yury Ashurko, State Scientific Centre of the Russian Federation – Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (SSC RF-IPPE) "A comprehensive source book providing information about various aspects of fast reactors and their associated fuel cycles would be of significant value for experts, as well as for younger-generation professionals aspiring to take up challenging R&D programs in designing and building fast reactor systems. I am delighted that such a book on fast reactors has been made a reality by my colleagues, Dr. Baldev Raj, Dr. P. Chellapandi, and Dr. P.R. Vasudeva Rao. I congratulate them for their fine efforts in preparing this comprehensive treatise on this important subject."—R.K. Sinha, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, Mumbai, India "… provides authoritative information from a team that has recently built a fast reactor. … covers the full fuel cycle for sodium-cooled fast reactors and includes valuable construction experience. … a very important topic and the inclusion of the entire fuel cycle (including recycling) should make this book very valuable to the fast reactor professional community."—Dr. Alan E. Waltar, Director, Nuclear Energy, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, Washington, USA (Retired) and Professor and Head, Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA (Retired) Table of Contents Basis and Concepts. Design of Sodium Fast Reactors. Safety. Construction and Commissioning. International SFR Experiences. Fuel Cycle for SFRs. Decommissioning Aspects. Domains of High Relevance to SFR: Typical Examples. Economics of SFRs with a Closed Fuel Cycle.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnergy and Fuel Systems Integration explains how growing energy and fuel demands, paired with the need for environmental preservation, require different sources of energy and fuel to cooperate and integrate with each other rather than simply compete. Providing numerous examples of energy and fuel systems integration success stories, this book: Discusses the use of different mixtures of fuels for combustion, gasification, liquefaction, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion processes Describes the use of hybrid nuclear and renewable energy systems for power and heat cogenerations with nonelectrical applications Details the holistic integration of renewable, nuclear, and fossil energy systems by gas, heat, and smart electrical grids Energy and Fuel Systems Integration emphasizes the many advantages of these integrated systems, including sustainability, flexibility for optimizationTrade Review"This is a totally different kind of energy technology book, one that not only presents a comprehensive and accurate overview of the science and technology ... but also clearly outlines the energy roadmap for the future. ... It is an excellent desk reference for fuel scientists and engineers ... eminently suitable as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses in disciplines seriously engaged in energy and fuels. This book most definitely belongs to the category of 'must have' and 'must read'-two thumbs up!" -Dr. Sunggyu Lee, Ohio University, Athens, USA "... highlights the advantages and need for using hybrid fuel and energy sources in the future. ... gives a comprehensive coverage of the strategies that can be used for the integration of fossil, renewable, and nuclear energy sources and the challenges involved. ... Considering the dwindling supply of fossil fuels, this book is a timely addition to the books on energy and fuels." -Prof. Deepak Kunzru, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur "Shah (Norfolk State Univ.) makes a scholarly attempt to bring coherence and harmony to the cacophonous field of energy and fuels. (...) The book is supported by extensive end-of-chapter references and a detailed table of contents and index. Part of CRC's "Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering" series, the book would be most useful in collections supporting researchers or professionals working in the area of alternative fuels or advanced energy systems." --G. E. Johnson, Tennessee Technological UniversityTable of ContentsIntroduction. Heat and Power by Co-Combustion. Synthetic Gas Production by Co-Gasification. Synthetic Liquid Production by Co-Processing. Co-Pyrolysis. Methane Production by Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biomass and Waste. Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems. Energy and Fuel Systems Integration by Gas, Heat, and Electricity Grids. Multifuel, Hybrid, and Grid-Integrated Vehicles: A Case Study.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnergy: An overview.- Solid fuels.- Crude oil.- Liquid fuels.- Alternate fuels.- Gaseous fuels.- Nuclear energy.- Lubrication and lubricants.- Electrochemistry, batteries and fuel cells.- Corrosion.- Polymers and plastics.- Adhesives and adhesion.- Paint and coatings.- Explosives.- Water.- Carbon-based polymers, activate carbons.- Cement, ceramics, and composites.- Semiconductors and nanotechnology.- Epoilogue.Table of ContentsEnergy: An overview.- Solid fuels.- Crude oil.- Liquid fuels.- Alternate fuels.- Gaseous fuels.- Nuclear energy.- Lubrication and lubricants.- Electrochemistry, batteries and fuel cells.- Corrosion.- Polymers and plastics.- Adhesives and adhesion.- Paint and coatings.- Explosives.- Water.- Carbon-based polymers, activate carbons.- Cement, ceramics, and composites.- Semiconductors and nanotechnology.- Epoilogue.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to green or environmentally friendly polymer composites developed using renewable polymers of natural origin such as starch, lignin, cellulose acetate, poly-lactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxylalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB), etc., and the development of modern technologies for preparing green composites with various applications. The book also discusses major applications of green polymer composites in industries such as medicine, biotechnology, fine chemicals and engineering.Table of ContentsBinders. Food Packaging Applications. Foam Products for Industrial Sectors. Foam Products for Clinical Applications. Hygiene Cosmetics. Building Materials. Biomedical and Tissue Engineering. Utilities. Textile Applications. Agriculture Applications. Funerary Goods. Automobile Applications. Utensils. Natural Rubber. Kraft Soft Wood. Coatings.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers all facets involving the production and use of ethanol. Topics include the optimization of raw materials, energy, capital, process model-based computer control, and human resources to produce ethanol. It compares and contrasts processes to prepare ethanol using biotechnology processes to prepare ethanol from chemical synthesis. Matters of optimization of ethanol use as fuel/fuel components are addressed based on thermodynamics, kinetics, and usage. It also discusses pollutants produced from ethanol and mixtures containing ethanol, the status of ways to control these pollutants, and what can be done to minimize the harm to the earth's ecosystems due to ethanol and gasoline reactions.Trade Review"The main strength of this book is its multidisciplinary approach to treating the ethanol sector: biology (biocatalysis and biotechnology), thermodynamics, cost analysis, etc. Readers from different scientific communities will find interesting information. Another main strength is the treatment of different parts of the ethanol sector: production and use, minimization of pollution, raw materials resources, etc. So this book can be interesting for engineers who design a new process, but also who would like to find the best process and feedstock for given countries." — Olivier Potier, University of Lorraine, Nancy, FranceTable of ContentsIntroductionYeast Biology and Bulk Manufacture of EthanolProcesses to prepare ethanol using biotechnologyYeast biology developmentDeveloping yeast strains to produce ethanolNutrients and conditionsOptimization of Ethanol Use as a FuelIntroduction to the basis of fuel use in the internal combustion engineLinkage of friction reduction to ethanol fuel useThermodynamics of friction dependence on system variablesCoupling of combustion reaction kinetics and thermodynamicsSample CalculationConsiderations of piston expansion in regard to forces and frictionComputer-based Optimization of the Ethanol ProcessIntroduction Specifications for Control of the Ethanol ProcessApplication of Computer-based Process Control to EthanolOptimization ExampleRaw Material Resources to produce EthanolPlant Raw Material ResourcesBiocatalyst Systems for Ethanol ManufactureBiocatalyst Systems and Processes to isolate and convert Starch and Lignocellulose ComponentsBiocatalyst Systems for Isolation and Conversion of Starch and CelluloseBiocatalyst Systems to act on Lignocellulose and its componentsEthanol Process Synthesis for Cost AnalysisCost Analysis for Optimal Ethanol ManufactureCost Analysis objectives to improve ethanol prospectsCost analysis and Sources of EthanolCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from corn wet milling facilitiesCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from corn dry milling facilitiesCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from lignocellulose sourcesContrast in Costs to produce Ethanol from FeedstocksProcess Optimization and Cost Reduction to reach Commercial ObjectivesConsiderations for Minimization of PollutionIntroduction to Pollution ConsiderationsA Sequence of Historical Events that helped to popularize EthanolPollutants in ethanol manufacture and combustionImpurities in ethanol and gasoline, and in the products of their combustionSpecific Actions on Pollution and JustificationEthanol Co-Products and Derived ProductsIntroduction to Co-Products and derived ProductsCarbon Dioxide Products and ApplicationsEthanol Derived Products and Applications Petrochemicals as a Source of EthanolConclusions, Recommendations, Research, and Business Directions

Read more less

Book SynopsisCommercial development of energy from renewables and nuclear is critical to long-term industry and environmental goals. However, it will take time for them to economically compete with existing fossil fuel energy resources and their infrastructures. Gas fuels play an important role during and beyond this transition away from fossil fuel dominance to a balanced approach to fossil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas illustrates this point by examining the many roles of natural and synthetic gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a transition and end game fuel. The book describes various types of gaseous fuels and how are they are recovered, purified, and converted to liquid fuels and electricity generation and used for other static and mobile applications. It emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels, although other volatile hydrocarbons are considered. It also covers storage and transportation infrastructTrade Review"Considering the importance of natural and synthetic gas in the current and future energy scenario, this book will be an important addition in this area. While books on some aspects of production and use of natural and synthetic gas are available, there is no book which covers all the aspects that are included in this book."—Deepak Kunzru, Ahmedabad University, India"If you have a focused interest in the field of utilization and chemical transformation of natural and/or synthetic gas, this is one book you cannot live without. Two thumbs up!"—Sunggyu Lee, Ohio University, USA"This will be a first of its kind book which provides information on natural gas as well as synthesis gas. As the world is moving towards cleaner fuels, the use of natural gas and synthesis gas is going to increase rapidly. The book can serve as a knowledge base for students or researchers interested or working in this area."—Sandeep Kumar, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USATable of ContentsIntroduction. Natural Gas. Synthesis Gas by Thermal Gasification. Biogas and Biohydrogen Production by Anaerobic Digestion. Hydrothermal Gasification. Gas Reforming. Gas Processing, Purification, and Upgrading. Gas Storage and Transport Infrastructure. Natural and Synthetic Gas for Productions of Liquid Fuels and Their Additives. Gas for Heat, Electricity, and Mobile Applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis handbook addresses the development of energy-efficient, environmentally friendly solid-state light sources, in particular semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs) and other solid-state lighting devices. It reflects the vast growth of this field and impacts in diverse industries, from lighting to communications, biotechnology, imaging, and medicine. The chapters include coverage of nanoscale processing, fabrication of LEDs, light diodes, photodetectors and nanodevices, characterization techniques, application, and recent advances. Readers will obtain an understanding of the key properties of solid-state lighting and LED devices, an overview of current technologies, and appreciation for the challenges remaining. The handbook will be useful to material growers and evaluators, device design and processing engineers, newcomers, students, and professionals in the field.Table of ContentsOVERVIEW. From the dawn of GaN-based light-emitting devices to the present day. Spectrum-related quality of white-light sources. Nanofabrication of III-nitride emitters for solid-state lighting. III-nitride deep-ultraviolet materials and applications. GAN-BASED LEDS FOR LIGHTING. Efficiency droop of nitride-based light-emitting diodes. Design and fabrication of patterned sapphire substrates (PSS) for GaN-based light-emitting diodes. Surface Plasmon Coupled Light-Emitting Diodes. Deep level traps in GaN epilayer and LED. Photoluminescence Dynamics in InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Well Light-Emitting Diodes. DEEP ULTRAVIOLET LEDS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES. Technological developments of UV-LEDs. Influence of carrier localization on efficiency droop and stimulated emission in AlGaN quantum wells. Solar-blind AlGaN devices. LASER DIODES. Laser diode-driven white light sources. InGaN laser diodes by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. GaN-based blue and green laser diodes. NANO AND OTHER TYPES OF LEDS. Photonic Crystal Light-Emitting Diodes by Nanosphere Lithography. ZnO-based LEDs. Natural Light-Style Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPMENTS. III-Nitride Semiconductor LEDs Grown on Si and Stress Control of GaN Epitaxial. A hole accelerator for III-nitride light-emitting diodes. MOCVD growth of GaN on foundry compatible 200 mm Si. Terahertz spectroscopy study of III-V nitrides. Internal luminescence mechanisms of III-nitride LEDs. Fabrication of thin film nitride-based light-emitting diodes.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnzymes are currently used in various industries, most commonly in food, detergents, and pharmaceuticals production. Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes that demonstrate great potential as an alternative to conventional catalysts in a number of industrial applications. A complete understanding of enzymes, and their proteins structure and environmental behavior, can greatly aid in the further development of industrial applications. Supercritical Fluids Technology in Lipase Catalized Processes provides basic information about enzymes, their sources, reaction kinetics, and main industrial applications. The book focuses in lipases. their main sources, structure, and features, with an emphasis on their specificity and interfacial activity, and presents proven techniques for isolating, extracting, and purifying.Comprised of six compact chapters, this comprehensive guide introduces: Immobilization techniques and immobilized lipases that allowTrade Review "Overall, the book presents a relatively new and focused topic on supercritical fluid technology in enzymatic reaction system[s]. The writing style of the book has a good flow of information and [is] easy to understand."—Dr. Mutasim Nour, Associate Professor (BSc, MSc, PhD), Director of MSc Energy and Renewable Energy Program, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Dubai Campus "... well-written … covers all aspects related to the use of enzyme to catalyze biodiesel reaction and other important reactions."—Dr. Mohammed Farid, Professor of Chemical and Materials Engineering, the University of Auckland, New Zealand "… a good combination between theory and application in real engineering… touching the key points in the field."—Marwan Al-Rubaye, Executive Mat Service Ltd., Canada Table of Contents Enzyme Fundamentals. Lipases. Lipase Immobilization. Kinetics of Soluble and Immobilized Enzymes. Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions in Nonaqueous Media. Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel Using Supercritical Technology. References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe world is beginning to feel the crunch of depleting conventional energy sources and these desperate times call for exploring newer vistas in terms of alternative sources of energy. The construction sector is expected to require a major overhaul involving strategic advancements in the utilization of green energy given the rapid urban growth. A number of policy initiatives to mainstream energy efficiency are in place in most countries that are expected to accelerate energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings. Streamlining the green building movement requires coordinated monitoring and intelligent control of a building''s vital functions. This can be achieved through building management systems (BMS) involving the integration of structures, systems, services, and management. Green building movements should examine the potential of power generation from urban, municipal, and industrial wastes. Equitable distribution of water resources should be carefully plannedmonsoon-dominatTable of ContentsThe Essence of Energy Efficiency. Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Serene Settings. Siting and Microclimate. Spatial Cognizance. Building Form. Building Fabric. Extant Fabric and Fabric of the Future. Renewable Measures. Renewable Energy. Perceptions and Reality. Green Building Ratings.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents an earth science-based overview of the challenges to sustainability. It provides a detailed study of climate change, as well as energy, food, and water security across different regions. The author uncovers the problems caused by current social and environmental practices, and offers potential solutions. Focusing on systems theory, footprint analysis, risk, and resilience, many examples are given of how to use resources sustainably, especially common pool resources such as the atmosphere, oceans, and groundwater. The book develops its ideas from an array of practical case studies, centering on communal objectives and shared responsibilities.Trade Review"John Ayers has addressed one of the issues of our time (maintaining human life on earth) and clarified the meaning of the overused word sustainability. Using his experience as a geochemist, he has given us clear descriptions of the issue facing us and logically outlined possible scenarios in an easy-to-read text."— Frank Elliott, University of Alberta, Canada"This is a truly outstanding state-of-the-art review of the sustainability literature. The book provides an exceptional and insightful synthesis of theories, observations, and new ideas relevant to the study of sustainability in the context of the environmental sciences. It will inspire a wide community of students, scholars, and practitioners both from the natural and social sciences." —Paolo D’Odorico, University of Virginia, USATable of ContentsIntroduction. Sustainability and Human Well-Being. The Environmental ImPACT. Risk, Resilience, and System Dynamics. Sustainable Development: How to Avoid Collapse and Build a Better Society. Nonrenewable Resources: Oil and Minerals. Global Climate Change. Responses to Global Climate Change. Nonrenewable Energy Sources. Renewable Energy Sources. Sustainable Energy Plans. Water. Food. Waste and Pollution. The Biosphere. The Future.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIncreased research is going on to explore the new cleaner options for the utilization of natural resources. This book aims to provide the scientific knowhow and orientation in the area of the emerging technologies for utilization of natural resources for sustainable development to the readers. The book includes production of energy and lifesaving drugs using natural resources as well as reduction of wastage of resources like water and energy for sustainable development in both technological as well as modeling aspects.Table of ContentsSustainability issues in 21st Century and introduction to sustainable ways for utilization of natural resources. Clean coal technologies. Downstream processing of heavier petroleum fractions. Hydrogen from natural gas. Liquid fuel from oil sands. Alcohol from lingo-cellulosic biomass. Biobutanol from biomass. Oil from algae. Bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticides. Production of life saving drugs from marine sources. Production of life saving drugs from Himalayan herbs. Energy production through microbial fuel cells. Solar energy production. Utilization of CO2 for fuels and chemicals. Hydrogen from water. Integrated water management. Water optimization in process industries. Energy optimization in process industries. Green building. Life Cycle Analysis as the sustainability assessment multi criteria decision tool for road transport Biofuels. Life cycle analysis of algal biofuel with special emphasis on residual biomass processing. Sustainable Production and Utilization Technologies of Biojet Fuel.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe latest edition features a new chapter on implementation and operation of an integrated smart grid with updates to multiple chapters throughout the text. New sections on Internet of things, and how they relate to smart grids and smart cities, have also been added to the book. It describes the impetus for change in the electric utility industry and discusses the business drivers, benefits, and market outlook of the smart grid initiative. The book identifies the technical framework of enabling technologies and smart solutions and describes the role of technology developments and coordinated standards in smart grid, including various initiatives and organizations helping to drive the smart grid effort. With chapters written by leading experts in the field, the text explains how to plan, integrate, implement, and operate a smart grid.Trade Review"It is a great introduction to the Smart Grid, both knowledge and its practice."— Xiaolin Ge, Black & Veatch, USA"The first two chapters of this second edition provide an accurate history of how electric grid modernization has progressed in the last 10 – 15 years and lay out the current challenges and opportunities that customers, utilities, regulators, and new entrants to the electric supply and delivery industry are facing. It is helpful that economic, political, policy and business drivers for the changes have been explained."— Tom Weaver, American Electric Power, USATable of ContentsOverview of the Electric Utility Industry. Smart Grid Challenges and Transformations. Smart Energy Resources: Supply and Demand. Communications Systems. Real-Time Grid Management. Advanced Protection and Control for the Smart Grid. Automatic Restoration Systems and Outage Management. Volt/VAr Optimization. Monitoring and Diagnostics. Asset Management. Geospatial Technologies. Mobile Workforce Management. Smart Meters and Advanced Metering Infrastructure. Convergence of Technologies and IT/OT Integration. Data Analytics for the Smart Grid. High-Performance Computing for Advanced Smart Grid Applications. Cybersecurity for the Smart Grid. FACTS and HVDC. Microgrids. The Dynamics of Wholesale and Distributed Energy Markets. Transactive Energy. Smart Grid Standardization Work. The Smart Grid IoT. Smart Cities. Refining a Holistic View of Grid Modernization.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe more than 90 refereed papers in this volume continue a series of biannual benchmarks for technologies that maximize energy conversion while minimizing undesirable emissions. Covering the entire range of industrial and transport combustion as well as strategies for energy research and development, these state-of-the-art will be indispensable to mechanical and chemical engineers in academia and industry and technical personnel in military, energy and environmental government agencies.Table of ContentsSection 1. Strategies: Now and in the Future Section 2. Gas Combustion Section 3. Oil Combustion Section 4. Coal Combustion Section 5. Wood Combustion Section 6. Combustion of Alternative Fuels Section 7. Co-Combustion and Co-Gasification Section 8. Catalytic Combustion Section 9. NO, SO, Soot Fundamentals Section 10. Advanced Diagnostics Section 11. Burners Section 12. Fluidised Bed Combustion Section 13. Incineration Section 14. Engines Section 15. Advanced Cycles Section 16. Gas Clean Up Section 17. Control Strategy Section 18. Clean Combustion in Process Industries

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The information contained in this compendium volume sets the stage for the future's large-scale production of biofuels. Biomass is an abundant carbon-neutral renewable feedstock for producing fuel. First-generation biofuels gained attention for their problems, but the authors of this book demonstrate that they are well on their way to creating practical and sustainable second-generation biofuels.The book begins with an introduction to synthetic biology. Next, it covers pretreatment technologies, advanced microbial technologies, genetic engineering as it relates to biofuel technologies, and nanotechnology and chemical engineering in relation to biofuels.Well-respected in his field, the editor's firsthand experience gives him the perspective to create a thorough review of the relevant literature. Each chapter is written by experts in biotechnologies, offering graduate and post-doctorate students, as well as other scientific researchers, a wide-angle look at biofuel technologies. At the same time, this volume points to promising directions for new research.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Introduction. Part II: Pretreatment Technologies. Part III: Advanced Microbial Technologies. Part IV: Genetic Engineering. Part V: Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering. Index.

Read more less