Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisNanoscale materials and structures have attracted great attention in recent years because of their unique physical and chemical properties and potential use in energy transport and conversion. This book puts the subject into context by first looking at current synthesis methods for nanomaterials, from the bottom-up and top-down methods, followed by enhanced energy conversion efficiency at the nanoscale and then specific applications e.g. photovoltaic cells and nanogenerators. This authoritative and comprehensive book will be of interest to both the existing scientific community in this field, as well as for new people who wish to enter it.Table of ContentsTop-Down Fabrications of Nanostructures; Growth of Semiconductor Nanowires; Fabrication Techniques of Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Nanstructures; Nanophotonic Light Trapping Theory for Photovoltaic Cells; ZnO Nanowires: Nano Current Generator; Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of Nanocomposites; Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Nano Materials; Thermal Energy Transport Measurement in Low-Dimensional Nanostructures; Micro- and Nanoscale Thermoelectric and Thermiomic Devices; Novel Electronic Devices Powered by Energy Harvesters

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Book SynopsisSurface area has a directly relationship with the efficiency of energy devices. Hierarchical nanostructuring has the potential to greatly increase surface area, and their electrical properties are favourable, not only to energy generation and storage, but also energy-consuming electronic circuits. This book provides systematic coverage of how nanostructured materials can be applied to energy devices, with an emphasis on the process of generation to storage and consumption. The fundamentals (including properties, characterisation and synthesis) are clearly presented across the first chapters of the book, providing readers new to the field with a clear overview of this expanding topic. The detailed discussion of applications will be an inspiration to those already well-versed in the field. The editors have more than a decade of experience in working on all aspects of energy generation and storage - in academia, national laboratories and industry. The book presents a balanced view from all sectors and is presented in a format accessible by postgraduate students and professional researchers alike.Table of ContentsPart 1: Fundamentals;Chapter 1: Introduction: Hierarchical Nanostructures; Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Hierarchical Nanostructures; Chapter 3: Synthesis Techniques; Part 2: Hierarchical nanostructures for High Efficiency Energy Harvest Devices; Chapter 4: Solar Cells; Chapter 5: Fuel Cells; Chapter 6: Thermoelectric Devices; Chapter 7: Piezoelectic Devices; Chapter 8: Photo-Electro-Chemical Cell; Part 3: Hierarchical nanostructures for High Efficiency Energy Storage Devices; Chapter 9: Supercapcitors; Chapter 10: Secondary Batteries; Chapter 11: Hydrogen Storage; Part 4: Hierarchical nanostructures for High Efficiency Energy Consumption Devices; Chapter 12: Field Emission Devices; Chapter 13: OLED / LED; Chapter 14: Sensors; Chapter 15: Other Applications; Chapter 16: Summary

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Book SynopsisSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical power generation devices that can convert chemical energy of a fuel into electricity in an efficient, environmental-friendly, and quiet manner. Due to their high operating temperature, SOFCs feature fuel flexibility as internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels and ammonia thermal cracking can be realized in SOFC anode. This book first introduces the fundamental principles of SOFCs and compares SOFC technology with conventional heat engines as well as low temperature fuel cells. Then the latest developments in SOFC R&D are reviewed and future directions are discussed. Key issues related to SOFC performance improvement, long-term stability, mathematical modelling, as well as system integration/control are addressed, including material development, infiltration technique for nano-structured electrode fabrication, focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique for microstructure reconstruction, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation at pore scale, multi-scale modelling, SOFC integration with buildings and other cycles for stationary applications.Table of Contents1 – Introduction to stationary fuel cells; 2 – Electrolyte material development; 3 – Cathode material development; 4 – Anode material development; 5 - Interconnect materials for SOFC stacks; 6 – Infiltration/impregnation technique for fabricating nano-structured electrodes; 7 – SOFC electrode microstructure reconstruction techniques; 8 – Pore scale modeling; 9 – Multi-scale modeling; 10 – Fuel Flexibility; 11 – Long term operating stability; 12 – Applications in combined heat, cooling and power systems; 13 – Integrated SOFC and gas turbine systems; 14 – Dynamic analysis and system controls

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Book SynopsisHydrogen could be the fuel of the future. Some microorganisms can produce hydrogen upon illumination. Biological methods of production could be greener than chemical or physical production methods, but the potential of biological methods is still being harnessed. This comprehensive book highlights the key steps necessary for future exploitation of solar-light-driven hydrogen production by microalgae. The highly regarded editors bring together 46 contributors from key institutions in order to suggest and examine the most significant issues that must be resolved to achieve the goal of practical implementation, while proposing reliable methodologies and approaches to solve such issues. This 19 chapter book will be an indispensable resource for academics, undergraduate and graduate students, postgraduates and postdoctoral scholars, energy scientists, bio/chemical engineers, and policy makers working across the field of biohydrogen and bioenergy.Table of ContentsPhotosynthesis and Hydrogen from Photosynthetic Microorganisms; Structure-function of [FeFe]- and [NiFe]-hydrogenases: an Overview of Diversity, Mechanism, Maturation, and Bifurcation; Theory Related to [FeFe]- and [NiFe]-hydrogenases: Stereoelectronic Properties, H-cluster Oxidation, and Mechanisms for Increasing Oxygen Tolerance; The Physiology of the Bidirectional NiFe-hyrogenase in Cyanobacteria and the Role of Hydrogen Throughout the Evolution of Life; Assessment of Electrochemically-based Strategies to Protect [FeFe]-hydrogenases from Oxygen; Sustaining Hydrogen Production in Eukaryotic Microalgae Through Genetic Approaches; Metabolism and Genetics of Algal Hydrogen Production; Photosynthetic Electron Transfer Pathways During Hydrogen Photoproduction in Green Algae: Mechanisms and Limitations; The Role of Chlamydomonas Ferredoxins in Hydrogen Production and Other Related Metabolic Functions; The Metabolic Acclimation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to Depletion of Essential Nutrients: Application for Hydrogen Production; Environmental Factors Affecting Hydrogen Production from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; In vitro Light-driven Hydrogen Production; Hydrogen Production Using Novel Photosynthetic Cell Factories. Cyanobacterial Hydrogen Production: Design of Efficient Organisms; Improving Photosynthetic Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency: the Truncated Light-harvesting Antenna (TLA) Concept; Immobilization of Microalgae as a Tool for Efficient Light Utilization in H2 Production and Other Biotechnology Applications; Development of Photobioreactors for H2 Production from Algae; Microalgal Hydrogen Production Outdoors: First Attempts; Material Characteristics and Requirements for Photobiological Hydrogen Production Applications; Environmental Life Cycle Assessments of Photobiological Hydrogen Production; Future Perspectives

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Book SynopsisThe cars which emit no greenhouse gases or creates no pollution... Cell phones and laptops working for a long time with a single cartridge without the necessity of recharging... The sun, the wind or the water from the river used for heating and lighting even in the night or when there is no wind and the river is dry... The energy from the sun, the wind, the rivers and the nuclear reactors is used to run the car engines... Is it possible? In other words, can we use energy in a way that it can be stored, be renewable and respects the environment and does no harm to health? But the energy: what is it? what purpose does it serve? From where does it come? How is it manipulated? What are the benefits? What are the inconveniences? The Canadian Hydrogen Association is a not-for-profit corporation that promotes the production, transportation, storage and application of hydrogen in its myriad applications and encourages the development of industrial hydrogen and hydrogen energy systems and markets for new energy service technologies to improve the environment. The CHA is the voice of the hydrogen community in Canada and is a trusted advisor to both government and industry. The Association Française de l''Hydrogène, founded in 1998, includes institutions, laboratories, companies and specialists working to promote the development and use of this fuel without carbon and without greenhouse gas emission.

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Book Synopsis As living, economic and cultural spaces, cities require a sustainable energy system and must be designed to be highly energy efficient. The book provides a framework for practitioners and scientists on how the energy transition can contribute to achieving climate goals in the building sector. Innovations and creative approaches for solutions from the lighthouse projects of the Solar Building/Energy Efficient City funding initiative are presented.

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Book SynopsisThis unique book offers an introduction to the development of renewable energy in Australia in the early 2000s. Examining the rise of dispersed, embedded solar energy systems in Western Australia, it looks specifically at the Solex project in Carnarvon, WA, which pioneered the harvest of solar energy from what was once considered the pursuit of the lunatic fringes of society to a viable energy source for mainstream society and industry. In this fascinating case study Fullarton shows how a practical demonstration of innovative existing technology can have an incredible impact on a national scale. The ideas behind the Solex project slowly became adopted by the broader community and were eventually taken up enthusiastically by the general population of Australia. Analysing government and utility policies throughout the 2000s, the book traces how ambivalence was followed by whole-hearted incentives to the roll-out of alternative energy and subsequent active opposition to alternative energy in favour of traditional fossil fuel as government philosophies changed.Trade Review"I do not know of any other critique of [Australias Renewable Energy Target] scheme as in-depth as this. Not only is it comprehensive and incisive but, in Fullartons usual inimitable way, what he has produced is entertaining reading to boot!" -- David Harries, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia"Pioneer is a title earnt, while visionary is a title often claimed, but in reality can only be ascribed by others. Lex Fullarton's efforts in a remote part of Australia reveal him as pioneer of the renewable energy sector Down Under, while his visionary efforts to deliver a solar project in Australia's Outback flew in the face of the conventional wisdom espoused in the Australian Government's 2003 Renewable Energy Target that mostly ruled out the value of solar, and pushed instead in favor of biomass and wind. Fully' was right - the future is clean, and making the most of solar in all ways that we can is the key." -- Ray Wills, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia

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Book SynopsisThis book covers PV system components, applications, design, costing, maintenance, and solar PV programs in India and worldwide. It also includes a glossary, lists of manufacturers and implementation agencies, and important websites on Renewable Energy.

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Book SynopsisA multidisciplinary project focusing on supply chain innovation in the offshore wind energy sector has been carried out from 2014 to 2019. Based on in-depth industry involvement, the overall objective of the project is to provide new knowledge on means for Reducing the Cost of Energy (ReCoE) obtained from offshore wind parks through industrialisation of the sector. The project has been managed by the University of Southern Denmark and, beyond own researchers from the Faculty of Business and Social Sciences and the Faculty of Engineering, has also included researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The whole project has applied a management approach to ReCoE. This book contains 16 selected articles disseminating practical relevant knowledge about supply chain management practice, maturity, innovation-fostering practice, supply network strategies, operations and maintenance, and emerging issues. The articles are encapsulated by an introduction to ReCoE and perspectives on future developments of research within this area.

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Book SynopsisThere is a rapid growth of interest in the use of renewable resources, and in particular bio-resources for the manufacture of future, sustainable chemicals and materials. This movement is encouraged by end-user concerns over security of supply, legislation forcing substitution of many common chemicals, new standards for bio-based products and consumer pressure. With increasing pressure around the world to move towards bio-based chemicals, it is essential that the bio-economy is underpinned with sound science and technology. This Faraday Discussion addresses some of the critical issues in this field by bringing together experts in different but complementary areas in the chemical sciences. The book explores topics such as how green chemistry can complement biotechnology in the production of chemicals and materials; catalytic technologies best suited for the biomass challenge; biomass conversion technologies; and whether existing bio-based chemicals and materials should be used or new molecules and processes created to deal with new components.Table of ContentsBio-bases Materials; Bio-based Chemicals; Conversion Technologies; Feedstocks and Analysis.

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Book SynopsisThis authoritative reference covers the various aspects of materials science that will impact on the next generation of photovoltaic (PV) module technology. The emphasis on materials brings a fresh perspective to the literature and highlights crucial issues. Special attention is given to thin film PV materials, an area that is growing more rapidly than crystalline silicon and could dominate in the long term. The book addresses the fundamental aspects of PV solar cell materials and gives a comprehensive description of each major thin film material, either in research or production. Particular weight is given to the key materials drivers of solar conversion efficiency, long term stability, materials costs, and materials sustainability.Trade Review"Materials Challenges" offers a new view which complements more technological ones … Numerous figures, exhaustive references, authoritative accounts of each topic and a well prepared index make this book a reading pleasure -- Prof. Lorenzo PavesiPhotovoltaics (PV) is a fast growing market: the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of PV installations was 44 % during the period from 2000 to 2013. Deployment of modules is reaching a cumulative capacity of 200 GW. World record PV module efficiency is of 36.7 %, when concentrating lens are used in a four-junction solar cell, while best industrial silicon module efficiency is larger than 20%. 90% of the deployed PV modules are fabricated with silicon. Cost for PV module is less than 1$ per Watt. Energy Payback Time in the south of Europe is around one year, which - for a 20 years lifespan - means that PV can produce twenty times the energy needed to produce it. Still, there is large room for improvements in the field both on the technological level as well as on the scientific level. The book Materials Challenges: Inorganic Photovoltaic Solar Energy looks at these improvements from a material science perspective. This renders its reading particularly interesting since it offers a new view which complements more technological ones. The book deals with the different strategies which are used to increase the photovoltaics conversion efficiency by using thin films made with inorganic materials. It contains several chapters which, starting from a general introduction to the economy of PV and to the basics of PV, take the reader through the many different possible paths for improvements. Thin films, nanowires, Transparent Conducting Oxide, Cadmium Telluride, Chalcogenides, III-V multi-junctions, nanostructures, light management, solar spectrum reshaping, are all concepts that are thoroughly presented and discussed in the book. Numerous figures, exhaustive references, authoritative accounts of each topic and a well prepared index make this book a reading pleasure. -- Prof. Lorenzo PavesiMaterials Challenges: Inorganic Photovoltaic Solar Energy is a valuable, well-structured and well-written text on several aspects of photovoltaic solar energy conversion at both material and device levels. It is not a pretentious text conceived as a general handbook on the topic; nor a marginal study on remote details of a given specific PV technology. It is not the typical book on PV. Yet, it provides across its chapters a fair overview of relevant issues affecting and determining the performance and exploitation of solar cell designs, materials and requirements for PV. The idea of the book, as editor Stuart J C Irvine declares in the preface, has its origin in a long term collaborative research project on thin-film PV based in UK between 2004 and 2012. But the book is actually something different from just a collection of edited results in which each project partner contributes with the corresponding work packages. First, it is not a book just about thin-film PV; neither a book just on novel concepts. It is not even circumscribed to UK-based research authorship. Materials Challenges: Inorganic Photovoltaic Solar Energy can be somehow considered as heterodox among the available monographs on photovoltaics. It can equally well serve the student as a learning tool on some of the basics of PV and the senior scientist in grasping the state of the art in specific areas of PV-related knowledge.The book is structured in nine chapters contributed by different research groups and covering techno-economic aspects of PV, thin-film PV operation fundamentals, cell absorbers (Si, CdTe, chalcogenides and III-V semiconductors) and TCO technologies, simulation and modeling, and light management strategies aiming at improved device performance. Over the general good level of the entire work some parts are particularly worth mention: T.J. Coutts and his team provide an excellent review on the activities carried out at NREL (USA) on transparent conductive oxides (TCO), a key material with implications in virtually all thin-film related technologies; D. Lane and co-workers present an interesting approach to new chalcogenide-based materials based on combinatorial analysis and material libraries as well as a self-contained survey of characterisation techniques; J. Connolly and D. Mencaraglia apply an analytical model to different devices based on III-V solar cells, with particular emphasis on differentiating radiative from non-radiative recombination mechanisms, and develop a general modeling strategy validated on single, tandem and triple junction solar cells; in the last chapter T. Markvart and colleagues review different ways of managing light for a better use in functioning devices, including resonant energy transfer approaches, fluorescent concentration and shift converters. Additionally, some topics are transversal and appear in different sections of the book, like the importance of availability and economics of material demand, or the relevance of bio-mimetic designs with potential benefit when applied to a number of thin-film technologies. On the cons side, it could be perhaps argued that the timing of publication of this book has certainly not been its best ally. The brand new revolution in PV-materials is called perovskite, a material system that has demonstrated recently impressive results and which was largely unknown to most PV-scientists at the beginning of the research project upon which this book was born. Not being a demerit, properly speaking, nor detracting any interest to its actual content, the absence of any single reference to the new competitor among the family of PV-materials could nevertheless lead the reader to conclude that this is the last "pre-perovskite" text on PV. In summary, the reader will find in Materials Challenges: Inorganic Photovoltaic Solar Energy a useful source of information on an ample variety of aspects of PV-design at both material and device levels. -- David Fuentes, Instituto de Energía Solar – ETSIT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid * RCS Energy & Environment Series, #12 *"Materials Challenges: Inorganic Photovoltaic Solar Energy is a valuable, well-structured and well-written text on several aspects of photovoltaic solar energy conversion at both material and device levels." "It can equally well serve the student as a learning tool on some of the basics of PV and the senior scientist in grasping the state of the art in specific areas of PV-related knowledge." -- David Fuentes, Instituto de Energía Solar – ETSIT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid * RCS Energy & Environment Series, #12 *Table of ContentsFundamentals of inorganic solar cells; Thin film silicon solar cells; TCOs; Cadmium telluride solar cells; CIS, CIGS, Chalcogenides; New chalcogenides; III-V solar cells; Nanomaterials; Light Capture; Photon management materials; Conclusions and future developments; Index;

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Book SynopsisThis new book, Advances in Energy Materials and Environment Engineering, covers the timely issue of green applications of materials. It covers the diverse usages of carbon nanotubes for energy, for power, for the protection of the environment, and for new energy applications. The diverse topics in the volume include energy saving technologies, renewable energy, clean energy development, nuclear engineering and hydrogen energy, advanced power semiconductors, power systems and energy and much more. This timely book addresses the need of the hour and will prove to be valuable for environmentally conscious industry professionals, faculty and students, and researchers in materials science, engineering, and environment with interest in energy materials.Table of ContentsEnergy materials and chemical properties structure researchEnergy utilization and energy-saving energy storage technologyEnvironmental pollution prevention and green ecological restorationUrban environmental engineering and environmental monitoring planning

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first comprehensive effort to bring together Water, Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) in a way that goes beyond the traditional focus on irrigated agriculture. Apart from looking at the role of water and sanitation for human well-being, it proposes alternative and more locally appropriate ways to address complex water management and governance challenges from the local to global levels against a backdrop of growing uncertainties.The authors challenge mainstream supply-oriented and neo-Malthusian visions that argue for the need to increase the land area under irrigation in order to feed the world's growing population. Instead, they argue for a reframing of the debate concerning production processes, waste, food consumption and dietary patterns whilst proposing alternative strategies to improve water and land productivity, putting the interests of marginalized and disenfranchized groups upfront.The book highlights how accessing water for FSN can be challTrade Review"This ground-breaking book analyses vital but hitherto ignored intersections between the human right to food and the right to water. Citing recent trends, the authors comprehensively disentangle the multiple linkages between the management and distribution of water resources for domestic and productive uses, malnutrition and food insecurity from local to global levels. These novel perspectives provide pertinent policy guidance to further advance human rights and social justice." — Barbara van Koppen, Principal Researcher, International Water Management Institute"This book is a must read for those who want to explore why water for food and nutrition security should be a basic human right and what it takes to deal with water shortages for agriculture under climate change. This book successfully establishes the rationale of putting people at the center and addressing ecosystems health as entry points to achieve a paradigm change in the way we think of and use water for food security and nutrition." — Patrick Caron, President High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) for Food Security and Nutrition CIRAD, France"This interdisciplinary book boldly studies the connectivity of the crucial "cluster" issues of water for food security and nutrition. In making the quantum leap towards securing this as a human right, it demonstrates that our moral obligation to protect human dignity through basic needs can no longer be ignored." — HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan, Chairman of The Higher Council for Science and Technology"Farmers, indigenous peoples and fishers are well aware that land, water and food are interconnected and crucial for human wellbeing. However, policies, programmes and right based approaches on water and food have developed often without their participation and thus with little understanding of the livelihoods and wellbeing of rural communities, including customary communities, and in isolation from each other. Local people’s rights to water and food are routinely violated. This book boldly highlights the faultlines in policy debates and practices and provides a very welcome and much needed social justice perspective to water, food security and nutrition." — Jennifer Franco, Transnational Institute "This highly readable book breaks new ground by framing food and nutrition security in terms of both the right to food and the right to water. It clearly highlights the importance of agroecological practices in renewing the availability and quality of water for food systems and the environment. The gendered analysis of water governance is generative of critical proposals for equitable policies and inclusive practices. In sum, this scholarly work fills a major gap in the literature. It is a 'must read' for many academics, policy makers and development professionals." — Michel Pimbert, Director of the Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, UKTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Linking Water and Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) 3. Agricultural Water Management 4. Water Governance for FSN 5. Water, FSN and Social Justice Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Energy Sources 2. Electrical Fundamentals 3. Solar Photovoltaics 4. Solar Energy Systems 5. Solar Tracking 6. The Charge Controller and Inverter 7. Wind Power Systems 8. Wind Turbine Control 9. Biomass Technologies 10. Geothermal Power Generation 11. Energy from Water 12. Fuel Cells 13. Generators 14. The Electrical Power Grid Glossary List of Variables Index

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Book SynopsisExamines what the United States can do to help prevent climate devastation. This title explores advances made by climate scientists and addresses the various political and economic issues associated with global warming, including the practicality of reducing emissions from automobiles, and the efficacy of taxing energy consumption.Trade ReviewHis lively, clear reporting of both the science and politics of climate change... Make the book a pleasure to read. -- Doug Macdougall The Chronicle Review Sweet knows what he is talking about... Kicking the Carbon Habit is a great place to kick-start the debate and cool down the rhetoric. -- William Tucker Wall Street Journal An important contribution to the debate. Globe and Mail The book is extremely well written... Highly recommended. Choice Clearly written and very well-informed. Future Survey A must-read for anyone who wants a good summary of our current understanding of global warming and the options before us. -- Andrew C. Kadak Physics Today Sweet's book is a readable, compelling and hard-nosed analysis of this vast and complicated subject. The Exeter Bulletin [An] excellent survey perfect for both school and public libraries. The Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsPreface 1. The Case for Sharply Cutting U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Part I. Coal: A Faustian Bargain with Payments Coming Due 2. Basis of It All: Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvanian 3. The Air We Breathe: The Human Costs of Coal Combustion 4. From Outer Space: Asia's Brown Cloud, and More Part II. Climate: The Lockstep Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide and Temperature 5. The Drillers 6. The Modelers 7. The Synthesizers Part III. Choices: The Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Technologies We Can Deploy Right Now 8. Breaking the Carbon Habit 9. Going All Out for Renewables, Conservation, and Green Design 10. Natural Gas, Gasoline, and the Vision of a Hydrogen Economy 11. A Second Look at Nuclear Energy Conclusion: How to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Now, Using Today's Technology Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisExamines what the United States can do to help prevent climate devastation. This title explores advances made by climate scientists and addresses the various political and economic issues associated with global warming, including the practicality of reducing emissions from automobiles, and the efficacy of taxing energy consumption.Trade ReviewHis lively, clear reporting of both the science and politics of climate change... Make the book a pleasure to read. -- Doug Macdougall The Chronicle Review Sweet knows what he is talking about... Kicking the Carbon Habit is a great place to kick-start the debate and cool down the rhetoric. -- William Tucker Wall Street Journal An important contribution to the debate. Globe and Mail The book is extremely well written... Highly recommended. Choice Clearly written and very well-informed. Future Survey A must-read for anyone who wants a good summary of our current understanding of global warming and the options before us. -- Andrew C. Kadak Physics Today Sweet's book is a readable, compelling and hard-nosed analysis of this vast and complicated subject. The Exeter Bulletin [An] excellent survey perfect for both school and public libraries. The Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsPreface 1. The Case for Sharply Cutting U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Part I. Coal: A Faustian Bargain with Payments Coming Due 2. Basis of It All: Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvanian 3. The Air We Breathe: The Human Costs of Coal Combustion 4. From Outer Space: Asia's Brown Cloud, and More Part II. Climate: The Lockstep Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide and Temperature 5. The Drillers 6. The Modelers 7. The Synthesizers Part III. Choices: The Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Technologies We Can Deploy Right Now 8. Breaking the Carbon Habit 9. Going All Out for Renewables, Conservation, and Green Design 10. Natural Gas, Gasoline, and the Vision of a Hydrogen Economy 11. A Second Look at Nuclear Energy Conclusion: How to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Now, Using Today's Technology Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how cultural considerations can improve policymaking to achieve mainstream solar energy in small, tropical islands. Focusing on Trinidad, Barbados and OÊahu, Kiron C. Neale looks at how culture can affect and be affected by the policies that support the household adoption of two key energy technologies: solar water heating and photovoltaics. Drawing on interviews with residents and energy officials, and an examination of the institutional, socio-economic and physical factors that affect energy systems such as governance structures and energy resource availability, the author explores themes including the impact of insularity on energy transitions and behavioural and cultural change. Overall, this book rebrands policies as instruments of cultural change and puts forward recommendations applicable to all small, tropical islands.Following the islandsâ transition to renewable energy, this book will be of great interest to scholars of energy policy, energTrade Review"Kiron has a unique and insightful perspective on emerging energy transitions in Trinidad, Barbados and O'ahu. Focusing on culture, an under-explored topic of energy transitions, Kiron’s research provides rich insights, and aligned policy recommendations, into how solar can be brought out of niche market and social environments and into the mainstream." -- Rebecca Ford, Strathclyde Chancellor's Fellow, University of Strathclyde, UK"A creative and rigorous book that examines an understudied topic, the household and cultural uses of solar energy in small island developing states. It shows that tropical island countries have far more to offer the world than sun, sea, and sand. Important reading for those who care about energy transitions across less common paths." -- Benjamin Sovacool, Professor of Energy Policy, Director of the Sussex Energy Group, & Director of the Center on Innovation and Energy Demand, University of Sussex, UK"This book tackles the interesting question of how solar energy can be introduced into island economies. Drawing on evidence from islands with a range of different histories and resource endowments, it provides a fresh approach to island energy systems, using thinking from cultural studies and innovation theories to inform how practice and policy might change." -- Nick Eyre, Professor of Energy and Climate Policy & Director of the UK Centre for Research on Energy Demand, University of Oxford"Small island populations are minor contributors to global climate change but among the most sensitive and vulnerable to its impacts, such as sea level rise. Kiron Neale’s probing, comparative study of energy transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the island communities of Trinidad, Barbados, and O'ahu is among the first to take both the culture of energy and energy of culture seriously in sustainability transitions. The insights build constructively on socio-technical transitions theory and are of significance to energy regimes in the global North and South." -- Thomas Thornton, Dean of Arts and Sciences & Vice Provost for Research and Sponsored Programs, University of Alaska Southeast, USA"Islands matter: Clean and abundant alternative energy from the sun is being mainstreamed in tropical, small island communities, assisting their transition away from fossil fuel dependence. With a focus on Barbados, O'ahu and Trinidad, Kiron Neale argues convincingly that culture, policy and technology need to be aligned for such a transition to be successful." -- Godfrey Baldacchino, Professor of Sociology, University of Malta and President, International Small Islands Studies Association (ISISA) "This timely book provides very helpful new insights on the challenges and opportunities of establishing sustainable energy services in tropical islands. In particular, it will help practitioners, policy makers and their advisors map a path through the complex interactions of cultures, politics and technologies which must be navigated in order to deliver the development benefits from sustainable energy services that are so needed by communities in tropical islands." -- John Holmes, Senior Research Fellow in Environmental Policy, University of Oxford, UK"This book is written with a lovely, light touch – just like a Caribbean wind, or the lapping waves. It shows how a just energy transition can occur in small islands through the use of renewable, solar power. The text combines a clear understanding of the role of culture in what is acceptable to people and investigates how policy can combine with this to achieve the transition. The overall perspective links an academic approach with that of a realistic recognition of what is needed to help these islands transform their energy systems. There are over 2000 oceanic islands that could build on the evidence from the three islands studied – Trinidad, Barbados and O'ahu in Hawaii. These small islands may not contribute large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but they are amongst the first to suffer from rising sea level. This book provides a hopeful outlook for them." -- Brenda Boardman, Emeritus Research Fellow, University of Oxford, UK"What does the steel drum have to do with climate change? Neale's book is a treasure, as it embeds cultural path dependencies and social barriers in the climate change discourse and catalyzes a transition of "energy cultures" with policy relevant insights. It highlights that climate change adaptation and mitigation are more than technical problems and shows ways of dealing with solar technologies that even small island states can fall back on. This book hopefully finds its way into concrete policy decisions steering future climate resilient pathways." -- Beate Ratter, Professor of Integrative Geography and Coastal Research, University of Hamburg, Germany"I found Kiron Neale’s focus on the cultural and political factors of tropical Island energy transitions was not only interesting, but very useful. Neale provides guidance on why and how culture critically affects tropical island energy transitions and he does this with an inhabitant’s understanding. He has also very helpfully presented guidance on how to think through socio-technical energy transitions and mainstreaming of technologies more broadly. While I recommend this book to people interested in energy transitions, renewable energy and island scholarships, I also recommend it to those who want to understand the critical (cultural, political, technical and logistic) factors that affect other changes that are occurring in societies. For energy policy makers, energy market operators and power engineers – as you work on introducing renewables into society, keep this book near and refer to it as you go – I am confident it will be a useful guide for your work." -- Phillipa Watson, Research Fellow, School of Technology, Environments & Design, University of Tasmania, Australia"Kiron has a unique and insightful perspective on emerging energy transitions in Trinidad, Barbados and Oʻahu. Focusing on culture, an under-explored topic of energy transitions, Kiron’s research provides rich insights, and aligned policy recommendations, into how solar can be brought out of niche market and social environments and into the mainstream." -- Rebecca Ford, Strathclyde Chancellor's Fellow, University of Strathclyde, UK"A creative and rigorous book that examines an understudied topic, the household and cultural uses of solar energy in small island developing states. It shows that tropical island countries have far more to offer the world than sun, sea, and sand. Important reading for those who care about energy transitions across less common paths." -- Benjamin Sovacool, Professor of Energy Policy, Director of the Sussex Energy Group, & Director of the Center on Innovation and Energy Demand, University of Sussex, UK"This book tackles the interesting question of how solar energy can be introduced into island economies. Drawing on evidence from islands with a range of different histories and resource endowments, it provides a fresh approach to island energy systems, using thinking from cultural studies and innovation theories to inform how practice and policy might change." -- Nick Eyre, Professor of Energy and Climate Policy & Director of the UK Centre for Research on Energy Demand, University of Oxford"Small island populations are minor contributors to global climate change but among the most sensitive and vulnerable to its impacts, such as sea level rise. Kiron Neale’s probing, comparative study of energy transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the island communities of Trinidad, Barbados, and Oʻahu is among the first to take both the culture of energy and energy of culture seriously in sustainability transitions. The insights build constructively on socio-technical transitions theory and are of significance to energy regimes in the global North and South." -- Thomas Thornton, Dean of Arts and Sciences & Vice Provost for Research and Sponsored Programs, University of Alaska Southeast, USA"Islands matter: Clean and abundant alternative energy from the sun is being mainstreamed in tropical, small island communities, assisting their transition away from fossil fuel dependence. With a focus on Barbados, Oʻahu and Trinidad, Kiron Neale argues convincingly that culture, policy and technology need to be aligned for such a transition to be successful." -- Godfrey Baldacchino, Professor of Sociology & Chairman of the Board of the Centre for Labour Studies, University of Malta"This timely book provides very helpful new insights on the challenges and opportunities of establishing sustainable energy services in tropical islands. In particular, it will help practitioners, policy makers and their advisors map a path through the complex interactions of cultures, politics and technologies which must be navigated in order to deliver the development benefits from sustainable energy services that are so needed by communities in tropical islands." -- John Holmes, Senior Research Fellow in Environmental Policy, University of Oxford, UK"This book is written with a lovely, light touch – just like a Caribbean wind, or the lapping waves. It shows how a just energy transition can occur in small islands through the use of renewable, solar power. The text combines a clear understanding of the role of culture in what is acceptable to people and investigates how policy can combine with this to achieve the transition. The overall perspective links an academic approach with that of a realistic recognition of what is needed to help these islands transform their energy systems. There are over 2000 oceanic islands that could build on the evidence from the three islands studied – Trinidad, Barbados and Oʻahu in Hawaii. These small islands may not contribute large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but they are amongst the first to suffer from rising sea level. This book provides a hopeful outlook for them." -- Brenda Boardman, Emeritus Research Fellow, University of Oxford, UK"What does the steel drum have to do with climate change? Neale's book is a treasure, as it embeds cultural path dependencies and social barriers in the climate change discourse and catalyzes a transition of "energy cultures" with policy relevant insights. It highlights that climate change adaptation and mitigation are more than technical problems and shows ways of dealing with solar technologies that even small island states can fall back on. This book hopefully finds its way into concrete policy decisions steering future climate resilient pathways." -- Beate Ratter, Professor of Integrative Geography and Coastal Research, University of Hamburg, Germany"I found Kiron Neale’s focus on the cultural and political factors of tropical Island energy transitions was not only interesting, but very useful. Neale provides guidance on why and how culture critically affects tropical island energy transitions and he does this with an inhabitant’s understanding. He has also very helpfully presented guidance on how to think through socio-technical energy transitions and mainstreaming of technologies more broadly. While I recommend this book to people interested in energy transitions, renewable energy and island scholarships, I also recommend it to those who want to understand the critical (cultural, political, technical and logistic) factors that affect other changes that are occurring in societies. For energy policy makers, energy market operators and power engineers – as you work on introducing renewables into society, keep this book near and refer to it as you go – I am confident it will be a useful guide for your work." -- Phillipa Watson, Research Fellow, School of Technology, Environments & Design, University of Tasmania, AustraliaTable of ContentsPart 1: Small Islands, Energy Transitions and ‘Mainstream Culture’ 1. ‘Sun, Sea and Sand’ and Solar Energy 2. Energy Transitions and The Mainstream 3. Energy Transitions and Mainstream Energy Cultures Part 2: Beginning the Household Solar Energy Transition 4. Agriculture, Fossil Fuels and Electricity 5. Electricity and Mainstream Energy Cultures Part 3: Transitioning to and through Household Solar Energy Technologies 6. Electricity, Solar Hot Water and Mainstream Cultural Change 7. Solar Water Heating, PV and Policy Implementation Part 4: Mainstreaming Solar Energy in Small, Tropical Islands 8. Conclusions on Mainstreaming Solar Energy

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Book SynopsisOverview of Japan's long water history, by the Japanese Commission on large dams. Starting from the 7th century, when irrigation ponds were first constructed for paddy cropping, until the beginning of the 21st century. Elaborates on various roles of dams: water supply, power generation and flood control. Moreover, tries to clarify the negative impacts of dams on the natural environment and local societies, as well as extensive efforts made to minimize these impacts. Includes appendices with location and characteristics of main dams, administrative organs, river management system and water resources development river systems and facilities to offer the full picture. Richly-illustrated. Intended for dam and water resources professionals.Trade ReviewThis documentary prepared by the Japan Commission on Dams (JCOLD) presents an excellent chronological historical record of dams in Japan, the current role of their dams and Japan’s vision of the role that dams will play in the future. This book is recommended reading for water resources planners, dam engineers, stakeholders for water projects and the public.Arthur H. Walz, Jr., Former Vice President: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Roles of dams Japanese water history; 3. Environmental and social impact; 4. Dams in the future; 5. Summation; Appendices: 1. National administrative organs; 2. River management systems; 3. Existing dams in Japan; 4. Water resources development river systems and facilities; Location of dams in Japan; Main dimensions of dams described; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a global perspective of the current state of affairs in the field of solar power engineering. In four parts, this well-researched volume informs about: Established solar PV (photovoltaic) technologies Third-generation PV technologies based on new materials with potential for low-cost large-scale production Solar cell technology based on new (third-generation) concepts, such as quantum dot solar cells and nano wire solar cells using silicon and compound semiconductors Economic implications and effects, as well as policies and incentives in various countries of the world involved with solar energy implementation In addition to discussing manufacturing facts and implementation issues, this book emphasizes the implications of policy measures in countries with good PV activity, such as Japan, China, India, Germany, SpaiTrade ReviewProfessor Jayarama Reddy is one of the best known, accomplished and inspiring scientists and teachers of PV in India. This exciting book includes the wisdom and knowledge of a master scientist and teacher who has devoted his life to developing PV for use not just in India but throughout the world. Both young scientists, new to the field, and experienced scientists will find its insights useful and inspiring as we move forward to provide the world with the energy it needs. R. W. Miles BSc ARCS MSc DIC PhD MInstP CPhys Northumbria Photovoltaics Applications Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Silicon solar cells. 3. Polycrystalline CIGS and CdTe thin film solar cells. 4. Organic and dye-sensitized solar cells. 5. High-efficiency solar devices. 6. New concepts based solar cells. 7. Policies and Incentives.

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Book SynopsisBatch processing is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, coatings, and electronic materials industries, where new jobs are being created.Trade Review“This book gives a real world explanation of how to analyze and troubleshoot a process control system in a batch process plant.” (Heat Processing, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Categories of Processes 3 1.2. The Industry 5 1.3. The Ultimate Batch Process: The Kitchen in Your Home 13 1.4. Categories of Batch Processes 14 1.5. Automation Functions Required for Batch 18 1.6. Automation Equipment 26 Reference 30 2 Measurement Considerations 31 2.1. Temperature Measurement 32 2.2. Pressure Measurement 39 2.3. Weight and Level 47 2.4. Flow Measurements 61 2.5. Loss-in-Weight Application 67 References 72 3 Continuous Control Issues 73 3.1. Loops That Operate Intermittently 74 3.2. Emptying a Vessel 80 3.3. Terminating a Co-Feed 85 3.4. Adjusting Ratio Targets 89 3.5. Attaining Temperature Target for the Heel 97 3.6. Characterization Functions in Batch Applications 100 3.7. Scheduled Tuning in Batch Applications 101 3.8. Edge of the Envelope 104 3.9. No Flow Through Control Valve 107 3.10. No Pressure Drop across Control Valve 111 3.11. Attempting to Operate above a Process-Imposed Maximum 115 3.12. Attempting to Operate Below a Process-Imposed Minimum 121 3.13. Jacket Switching 124 3.14. Smooth Transitions between Heating and One Cooling Mode 129 3.15. Smooth Transitions between Two Cooling Modes 140 References 148 4 Discrete Devices 149 4.1. Discrete Inputs 149 4.2. Discrete Outputs 157 4.3. State Feedbacks 167 4.4. Associated Functions 176 4.5. Beyond Two-State Final Control Elements 182 5 Material Transfers 185 5.1. Multiple-Source, Single-Destination Material Transfer System 186 5.2. Single-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 189 5.3. Multiple-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 191 5.4. Validating a Material Transfer 194 5.5. Dribble Flow 197 5.6. Simultaneous Material Transfers 202 5.7. Drums 203 6 Structured Logic for Batch 205 6.1. Structured Programming 207 6.2. Product Recipes and Product Batches 212 6.3. Formula 215 6.4. Operations 216 6.5. Phases 220 6.6. Actions 223 References 226 7 Batch Unit or Process Unit 227 7.1. Defining a Batch Unit 228 7.2. Supporting Equipment 232 7.3. Step Programmer 237 7.4. Failure Considerations 241 7.5. Coordination 254 7.6. Shared Equipment: Exclusive Use 257 7.7. Shared Equipment: Limited Capacity 261 7.8. Identical Batch Units 262 8 Sequence Logic 265 8.1. Features Provided by Sequence Logic 265 8.2. Failure Monitoring and Response 267 8.3. Relay Ladder Diagrams 273 8.4. Procedural Languages 276 8.5. Special Languages 278 8.6. State Machine 280 8.7. Grafcet/Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) 283 9 Batches and Recipes 290 9.1. Organization of Recipes 291 9.2. Corporate Recipes 294 9.3. Executing Product Batches Simultaneously 299 9.4. Managing Product Batches 302 9.5. Executing Operations 305 9.6. Batch History Data 309 9.7. Performance Parameters 313 Index 319

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the growth mechanisms of tin whiskers and the effective mitigation strategies necessary to reduce whisker growth risks This book covers key tin whisker topics, ranging from fundamental science to practical mitigation strategies. The text begins with a review of the characteristic properties of local microstructures around whisker and hillock grains to identify why these particular grains and locations become predisposed to forming whiskers and hillocks. The book discusses the basic properties of tin-based alloy finishes and the effects of various alloying elements on whisker formation, with a focus on potential mechanisms for whisker suppression or enhancement for each element. Tin whisker risk mitigation strategies for each tier of the supply chain for high reliability electronic systems are also described. Discusses whisker formation factors including surface grain geometry, crystallographic orientation-dependent surface grain boundary structurTable of Contents Technical Reviewers. Preface. Introduction. Contributors. 1. Regulatory and Voluntary Drivers for Environmental Improvement: Hazardous Substances, Lifecycle Design and End of Life (John Hawley). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Substances of Environmental Concern. 1.3 Design for Environment/Energy Efficiency. 1.4 Recycling and Take-back. 1.5 Summary. 1.6 References. 2. Lead-free Surface Mount Technology (Jasbir Bath, Jennifer Nguyen and Sundar Sethuraman). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 No-clean and Water-soluble Lead-free Pastes. 2.3 Solder Paste Handling. 2.4 Board and Stencil Design. 2.5 Screen Printing and Printability of Lead-free Solder Pastes. 2.6 Paste inspection. 2.7 Component Placement (Paste Tackiness). 2.8 Reflow Soldering and the Reflow Profile. 2.9 Effect of Nitrogen versus Air Atmosphere during Lead-free Reflow. 2.10 Head-in-Pillow Component Soldering Defect. 2.11 Solder Joint Visual Inspection. 2.12 AOI (Automated Optical Inspection). 2.13 X-ray Inspection. 2.14 ICT/Functional Testing. 2.15 Conclusions. 2.16 Future Work. 2.17 Acknowledgements. 2.18 References. 3. Lead-free Wave Soldering (Dennis Barbini and Jasbir Bath). 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Wave soldering process boundaries. 3.2 Soldering temperatures on the chip and main soldering waves. 3.3 Alloys for Lead-free Wave Soldering. 3.4 The function of nitrogen in wave soldering. 3.5 The effect of PCB Design on wave solder joint formation. 3.6 Standards related to wave soldering. 3.7 Conclusions. 3.8 Future work. 3.9 Acknowledgements. 3.10 References. 4. Lead-free Rework (Alan Donaldson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Hand Soldering/Touch-up. 4.3 BGA/CSP Rework. 4.4 BGA Socket Rework. 4.5 X-ray. 4.6 Through-hole Hand Soldering Rework. 4.7 Through-hole Mini-pot/Solder Fountain Rework. 4.8 Best Practices and Rework Equipment Calibrations. 4.9 Conclusions. 4.10 Future Work. 4.11 References. 5 Lead-Free Alloys for BGA/CSP Components (Gregory A. Henshall). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Overview of New Lead-Free Alloys. 5.3 Benefits of New Alloys for BGAs and CSPs. 5.4 Technical Concerns . 5.5 Management of New Alloys. 5.6 Future Work. 5.7 Summary and Conclusions. 5.8 Acknowledgements. 5.9 References. 6 Growth Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Tin Whisker Growth (Peng Su). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Role of stress in whisker growth. 6.3 Understanding standard acceleration tests. 6.4 Plating process optimization and other mitigation strategies. 6.5 Whisker growth on board-mounted components. 6.6 Summary. 6.7 References. 7. Testability of Lead-Free Printed Circuit Assemblies (Rosa D.Reinosa and Aileen M. Allen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Contact Repeatability of Lead-Free Boards. 7.3 Probe Wear and Contamination. 7.4 Board Flexure. 7.5 Conclusions. 7.6 Acknowledgments. 7.7 References. 8. Board-Level Solder Joint Reliability of High Performance Computers under Mechanical Loading (Keith Newman). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Establishing PWB Strain Limits for Manufacturing. 8.3. SMT Component Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.4 PWB Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.5 PWB Strain Characterization. 8.6. Solder Joint Fracture Prediction – Modeling. 8.7. Fracture Strength Optimization. 8.8 Conclusions. 8.9 Acknowledgments. 8.10 References. 9. Lead-Free Reliability in Aerospace/Military Environments (Thomas A. Woodrow and Jasbir Bath). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Aerospace/Military Consortia. 9.3 Lead-Free Control Plans for Aerospace/Military Electronics. 9.4 Aerospace/Military Lead-Free Reliability Concerns. 9.5 Summary and Conclusions. 9.6 References. 10. Lead-Free Reliability in Automotive Environments (Richard D. Parke). 10.1 Introduction to Electronics in Automotive Environments. 10.2 Performance Risks and Issues. 10.3 Legislation Driving Lead-Free Automotive Electronics. 10.4 Reliability Requirements for Automotive Environments. 10.5 Failure Modes of Lead-free Joints. 10.6 Impact to Lead-free Component Procurement and Management. 10.7 Change versus Risks. 10.8 Summary and Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSets the stage for the development of sustainable, environmentally friendly fuels, chemicals, and materials Taking millions of years to form, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources; it is estimated that they will be depleted by the end of this century.Trade Review“By providing interesting outlooks on a subject of such high debate and importance in both industry and research, the work of the editors sets itself as foundation for all those interested in development of new and sustainable means of bioresources processing.” (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 1 March 2013)Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface xi Contributors xiii About the Editors xvii 1 Introduction of Biomass and Biorefineries 1 Birgit Kamm 2 Recent Advances in Green Chemistry 27 Nicholas Gathergood 3 Biorefinery with Ionic Liquids 75 Haibo Xie, Wujun Liu, Ian Beadham, and Nicholas Gathergood 4 Biorefinery with Water 135 X. Philip Ye, Leming Cheng, Haile Ma, Biljana Bujanovic, Mangesh J. Goundalkar, and Thomas E. Amidon 5 Supercritical CO2 as an Environmentally Benign Medium for Biorefinery 181 Ray Marriott and Emily Sin 6 Dissolution and Application of Cellulose in NaOH/Urea Aqueous Solution 205 Xiaopeng Xiong and Jiangjiang Duan 7 Organosolv Biorefining Platform for Producing Chemicals, Fuels, and Materials from Lignocellulose 241 Xuejun Pan 8 Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass and Their Upgrading 263 Qirong Fu, Haibo Xie, and Dimitris S. Argyropoulos 9 Microwave Technology for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery 281 Takashi Watanabe and Tomohiko Mitani 10 Biorefinery with Microbes 293 Cuimin Hu and Zongbao K. Zhao 11 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biomass Conversion 313 Aiqin Wang, Changzhi Li, Mingyuan Zheng, and Tao Zhang 12 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol 349 Jie Xu, Weiqiang Yu, Hong Ma, Feng Wang, Fang Lu, Mukund Ghavre, and Nicholas Gathergood 13 Ultrasonics for Enhanced Fluid Biofuel Production 375 David Grewell and Melissa Montalbo-Lomboy 14 Advanced Membrane Technology for Products Separation in Biorefinery 407 Shenghai Li, Suobo Zhang, and Weihui Bi 15 Assessment of the Ecotoxicological and Environmental Effects of Biorefineries 435 Kerstin Bluhm, Sebastian Heger, Matthew T. Agler, Sibylle Maletz, Andreas Sch€affer, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, Largus T. Angenent, and Henner Hollert Index 469

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Book SynopsisThis book is an archival reference for the evolving field of biomaterials and their applications in society, focusing on their composition, properties, characterization, chemistry and applications in bioenergy, chemicals, and novel materials and biomaterials.It has broad appeal due to the recent heightened awareness around bioenergy and biomass as potential replacements for petroleum feedstocks.The book is divided into three parts: cellulose-based biomaterials, chitin and chitosan biomaterials, and hemicelluloses and other polysaccharides. Each chapter addresses a separate biomaterial, discussing its chemical, physical, and biological attributes, and hones in on each compound''sintrinsic tunabilityfor numerous chemical transformations.In the current quest for a green economy and resources, this book will help inspire scientists towardsnovel sources for chemicals, materials, andenergy in the years to come.Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Recent Advances in Cellulose Chemistry 1 Thomas Heinze and Katrin Petzold-Welcke 2 Cellulosic Aerogels 51 Falk Liebner, Emmerich Haimer, Antje Potthast, and Thomas Rosenau 3 Nanocelluloses: Emerging Building Blocks for Renewable Materials 105 Youssef Habibi and Lucian A. Lucia 4 Interactions of Chitosan with Metals for Water Purification 127 Mohammed Rhazi, Abdelouhad Tolaimate, and Youssef Habibi 5 Recent Developments in Chitin and Chitosan Bio-Based Materials Used for Food Preservation 143 Véronique Coma 6 Chitin and Chitosan as Biomaterial Building Blocks 177 JoséF. Louvier-Hernández and Ram B. Gupta 7 Chitosan Derivatives for Bioadhesive/Hemostatic Applications: Chemical and Biological Aspects 199 Mai Yamazaki and Samuel M. Hudson 8 Chitin Nanofibers as Building Blocks for Advanced Materials 227 Youssef Habibi and Lucian A. Lucia 9 Electrical Conductivity and Polysaccharides 247 Axel Rußler and Thomas Rosenau 10 Polysaccharide-Based Porous Materials 271 Peter S. Shuttleworth, Avtar Matharu, and James H. Clark 11 Starch-Based Bionanocomposites: Processing and Properties 287 Visakh P. M., Aji P. Mathew, Kristiina Oksman, and Sabu Thomas 12 Starch-Based Sustainable Materials 307 Luc Avérous 13 The Potential of Xylans as Biomaterial Resources 331 Anna Ebringerova 14 Micro- and Nanoparticles from Hemicelluloses 367 Emmerich Haimer, Falk Liebner, Antje Potthast, and Thomas Rosenau 15 Nonxylan Hemicelluloses as a Source of Renewable Materials 387 David Plackett and Natanya Hansen Index 409

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Book SynopsisBiofuel Crop Sustainability brings together the basic principles of agricultural sustainability and special stipulations for biofuels, from the economic and ecological opportunities and challenges of sustainable biofuel crop production to the unique characteristics of particular crops which make them ideal for biofuel applications.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi 1 Biofuel Crop Sustainability Paradigm 3B.P. Singh 2 Sustainable Production of Grain Crops for Biofuels 31A.A. Jaradat 3 Sugarcane as an Energy Crop: Its Role in Biomass Economy 53R. van Antwerpen, S.D. Berry, T. van Antwerpen, J. Smithers, S. Joshi, and M. van der Laan 4 Sustainable Cellulosic Grass Crop Production 109J.H. Fike, D.J. Parrish, and W.B. Fike 5 Sustainable Oil Crops Production 165C. Eynck, D. Shrestha, J. Vollmann, K.C. Falk, W. Friedt, H.P. Singh, and E. Obeng 6 Short-rotation Woody Crop Biomass Production for Bioenergy 205L.C. Kiser and T.R. Fox 7 Biomass Feedstock Production Impact on Water Resource Availability 239K.C. Stone, P.G. Hunt, K.B. Cantrell, and K.S. Ro 8 Biofuel Crops and Soil Quality and Erosion 261D. Chatskikh, A. Ovchinnikova, B. Seshadri, and N. Bolan 9 Nutrient Management in Biofuel Crop Production 301R. Lemus 10 Food, Farming, and Biofuels 325J. Popp 11 Biofuel Crops, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity 357A. Fieldsend and H.P. Singh 12 Biofuel Crops and Greenhouse Gases 383A. Hastings, J. Yeluripati, J. Hillier, and P. Smith 13 Economics of Biomass Feedstocks and Biofuels 407T.A. Maung, C. Gustafson, B. McCarl, D. Ripplinger, and D. Saxowsky 14 Geospatial Modeling Applications for Biofuel Sustainability Assessment 431S.S. Panda Appendix I: Botanical Names 449 Index 451

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Book SynopsisExplores the creation and history of fossil fuels, their impact on the environment, and how they have become critical to our society. This title shows how adopting sustainable biofuels will be key to the future of energy stability and discuss a renewable energy options and biofuel feedstocks that are replacements for petroleum-based products.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE 1 OVERVIEW OF ENERGY USAGE IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD 2 WHY FOSSIL FUELS ENERGIZE OUR SOCIETY 3 THE IMPACT OF ENERGY USAGE ON CLIMATE 4 METHODS FOR REDUCING OUR FOSSIL FUEL USAGE: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND USES 5 LINKING FOOD AND FUEL: THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE 6 THE PAST AND PRESENT OF BIOETHANOL: CORN, SUGARCANE, AND CELLULOSICS 7 BIOFUELS FROM FATS AND OILS: BIODIESEL 8 GASEOUS BIOFUELS: BIOGAS AND BIOHYDROGEN 9 AQUATIC VERSATILITY FOR BIOFUELS: CYANOBACTERIA, DIATOMS, AND ALGAE 10 BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS DEVELOPMENT 11 THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 12 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF BIOFUELS: WATER, LAND, AND NUTRIENTS BIOFUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 13 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS FOR EVALUATING BIOFUELS PRODUCTION 14 ECONOMICS AND POLITICS OF BIOFUELS 15 OUR ENERGY FUTURE: THE PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING AND USING SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS VOCABULARY REFERENCES INDEX

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Book SynopsisToday’s electric power companies compete to provide cleaner electricity. That’s a good thing, but progress has come with costs, especially for communities reliant on the coal industry. Thomas McGarity examines the changes of recent decades and offers ideas for building a more sustainable grid while easing the economic downsides of coal’s demise.Trade ReviewIn revealing many encouraging emission reductions by the electric power industry, Thomas O. McGarity shows what citizen action, regulation, and competition can contribute to expanding energy efficiencies and renewables like solar and wind. This book is a well-documented, eye-opening antidote to the ‘doom and gloom’ enveloping so many concerned people. -- Ralph Nader, author of Breaking through Power: It’s Easier than We ThinkPollution, Politics, and Power is a tour de force, analyzing environmental regulation of the power industry over the last half-century. With unmatched mastery, McGarity illuminates the current policy debates by placing them in their historical context, with a bull’s-eye on coal. -- Richard Lazarus, author of The Making of Environmental LawHistorians of all stripes will find much to value in Tom McGarity’s impressive new book…a masterful history of the industry’s recent past…Scholars will benefit greatly from McGarity’s exceedingly useful and easy-to-understand treatment of the byzantine regulations governing the power sector…Will likely stand as the definitive recent history of the electricity industry and rapidly declining fortunes of coal, setting the standard for anyone writing on these topics. -- William Boyd * Technology and Culture *

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Book SynopsisComputer systems, whether hardware or software, are subject to failure. Precisely, what is a failure? It is defined as: The inability of a system or system component to perform a required function within specified limits. Afailure may be produced when a fault is encountered and a loss of the expected service to the user results [IEEE/AIAA P1633].

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