Water supply and treatment Books

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisErin Heinz is a sociologist and research associate at Boston University's Institute for Global Sustainability.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis concise introduction to the fundamentals of biological treatment of wastewater describes how to model and integrate biological steps into industrial processes. The book first covers the chemical, physical and biological basics, including wastewater characteristics, microbial metabolism, determining stoichiometric equations for catabolism and anabolism, measurements of mass transfer and respiration rates and the aerobic treatment of wastewater loaded with dissolved organics. It the moves on to deal with such applications and technologies as nitrogen and phosphorus removal, membrane technology, the assessment and selection of aeration systems, simple models for biofilm reactors and the modeling of activated sludge processes. A final section looks at the processing of water and the treatment of wastewater integrated into the production process. Essential reading for chemists, engineers, microbiologists, environmental officers, agencies and consultants, in both academia and industry.Trade Review"…a straightforward, well-written and technically sound discussion of wastewater treatment." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, July 19, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Symbols and Abbreviations xvii 1 Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment 1 1.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity 1 1.2 Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age 4 1.3 First Studies in Microbiology 7 1.4 Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water – The First Studies 11 1.5 Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment – A Chemical or Biological Process? 12 1.6 Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes 14 1.7 The Cholera Epidemics – Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water? 16 1.8 Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process 16 1.9 Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants 18 1.10 Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge 19 References 20 2 Wastewater Characterization and Regulations 25 2.1 Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes 25 2.2 Pollutants 27 2.2.1 Survey 27 2.2.2 Dissolved Substances 28 2.2.2.1 Organic Substances 28 2.2.2.2 Inorganic Substances 30 2.2.3 Colloids 32 2.2.3.1 Oil-In-Water Emulsions 32 2.2.3.2 Solid-In-Water Colloids 33 2.2.4 Suspended Solids 34 2.3 Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters 34 2.3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 34 2.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 36 2.3.3 Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon 37 2.4 Legislation 38 2.4.1 Preface 38 2.4.2 German Legislation 38 2.4.2.1 Legislation Concerning Discharge into Public Sewers 38 2.4.2.2 Legislation Concerning Discharge into Waters 39 2.4.3 EU Guidelines 41 References 42 3 Microbial Metabolism 43 3.1 Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria) 43 3.2 Proteins and Nucleic Acids 45 3.2.1 Proteins 45 3.2.1.1 Amino Acids 45 3.2.1.2 Structure of Proteins 46 3.2.1.3 Proteins for Special Purposes 47 3.2.1.4 Enzymes 47 3.2.2 Nucleic Acids 50 3.2.2.1 Desoxyribonucleic Acid 50 3.2.2.2 Ribonucleic Acid 54 3.2.2.3 DNA Replication 57 3.2.2.4 Mutations 58 3.3 Catabolism and Anabolism 59 3.3.1 ADP and ATP 59 3.3.2 Transport of Protons 59 3.3.3 Catabolism of Using Glucose 60 3.3.3.1 Aerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells 60 3.3.3.2 Anaerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells 65 3.3.4 Anabolism 66 References 67 4 Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances 70 4.2.1 Degradation of Hydrocarbons Without Bacterial Decay 70 4.2.2 Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol 71 4.2.3 Degradation of Hydrocarbons with Bacterial Decay 74 4.3 Measurement of O2 Consumption Rate rO2,S and CO2 Production Rate rCO2,S 76 Problems 78 References 81 5 Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping 83 5.1 Transport by Diffusion 83 5.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients 86 5.2.1 Definition of Specific Mass Transfer Coefficients 86 5.2.2 Two Film Theory 87 5.3 Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients KL a 90 5.3.1 Absorption of Oxygen During Aeration 90 5.3.1.1 Steady State Method 90 5.3.1.2 Non-steady State Method 91 5.3.1.3 Dynamic Method in Wastewater Mixed with Activated Sludge 92 5.3.2 Desorption of Volatile Components During Aeration 93 5.4 Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants 95 5.4.1 Surface Aeration 95 5.4.1.1 Oxygen Transfer Rate 95 5.4.1.2 Power Consumption and Efficiency 96 5.4.2 Deep Tank Aeration 98 5.4.2.1 Preliminary Remarks 98 5.4.2.2 The Simple Plug Flow Model 99 5.4.2.3 Proposed Model of the American Society of Civil Engineers 101 5.4.2.4 Further Models 103 5.4.2.5 Oxygen Transfer Rate 103 5.4.2.6 Power Consumption and Efficiency 106 5.4.2.7 Monitoring of Deep Tanks 106 5.5 Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models 108 5.5.1 Introduction 108 5.5.2 Power Consumption of a Stirred, Non-aerated Tank – A Simple Example 109 5.5.3 Description of Oxygen Transfer, Power Consumption and Efficiency by Surface Aerators Using Dimensionless Numbers 112 5.5.4 Application of Dimensionless Numbers for Surface Aeration 113 Problem 115 References 117 6 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation 119 6.2.1 Batch Reactors 119 6.2.1.1 With High Initial Concentration of Bacteria 119 6.2.1.2 With Low Initial Concentration of Bacteria 122 6.2.2 Chemostat 122 6.2.3 Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Reactor 125 6.2.3.1 Preliminary Remarks 125 6.2.3.2 Mean Retention Time, Recycle Ratio and Thickening Ratio as Process Parameters 126 6.2.3.3 Sludge Age as Parameter 128 6.2.4 Plug Flow Reactor 130 6.2.5 Completely Mixed Tank Cascades With Sludge Recycle 132 6.2.6 Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion 134 6.2.7 Stoichiometric and Kinetic Coefficients 136 6.2.8 Comparison of Reactors 137 6.3 Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors 138 6.3.1 Retention Time Distribution 138 6.3.2 Completely Mixed Tank 140 6.3.3 Completely Mixed Tank Cascade 140 6.3.4 Tube Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion 141 6.3.5 Comparison Between Tank Cascades and Tube Flow Reactors 142 6.4 Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal 144 Problems 146 References 149 7 Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems 151 7.1 Biofilms 151 7.2 Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment 152 7.2.1 Trickling Filters 152 7.2.2 Submerged and Aerated Fixed Bed Reactors 154 7.2.3 Rotating Disc Reactors 156 7.3 Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems 158 7.4 Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems 159 7.4.1 Assumptions 159 7.4.2 Mass Transfer Gas/Liquid is Rate-limiting 159 7.4.3 Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid is Rate-limiting 160 7.4.4 Biological Reaction is Rate-limiting 160 7.4.5 Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm 160 7.4.6 Influence of Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm and of Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid 163 7.4.7 Influence of Mass Transfer Rates at Gas Bubble and Biofilm Surfaces 164 Problems 164 References 166 8 Anaerobic Degradation of Organics 169 8.1 Catabolic Reactions – Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria 169 8.1.1 Survey 169 8.1.2 Anaerobic Bacteria 169 8.1.2.1 Acidogenic Bacteria 169 8.1.2.2 Acetogenic Bacteria 171 8.1.2.3 Methanogenic Bacteria 171 8.1.3 Regulation of Acetogenics by Methanogenics 173 8.1.4 Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction 175 8.2 Kinetics – Models and Coefficients 176 8.2.1 Preface 176 8.2.2 Hydrolysis and Formation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acidogenic Bacteria 176 8.2.3 Transformation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acetogenic Bacteria 177 8.2.4 Transformation of Acetate and Hydrogen into Methane 179 8.2.5 Conclusions 180 8.3 Catabolism and Anabolism 182 8.4 High-rate Processes 184 8.4.1 Introduction 184 8.4.2 Contact Processes 185 8.4.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket 187 8.4.4 Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor 188 8.4.5 Anaerobic Rotating Disc Reactor 190 8.4.6 Anaerobic Expanded and Fluidized Bed Reactors 191 Problem 192 References 193 9 Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Chlorinated Compounds 196 9.2.1 Chlorinated n-Alkanes, Particularly Dichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane 196 9.2.1.1 Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics 196 9.2.1.2 Treatment of Wastewater Containing DCM or DCA 198 9.2.2 Chlorobenzene 200 9.2.2.1 Properties, Use and Environmental Problems 200 9.2.2.2 Principles of Biological Degradation 200 9.2.2.3 Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzenes 202 9.2.3 Chlorophenols 203 9.3 Nitroaromatics 204 9.3.1 Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics 204 9.3.2 Treatment of Wastewater Containing 4-NP or 2,4-DNT 206 9.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils 206 9.4.1 Properties, Use and Environmental Problems 206 9.4.2 Mineral Oils 207 9.4.3 Biodegradation of PAHs 209 9.4.3.1 PAHs Dissolved in Water 209 9.4.3.2 PAHs Dissolved in n-Dodecane Standard Emulsion 211 9.5 Azo Reactive Dyes 211 9.5.1 Properties, Use and Environmental Problems 211 9.5.2 Production of Azo Dyes in the Chemical Industry – Biodegradability of Naphthalene Sulfonic Acids 213 9.5.3 Biodegradation of Azo Dyes 215 9.5.3.1 Direct Aerobic Degradation 215 9.5.3.2 Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes 215 9.5.3.3 Aerobic Degradation of Metabolites 216 9.5.4 Treatment of Wastewater Containing the Azo Dye Reactive Black 5 216 9.6 Final Remarks 217 References 218 10 Biological Nutrient Removal 223 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Biological Nitrogen Removal 227 10.2.1 The Nitrogen Cycle and the Technical Removal Process 227 10.2.2 Nitrification 228 10.2.2.1 Nitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry 228 10.2.2.2 Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Nitrification 231 10.2.2.3 Parameters Influencing Nitrification 235 10.2.3 Denitrification 237 10.2.3.1 Denitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry 237 10.2.3.2 Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Denitrification 239 10.2.3.3 Parameters Influencing Denitrification 240 10.2.4 Nitrite Accumulation During Nitrification 242 10.2.5 New Microbial Processes for Nitrogen Removal 243 10.3 Biological Phosphorus Removal 244 10.3.1 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal 244 10.3.2 Kinetic Model for Biological Phosphorus Removal 245 10.3.2.1 Preliminary Remarks 245 10.3.2.2 Anaerobic Zone 246 10.3.2.3 Aerobic Zone 247 10.3.3 Results of a Batch Experiment 248 10.3.4 Parameters Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal 249 10.4 Biological Nutrient Removal Processes 250 10.4.1 Preliminary Remarks 250 10.4.2 Nitrogen Removal Processes 250 10.4.3 Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal 252 10.4.4 Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal 253 10.4.4.1 Different Levels of Performance 253 10.4.4.2 WWTP Waßmannsdorf 255 10.4.4.3 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) 257 10.5 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle 257 10.5.1 Recycling of Phosphorus 257 10.5.2 Recycling of Nitrogen 258 Problems 259 References 262 11 Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process 267 11.1 Why We Need Mathematical Models 267 11.2 Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal 268 11.2.1 Carbon Removal 268 11.2.2 Carbon Removal and Bacterial Decay 269 11.2.3 Carbon Removal and Nitrification Without Bacterial Decay 270 11.3 Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process 271 11.3.1 Preface 271 11.3.2 Modelling the Influence of Aeration on Carbon Removal 272 11.3.3 Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM 1) 275 11.3.4 Application of ASM 1 283 11.3.5 More Complicated Models and Conclusions 285 Problems 286 References 288 12 Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment 291 12.1 Introduction 291 12.2 Mass Transport Mechanism 293 12.2.1 Membrane Characteristics and Definitions 293 12.2.2 Mass Transport Through Non-porous Membranes 296 12.2.3 Mass Transport Through Porous Membranes 300 12.3 Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms 301 12.3.1 Preface 301 12.3.2 Mass Transfer Resistances 302 12.3.3 Concentration Polarization Model 303 12.3.4 Solution–diffusion Model and Concentration Polarization 306 12.3.5 The Pore Model and Concentration Polarization 308 12.4 Performance and Module Design 308 12.4.1 Membrane Materials 308 12.4.2 Design and Configuration of Membrane Modules 309 12.4.2.1 Preliminary Remarks 309 12.4.2.2 Dead-end Configuration 313 12.4.2.3 Submerged Configuration 314 12.4.2.4 Cross-flow Configuration 314 12.4.3 Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Management 315 12.4.3.1 Types of Fouling Processes 315 12.4.3.2 Membrane Cleaning Strategies 316 12.5 Membrane Bioreactors 318 12.5.1 Final Treatment (Behind the Secondary Clarifier) 318 12.5.2 Membrane Bioreactors in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment 319 12.5.3 Membrane Bioreactors and Nutrient Removal 323 Problems 324 References 327 13 Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment 331 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry 333 13.2.1 Sustainable Development and Process Optimization 333 13.2.1.1 Primary Points of View 333 13.2.1.2 Material Flow Management 334 13.2.1.3 Production of Naphthalenedisufonic Acid 336 13.2.1.4 Methodology of Process Improvement 338 13.2.2 Minimization of Fresh Water Use 339 13.2.2.1 Description of the Problem 339 13.2.2.2 The Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram and the Graphical Solution 340 13.2.3 The Network Design Method 344 13.3 Decentralized Effluent Treatment 346 13.3.1 Minimization of Treated Wastewater 346 13.3.1.1 Description of the Problem 346 13.3.1.2 Representation of Treatment Processes in a Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram 347 13.3.1.3 The Lowest Wastewater Flow Rate to Treat 349 13.3.2 Processes for Decentralized Effluent Treatment 349 Problems 350 References 354 Subject Index 355

Read more less