Water supply and treatment Books

Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of state-of-the-art reviews on the global problems of diffuse water pollution from agriculture, which affects the water quality of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the oceans. It includes chapters on eutrophication, phosphorus, nitrogen, manure, heavy metals, carbon/persistent organic pollutants and soil/siltation problems. The book is broken down into three parts and reflects the opinions of the world's experts in these subjects.Table of ContentsPart I: Agriculture: Potential sources of water pollution 1.1: Introduction: Agriculture as a potential source of water pollution 1.2: Nitrogen 1.3: Phosphorus 1.4: Manures 1.5: Pesticides and persistent organic pollutants 1.6: Heavy metals 1.7: Human enteric pathogens 1.8: Sediment 1.9: Nutrient balances Part II: Hydrology: The carrier and transport of water pollution 2.1: Introduction: Modelling hydrological and nutrient transport processes 2.2: Hydrological source management of pollutants at the soil profile scale 2.3: Hydrological mobilization of pollutants at the slope/field scale 2.4: Modelling hydrological mobilization of nutrient pollutants at the catchment scale 2.5: Pollutant-sediment interactions: sorption, reactivity and transport of phosphorus 2.6: Quantifying sediment and nutrient pathways within danish agricultural catchments 2.7: Development of geographical information systems for assessing hydrological aspects of diffuse nutrient and sediment transfer from agriculture 2.8: Wetlands as regulators of pollutant transport Part III: Water Quality: Impacts and case studies from around the world 3.1: Introduction: Impacts of agriculture on water quality around the world 3.2: Solutions to nutrient management problems in the chesapeake bay watershed 3.3: Nutrient and pesticide transfer from agricultural soils to water in New Zealand 3.4: Land, water and people: complex interactions in the murrumbidgee river catchment 3.5: Managing the effects of agriculture on water quality in Northern Ireland 3.6: Conflicts and problems with water quality in the upper catchment of the Manyame River 3.7: Dryland salinisation: a challenge for land and water management in the Australian landscape 3.8: Quantifying nutrient limiting conditions in temperate river systems

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of how people and water interact

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations predicts that by the year 2025, two-thirds of the world's population will face water scarcity. Further, the planet would have well over eight billion people, the majority of whom would live in developing countries, where more than 80% of those are already experiencing water scarcity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for wastewater recycling to help solve issues of scarcity and to facilitate better management of generated wastewater. Water recycling includes reuse and treatment of municipal wastewater, which could be a sustainable approach for environmental sustainability and could also help to offset the increasing water demands for irrigation and industrial and other needs. Currently, water and wastewater treatment facilities consume large amounts of energy that are mainly generated through the use of fossil fuels. Solar Powered Wastewater Recycling examines how solar power can be implemented as an integrated approach whereby all the energy needs of the Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Wastewater Treatment: on-site systems. 3. Wastewater treatment: Decentralized systems. 4. Energy problems in wastewater recycling. 5. Solar powered wastewater recycling (SPWR). 6. SPWR for municipal wastewater. 7. SPWR for blackwater. 8. SPWR for industrial wastewater. 9. Policies and regulations. 10. Opportunities.

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Book SynopsisWritten for a one-semester course in hydraulics, this concise textbook is rooted in the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and aims to promote sound hydraulic engineering practice. Basic methods are presented to underline the theory and engineering applications, and examples and problems build in complexity as students work their way through the textbook. Abundant worked examples and calculations, real-world case studies, and revision exercises, as well as precisely crafted end-of-chapter exercises ensure students learn exactly what they need in order to consolidate their knowledge and progress in their career. Students learn to solve pipe networks, optimize pumping systems, design pumps and turbines, solve differential equations for gradually-varied flow and unsteady flow, and gain knowledge of hydraulic structures like spillways, gates, valves, and culverts. An essential textbook for intermediate to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in civil and environmental engineering.Trade Review'I was lucky to be Pierre's PhD student at Colorado State University many years ago. I took several courses from him and was deeply influenced by his teaching style and methods. I am more than happy to see the publication of his Essentials of Hydraulics so that the rest of the world of civil engineering students have a chance to learn from this great teacher and scholar.' Junke Guo, University of Nebraska-Lincoln'Essential of Hydraulics by Professor P.Y. Julien is an excellent and well-needed addition to the literature on hydraulic engineering. The textbook encompasses all subject areas of hydraulics with clarity, and provides an in-depth understanding of the theoretical aspects by using detailed step-by-step worked examples. In addition, the plethora of exercises and problems provide a solid pedagogical tool for mastering the material. The textbook is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, but also for engineers practicing in the general area of hydraulics. Based on my thirty years of academic experience in hydraulic engineering, I fully appreciate and unequivocally endorse this textbook.' Panagiotis (Pete) D. Scarlatos, Florida Atlantic University'This handily focused and lucidly written textbook presents the indispensable information needed for a course on civil engineering hydraulics. The textbook's author writes from his extensive experience teaching hydraulics, and draws on his considerable insights into the practical hydraulics issues often faced by civil engineers.' Robert Ettema, Colorado State University'An excellent reference for a course in hydraulics covering fundamental principles in pipe flow, pumps, and open channel flow. With the numerous examples, this textbook will support learning very effectively in an undergraduate course or serve as review of hydraulics for a graduate course with exposure to more advanced topics.' Paola Passalacqua, University of Texas at Austin'This is an excellent textbook for learning and teaching the fundamentals of hydraulics and their applications in the fields of civil and environmental engineering. The topics covered in the book are comprehensive. The examples of numerical calculation help undergraduate and graduate students better understand the fundamental concepts, and the problems are well designed with different levels of challenge and importance.' Ming Ye, Florida State UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; Notation; 1. Hydrostatics; 2. Flow in Pipes; 3. Hydrodynamics; 4. Pumps; 5. Turbines; 6. Water Hammer; 7. Pipe Flow Oscillations; 8. Steady Uniform Flow in Open Channels; 9. Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels; 10. Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channels; 11. Unsteady Flow in Open Channels; 12. Culverts; 13. Spillways and Gates; 14. Hydrology; 15. Geohydrology; 16. Groundwater; Appendices; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisWater pollution is topic of immense and common concern throughout the world. This book presents the results and data from research and adsorption experiments carried out on the removal of nickel and chromium (as well as other metals) from aqueous solutions using modified silica sand. .Table of ContentsPreface ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Environment 1 1.2 World Water Distribution 2 1.3 Environmental Pollution 5 1.4 Chromium 11 1.5 Nickel 16 1.6 Objectives 20 1.7 Literature Review 20 1.8 Adsorption 31 1.9 Adsorption Forces 35 1.10 Adsorption Theories 36 2. Material and Methods 39 2.1 Adsorbent Collection and Storage 39 2.2 Adsorbent Modification 39 2.3 Preparation of Adsorbate Cr (VI) and Ni (II) Solution 40 2.4 Instrumentation 40 2.5 Batch Adsorption Experiment 41 3. Results and Discussions 45 3.1 Characterization of Silica Sand 45 3.2 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) 52 3.3 Effect of pH on the Removal of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) 56 3.4 Effect of Temperature on the Removal of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) 60 3.5 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage on the Removal of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) 66 3.6 Adsorption Isotherm 73 3.7 Adsorption Kinetics 79 3.8 Thermodynamic Studies 86 4. Conclusions 91 References 94

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Book SynopsisThis book advocates a more thoughtful approach to urban water management. The approach involves reducing water consumption, harvesting rainwater, recycling rainwater and adopting Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) where surface water is not sent straight to drains but is intercepted by features like green roofs, rain gardens, swales and ponds.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Acknowledgement xv 1. Water and Cities 1 The Molecule 1 Blue Planet 1 A Global Water Cycle 2 Terrain and Water 2 Seasons and Cycles 4 Variations in Rainfall 4 Changing Climates 5 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 5 Fossil Fuels and Growth 6 The Ancients and Water 6 Dams 7 Limits 7 Sanitation 9 Pollution 9 Urban Drainage 10 Potable Water 12 Waste 12 Rainwater Harvesting 13 Recycling 14 Biodiversity 14 Restoration 15 The Future 16 Privatization and Regulation 16 Coordination and Cooperation 17 Towards a Better Future 18 2. A Brief History of Water Supply and Sanitation 19 Genesis 19 Bronze Age 20 The First Aqueducts 20 Nineveh 21 The Nile 21 The Minoans 22 Qanats 22 Pompeii 23 Byzantium 24 Yucatan 24 The Incas 25 Qi 26 Lijiang 26 Medieval and Early Modern Europe 26 Early Victorian Period 27 Germ Theory 27 The Great Stink 28 Modern Sewers and Sewage Treatment 28 Sewage Treatment Refined 29 Standards for Sewage Treatment 29 Birmingham Corporation Water Act 1892 30 Los Angeles and the Owens Valley 30 3. Demand 33 Basic Needs 33 Personal Consumption 34 Water Footprint 35 Dependency 36 China 36 Germany 36 India 37 Indonesia 37 Spain 38 United Kingdom 38 Water Footprint of Products 38 Meat 39 Vegetable Crops 39 Power Plants 40 Steel 41 Mining, Oil and Gas 42 When Will Water Consumption Peak? 42 4. Supply 43 The Roof of the World 43 Mountains 44 Forests 45 Reservoirs 46 Impacts of Dams 46 Lowland Rivers 47 Licensing Abstraction 48 Aquifers 48 Nitrate 49 Overabstraction 49 Desalination 50 Reverse Osmosis 50 Impacts of Desalination 51 High Cost of Desalination 51 Rainwater Harvesting 51 Pressure and Pumps 52 Pipework 52 Reliant on Rain 53 5. Climate Change and Water 55 Climate Changes 55 The Greenhouse Effect 55 Callendar 56 Keeling 57 Atmosphere and Oceans 57 Details of the Carbon Cycle 57 The IPCC 58 Stern and the Financial Crisis 58 400 ppm Breached 59 Two Degrees 59 Sea Level Rises 60 Coastal Cities 61 Warmer Seas 62 Ice 62 Feedback Loops 62 Ocean Chemistry 63 Snowmelt 63 Models and Projections 65 Summer Storms 66 Heat Waves 66 Drought 66 6. Microclimate 69 Climate 69 Microclimate 69 City Microclimates 70 Urban Heat]Island Effect 70 Smog 70 Solving the Air]Pollution Problem 71 Cooler Roofs 72 Living Walls 73 Trees Cool Streets 74 Parks 75 Quality of Green Space 75 Locating Trees 76 Water Bodies 76 Rivers 76 Heat]Related Deaths 77 Energy Savings 78 An Overwhelming Case 79 7. Ecosystem Approach 81 The Great Acceleration 81 The Convention on Biological Diversity 81 Ecosystem Approach 82 Ecosystems 82 Principles of the Ecosystem Approach 83 Operational Guidance 85 Ecosystem Approach and the Water]Sensitive City 87 Impacts and Responsibilities 88 Limits 88 City]Scale Planning 89 The City Spectrum 89 Ecosystem Services 89 Valuation of Ecosystem Services 90 Supporting Services 91 Regulating Services 91 Provisioning Services 91 Cultural Services 92 Economics and Ecosystems 92 8. Rivers and Coasts 95 The Source 95 A River of Life 95 Transport Revolution 96 Regeneration 96 Water Quality and Regeneration 97 The Idea Spreads 97 A More Natural Approach 98 River Restoration and Urban Regeneration 99 Greening the River Wall 99 Coastal Cities 100 Beach Life 101 Fun in the Sun 101 The Front Line 102 An Uncertain Future 103 9. Near-Natural Drainage 105 Rain-Garden Origins 105 Scotland Takes Up the Challenge 106 England & Wales 106 Working with Nature 106 Management Train 107 Source Control 108 Green Roofs 108 Holding Water on the Roof 109 Rain Gardens 110 The Idea Spreads 111 Other Permeable Load]Bearing Surfaces 112 Underground Voids 113 Trees and Water 114 Stockholm Tree Pits 115 Conveyance 115 Rills 116 Ponds 116 Detention Ponds 116 Attenuation Ponds 117 Floating Wetlands 117 Larger Water Bodies 118 Make Space for Water 119 10. Reduce 121 A Worthwhile Effort 121 Reduce Leaks 121 Monitor 122 Check for Leaks 123 Less Flush 123 Toilets are Not for Trash 123 Composting Toilets 124 Showers 124 Washing Machines 124 Dishwashers 125 Garden Irrigation 125 The Workplace 126 Behaviour Change 126 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning 126 Vehicle Washing 127 Urban Farming and Recycled Water 128 Diet and Water 128 Soft Drinks 128 Clothing 129 Reduction Targets 129 11. Collect 131 Reduce Reliance on Abstraction 131 When Sealed Surfaces are Useful 131 Rainwater Harvesting 132 How Rainwater is Tainted 132 First Flush 133 Novel Methods 133 Filters and Tanks 134 Siting a Tank 134 Materials 135 Treating Rainwater 135 Sizing Tanks 136 City Centre Rainwater Harvesting 137 Potsdamer Platz 137 District Collection 138 Singapore Wants Every Drop 138 Legal Problems 139 Dew 140 Lanzarote 140 Air Wells 140 Lightweight Fog Catchers 141 Foil Collectors 141 Biomimicry: Desert Beetle 142 Potential in Towns 142 Condensate 142 Collecting Alone is Insufficient 143 12. Recycle 145 Huge Potential 145 Treated Wastewater 146 The Big Dry 146 Greywater 146 Treating Greywater 147 Microbes and Membranes 148 Regulations 148 Standards 149 German Pioneers 150 Jordan 150 Domestic Greywater Recycling 151 13. Water Quality 153 Nature Cleans 153 Safe to Drink? 153 Microbes 154 Which Pathogens to Monitor? 156 Bacteria 156 Protozoa 157 Treatment 157 Chemical Contaminants 159 Nitrates 159 Pharmaceutical Contaminants 161 Radioactive Substances 161 Smell and Taste 161 Standards 162 United States 162 Europe 162 China 163 Clean Water Act 163 Water Framework Directive 164 Earlier Legislation 165 The Struggle for Compliance 165 Nonpoint Source Pollution 165 Dust in the Streets 166 Urban Runoff 166 A Continuing Problem 166 14. Future Water]Sensitive Cities 169 Waste Not 169 Measure 170 Water Collection 170 Recycling and Cooling 170 Smart Plumbing 171 Water and Power 171 Water and Roofs 172 Water and Walls 173 Blue]Green Infrastructure 173 Making Room 175 A More Permeable City 175 Green Streets 175 Street Life 175 Sparkling Streets 177 Urban Food Revolution 177 Urban Farms 177 Agricultural Reform 178 Relax and Play 178 Swimming and Boating 178 Encounters with Nature 179 Rediscovering Urban Waterways 179 A Greener Looking City 180 Living with Climate Change 180 Tough Decisions 181 Younger and Wiser 181 Hope 182 Useful Resources 183 Notes 191 Index 207

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive synthesis of the best practices for management in the vital and rapidly growing field of sustainable water systems Handbook of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems offers an authoritative resource that goes beyond the current literature to provide an interdisciplinary approach to the topic. The text explores the concept of knowledge management as a key asset and a crucial component of organizational strategy as applied to the sustainability of water systems. Using the knowledge management framework, the authors discuss socio-hydrology sustainable water systems that reflect the present political, economic and technological reality. The book draws on contributors from a number of disciplines including:economic development, financial, systems-networks, IT/IS data/analytics, behavioral, social, water systems, governance systems and related ecosystems. This vital resource: Contains a multifaceted approach that draws on a number of disciplines and contains coTable of ContentsList of contributors xiii Series Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xv Preface xvii Introduction and a theoretical framework for Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems 1Meir Russ Part 1 Organizational and Administrative Aspects of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems 13 1 Perspectives from a water research institute on Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Management 15Janet G. Hering, Lothar Nunnenmacher and Harald von Waldow Introduction 15 1.1 The setting – Eawag’s funding, scope and mandate 17 1.2 Understanding SWM-related demands for KM at Eawag 18 1.3 Current measures to meet SWM-related demands for KM at Eawag 19 1.3.1 Data management 19 1.3.2 Management of scientific and technical knowledge 22 1.3.3 Management of experiential and practical knowledge 23 1.4 Unresolved issues and challenges in SWM-related KM 24 1.4.1 Information overload and fatigue 25 1.4.2 Open access 25 1.4.3 Quality control and collaborative editing 26 1.4.4 Resource demands 27 1.5 Future directions for SWM-related KM 27 1.6 Concluding comments 28 References 29 2 Information transfer and knowledge sharing by water user associations in China 35Dajun Shen, Xuedong Yu and Ali Guna Introduction 35 2.1 Literature review 36 2.2 WUA set-up and operation in China 38 2.3 WUA information transfer and knowledge sharing 39 2.3.1 Basic information 41 2.3.2 Water use management 44 2.3.3 Financial management 45 2.3.4 Infrastructure management 46 2.3.5 Water trade 47 2.4 WUA in Shiyang River basin 48 2.4.1 Water rights allocation 49 2.4.2 Stakeholders of WUA 49 2.4.3 Information transfer and knowledge sharing in water use management 50 2.4.4 Information transfer and knowledge sharing in water tariff management 50 2.4.5 Information transfer and knowledge sharing of water rights trade 52 2.5 Suggestions 55 References 57 3 Knowledge Management Systems for urban water sustainability: Lessons for developing nations 61Vallari Chandna and Ana Iusco Introduction 61 3.1 Population trends towards urbanization 62 3.2 Water issues plaguing South Africa 63 3.3 Evaluating South Africa 64 3.4 Sweden – the aspirational model 67 3.5 Urban water sustainability 69 3.6 Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs) 70 3.7 Knowledge Management for urban water sustainability in South Africa 71 3.8 Conclusion 75 References 76 4 A Knowledge Management model for corporate water responsibility 79Fabien Martinez Introduction 79 4.1 Corporate water responsibility as a socially oriented process 81 4.2 Insights from Knowledge Management theory 85 4.3 Contribution, limitations and implications 88 4.4 Conclusion 92 References 93 5 How 21st Century Knowledge Management can greatly improve talent management for sustainable water project-teams 99Stephen Atkins, Lesley Gill, Kay Lion, Marie Schaddelee and Tonny Tonny Introduction 99 5.1 Talent-requirements or competency modeling as applied to water projects 101 5.1.1 Aspects of modern HR management relevant to staffing project teams 102 5.1.2 Currently available HR-related online technologies in the public domain 108 5.1.3 Practices specific to sustainable water-aid 109 5.2 Empirical glimpse at needed competencies for sustainable water projects via HR big data 110 5.2.1 Fundamentals of statistical dimension-reduction 110 5.2.2 Q-methodology contrasted with traditional R-methodology/questionnaire factor analysis 110 5.2.3 Important big data sources for future water-project required talents 111 5.2.4 Water-project data source for water-related talents specific to the “war on unsafe water” 112 5.2.5 First empirical study of O*Net competencies specific to sustainable water-aid projects 113 5.3 How modern knowledge-management technologies can make competency tests “time-affordable” 116 5.3.1 A resurgence to computer-adaptive testing afforded by 21st century crowd-sourcing 119 5.3.2 Why modern Knowledge Management applied to talent management needs CAT 120 5.4 Limitations 124 5.5 Future research 126 5.6 Conclusion 126 References 129 6 How sustainable innovations win in the fish industry: Theorizing incumbent-entrant dynamics across aquaculture and fisheries 133Bilgehan Uzunca and Shuk-Ching Li Introduction 133 6.1 Background 135 6.1.1 Including sustainability in business value 135 6.1.2 Linking sustainable innovations to Incumbent-Entrant Dynamics (IED) 137 6.2 Theorizing incumbent-entrant dynamics in the fish industry 138 6.2.1 Industry setting – the global fish industry 138 6.2.2 The incumbent firms 140 6.2.3 The entrants 141 6.3 Data and methods 142 6.3.1 An analysis of incumbents’ sustainability 142 6.3.2 Sample 145 6.4 Results 146 6.5 Discussion 150 References 152 7 Decrease in federal regulations in the U.S.: Preparing for dirty water, can Knowledge Management help? 157Breanne Parr Introduction 157 7.1 The Clean Water Act of 1972 158 7.1.1 Unsafe water 158 7.2 Regulation rollback 159 7.3 CWA offenders 160 7.3.1 Arsenic and other chemicals in West Virginia 161 7.3.2 Chemical spill in West Virginia 161 7.3.3 Lead in Michigan 162 7.3.4 Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Ontario 163 7.3.5 Toxin in Ohio 164 7.3.6 Case summary 165 7.4 Knowledge Management – dirty water 165 7.5 Avoiding non-potable water without federal restrictions 167 7.6 Conclusion 168 References 169 Part 2 Regional Aspects of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems 173 8 Knowledge Management strategies for drinking water protection in mountain forests 175Roland Koeck, Eduard Hochbichler and Harald Vacik Introduction 175 8.1 Knowledge Management basics in forest ecosystems 176 8.2 Identify and generate knowledge about DWPS in forested catchments 177 8.2.1 General outline for knowledge generation 177 8.2.2 General knowledge base – the water protection functionality of forest ecosystems 178 8.3 Application of the knowledge-base 180 8.3.1 The Forest Hydrotope Model – the specific knowledge level 180 8.3.2 Best Practices – the general knowledge level 183 8.4 Decision Support System – specific examples 186 8.5 Knowledge transfer to stakeholders 187 8.5.1 Participative stakeholder workshops and panel discussions 188 8.5.2 Field excursions to representative forest stands 189 8.5.3 Application of Best Practices in a pilot case 189 8.5.4 Handbook “Soil Functions for the Water Sector” 189 8.5.5 Evaluation 190 8.6 Synthesis and lessons learned 190 References 192 9 Knowledge Management, openness and transparency in sustainable water systems: The case of Eau Méditerranée 197Chris Kimble and Isabelle Bourdon Introduction 197 9.1 Background/context 198 9.1.1 Big Data 198 9.1.2 The regulation of water in France 199 9.1.3 New Public Management 199 9.1.4 Cross transparency requirements 200 9.2 The case study – Eau Méditerranée 200 9.2.1 Methodology 201 9.2.2 Presentation of the findings from the case study 202 9.2.3 Summary of the case study 205 9.3 An analysis of the case study 206 9.3.1 The traditional approach to Knowledge Management 207 9.3.2 Zuboff’s Information Panopticon/Open Source Model 209 9.3.3 Foucault’s perspective 211 9.4 Lessons to be learned/practical implications 213 9.4.1 Granularity 214 9.4.2 A diversity of viewpoints 214 9.4.3 Closing the loop 215 9.5 Knowledge Management and sustainability 215 References 217 10 Complexity, collective action and water management: The case of Bilbao ria 221Laura Albareda and Jose Antonio Campos Introduction 221 10.1 Conceptual analysis 225 10.1.1 Common resources and complexity 225 10.1.2 Commons’ governance and collective action 227 10.1.3 Water management: From control to adaptive water management 229 10.2 Case study: Water management and collective action in the Bilbao estuary 231 10.2.1 The estuary’s natural ecosystem as a pole for economic growth: Industrial development and pollution 232 10.2.2 Collective action: Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium 235 10.2.3 Water supply, collection and distribution 237 10.2.4 The plan for the integral sanitation and clean-up of the estuary 238 10.2.5 Building new water sanitation integrated infrastructures 241 10.3 Inquiring adaptive water management and Knowledge Management approach 244 10.3.1 Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium: From control to adaptive water management 244 10.3.2 Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium: Analysis of innovative adaptive water management case 247 10.4 Conclusions 255 Endnotes 256 References 258 11 Virtual and inter-organizational processes of knowledge creation and Ba for sustainable management of rivers 261Federico Niccolini, Chiara Bartolacci, Cristina Cristalli and Daniela Isidori Introduction 261 11.1 Theoretical framework 264 11.2 Methods 267 11.3 Approach 268 11.3.1 The Flumen and BIVEE projects. A safe and sustainable future for a dangerous and neglected river 268 11.3.2 The BLESS+ project and the SECI model applied to develop solutions for the safety and the sustainable management of a river 275 11.4 Conclusion 278 References 282 12 Water metabolism in the socio-economic system 287Delin Fang and Bin Chen 12.1 Background 287 12.2 Introduction to water metabolism 288 12.3 Review of methodologies for water metabolism 290 12.4 Water metabolism in China and its nexus with other resources 295 12.5 Conclusions 297 References 298 Index 301

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Book SynopsisProvides the tools that allow companies to understand the fundamental concepts of water resource management and to take proper action towards sustainable development Businesses, communities, and ecosystems everywhere depend on clean freshwater to survive and prosper. When the same source of water is shared for economic, social, and environmental causes it becomes the responsibility of every sector to develop a sustainable water strategy beneficial for all. This book offers a water resource management plan for industries that is directly implementable and consistent with the Water Framework Directives of different countries with a special emphasis on developing countriesa plan that is economically efficient, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable. Industrial Water Resource Management, Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient Water Stewardship offers explicit technical and investment solutions, socioeconomic and legal instruments, and recommeTrade Review"The book is well written, with case studies, illustrations, and tables to explain the underlying concepts in each chapter. The chapters are structured well and provide consistent and step-by-step information from simple concept introduction to more complex topics. This book provides useful tools for industry, communities, policy makers, as well as advanced-level undergraduate and graduate students to develop a sustainable water strategy." Vadose Zone Journal, November 2018Table of ContentsSeries Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xvi Foreword xviii Preface xx Acknowledgements xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The context 1 1.1.1 The story of Coca]Cola in India 2 1.2 Water goals in the 21st Century 4 1.3 Water ethics 7 1.4 Value of water 10 1.4.1 Water valuation 11 1.4.2 Application of water valuation 12 1.5 Water and energy nexus 13 1.5.1 Impact of energy production on water resources 16 1.6 Global water stress 17 1.7 Industrial impact on water resource 20 1.7.1 Impact on the quantity of the source water 20 1.7.2 Hydro]morphological impact 20 1.7.3 Quality impact 20 1.7.4 Impact on the access to water by the stakeholders 21 1.7.5 Affordability of water 21 1.8 Water sustainability 21 1.9 Impact of climate change 24 1.10 Dimensions in industrial water management 25 1.10.1 Global perspective 27 1.10.2 Water accounting 27 1.10.3 Water stewardship 28 1.10.4 Adaptive management 28 1.11 Green growth and green business 28 1.11.1 The challenges of green growth 29 1.11.2 Natural capital concept 30 1.11.3 Green growth policy fundamentals 30 1.11.4 Indicators of green growth 31 1.12 Conclusion 31 Note 32 Bibliography 32 2 Water Scenarios and Business Models of The Twenty]first Century 37 2.1 Water scenario 37 2.1.1 Countrywise water scenario 39 2.2 Water indicators 45 2.2.1 Baseline water stress 45 2.2.2 Inter]annual variability 46 2.2.3 Water conflict 46 2.2.4 River basins and aquifers under threat and conflict 47 2.2.5 Physical water risk in business 49 2.2.6 Disruption in the supply chain 49 2.2.7 Failure to meet basic water needs 49 2.3 Global water trends 50 2.4 Business models 50 2.4.1 Business as usual model 51 2.4.2 Alternative model 51 2.5 Integrated water resource management 52 2.5.1 History of IWRM 53 2.5.2 Principles of IWRM 53 2.6 Sustainable development goal for business sector 56 2.7 Conclusion 56 Bibliography 58 3 Understanding Water 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Hydrological cycle 63 3.2.1 Water cycle and ecosystems 67 3.3 Water on land 67 3.3.1 Soil water 68 3.4 Stores of water 70 3.5 Surface runoff 72 3.5.1 Meteorological factors affecting runoff 72 3.5.2 Physical factors affecting runoff 72 3.5.3 Human activities can affect runoff 73 3.6 River and river basin 74 3.6.1 Stream order 76 3.6.2 Drainage basin, catchment and watershed boundaries 76 3.6.3 Classification of river basin and hydrological unit 76 3.7 Industrial impact on river flow 78 3.7.1 Temporal and spatial control over river flow 79 3.7.2 Water direct withdrawal 79 3.7.3 Physical disturbance of riverbeds 79 3.7.4 Pollution 79 3.7.5 Water clogging 80 3.8 Surface water management 81 3.8.1 Key component of a SWMP 82 3.9 Groundwater 83 3.9.1 Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) 84 3.9.2 Fundamentals concepts 85 3.9.3 Aquifer and confining beds 85 3.9.4 Groundwater system 95 3.9.5 Essential studies in groundwater 96 3.9.6 Relation between groundwater withdrawal and stream flow 98 3.9.7 Groundwater withdrawal in the recharging zone 100 3.9.8 Hydrogeological investigation 100 3.9.5 Groundwater management 103 3.10 Conclusion 103 Notes 106 Bibliography 106 4 Corporate Water Stewardship 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Why water stewardship? 110 4.2.1 Partnership development 111 4.2.2 Improve efficiency 111 4.2.3 Public acceptance 112 4.2.4 Incentives 112 4.2.5 Balancing risk and economic performance 113 4.2.6 Reinforces communication 113 4.3 Aspects of water stewardship 116 4.3.1 Legal aspect 116 4.3.2 Environmental aspect 117 4.3.3 Social aspect 117 4.3.4 Technological aspect 117 4.3.5 Economic aspect 119 4.4 Challenges in water stewardship 119 4.4.1 Legal challenges 119 4.4.2 Challenges in the value chain 120 4.4.3 Watershed Challenges 121 4.4.4 Social challenges 122 4.4.5 Market challenges 124 4.5 Developing a corporate strategy in water stewardship 125 4.5.1 Understand and recognise sustainability 126 4.5.2 Develop an engagement framework 126 4.5.3 Identification of stakeholders 126 4.5.4 Engagement risks 127 4.5.5 Collective action framework 127 4.6 Goals and commitments 129 4.7 Establish systems and processes 132 4.8 Opportunities in water stewardship 132 4.8.1 Management improvement 132 4.8.2 Knowledge asset development 133 4.8.3 Investment 133 4.8.4 Developing information and database 133 4.8.5 Human resource development 136 4.9 Water Literacy 138 4.9.1 Definition and concept 138 4.9.2 Water literacy framework 139 4.10 Action programmes under WSI 140 4.10.1 Conduct a water resource assessment 140 4.10.2 Conduct a water footprint analysis 140 4.10.3 Conduct a sustainability analysis 140 4.10.4 Water accounting and disclosure 141 4.10.5 Implement mitigation measures 142 4.11 Outcome of water stewardship initiatives (WSI) 142 4.12 Water stewardship standards 142 4.13 Global organisations for facilitating water stewardship 143 4.14 Water stewardship tools 150 4.15 Case studies 150 4.15.1 Unilever 150 4.15.2 BASF 151 4.15.3 TOM’s of Maine 151 4.15.4 Mars Inc. 151 4.15.5 Nestlé 152 4.15.6 Coca]Cola 152 4.16 Conclusion 153 Bibliography 153 5 Water Governance Framework and Water Acts 158 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 What is water governance? 159 5.3 Water laws 161 5.4 Tasks of water governance 161 5.5 Challenges in water governance 162 5.6 Legal framework 163 5.7 Institutional framework 164 5.7.1 Ministries 166 5.7.2 Government departments 166 5.7.3 Authorities 167 5.7.4 Institutions 167 5.8 Principles of water governance 167 5.9 Spatial scale of water governance 168 5.10 Hierarchical governance 169 5.11 Cross]cutting authority of governance 170 5.12 Stakeholders engagement in water governance 170 5.13 Functions and functionaries of the water governance 171 5.14 Role of civil society organisations (CSO) 172 5.15 Water governance framework of different countries (case studies) 174 5.15.1 European union water framework directives 174 5.15.2 Water governance in Australia 176 5.15.3 Water governance in Brazil 178 5.15.4 Water governance in Canada 179 5.15.5 Water governance in China 181 5.15.6 Water governance in India 183 5.15.7 Water governance in Indonesia 185 5.15.8 Water governance in Namibia 185 5.15.9 Water governance in South Africa 188 5.16 Conclusion 190 Notes 190 Bibliography 191 6 Water Quality Standards and Water Pollution 195 6.1 Water quality]standards 195 6.1.1 Introduction 195 6.1.2 Quality parameters for drinking water 196 6.1.3 Microbiological contaminants 197 6.1.4 Physical parameters 197 6.1.5 Organic chemical pollutants 197 6.1.6 Parameters indicative of environmental pollution 197 6.1.7 Guidelines for standard quality parameters 202 6.1.8 Water quality requirements of industries 202 6.1.9 Water quality of effluent 205 6.2 Industrial water pollution 210 6.2.1 Definition 210 6.2.2 Direct reasons of water pollution 216 6.2.3 Indirect reasons of pollution 216 6.2.4 Indicators of industrial water pollution 217 6.2.5 Socio economic indicator of water pollution 217 6.2.6 Biological indicators of water pollution 218 6.2.7 Industrial sources of pollution 219 6.2.8 Water pollution from industrial emission 219 6.2.9 Water pollution from industrial effluent 221 6.2.10 Water pollution from solid]waste disposal 222 6.2.11 Impacts of mining on water quality 222 6.2.12 Water pollution potentiality in petrochemical and power industry 222 6.2.13 Groundwater pollution from industrial effluents and leachates 223 6.2.14 Water pollution identifiers 227 6.2.15 Management and control of water pollution 228 6.2.16 Wastewater management 232 6.2.17 Disposal of wastewater 233 6.2.18 Effluent treatment 235 6.2.19 Treatment methods 235 6.2.20 Solid]waste management 238 6.2.21 Management of leachate 241 6.3 Conclusion 241 Notes 241 Bibliography 241 7 Water Abstraction, Purification and Distribution 246 7.1 Overview 246 7.2 Water sourcing by industries 247 7.3 Surface water abstraction 248 7.3.1 Reservoir intake 249 7.3.2 River and lake intakes 251 7.3.3 Impacts of surface water abstraction 252 7.4 Methods of groundwater abstraction 253 7.4.1 Abstraction of baseflow 253 7.4.2 Abstraction of groundwater from aquifer 254 7.4.3 Construction of a tube well 255 7.4.4 Impacts of groundwater abstraction 262 7.5 Water abstraction from the sea 264 7.5.1 Environmental impact of seawater withdrawal 264 7.6 Conveyance system 264 7.6.1 Conveying water from the source to the treatment plant 265 7.7 Water purification 265 7.7.1 Primary screening 267 7.7.2 Clarification 267 7.7.3 Disinfection 269 7.7.4 Desalination 269 7.7.5 Membrane technologies 270 7.8 Water supply and distribution 274 7.8.1 Pipes 275 7.8.2 Storage system 275 7.9 Water delivery and distribution software 277 7.9.1 Overview 278 7.9.2 Capabilities 278 7.9.3 Applications 279 7.10 Conclusion 280 Bibliography 280 8 Water Resource Assessment 282 8.1 Introduction 282 8.2 Water resource assessment tools 284 8.3 General scenario 286 8.4 WRA basics 286 8.4.1 Conceptual and policy framework 286 8.4.2 Defining a research agenda 288 8.4.3 Defining the physical boundary 288 8.5 WRA data generation 289 8.5.1 Secondary data collection 289 8.5.2 Primary data generation 290 8.5.3 Biophysical data 290 8.5.4 Hydrometeorological data 294 8.5.5 Data table 295 8.5.6 Hydrogeological data 295 8.5.7 Socioeconomic data 297 8.5.8 Water use and discharge 298 8.6 Water balance 298 8.7 Estimation of surface runoff 299 8.7.1 Khosla’s Formula 301 8.7.2 Estimation of rainfall runoff by SCS curve number (CN) method 301 8.7.3 Runoff calculation 304 8.8 Estimation of stream discharge 308 8.8.1 Volumetric gauging 308 8.8.2 Float gauging 308 8.8.3 Current metering 308 8.9 Estimation of renewable groundwater resource 309 8.9.1 Water level fluctuation method 309 8.9.2 Rainfall infiltration method 311 8.9.3 Soil water balance method 311 8.10 Estimation of pond/reservoir storage volume 312 8.10.1 Area calculation irregularly shaped ponds 312 8.10.2 Pond depth and volume estimation 313 8.11 Estimation of source]water quality 313 8.11.1 Water sampling 314 8.11.2 Water analysis 316 8.12 Aquifer test 316 8.12.1 Field procedures 317 8.12.2 Test procedures 317 8.12.3 Pumping test data reduction and presentation 320 8.12.4 Analysis of test results 320 8.12.5 Calculations and aquifer test results 321 8.13 Build understanding of key catchment processes and interaction 321 8.14 Long]term simulation of catchment behaviour 321 8.15 Assessment of sustainable and exploitable water over assessment period 321 8.16 Presentation of water resource assessment 322 8.17 Conclusion 322 Note 323 Bibliography 323 9 Corporate Water Accounting and Disclosure 325 9.1 The context 325 9.1.1 Water Risk 325 9.1.2 Water stress 327 9.1.3 Water intensity 328 9.2 Methods of assessing water risk 328 9.2.1 Water risk assessment tools 328 9.2.2 Data generation and internal assessment 332 9.3 Water profiling 332 9.3.1 Water profile of the basin 332 9.3.2 Benefit of a watershed profile 333 9.3.3 Water profile of a company 334 9.3.4 Water balance calculation 335 9.3.5 Impact assessment 337 9.4 Water footprint 338 9.4.1 The relevance of WFA to industry 341 9.4.2 Virtual water chain 342 9.4.3 Assessment of green water footprint 342 9.4.4 Assessment of blue water footprint 343 9.4.5 Assessment of grey water footprint (GWF) 344 9.4.6 Assessment of business water footprint (BWF) 345 9.4.7 Life cycle–based assessment 351 9.4.8 Application of water footprint assessment 352 9.4.9 Benefits of WFA 352 9.4.10 Water footprint assessment as a framework for corporate water sustainability 353 9.4.11 International standards of water footprint assessment 355 9.4.12 Case studies 355 9.5 Industrial response to WF assessment 356 9.6 Water disclosure document 356 9.7 Benefits of water disclosure 357 9.8 Conclusion 357 Notes 358 Bibliography 358 10 Detection of Water Loss and Methods of Water Conservation in Industries 361 10.1 Overview 361 10.2 Getting started: Develop a water conservation strategy 362 10.3 Detection of overuse 363 10.3.1 Benchmarking 363 10.4 Water audit 364 10.4.1 Fundamentals of water audit 364 10.4.2 Benefits of water audit 365 10.4.3 Scopes and objectives of water audit 366 10.4.4 Human resource requirements for water audit 366 10.4.5 Corporate process in water audit 367 10.4.6 Water audit processes 368 10.4.7 Water audit software 376 10.4.8 Industrial response to water audit report 380 10.4.9 Real loss management 382 10.5 Methods of water conservation 382 10.5.1 Water use management 382 10.5.2 Demand management 383 10.5.3 Changing the water use behaviour 384 10.5.4 Water use assessment 384 10.5.5 Reduced consumption and water loss 384 10.5.6 Reuse and recycle 385 10.5.7 Zero liquid discharge plants 385 10.6 Water saving in agriculture industries 386 10.6.1 Soil moisture sensors 386 10.6.2 Rain sensors 386 10.6.3 Drip/micro–irrigation 387 10.6.4 Sprinkler heads 387 10.6.5 Centre pivot irrigation 387 10.7 Rainwater harvesting 388 10.7.1 Introduction 388 10.7.2 Regulations and guidelines 389 10.7.3 Why industries should take up RWH 390 10.7.4 Components of RWH 391 10.7.5 Rainwater harvesting potential 396 10.7.6 Artificial recharge of groundwater 398 10.7.7 Surface runoff harvesting 401 10.7.8 Issues in RWH 403 10.7.9 Maintenance of RWH system 403 10.7.10 Constraints in adopting a rainwater harvesting system 403 10.7.11 Promotion and further development of rainwater utilisation 404 10.7.12 Example of an industrial RWH 405 10.8 Conclusion 406 Bibliography 407 11 Corporate Social Responsibility: Way Ahead in Water and Human Rights 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Public policy on CSR 410 11.3 CSR policy of corporations 412 11.4 Addressing water in CSR 413 11.4.1 Water security 413 11.4.2 Drinking water and sanitation 413 11.4.3 Ecological development 414 11.5 CSR management framework 414 11.5.1 Policy 415 11.5.2 Procedure 415 11.5.3 Institutional arrangement 416 11.5.4 Partnership and stakeholders’ engagement 416 11.5.5 Reporting 417 11.6 CSR initiatives in the water sector 417 11.7 International standards and guidelines 418 11.8 Case studies 420 11.8.1 Coca]Cola 420 11.8.2 Nike 420 11.8.3 Swiss Re Group 420 11.8.4 Molson Coors 420 11.8.5 Levi Strauss & Co 421 11.9 Future of CSR 421 11.10 Conclusion 422 Note 422 Bibliography 423 Glossary 425 Annexure 444 Index 446

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Book SynopsisProvides an excellent balance between theory and applications in the ever-evolving field of water and wastewater treatment Completely updated and expanded, this is the most current and comprehensive textbook available for the areas of water and wastewater treatment, covering the broad spectrum of technologies used in practice todayranging from commonly used standards to the latest state of the art innovations. The book begins with the fundamentalsapplied water chemistry and applied microbiologyand then goes on to cover physical, chemical, and biological unit processes. Both theory and design concepts are developed systematically, combined in a unified way, and are fully supported by comprehensive, illustrative examples. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment, 2nd Edition: Addresses physical/chemical treatment, as well as biological treatment, of water and wastewater Includes a discussion of new technologies, such as meTable of ContentsAcknowledgments XXI Preface XXIII Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the Text XXV About the Companion Website XXXIII Section I: Chemistry 1 1 Basic Chemistry 3 1.1 Definitions 3 1.2 The Expression of Concentration 4 1.3 Ions and Molecules in Water 5 1.3.1 Oxidation Number 5 1.4 Balancing Reactions 9 1.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 10 1.6 Equilibrium 12 1.7 Conductivity and Ionic Strength 13 1.7.1 Conductance 14 1.7.2 Ionic Strength 14 1.8 Chemical Kinetics 15 1.8.1 Other Formulations 16 Consecutive or Series 16 Parallel 17 Retardant 17 Autocatalytic 17 Catalysis 18 1.8.2 The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction 19 1.9 Gas Laws 19 1.10 Gas Solubility: Henry’s Law 20 1.11 Solubility Product 23 1.12 Complexes 25 1.13 Nuclear Chemistry 27 1.13.1 Radioactivity Units 27 Questions and Problems 30 References 33 2 The Thermodynamic Basis for Equilibrium 35 2.1 Thermodynamic Relations 35 2.1.1 Free Energy 35 Expression of Concentration in Equilibrium Expressions 39 2.1.2 Enthalpy and Temperature Effects on the Equilibrium Constant 42 2.2 Redox Potentials 43 2.2.1 Cell or Couple Potential 46 2.2.2 Oxidation–Reduction Potential and System Potential 48 2.3 Corrosion 49 2.3.1 Microbial Corrosion 51 2.3.2 Corrosion Prevention from External Environmental Factors 52 Galvanic Cathodic Protection 52 Electrolytic (or Impressed Current) Cathodic Protection 53 Questions and Problems 53 References 55 3 Acid–Base Chemistry 57 3.1 pH 57 3.2 Acids and Bases 58 3.2.1 Conjugate Acids and Bases 61 3.3 Equivalents and Normality 61 3.4 Solution of Multiequilibria Systems 62 3.5 Buffers 63 3.5.1 Dilution of a Buffered Solution 65 3.5.2 The Most Effective pH for a Buffer 65 3.6 Acid–Base Titrations 66 3.6.1 Titration of Strong Acids and Bases 66 3.6.2 Titration of Weak Acids and Bases 68 3.6.3 Indicating the Endpoint of an Acid–Base Titration 71 3.7 Natural Buffering of Waters from Carbon Dioxide and Related Compounds 73 3.7.1 Acidity and Alkalinity 74 Questions and Problems 76 References 78 4 Organic and Biochemistry 81 4.1 Carbon 81 4.2 Properties of Organic Compounds 81 4.3 Functional Groups 82 4.4 Types of Organic Compounds 83 4.4.1 Aliphatic Compounds 83 Aldehydes and Ketones 83 Alcohols, Esters, and Ethers 83 4.4.2 Nitrogen-containing Compounds 83 4.5 Aromatic Compounds 84 4.5.1 Compounds of Sulfur 85 4.6 Naturally Occurring Organic Compounds 85 4.6.1 Carbohydrates 85 4.6.2 Proteins 86 4.6.3 Fats and Oils 86 4.7 Biochemistry 86 4.8 Glycolysis 87 4.9 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 88 4.10 Enzyme Kinetics 89 Questions and Problems 91 References 93 5 Analyses and Constituents in Water 95 5.1 Titration 95 5.1.1 Complex and Precipitate Formation Titrations 95 5.1.2 Redox Titrations and Potentiometric Analyses 96 5.1.3 Indicators for Potentiometric Analysis 98 5.2 Colorimetric Analyses 99 5.2.1 The Beer–Lambert Laws for Light Transmittance 99 5.3 Physical Analyses 99 5.3.1 Solids 99 5.3.2 Turbidity and Color 101 5.4 Determination of Organic Matter 102 5.4.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand 103 General Reaction for COD 104 Interferences with the COD Test 105 5.4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 105 Effects of Temperature on BOD Exertion 108 Carbonaceous and Nitrogenous BOD 109 Laboratory Methods for Determining BOD 110 Limitations of the BOD Test for Biological Wastewater Treatment Process Design 110 Analysis of a BOD Progression 111 5.4.3 Total Organic Carbon 113 Questions and Problems 113 References 118 Section II: Microorganisms in Water and Water Quality 119 6 Microbiology 121 6.1 Groups of Microorganisms and the Phylogenetic Tree 121 6.2 Bacteria and Archaea 121 6.2.1 Classification of Bacteria 124 Taxonomy 124 Metabolic Requirements 125 Oxygen Requirements 125 Temperature 126 Salt and Sugar Concentrations 127 pH 127 6.3 Eukaryotes 127 6.3.1 Algae 128 6.3.2 Fungi 129 6.3.3 Protists 129 6.4 Other Microorganisms 130 6.4.1 Viruses and Phages 130 6.4.2 Rotifers 131 6.4.3 Worms 131 6.5 Determining the Growth of Microorganisms 132 6.5.1 Growth of Pure Cultures 132 6.5.2 Growth of Mixed Cultures 135 6.5.3 Viability and Mass in Growing Cultures 136 6.5.4 Enumeration of Microorganisms 136 Plate Counts 136 Practical Considerations in Determining Mean Values 140 6.5.5 Microbial Genomics and Molecular Microbiology Tools 141 Phylogenetic Microbial Community Composition Analysis 141 Functional Analysis 142 Questions and Problems 143 References 145 7 Water, Wastes, and Disease 147 7.1 Agents of Disease 147 7.1.1 Bacterial Pathogens 147 7.1.2 Viral Pathogens 149 7.1.3 Protozoan Pathogens 150 7.1.4 Helminths 150 7.1.5 Insect and Animal Vectors of Disease 153 7.2 Indicator, Test, and Model Microorganisms 153 7.3 Indicators of Fecal Contamination 155 7.4 Indicator Microorganisms 156 7.4.1 Coliforms: Total, Thermotolerant, and E. coli 156 7.4.2 Enterococci 157 7.5 Surrogates 157 7.6 Survival of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment 159 7.7 Minimum Infective Dose 162 Questions and Problems 163 References 164 8 Water Constituents and Quality Standards 167 8.1 Toxicity of Elements and Compounds 167 8.2 Contaminants in Water 170 8.2.1 Emerging Contaminants 171 8.2.2 Common Contaminants 173 Aluminum 173 Nitrate 173 Fluoride 173 Detergents 174 8.2.3 Carcinogens 174 8.2.4 Radioactive Constituents 175 8.3 Taste and Odor 176 8.4 Bases for Standards 178 8.4.1 Risk Assessment for Microbial Infection 179 8.4.2 Determination of Carcinogenicity 180 8.4.3 Toxicity Determination 182 8.4.4 Environmental Water Quality Standards 184 8.5 Standards for Drinking Water 184 8.5.1 International Drinking Water Standards 185 8.5.2 US Safe Drinking Water Act 185 8.5.3 Canadian Water Quality Guidelines 186 8.6 Comparison of Drinking Water Standards 187 8.6.1 Microbiological Parameters 187 WHO Guidelines for Microbiological Quality 187 United States Standards for Microbiological Quality 187 Canadian Guidelines for Microbiological Quality 188 8.6.2 Chemical and Physical Qualities 188 8.6.3 Aesthetic Quality 188 8.6.4 Radiological Constituents 188 8.6.5 Other Water Standards 192 8.7 Water Consumption 192 8.8 Canadian Federal Wastewater Quality Guidelines 195 8.9 Wastewater Characteristics 195 Greywater 196 8.10 Wastewater Production 197 Questions and Problems 198 References 200 Section III: Water and Wastewater Treatment 205 9 Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations 207 9.1 Water Treatment Operations 207 Microbial Contaminants 212 Reservoirs 213 9.1.1 Home Water Treatment Units 216 9.2 Wastewater Treatment Unit Operations 216 9.3 Hydraulic Design of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants 225 Flow in Pressurized Pipes 225 Flow in Open Channels 226 Other Losses 227 Questions and Problems 230 References 232 10 Mass Balances and Hydraulic Flow Regimes 235 10.1 Setup of Mass Balances 235 10.1.1 Mixing Characteristics of Basins 236 10.1.2 Mass Balances for PF Reactors 237 Method I 238 Method II 239 Method III 239 10.1.3 Mass Balances and Reaction for CM Basins 242 10.1.4 Batch Processes 244 10.2 Flow Analysis of CM and PF Reactors 245 10.2.1 Tracer Analysis of Complete Mixed Reactors 245 10.2.2 Tracer Analysis of Plug Flow 247 10.2.3 Complete Mixed Reactors in Series 247 10.2.4 Other Flow Irregularities: Dead Volume and Short-circuiting 248 10.2.5 Typical Flow Characteristics of Basins 249 10.2.6 Measurement of Dispersion 250 10.3 Detention Time in Vessels 250 10.3.1 Average Detention Time 251 10.3.2 The Effects of Flow Recycle on Detention Time 251 10.3.3 The Effects of Recycle on Mixing 253 10.4 Flow and Quality Equalization 253 10.5 System Material Balances 256 Questions and Problems 266 References 271 Section IV: Physical–Chemical Treatment Processes 273 11 Screening and Sedimentation 275 11.1 Screens and Bar Racks 275 11.1.1 Screens for Water Treatment Plants 276 11.1.2 Screens at Wastewater Treatment Plants 277 11.1.3 Microstrainers 277 11.2 Sedimentation 278 11.2.1 Particle Settling Velocity 279 11.3 Grit Chambers 281 11.3.1 Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers 282 Channel with Varying Cross Section 283 Design Notes for a Parabolic Grit Chamber 284 11.3.2 Aerated Grit Chambers 290 11.3.3 Square Tank Degritter 292 11.3.4 Vortex Grit Removal Devices 293 Grit Washing 294 11.4 Type I Sedimentation 294 11.4.1 Theory 294 11.5 Type II Sedimentation 297 11.5.1 Laboratory Determination of Settling Velocity Distribution 298 11.5.2 Type II Sedimentation Data Analysis 298 11.5.3 Alternative Method for Calculating Total Removal 302 11.5.4 Sizing the Basin 303 11.6 Tube and Lamella Clarifiers 303 11.7 Weir–Launder Design 309 11.8 Clarifier Design for Water and Primary Wastewater Treatment 313 11.8.1 Design Ranges for Typical Clarifiers for Water and Wastewater Treatment 313 11.8.2 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment 315 11.8.3 Depth in Sedimentation Basins 318 11.9 Inlet Hydraulics for Sedimentation Basins 319 11.9.1 Flow Distributions 319 11.9.2 Inlet Baffling 322 Questions and Problems 323 References 328 12 Mass Transfer and Aeration 331 12.1 Fick’s Law 331 12.2 Gas Transfer 332 12.2.1 Calculating the Mass Transfer Coefficient 335 12.2.2 The Effects of pH on Mass Transfer 336 12.3 Aeration in Water and Wastewater Treatment 336 12.3.1 Hazards Associated with Oxygen, Carbon monoxide, and Hydrogen sulfide 338 12.4 Design of Aeration Systems 339 12.4.1 Gravity Aerators 339 12.4.2 Spray Aerators 341 12.4.3 Diffused Aerators 344 Questions and Problems 346 References 348 13 Coagulation and Flocculation 351 13.1 Coagulation 351 Recovery of Alum and Iron Coagulants 355 13.2 Mixing and Power Dissipation 356 13.3 Mixers 358 13.3.1 Mechanical Mixers 359 13.3.2 Pneumatic Mixers 362 13.3.3 Hydraulic Mixers 363 Venturi Sections and Hydraulic Jumps 363 13.4 Flocculators 368 13.4.1 Paddle Flocculators 369 13.4.2 Vertical-Shaft Turbine Flocculators 375 13.4.3 Pipes 376 13.4.4 Baffled Channels 376 13.4.5 Upflow Solids Contact Clarifier 377 13.4.6 Alabama Flocculator 377 13.4.7 Spiral Flow Tanks 378 13.4.8 Pebble Bed Flocculators 379 13.4.9 Ballasted Flocculation 380 Questions and Problems 382 References 384 14 Filtration 387 14.1 Slow Sand Filters and Rapid Filters 388 14.2 Filtering Materials 389 14.2.1 Grain Size and Distribution 389 14.3 Headloss in Filters 394 14.3.1 Grain Size Distribution and Headloss 397 14.4 Backwashing Filters 398 14.4.1 Total Head Requirements for Backwashing 400 Losses in the Expanded Media 400 14.4.2 Backwash Velocity 401 Method 1 401 Method 2 402 Headloss and Expansion in a Stratified Bed 405 14.5 Support Media and Underdrains in Rapid Filters 409 Other Design Features of Filters 411 Auxiliary Wash and Air Scour Systems 411 14.6 Filter Beds for Water and Wastewater Treatment 412 14.7 Air Binding of Filters 415 14.8 Rapid Filtration Alternatives 417 14.8.1 Single-medium and Multimedia Filters 417 14.8.2 Constant- and Declining-rate Filtration 417 14.8.3 Direct Filtration 418 14.9 Pressure Filters 419 14.10 Slow Sand Filters 419 14.10.1 Slow Sand Filters for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment 421 14.11 Biological Filtration for Water Treatment 421 Questions and Problems 424 References 427 15 Physical–Chemical Treatment for Dissolved Constituents 431 15.1 Water Softening 431 15.2 Lime–Soda Softening 433 15.2.1 Treatment Methods for Lime–Soda Hardness Removal 434 15.2.2 Bar Graphs 439 Lime Recovery and Sludge Reduction 441 15.3 Corrosion Prevention in Water Supply Systems 441 15.3.1 The Langelier Index Misconception 443 15.4 Iron and Manganese Removal 447 15.4.1 Greensand 448 15.4.2 Aeration 449 15.4.3 Sequestering Iron and Manganese 449 15.4.4 Biological Removal of Iron and Manganese 449 15.5 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater by Chemical Precipitation 450 15.5.1 Removal of Phosphorus by Chemically Reactive Species 452 15.6 Removal of Arsenic and Metals 453 15.6.1 Metals Removal 453 15.6.2 Arsenic Removal 454 15.7 Advanced Oxidation Processes 455 15.8 Ion Exchange 456 15.8.1 Activated Alumina 457 15.8.2 Ammonia and Nitrate Removal by Ion Exchange 458 15.9 Fluoridation and Defluoridation 458 15.10 Membrane Processes 460 15.10.1 Assessment of Water Suitability for Membrane Treatment 466 15.10.2 Concentrate Disposal 468 15.10.3 Membranes for Water Treatment 468 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Systems 468 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Treatment 469 Electrodialysis 472 15.11 Activated Carbon Adsorption 472 15.11.1 Activated Carbon – Preparation and Characteristics 473 15.11.2 Adsorption Isotherms 474 15.11.3 Granular Activated Carbon Adsorbers 477 15.12 Design of Fixed-bed Adsorbers 478 15.12.1 Rate Formulation for Adsorption 479 15.12.2 Theory of Fixed-bed Adsorber Systems 480 The Capacity Utilized in the Adsorption Zone 481 Competitive Adsorption 490 15.12.3 Bed-depth Service Time Method 490 15.12.4 Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests 494 15.12.5 Granular Activated Carbon Reactors in Series 498 15.12.6 Design of a Suspended Media PAC or GAC Continuous Flow Reactor 498 Questions and Problems 499 References 503 16 Disinfection 509 16.1 Kinetics of Disinfection 510 16.2 Chlorination 512 16.2.1 Chemistry of Chlorine 512 16.2.2 Measurement of Free and Residual Chlorine 516 16.2.3 Chlorine Decay 517 16.2.4 Drinking Water Disinfection by Chlorine 518 16.2.5 Wastewater Disinfection by Chlorine 519 16.2.6 Design of Contacting Systems for Chlorine 521 16.2.7 Disinfection as the Sole Treatment of Surface Water 521 16.2.8 Other Applications of Chlorine 522 16.2.9 Dechlorination 522 16.3 Chloramines 523 16.4 Chlorine Dioxide 524 16.4.1 Chlorine Dioxide Doses as a Primary Disinfectant 525 16.4.2 Chlorine Dioxide for Pre-disinfection or for Residual Disinfection 525 16.4.3 Generation of Chlorine Dioxide 526 16.5 Peracids: Peracetic Acid (PAA) and Performic Acid (PFA) 527 16.5.1 Peracetic Acid 527 Kinetics of Disinfection Using PAA 528 Measuring PAA Residuals 529 Applications for Wastewater Disinfection 530 Chemical Disinfection Process Control 530 16.5.2 Performic Acid 531 16.6 Ozone 531 16.6.1 Determining the Appropriate Ozone Dose 532 16.6.2 Ozone Generation 533 16.6.3 Ozone Dissolution Systems 534 16.6.4 Ozone Contactor Basins 535 16.6.5 Ozone Chemistry: Mass Transfer Coefficients and Radicals Production 536 16.6.6 Ozone for Wastewater Disinfection 537 16.6.7 Ozone for Destruction of Micropollutants 538 16.7 Ultraviolet Radiation 538 16.7.1 Mechanism of UV Disinfection 538 16.7.2 Repair of UV Damage 539 Photo Repair 539 Dark Repair 540 16.7.3 Interferences 540 16.7.4 Generation of Ultraviolet Light and Ultraviolet Reactors 541 16.7.5 Disinfection Kinetics 541 16.7.6 Disinfection Doses (or Fluences) 542 16.7.7 Determination of UV Fluence 542 16.7.8 Ultraviolet Reactors 545 16.8 Point-of-use Disinfectants: Solar Disinfection (SODIS), with or without Photoreactants such as TiO2 547 16.9 Disinfection Byproducts 548 16.9.1 Chlorine 549 16.9.2 Chloramines 549 16.9.3 Chlorine Dioxide 550 16.9.4 Peracids 550 16.9.5 Ozone 550 16.9.6 Ultraviolet 551 16.9.7 Comparative Risks 551 16.10 Disinfection to Combat Invasive Species 551 Questions and Problems 553 References 556 Section V: Biological Wastewater Treatment 565 17 Aerobic Biological Treatment: Biotreatment Processes 567 17.1 Microorganisms in Aerobic Biological Treatment 567 17.2 The Activated Sludge Process 568 17.3 Substrate Removal and Growth of Microorganisms 569 17.3.1 Substrate Removal 569 Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients 571 BOD, COD, and TOC Removal 571 17.3.2 Growth of Microorganisms and Biological Sludge Production 572 Sludge Composition and Nutrient Requirements 573 17.4 Activated Sludge Configurations 574 17.4.1 Definition of Symbols for the Activated Sludge Process Models 575 17.4.2 Reactor 577 17.4.3 System Effluent and Waste Sludge Line 577 17.4.4 Clarifier 577 17.5 Process Analysis 578 17.5.1 Physical Concentration of Solids in the Bioreactor 578 17.5.2 Solids Retention Time 580 17.5.3 Sludge Volume Index 580 17.5.4 CM Reactor Without Recycle 582 Substrate Balance 582 Biomass Balance 583 17.5.5 CM Reactor with Recycle 585 Biomass Balance 585 17.5.6 Application of the Basic Model in the Historical Context 586 Frailties of the Historical Models 590 17.5.7 Matrix Representation of the Basic (Soluble Substrate) Model 591 17.5.8 The Rate of Recycle 593 17.5.9 Food-to-Microorganism Ratio and SRT 594 17.6 Advanced Model for Carbon Removal 596 17.6.1 Total Effluent COD from the Process 599 17.6.2 Removal of Influent Particulate Organic Matter 599 17.6.3 Estimation of Parameters and Calibration of the Advanced Model 600 17.6.4 Calibration of Models to Existing Data 602 17.7 Sludge Production in Activated Sludge Systems 604 17.8 Plug Flow Activated Sludge Treatment 607 17.9 Variations of the Activated Sludge Process 609 17.9.1 Sequencing Batch Reactors 609 17.9.2 Extended Aeration 612 17.10 Other Activated Sludge Process Variations 613 17.10.1 Pure Oxygen Activated Sludge Process 615 17.10.2 Powdered Activated Carbon Activated Sludge Process 615 Design Parameters and Operating Conditions for Activated Sludge Processes 615 17.11 Design of Activated Sludge Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal 616 17.11.1 Nitrogen Transformations 616 Nitrogen Removal–Denitrification 621 17.11.2 Advanced Denitrification Processes 626 SHARON Process 626 Anammox Process 627 Other Processes 628 17.11.3 Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake 628 Fermentation of Primary or Activated Sludge 630 Phostrip and Bardenpho Bio-P Processes 632 17.12 Operating Characteristics of Activated Sludge Processes 632 17.12.1 SRT and Characteristics of Waste Activated Sludge 632 17.13 Granular Activated Sludge and Membrane Processes 634 17.13.1 Granular Activated Sludge Processes 634 17.13.2 Membrane Activated Sludge Processes 635 Design of Submerged Membrane Reactors 637 17.14 Fixed-Film Activated Sludge Processes 639 17.14.1 Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge and Moving Bed Bioreactor Processes 639 Design of MBBRs 641 17.14.2 Biologically Activated Filters 645 Design of Biological Active Filters 647 17.14.3 Rotating Biological Contact Units 648 17.15 Fixed-Film Trickling Filter Processes 650 17.15.1 Trickling Filters 650 Sludge Production from Trickling Filters 656 Air Supply in Trickling Filters 656 Operation of Trickling Filters 660 17.15.2 Hydraulic Design of Distributors for Trickling Filters 660 17.16 Oxygen Uptake in Activated Sludge Processes 663 17.17 Metals Removal in Activated Sludge Processes 664 17.18 Aerobic Sludge Digestion 664 17.18.1 Model for Aerobic Sludge Digestion 665 Oxygen Uptake in Aerobic Digestion 668 Rate Constants and Sludge Degradability 668 17.18.2 Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion 669 Pre-treatment for Aerobic Sludge Digestion 672 17.18.3 Indicator Microorganism Reduction in Aerobic Digestion 672 Questions and Problems 673 References 680 18 Aerobic Biological Treatment: Other Process Operations 689 18.1 Aeration in Biological Wastewater Treatment 689 18.1.1 Aeration Devices in Wastewater Treatment 692 Diffused Aerators 692 Surface and Other Aerators 692 18.2 Post-aeration Systems for Wastewater Treatment 697 18.2.1 Diffused Aeration Systems 697 18.2.2 Cascades 699 18.2.3 Weirs 699 18.3 Type III Sedimentation: Zone Settling 700 18.3.1 Design of a Basin for Type III Sedimentation 703 Gravity Flux 703 Underflow Flux 704 18.3.2 Secondary Clarifier Design 708 18.3.3 Modeling for Secondary Clarifier and Operation 709 18.3.4 Membrane Separation of Solids 711 Lamella Clarifiers 712 18.4 Sludge Settling Problems and Foaming 712 18.4.1 Microorganisms 712 18.4.2 Selectors and Process Operating Conditions 713 Questions and Problems 715 References 718 19 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 721 History 721 19.1 Anaerobic Metabolism 722 19.1.1 Hydrolysis 722 19.1.2 Acid Formation: Acidogenesis and Acetogenesis 723 19.1.3 Methanogenesis 724 19.1.4 Other Metabolic Pathways 725 19.1.5 Environmental Variables 725 Oxidation–Reduction Potential 725 Temperature 725 pH 725 Mixing 726 Ammonia and Sulfide Control 726 Nutrient Requirements 727 19.2 Process Fundamentals 727 19.2.1 Solids Yield and Retention Time 727 19.2.2 Biogas Potential 729 Biochemical Methane Potential and Anaerobic Toxicity Assay 729 Methane Production in Anaerobic Treatment 730 Dissolved Methane 731 Biogas Utilization 732 19.3 Process Analysis 732 19.3.1 Definition of Symbols for the Anaerobic Models 733 19.3.2 General Model for an Anaerobic Process 734 Anaerobic Reactor Receiving Only Particulate Substrate 734 Anaerobic Reactor Receiving Only Soluble Substrate 737 The Traditional Digester Sizing Equation for Anaerobic Sludge Digesters 737 19.3.3 Advanced Model for an Anaerobic Process 740 Substrate Removal and Biomass Accumulation 741 Temperature Effects on Rate Coefficients 747 19.4 Misconceptions and Barriers about Anaerobic Treatment 747 19.5 Anaerobic Treatment Processes 750 19.5.1 Conventional Anaerobic Treatment 750 19.5.2 Contact Process 753 19.5.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor 754 19.5.4 Fixed-Film Reactors 756 Upflow Fixed-Film Reactors 757 Downflow Fixed-Film Reactors 758 Fluidized Bed Reactors 759 19.5.5 Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion 759 19.5.6 Thermophilic Digestion 760 19.5.7 Membrane Anaerobic Treatment 760 19.5.8 Pre-treatment of Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion of Biosolids 760 19.6 Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste 762 19.7 Process Stability and Monitoring 763 19.7.1 Chemical Precipitation Problems in Anaerobic Digesters 764 19.7.2 Recovery of Nutrients through Struvite Harvesting 764 19.7.3 Sludge Production 766 19.7.4 Anaerobic Treatment of Low-Strength Wastes 766 19.8 Comparison of Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment Processes 767 19.8.1 Pollutant Removal Efficiency 768 19.8.2 Number and Size of Operations 768 19.8.3 Energy and Chemical Inputs 769 19.8.4 Heat Exchanger 770 19.9 Energy Assessment of Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment 774 Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Treatment 776 Calculation of the Energy Potential of a Waste 777 19.10 Pathogen Reduction in Anaerobic Processes 777 Questions and Problems 778 References 781 20 Treatment in Ponds and Land Systems 789 20.1 Overview of Stabilization Ponds 789 20.1.1 Pond Operation 790 20.1.2 Pond Effluent Quality 791 20.2 Pond Types 792 20.3 Design of Pond Systems 795 20.3.1 Design of Ponds in the Far North 796 20.3.2 Models for Facultative Ponds 798 20.3.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal 798 20.3.4 Heat Balance for Ponds 799 20.4 Removal of Suspended Solids from Pond Effluents 800 20.5 Indicator Microorganism Die-off in Ponds 801 20.6 Aerated Lagoons 802 20.7 Treatment of Wastewater in Land Systems 804 20.7.1 Land Treatment of Wastewater 804 Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity 805 Wastewater Constituents Influencing Land Treatment 807 20.7.2 Slow Rate Land Application Systems 807 20.7.3 Soil Aquifer Treatment 814 20.7.4 Overland Flow Systems 815 Questions and Problems 817 References 819 Section VI: Final Disposal and Impact Analysis 823 21 Sludge Processing and Land Application 825 21.1 Sludge Characteristics and Conditioning 825 Sludge Density 825 Sludge Viscosity 827 21.2 Sludge Generation and Treatment Processes 828 21.3 Sludge Conditioning 833 21.4 Sludge Thickening 836 21.4.1 Gravity Thickening 836 21.4.2 Flotation Thickening 837 21.5 Mechanical Sludge Dewatering 839 21.5.1 Centrifugation 840 21.5.2 Vacuum Dewatering 843 21.5.3 Plate Pressure Filters 846 21.6 Land Application of Sludge 847 Questions and Problems 854 References 856 22 Effluent Disposal in Natural Waters 859 22.1 Pollutants in Natural Waters 859 22.1.1 Water Quality Indices 859 Fish Survival and Temperature 862 Nutrient Loadings to Lakes 864 22.2 Loading Equations for Streams 865 22.2.1 Pollutant Decay in Streams 865 22.2.2 Conservative Substance 866 Point Source 866 Distributed Source 866 22.2.3 Substances That Are Transformed by One Reaction 866 Point Source 866 Distributed Source 867 22.3 Dissolved Oxygen Variation in a Stream 870 22.3.1 Nitrification in Natural Waters 873 22.3.2 Factors Affecting the Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve 874 22.3.3 The Reaeration Rate Coefficient 877 22.3.4 Reaeration at Dams 878 22.4 Combined Sewer Overflows Abatement 878 Questions and Problems 881 References 883 23 Life Cycle Analysis 887 23.1 Historical Development of LCA 888 23.2 Why Use LCA; What Are the Objectives; What Are Its Benefits and What Does It Not Do? 888 23.3 ISO Standards 14040 and 14044 889 23.4 Definitions of Terms in ISO 14040 and 14044 889 23.5 Principles Established by ISO 14040 890 23.6 Key Components of the ISO Standards 891 23.6.1 Goal and Scope 892 23.6.2 System Boundaries 892 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 893 23.6.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 894 Selection of Impact Categories, Category Indicators, and Characterization Models 894 Assignment of LCI Results to the Selected Impact Categories (Classification) 895 Calculation of Category Indicator Results (Characterization) 895 Characterization Factors, Midpoints and Endpoints 896 Optional Elements of the LCIA 897 23.6.4 Limitations of LCIA 898 23.6.5 Interpretation 898 23.7 Software and Databases 899 23.8 Examples of Case Studies of LCA in Water and Wastewater Treatment Projects 899 Questions and Problems 906 References 909 Appendix A 913 Author Index 927 Subject Index 937

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Book SynopsisPresents recent challenges related to new forms of pollution from industries and discusses adequate state-of-the-art technologies capable to remediate such forms of pollution. Over the past few decades the boom in the industrial sector has contributed to the release in the environment of pollutants that have no regulatory status and which may have significant impact on the health of humans and animals. These pollutants also referred to as emerging pollutants, are mostly aromatic compounds which derive from excretion of pharmaceutical, industrial effluents and municipal discharge. It is recurrent these days to find water treatment plants which no longer produce water that fits the purpose of domestic consumption based on newly established guidelines. This situation has prompted water authorities and researchers to develop tools for proper prediction and control of the dispersion of pollutants in the environment to ensure that appropriate measures are taken to prevent thTable of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Occurrence of Emerging Pollutants in Water and Possible Risks 1 1 Geochemical Prediction of Metal Dispersion in Surface and Groundwater Systems 3Martin Mkandawire 2 From Priority Contaminants to Emerged Threat: Risk and Occurrence-Based Analysis for Better Water Management Strategies in Present and Future 41Hussein N. Nassar and Sherif A. Younis 3 Advances in Chromatographic Determination of Selected Anti-Retrovirals in Wastewater 105Gbolahan Olabode and Vernon Somerset 4 Liquid Extraction and Determination of Selected Organophosphorous Pesticides in Wastewater and Sediment Samples 129Vernon Somerset and Luleka Luzi-Thafeni Part 2: Nano and Bio-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 147 5 Coal Power Plant Wastewater Treatment by Thermal and Membrane Technologies 149J.G. Redelinghuys, E. Fosso-Kankeu, G. Gericke and F. Waanders 6 PAHs Released From Coal Tars and Potential Removal Using Nanocatalysts 169N. Mukwevho, E. Fosso-Kankeu and F. Waanders 7 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Water Treatment 205Nour Sh. El-Gendy and Basma A. Omran 8 Carbon Nanotubes in the 21st Century: An Advancement in Real Time Monitoring and Control of Environmental Water 265Sadanand Pandey, Gopal Krishna Goswami, Hussein Kehinde Okoro and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu 9 Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell for Wastewater Treatment: A New Approach 303Sajana T.K, Soumya Pandit, Dipak A. Jadhav, Md. Abdullah-Al-Mamun and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu 10 Design of a Down-Flow Expanded Granular Bed Reactor (DEGBR) for High Strength Wastewater Treatment 339M. Njoya, Y. Williams, Z. Rinquest, M. Basitere and S.K.O. Ntwampe 11 Phycoremediation: A Solar Driven Wastewater Purification System 373Namita Khanna, Akshayaa Sridhar, Ramachandran Subramanian, Soumya Pandit and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu 12 Technologies for Remediation of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Samples 429Charlton van der Horst and Vernon Somerset 13 Removal of Heavy Metal Pollutants from Wastewater Using Immobilized Enzyme Techniques: A Review 459Soumasree Chatterjee, Soumya Pandit and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu Index 481

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Book SynopsisDyes, pigments and metals are extensively used in food, paper, carpet, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, and textile industries, in order to color and finish products. As a result, they generate a considerable amount of coloured wastewater rich in organic, inorganic, and mineral substances which are continuously polluting the water bodies and affecting human and aquatic life. Besides these industries, urban and agricultural activities also generate effluents high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In recent years, considerable research work has been done in this area and is underway to eliminate heavy metals particularly mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), selenium and cadmium (Cd) and synthetic dyes from polluted waters which have high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Currently a number of methods are in operation to decontaminate the polluted waters. Among several purification technologies, use of nanoparticles/composites have gained much attention asTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles 1Mohammad Shahadat, Momina, Yasmin, Suzylawati Ismail, S. Wazed Ali and Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Bodies 3 1.1.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles Toxicity on Human Health 4 1.1.2.1 Entry of Nanoparticles into Environment 11 1.1.2.2 Exposure of Nanomaterials 13 1.1.2.3 Consumption of Nanoparticles Through Inhalation and Injection 14 1.1.2.4 Penetration of NPs Through Skin 16 1.1.3 In Vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles 17 1.1.4 Methods for Assessment of Nanoparticles Toxicity 21 1.1.4.1 Proliferation Assays 21 1.1.4.2 Necrosis Assay 22 1.1.4.3 Apoptosis Assay 22 1.1.4.4 Oxidative Stress Assay 23 1.2 A Critical Evaluation of Challenges and Conclusions 23 Acknowledgement 24 References 24 2 Conventional and Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 33S. Bairagi and S. Wazed Ali 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Water Filtration by Various Technologies 35 2.3 Conventional Technologies 36 2.3.1 Sedimentation 36 2.3.2 Flocculation 37 2.3.3 Adsorption 38 2.3.4 Filtration 39 2.3.5 Coagulation 40 2.4 Advanced Technologies 41 2.4.1 Water Filtration Using Nanofibrous Membrane 41 2.4.1.1 Removal of Heavy Metal from the Wastewater 42 2.4.1.2 Removal of Microorganisms from Water 45 2.4.1.3 Removal of Dye from Water 49 2.5 Conclusion 53 References 54 3 Nanocarbons-Mediated Water Purification: An Application Towards Wastewater Treatment 57Vinchurkar, Prasen and Shah, Sejal 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Importance of Various Nanocarbons in Water Purification 60 3.3 Various Methods of Nanocarbon-Mediated Purifications of Water 62 3.3.1 Nanocarbon Adsorption (Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents) 62 3.3.2 Graphene Sieves and CNTs’ Membranes Membrane Process 71 3.3.2.1 CNT’s Membranes and Membrane Process 75 3.3.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes 77 3.3.4 Nanocarbon Composite Membranes 82 3.3.5 Antimicrobial Actions of Various Nanocarbons 83 3.4 Regeneration or Recycling of Nanocarbons 83 3.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Environmental Impact of Broad Spectrum of Nanocarbons 84 3.6 Limitations and Research Needs 87 3.6.1 Limitations 87 3.6.2 Research Needs 87 3.7 Conclusion 87 References 88 4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Applications 101Khursheed Ahmad and Waseem Raza 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Graphene-Based Composites as Photocatalysts 104 4.2.1 Graphene/ZnO as Photocatalyst 104 4.2.2 Graphene/TiO2 as Photocatalyst 113 4.3 Conclusion 117 Acknowledgments 117 References 117 5 Synthesis of Stable and Monodispersed Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Application as Light-Driven Photocatalytic Agents for Dye Degradation 123Farzana Majid, Sadia Ata, Nida Sohaib, Imran Deen, Adnan Ali, Ismat Bibi, Munawar Iqbal and Arif Nazir 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Materials and Methodology 125 5.2.1 Materials 125 5.2.2 Synthesis of Co Metal NPs 125 5.2.3 Photocatalytic Process 128 5.2.3.1 Photocatalytic Experiment 128 5.2.4 Characterizations 129 5.3 Results and Discussion 129 5.3.1 Physiochemical Characterization of Co Metal NPs 129 5.3.1.1 Ultraviolet Visible Spectrometer (UV–Vis) 129 5.3.1.2 Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 130 5.3.1.3 Effect of Concentration of Salt on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 131 5.3.1.4 Effect of pH of Reaction Medium on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 132 5.3.1.5 Effect of Reaction Temperature on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 132 5.3.1.6 Effect of Reaction Heating Time on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 132 5.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 132 5.3.2.1 X-Ray Analysis of Co Metal NPs 132 5.3.3 FTIR Analysis 138 5.3.3.1 FTIR Interferogram for Co Metal NPs 138 5.3.4 Photocatalytic Properties 139 5.3.4.1 Photocatalysis of Methylene Blue With Co Metal NPs 139 5.3.4.2 Comparison of Activity of Methylene Blue 140 5.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 141 5.3.5.1 SEM Analysis for Co Metal NPs 141 5.3.6 Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Applications 141 5.4 Conclusion 144 References 145 6 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Water Decontamination and Purification 151Shams Tabrez Khan, Faizan Ahmad, Mohammad Shahadat, Wasi Ur Rehman and Abu Mustafa Khan 6.1 Introduction 152 6.2 Threats to Drinking Water 153 6.2.1 Suspended Solids in Water 153 6.2.2 Waterborne Pathogens 153 6.2.3 Chemical Pollutants in Drinking Water 157 6.3 Losses Due to Impure Water 158 6.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Water Purification With Special Reference to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 160 6.4.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Water Purification 162 6.4.2 The Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Water Purification 167 6.4.3 Silver Nanoparticles and Their Possible Role in Water Purification 168 6.4.4 Iron Nanoparticles 169 6.4.5 Nanocomposites With Improved Antimicrobial Activities 169 6.5 Types of Nanomaterials 170 6.5.1 Nanofilters 170 6.5.2 Nanoadsorbents 171 6.5.3 Nanofiber-Based Membranes 171 6.6 Commercially Available Products for Water Purification 171 6.7 Challenges 174 6.7.1 Health or Toxicity Concerns 174 6.7.2 Economic Viability 176 6.7.3 Operational Concerns 176 6.7.4 Legal Constraints and Regulations 177 6.8 Conclusion 177 Acknowledgements 178 References 178 7 Recent Advances in Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Environmental Remediation 187Umar Farooq, Ashiq Hussain Pandit and Ruby Phul 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 Synthesis of Heterostructures 189 7.2.1 Hydrothermal Method 190 7.2.2 Co-Precipitation Method 191 7.2.3 Sol–Gel Method 191 7.2.4 Dip-Coating 192 7.2.5 Chemical-Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 192 7.3 Nanostructured Heterostructures for Water Splitting and Organic Pollutant Degradation 192 7.3.1 Metal Oxide/Metal Oxide Heterostructures for Water Splitting 193 7.3.2 Metal Oxide/Metal Sulphide Heterostructures for Water Splitting 197 7.3.3 Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Pollutants by Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructures 202 7.4 Conclusion 209 Acknowledgement 209 References 210 8 Electrospun Nanofibers for Water Purification 217Ali Akbar Merati and Mahsa Kangazian Kangazi 8.1 Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers 218 8.2 Nanofibers for Wastewater Treatment 218 8.2.1 Nanofibers as Pressure-Driven Membrane 219 8.2.1.1 Nanofibers as Microfiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 220 8.2.1.2 Nanofibers as Ultrafiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 221 8.2.1.3 Nanofibers as Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 223 8.2.1.4 Nanofibers as Membrane/Mid-Layer for Reverse Osmosis 224 8.2.2 Nanofibers as Membranes for Membrane Distillation 226 8.2.3 Nanofibers as Membrane Support Layer for Forward Osmosis 229 8.2.4 Nanofibers as Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization 230 8.2.5 Nanofibers as Porous Floating Membrane for Solar Steam Generation 231 8.2.6 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Oil–Water Separation 232 8.2.7 Nanofibers as Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From Water/Wastewater 234 8.2.8 Nanofibers as Photocatalytic Membrane for Water Treatment 235 8.2.9 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Dye Wastewater Treatment 236 8.3 Effects of Different Parameters on Resultant Nanofibrous Membranes 238 8.3.1 Tunable Structural Characteristic of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Purification of Wastewater 243 8.4 Materials Selection for Nanofibrous Membranes in Water Purification 246 8.5 Conclusion 248 References 249 9 ZnO Nanostructure for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Under Visible Light Irradiation 259Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad 9.1 Introduction 260 9.2 Photocatalysis 262 9.3 Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance of Dare ZnO 264 9.4 Doping With Transition Metals 265 9.4.1 Doping with Rare Earth (RE) Metals 269 Conclusion 277 References 278 10 Nanocatalysts in Wet Air Oxidation 285Anushree, Sheetal and Satish Kumar 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Catalyst Selection Criterion 288 10.3 Nanocatalysts in CWAO 289 10.3.1 Mesoporous Materials 290 10.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 293 10.3.3 Nanoparticles 293 10.4 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts 295 10.4.1 Bare-Nanocatalysts 296 10.4.2 Supported Nanocatalysts 297 10.5 Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts for CWAO 298 10.5.1 Synthesis and Characterization 299 10.5.1.1 Synthesis 299 10.5.1.2 Characterization 300 10.5.2 CWAO of Industrial Wastewater 301 10.5.2.1 Chlorophenolics Removal 302 10.5.2.2 Reusability and Leaching Studies 305 10.5.2.3 Kinetic Study 306 10.6 Comparative Study of Different Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts 307 10.6.1 Structural and Textural Properties 307 10.6.2 Treatment Efficiency 308 10.7 Role of Ceria-Based Nanocatalyst in CWAO 309 10.8 Conclusion 310 References 310

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Book SynopsisINTRODUCTION TO DESALINATION Explore the principles, methods, and applications of modern desalination processes Introduction to Desalination: Principles, Processes, and Calculations delivers a comprehensive and robust exploration of desalination highlighted with numerous illustrative examples and calculations. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which offers an introduction to the topic that includes chapters covering global water scarcity and the need for new water. The second section discusses the desalination process, including evaporation, reverse osmosis, crystallization, hybrid systems, and other potable water processes. The final part covers topics that include water conservation, environmental considerations of desalination, economic impacts of desalination, optimization, ethics, and the future of desalination. The book also includes: A comprehensive introduction to desalination, including discussions of enginTable of ContentsPreface vii Dedication xi Part I Introduction 1 1 Global Water Scarcity and the Need for “New Water” 3 2 Technical Glossary 21 3 Engineering Principles 47 4 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Materials 75 5 Water Properties 101 6 Water Chemistry 127 7 The Conservation Laws, Stoichiometry, and Thermodynamics 143 8 Unit Operations 171 Part II Desalination and Water Treatment Processes 199 9 The Desalination Process 201 10 Evaporation 223 11 Reverse Osmosis 247 12 Crystallization 271 13 Traditional Desalination Processes 295 14 New Desalination Processes 315 15 Non-Desalination Processes 335 Part III Select Related Topics 351 16 Water Conservation 353 17 Economic Considerations 381 18 Optimization Considerations 401 19 Ethical Considerations 433 20 The Future of Desalination 459 Index 475

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Book SynopsisPOLLUTANTS AND WATER MANAGEMENT Pollutants and Water Management: Resources, Strategies and Scarcity delivers a balanced and comprehensive look at recent trends in the management of polluted water resources. Covering the latest practical and theoretical aspects of polluted water management, the distinguished academics and authors emphasize indigenous practices of water resource management, the scarcity of clean water, and the future of the water system in the context of an increasing urbanization and globalization. The book details the management of contaminated water sites, including heavy metal contaminations in surface and subsurface water sources. It details a variety of industrial activities that typically pollute water, such as those involving crude oils and dyes. In its discussion of recent trends in abatement strategies, Pollutants and Water Management includes an exploration of the application of microorganisms, like bacteria, actinomycetes, fuTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Part I Water Pollution and Its Security 1 1 Water Security and Human Health in Relation to Climate Change: An Indian Perspective 3Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, and Sunil Mittal 2 Assessment of Anthropogenic Pressure and Population Attitude for the Conservation of Kanwar Wetland, Begusarai, India: A Case Study 22Ajeet Kumar Singh, M. Sathya, Satyam Verma, Agam Kumar, and S. Jayakumar 3 Grossly Polluting Industries and Their Effect on Water Resources in India 47Zeenat Arif, Naresh Kumar Sethy, Swati, Pradeep Kumar Mishra, and Bhawna Verma Part II Phytoremediation of Water Pollution 67 4 Phytoremediation: Status and Outlook 69Kajal Patel, Indu Tripathi, Meenakshi Chaurasia, and K.S. Rao 5 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from the Biosphere Perspective and Solutions 95Indica Mohan, Kajol Goria, Sunil Dhar, Richa Kothari, B.S. Bhau, and Deepak Pathania 6 Phytoremediation for Heavy Metal Removal: Technological Advancements 128Monika Yadav, Gurudatta Singh, and R.N. Jadeja Part III Microbial Remediation of Water Pollution 151 7 Advances in Biological Techniques for Remediation of Heavy Metals Leached from a Fly Ash Contaminated Ecosphere 153Krishna Rawat and Amit Kumar Yadav 8 Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Water Bodies: Technological Advancements 172Deepak Yadav, Sukhendra Singh, and Rupika Sinha 9 The Fate of Organic Pollutants and Their Microbial Degradation in Water Bodies 210Gurudatta Singh, Anubhuti Singh, Priyanka Singh, Reetika Shukla, Shashank Tripathi, and Virendra Kumar Mishra Part IV Removal of Water Pollutants by Nanotechnology 241 10 Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Nanomaterials 243Swati Chaudhary, Mohan Kumar, Saami Ahmed, and Mahima Kaushik 11 Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles: An Alternative for Wastewater Treatment 273Sanjeet Kumar Paswan, Pawan Kumar, Ram Kishore Singh, Sushil Kumar Shukla, and Lawrence Kumar 12 Biocompatible Cellulose-Based Sorbents for Potential Application in Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Wastewater 306Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Kavita Kumari, and Ramesh Oraon Part V Advances in Remediation of Water Pollution 327 13 Advances in Membrane Technology Used in the Wastewater Treatment Process 329Naresh K. Sethy, Zeenat Arif, K.S. Sista, P.K. Mishra, Pradeep Kumar, and Avinash K. Kushwaha 14 Occurrence, Fate, and Remediation of Arsenic 349Gurudatta Singh, Anubhuti Singh, Reetika Shukla, Jayant Karwadiya, Ankita Gupta, Anam Naheed, and Virendra Kumar Mishra 15 Physical and Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal 377Monika Yadav, Gurudatta Singh, and R.N. Jadeja Part VI Policy Dimensions on Water Security 399 16 The Role of Government and the Public in Water Resource Management in India 401Jitesh Narottam Vyas and Supriya Nath Index 416

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the 3rd Edition xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Section I: Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to Reverse Osmosis: History, Challenges, and Future Directions 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 A Brief History of Reverse Osmosis 5 1.2.1 Early Development 5 1.2.2 Advances 1970s–1980s 10 1.2.3 Advances from 1990s through the Early 2000s 12 1.3 Challenges and Prospects 14 1.3.1 Membrane Materials Development 15 1.3.2 Modification of Element Construction for Ultra-High Pressure or High-Temperature Operation 17 1.3.2.1 Ultra-High Pressure Spiral Wound RO 17 1.3.2.2 High-Temperature Elements 18 1.3.3 Optimization of RO Element Feed Channel Spacer 19 1.3.4 Other Advances and Future Requirements 23 1.4 Summary 26 Symbols 26 Nomenclature 27 References 27 2 Principles and Terminology 33 2.1 Semipermeable Membranes 33 2.2 Osmosis 33 2.3 Reverse Osmosis 35 2.4 Basic Performance Parameters: Recovery, Rejection, and Flux 35 2.4.1 Recovery and Concentration Factor 35 2.4.2 Rejection 38 2.4.3 Flux 41 2.4.3.1 Water Flux 41 2.4.3.2 Solute Flux 43 2.5 Filtration 43 2.5.1 Dead-End Filtration 43 2.5.2 Cross-Flow Filtration 43 2.6 Concentration Polarization 45 Symbols 47 Nomenclature 48 References 48 3 Membranes: Transport Models, Characterization, and Elements 51 3.1 Membrane Transport Models 51 3.1.1 Solution-Diffusion Transport Model 52 3.1.2 Modified Solution-Diffusion Transport Models 55 3.1.2.1 Solution-Diffusion Imperfection Model 55 3.1.2.2 Extended Solution-Diffusion Model 56 3.1.3 Pore-Based Transport Models 56 3.1.4 Models Based on Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 57 3.2 Polymeric Membranes 57 3.2.1 Cellulose Acetate 57 3.2.2 Linear Polyamide (Aramids) 61 3.2.3 Fully Aromatic Polyamide Composite Membranes 63 3.2.3.1 NS-100 Membrane 64 3.2.3.2 FT-30 Composite Membrane 67 3.2.4 Characterization of CA and Composite Polyamide Membranes 73 3.2.4.1 Surface Roughness 73 3.2.4.2 Zeta Potential (Surface Charge) 76 3.2.4.3 Hydrophilicity 76 3.2.5 Other Membrane Polymers 78 3.3 Membrane Elements 80 3.3.1 Plate and Frame Elements 81 3.3.2 Tubular Elements 82 3.3.3 Hollow Fine Fiber Elements 83 3.3.4 Spiral Wound Elements 84 3.4 Specialty Membranes and Elements 91 3.4.1 Specialty Membranes 91 3.4.1.1 Dry Membranes 91 3.4.1.2 Boron-Rejecting Membranes 92 3.4.2 Specialty Elements 93 3.4.2.1 Sanitary Elements 93 3.4.2.2 Disc Tube Elements 94 3.4.2.3 Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP) Elements and System 94 3.4.2.4 Ultra-High Pressure and High Temperature Elements 95 Symbols 95 Nomenclature 96 References 97 Section II: System Design and Engineering 103 4 Basic Design Arrangements and Concentration Polarization Guidelines 105 4.1 Arrays and Stages 105 4.1.1 Recovery per System Array 106 4.1.2 Element-By-Element Flow and Quality Distribution 108 4.1.3 Flux Guidelines 109 4.1.4 Cross-Flow Velocity Guidelines for Array Design 111 4.1.5 Concentrate Recycle 112 4.2 Passes 113 Symbols 115 Nomenclature 115 References 115 5 RO System Design Using Design Software 117 5.1 RO System Design Guidelines 117 5.2 Step-by-Step Design—Sample Problem 118 5.2.1 Step 1—Water Flux 119 5.2.2 Step 2—Membrane Selection 119 5.2.3 Step 3—Number of Elements Required 119 5.2.4 Step 4—System Array 120 5.3 Design Software 121 5.3.1 Water Application Value Engine (WAVE)— DuPont Water Solutions 123 5.3.2 IMSDesign—Hydranautics 131 5.3.3 Q+ Projection Software LGChem 135 5.4 Optimum Design Result for the Sample Problem 140 Symbols 141 Nomenclature 141 References 142 6 Design Considerations 143 6.1 Feed Water Source and Quality 143 6.1.1 Feed Water Source 143 6.1.2 Feed Water Quality and Guidelines 145 6.1.3 pH 147 6.1.3.1 pH Profile Through an RO System— Alkalinity Relationships 148 6.1.3.2 pH and Membrane Scaling Potential 148 6.1.3.3 pH Effects on Solute Rejection and Water Permeability 149 6.2 System Operations 149 6.2.1 Pressure 149 6.2.2 Compaction 151 6.2.3 Temperature 155 6.2.4 Balancing Flows 156 6.2.5 Designing for Variable Flow Demand 157 6.3 Existing RO System Design Considerations 157 6.3.1 Changing Membranes 157 6.3.1.1 Changing Membrane Area 158 6.3.1.2 Changing Membrane Types 158 6.3.1.3 Mixing Membrane Types 158 6.3.2 Increasing Recovery 159 6.3.3 Changing Feed Water Sources 160 6.3.4 Reducing Permeate Flow 161 Symbols 161 Nomenclature 161 References 162 7 RO Equipment 163 7.1 Basic RO Skid Components 163 7.1.1 Cartridge Filters 164 7.1.2 High Pressure Feed Pump 172 7.1.3 Pressure Vessels 177 7.2 Skid Design Considerations 181 7.2.1 Piping Materials of Construction 181 7.2.2 Feed Distribution Headers 183 7.2.3 Stage-by-Stage Cleaning 184 7.2.4 Sampling and Profiling/Probing Connections 187 7.2.5 Instrumentation 188 7.2.6 Controls and Data Acquisition/Analysis 193 7.2.6.1 System Control 193 7.2.6.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis 194 7.2.7 Designs for Variable Permeate Flow Demand 195 7.3 Energy Recovery Devices (ERDs) 196 7.3.1 ERD Types 196 7.3.2 ERD Applications for RO 197 7.3.2.1 Single-Stage RO 197 7.3.2.2 Multi-Stage RO 197 7.4 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Equipment 200 7.5 Mobile RO Equipment 203 Symbols 205 Nomenclature 205 References 206 Section III: Membrane Deposition and Degradation: Causes, Effects, and Mitigation via Pretreatment and Operations 207 8 Membrane Scaling 211 8.1 What is Membrane Scale? 211 8.2 Effects of Scale on Membrane Performance 212 8.3 Hardness Scales 215 8.3.1 Types of Hardness Scale 215 8.3.1.1 Carbonate-Based Hardness Scales 215 8.3.1.2 Sulfate-Based Hardness Scales 216 8.3.1.3 Other Calcium Scales: Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Fluoride 218 8.3.2 Mitigation of Hardness Scales 219 8.3.2.1 Chemical Pretreatment—Acid and Antiscalant Dosing 220 8.3.2.2 Non-Chemical Pretreatment—Sodium Softening and Nanofiltration 221 8.3.2.3 Operational Techniques—Flushing, Reverse Flow, and Closed Circuit Desalination 225 8.4 Silica Scale 226 8.4.1 Forms and Reactions of Silica 227 8.4.2 Factors Affecting Silica Scale Formation 228 8.4.3 Mitigation of Silica Scale 232 8.5 Struvite 236 8.5.1 What is Struvite? 236 8.5.2 Mitigation of Struvite 238 8.6 Scaling Mitigation Guidelines—Summary 239 Symbols 240 Nomenclature 240 References 240 9 Generalized Membrane Fouling 249 9.1 What is Membrane Fouling? 249 9.2 Classification and Measurement of Potential Foulants 250 9.2.1 Settleable and Supra-Colloidal Particulates 251 9.2.2 Colloids 252 9.2.2.1 Measurement of Colloids for RO Applications—Silt Density Index (SDI15) 252 9.2.2.2 Measure of Colloids—Modified Fouling Indices 255 9.2.2.3 Summary of Colloidal Fouling Indices 257 9.2.3 Natural Organic Material (NOM) 257 9.2.4 Other Organics 259 9.2.5 Other Foulants: Cationic Coagulants and Surfactants, and Silicone-Based Antifoams 259 9.2.6 Metals: Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur 259 9.2.6.1 Aluminum 259 9.2.6.2 Iron and Manganese 261 9.2.6.3 Hydrogen Sulfide 262 9.3 Effects of Fouling on Membrane Performance 265 9.3.1 Effects of Inorganic Foulants 266 9.3.1.1 Fouling with Larger Settleable and Supra-Colloidal Solids 266 9.3.1.2 Cake Layer Surface Fouling with Colloids 266 9.3.1.3 Feed Channel Fouling 268 9.3.1.4 Summary of Fouling Effects of Inorganic Particulates and Colloids 271 9.3.2 Effects of NOM and Other Organics 273 9.3.2.1 Effects of NOM—Humic Acids 273 9.3.2.2 Effects of Hydrocarbons 276 9.3.2.3 Effects of Cationic Coagulants and Surfactants 278 9.3.2.4 Summary of the Effects of Organic Surfactant and Antifoam Fouling on Membrane Performance 279 9.4 Pretreatment to Minimize Membrane Fouling 279 9.4.1 Primary Pretreatment—Clarification for Colloids and Organics (NOM) Removal 280 9.4.1.1 Coagulation 280 9.4.1.2 Flocculation 283 9.4.2 Pressure Filtration: Particles, SDI15 , and Organics Removal 283 9.4.2.1 Multimedia Pressure Filters: Suspended Solids Removal 283 9.4.2.2 Catalytic Filters: Soluble Iron, Manganese, and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal 287 9.4.2.3 Carbon Filters: TOC Removal 292 9.4.2.4 Walnut Shell Filters: Hydrocarbon Oil Removal 296 9.4.2.5 Cartridge Filters: What is Their Purpose? 299 9.4.3 Membrane Filtration Turbidity, SDI 15 , and Metal Hydroxide Removal 300 9.4.3.1 Membrane Materials and Elements 301 9.4.3.2 Membrane Filtration Operations— Polymeric Membranes 306 9.4.3.3 Membrane Filtration as Pretreatment for RO 311 9.4.4 Nanofiltration (NF): Organics and Color Removal 321 9.5 Feed Water Quality Guidelines to Minimize Membrane Fouling 323 Symbols 324 Nomenclature 324 References 326 10 RO Membrane Biofouling 335 10.1 What is RO Membrane Biofouling? 335 10.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Biofouling 339 10.2.1 Polyamide RO Membrane Characteristics 339 10.2.1.1 Membrane Surface Roughness 339 10.2.1.2 Surface Charge and Zeta Potential 339 10.2.1.3 Membrane Hydrophilicity 339 10.2.2 Feed Water Matrix 340 10.2.2.1 Concentration of Microorganisms and Nutrients 340 10.2.2.2 Feed Water Ionic Strength and pH 341 10.2.2.3 Pretreatment Antiscalants 341 10.2.2.4 Feed Water Organic Concentration and Fouling 341 10.2.3 RO System Hydrodynamics 341 10.3 Effects of Biofouling on Membrane Performance 342 10.3.1 Scale Formation 342 10.3.2 Hydrodynamic Effects on Performance 342 10.4 Measurement of Biofouling 343 10.4.1 Predictive Techniques 343 10.4.1.1 Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) 343 10.4.1.2 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and the Biofilm Formation Rate (BFR) 344 10.4.2 Plate Counts 344 10.4.2.1 Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC) 344 10.4.2.2 Total Direct Counts (TDC) 345 10.5 Mitigation Techniques 345 10.5.1 Pretreatment 346 10.5.1.1 Reduction of Feed Water Nutrients and Microorganisms 346 10.5.2 Disinfection 348 10.5.2.1 Physiochemical Disinfection Method— Ultraviolet (UV) Light 348 10.5.2.2 Chemical Disinfection—Oxidizing Biocides 353 10.5.2.3 Chemical Disinfection—Non-Oxidizing Biocide 368 10.5.2.4 Biocides Not Recommended for Use with Polyamide RO Membranes 370 10.5.2.5 Chemical Disinfection—Prospective Biocides for RO 370 10.5.3 Membrane Cleaning for Biofouling Removal 373 10.5.4 Membrane “Sterilization” 375 10.5.5 Biocide Flushing 375 10.6 Biofouling and Mitigation Summary 376 Symbols 378 Nomenclature 378 References 379 11 Membrane Degradation 387 11.1 Chemical Degradation 388 11.1.1 Polyamide Layer Degradation—Oxidation 388 11.1.1.1 Chlorine 388 11.1.1.2 Chloramine 396 11.1.1.3 Chlorine Dioxide 398 11.1.2 Polysulfone Support Layer Degradation 400 11.1.3 Polyester Fabric Degradation—Hydrolysis 402 11.1.4 Prevention of Chemical Damage 402 11.1.4.1 Removal of Oxidizers 402 11.1.4.2 Protection of Membrane Support Layers 404 11.2 Mechanical Damage 404 11.2.1 Physical Membrane Damage Due to Abrasion 404 11.2.2 Physical Membrane Damage Resulting from Operational Factors 407 Symbols 412 Nomenclature 412 References 412 Section IV: System Monitoring, Normalization, and Troubleshooting 417 12 Data Collection and Normalization 419 12.1 Data Collection 419 12.2 Data Normalization 422 Symbols 427 Subscripts 428 Nomenclature 428 References 428 13 Membrane Issues and Troubleshooting 431 13.1 Observed Performance Issues 432 13.1.1 High Permeate Solute Concentration 432 13.1.1.1 Increase in Feed Water Concentration of Ions 433 13.1.1.2 Hardness Scaling 433 13.1.1.3 Membrane Damage 434 13.1.1.4 Temperature Increase/Pressure Decrease 435 13.1.1.5 System Operations and Mechanical Issues 438 13.1.2 Changes in Permeate Flow 439 13.1.3 Changes in Feed Pressure 439 13.1.4 High Differential Pressure 440 13.2 Common Causes of Performance Failures 445 13.2.1 Mechanical Failures 445 13.2.2 RO Equipment Design 445 13.2.3 Operational Problems 446 13.2.4 Feed Water Quality Issues 446 13.2.5 Membrane Issues 446 13.3 Troubleshooting Techniques 447 13.3.1 Mechanical Inspection 447 13.3.2 Cartridge Filter Inspection 447 13.3.3 Water Analyses 448 13.3.4 RO Projections 449 13.3.5 Profiling and Probing 449 13.3.5.1 Profiling 449 13.3.5.2 Probing 452 13.3.6 Normalized Data Analysis 455 13.3.7 Autopsy 457 13.3.7.1 Visual Inspection—External 458 13.3.7.2 Visual Inspection—Internal 459 Symbols 471 Nomenclature 471 References 472 Section V: Off-Line Activities: Membrane Cleaning, Flushing, and Layup 475 14 Membrane Cleaning 477 14.1 When to Clean 478 14.2 Cleaning Chemicals 479 14.2.1 High pH Cleaning 480 14.2.2 Low pH Cleaning 481 14.3 Cleaning Equipment Design 483 14.3.1 Design of the RO Skid for Effective Cleaning 483 14.3.2 Design of the Cleaning Skid 484 14.3.2.1 Cleaning Tank 484 14.3.2.2 Cartridge Filters 486 14.3.2.3 Cleaning Pump 486 14.4 Cleaning Techniques 487 14.4.1 Conventional Cleaning 487 14.4.2 Two-Phase Cleaning 489 14.4.3 Reverse Cleaning 490 14.4.4 Preventative Cleaning 490 14.4.4.1 Extrapolative Preventative Cleaning 491 14.4.4.2 Direct-Osmosis High-Salinity (DO-HS) On-Line Cleaning Technique 491 14.5 Determining the Efficacy of Cleaning 493 14.6 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Versus Offsite Cleaning 494 14.6.1 CIP 494 14.6.2 Off-Site Cleaning 494 14.7 Membrane Disinfection 495 14.7.1 Hydrogen Peroxide/Peroxyacetic Acid 495 14.7.2 Non-Oxidizing Biocides 497 14.7.2.1 DBNPA 497 14.7.2.2 Isothiazolones—CMIT/MIT 499 14.7.2.3 Other Non-Oxidizing Biocides 500 Symbols 500 Nomenclature 500 References 501 15 Controlling Off-Line Membrane Deposition via Flushing and Layup 505 15.1 Membrane Flushing 505 15.1.1 End of Service Flush 506 15.1.2 Stand-By Flush 506 15.1.3 Return to Service Flush 507 15.2 Membrane Layup 508 15.2.1 Short-Term Layup 508 15.2.2 Long-Term Layup 508 15.2.2.1 Sodium Metabisulfite (SMBS) 508 15.2.2.2 DBNPA 510 15.2.2.3 CMIT/MIT 510 15.3 Membrane Preservation 510 Nomenclature 512 References 512 Section VI: Sustainability and Future Prospects 515 16 Concentrate Management 517 16.1 Discharge 517 16.1.1 Discharge to Surface Waters 517 16.1.2 Discharge to Sewer 518 16.1.3 Discharge to On-Site Treatment Facility 518 16.1.4 Deep Well Injection 518 16.2 Land Application 519 16.2.1 Irrigation 519 16.2.2 Evaporation Ponds 519 16.3 Reuse 519 16.3.1 Direct Reuse 520 16.3.1.1 Wash Down Systems 520 16.3.1.2 Cooling Tower Make-Up 520 16.3.2 Treated Concentrate for Reuse—Brine Minimization 520 16.3.2.1 Recovery RO Systems 520 16.3.2.2 Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) 522 16.4 Off-Site Disposal 523 16.5 Emerging Technologies for Concentrate Management 523 16.5.1 Membrane Distillation (MD) 524 16.5.2 Forward Osmosis (FO) 526 Symbols 529 Nomenclature 529 References 529 17 High-Recovery Reverse Osmosis 531 17.1 Single-Step High Recovery Processes 531 17.1.1 Closed Circuit RO (CCRO) 531 17.1.1.1 Managing Scale Formation 533 17.1.1.2 Managing Membrane Fouling 535 17.1.1.3 Energy Savings 536 17.1.2 Osmotically-Assisted RO (OARO) 538 17.1.3 Pulse Flow RO (PFRO ™) 542 17.1.4 Feed Flow Reversal (FFR) 545 17.2 Enhanced High Recovery Processes with Interstage Solute Precipitation 548 17.2.1 Intermediate Concentrate Demineralization (ICD) 549 17.2.2 Accelerated Seeded Precipitation (ASP) 551 17.3 Multi-Step High Recovery Membrane Processes 552 17.3.1 Toward Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) 552 17.3.2 Challenging Waters and Wastewaters 553 17.3.3 Commercialized Multi-Step, High-Recovery RO Processes 553 17.3.3.1 Optimized Pretreatment and Unique Separation (OPUS®) 554 17.3.3.2 High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis (HERO®) 556 Symbols 558 Nomenclature 558 References 559 18 New and Alternative Membrane Materials For Sustainability 565 18.1 Specific Requirements to Improve Sustainability 566 18.1.1 Membrane Performance 566 18.1.2 Fouling Resistance 568 18.1.3 Chlorine (Oxidant) Tolerance 570 18.1.4 Energy-Water Nexus 570 18.2 Membrane Materials to Meet RO Demineralization Challenges 571 18.2.1 Modification of Polyamide Interfacial Polymerization (IP) Preparation Chemistries and Techniques 572 18.2.2 Membrane Surface Modifications 575 18.2.3 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticle Membranes 578 18.2.3.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposite Membranes 578 18.2.3.2 Thin Film Nanoparticle (TFN) Membranes 584 18.2.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Membranes 586 18.2.5 Biomimetic Aquaporin Membranes 591 Symbols 594 Nomenclature 594 References 595 Index 601

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Book SynopsisFUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SECURITY Understand How to Manage Water Resources to Equitably Meet Both Human and Ecological Needs Burgeoning populations and the ever-higher standards of living for those in emerging countries increase the demand on our water resources. What is not increasing, however, is the supply of water and the total amount of water in earth's biospherewater that is integral to all standards of living. Fundamentals of Water Security provides a foundation for understanding and managing the quantity-quality-equity nexus of water security in a changing climate. In a broad sense, this volume explores solutions to water security challenges around the world. It is richly illustrated and pedagogically packed with up-to-date information. The text contains chapter learning objectives, foundation sections reviewing quantitative skills, case studies, and vignettes of people who have made important contributions to water security. To further aid comprehensTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments PART I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 – Introduction to Water Security Chapter 2 - Historical Examples of Water Insecurity The Practice of Water Security: PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLEAN WATER - Stephen Luby, M.D. PART II: THE CONTEXT OF WATER SECURITY Chapter 3 - The Context of Water Security – the Quantity of Water Chapter 4 – The Context of Water Security – the Quality of Water The Practice of Water Security: EDUCATION FOR SANITATION, WATER AND HEALTH - Ben Fawcett Chapter 5 - The Context of Water Security – Water Equity Chapter 6 - Climate Change Impacts on Water Security The Practice of Water Security: ON THE FRONT LINES OF SANITATION IN RURAL AFRICA - Ada Oko-Williams PART III: COMPETING USES OF WATER AND THREATS TO SECURITY Chapter 7 – Water for Food Chapter 8 – Water and Energy The Practice of Water Security: WOMEN, WATER, AND FOOD SECURITY - Peter Lochery Chapter 9 – Water for Industry Chapter 10 – Water for Ecosystems and Environment The Practice of Water Security: START WITH THE CHILDREN - Eric Stowe PART IV: SUSTAINABLE RESPONSES AND SOLUTION Chapter 11 – Conservation and Water Use Efficiency Chapter 12 – Desalination and Water Reclamation/Reuse Chapter 13 – Adaptation for Drought and Flooding Resilience The Practice of Water Security: THE POWER OF CHANGE AGENTS - Martha Gebeyehu PART V: RESILIENCE, ECONOMICS, AND ETHICS Chapter 14 – Planning for Water Supply Security and Resilience Chapter 15 – The Economics of Water Security Chapter 16 – Developing a 21st Century Water Ethic The Practice of Water Security: DECOLONIZING WATER SECURITY - Dawn Martin-Hill Glossary Postlude Index

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Book SynopsisWater Resources Management A thorough and authoritative handbook to the foundations of water resources management In Water Resources Management: Principles, Methods, and Tools, distinguished engineer Dr. Neil S. Grigg delivers a comprehensive guide to the water resources industry, the technical methods and tools that professionals in that industry use, and the concepts and issues that animate the discipline. The author also provides expansive case studies that highlight real-world applications of the ideas discussed within. The book offers practical content, including discussion questions, practice problems, and project examples, while presenting a cross-disciplinary perspective ideal for those studying to be civil or environmental engineers, urban planners, environmental scientists, or professionals in other disciplines. Water Resources Management covers the foundational knowledge required by professionals working in the field alongside practical content that connects readers with how the discipline functions in the real world. It also includes: A thorough introduction to the framework of the water industry, including discussions of water resources and services for people and the environment In-depth explorations of technical methods and tools, including hydrology as the science of water accounting Fulsome discussions of water resources management concepts and issues, including models and data analytics to support decision-making Expansive treatments of water-related failures, accidents, and malevolent activity Perfect for civil and environmental engineering students studying water resources planning and management, Water Resources Management: Principles, Methods, and Tools will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing engineers, government officials, and consultants working in water management and policy.Table of ContentsList of Figures vii Preface ix 1 Water Resources Management 1 2 History of Water Resources Management 9 3 Water Infrastructure and Systems 25 4 Demands for Water and Water Infrastructure 45 5 Hydrologic Principles for Water Management 67 6 Water Balances as Tools for Management 89 7 Flood Studies: Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Damages 103 8 Water Quality, Public Health, and Environmental Integrity 119 9 Models and Data for Decision Making 133 10 Operations, Maintenance, and Asset Management 149 11 Water Governance and Institutions 165 12 Water Management Organizations 173 13 Planning Principles, Tools, and Applications 189 14 Planning for Water Infrastructure 203 15 Water Quality Planning and Management 211 16 Planning for Sociopolitical Goals 223 17 Environmental Planning and Assessment 235 18 Economics of Water Resources Management 241 19 Financing Water Systems and Programs 261 20 Water Laws, Conflicts, Litigation, and Regulation 289 21 Flooding, Stormwater, and Dam Safety: Risks and Laws 309 22 Water Security: Natural and Human-Caused Hazards 319 23 Integrated Water Resources Management 331 24 Careers in Water Resources Management 345 Appendices Appendix A Units, Conversion Factors, and Water Properties 355 Appendix B Acronyms and Abbreviations 361 Appendix C Associations, Federal Agencies, and Other Stakeholders of the Water Industry 367 Appendix D Water Journals 373 Appendix E Glossary of Water Management Terms 377 Index 395

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Book SynopsisSediments, which constitute the surface of the Earth, start their journey to rivers with the energy obtained from rainfalls, fl oods and other natural processes. Due to transport of sediments, rivers develop with various appearances and functions, and play a crucial role in the activities of human beings and the life cycles of other species. River sediment, as a conventional topic for river management, has been the topic of continuing research since ancient times, and since then significant progresses in river sediment research has been made. Nowadays, river sediment is much more connected to the activities of mankind and other species, following the increasing awareness of the co-existence of humans and nature.Advances in River Sediment Research comprises the proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on River Sedimentation (ISRS2013, Kyoto, Japan, 2-5 September 2013). The book contains two keynote papers and 274 peer-reviewed regular contributions from all over Table of ContentsKeynote lecturesTechnical papersSediment yieldSediment transportLocal scour & erosionReservoir sedimentationSediment in estuarine & coastal areaEnvironmental & ecological aspects of sedimentModeling & measurement techniquesSediment related disastersIntegrated sediment management

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a balanced discussion about the wastewater generated by hydraulic fracturing operations, and how to manage it. It includes an in-depth discussion of the hydraulic fracturing process, the resulting water cycle, and the potential risks to groundwater, soil, and air. The fracking process involves numerous chemicals that could potentially harm human health and the environment, especially if they enter and contaminate drinking water supplies. Treatment, reuse, and disposal options are the focus, and several case studies will be presented. The book also discusses the issues of the large amounts of water required for drilling operations, the impacts on water-sensitive regions.Trade Review"This book provides an introduction to typical types of borehole design and fracking fluid practice. The information is founded upon extensive referencing from industry technical publications from the past 20 years and the authors own experience. This provides an introductory text to an interested professional reader, written in an informal yet communicative style." — Stuart Haszeldine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom"The format is very well organized, I like the ‘Did You Know?’ features, and the figures are clear"— Andrew Barron, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"Having in recent years been a geology student and professional in the oil and gas field (both as a regulator and consultant), I can attest to the book being a suitable and timely resource for these audiences, as well as individuals in the engineering sciences and the interested environmentalist."—Groundwater, November-December 2017Table of ContentsPreface. Hydraulic Fracturing. Environmental Impacts of Fracking. Fracking Wastewater. Hydraulic Fracking Water Cycle. Impacts of Hydraulic Fracking on Drinking Water Resources. Treatment of Fracking Wastewater. Disposal of Fracking Wastewater. Reuse of Fracking Wastewater. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn essential look at the unknown story of how Israel has avoided the coming water crisis despite being mostly desert.

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Book SynopsisNew York Times bestselling author Seth M. Siegel shows how our drinking water got contaminated, what it may be doing to us, and what we must do to make it safe. If you thought America's drinking water problems started and ended in Flint, Michigan, think again. From big cities and suburbs to the rural heartland, chemicals linked to cancer, heart disease, obesity, birth defects, and lowered IQ routinely spill from our taps. Many are to blame: the EPA, Congress, a bipartisan coalition of powerful governors and mayors, chemical companies, and drinking water utilities-even NASA and the Pentagon. Meanwhile, the bottled water industry has been fanning our fears about tap water, but bottled water is often no safer.The tragedy is that existing technologies could launch a new age of clean, healthy, and safe tap water for only a few dollars a week per person. Scrupulously researched, Troubled Water is full of shocking stories about contamin

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Book SynopsisNew York Times bestselling author Seth M. Siegel shows how our drinking water got contaminated, what it may be doing to us, and what we must do to make it safe. If you thought America's drinking water problems started and ended in Flint, Michigan, think again. From big cities and suburbs to the rural heartland, chemicals linked to cancer, heart disease, obesity, birth defects, and lowered IQ routinely spill from our taps. Many are to blame: the EPA, Congress, a bipartisan coalition of powerful governors and mayors, chemical companies, and drinking water utilities-even NASA and the Pentagon. Meanwhile, the bottled water industry has been fanning our fears about tap water, but bottled water is often no safer.The tragedy is that existing technologies could launch a new age of clean, healthy, and safe tap water for only a few dollars a week per person. Scrupulously researched, Troubled Water is full of shocking stories about contamin

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Book SynopsisThis volume considers how Greco-Roman authorities manipulated water on the practical, technological, and political levels. Water was controlled and harnessed with legal oversight and civic infrastructure (e.g., aqueducts). Waterways were improved' and made accessible by harbors, canals, and lighthouses. The Mediterranean Sea and Outer Ocean (and numerous rivers) were mastered by navigation for warfare, exploration, settlement, maritime trade, and the exploitation of marine resources (such as fishing). These waterways were also a robust source of propaganda on coins, public monuments, and poetic encomia as governments vied to establish, maintain, or spread their identities and predominance. This first complete study of the ancient scientific and public engagement with water makes a major contribution to classics, geography, hydrology and the history of science alike. In the ancient Mediterranean Basin, water was a powerful tool of human endeavor, employed for industry, trade, hunting Trade ReviewThe major contribution of this project may well be that it reminds us forcefully of how crucial water was to our Greco-Roman ancestors, how dangerous it could be when things went wrong and how much ingenuity was developed by them to use it productively. * Classics for All *Conceptions of the Watery-World in Greco-Roman Antiquity together with Using and Conquering the Watery-World in Greco-Roman Antiquity aim to be a definitive resource on all things ‘watery’ in the ancient Mediterranean. The sheer scope and level of detail makes these works incredibly useful for scholars of water in the ancient environment, while the careful discussion of water in its context is relevant for anyone with a broader interest in the natural environment ... If you need anything to do with water in Graeco-Roman antiquity, chances are you can find it in these two volumes! * The Classical Review *[T]he book will serve as a useful resource of first resort for student research topics or for instructors seeking a quick knowledge boost across the vastness of the watery landscape in Greek and Roman studies. * Technology and Culture *Table of ContentsAbbreviations Figures and Maps Acknowledgements 1: Introduction: Using and Conquering the Watery World Controlling and Harnessing Water 2: Water Rights 3: Water Quality and Urban Planning 4: Urban Hydraulic Engineering 5: Maritime Hydraulic Engineering Engaging with the Watery World 6: Sailing and Navigating 7: Maritime Trade and Travel 8: Harvesting the “Barren” Sea The Sea and “National” Identity: The political manipulation of the Watery World 9: Minoan Thalassocracy, Archaic Expansion, and Maritime Iconography 10: Hellenic and Hellenistic Thalassocracies 11: Rome: Oceanus Domitus 12: Conclusion Appendix of Major Writers and Thinkers Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisProvides a detailed introduction to a wide range of specific water treatment processes, providing the reader with a good knowledge of how the techniques work, what they achieve and how they can be implemented in a range of situations Contains detailed case studies which show how these processes have actually been employed in practice.Trade ReviewIt is inexpensive, a good size to carry around and can be consulted in minutes.[The] chapters are excellent with good diagrams, photographs and summarising tables. This is an excellent book, ideally suited to its purpose and it is already on our recommended reading list. We strongly recommend it as the best currently available. 'This is an excellent book, ideally suited to its purpose and it is already on our recommended reading list. We strongly recommend it as the best currently available.' A. WHEATLEY, Loughborough University. Proceedings of ICE September 2006Table of Contents1 WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS. 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS. 1.3 COMMON CONTAMINANTS. 1.4 REFERENCES. 2 WATER SOURCES AND DEMAND. 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 2.2 WATER CYCLE. 2.3 WATER SOURCES. 2.4 WATER DEMAND. 2.5 REFERENCES. 3 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 3.3 COAGULATION. 3.4 FLOCCULATION. 3.5 APPLICATIONS. 3.6 TEST METHODS. 3.7 REFERENCES. 4 CLARIFICATION PROCESSES. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 4.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS. 4.4 APPLICATIONS. 4.5 REFERENCES. 5 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 5.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS. 5.4 APPLICATIONS. 5.5 REFERENCES. 6. FILTRATION PROCESSES. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 6.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS. 6.4 APPLICATIONS. 6.5 REFERENCES. 7 MEMBRANE PROCESSES. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 PROCESS SCIENCES. 7.3 MEMBRANE INTEGRITY. 7.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION. 7.5 REFERENCES. 8 ADSORPTION PROCESSES. 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 8.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 8.3 ACTIVATED CARBON. 8.4 APPLICATIONS. 8.5 ADSORBERS. 8.6 OZONE/GAC. 8.7 REFERENCES. 9 DISINFECTION. 9.1 INTRODUCTION. 9.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 9.3 CHLORINE. 9.4 CHLORAMINATION. 9.5 OZONE. 9.6 CHLORINE DIOXIDE. 9.7 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. 9.8 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS. 9.9 REFERENCES. 10 ORGANICS REMOVAL. 10.1 INTRODUCTION. 10.2 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS. 10.3 MICROPOLLUTANTS. 10.4 ALGAE. 10.5 TASTE AND ODOUR. 10.6 REFERENCES. 11 INORGANICS REMOVAL. 11.1 INTRODUCTION. 11.2 NITRATE. 11.3 BROMATE. 11.4 ARSENIC. 11.5 IRON AND MANGANESE. 11.6 FLUORIDE. 11.7 LEAD. 11.8 REFERENCES. 12 SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL. 12.1 INTRODUCTION. 12.2 SLUDGE CHARACTERISATION. 12.3 SLUDGE TREATMENT. 12.4 SLUDGE DISPOSAL. 12.5 REFERENCES. Index

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating and unique study of essential utilities in the early modern period will interest business historians and historians of science and technology alike.Trade ReviewFor me, Tomory’s book is relevant to the current water debate: is water a human right that is foundational to other human rights including access to food and sanitation, for example, or is water a commodity like chocolate or coal that should be fully monetized? Examining London’s water industry provides insights into how for-profit water companies worked (and might still work in some cases) and certain inherent problems associated with limiting public access to water, including disease, that led to government takeovers and buyouts of water suppliers in many parts of the world, including London, in the nineteenth century.—MetascienceThe History of the London Water Industry is a well-written book that will reward anyone interested in the development of urban infrastructure, London’s growth as a world city, or the broader innovations surrounding Britain’s industrial revolution.—Business History ReviewTable of ContentsIntroductionTechnological and industrial change1.1 London1.2 Late Medieval and Early Modern Urban Water Supply1.3 New Water Technology1.4 A Thirsty City1.5 Patents1.6 Peter Morris and the London Bridge Waterworks1.7 Other Water EntrepreneursConclusion2.1 Corporations and Joint-Stock Companies2.2 Myddelton's Politics and the New River Company2.3 Supplying LondonConclusion3.1 Slow Growth and Stabilization, 1625-16603.2 Growth of the New River, 1660-17003.3 Improving and joint-stock companies, 1660-17003.4 New Attempts, 1700-1730Conclusion4.1 The Scale of the New River4.2 Wren's and Lowthorp's Reports4.3 Reform of Operations4.3.1 Maintaining Adequate Supply4.3.2 The Pipe Network4.3.3 Controlling Customers4.3.4 Manufacturing Pipes4.3.5 Maintenance4.3.6 Legal DimensionConclusion5.1 The Nature of Competition: Dominance of the New River and the LBWW5.2 The New LBWW to 17505.2.1 The Engines5.2.2 The Water Tower and the Mains5.2.3 The Employees and Operations5.3 The LBWW After 1750Conclusion6.1 Supplying Houses6.2 Brewers and Other Large Users6.3 Geography of Consumption6.4 Municipal Uses: Fire and CleaningConclusion7.1 The New River Company's Efforts to Maintain Water Quality7.2 Bathing in the New RiverConclusion8.1 Transformations in London to 18208.2 Legacy of the London Water NetworkConclusion

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Book SynopsisAquatic Chemistry Concepts, Second Edition, is a fully revised and updated textbook that fills the need for a comprehensive treatment of aquatic chemistry and covers the many complicated equations and principles of aquatic chemistry. It presents the established science of equilibrium water chemistry using the uniquely recognizable, step-by-step Pankow format, which allows a broad and deep understanding of aquatic chemistry. The text is appropriate for a wide audience, including undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, consultants, and regulators. Every professional using water chemistry will want this text within close reach, and students and professionals alike will expect to find at least one copy on their library shelves. Key FeaturesExtremely thorough, one-of-a-kind treatment of aquatic chemistry which considers: a) chemical thermodynamics fundamentals; b) acid/base, titration, and buffer calculaTrade ReviewThere’s a lot to like about a book on water chemistry that lays it out simply. Einstein said that everything should be as simple as it can be, but not simpler. Wise advice. And that is what James F. Pankow has accomplished in the second edition of his textbook, Aquatic Chemistry Concepts. It covers the “waterfront” of essential inorganic chemistry topics, and it supplies enough examples to lead the student toward problem solving. Pankow appropriately begins in the Introduction (Part I) with definitions and the theoretical basis for solving chemical equilibrium problems—thermodynamics. Part II of the book on Acid/Base Chemistry is a tour de force, from mass balances to the chemistry of dissolved carbon dioxide. Pankow’s Aunt Fatima injects humor along the way, and flashbacks from his college chemistry instructors are especially pertinent. Acid/base examples from household vinegar to ammonia illuminate the path, while “Geek Optional” boxes lend additional insight. I especially enjoyed Chapter 9, which includes problems on acid rain, acidification of lakes, and “the most worrisome” example of all, ocean acidification. When Professor Pankow published the first edition of Aquatic Chemistry Concepts in 1991, the global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, a weak acid, stood at 354 parts per million (ppm). Today it is 415 ppm, a 17% increase in concentration in less than 30 years. Likewise, the pH of the surface of the ocean off Hawaii has declined from 8.12 to 8.05 – meaning a similar 17% increase in H+ concentration (see Example 9.13). Imagine … we have increased [H+] in the ocean, the base of the food chain for all aquatic life, by 17% in one generation. Aquatic chemistry concepts don’t lie. We have known since 1862 and John Tyndall’s famous experiments that CO2 absorbs back radiation and heats the atmosphere. Our real-life planetary experiment verifies the physics every year, and the average global temperature is now 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) warmer than when the first edition was published. If we fail to rein in our fossil fuel emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, the signal will continue to grow ever hotter in coming decades. This textbook teaches an urgent lesson. Today, all the “master variables” that control aquatic chemistry are changing—pH, temperature, salinity, and oxidation-reduction potential. Part III explains Metal/Ligand Chemistry, and Part IV discusses the topic of Mineral Solubility. Changing ocean salinity, temperature, and pH render all these reactions in a state of planetary flux. Even the quality of our drinking water is subject to change as the master variables change. Fortunately, foundational concepts in Pankow’s book allow us to make the relevant calculations. Part V on Redox Chemistry and Part VI on Effects of Electrical Charges on Solution Chemistry further elucidate systems that are strong functions of the changing state variables of pe and pH. Although some of the most difficult chemical concepts are contained in these final chapters, Pankow lays them bare—as simple as possible, but not simpler. In the Preface to Aquatic Chemical Concepts, 1st Edition, Pankow warned, “The scope of local, regional, and global environmental problems seems to grow with each passing day. We are in a race which we do not wish to lose.” That was certainly true in 1991, and it is even more cogent today. Our list of environmental nightmares is enduring and growing—climate change, toxic chemicals, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and unsafe drinking water. This book, the 2nd Edition, is an advance in stating the problems simply so we can analyze them quantitatively. Only then can we effect change. -Jerald L. Schnoor, Foreword to the Second Edition Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction 1. Overview 2. Thermodynamic Principles Part II: Acid/Base Chemistry 3. The Proton (H+) in Aquatic Chemistry 4. The Electroneutrality Equation, Mass Balance Equations, and the Proton Balance Equation 5. Quantitative Acid/Base Calculations for Any Solution of Acids and Bases 6. Dependence of α Values on pH, and the Role of Net Strong Base 7. Titrations of Acids and Bases 8. Buffer Intensity β 9. Chemistry of Dissolved CO2 Part III: Metal/Ligand Chemistry 10. Complexation of Metal Ions by Ligands Part IV: Mineral Solubility 11. Simple Salts and Metal Oxides/Hydroxides/Oxyhydroxides 12. Solubility Behavior of Calcium Carbonate and Other Divalent Metal Carbonates in Closed and Open Systems 13. Metal Phosphates 14. Which Solid Is Solubility Limiting? Examples with Fe(II) for FeCO3(s) vs. Fe(OH)2(s) Using Log pCO2 vs. pH Predominance Diagrams 15. The Kelvin Effect: The Effect of Particle Size on Dissolution and Evaporation Equilibria 16. Solid/Solid and Liquid/Liquid Solution Mixtures Part V: Redox Chemistry 17. Redox Reactions, EH, and pe 18. Introduction to pe–pH Diagrams: The Cases of Aqueous Chlorine, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 19. pe–pH Diagrams for Lead (Pb) with Negligible Dissolved CO2 20. pe–pH Diagrams for Lead (Pb) in the Presence of CO2 with Fixed CT, and Fixed CT and Phosphate 21. pe and Natural Systems 22. Redox Succession (Titration) in a Stratified Lake during a Period of Summer Stagnation Part VI: Effects of Electrical Charges on Solution Chemistry 23. The Debye–Huckel Equation and Its Descendent Expressions for Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Ions 24. Electrical Double Layers in Aqueous Systems 25. Colloid Stability and Particle Double Layers

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Book SynopsisIlluminating opportunities to develop a more integrated approach to municipal water system design, Natural and Engineered Solutions for Drinking Water Supplies: Lessons from the Northeastern United States and Directions for Global Watershed Management explores critical factors in the decision-making processes for municipal water system delivery. The book offers vital insights to help inform management decisions on drinking water supply issues in other global regions in our increasingly energy- and carbon-constrained world.The study evaluates how six cities in the northeastern United States have made environmental, economic, and social decisions and adopted programs to protect and manage upland forests to produce clean drinking water throughout their long histories. New York, New York; Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts; New Haven and Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Portland, Maine have each managed city watersheds under different state regulations, plannTable of ContentsGray to Green: An Introduction to Four Case Studies on Drinking Water Supply in the Northeastern United States. An Assessment of Drinking Water Systems in Connecticut: Optimizing Natural and Engineered Systems for Protecting the Quality of Surface Drinking Waters. Source Water Protection in Massachusetts: Lessons from and Opportunities for Worcester and Boston. New York City Watershed Management: Past, Present, and Future. The Crooked River Watershed, Sebago Lake, and the Drinking Water Supply for the City of Portland, Maine. Comparing Drinking Water Systems in the New England/New York Region: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future. Global Relevance of Lessons Learned in Watershed Management and Drinking Water Treatment from the Northeastern United States. Index.

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Book SynopsisWater resources in the Middle East are barely enough to cope with human demand, and their scarcity is a matter of discussion in many conclaves. However, it must be clarified that Lebanon has a rugged topography that sets it apart from the surrounding regions. Its small area of 10,452 km2 is characterised by a mountainous terrain marked by several valley systems. Two mountain chains (Mount Lebanon to the west and Anti-Lebanon to the east) extend parallel to the Mediterranean Sea, and are separated by the Bekaa Plain, which comprises a relatively wide depression. Hence, Lebanon has many sources of surface water including rivers, springs, snowfalls and lakes; besides, many aquiferous rock formations and karstic conduits exist where groundwater can accumulate via seeping. However, complaints concerning the lack of understanding about the imbalanced water supply/demand in Lebanon are often a matter of debate, and the water budget is also not well-formulated yet. Added to the matter of water shortage and deterioration in quality thereof, challenges for water resources have only exacerbated. Thus, there are parallel paths stemming from both natural and human driving forces leading to increasing water stress. Climate change, pollution, over-exploitation and the mismanagement of trans-boundary water resources are amongst the geo-environmental problems that affect these resources. In particular, shared water is one of the major water problems in Lebanon. To put this issue into perspective, more than 74% of Lebanons border is shared with neighbouring countries, which makes the surface and groundwater intermingle with neighbouring regions; thus, no volumetric measures are known. Two shared rivers exist between Lebanon and its neighbours: one with Syria in the north, and the other with the Palestinian Territory (PT) in the south. In addition, the three major aquiferous rock formations of Lebanon are interrelated with neighbouring regions. To date, there is no credible study to assess and allocate the shared water resources. Consequently, geo-political conflicts frequently arise due to the obscure nature of the hydrologic conditions. In addition, the absence of treaties and agreements is another reason affecting water sharing, which constitutes the principal cause of water loss. This is totally governed by the unstable political situation in the region. This book aims to highlight the principles of Lebanons water resources with new numeric measures. It will also reveal the major elements of the striking challenges. Thus, the fundamental hydrologic aspects of shared water resources in Lebanon, including quantitative measures and the spatial extent of these resources will be illustrated.

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Book SynopsisWhat constitutes safe drinking water? For more than a century, the US government has attempted to answer this question by setting national standards for drinking water quality. In a federal system of governance, however, national standards only go so far. State and local governments have long considered it their prerogative to select water supplies and treatment technologies decisions that largely determine whether or not national standards will ever be met. Tragedies like the drinking water crisis in Flint, MI remind us that there are definite limits to what federal power can achieve. Nevertheless, the quest to raise the quality of drinking water through national standards remains an important and underappreciated episode in the history of US public health policy. In this book, Michael Zarkin traces the development of US drinking water standards, beginning with the earliest efforts by the US Public Health Service to craft national standards, and ending with the EPAs most recent efforts to implement the Safe Drinking Water Act. Along the way, Dr Zarkin tells the story of the ideas, political battles, and scientific controversies that shaped our nations drinking water regulations. In the end, Dr Zarkin concludes that drinking water regulation is made through an unconventional style of politics not found in other areas of US environmental policy.

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Book SynopsisMuch progress has been made in achieving the ambitious goals that Congress established in 1972 in the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters. However, long-standing problems persist, and new problems have emerged. Water quality problems are diverse, ranging from pollution runoff from farms and ranches, city streets, and other diffuse or nonpoint sources, to toxic substances discharged from factories and sewage treatment plants. Since the early 2000s, increased oil and gas production across the nation has resulted in a corresponding increase in wastewater that must be managed, reused, or disposed of properly. In particular, the hydraulic fracturing process has also raised concerns about potential effects to human health and the environment, including the potential contamination of underground drinking water sources by injecting wastewater associated with the production of oil and gas.

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Book SynopsisThe Columbia River Basin is one of the nations largest watersheds and extends mainly through four Western states and into Canada. Activities such as power generation and agricultural practices have impaired water quality in some areas, so that human health is at risk and certain species, such as salmon, are threatened or extinct. Chapter 1 reports on the actions related to restoration efforts in the Basin. The San Francisco Bay Delta watershed -- which drains a vast area of California from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Pacific Ocean -- supplies drinking water for 25 million people and provides irrigation for about half the nations fruit and vegetable production. Decades of development and agriculture have led to large reductions in water quality and supply, natural flood protection, and habitats across the watersheds three major regions: the Bay, the Delta, and the upper watershed. As described in chapter 2, federal entities have been working with nonfederal entities for decades to protect and restore the watershed. The Long Island Sound, an estuary bordered by Connecticut and New York, provides numerous economic and recreational benefits. However, development and pollution have resulted in environmental impacts, such as the degradation of water quality. Chapter 3 focuses on the Study to restore and protect the Sound. Puget Sound is the nations second-largest estuary and serves as an important economic engine in Washington State, supporting millions of people, major industries, and a wide variety of species. However, according to the CCMP, human use and development have degraded water quality and habitats and harmed critical species such as salmon. Chapter 4 reviews the efforts to restore Puget Sound.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on water purification by micelle-clay nano-particles. The micelle-clay complex is composed of an organic cation (surfactant) with a long alkyl chain, e.g., ODTMA (octadecyltrimethylammonium) that spontaneously forms micelles of several nm in diameters at small concentrations. The positively charged micelles interact with a negatively charged clay (bentonite) at optimal ratios. The resulting complex has a large surface area per weight; it includes large hydrophobic parts and has an excess of a positive charge. The complex is insensitive to higher temperatures (50 0C), to pH values in the range of 2-11, or ionic strengths. Production of powdered and granulated complexes is described. The material characteristics of the micelle-clay complex differ from those of organo-clay of the same composition, which is formed by the interaction of monomers of the surfactant with the clay (Chapters One and Two). Model calculations enable simulations and predictions of removal of pollutants from water in batch or filtration experiments, and can yield cost estimates (Chapter Three). Laboratory and pilot experiments (Chapter Four) yield efficient removal from the water of (i) hydrophobic and anionic organic molecules: herbicides, humic acid, dissolved organic matter, and pharmaceuticals; (ii) inorganic anions, e.g., perchlorate; and (iii) microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and parasites, e.g., cryptosporidium, which is resistant to chlorination. The (above) use of a micelle-clay complex indicated a big advantage in comparison with activated carbon. Low cost regeneration of used filters after bacteria adsorption is described. Biocidal effects of cations, e.g., ODTMA are demonstrated; released cations during filtration enhanced the filter efficiency. The released cations are removed from water before consumer use by another filter containing activated carbon. Drinking water from lakes is forbidden during cyanobacteria bloom due to harmful toxins. Filtration by the granulated micelle-clay complex and killing of cyanobacteria by ODTMA cations are described. Water purification by other clay-composites such as liposome- and polymer-clay is described in Chapter Five. Collaboration between technologies of water purification are found in Chapter Six: (i) Incubation of grey water in a moving bed biological reactor followed by filtration by the micelle-clay granulated complex enables water reuse at low cost. (ii) Filtration combined with degradation by solar photo-Fenton processes is a promising tertiary treatment of wastewater, including efficient removal of problematic pharmaceuticals. (iii) A new design of the micelle-clay complex may yield enhanced capacity for removal of microorganisms from water by combining filtration with biocidal action of free cations. This book describes inventions in material science and developments of computational procedures for simulations and predictions, and is an authoritative and stimulating reference for researchers, engineers and students involved in water treatment and adsorption processes.

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Book SynopsisIn the past few years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of new and emerging pollutants in the limited water resources around the world, posing a serious threat to human health and the ecosystems. These pollutants, which are also referred to as new chemicals without regulatory status, are poorly understood and therefore not properly monitored or effectively removed from wastewater using conventional methods. Relevant topics addressing these challenges are presented in this book containing 12 chapters, which are consequently divided into two sections (Section 1: Pollutants in Wastewater; Section 2: Wastewater Remediation Strategies). The first section provides a systematic review of recent detection methods suitable for the rapid and accurate identification of some emerging pollutants from wastewater. Further development in the book fairly complement the first part by providing solutions for the removal of the emerging pollutants from wastewater and restoration of usable water; innovative approaches encompassing inter-disciplinary processes supported by sustainable technologies are therefore the focus of the second part of the book. The enhancement of bioreactor systems with consideration of volumetric organic loads, membrane configurations and reactor types has been highlighted by authors as strategies to ensure increased biomass proliferation, high effluent production rates and high quality effluents. The development of smart materials for pollutants removal from wastewater being a promising trend for remediation of water pollution, could not be ignored in this book, which aims to emphasize on the latest sustainable and effective technologies. This has been taken care in a few chapters which explore the synthesis of nanocomposite for various applications; in one, the synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) has been contemplated to produce adsorbents with improved thermomechanical, electrical, optical, swelling properties and adsorption capacity contrasted with the traditional polymeric hydrogel; while a separate chapter covers a brilliant approach consisting to combine nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and organic polymers to develop effective antimicrobial compounds with the potential to exhibit microbicidal activities against bacteria and fungi. The ability to predict and assess the performance of the treatment process is very important to ensure that the system remains effective. This is the topic of two chapters that cover the use of models to predict the feasibility of reactions and the structural suitability of adsorbents. The book therefore covers a complete set of information for an inter-disciplinary approach to wastewater monitoring and treatment.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/new-horizons-in-wastewaters-management-emerging-monitoring-and-remediation-strategies/

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Book SynopsisThe United States uses 42 billion gallons of water a day-treated to meet Federal drinking water standards-to support a variety of needs. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) not only contains Federal authority for regulating contaminants in drinking water delivery systems, it also includes the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program. The DWSRF was created to provide financing for infrastructure improvements of drinking water systems. Chapter 1 looks at our Nation's drinking water infrastructure structure and examine questions as to what is necessary for the Federal Government to do in the way of planning, reinvestment, and technical support of these systems to meet future needs. Drinking Water System Improvement Act of 2017 amended the Safe Drinking Water Act to improve public water systems as discussed in chapter 2.Table of ContentsPrefaceDrinking Water System Improvement Act and Related Issues of Funding, Management, and Compliance Assistance under the Safe Drinking Water ActDrinking Water System Improvement Act of 2017Index.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area (EHMA) is providing comprehensive science on sources, movement, and transformation of contaminants and pathogens in watershed and aquifer drinking-water supplies and in built water and wastewater infrastructure in the Greater Chicago Area. The focus of chapter 1 is on assessing point-of-use (tapwater) drinking-water exposure pathways for a broad range of potential environmental contaminants and exploring infrastructure-related factors that could alter or transform chemical constituents or microbial communities in drinking water (such as treatment plant technology, distribution system characteristics, private plumbing components, and point-of-use treatment) Pennsylvania has the second highest number of residential wells of any state in the Nation with approximately 2.4 million residents that depend on groundwater for their domestic water supply. The groundwater used for domestic water supply in Bradford County is obtained primarily from shallow bedrock and from unconsolidated (glacial) deposits that overlie the bedrock. As reported in chapter 2, data for 72 domestic wells were collected and analyzed for a wide range of constituents that could be evaluated in relation to drinking water health standards, geology, land use, and other environmental factors. The occurrence of arsenic and uranium in groundwater at concentrations that exceed drinking-water standards is a concern because of the potential adverse effects on human health. The Connecticut Department of Public Health reported that there are about 322,600 private wells in Connecticut. The State does not require that existing private wells be routinely tested for arsenic, uranium, or other contaminants. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment in 2016 on the distribution of concentrations of arsenic and uranium in groundwater from bedrock in Connecticut. Chapter 3 presents the major findings for arsenic and uranium concentrations from water samples collected from 2013 to 2015 from private wells. The circumstances and response to Flint's drinking water contamination involved implementation and oversight lapses at the EPA, the state of Michigan, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and the city of Flint. Chapter 4 evaluates additional matters concerning the agency's management controls when responding to the Flint contamination incident. Federal agencies have identified several billion dollars in existing and future tribal drinking water and wastewater infrastructure needs. Chapter 5 examines the extent to which selected federal agencies identified tribes' drinking water and wastewater infrastructure needs and funded tribal water infrastructure projects, including tribes' most severe sanitation deficiencies.Table of ContentsPreface; Concentrations of Lead and Other Inorganic Constituents in Samples of Raw Intake and Treated Drinking Water From the Municipal Water Filtration Plant and Residential Tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July-December 2017; Drinking Water Health Standards Comparison and Chemical Analysis of Groundwater for 72 Domestic Wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016; Arsenic and Uranium in Private Wells in Connecticut, 2013-15; Management Weaknesses Delayed Response to Flint Water Crisis; Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure: Opportunities Exist to Enhance; Index.

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Book SynopsisPopulation growth, increasing living standards, and rapidly changing climate have resulted in an increasing demand for freshwater, accelerating the water degradation challenges. There is a compelling need to minimize water consumption and develop approaches to effectively manage existing water resources. On a positive note, water resource management strategies discussed in this book present innovative ways to conserve both quality and quantity. Chapter 1 discusses decentralized water management approaches for intervening the urban water cycle to minimize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This chapter concludes with a need to use a suite of tools based on decision support systems for managing urban water resources. Chapter 2 discusses the need for assessing suitability of various types of models for a specific scenario based on the required level of complexity. This chapter discusses in detail the underlying criteria behind model selection, validation, and uncertainty analysis. Urban watersheds can be more challenging compared to natural watersheds. The urban watersheds include parking lots, roads, and developed structures, all of which contribute to a myriad of anthropogenic pollutants through stormwater runoff. Computer-based models can be used to study water quality issues and to develop a plan to manage watershed level resources. Chapter 3 compares pros and cons of the state-of-the-art watershed models used for managing water resources. Numerical simulations can be performed to compare the current and future water quality scenarios of a given watershed and to estimate the impact of potential water resource management strategies. Chapter 4 presents a case study of an urban region in Hanoi, Vietnam. Water evaluation and planning simulation tool was used to predict the trends and drivers of wastewater generation. Considering rapidly changing climate and associated weather impacts, it is critical to secure water resources in addition to dealing with the water quality issues. Chapter 5 suggests that climate change models and watershed and precipitation models should be jointly used in order to capture uncertainties in ecological functions, energy and food production and water supply sources. Chapter 6 presents a water use estimation and management tool that examines the effect of climate change and drought conditions on water supplies to ensure adequate buffalo forage. Sustaining both buffalo forage and water supplies during drought conditions requires preparedness and adaptation in response to unfavorable conditions. Finally, water reuse can alleviate the stress on available water resources. For example, effluents from wastewater treatment plants and desalination plants can be treated and reused for managing water crisis. Chapter 7 emphasizes that it is critical to optimize both economical and sustainability parameters during treatment of wastewater effluents and desalination concentrate. In certain cases, valuable metals can be recovered from the concentrate.Table of ContentsPreface; Integrated Approaches toward Sustainable Urban Water Resources Management; Water Resources Modeling: Model Selection, Validation and Uncertainty Analysis; Computer Tools for Urban Hydrology and Water Quality Management; Numerical Simulation to Quantify Present Status and Future Prediction of Water Quality of To-Lich River, Hanoi, Vietnam; Uncertainties in Water Supplies Due to Changing Climate and Extreme Weather Events; Buffalo Forage and Water Estimation: Management Decisions and Assisting Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments and Drought Management Adaptation; Resource Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a Solution to Water Crisis: A Technological Assessment; Index.

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Book SynopsisCongress has long deliberated on the condition of drinking water infrastructure and drinking water quality as well as the financial and technical challenges some public water systems face in ensuring the delivery of safe and adequate water supplies. Several events and circumstances-including source water contamination incidents; water infrastructure damage from natural disasters, such as hurricanes; detection of elevated lead levels in tap water in various cities and schools; and the nationwide need to repair or replace aging drinking water infrastructure-have increased national attention to these issues. America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018. Chapter 1 focuses on the drinking water provisions of Title II and Title IV of AWIA, which authorize appropriations for several drinking water and wastewater infrastructure programs for projects that promote compliance, address aging drinking water infrastructure and lead in school drinking water, and increase drinking water infrastructure resilience to natural hazards. Chapter 2 summarizes the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and its major programs and regulatory requirements. The quality of water delivered by public water systems has been regulated at the federal level since enactment of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Since then, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued regulations for more than 90 contaminants, and all states (except Wyoming) have assumed primary responsibility for administering the federal drinking water program and overseeing public water system compliance. Congress last broadly amended the law in 1996. Among the key provisions, the 1996 amendments authorized a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program to help public water systems finance improvements needed to comply with federal drinking water regulations and to address the most serious risks to human health as reported in chapter 3. Drinking water contaminated with lead in Flint, Michigan, renewed awareness of the danger lead poses to the nation's drinking water supply. Lead exposure through drinking water is caused primarily by the corrosion of plumbing materials, such as pipes, that carry water from a water system to pipes in homes. EPA set national standards to reduce lead in drinking water with the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). Chapters 4-7 review the issue of elevated lead in drinking water. According to DOD, about 3 million people in the United States receive drinking water from DOD public water systems, which are to comply with EPA and state health-based regulations. EPA and DOD have detected elevated levels of two unregulated, DOD-identified emerging contaminants found in firefighting foam-PFOS and PFOA-in drinking water at or near installations. Perchlorate, an unregulated chemical used by DOD in rocket fuel, can also be found in drinking water. Chapters 8-11 review DOD management of these drinking water contaminants.Table of ContentsPreface; Americas Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions; Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements; Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF): Overview, Issues, and Legislation; Drinking Water: Additional Data and Statistical Analysis May Enhance EPA's Oversight of the Lead and Copper Rule; Drinking Water Approaches for Identifying Lead Service Lines Should Be Shared with All States; Regulating Lead in Drinking Water: Issues and Developments; Controlling Lead in Public Drinking Water Supplies; Drinking Water: DOD Has Acted on Some Emerging Contaminants but Should Improve Internal Reporting on Regulatory Compliance; Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions; PFAS and Drinking Water: Selected EPA and Congressional Actions; Drinking Water: Status of DOD Efforts to Address Drinking Water Contaminants Used in Firefighting Foam; Index.

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